Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive-Developmental Inquiry.

Preschool and elementary school children were asked to study a set of items until they were sure they could recall them perfectly (Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hoyt, 1970). The older subjects studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were, that is, they showed perfect recall. The younger children studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were not. In another study, elementary school children were asked to help the experimenter evaluate the communicative adequacy of verbal instructions, indicating any omissions and obscurities (Markman, 1977). Although the instructions were riddled with blatant omissions and obscurities, the younger subjects were surprisingly poor at detecting them. They incorrectly thought they had understood and could follow the instructions, much as their counterparts in the study by Flavell et al. (1970) incorrectly thought they had memorized and could recall the items. Results such as these have suggested that young children are quite limited in their knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena, or in their metacognition, and do relatively little monitoring of their own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive enterprises (see, e.g., Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1978; Flavell & Wellman, 1977; Kreutzer, Leonard, & Flavell, 1975; Flavell, Note 1, Note 2, Note 3; Markman, Note 4). Investigators have recently concluded that metacognition plays an important role in oral communication of information, oral persuasion, oral comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, language acquisition, attention, memory, problem solving, social cognition, and, various types of self-control and self-instruction; there are also clear indications that ideas about metacognition are beginning to make contact with similar ideas in the areas of social learning theory, cognitive behavior modification, personalty development, and education (Flavell, Note 1, Note 2, Note 3). Thus, the nature and de-
A Non-Linear Subdivision Scheme for Triangle Meshes

Subdivision schemes are commonly used to obtain dense or smooth data representations from sparse discrete data. E. g. , B-splines are smooth curves or surfaces that can be constructed by infinite subdivision of a polyline or polygon mesh of control points. New vertices are computed by linear combinations of the initial control points. We present a new non-linear subdivision scheme for the refinement of triangle meshes that generates smooth surfaces with minimum curvature variations. It is based on a combination of edge splitting operations and interpolation by blending circular arcs. In contrast to most conventional methods the final mesh density may be locally adapted to the structure of the mesh. As an application we demonstrate how this subdivision scheme can be used to reconstruct missing range data of incompletely digitized 3-D objects.
Animal Models of GWAS-Identified Type 2 Diabetes Genes

More than 65 loci, encoding up to 500 different genes, have been implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as conferring an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whilst mouse models have in the past been central to understanding the mechanisms through which more penetrant risk genes for T2D, for example, those responsible for neonatal or maturity-onset diabetes of the young, only a few of those identified by GWAS, notably TCF7L2 and ZnT8/SLC30A8, have to date been examined in mouse models. We discuss here the animal models available for the latter genes and provide perspectives for future, higher throughput approaches towards efficiently mining the information provided by human genetics.
Graph Transformations in Data-Driven Dependency Parsing

Transforming syntactic representations in order to improve parsing accuracy has been exploited successfully in statistical parsing systems using constituency-based representations. In this paper, we show that similar transformations can give substantial improvements also in data-driven dependency parsing. Experiments on the Prague Dependency Treebank show that systematic transformations of coordinate structures and verb groups result in a 10% error reduction for a deterministic data-driven dependency parser. Combining these transformations with previously proposed techniques for recovering non-projective dependencies leads to state-of-the-art accuracy for the given data set.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for peri-implant bone regeneration: a case report.

BACKGROUND Currently, clinicians have a limited treatment arsenal in the repair of peri-implant defects. The aim of the present report is to present the clinical results of treating a dental implant using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 in an elderly patient. METHODS A 75-year-old man presented for routine dental prophylaxis. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed significant loss of attachment and bone loss around an implant replacing the maxillary left first molar. The patient did not report any symptoms, and the implant showed no signs of mobility. Because of the severity of the defect, regenerative treatment using a combination of rhBMP-2 and freeze-dried bone allograft was used. RESULTS The patient was followed for 80 weeks postoperatively. By 28 weeks, significant probing depth reduction and radiographic bone fill was observed, and the original implant crown was replaced. From 28 weeks postoperatively to 80 weeks, no significant clinical or radiographic changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS rhBMP-2 represents a potential therapeutic modality for severe peri-implant hard tissue loss. Future studies should examine parameters, such as surgical technique, to maximize the rhBMP-2-driven regenerative outcomes.
Current Perspectives on Arterial Stiffness and Pulse Pressure in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases

