Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Does Availability of Meteorological Forcing Data Impact Physically Based Snowpack Simulations

AbstractPhysically based models facilitate understanding of seasonal snow processes but require meteorological forcing data beyond air temperature and precipitation (e.g., wind, humidity, shortwave radiation, and longwave radiation) that are typically unavailable at automatic weather stations (AWSs) and instead are often represented with empirical estimates. Research is needed to understand which forcings (after temperature and precipitation) would most benefit snow modeling through expanded observation or improved estimation techniques. Here, the impact of forcing data availability on snow model output is assessed with data-withholding experiments using 3-yr datasets at well-instrumented sites in four climates. The interplay between forcing availability and model complexity is examined among the Utah Energy Balance (UEB), the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) snow submodel, and the snow thermal model (SNTHERM). Sixty-four unique forcing scenarios were evaluated, with different assumptio.
Prostorna segregacija romskog stanovništva u Međimurskoj županiji

The aspect ofspatial segregation ofthe Roma population has not been considered until now as part ofthe variety of planned actions towards achieving the goal of better integration of the Roma national minority in Croatian society. This paper analyzes spatial segregation of the Roma population in Medimurje County, providing results that could contribute to a better understanding of the spatial structure in which the Roma population participate. The results of quantitative indicators suggest a high level of segregation of the Roma minority on the local scale in Međimurje, while it is not so obvious on the county scale. At the County level, Roma people are settled in many municipalities. Segregation is more obvious on the local scale, where Roma people live largely in nationally homogeneous settlements, or with parts of the settlements spatially separated from the rest of the local population. Successful integration of the Roma minority depends on future actions taken, aiming at minimizing spatial segregation, which is closely connected to other segregational aspects.
Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory; determination of inorganic and organic constituents in water and fluvial sediments

Book 5, chapter Al, entitled "Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey," contains methods used to analyze samples of water, suspended sediment, and bottom material for their content of inorganic and organic constituents. Technology continually changes, and so this laboratory manual includes new and revised methods for determining the concentration of dissolved constituents in water, whole water recoverable constituents in water-suspended sediment samples, and recoverable concentration of constituents in bottom material. Each method consists of the application, the principle of the method, interferences, the apparatus and reagents required, a detailed description of the analytical procedure, reporting results, units and significant figures, and analytical precision data. Included in this manual are 30 methods.
Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Regulated by Cholesterol Loading in Two Strains of Mouse Macrophages Associates Lysosome Pathway and ER Stress Response with Atherosclerosis Susceptibility

Cholesterol loaded macrophages in the arterial intima are the earliest histological evidence of atherosclerosis. Studies of mouse models of atherosclerosis have shown that the strain background can have a significant effect on lesion development. We have previously shown that DBA/2 ApoE−/− mice have aortic root lesions 10-fold larger than AKR ApoE−/−mice. The current study analyzes the response to cholesterol loading of macrophages from these two strains. Macrophages from the atherosclerosis susceptible DBA/2 strain had significantly higher levels of total and esterified cholesterol compared to atherosclerosis resistant AKR macrophages, while free cholesterol levels were higher in AKR cells. Gene expression profiles were obtained and data were analyzed for strain, cholesterol loading, and strain-cholesterol loading interaction effects by a fitted linear model. Pathway and transcriptional motif enrichment were identified by gene set enrichment analysis. In addition to observed strain differences in basal gene expression, we identified many transcripts whose expression was significantly altered in response to cholesterol loading, including P2ry13 and P2ry14, Trib3, Hyal1, Vegfa, Ccr5, Ly6a, and Ifit3. Eight pathways were significantly enriched in transcripts regulated by cholesterol loading, among which the lysosome and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways had the highest number of significantly regulated transcripts. Of the differentially regulated transcripts with a strain-cholesterol loading interaction effect, we identified three genes known to participate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, Ddit3, Trib3 and Atf4. These three transcripts were highly up-regulated by cholesterol in AKR and either down-regulated or unchanged in loaded DBA/2 macrophages, thus associating a robust ER stress response with atherosclerosis resistance. We identified significant transcripts with strain, loading, or strain-loading interaction effect that reside within previously described quantitative trait loci as atherosclerosis modifier candidate genes. In conclusion, we characterized several strain and cholesterol induced differences that may lead to new insights into cellular cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Identifying Nonstationarity in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Abstract : The atmospheric boundary layer is inherently nonstationary. quickly influences the wind speed profile. The the transition in sky conditions as cloud layers develop or dissipate rapidly forces the surface temperature just as do sunrise and sunset transitions. Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, which organizes our understanding of the atmospheric boundary layer especially the atmospheric surface layer relies on two assumptions that seem at odds with this depiction of the atmospheric boundary layer: that the atmosphere is statistically stationary and that the surface is horizontally homogeneous. Because clouds are ubiquitous, we speculate that many of the measurements of the Monin-Obukhov similarity functions that have been reported were collected in nonstationary conditions. Such violations of the premises on which Monin-Obukhov similarity rests may explain some of the scatter that still exists in these "universal" similarity functions despite almost 50 years of measurements to quantify them. We present a method for identifying nonstationarity. Our method has three advantages: It has a theoretical basis, it relies on accepted definitions of what constitutes nonstationarity, and it associates a probability as to whether any nonstationary period it identifies is truly nonstationary.
Variations in capture-zone geometry of a partially penetrating pumping well in an unconfined aquifer

