Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hetero double gate-dielectric Tunnel FET with record high ION /IOFF ratio

To manage the increasing static leakage in low power applications and reduced Ion/Ioff due to aggressive scaling of MOS transistors, Tunnel FET (TFET) devices are considered as the most promising candidates because of their excellent immunity against such important short channel effects. Solutions for leakage reduction as well as improving on current of the device are sought at the device design and process technology levels. In this paper, we propose a novel design for a hetero double gate dielectric tunnel field effect transistor (HDG-TFET). Simulation of this device characteristics show significant improvement over conventional double gate devices with high K only gate dielectric TFET. In this device, a low K gate oxide is used at the drain end and a high K gate oxide is used at the source end with low band gap material in source region. Ambipolar behavior at the drain end can be suppressed and a record high Ion/Ioff of the order of 10 13 is achieved. General Terms Device simulation .
Dissociation between Plasma Adrenocorticotropin and Serum Cortisol Level during the Early Postoperative Period after Gastrectomy

We demonstrated the dissociation between plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and serum cortisol levels during the early recovery period after radical gastrectomy in 9 of 31 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients with the dissociation between plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels (DAC) showed a sustained elevation of serum cortisol level on the first or second postoperative day, while the plasma ACTH level returned to its preoperative state. These patients also had more advanced cancers (p < 0.05) and suffered from more postoperative complications (p < 0.05) than those without DAC. In these patients with DAC, serum cortisol and interleukin (IL)-6 levels remained higher on the second postoperative day than in those of the patients without DAC (21.80 ± 1.57 vs. 13.68 ± 0.72 μg/dl, p < 0.001, and 74.31 ± 15.65 vs. 18.75 ± 3.14 pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). On the second postoperative day, serum IL-6 levels showed a significant correlation with serum cortisol levels in all patients (r = 0.511, p < 0.01). These results suggest that the DAC during the early postoperative period after radical gastrectomy is associated with advanced stage of cancer and postoperative complication, and that the increased serum IL-6 level is at least in part responsible for maintaining the elevated serum cortisol.
Spectral sensitivity of macaque monkeys measured with ERG flicker photometry

Abstract Macaque monkeys are widely used as a model species for investigations of the biology of human vision. Previous measurements suggest that the cone-based spectral sensitivity of these two primates is greatly similar, but perhaps not identical. We measured the photopic spectral sensitivity of 42 male macaque monkeys from two species (Macaca mulatto, M. fascicularis) using an objective index, electroretinogram flicker photometry. The variations among individuals and between the two species were very small and there was no evidence for any significant cone pigment polymorphism in this sample. There are small but systematic differences in spectral sensitivity between macaque monkeys and equivalently tested human subjects–the monkeys were slightly more sensitive to short wavelengths (<520 nm) and slightly less sensitive to wavelengths longer than this value. The results obtained from the curve fitting of standard photopigment absorption spectra to the spectral-sensitivity functions suggest that the difference between human and macaque monkey spectral sensitivity principally reflects differences in the relative proportions of the long- and middle-wavelength cones in the retinas of the two species.
Evaluation of family treatments in adolescent anorexia nervosa: A pilot study

In the search for more effective methods of psychological treatment in anorexia nervosa, there are a number of controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of different forms of treatment. Previous studies have shown that family therapy is the superior treatment for patients with an early onset and short duration of illness. In order to assess the impact and the effective components of family therapy, we conducted a pilot trial in which consecutive referrals of anorexia nervosa patients were randomly assigned to one of two forms of family treatment: family therapy (conjoint family sessions) or family counselling (separate supportive sessions for the patient and counselling for the parents). Changes taking place within the patient and the family were evaluated at regular intervals, while within and between group comparisons were made. Although tentative, it was found that, in the short term, there were few differences in terms of symptomatic relief between the two treatment groups. © 1992 john Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mobility-aware adaptation for transport protocols

Applications on mobile computers must adapt to high variability in wireless network performance. Extending the semantics of transport protocols to offer more control over communication to the user allows applications to adapt their behavior to variability. We examine adding priorities and deadlines to data objects as a method for achieving greater application control. Priorities allow the application to control the transmission order of objects, while deadlines permit the transport protocol to inform the application if there is insufficient bandwidth for delivery. We compare three implementations of priorities and deadlines, two extending TCP at the application level, and one new protocol, ATP, which runs on top of UDP. Experiments show that ATP and the TCP extensions perform comparably in many cases, but ATP outperforms TCP for some workloads, including a workload simulating remote filesystem traffic.
For Ruminators, the Emotional Future Is Bound to the Emotional Past

