Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intestinal secretion is a major route for parent ivermectin elimination in the rat.

The transepithelial intestinal elimination of ivermectin was studied using the intestinal closed-loop model in the rat. The common bile duct was cannulated, and duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were isolated in situ with their intact blood supplies. Following administration of 100, 200, or 400 microg/kg b.wt. ivermectin via the carotid artery, the elimination of parent ivermectin into the small intestinal lumen over 90 min was approximately 5-fold higher than in bile. The major amount of secreted ivermectin was recovered in the jejunum, but the duodenum showed a higher intestinal elimination capacity than the other intestinal segments with respect to the intestinal length. Systemic coadministration of the P-glycoprotein blocker verapamil significantly reduced the elimination capacity of jejunum by 50%, which resulted in a 30% decrease of ivermectin overall elimination by the small intestine. In contrast, verapamil did not significantly affect ivermectin secretion in duodenum, ileum, or bile in the same animals. Ivermectin small intestinal and biliary clearances were estimated to account for 27 and 5.5% of the total drug clearance, which was evaluated from a parallel in vivo experiment in which rats were given 200 microg/kg b.wt. ivermectin intra-arterially. In conclusion, intestinal secretion plays a greater role than biliary secretion in the overall elimination of ivermectin in the rat, providing major amounts of active drug to the intestinal lumen and to feces. This is discussed in terms of therapeutic efficacy against intestinal parasites in humans and animals and of ecotoxicity resulting from the contamination of livestock dung with parent drug.
An asynchronous interconnect architecture for device security enhancement

We present a new style of long-distance, on-chip interconnect, based loosely on the asynchronous GasP architecture. It has a number of advantages over conventional designs, the most prominent being security enhancements, a reduction in the number of wires required, no need for clock distribution or packetization, and ease of composition. We give some sample throughput and latency figures from simulation on a 0.18/spl mu/m technology and show that it is viable for use with modern interconnect requirements, is of low complexity and has a lower area requirement than parallel interconnect over distances as short as 1 mm.
Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles from the Electromotor Nerve Terminals of Torpedo: Composition and Life Cycle

The electromotor systems of electric rays of genera Torpedo and Narcine are now well established models for the study of cholinergic transmission. The electrocytes of the electric organ are derived embryologically from muscle. "* They are electrically inexcitable but respond to applied acetylcholine. " They receive a profuse cholinergic' innervation from the electric lobes, prominent paired nuclei on the dorsal surface of the brain stem just behind the cerebellum' containing the cell bodies of the electromotor neurones. The axons of these cells are heavily myelinated and travel in eight large nerve trunks (four on each side of the neural axis) between the gdls into the electric organ. The electromotor cells themselves receive an axo-dendritic, contralateral input from the oval nuclei in the medulla. ' A single average-sized specimen of Torpedo marrnorata, the most readily available species in Europe, provides about 400 g of electric organ containing 500-1OOO times more synaptic material than muscle. The tissue is highly collagenous and difficult to homogenize in the conventional way, but freezing in liquid nitrogen renders it brittle and it may then be comminuted by crushing! This process, besides breaking up the tissue, tears open the nerve terminals and by extracting the tissue fragments with isoosmotic sucrose, saline, or sucrose-saline and removing coarse particles by centrifuging, a vesicle-rich cytoplasmic extract is obtained that is a suitable starting material for further purification by isopycnic continuous density-gradient centrifuging in a zonal or exclusion chromatography on porous glass beads7** or Sephacryl? In this way synaptic vesicles may be purified to a high and constant concentration of vesicle marker^^. '^ Such vesicles are extremely rich in acetylcholine-over 6 nmol per milligram of protein, corresponding to an internal concentration of 0.9 M or 2 X 10' molecules per vesicle. ' In addition vesicles contain a second small molecular mass constituent, ATP," present in about 0.17 M concentration.
A New User Dependent Iris Recognition System Based on an Area Preserving Pointwise Level Set Segmentation Approach

This paper presents a new user dependent approach in iris recognition systems. In the proposed method, consistent bits of iris code are calculated, based on the user specifications, using the user's mask. Another contribution of our work is in the iris segmentation phase, where a new pointwise level set approach with area preserving has been used for determining inner and outer iris boundaries, both exclusively performed in one step. Thanks to the special properties of this segmentation technique, there is no constraint about angles of head tilt. Furthermore, we showed that this algorithm is robust in noisy situations and can locate irises which are partly occluded by eyelid and eyelashes. Experimental results, on three renowned iris databases (CASIAIrisV3, Bath, and Ubiris), show that our method outperforms some of the existing methods, both in terms of accuracy and response time.
Notch and suppressor of Hairless regulate levels but not patterns of Delta expression in Drosophila

