Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyses of Seepage Problems in a Subsea Tunnel Considering Effects of Grouting and Lining Structure

Analytical solutions for water inflow and water pressure based on steady-state water inflow into a circular subsea tunnel in a semi-infinite aquifer are deduced depending on the rock permeability, drainage at the lining, and grouting parameters. Based on the parameters of the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel, the differences between the proposed solutions and three previous methods are analyzed. Comparisons of the results of different methods verify the validity of the proposed analytical solutions and manifest the superiorities of the proposed solutions in reflecting the effects of grouting and lining structure on the seepage problems in a subsea tunnel. Discussion of the lining structure is also made and we conclude that “block-based and limited drainage” should be the design principle of lining structures. Finally, the method of identifying the most rational and economical grouting parameters is presented.
Projected Twenty-First-Century Changes in Temperature, Precipitation, and Snow Cover over North America in CCSM4

AbstractResults from a suite of ensembles of twenty-first-century climate projections made using the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) are analyzed to document model bias and to explore possible future changes in air temperature, precipitation, and snow cover over North America. Large biases still exist in all analyzed fields in this version of the model, and the necessary assumption in future climate projections is therefore that the bias persists into the future, such that the differences in a field between two time periods are meaningful indications of potential changes. Projected temperature increases show strong regional patterns with spatial similarities for all the emissions scenarios considered, although there are considerable differences in the magnitude of the projected change. Projections indicate an increase in total precipitation over much of North America for all emissions scenarios, with the exception of the Southwest United States. All of North America except parts of north.
Spectral characteristics of peanut crop infected by late leafspot disease under rainfed conditions

A leafspot susceptible peanut cultivar (cv JL 24) was sown during kharif season of 2005 in rainfed region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Five disease levels (scale 0-4) were created in the field by differential fungicidal spray schedule, and each treatment was replicated four times. Spectral data was recorded at 2 nm intervals using a portable spectroradiometer within a spectral range of 300-1100 nm. The loss of leaf pigments (Chlorophyll a and b) due to diseases was quantified using spectrophotometer. The red and infrared reflectance values between 620- 680 and 770-860 nm, respectively were used for calculating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Significant reduction in chlorophyll content was observed only when the disease reached a stage of scale 2 and above. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b showed a declining trend as the number of spots per leaf increased. From the spectral reflectance studies typical chlorophyll absorption bands (350 - 500 and 620-690 nm) of healthy and diseased plants could not be differentiated. However, the difference was evident in the chlorophyll reflection bands (522- 600 nm). The infrared spectral region between 700-850 nm was found to be sensitive to canopy disease stress. The reflectance (%) in this part of spectrum was higher for healthy plants compared to diseased plants. But, the low level of disease intensity (scale 1) was not differentiated by the spectral reflectance. The NDVI value for 82 days old healthy crop was in the range of 0.45 to 0.50, while the same for diseased plants was between 0.34 and 0.45. This study finds potential application of remote sensing techniques in detection of plant diseases.
Assessment of uncertainty in ROLO lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration

A system to provide radiometric calibration of remote sensing imaging instruments on-orbit using the Moon has been developed by the US Geological Survey RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) project. ROLO has developed a model for lunar irradiance which treats the primary geometric variables of phase and libration explicitly. The model fits hundreds of data points in each of 23 VNIR and 9 SWIR bands; input data are derived from lunar radiance images acquired by the project's on-site telescopes, calibrated to exoatmospheric radiance and converted to disk-equivalent reflectance. Experimental uncertainties are tracked through all stages of the data processing and modeling. Model fit residuals are ~1% in each band over the full range of observed phase and libration angles. Application of ROLO lunar calibration to SeaWiFS has demonstrated the capability for long-term instrument response trending with precision approaching 0.1% per year. Current work involves assessing the error in absolute responsivity and relative spectral response of the ROLO imaging systems, and propagation of error through the data reduction and modeling software systems with the goal of reducing the uncertainty in the absolute scale, now estimated at 5-10%. This level is similar to the scatter seen in ROLO lunar irradiance comparisons of multiple spacecraft instruments that have viewed the Moon. A field calibration campaign involving NASA and NIST has been initiated that ties the ROLO lunar measurements to the NIST (SI) radiometric scale.
Rupture process of four medium‐sized earthquakes that occurred in the Gulf of California

