Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mechanics by General Relativity

In the framework of General Relativity we explain the creation of all particles, ordinary and anti, in two chiral directions, with multiple generations, as well as electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force. Quantum mechanics is well-known to have its foundational problems revolving around the wave-particle duality, which actually has an exact solution, viz., a diagonal spacetime manifold that admits any particle of energy coupled with its wave of energy co-existing at the same spacetime (t + it, x + iy, y + iz, z + ix). I.e., a photon can travel along x = ct with its associated electromagnetic wave spinning from y to z in circular motion as (y = cos t, z = sin t) ≡ eit. The construct of diagonal manifold, seemingly artificial, is fundamental in differential topology as it leads to the Euler characteristic. That Nature is inherently of duality cannot have a more evident example than that of the complex number x + iy, where 1 implies a linear motion in R and i = eπ2 i implies a circular motion along S 1. That the quantum wave itself possesses energy can be argued simply as: wave = probability = frequency = energy by Planck’s formula. By assigning energy entirely to particle, quantum mechanics has missed an entire copy of the Universe (the wave universe treated as the quantum vacuum).
Reimagining Indian Country: Native American Migration and Identity in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles

For decades, most American Indians have lived in cities, not on reservations or in rural areas. Still, scholars, policymakers, and popular culture often regard Indians first as reservation peoples, living apart from non-Native Americans. In this book, Nicolas Rosenthal reorients our understanding of the experience of American Indians by tracing their migration to cities, exploring the formation of urban Indian communities, and delving into the shifting relationships between reservations and urban areas from the early twentieth century to the present. With a focus on Los Angeles, which by 1970 had more Native American inhabitants than any place outside the Navajo reservation, "Reimagining Indian Country" shows how cities have played a defining role in modern American Indian life and examines the evolution of Native American identity in recent decades. Rosenthal emphasizes the lived experiences of Native migrants in realms including education, labor, health, housing, and social and political activism to understand how they adapted to an urban environment, and to consider how they formed--and continue to form--new identities. Though still connected to the places where indigenous peoples have preserved their culture, Rosenthal argues that Indian identity must be understood as dynamic and fully enmeshed in modern global networks.
Nonlinear Activation Functions in CNN Based on Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

The nonlinear activation functions in the deep CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) based on fluid dynamics are presented. We propose two types of activation functions by applying the so-called parametric softsign to the negative region. We use significantly the well-known TensorFlow as the deep learning framework. The CNN architecture consists of three convolutional layers with the max-pooling and one fullyconnected softmax layer. The CNN approaches are applied to three benchmark datasets, namely, MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100. Numerical results demonstrate the workability and the validity of the present approach through comparison with other numerical performances.
Controllability of second-order nonlocal retarded semilinear systems with delay in control

ABSTRACT This article is concerned with the second-order nonlocal retarded semilinear differential systems with fixed delay in control. Utilizing the theory of fixed point as well as cosine family, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution of the system. Then a set of new sufficient conditions are established for the controllability of the semilinear system. The theory is illustrated by providing an example.
Interactive storytelling environments: coping with cardiac illness at Boston's Children's Hospital

This paper describes exploration of uses of a computational storytelling environment on the Car- diology Unit of the ChildrenHospital in Boston, during the summer of 1997. Young cardiac patients ranging from age 7 to 16 used the SAGE environment to tell personal stories and cre- ate interactive characters, as a way of coping with cardiac illness, hospitalizations, and invasive medical procedures. This pilot study is part of a larger collaborative effort between Children ´ Hospital and MERL - A Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory, to develop a web-based appli- cation, the Experience Journal, to assist patients and their families in dealing with serious medical illness. The focus of the paper is on young patientsof SAGE, on SAGEaffordances in the context of the hospital, and on design recommendations for the development of future computa- tional play kits for expressing and exchanging feelings and ideas. Preliminary analysis of young patientsindicates that children used different modes of interaction-direct, mediated, and differed-, depending upon what personae the narrator chooses to take on. These modes seem to vary with the mindset and health condition of the child.
Integration of herbicides with Aphthona nigriscutis