Processing mode theory proposes that rumination is characterized by abstract processing that involves increased thinking about the implications of emotional events, which derives the prediction that heightened ruminative disposition will be associated with elevated emotional extrapolation from current events when formulating future expectancies. To test this, we used a novel Emotional Extrapolation Assessment Task that measured individual differences in the degree to which the emotional tone of initial events influences relative expectancy for subsequent events that are emotionally consistent or inconsistent with this initial event. In Experiment 1, ruminative disposition was associated with increased self-reported expectancy for negative subsequent events relative to positive subsequent events. As predicted, in Experiment 2, heightened ruminative disposition was associated with increased emotional extrapolation, assessed using a comprehension latency performance-based measure.
User assisted separation using tensor factorisations

Recent research has demonstrated that user assisted techniques, where the user provides a “guide” version of the source to be separated, are capable of giving good sound source separation. Here the user sings or plays along with the target source, and the user input is used to guide the separation towards the source of interest. This is typically done in a factorisation framework, such as non-negative matrix factorisation. Here we extend such approaches to a tensor factorisation framework to deal with multichannel signals. Further, we demonstrate how this framework can be used to improve the output from other user assisted techniques, such as the Adress algorithm, where the user manually selects a region from the stereo space corresponding to a given source.
Mitogen activated protein kinase‐dependent activation of c‐Jun and c‐Fos is required for neuronal differentiation but not for growth and stress response in PC12 cells

MAPK‐dependent activation of AP‐1 protein c‐Jun is involved in PC12 cell differentiation and apoptosis. However, the role of other AP‐1 proteins and their connection to MAPKs during growth, differentiation and apoptosis has remained elusive. Here we studied the activation of AP‐1 proteins in response to ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling upon NGF, EGF and anisomycin exposures. All treatments caused different kinetics and strength of MAPK and AP‐1 activities. NGF induced persistent ERK and AP‐1 activities, whereas upon EGF and anisomycin exposures, their activities were only weakly and transiently induced. The sustained AP‐1 activity was associated with concomitant c‐Fos and c‐Jun expression and phoshorylation, which were JNK and ERK dependent. While inhibition of the ERK, JNK, and p38 activities partially prevented AP‐1 activity and suppressed differentiation, none of them was required for anisomycin‐induced apoptosis. The importance of c‐Fos and c‐Jun as mediators of differentiation was demonstrated by the findings that the corresponding siRNAs suppressed NGF‐induced neurite outgrowth. However, the capacity of c‐Fos to promote differentiation required cooperation with Jun proteins. In contrast, Fra‐2 expression was not required for the differentiation response. Together, the results show that sustained c‐Jun and c‐Fos activities mediate MAPK signaling and are essential for differentiation of PC12 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 538–548, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Social Security (Incapacity for Work) Act 1994

The Social Security (Incapacity for Work) Act 19941 is the most radical piece of social security legislation since the Social Security Act 1986. The Act abolishes sickness and invalidity beneElts and replaces them with a new and less generous beneElt, incapacity beneElt. This article starts by outlining the pre-April 1995 position before considering the background to the new beneElt and examining its structure and scope. The conclusion seeks to put these changes in the context of other recent and impending developments in social security provision.
A Hybrid Clustering Based Filtering Approach with Efficient Sequencing

A clustering technique is applied to integrate the contents of items into the item-based collaborative filtering framework in this paper. The information that is obtained from the clustering of content provides a way to introduce content information into collaborative recommendation and solves the cold start problem. The content-based filtering provides the content but may fail to understand what the user mean by that content while collaborative filtering may succeed in understanding the desire of user but may fail to bring the results for that request. However, we succeed to provide the relevant content to user by combining the content-based and collaborative filtering techniques and with the use of fuzzy C-means and the K-means clustering algorithm The results show that our approach contributes to the improvement of prediction quality of the item-based collaborative filtering, especially for the cold start problem. Index Terms—cluster, content based filtering, collaborative filtering, fuzzy C-means.
Stavudine Toxicity in Adult Longer-Term ART Patients in Blantyre, Malawi