[1] Four medium-sized earthquakes (M w Global CMT project 5.5, 5.6, 5.9, 6.3; hereinafter named Topolobampo, Angel de la Guarda, San Lorenzo, and Loreto earthquakes, respectively) located in the Gulf of California Extensional Province were studied to obtain their kinematic rupture processes. A network of broadband seismic stations located around the Gulf of California recorded the events (Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs-Baja and Red Sismica de Banda Ancha). Inversion of the seismic moment tensor and body waveform modeling were used to obtain the fault geometry and slip distribution on the fault plane, respectively. From these analyses, we obtained source depths of the order of 5.5 ± 0.5 km. We found also that the source rupture processes of the Topolobampo and Angel de la Guarda events have simple moment rate functions and source time durations of 5.0 ± 1.2 and 4.2 ± 1.2 s, respectively. The Topolobampo event was a right-lateral strike-slip event, and Angel de la Guarda was a normal event. The San Lorenzo and Loreto shocks show a rather complex rupture, with source time durations of 7.5 ± 1.2 and 9.0 ± 1.2 s, respectively. For these earthquakes, we tested the resolution of numerical results, performing an extra inversion with smoother waveforms. The new inversions do not show the separated patches of slip, as in the first analysis, but the slip distribution has an elongated shape not characteristic of simple events. We cannot therefore conclude rupture propagation for the San Lorenzo event, although the extent of the patch for the Loreto earthquake agrees with aftershock locations. Estimates of source time durations for these earthquakes are at the upper limit of the values found for earthquakes elsewhere. Directions of P axes are in the same order of magnitude as the maximum horizontal stress obtained for the socalled Gulf of California stress province from borehole elongations, focal plane solutions, and fault slip data.
A novel approach to identifying marker genes and estimating the cellular composition of whole blood from gene expression profiles

Measuring genome-wide changes in transcript abundance in circulating peripheral whole blood cells is a useful way to study disease pathobiology and may help elucidate biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of disease. The sensitivity and interpretability of analyses carried out in this complex tissue, however, are significantly affected by its dynamic heterogeneity. It is therefore desirable to quantify this heterogeneity, either to account for it or to better model interactions that may be present between the abundance of certain transcripts, some cell types and the indication under study. Accurate enumeration of the many component cell types that make up peripheral whole blood can be costly, however, and may further complicate the sample collection process. Many approaches have been developed to infer the composition of a sample from high-dimensional transcriptomic and, more recently, epigenetic data. These approaches rely on the availability of isolated expression profiles for the cell types to be enumerated. These profiles are platform-specific, suitable datasets are rare, and generating them is expensive. No such dataset exists on the Affymetrix Gene ST platform. We present a freely-available, and open source, multi-response Gaussian model capable of accurately predicting the composition of peripheral whole blood samples from Affymetrix Gene ST expression profiles. This model outperforms other current methods when applied to Gene ST data and could potentially be used to enrich the >10,000 Affymetrix Gene ST blood gene expression profiles currently available on GEO. Key Points We introduce a model that accurately predicts the composition of blood from Affymetrix Gene ST gene expression profiles. This model outperforms existing methods when applied to Affymetrix Gene ST expression profiles from blood.
For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities

Among government officials, urban planners, and development workers, Africa's burgeoning metropolises are frequently understood as failed cities, unable to provide even basic services. Whatever resourcefulness does exist is regarded as only temporary compensation for fundamental failure. In For the City Yet to Come, AbdouMaliq Simone argues that this perspective overlooks all that does work in the Africa's cities, thereby foreclosing opportunities to capitalize on existing informal economies and structures in development efforts within Africa and to apply lessons drawn from them to rapidly growing urban areas around the world. Simone contends that Africa's cities do work on some level and to the extent that they do, they function largely through fluid, makeshift collective actions running parallel to proliferating decentralized local authorities, small-scale enterprises, and community associations. Drawing on his nearly fifteen years of work in African cities-as an activist, ngo and local government advisor, teacher, development worker, and researcher-Simone provides a series of case studies illuminating the provisional networks through which most of Africa's urban dwellers procure basic goods and services. He examines informal economies and social networks in Pikine, a large suburb of Dakar, Senegal; in Winterveld, a neighbourhood on the edge of Pretoria, South Africa; in Douala, Cameroon; and among Africans seeking work in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He contextualizes these particular cases through an analysis of the broad social, economic, and historical conditions that created present-day urban Africa. For the City Yet to Come is a powerful argument that any serious attempt to reinvent urban centres must acknowledge the particular history of African cities and incorporate the local knowledge reflected in already existing informal urban economic and social systems.
An automated inverse method for slug tests—over-damped case—in confined aquifers

Abstract Slug tests offer an efficient method for estimating the hydraulic parameters of an aquifer without water pumping. Two inverse methods are typically used to assess the slug test data and derive parameter estimates of a confined aquifer. The first method provides estimates of both hydraulic conductivity and specific storage, is visual (hence difficult to automate), and is based on the transient-flow analytical solution of Cooper et al. The second method, proposed by Hvorslev, is very straightforward, but provides only hydraulic conductivity estimates. In this study, we are testing the recently proposed quasi-steady method of Koussis and Akylas, which enables the estimation of both hydraulic parameters and, furthermore, can be easily implemented in computer code or an electronic spreadsheet. This quasi-steady method was coupled with the shuffled complex evolution optimization method to fully automate parameter estimation. This coupling is tested using data from field observations, synthetic data produced from the transient-flow analytical solution, and synthetic data with noise. The results show the usefulness and the limitations of the proposed method. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz
Oxygen Isotopes of Chondritic Components