Aphthona nigriscutis has reduced the density of leafy spurge at many locations. However, there are locations where A. nigriscutis has not established or is found at densities too low to be effective. Therefore, it may be necessary to integrate biological and chemical control to reduce leafy spurge densities to non-economic levels. The objective of this experiment was to integrate picloram plus 2,4-D and A. nigriscutis for leafy spurge control. Experiments were conducted at Chaffee and Fort Ransom, North Dakota. Approximately 450 A. nigriscutis were released into 1.8by 1.8by 1.8-m cages. Picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.56 plus 1.1 kg ae /ha were applied on four dates, August 15, September 1 and 15, and October 1. The experiment at each location was repeated the following year on leafy spurge that was not infested with flea beetles. The effect of picloram and 2,4-D on A. nigriscutis population was estimated by counting the number of adults emerging from soil cores harvested in the fall and spring. A golf-cup cutter was used to harvest soil cores which were 10.8-cm diameter to a depth of 15 cm. Soil cores harvested in the fall were held at 3o C for 75 days. Each sample was then placed into a 2-L paper container and maintained in the laboratory at 21o C with a 16-hour photoperiod until A. nigriscutis adults emerged. Soil cores harvested in the spring were placed directly in trap chambers and then treated identically to soil cores harvested in the fall. The number of beetles collected from soil cores was similar among herbicide application dates both across locations and years. An average of 2 A. nigriscutis adults were recovered from each soil core harvested in the fall of 1995 compared to only 1 per core from spring harvested soil cores across both locations in 1996. Overwintering mortality decreased the number of flea beetles recovered from spring harvested soil cores. Overwintering mortality was not observed in the A. nigriscutis population from soil cores harvested in the second year of the study in 1996 and 1997. An average of 2 and 3 flea beetles were collected from each soil core harvested in the fall and spring, respectively.
Burnout Syndrome: Determinants and Predictors among Medical Students of Tanta University, Egypt

Objective: to study the magnitude of burnout syndrome, its determinants and predictors among medical students of Tanta University.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted using The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and a structured sociodemographic questionnaire.Results:Burnout syndrome was diagnosed in 79.9% of the studied students. 56.8 % and 60% of them suffered personal and work-related burnout respectively, whereas 38.2% and 28.9% suffered teacher and colleague burnout correspondingly.A significant association was found between all subscales of burnout and thoughts of quitting the course.Significant association was also evident between personal, work and colleagues related burnout and difficulties in achieving academic goals.The odds of having burnout were2.4 significantly greater for thoughts of quitting the medicine study. It was 1.9 times significantly higher with difficulty to achieve academic goals and was1.7 higher among students at the clinical stage. Burnout was higher among students who were dissatisfied with studying medicine.Conclusion:Burnout and/or its subscales were quite obvious amongst Medical Students of Tanta University especiallyat the clinical level of study.Disappointment with coursework and difficulties in achieving academic goalslead somestudents totake medication because of studying or thinkquitting the
A Generalized Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic for Detrital Zircon Analysis of Modern Rivers

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistic is widely used to test the null hypothesis (i.e., are two distributions drawn from the same population? ). In detrital zircon provenance analysis of river systems, it is useful to have an equivalent statistical measure for comparisons involving composite samples that collectively represent the contributions of tributaries to regionally extensive river systems. We present a generalized K-S statistic that depends on the proportional contribution and sample size of individual distributions as well as the correlation between the respective individual populations. Our generalized K-S statistic may be generally applied to analyze any type of one dimensional data and can be calculated from either error weighted distributions (i.e., cumulative probability density functions) or raw data series (i.e., cumulative distribution functions). Analytical expressions are provided for end member cases in which the individual populations are either completely independent or identical. Although intermediate cases must still be tested by numerical analysis, the bounding end members generally tightly constrain all possible solutions and thus permit conservative evaluation of the null hypothesis. We demonstrate how the generalized K-S statistic can be used with an example from the modern Marsyandi River (central Nepal Himalaya) river system. Our results clarify the manner in which in which detrital zircon age distributions from tectonically active areas may be used to constrain key parameters such as erosion rates within the catchment of major rivers.
Forcing a Global, Offline Land Surface Modeling System with Observation-Based Fields

The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) drives multiple uncoupled land surface models in order to produce optimal output fields of surface states in near-real time, globally, at 1/4 degree spatial resolution. These fields are then made available for coupled atmospheric model initialization and further research. One of the unique aspects of GLDAS is its ability to ingest both modeled and observation-derived forcing for running global scale land surface models. This paper compares results of runs forced by modeled and observed precipitation and shortwave radiation fields. Differences are examined and the impact of the observations on model skill is assessed.
Testing concurrent programs to achieve high synchronization coverage