Background Stavudine is an effective and inexpensive antiretroviral drug, but no longer recommended by WHO for first-line antiretroviral regimens in resource-limited settings due to toxicity concerns. Because of the high cost of alternative drugs, it has not been feasible to replace stavudine in most adults in the Malawi ART programme. We aimed to provide policy makers with a detailed picture of stavudine toxicities in Malawians on longer-term ART, in order to facilitate prioritization of stavudine replacement among other measures to improve the quality of ART programmes. Methods Prospective cohort of Malawian adults who had just completed one year of stavudine containing ART in an urban clinic, studying peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, diabetes mellitus, high lactate syndromes, pancreatitis and dyslipidemia during 12 months follow up. Stavudine dosage was 30 mg irrespective of weight. Cox regression was used to determine associations with incident toxicities. Results 253 patients were enrolled, median age 36 years, 62.5% females. Prevalence rates (95%-confidence interval) of toxicities after one year on stavudine were: peripheral neuropathy 21.3% (16.5–26.9), lipodystrophy 14.7% (2.4–8.1), high lactate syndromes 0.0% (0–1.4), diabetes mellitus 0.8% (0–2.8), pancreatitis 0.0% (0–1.5). Incidence rates per 100 person-years (95%-confidence interval) during the second year on stavudine were: peripheral neuropathy 19.8 (14.3–26.6), lipodystrophy 11.4 (7.5–16.3), high lactate syndromes 2.1 (0.7–4.9), diabetes mellitus 0.4 (0.0–1.4), pancreatitis 0.0 (0.0–0.2). Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia increased from 12.1% to 21.1% and from 29.5% to 37.6% respectively between 12 and 24 months. 5.5% stopped stavudine, 1.3% died and 4.0% defaulted during follow up. Higher age was an independent risk factor for incident peripheral neuropathy and lipodystrophy. Conclusion Stavudine associated toxicities continued to accumulate during the second year of ART, especially peripheral neuropathy and lipodystrophy and more so at increasing age. Our findings support investments for replacing stavudine in first-line regimens in sub-Saharan Africa.
Lifelong learning and the Labour governments 1997–2004

Lifelong learning has been a key theme of New Labour’s education policy agenda since 1997, but is a broad and often amorphous concept. This article analyses New Labour’s ideological perspective in this context, outlines the main developments and difficulties, and evaluates the record over the seven years in office. New Labour’s policy on lifelong learning can be divorced neither from its general education policy nor from its broader human capital approach to education, within an ideology of ‘marketised welfarism’. The article discusses these characteristics and notes both the continuities and differences between New Labour and traditional Labourism.
Recognition mechanisms in the synthesis of animal virus DNA.

In eukaryotic cells, initiation of DNA replication is tightly controlled and chromosomes are replicated once and only once per cell cycle. However, DNA viruses replicating in the nuclei of host cells must have evolved mechanisms to escape stringent copy number control, since each infected nucleus may contain as many as 105 viral genomes during a lytic infection. Viruses appear to accomplish this by replicating via a mechanism that is distinct from that of the host, e.g. adenoviruses, or by synthesizing large amounts of a particular protein that preferentially directs the initiation of replication, e.g. simian virus 40. Nevertheless, many viruses persist in a latent state and utilize the cell copy number control mechanisms to distribute the viral genome to daughter cells without high level replication. The universality of DNA replication suggests that many of the basic mechanisms will have been conserved throughout evolution. Accordingly, the details of the biochemistry and genetics of DNA replication deduced from prokaryotes (reviewed by Kornberg, 1988) should serve as excellent models for the studies that we shall describe on eukaryotic viruses. In general terms initiation of DNA replication at prokaryotic origins of replication (e.g. ori C and ori A) appears to be preceded by the formation of a large nucleoprotein assembly which is directed by specific recognition events between protein and DNA. In the presence ofATP this complex catalyses opening of the DNA helix. Replication is then accomplished by a multienzyme complex or 'replisome' held together by specific molecular interactions. In this Review we will focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in replication of eukaryotic virus chromosomes. Most information has been gained from studies on papovaviruses and adenoviruses, where systems in vitro which faithfully initiate DNA replication have been developed.
Model-Driven Engineering of Multi-target Plastic User Interfaces

A Multi-target user interface is composed of a series of interconnected variations of the same user interfaces, but tailored for different targets or different contexts of use. When access to software applications must be guaranteed in more than one context of use, it is necessary to adapt these user interfaces in order to preserve their usability when the switch between contexts occur. For this purpose, this paper proposes a model and a presentation technique to express and manipulate the plasticity domain of a user interface. The plasticity domain denotes the set of contexts of use it is able to cover while preserving its usability. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of the context of use: the platform screen size. A window requires a graphical area for its rendering and manipulation by the end- user. The model supports the definition of this graphical area in terms of window size and window place. The visualization technique helps in both making observable the set of presentations that fit the available space, and perceiving which operations could help in switching from one presentation to another one. The first benefit is powerful for eliciting the candidate presentations when the context of use changes. The model has been integrated in UsiXML, a XML-compliant user interface description language.
Evidence of bacterial metabolic activity in culture-negative otitis media with effusion.