We review the oxygen isotopic compositions of chondrite components (refractory inclusions, chondrules, and matrix) and their inter- and intra- crystalline oxygen isotopic distributions. Primary oxygen isotopic compositions, acquired before planetesimal accretion, are easily disturbed by parent-body processes such as aqueous alternation and thermal metamorphism. Primary or original oxygen isotopic compositions of refractory inclusions (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions and amoeboid olivine aggregates) distribute along a slope-1 line on the three-oxygen isotope diagram over the range of −60‰ 17 O ≈ δ 18 O 16 O-rich and 17 O-, 18 O-rich during refractory inclusion formation. On the other hand, primary minerals of most chondrules have small isotopic variations and are enriched in 17 O and 18 O relative to refractory inclusions, suggesting that chondrule formation occurred in 17 O-, 18 O-rich nebular gas. However, rare 16 O-rich chondrules have been found, suggesting some overlap in the timing of formation of chondrules and refractory inclusions in the solar nebula. Oxygen isotopic compositions of matrix grains distribute along the slope-1 line over the same range as refractory inclusions and chondrules. The similarity in oxygen isotopic distributions suggests that matrix was originally a mechanical mixture of nebular dusts co-generated with chondrules and refractory inclusions. Presolar grains with oxygen isotopic compositions that are clearly distinct from those of solar nebular materials are a trace component of chondrite matrices. Based on these oxygen isotopic characteristics, more than 99.5% of the solid materials in the nebula formed locally in the solar nebula, and the remainder formed in interstellar space. The astrophysical setting of chondrite component formation in the early Solar System is also discussed. Refractory inclusions and 16 O-rich matrix dusts formed around the inner edge of the solar nebula. On the other hand, most chondrules and 17 O-, 18 O-rich matrix dusts seem to have formed elsewhere in the solar nebula. Efficient, large-scale radial mixing of the solar nebular materials may have been an essential process in the formation of chondritic planetesimals.
Variability in the Indian Ocean circulation and salinity and its impact on SST anomalies during dipole events

The GFDL Modular Ocean Model (MOM4) has been used to understand the variability of the Indian Ocean circulation and salinity during Indian Ocean Dipole events. The model simulations are compared with HadISST, SODA and ECCO data sets. During the positive dipole years, the climatological cyclonic circulation in the Bay of Bengal weakens or is replaced by an anticyclonic circulation. The interannual variability in the Wyrtki Jet and Bay of Bengal circulation has significant influence on fresh water transport between the equatorial Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The salinity anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean are significant during the positive dipole years. The salinity anomalies are positive in the southeastern equatorial Indian Ocean and negative in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. The advection of low salinity water from the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal is attributed to the salinity anomalies in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. The salinity variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean influences the surface and subsurface temperatures by forming or eroding the barrier layer.
Colonization of Northern Eurasia by Modern Humans: Radiocarbon Chronology and Environment

Abstract The distribution of frequencies of radiocarbon-dated Palaeolithic sites in northern Eurasia shows three peaks of 40–30, 24–18 and 17–1 ka bp . We argue that these peaks reflect the waves in the colonization of that area by Anatomically Modern Humans stemming from Central and Eastern Europe and caused by environmental stress.
Correction to “Variations of light absorption by suspended particles with chlorophyll a concentration in oceanic (case 1) waters: Analysis and implications for bio-optical models” by A. Bricaud et al.

In the paper “Variations of light absorption by suspended particles with chlorophyll a concentration in oceanic (case 1) waters: Analysis and implications for bio-optical models” by A. Bricaud, A. Morel, M. Babin, K. Allali, and H. Claustre (Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C13), 31,033–31,044, 1998), equations (6), (69), and (8) contained some typographical errors. The correct equations appear below:
High‐resolution ammonium ice core record covering a complete glacial‐interglacial cycle