The Notch signal transduction pathway is highly conserved and governs many developmental decisions in metazoans. The ligand Delta, and its receptor Notch, are often expressed in complementary patterns during Drosophila postembryonic development. Notch signaling is thought to play a role in generation of these complementary patterns through feedback mechanisms that regulate Delta and Notch expression. We have examined Delta expression during postembryonic development, following global alteration of Notch‐dependent or Su(H)‐dependent transcriptional regulation. We find that Notch and Su(H) regulate Delta expression in a manner that varies by context. Surprisingly, we find that wild type Delta expression levels are influenced by Su(H)‐dependent mechanisms only in regions of high Delta/low Notch expression. In contrast, Delta expression levels in regions of low Delta/high Notch expression appear to be unaffected by Su(H)‐mediated regulation. We conclude that Notch pathway feedback regulation is unlikely to contribute to the generation of complementary patterns in the contexts examined. genesis 46:265–275, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The L1617 and L1622 Cometary Clouds in Orion

Abstract. The molecular cloud complex encompassing the cometary clouds L1617and L1622 is located just outside of Barnard’s Loop in Orion. It lies to the northeastof the Orion Nebula Cluster at a projected distance of 60 pc. The two clouds haveradial velocities that differ by about 10 km/s, suggesting that they are not physicallyassociated. Both clouds show evidence for recent, limited low-mass star formation. InL1617 one ﬁnds the two Class I sources responsible for the HH 111 giant jet complexand for the HH 110 ﬂow, which may have resulted from a ﬂow being deﬂected by acloud. L1622 harbors at least 30 young stellar objects, including 8 protostars, many ofwhich have only recently been identiﬁed by Spitzer Space Telescope observations. 1. IntroductionBarnard’s Loop forms an easily recognizable feature in the constellation of Orion. Im-mediately inside Barnard’s Loop one ﬁnds the NGC 2068 and NGC 2071 star formingregions in the northern part of the L1630 cloud (see chapter by Gibb). Extending a linefrom the Orion Nebula Cluster through NGC 2068 to the outside of Barnard’s Loop,one ﬁnds two cloud complexes, L1617 and the more conspicuous L1622 (see Figure 1). Both share a clear cometary morphology, pointing towards the southwest, and both con-tain a small number of young stars, some of which have attracted considerable attentionin recent years. The entire L1617/L1622 complex is also known as TGU 1427 in thecloud atlas and catalog by Dobashi et al. (2005). But despite these similarities, the twoclouds are unlikely to have a common origin, and they may not even be as close as theyseem to be on the sky, as discussed further below.1
Association between low functional health literacy and mortality in older adults: longitudinal cohort study

Objective To investigate the association between low functional health literacy (ability to read and understand basic health related information) and mortality in older adults. Design Population based longitudinal cohort study based on a stratified random sample of households. Setting England. Participants 7857 adults aged 52 or more who participated in the second wave (2004-5) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and survived more than 12 months after interview. Participants completed a brief four item test of functional health literacy, which assessed understanding of written instructions for taking an aspirin tablet. Main outcome measure Time to death, based on all cause mortality through October 2009. Results Health literacy was categorised as high (maximum score, 67.2%), medium (one error, 20.3%), or low (more than one error, 12.5%). During follow-up (mean 5.3 years) 621 deaths occurred: 321 (6.1%) in the high health literacy category, 143 (9.0%) in the medium category, and 157 (16.0%) in the low category. After adjusting for personal characteristics, socioeconomic position, baseline health, and health behaviours, the hazard ratio for all cause mortality for participants with low health literacy was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.72) and with medium health literacy was 1.15 (0.94 to 1.41) compared with participants with high health literacy. Further adjustment for cognitive ability reduced the hazard ratio for low health literacy to 1.26 (1.02 to 1.55). Conclusions A third of older adults in England have difficulties reading and understanding basic health related written information. Poorer understanding is associated with higher mortality. The limited health literacy capabilities within this population have implications for the design and delivery of health related services for older adults in England.
Musical genre classification: Is it worth pursuing and how can it be improved?