CONTEXT Otitis media with effusion (OME) can lead to significant hearing loss in children. Although previous studies have shown that bacterial DNA is present in a significant percentage of effusions sterile by culture, whether the DNA represents viable organisms or "fossilized remains" is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine if bacterial messenger RNA (mRNA), as detected by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assay, is present in chronic pediatric middle ear effusions that contain bacterial DNA but are sterile by standard cultural methods. Bacterial mRNAs have a half-life measured in seconds to minutes; therefore, detection of bacteria-specific mRNAs would be evidence that metabolically active organisms are present. DESIGN Blinded comparative study. PATIENTS A total of 93 effusions from pediatric outpatients seen for myringotomy and tube placement for chronic (>3 months) OME (median age of children, 17 months). SETTING Tertiary care pediatric hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of positive test results for RT-PCR-based assays compared with culture for Haemophilus influenzae and concordance between RT-PCR and PCR-based findings for bacterial nucleic acids. RESULTS Eleven (11.8%) of the 93 specimens tested positive by culture, PCR, and RT-PCR for H influenzae. A total of 29 specimens (31.2%) were positive by PCR but negative by culture for H influenzae. All 29 specimens were positive by RT-PCR for H influenzae-specific mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The RT-PCR-based assay system can detect the presence of bacterial mRNA in a significant percentage of culturally sterile middle ear effusions, establishing the presence of viable, metabolically active, intact organisms in some culture-negative OME.
FREQUENCY, CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE AND PATTERN RECOGNITION

The frequency of co-occurrence of perceptual elements has been employed by Wolff (1975) as an explanatory principle in a model of speech segmentation. Here a computer program is described which uses the same principle to model concept formation. A second program is also described which recognizes or categorizes new patterns using the ‘conceptual structure’ developed by the first program. Six features of human conceptual/recognition systems are modelled with varying degrees of success: Salience of concepts; hierarchical relations amongst concepts; overlap between concepts; ‘fuzziness’ of conceptual boundaries; the polythetic nature of human concepts including the possibility of recognizing patterns in spite of distortions; differential weighting of attributes in recognition. The model incorporates coding by ‘schema plus correction’ proposed by Attneave (1954) and Oldfield (1954) as a means of effecting economical storage of information. However the particular form of this principle used here achieves economical coding only with certain types of data. A possible means of overcoming this problem is briefly considered.
Software QoS enhancement through self-adaptation and formal models

Modern software operates in highly dynamic and often unpredictable environments that can degrade its quality of service. Therefore, it is increasingly important having systems able to adapt their behavior to the environment where they execute at any moment. Nevertheless, software with self-adaptive capabilities is difficult to develop. To make easier its development, different architectural frameworks have been proposed during the last years. A shared characteristic among most frameworks is that they define applications that make an internal use of models, which are analyzed to discover the configurations that better fit in the changing environments. In this context, this tutorial presents the current research advances on architectural frameworks for building self-adaptive software that meets its Quality of Service (QoS). We discuss architectures that use self-adaption to improve the QoS and whose adaptations are planned as a result of the analysis of formal models. We also describe a set of current research challenges that are still preventing the complete automatic control of dependable self-adaptive software.
Learning to integrate: supply chains reconceptualised

This paper introduces and explains a conception of supply chains from a situated learning perspective. This non-conventional supply chain perspective invites the reader to consider supply chain scenarios as 'situated learning opportunities involving multiple communities of practice' interacting and participating together. It is argued that by embracing and appropriately engaging this humanistic, social and practical learning perspective, supply chain practitioners have opportunities to initiate a Community of Practice condition across a supply chain setting. Therein, as a supply community, practitioners can systematically and collaboratively focus on developing their learning skills, their knowledge and their relationships, which serve to stimulate and promote inter-organisational integration and performance.
Gene Expression Profile in Interleukin-4-Stimulated Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory vascular environments have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying this process, however, are not fully understood. In the present study, we employed GeneChip microarray analysis to investigate global gene expression patterns in human vascular endothelial cells after treatment with IL-4. Our results showed that mRNA levels of a total of 106 genes were significantly up-regulated and 41 genes significantly down-regulated with more than a 2-fold change. The majority of these genes are critically involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcription factors, and metabolism; functions of the remaining genes are unknown. The changes in gene expression of selected genes related to inflammatory reactions, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. IL-4 treatment also significantly increased the adherence of inflammatory cells to endothelial cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. These results may help determine the molecular mechanisms of action of IL-4 in human vascular endothelium. In addition, a better understanding of IL-4-induced vascular injury at the level of gene expression could lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.