Blood pressure (BP) is a powerful cardiovascular (CV) risk factor that acts on the arterial wall and is responsible in part for various CV events, such as cerebrovascular accidents and ischemic heart disease. In clinical practice, 2 specific and arbitrary points of the BP curve, peak systolic BP (SBP) and end-diastolic BP (DBP), are used to define the CV risk factor. Because the goal of drug treatment of hypertension is to prevent CV complications, it appears likely that the totality of the BP curve, not simply 2 specific and arbitrary points, should be considered to act mechanically on the arterial wall and therefore should be used to propose an adequate definition of high BP. A current approach consists of considering the BP curve as the summation of a steady component, mean blood pressure (MBP), and a pulsatile component, pulse pressure (PP). 1 MBP, the product of cardiac output multiplied by total peripheral resistance, is the pressure for the steady flow of blood and oxygen to peripheral tissues and organs. The pulsatile component, PP, is the consequence of intermittent ventricular ejection from the heart. PP is influenced by several cardiac and vascular factors, but it is the role of large conduit arteries, mainly the aorta, to minimize pulsatility. In addition to the pattern of left ventricular ejection, the determinants of PP (and SBP) are the cushioning capacity of arteries and the timing and intensity of wave reflections.1 The former is influenced by arterial stiffness, usually expressed in the quantitative terms of compliance and distensibility.1 The latter result from the summation of a forward wave coming from the heart and propagating at a given speed (pulse wave velocity, or PWV) toward the origin of resistance vessels and a backward wave returning toward the heart from particular sites characterized by specific …
Long Term Successful Weight Loss with a Combination Biphasic Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet and Mediterranean Diet Maintenance Protocol

Weight loss protocols can only be considered successful if they deliver consistent results over the long term—a goal which is often elusive, so much so that the term “yo-yo” is used to describe the perennial weight loss/weight regain battle common in obesity. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts (KEMEPHY) combined with the acknowledged health benefits of traditional Mediterranean nutrition may favor long term weight loss. We analysed 89 male and female obese subjects, aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from being overweight. The subjects followed a staged diet protocol over a period of 12 months: 20 day of KEMEPHY; 20 days low carb-non ketogenic; 4 months Mediterranean normocaloric nutrition; a second 20 day ketogenic phase followed by 6 months of Mediterranean normocaloric nutrition. For the majority of subjects (88.25%) there was significant loss of weight (from 100.7 ± 16.54 to 84.59 ± 9.71 kg; BMI from 35.42 ± 4.11 to 30.27 ± 3.58) and body fat (form 43.44% ± 6.34% to 33.63% ± 7.6%) during both ketogenic phases followed by successful maintenance, without weight regain, during the 6 month stabilization phase with only 8 subjects failing to comply. There were also significant and stable decreases in total cholesterol, LDLc, triglycerides and glucose levels over the 12 month study period. HDLc showed small increases after the ketogenic phases but over the full 12 months there was no significant change. No significant changes were observed in ALT, AST, Creatinine or BUN. The combination of a biphasic KEMEPHY diet separated by longer periods of maintenance nutrition, based on the traditional Mediterranean diet, led to successful long term weight loss and improvements in health risk factors in a majority of subjects; compliance was very high which was a key determinant of the results seen.
Low zone tolerance to contact allergens in mice: a functional role for CD8+ T helper type 2 cells

Normal skin is permeable to low molecular hydrophobic substances, including allergenic chemicals. Whereas such foreign matter appears to enter the skin naturally, it rarely induces contact hypersensitivity. This suggests that immunological tolerance would be the normal state of affairs. In search of a suitable model, we painted picryl chloride or oxazolone once or repeatedly on normal skin of BALB/c or C57B1/6 mice and found subsensitizing doses to be tolerogenic. The most effective doses in inducing tolerance were doses between those at the point of inflection from no responses to threshold sensitivity. But even doses three orders of magnitude lower than these suppressed subsequent sensitization if applied repeatedly. C57B1/6 mice (low responders) were consistently easier to make tolerant than BALB/c mice (high responders). The tolerant state established by a single painting was found to be fully developed at 48 h after initiation and long-lasting (>14 d). It could be adoptively transferred by intravenous injection of total spleen cells (SC), lymph node cells (LNC), or purified T cells and shown to be hapten specific. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (Cy) prevented tolerization. The T cells capable of transferring suppressive activity were found to be generated irrespective of the dose applied. On day 2 after painting, tolerance could be transferred with LNC from both tolerant and sensitized animals. On day 5, however, only cells from tolerant donors transferred tolerance. But by action of Cy, suppression was shown to be part of every sensitization, although masked. Production of hapten-specific antibodies was suppressed as well. Through depletion by monoclonal antibody in vitro the T suppressor cells were shown to belong to the murine CD8+ subset (Lyt2+). Upon restimulation in vitro by haptenized and irradiated normal SC, LNC from tolerant donors produced predominantly interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10. In contrast, LNC from sensitized donors produced preferentially IL-2 and interferon-gamma. Thus we demonstrate that painting subsensitizing doses of contact sensitizers on normal murine skin generates CD8+ Th2-like cells that give rise to hapten- specific tolerance. The model may have broader significance and apply to other species, including humans.
Evaluative Reactions to Accents.

