Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generalization-Aware Optimal Mixture Models of Inter-Contact Times for the Internet of Vehicles

The inter-contact time (ICT) is one of the important indicators that characterize the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and its distribution is of great significance to the formulation of the network protocol and the improvement of network performance. It is more valuable and appropriate to reveal the distribution by mixture distribution models. However, choosing the optimal and generalizable mixture models remains an unsolved problem. So a framework for finding generalization-aware mixture models with the suitable number of branches and model patterns is proposed in this work, which mainly uses the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation. Based on the big data of the real vehicle trajectory of Beijing taxis recorded by Global Positioning System (GPS), we conduct modeling experiments on the empirical ICT dataset, considering various combinations of the four distributions of normal, lognormal, exponential and power-law in the previous conclusions. The result shows that the 3-branch mixtures can best balance accuracy and simplicity, in which the 3-branch lognormal mixture model and 2-branch lognormal 1-branch exponential mixture model fit well with different spatial, different temporal scales as well as different vehicle density conditions. The theoretical relationship between such optimal models and traffic flow remains to be further explored.
Prograde P–T path of kyanite eclogites from Junan in the Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure province, eastern China

Kyanite‐bearing ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogites occur as blocks in orthogneisses at Yangzhuang, in the Junan area of the southwestern Sulu province, eastern China. Eclogites have variable bulk rock compositions, with Al2O3 = 16–27 wt%, FeO* + MgO = 6–22 wt% and CaO = 9–13 wt%. Major minerals are garnet, omphacite, phengitic white mica, zoisite, kyanite, rutile and an SiO2 phase. Fe‐rich staurolite (Mg ⇒ Mg# = 0.24 ± 0.01) and paragonite–margarite aggregates are rarely included in the cores of prograde zoned garnet. Metamorphic conditions ranged from 520 to 650°C and <1.4 GPa at an early prograde stage, and mostly reached 660–830°C and 2.7–3.5 GPa at the peak UHP stage. The estimated dP/dT of the prograde P–T path is less than 0.25 GPa/100°C at earlier stages and increases to 0.7–1.4 GPa/100°C just before the UHP stage. The kink of the prograde P–T path closely resembles the steady‐state P–T paths proposed, assuming a two‐parameter brittle‐plastic shear stress model. The estimated P–T path adequately explains the absence of prograde lawsonite and sodic amphibole and the common occurrence of coexisting zoisite, kyanite and sodic‐calcic amphibole in the UHP eclogites throughout the Sulu province. Simple clockwise prograde P–T paths for Sulu UHP eclogites proposed in earlier studies should be carefully re‐examined.
M2 baroclinic tide variability modulated by the ocean circulation south of Japan

We analyze a concurrent simulation result of the ocean circulation and tidal currents using a data-assimilative ocean general circulation model covering the Western North Pacific with horizontal resolution of 1/36° to investigate possible interactions between them. Four sites of active M2 internal tide variability in open ocean (hot spots), such as Tokara Strait, Izu Ridge, Luzon Strait, and Ogasawara Ridge, are detected from both the satellite observation and the simulation. Energy cycle analysis of the simulated M2 baroclinic tide indicates two types of the hot spots: dissipation (Tokara Strait and Izu Ridge) and radiation (Luzon Strait and Ogasawara Ridge) dominant sites. Energy conversion from barotropic to baroclinic M2 tides at the hot spots is modulated considerably by the lower-frequency changes in the density field. Modulation at the two spots (Tokara Strait and Izu Ridge) is affected by the Kuroshio path variation together with the seasonal variation of the shallow thermocline. At the other two sites, influence from changes in the relatively deep stratification through the Kuroshio intrusion into South China Sea (Luzon Strat) and mesoscale eddy activity (Ogasawara Ridge) is dominant in the modulation.
Terra MODIS RSB on-orbit calibration and performance: four years of data