High-resolution ammonium measurements were performed along the Greenland Ice Core Program (GRIP) deep ice core, covering a complete climatic cycle. No overall anthropogenic increase is observed over the last 300 years; however, springtime concentrations have roughly doubled since 1950. Biomass burning is estimated to be a major source for ammonia emissions for preindustrial times. It contributes between 10% to 40% to the total ammonium deposited on the central Greenland ice sheet during the Holocene. No correlation is found between the ammonium summer concentrations recorded over the last 100 years and the area burned in northern North America, which is considered to be the main source area for ammonium deposited on the central Greenland ice sheet. This suggests that the meteorological factor is predominant for the pattern of ammonium spikes observed in the ice core. If unchanged meteorological conditions are assumed for the Holocene, as indicated by the δ18O ice record, a decreasing biomass burning activity toward present time can be derived from the ammonium ice record. Soil and vegetation emissions are responsible for the ammonium background concentrations in the ice. The record therefore may be used to trace back the biomass history of the North American continent. A pronounced decreasing trend in background ammonium is found during the Holocene, reflecting decreasing temperature and therefore lower NH3 emissions in the source region. Variations in the ammonium concentration during the glacial age are discussed in terms of changes in transport and deposition mechanisms and changes in source strength, which can be related to the extent of the Laurentide ice sheet. The data suggest that the Laurentide ice sheet was built up immediately after the last interglacial and went through several large fluctuations during the last ice age.
The Anaximander Mountains: a clue to the tectonics of southwest Anatolia

The offshore Anaximander Mountains are an important link between the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs. They were formed by southeastward rifting from Turkey in post‐Miocene time. Gravity data have shown that the eastern part of the Anaximander Mountains is different from the western part; multibeam mapping seems to confirm that the eastern Anaximander Mountains have affinity with the Florence Rise structure (western Cyprus Arc). Faulting along and across the latter feature is characterized in the seismic data by anastomosing faults and pop‐up flower structures. It is likely that progressive adjustment to incipient collision developed into a broad zone of NW–SE transpressive wrenching extending towards south Turkey. In contrast, the western mountains are more directly related to the opening of the Rhodes Basin and the Finike Basin, as transtension may have dominated in southwest Turkey since the Pliocene. The connection with onshore Turkey is still unclear, but could be related to the Fethiye–Burdur Fault Zone that defines the western boundary of the complex Isparta Angle. The Anaximander Mountains and the Isparta Angle form together a tectonic accommodation zone between the active deformation in southwestern Turkey and the Aegean region and the tectonically quieter Cyprus region. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to the application of electrical resistance sensors to measuring the onset of ephemeral streamflow in wetland environments

Ephemeral streamflow events in headwater catchments are significant in terms of the flux of sediments, solutes, and discharge out of a catchment. Existing attempts to monitor these events, however, have traditionally been restricted to a limited series of manual observations or the use of temperature sensors which demand a great deal of data interpretation and often introduce significant timing errors. The use of electrical resistance sensors has been found to be one potential alternative, but this method has not yet been fully explored. This paper builds upon this method, presenting a new low‐cost ephemeral streamflow (ES) sensor which is able to detect the onset and cessation of ephemeral streamflow events at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Furthermore, the data collected by the ES sensor needs only minimal interpretation. Laboratory testing reveals that the sensors are able to clearly distinguish between the presence and absence of water. Field testing in a small peatland headwater catchment in the South Pennines, United Kingdom, confirmed that the sensors were robust enough to withstand field conditions. Careful site selection enabled the production of a high‐quality data set, showing the timings of multiple ephemeral streamflow events at numerous locations within the catchment. The low cost, good performance, and minimal data interpretation requirements of the ES sensors permit unprecedented high‐resolution monitoring of ephemeral streamflows.
Labile soil organic matter pools under a mixed grass/lucerne pasture and adjacent native bush in Western Australia

Total C and N were measured in whole soils (0–0.15, 0.15–0.35, and 0.35–0.65 m), light organic matter fractions (<1 g/cm3 (LF 1.0) and 1.0–1.7 g/cm3 (LF 1.7)) in surface soils, and in leaf litter collected from a mixed grass/lucerne pasture and adjacent native bush at Moora, Western Australia. The C content of the plant material and light fractions was characterised by 13C cross-polarisation/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy. Water-extractable organic C (WEOC) and N (WEON) were measured in soil, and dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) were measured in soil solutions. In addition, both NO3-N and NH4-N (SMN) were measured in soil solutions and water extracts. Total soil C (0–0.65 m) did not differ significantly between land uses, but there was clear evidence of N enrichment under the pasture system, which contained significantly (P < 0.05) more total N in the surface soil (0–0.15 m) compared with that under native bush. The significantly (P < 0.05) smaller C/N ratios of the surface soil, plant litter, and light fractions (LF 1.0 and 1.7) under the pasture provided further evidence of N enrichment. The 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra for plant material and light fractions did not differ greatly between landuses, but in both cases the O-alkyl : alkyl carbon ratio declined with increasing density. The decomposition and subsequent mineralisation of the relatively N-rich organic matter fractions in the pasture system may have contributed to the significantly (P < 0.05) greater DOC, DON, and SMN concentration measured in soil solutions under pasture compared with those under native bush.