ABSTRACT Lambert's use of the “matched‐guise” technique to study stereotyped impressions of personality characteristics from contrasting spoken dialects and languages has been extended to investigate three other evaluative dimensions in relation to British regional and foreign accents. 177 Ss were required to rate the “aesthetic”, “communicative” and “status” contents of various accents presented both vocally and conceptually. Although a generalised pattern of ranking accents across these dimensions emerged, the factors of age, ser, social class and regional membership were found to be important determinants of evaluation. The social and educational significance of these findings were discussed.
Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome

Significance Microbes control vital ecosystem processes like carbon storage and nutrient recycling. Although megadiversity is a hallmark of microbial communities in nature, we still do not know how microbial diversity determines ecosystem function. We addressed this issue by isolating different geographic and local processes hypothesized to shape fungal community composition and activity in pine forests across the continental United States. Although soil enzyme activity varied across soils according to resource availability, enzyme activity was similar across different fungal communities. These observations indicate that much of fungal diversity plays an equal role in soil biogeochemical cycles. However, soil fungal communities vary dramatically in space, indicating that individual species are endemic to bioregions within the North American continent. Identifying the ecological processes that structure communities and the consequences for ecosystem function is a central goal of ecology. The recognition that fungi, bacteria, and viruses control key ecosystem functions has made microbial communities a major focus of this field. Because many ecological processes are apparent only at particular spatial or temporal scales, a complete understanding of the linkages between microbial community, environment, and function requires analysis across a wide range of scales. Here, we map the biological and functional geography of soil fungi from local to continental scales and show that the principal ecological processes controlling community structure and function operate at different scales. Similar to plants or animals, most soil fungi are endemic to particular bioregions, suggesting that factors operating at large spatial scales, like dispersal limitation or climate, are the first-order determinants of fungal community structure in nature. By contrast, soil extracellular enzyme activity is highly convergent across bioregions and widely differing fungal communities. Instead, soil enzyme activity is correlated with local soil environment and distribution of fungal traits within the community. The lack of structure–function relationships for soil fungal communities at continental scales indicates a high degree of functional redundancy among fungal communities in global biogeochemical cycles.
Reforme sustava socijalne politike u Hrvatskoj

Autor raspravlja o gospodarskoj i socijalnoj situaciji u Hrvatskoj u proteklom desetljecu, o problemima vezanim uz socijalna prava i socijalnu sigurnost građana te, u najvecem dijelu clanka, o reformama koje se poduzimaju ili ce se u vremenu koje slijedi poduzeti u sustavima socijalne politike. Autor polazi od teze da su rat i tranzicija presudno utjecali na gospodarske i socijalne procese i sadasnje stanje u Hrvatskoj. Posljedica toga je da su kljucni sustavi socijalne sigurnosti kao sto su mirovinski i zdravstveni, dospjeli u duboku financijsku, ali i koncepcijsku krizu. Reforme i mjere koje su do sada poduzimane imale su za cilj racionalizirati i raspoloživim sredstvima prilagoditi razinu socijalne sigurnosti. No u tome se samo djelomicno uspjelo. Nove reforme koje ce se provoditi u narednom razdoblju usmjerene su na radikalnu preobrazbu sadasnjeg modela socijalne države. Tim ce se reformama nastojati smanjiti uloga države u socijalnoj sferi, a odgovornost za socijalnu sigurnost u znatnoj mjeri transferirati na pojedinca, obitelj, lokalnu zajednicu i civilno drustvo. To se najbolje vidi na primjeru mirovinske i zdravstvene reforme. Međutim, to nije jednostavno izvesti buduci da je hrvatsko drustvo izislo iz rata i da su mnoge socijalne skupine u proslom desetljecu dospjele u nepovoljan položaj, pa ocekuju da država redistribucijom nacionalnog dohotka rijesi njihove probleme i poboljsa njihov položaj. Hrvatska, dakle, ulazi u razdoblje složenih i dalekosežnih socijalnih reformi oko kojih ce se voditi buduce socijalne i politicke borbe. Zadatak je znanstvenika i strucnjaka da analiziraju stanje i trendove koji se odvijaju i da daju svoj doprinos u traganju za racionalnim rjesenjima.
The Effect of Depression, Impulsivity, and Resilience on Smartphone Addiction in University Students

Su Mi Kim, MD, Hyu Jung Huh, MD, Hyun Cho, Min Kwon, Ji Hye Choi, Hee June Ahn, PhD, Sun Woo Lee, Yeon Ji Kim, and Dai Jin Kim, MD 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea 3 Addiction Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea 4 Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Factors Influencing Career Choice of Management Students in India.