Terra MODIS, also referred to as the MODIS Protoflight Model (PFM), was launched on-board the NASA's EOS Terra spacecraft on December 18, 1999. It has been in operation for more than four years and continuously providing the science community quality data sets for studies of the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. It has also served as the primary source of information for the MODIS Land Rapid Response System for observing and reporting on natural disasters, and providing active fire information around the Earth. The MODIS instrument has 36 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from 0.41mm to 14.5mm: 20 bands with wavelengths below 2.2mm are the reflective solar bands (RSB) and the other 16 bands are the thermal emissive bands (TEB). The RSB are calibrated on-orbit using a solar diffuser (SD) with the degradation of its bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF) tracked by an on-board solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM). The calibration coefficients are updated via Look-Up Tables (LUTs) for the Level 1B code that converts the sensor's Earth view response from digital counts to calibrated reflectance and radiance. In this paper we review the MODIS RSB on-orbit calibration algorithm and the methodology of computing and updating the calibration coefficients determined from the SD and SDSM data sets. We present examples of the sensor's long-term and short-term stability trending of key RSB calibration parameters using over four years of on-orbit calibration data sets. Special considerations due to changes in instrument configuration and sensor response are also discussed.
The Advantages of Diagnostic Tests for High School Students in Physics Learning: A Literature Review

During the learning process, especially in physics, students experience many difﬁculties solving a problem. The difﬁculties will lead to misconceptions about learning indicators experienced by students. It will cause students to have trouble understanding the following material because one concept and another are interconnected and have a hierarchical relationship in studying physics. Therefore, it is necessary to identify students’ misconceptions. One of the ways to identify students’ misconceptions is using a diagnostic test. In this paper, the author discusses the extent of the advantages of diagnostic tests for high school students in learning physics to identify students’ misconceptions.
Using Soil Water Content Sensors to Characterize Tillage Effects on Preferential Flow

Because groundwater is a source of drinking water for many people, there is great concern to protect groundwater resources. Preferential flow through the unsaturated zone is considered one of the main contributory factors in groundwater pollution, which is influenced primarily by soil heterogeneity and management practices. To characterize the degree of preferential flow, the soil water content dynamics during short‐ and long‐term periods in the shallow zone (0–40‐cm depth) of two plots with no‐till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) soil management practices were investigated for 2 yr using soil water sensors placed horizontally in a rectangular grid along transects across crop rows. Analysis of response times and water content changes during rainfall events confirmed the existence of short‐term preferential flow at the site and that macropores and heterogeneities in soil hydraulic parameters in the shallow zone may have contributed to infiltration into the deeper layers in the NT plot. In the longer term, the pathways of infiltration and redistribution were different between the growing and non‐growing seasons; however, these differences were relatively stable in both plots during the 2‐yr study period.
Accuracy and consistency in the aerial survey of kangaroos

Accuracy, or bias, is the closeness of a measured value to its true value. It can be of secondary importance in relation to repeatability and precision in a sampling programme, but where management decisions, such as the setting of kangaroo harvest quotas, are involved, accuracy assumes a greater importance. Associated with this is the requirement that the survey method used be consistent. If this is the case, as has been common practice, then the negative, but consistent bias of standard fixed-wing aerial surveys of kangaroos can be redressed through the use of correction factors. The correction factors currently used to account for the negative bias in fixed-wing aerial surveys of kangaroos, which were derived for red kangaroos, have not been found to be suitable for all species likely to be encountered in surveys. This was confirmed by comparison of standard fixed-wing aerial survey counts with those obtained using helicopter line transect surveys. While the currently used correction factors may be sui.
A New Comparative Study of Radiometric Correction on Satellite Images Using Kalman Filter and Levenberg Marquardt Algorithm

With the development of satellite and remote sensing techniques, more and more multi-temporal image data from airborne/satellite sensors have been collected and used in huge amounts to monitor the changes in land use and land cover. Radiometric consistency among collected multi-temporal imagery is difficult to maintain, because of variations in sensor characteristics, atmospheric conditions, solar angle, and sensor view angle. Radiometric corrections are used to remove the effects that alter the spectral characteristics of land features, except for actual changes in ground target, becoming mandatory in multi-sensor, multi-date studies. In this paper, a comparative analysis of radiometric correction of satellite images is made between Kalman filter and Levenberg algorithm. In first phase, the satellite images such as Landsat, Liss-3 have been corrected using Kalman filter technique. In the second phase, by using Levenberg algorithm radiometric correction has been performed. After that comparative study is made between the results of both techniques using different performance measures such as completeness, correctness and quality.
Estimating drainage area-based snow-cover percentages from NOAA AVHRR images