The effectiveness of software testing is often assessed by measuring coverage of some aspect of the software, such as its code. There is much research aimed at increasing code coverage of sequential software. However, there has been little research on increasing coverage for concurrent software. This paper presents a new technique that aims to achieve high coverage of concurrent programs by generating thread schedules to cover uncovered coverage requirements. Our technique first estimates synchronization-pair coverage requirements, and then generates thread schedules that are likely to cover uncovered coverage requirements. This paper also presents a description of a prototype tool that we implemented in Java, and the results of a set of studies we performed using the tool on a several open-source programs. The results show that, for our subject programs, our technique achieves higher coverage faster than random testing techniques; the estimation-based heuristic contributes substantially to the effectiveness of our technique.
3,3,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1-[2-(3,3,4,4-tetrafluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H12F8N2, contains one tetrafluoropyrrolidine system and one half-molecule of benzene; the latter, together with a second heterocyclic unit, are completed by symmetry, with a twofold crystallographic axis crossing through both the middle of the bond between the C atoms bearing the heterocyclic rings and the opposite C—C bonds of the whole benzene molecule. The pyrrolidine ring shows an envelope conformation with the apex at the N atom. The dihedral angle between the least-squares plane of this ring and the benzene ring is 36.9 (5)°. There are intramolecular C—H⋯N interactions generating S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked by C—H⋯F interactions, forming chains parallel to [010].
Alternative oil palm fertilizer sources and management.

The euphoric sentiment of the oil palm industry in 2007 till first half of 2008, generated by the historic high prices of crude palm oil (CPO) as influenced by the price escalation of fossil fuel and biofuel, has very quickly vaporized and been replaced by an awakening call for prudence. Inorganic fertilizer prices soared concurrently to historic high levels as well. Notwithstanding the problem of uncertainty that led to non-timely supply and delivery, the cost of fertilizer inputs in oil palm plantations has doubled to 50%-60% of the cost of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production. Profitability of the oil palm plantation business is consequently squeezed as the business remains as a price taker for its produce and the purchase of inorganic fertilizers. The Malaysian oil palm industry’s dependence on inorganic fertilizer imports can only be partially mitigated by the use of organic fertilizers produced within the country. Recycling of solid and liquid wastes from palm oil mills is the logical alternative, and accepted as a standard good agricultural practice in the industry. There are, however, some obvious limitations in their utilization which must not be overlooked, particularly when the industry is moving toward sustainable development. The industry in Malaysia is poised to adopt a wholesome green technology approach with several options that can achieve multiple objectives. Cocomposting of empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) has the highest attractiveness while at the same time the compost/ organic fertilizer produced can be applied over a much bigger area, especially in those areas of poorer growing conditions, that can benefit significantly in growth/yield as compared to what may be expected from the current EFB mulching and irrigation with treated POME. Concurrently, biogas capture with and without generation of renewable energy enhances CO2 emission reduction above the criterion of 35% as set by the EU Commission on Renewable Energy. Thus, palm oil will qualify as a feedstock for biofuel in the European market. The continuation of the clean development mechanism (CDM) beyond 2012 with the carbon credit incentive is critical for more ready adoption by the industry members. Composting systems and usage of compost for substitution of inorganic fertilizer, and the impact of compost on yield enhancement are described in the article. The 4 Rs approach to fertilizer management is also discussed in relation to compost usage. The oil palm industry is strongly urged to adopt the good agricultural practice of establishing leguminous cover crops for N fixation without fail in all new plantings/replantings. The choice of Mucuna bracteata over other conventional leguminous cover crops is strongly emphasized for reasons discussed. The potential usage of biochar, derivable from the oil palm biomass, is also highlighted as an area of research that can lead to its future exploitation for soil fertility improvement and long-term sequestration of CO2 in the soil.
Modeling the impact of sediment resuspension and flocculation on the fate of polychlorinated biphenyls

Title of Document: MODELING THE IMPACT OF SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION AND FLOCCULATION ON THE FATE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. Chihwei Chang, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Professor Joel E Baker, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory Hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) are important pollutants in urban estuaries. HOCs include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Sorption to resuspended particles and sediments plays an important role controlling the water column residence times and spatial distributions of HOC in aquatic environments. Pollutant residence times and the time required to reach sorptive equilibrium are highly dependent on the chemical character, the surrounding environment, and particle types and compositions. If rates of sorption are slow relative to particle residence times, HOC behavior may be described using kinetically-limited partitioning behavior. In this study, a flocculation model that simulates flocculation of activated carbon, organic carbon, and inorganic solids ranging in diameter from 2 to 1000 μm has been developed. A multi-class flocculation-based contaminant fate model is adapted to describe desorption kinetics for contaminants associated with flocculated particles during a resuspension event. The model is effective in predicting transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants among different size flocs, water, and two sediment layers. The model also demonstrates the impact of fractal geometry, bottom shear stress, particle composition, floc size, fraction of organic carbon (fOC), fraction of activated carbon (fAC), organic carbon partition coefficient (KOC), and total suspended solids (TSS) on contaminant desorption rate and residence time. Under different scenarios, this model’s results support the importance of multi-floc cluster, sediment-water interaction, and of flocculation for the contaminant desorption rate in
A Simple Pooling-Based Design for Real-Time Salient Object Detection