Design of effective and efficient pump-and-treat systems requires capture zones of recovery wells to closely circumscribe the contaminant plume. Overestimation of capture zones incurs the undesired expense of treating clean water. Underestimation of capture zones enables contaminants to escape downgradient. Recovery wells in unconfined aquifers commonly penetrate only part of the aquifer either because of its large saturated thickness or the shallow vertical extent of contamination. The capture-zone geometry of a partially penetrating pumping well can differ greatly from that of a fully penetrating one because of vertical flow components near the well. The differences in geometry are far greater if the medium is anisotropic (K{sub h} {ne} K{sub v}). To estimate the capture-zone geometry of a partially penetrating pumping well, a steady-state, finite-difference model was constructed to simulate flow to a well in a regional flow system. The model was used to simulate differences in the velocity field created by changes in (1) the depth of well penetration, (2) the magnitude of the regional hydraulic gradient, and (3) the degree of anisotropy. Following each simulation particle tracking was performed to determine the maximum width, depth, and distance to the stagnation point of the capture zone. Graphs were developed betweenmore » capture-zone width, relative capture-zone depth, distance to the stagnation point, versus the ratio of Q/q (pumping rate/specific discharge). The graphs enable estimates to be made of these geometric parameters for a variety of pumping rates, regional hydraulic gradients, hydraulic conductivities, anisotropy ratios, and degrees of partial penetration. « less
Image enhancement by multi‐parameter characterization of common image gathers

We present an innovative approach for seismic image enhancement using multi‐parameter angle‐domain characterization of common image gathers. A special subsurface angle‐domain imaging system is used to generate the multi‐parameter common image gathers in a summation‐free image space. The imaged data associated with each common image gathers depth point contain direction‐dependent opening‐angle image contributions from all the available incident and scattered wave‐pairs at this point. Each direction‐dependent opening‐angle data can be differently weighted according to its coherency measure. Once the optimal migration velocity is used, it is assumed that in the actual specular direction, the coherency measure (semblance) along reflection events, from all available opening angles and opening azimuths, is larger than that along non‐specular directions. The computed direction‐dependent semblance attribute is designed to operate as an imaging filter which enhances specular migration contributions and suppresses all others in the final migration image. The ability to analyse the structural properties of the image points by the multi‐parameter common image gather allows us to better handle cases of complicated wave propagation and to improve the image quality at poorly illuminated regions or near complex structures. The proposed method and some of its practical benefits are demonstrated through detailed analysis of synthetic and real data examples.
Role of plagioclase and reaction softening in a metagranite shear zone at mid‐crustal conditions (Gotthard Massif, Swiss Central Alps)

A lower amphibolite Alpine shear zone from the Fibbia metagranite (Gotthard Massif, Central Alps) has been studied to better understand the parameters controlling strain localization in granitic rocks. The strain gradient on the metre‐scale shows an evolution from a weakly deformed metagranite (QtzI–KfsI–AbI–BtI ± PlII–ZoI–PhgI–Grt) to a fine banded ultramylonite (QtzII–KfsII–AbII–PlII–BtII–PhgII ± Grt–ZoII). Strain localization is coeval with dynamic recrystallization of the quartzofeldspathic matrix and a modal increase in mica, at the expense of K‐feldspar. The continuous recrystallization of plagioclase during deformation into a very fine‐grained assemblage forming anastomosed ribbons is interpreted as the dominant process in the shear zone initiation and development. The shear zone initiated under closed‐system conditions with the destabilization of metastable AbI–ZoI porphyroclasts into fine‐grained (20–50 μm sized) AbII–PlII aggregates, and with minor crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar. The development of the shear zone requires a change in state of the system, which becomes open to externally derived fluids and mass transfer. Indeed, mass balance calculations and thermodynamic modelling show that the ultramylonite is characterized by gains in CaO, FeO and H2O. The progressive input of externally derived CaO drives the continuous metamorphic recrystallization of the fine‐grained AbII–PlII aggregate into a more PlII‐rich and finer aggregate. Input of water favours the crystallization of phengite at the expense of K‐feldspar to form an interconnected network of weak phases. Thus, recrystallization of 50% of the bulk rock volume would induce a decrease of the strength of the rock that might contribute to the development of the shear zone. This study emphasizes the major role of metamorphic reactions and more particularly plagioclase on strain localization process. Plagioclase represents at least one‐third of the bulk rock volume in granitic systems and forms a stress‐supporting framework that controls the rock rheology. Therefore, recrystallization of plagioclase due to changes in P–T conditions and/or bulk composition must be taken into account, together with quartz and K‐feldspar, in order to understand strain localization processes in granites.
The Role of Iron-Rich Sylhet Sand in Removing Arsenic from Water