During the melting season in spring, up-to-date information on the areal extent of snow cover is needed; for example for hydrological modelling and hydropower production. A method for estimating drainage area-based snow-cover percentages from NOAA AVHRR images was developed and tested by using data from the melting season of 1999 in Finland. When estimating the snow-cover percentage of a drainage area, the reflectance of the area is compared with the reflectance of the same area in the conditions of full snow cover and with the reflectance of snow-free ground. It is assumed that the mean reflectance of each land-cover class in the drainage area decreases linearly as snow-free ground appears. By estimating the percentages for drainage areas rather than pixels and using local comparisons rather than overall threshold values, some problems related to varying land cover and imaging geometry, as well as small inaccuracies in image registration, can be reduced. The drainage area is also a feasible unit for further use of the results; for example in hydrological models. The results were compared with ground measurements and appeared to be satisfactory. Further research, however, is needed to account for various effects that can change the reflectance of the snow cover and forest during the melting season. Along with the research work, operational use of the developed method began in 2000.
Spatial variations in feeding and condition of juvenile pink and chum salmon off Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Spatial variations in feeding and condition of juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon, and their implications for growth, were examined on the Vancouver Island continental shelf in early summer 1992. Juvenile pink salmon off northern Vancouver Island had more material in their stomachs, were in better condition, and had higher potential growth rates (from a bioenergetics model) than pink salmon off southern Vancouver Island. These variations were consistent with spatial differences in zoo-plankton biomass, there being more plankton in the northern region. There was a significant positive relationship between condition of pinks and the amount of material in their stomachs, suggesting a positive feedback on feeding success. Juvenile chum in the north also had more material in their stomachs than chum to the south. However, condition factor was not significantly different between southern and northern regions nor was there a significant relationship between condition factor and the weight of stomach contents for chum on the southern shelf. A bioenergetics model suggests that chum in the south were food limited. Stable carbon isotope data also indicated different feeding histories for some chum in the southern region, which may have been recent migrants onto the continental shelf from near-shore areas, or possibly a nearby hatchery. Estimation of the energy required by juvenile salmon to migrate north in a continental shelf area with low zooplankton biomass and a weak northerly current (inner shelf), compared with an area with higher zooplankton biomass but a strong southerly current (outer shelf), indicated sufficient surplus energy only in the inner shelf, consistent with observations of northward migrations predominantly through this area. Spatial variations in current velocity and zooplankton biomass can affect feeding, condition, and potential growth of juvenile pink and chum salmon off Vancouver Island.
Using small baseline Interferometric SAR to map nonlinear ground motion: a case study in Northern Tibet

Abstract With its global coverage and all-weather imaging capability, Interferometric SAR (InSAR) has been revolutionizing our ability to image the Earth's surface and the evolution of its shape over time. In turn, this has led to many new insights into geophysical and engineering processes, such as volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and mining activity. In this study, we used an advanced InSAR time series technique to map ground motion of an area in Northern Tibet using ENVISAT images acquired between 2003 and 2007. In order to minimise the effects of baseline decorrelation, a subset of possible pairs having a perpendicular baseline (i.e. orbital separation) of less than 400 m was chosen for the InSAR time series analysis. The time series results reveal an ‘unexpected’ nonlinear ground motion: the area of interest was relatively stable during the period from 2003 to the middle of 2004, whilst it has exhibited a nearly linear uplift of about 8 cm since the middle of 2004. Examination of high-resolution ALOS PRISM images shows that the uplift signal occurred over the Huatugou oil field and is most likely caused by water injection. This study highlights the potential of InSAR as an early detection tool of surface deformations.
Efficient Cloud Computing Resource Management Strategy Based on Auction Mechanism

Cloud computing resource management has a crucial position in the cloud computing field, which directly affects the operational performance of various applications and enterprises’ operational efficiency and cost control. It is widely used in many fields, such as big data processing, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. This paper proposes a resource management strategy for cloud computing based on one-price auction and two-price auction mechanisms. First, the critical problem of resource management in cloud computing is abstracted. The strategy based on the auction mechanism is proposed, which improves the space complexity to O(total_length+num_agents) compared with traditional dynamic planning. Secondly, this paper compares the actual computation time of the three methods using polynomial regression, which saves 80% in computation time compared to the dynamic planning algorithm. Finally, the auction mechanism improves the resource allocation rate by 11.93%, while the bivalent auction mechanism reduces the additional cost of computing resources in the cloud platform by 13.89%.
Lunar gravity estimate: Independent confirmation