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the influence of a range of factors on the career choice of management students in India. The importance of different individuals in the family and at work in making career choices among these students is also to be explored. In addition, the study seeks to address the relationship of the cultural values of individualism‐collectivism and the protean/conventional career orientations of MBA students from India, with factors as well as people influencing the choice of a career.Design/methodology/approach – Participants consisted of 93 students from India entering management, who were starting their first year of the two‐year full time MBA program. Self‐administered questionnaires were used to gather data on factors and types of relationships influencing career choice, individualism/collectivism, and protean/conventional career orientation.Findings – “Skills, competencies, and abilities” was the most important factor and “father” was the most significant individual influen.
Automatic, run-time and dynamic adaptation of distributed applications executing in virtual environments

In the last decade we have seen tremendous increases in computer and network speeds and performance, resulting in the emergence of wide-area distributed computing. However, its potential has not been realized, primarily due to lack of security and isolation, provisioning issues and challenges involved in developing distributed applications. We present the design, implementation and evaluation of a virtual distributed execution environment consisting of operating system level virtual machines connected by virtual networks. Such environments make possible low-level, application-, developer-, and user-independent adaptation mechanisms such as virtual machine migration, overlay topology configuration and routing, network and CPU reservations. This dissertation argues that automatic, run-time and dynamic adaptation in these environments is the key to addressing issues in traditional distributed computing. In particular, it presents the answer to the question, is there a single adaptation scheme that exploits these mechanisms and is effective for a range of distributed applications. I formalized the adaptation problem and characterized its complexity and hardness of approximation. We found the problem to be NP-hard and hard to approximate. In response to these results, I designed and implemented fifteen variations of greedy adaptation schemes that heuristically attempt to optimize objective functions. I designed these adaptation schemes using insights gained while studying three classes of distributed applications and evaluated them in the context of a different set of seven application classes. I found that a single adaptation scheme that does a variation of load balancing to determine migration of virtual machines and attempts to optimize a function that is a combination of latency and bandwidth for pairs of communicating virtual machines to be effective for 70% of application classes studied. I present two taxonomies for distributed applications based on their resource demands and their suitability to automatic adaptation driven by my suggested adaptation scheme. This work fills an important gap in distributed systems research by providing an automatic, run-time and dynamic adaptation scheme that leverages the powerful paradigm of virtualization and is effective for a range of unmodified distributed applications running on unmodified operating systems without requiring any developer interaction.
Fluid Transport in Peritoneal Dialysis

Standard peritoneal ultrafiltration characteristics in 18 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were investigated in a total of 21 single dwell studies of 6 h duration with 2 L of 3.86% glucose dialysis fluid. Intraperitoneal dialysate volumes were determined using radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA). Calculations were based on a novel mathematical method in which RISA elimination from the peritoneal cavity was taken into account. The RISA elimination rate, KE, was calculated as 2.1 ± 0.5 ml/min. The true dialysate volume after 360 min (2957±196 ml) was on the average 28% lower than the volume (3737 ± 260 ml) calculated without correction for the elimination of RISA. The mean maximum true volume plus sampling losses was 3255 ml at 240 min corresponding to a mean ultrafiltration of 762 ml between 3 min and 240 min. Our method of peritoneal volume determination proved to be useful for clinical investigations. The present study demonstrates that CAPD patients, without any major ultrafiltration problems, exhibit relatively small interpatient variations in their peritoneal volume over time curve.
Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important.

Three experiments examined the relative efficacy of different imagery perspectives on the performance of tasks in which form was important. In Experiment 1,25 experienced karateists learned a new kata using either external or internal visual imagery or stretching. Results indicated that external visual imagery was significantly more effective than internal visual imagery, which was significantly more effective than stretching. In Experiment 2, 40 sport science students learned a simple gymnastics floor routine under one of four conditions: external or internal visual imagery with or without kinesthetic imagery. Results revealed a significant main effect for visual imagery perspective (external visual imagery was best) but no effect for kinesthetic imagery. Experiment 3 employed the same paradigm as Experiment 2 but with high-ability rock climbers performing difficult boulder problems. Results showed significant main effects for both visual imagery perspective (external visual imagery was best) and kinesth.