Research in automatic genre classification has been producing increasingly small performance gains in recent years, with the result that some have suggested that such research should be abandoned in favor of more general similarity research. It has been further argued that genre classification is of limited utility as a goal in itself because of the ambiguities and subjectivity inherent to genre. This paper presents a number of counterarguments that emphasize the importance of continuing research in automatic genre classification. Specific strategies for overcoming current performance limitations are discussed, and a brief review of background research in musicology and psychology relating to genre is presented. Insights from these highly relevant fields are generally absent from discourse within the MIR community, and it is hoped that this will help to encourage a more multi-disciplinary approach to automatic genre classification in the future.
Evaluation of compiler and runtime library approaches for supporting parallel regular applications

Important applications including those in computational chemistry, computational fluid dynamics, structural analysis and sparse matrix applications usually consist of a mixture of regular and irregular accesses. While current state-of-the-art run-time library support for such applications handles the irregular accesses reasonably well, the efficacy of the optimizations at run-time for the regular accesses is yet to be proven. This paper aims to find a better approach to handle the above applications in a unified compiler and run-time framework. Specifically, this paper considers only regular applications and evaluates the performance of two approaches, a run-rime approach using PILAR and a compile-time approach using a commercial HPF compiler. This study shows that using a particular representation of regular accesses, the performance of regular code using run-time libraries can come close to the performance of code generated by a compiler. It also determines the operations that usually contribute largely to the run-time overhead in case of regular accesses. Experimental results are reported for three regular applications on a 16-processor IBM SP-2.
On Fairness in Decision-Making under Uncertainty: Definitions, Computation, and Comparison

The utilitarian solution criterion, which has been extensively studied in multi-agent decision making under uncertainty, aims to maximize the sum of individual utilities. However, as the utilitarian solution often discriminates against some agents, it is not desirable for many practical applications where agents have their own interests and fairness is expected. To address this issue, this paper introduces egalitarian solution criteria for sequential decision-making under uncertainty, which are based on the maximin principle. Motivated by different application domains, we propose four maximin fairness criteria and develop corresponding algorithms for computing their optimal policies. Furthermore, we analyze the connections between these criteria and discuss and compare their characteristics.
From Feedback- to Response-based Performance Monitoring in Active and Observational Learning

Humans can adapt their behavior by learning from the consequences of their own actions or by observing others. Gradual active learning of action–outcome contingencies is accompanied by a shift from feedback- to response-based performance monitoring. This shift is reflected by complementary learning-related changes of two ACC-driven ERP components, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the error-related negativity (ERN), which have both been suggested to signal events “worse than expected,” that is, a negative prediction error. Although recent research has identified comparable components for observed behavior and outcomes (observational ERN and FRN), it is as yet unknown, whether these components are similarly modulated by prediction errors and thus also reflect behavioral adaptation. In this study, two groups of 15 participants learned action–outcome contingencies either actively or by observation. In active learners, FRN amplitude for negative feedback decreased and ERN amplitude in response to erroneous actions increased with learning, whereas observational ERN and FRN in observational learners did not exhibit learning-related changes. Learning performance, assessed in test trials without feedback, was comparable between groups, as was the ERN following actively performed errors during test trials. In summary, the results show that action–outcome associations can be learned similarly well actively and by observation. The mechanisms involved appear to differ, with the FRN in active learning reflecting the integration of information about own actions and the accompanying outcomes.
Africa and the Global Economy : Multilateral and Regional Approaches to Integration Professor

Prepared as a contribution to the UNECA Report on Regional Integration in Africa (ARIA), an assessment of the performance of regional integration in Africa over the past seven years. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECA or any of its staff or members.
Enterolignan-Producing Phenotypes Are Associated with Increased Gut Microbial Diversity and Altered Composition in Premenopausal Women in the United States

Background: Lignans in plant foods are metabolized by gut bacteria to the enterolignans, enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL). Enterolignans have biologic activities important to the prevention of cancer and chronic diseases. We examined the composition of the gut microbial community (GMC) as a contributor to human enterolignan exposure. Methods: We evaluated the association between the GMC in stool, urinary enterolignan excretion, and diet from a 3-day food record in 115 premenopausal (ages 40–45 years) women in the United States. Urinary enterolignans were measured using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The GMC was evaluated using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were aligned in SILVA (www.arb-silva.de). Operational taxonomic units were identified at 97% sequence similarity. Taxonomic classification was performed and alpha and beta diversity in relationship to ENL production were assessed. Multivariate analysis and regression were used to model the association between enterolignan excretion and the GMC. Bacteria associated with ENL production were identified using univariate analysis and ridge regression. Results: After adjusting for dietary fiber intake and adiposity, we found a significant positive association between ENL excretion and either the GMC (P = 0.0007), or the diversity of the GMC (P = 0.01). The GMC associated with high ENL production was distinct (UNIFRAC, P < 0.003, MRPP) and enriched in Moryella spp. , Acetanaerobacterium spp. , Fastidiosipila spp. , and Streptobacillus spp. Conclusion: Diversity and composition of the GMC are associated with increased human exposure to enterolignans. Impact: Differences in gut microbial diversity and composition explain variation in gut metabolic processes that affect environmental exposures and influence human health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 546–54. ©2014 AACR.
Vehicle detection in wide area aerial surveillance using Temporal Context