Arsenic in ground water was first detected in Bangladesh at Chapai Nawabgonj district in 1993. In the context of prevalence of high concentrations of arsenic in tube-well water, a wide range of technologies has been developed but most of them have limitations. In the quest, naturally available iron-rich Sylhet sand was selected in this study as filter bed material to observe the effectiveness in removing arsenic from water. Experiment shows that the Sylhet sand contains a significant quantity of iron (29.4 mg/g), which may play a vital role in removing arsenic through adsorption. Laboratory column tests were conducted using synthetic trivalent arsenic concentration of 200 mg/L and maintaining a constant pH of 8.0 and the experiment was performed on three different forms of sand bed such as normal, burnt and extracted sand bed. Observation shows that the normal and burnt sand bed readily able to remove arsenic and bed volume of 255 and 315 are found respectively up to 50 μg/L arsenic level whereas extracted shows zero bed volume. Hence the iron-rich Sylhet sand bed may be a promising option for arsenic removal and proper design will ease the pavement to make the technology more effective.
Model of drop canting in microwave remote sensing of rain

Doppler-polarimetric remote sensing techniques are powerful tools in microwave remote sensing of atmosphere. Combination of polarization. diversity with Doppler measurements opens new possibilities for research microphysics and dynamic processes in clouds and precipitation. Series of new sophisticated models, which relate atmospheric processes with behavior of scatterers' should be developed for radar data interpretation. It is especially important for mm-band facilities because of their sensitivity to small particles. The calculations and measurements have shown that small particles contribute significantly to the scattered signal from. rain at wavelength of 8 mm and especially of 4 mm and less. That is why well-known Marshall-Palmer dropsize distribution for rain, which is usually used to estimate radar reflectivity in X-band, can lead to errors in mm-band because it exaggerates strongly the number of small particles. This simple example clearly shows that one must be very careful when applying known initial models for mm-band modeling, simulation or data interpretation. In this paper, describing rain drop size distribution N(D), we use a very flexible gamma-distribution.
Effects of a semienclosed ocean on extratropical cyclogenesis: The dynamical processes around the Japan Sea on 23–25 January 2008

Based on a case study of an extratropical cyclone that developed rapidly near Japan on 23−25 January 2008, this paper proposes a new type of atmospheric response to a surface warming/cooling anomaly in the semienclosed Japan Sea, which is approximately half a synoptic‐scale baroclinic wavelength in size. The thermal effects of the Japan Sea during early cyclogenesis spread to the upper levels via an upward wind, when the trough of the baroclinic wave is located west of the Japan Sea. In the case of a relatively cold Japan Sea, the lower level air temperature decreases over the sea, and the baroclinic wave becomes weak around Japan in the early stage. As the cyclone progressively develops and travels east, the positive and negative geopotential height anomalies induced by the sea surface cooling increase over time in the lower level trough and the upper level ridge outside the Japan Sea, respectively. The temperature anomaly spreads to upper levels through the development of a warm conveyer belt. As the cyclone becomes fully developed, a geopotential height anomaly pattern similar to the west Pacific teleconnection forms as a result of the S‐shaped trough‐ridge structure in the middle and upper troposphere. The cooling/warming effect of the sea influences surface heat fluxes and precipitation in the Pacific region outside the Japan Sea via a synoptic‐scale atmospheric bridge caused by the traveling and developing cyclone and cold air outbreak.
The Relationship Between Detection Algorithms for Hyperspectral and Radar Applications