Reduction of 2½ days of Lunar Orbiter 4 radio tracking data has provided an independent estimate of the low-degree spherical harmonic coefficients in the lunar potential model. The estimate is in good agreement with previous results and confirms that the moon is essentially homogeneous. These Doppler data, never incorporated in other gravity estimates, were obtained at relatively high spacecraft altitudes (2700–6000 km). This high-altitude data allowed the model to fit to the noise level of 1 mm/sec, unlike previous results, where systematic residuals of tens of millimeters per second occurred, owing to local gravity anomalies detectable at low spacecraft altitudes (≈100 km).
A conceptual model of ocean freshwater flux derived from sea surface salinity

A conceptual model is proposed to express freshwater flux (evaporation minus precipitation) as a function of sea surface salinity (and vice versa). The model is formulated using an idealized one‐dimensional diffusion equation for the ocean surface layer. It is shown to provide good agreement with existing freshwater flux estimates and salinity observations. It also has the potential to enhance our capability of monitoring and modeling global freshwater fluxes and salinity as a data retrieval algorithm for remote sensing. The model may improve physical parameterization in coupled ocean‐atmosphere models to study the global water cycle.
The rule-based model approach. A Kappa model for hepatic stellate cells activation by TGFB1

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. The rule-based model approach. A Kappa model for hepatic stellate cells activation by TGFB1 Matthieu Bouguéon, Pierre Boutillier, Jérôme Feret, Octave Hazard, Nathalie Théret
Research on Real-time Carbon Emission Factor Prediction Method for Load Nodes of Power System based on Gated Recurrent Cell Network

With the development of the economy, the daily use of electricity is also expanding in scale. The form of power generation has also transformed from the traditional forms of hydro and thermal power to wind power and photovoltaic participation in the generation mode. At the same time, load and generation fluctuate more significantly with the seasons, and there are peaks and valleys in the daily load curve. The traditional tide analysis-based carbon flow calculation model requires the collection of information from individual nodes for centralized tide calculation. However, with the complexity of the power system structure and the sharp fluctuations in load and generation, there are situations where information collection is unreliable and the complexity of the calculation is high, and historical data cannot be used to help with carbon emission calculation and analysis. In order to reduce the computational cost, improve the computational stability and enhance the generalization ability of the model, this paper proposes a real-time carbon emission factor prediction method for load nodes of power systems based on gated recurrent cell networks. The method is able to quickly predict the real-time carbon emissions of nodes by analyzing the historical data of node loads and carbon emission factors. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out in the IEEE 9 nodes system and the accuracy of the assessment method is verified.
Provenance of middle Stone Age obsidian artefacts from the central sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley

The Gademotta/Kulkuletti sites, located in the central part of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, represent the earliest Middle Stone Age (MSA) sequences in the country. Here we present the geochemical provenance of obsidian archaeological artefact recovered through excavation at the site. The artefacts and source materials were characterized by EDXRF and electron microprobe. Results show that the artefacts were procured from two sources, one local, and one presumably more distant, implying that despite the local availability of good quality raw material, not all obsidians were procured from a nearby source.
Mapping mean monthly runoff pattern using EOF analysis

Runoff generation in a forested catchment (0.18 km 2 ) was simulated using a quasi-three-dimensional rainfall-runoff model. The model was formulated over a finite grid where water movement was assumed to be dominantly vertical in the unsaturated soil zone and horizontal in the saturated soil. The vertical soil moisture distribution at each grid cell was calculated using a conceptual approximation to the one-dimensional Richards equation. The approximation allowed the use of a simple soil surface boundary condition and an efficient solution to the water table elevation over the finite grid. The approximation was coupled with a two-dimensional ground water model to calculate lateral soil water movement between the grid cells and exfiltration over saturated areas, where runoff was produced by the saturation-excess mechanism. Runoff was an input to a channel network, which was modelled as a nonlinear reservoir. The proposed approximation for the vertical soil moisture distribution in unsaturated soil compared well to a numerical solution of the Richards equation during shallow water table conditions, but was less satisfactory during prolonged dry periods. The simulation of daily catchment outflow was successful with the exception of underprediction of extremely high peak flows. The calculated water table depth compared satisfactorily with the measurements. An overall comparison with the earlier results of tracer studies indicated that the modelled contribution of direct rainfall/snowmelt in streamflow was higher than the isotopically traced fraction of event-water in runoff. The seasonal variation in the modelled runoff-contributing areas was similar to that in the event-water-contributing areas from the tracer analysis.