Moving vehicle detection from wide area aerial surveillance is an important and challenging task, which can be aided by context information. In this paper, we present a Temporal Context(TC) which can capture the road information. In contrast with previous methods to exploit road information, TC does not need to get the location of the road first or to use the Geographical Information System's (GIS) information. We first use background subtraction to generate the candidates, then build TC based on the candidates that have been classified as positive by Histograms of Oriented Gradient(HOG) with Multiple Kernel Learning(MKL). For each positive candidate, a region around the candidate is divided into several subregions based on the direction of the candidate, then each subregion is divided into 12 bins with a fixed length; and finally the TC, a histogram, is built according to the positions of the positive candidates in 8 consecutive frames. In order to benefit from both the appearance and context information, we use MKL to combine TC and HOG. To evaluate the effect of TC, we use the publicly available CLIF 2006 dataset, and label the vehicles in 102 frames which are 2672 × 1200 subregions that contain expressway of the original 2672 × 4008 images. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed TC is useful to remove the false positives that are away from the road, and the combination of TC and HOG with MKL outperforms the use of TC or HOG only.
Research Paper: The Use of Electronic Medical Records: Communication Patterns in Outpatient Encounters

OBJECTIVE To assess physician-patient communication patterns associated with use of an electronic medical record (EMR) system in an outpatient setting and provide an empirical foundation for larger studies. DESIGN An exploratory, observational study involving analysis of videotaped physician-patient encounters, questionnaires, and medical-record reviews. SETTING General internal medicine practice at an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Three physicians who used an EMR system (EMR physicians) and three who used solely a paper record (control physicians). A total of 204 patient visits were included in the analysis (mean, 34 for each physician). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Content analysis of whether physicians accomplished communication tasks during encounters; qualitative analysis of how EMR physicians used the EMR and how control physicians used the paper chart. RESULTS Compared with the control physicians, EMR physicians adopted a more active role in clarifying information, encouraging questions, and ensuring completeness at the end of a visit. A trend suggested that EMR physicians might be less active than control physicians in three somewhat more patient-centered areas (outlining the patient's agenda, exploring psychosocial/ emotional issues, discussing how health problems affect a patient's life). Physicians in both groups tended to direct their attention to the patient record during the initial portion of the encounter. The relatively fixed position of the computer limited the extent to which EMR physicians could physically orient themselves toward the patient. Although there was no statistically significant difference between the EMR and control physicians in terms of mean time across all visits, a difference did emerge for initial visits: Initial visits with EMR physicians took an average of 37.5 percent longer than those with control physicians. SUMMARY An EMR system may enhance the ability of physicians to complete information-intensive tasks but can make it more difficult to focus attention on other aspects of patient communication. Further study involving a controlled, pre-/post-intervention design is justified.
Joint Attention in Mother-Child Dyads Involving Deaf and Hearing Toddlers: Implications for Socioemotional Development

Ninety percent of deaf infants are born to hearing parents, and socioemotional development is compromised in a substantial subset of these children. While deafness itself does not cause socioemotional and behavioural dysfunction, its influence on socioemotional development is profuse and complex. It was proposed that early problems in mother-child joint attention would explain some ofthe socioemotional development that lags chronological development in deaf children with hearing mothers. Fifty six 18to 36-month old children and their mothers were recruited to the study; n = 29 hearing mother-hearing child dyads; n =27 hearing mother-deaf child dyads. A reconceptualized model ofjoint attention guided this research and joint attention was restated as a functional construct. Four questions were asked and seven hypotheses were derived from these questions. Results supported six of the seven hypotheses tested. Findings are discussed in terms of developmental relations between joint attention and early socioemotional development in hearing and deaf children. More specifically, the findings support a developmental psychopathology perspective of development that broadens the "language" argument for problems in deaf children's social development. Overall, a deliberate, rather than intuitive, model of mothering is suggested to be important in the accommodation ofhearing mother-deaf child joint attention important for early socioemotional development.