Abstract : Hyperspectral data consists of hundreds of contiguous radiometric measurements collected passively from each pixel in a scene. Detection capitalizes on exploiting the difference between target and background spectral signatures. Many detection methods in hyperspectral processing employ signal models commonly used in radar even though it is an active sensor. Starting from a common signal model, we discuss adaptive detection algorithms for hyperspectral data by outlining fundamental similarities and differences with radar. We demonstrate detection using hyperspectral data through experiments with real data and discuss the fundamental applicability of adaptive radar signal models to detection in hyperspectral processing.
Titan Orbiter with Aerorover Mission (TOAM)

We propose to develop a new mission to Titan called Titan Orbiter with Aerorover Mission (TOAM). This mission is motivated by the recent discoveries of Titan, its atmosphere and its surface by the Huygens Probe, and a combination of in situ, remote sensing and radar mapping measurements of Titan by the Cassini orbiter. Titan is a body for which Astrobiology (i.e., prebiotic chemistry) will be the primary science goal of any future missions to it. TOAM is planned to use an orbiter and balloon technology (i.e., aerorover). Aerobraking will be used to put payload into orbit around Titan. One could also use aerobraking to put spacecraft into orbit around Saturn first for an Enceladus phase of the mission and then later use aerocapture to put spacecraft into orbit around Titan. The Aerorover will probably use a hot air balloon concept using the waste heat from the MMRTG approx. 1000 watts. Orbiter support for the Aerorover is unique to our approach for Titan. Our strategy to use an orbiter is contrary to some studies using just a single probe with balloon. Autonomous operation and navigation of the Aerorover around Titan will be required, which will include descent near to the surface to collect surface samples for analysis (i.e., touch and go technique). The orbiter can provide both relay station and GPS roles for the Aerorover. The Aerorover will have all the instruments needed to sample Titan's atmosphere, surface, possible methane lakes-rivers, use multi-spectral imagers for surface reconnaissance; to take close up surface images; take core samples and deploy seismometers during landing phase. Both active and passive broadband remote sensing techniques will be used for surface topography, winds and composition measurements.
Unravelling drivers for the spatial distribution of diatom communities in eutrophic wetlands

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Global retrieval of bidirectional reflectance and albedo over land

This paper describes the theory and the algorithm to be used in producing a global bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and albedo product from data to be acquired by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR), both to be launched in 1998 on the AM-1 satellite platform as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). The product will be derived using the kernel-driven semiempirical Ambrals BRDF model, utilizing five variants of kernel functions characterizing isotropic, volume and surface scattering. The BRDF and the albedo of each pixel of the land surface will be modeled at a spatial resolution of 1 km and once every 16 days in seven spectral bands spanning the visible and the near infrared. The BRDF parameters retrieved and recorded in the MODIS BRDF/albedo product will be intrinsic surface properties decoupled from the prevailing atmospheric state and hence suited for a wide range of applications requiring characterization of the directional anisotropy of Earth surface reflectance. A set of quality control flags accompanies the product. An initial validation of the Ambrals model is demonstrated using a variety of field-measured data sets for several different land cover types.
When the Saints Come Marching in: Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Student Evacuees

I examine academic performance and college going for public school students affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Students who are forced to switch schools due to the hurricanes experience sharp declines in test scores in the first year following the hurricane. However, by the second and third years after the disaster, Katrina evacuees displaced from Orleans Parish appear to benefit from the displacement, experiencing a . 15 standard deviation improvement in scores. The test score gains are concentrated among students whose initial schools were in the lowest quintile of the test score distribution and among students who leave the New Orleans MSA. Katrina evacuees from suburban areas and Rita evacuees (from the Lake Charles area) eventually recover most of the ground lost during 05-06 but do not experience long term gains relative to their pre-Katrina test scores. High school age Orleans evacuees have higher college enrollment rates than their predecessors from the same high schools. Meanwhile, Katrina evacuees from the suburbs experience a 3.5 percentage point drop in their rate of enrollment in four year colleges. Those evacuees do not to make up for the decline in the subsequent two years. Later cohorts of suburban New Orleans evacuees are unaffected. The results suggest that for students in the lowest performing schools, the long term gains to achievement from switching schools can more than offset even substantial costs of disruption.
2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility

CONCLUSIONS: The current guidelines represent a comprehensive list of practical clinical recommendations for the assessment, prevention, and management of key aspects for the comprehensive critical care of infants and children. Main areas of focus included 1) need for the routine monitoring of pain, agitation, withdrawal, and delirium using validated tools, 2) enhanced use of protocolized sedation and analgesia, and 3) recognition of the importance of nonpharmacologic interventions for enhancing patient comfort and comprehensive care provision.