We solve the problem of salient object detection by investigating how to expand the role of pooling in convolutional neural networks. Based on the U-shape architecture, we first build a global guidance module (GGM) upon the bottom-up pathway, aiming at providing layers at different feature levels the location information of potential salient objects. We further design a feature aggregation module (FAM) to make the coarse-level semantic information well fused with the fine-level features from the top-down path- way. By adding FAMs after the fusion operations in the top-down pathway, coarse-level features from the GGM can be seamlessly merged with features at various scales. These two pooling-based modules allow the high-level semantic features to be progressively refined, yielding detail enriched saliency maps. Experiment results show that our proposed approach can more accurately locate the salient objects with sharpened details and hence substantially improve the performance compared to the previous state-of-the-arts. Our approach is fast as well and can run at a speed of more than 30 FPS when processing a 300×400 image. Code can be found at http://mmcheng.net/poolnet/.
An Approach to Identifying Beneficial Collaboration Securely in Decentralized Logistics Systems

The problem of sharing manufacturing, inventory or capacity to improve performance is applicable in many decentralized operational contexts. However, solution of such problems commonly requires an intermediary or a broker to manage information security concerns of individual participants. Our goal is to examine use of cryptographic techniques to attain the same result without the use of a broker. To illustrate this approach, we focus on a problem faced by independent trucking companies that have separate pickup and delivery tasks and wish to identify potential eﬃciency enhancing task swaps while limiting the information the companies must reveal to identify these swaps. We present an algorithm that ﬁnds opportunities to swap loads without revealing any information except the loads swapped, along with proofs of the security of the protocol. We also show that it is incentive compatible for each company to both follow the protocol correctly as well as provide their true data. We apply this algorithm to an empirical dataset from a large transportation company and present results that suggest signiﬁcant opportunities to improve eﬃciency through Pareto improving swaps. This paper uses cryptographic arguments in an operations management problem context to show how an algorithm can be proven incentive compatible as well as demonstrate the potential value of its use on an empirical dataset.
Mixtures-of-Regressions with Measurement Error

OF DISSERTATION Mixtures-of-Regressions with Measurement Error Finite Mixture model has been studied for a long time, however, traditional methods assume that the variables are measured without error. Mixtures-of-regression model with measurement error imposes challenges to the statisticians, since both the mixture structure and the existence of measurement error can lead to inconsistent estimate for the regression coe cients. In order to solve the inconsistency, We propose series of methods to estimate the mixture likelihood of the mixtures-of-regressions model when there is measurement error, both in the responses and predictors. Di erent estimators of the parameters are derived and compared with respect to their relative e ciencies. The simulation results show that the proposed estimation methods work well and improve the estimating process.
Uniformity of Lyapunov exponents for non-invertible matrices

Let $\mathbf{M}=(M_{1},\ldots ,M_{k})$ be a tuple of real $d\times d$ matrices. Under certain irreducibility assumptions, we give checkable criteria for deciding whether $\mathbf{M}$ possesses the following property: there exist two constants $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\in \mathbb{R}$ and $C>0$ such that for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and any $i_{1},\ldots ,i_{n}\in \{1,\ldots ,k\}$, either $M_{i_{1}}\cdots M_{i_{n}}=\mathbf{0}$ or $C^{-1}e^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}n}\leq \Vert M_{i_{1}}\cdots M_{i_{n}}\Vert \leq Ce^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}n}$, where $\Vert \cdot \Vert$ is a matrix norm. The proof is based on symbolic dynamics and the thermodynamic formalism for matrix products. As applications, we are able to check the absolute continuity of a class of overlapping self-similar measures on $\mathbb{R}$, the absolute continuity of certain self-affine measures in $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and the dimensional regularity of a class of sofic affine-invariant sets in the plane.
Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States*

Abstract We examine financial literacy in the US using the new National Financial Capability Study, wherein we demonstrate that financial literacy is particularly low among the young, women, and the less-educated. Moreover, Hispanics and African-Americans score the least well on financial literacy concepts. Interestingly, all groups rate themselves as rather well-informed about financial matters, notwithstanding their actual performance on the key literacy questions. Finally, we show that people who score higher on the financial literacy questions are much more likely to plan for retirement, which is likely to leave them better positioned for old age. Our results will inform those seeking to target financial literacy programmes to those in most need.