Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Monsoon interconnection network

The interconnection network is described for Monsoon, a parallel processing dataflow computer. This network provides reliable, high bandwidth, low latency communication between the nodes of Monsoon. The major components of this network are two gate arrays: PaRC and the data link chip (DLC). PaRC (packet switched routing chip) is a CMOS gate array that implements a 4*4 packet routing switch that provides a high raw bandwidth (800 Mb/s) to each port. PaRC is designed so that much of this bandwidth can be utilized. The DLC is a high speed ECL gate array that reliably transfers data between boards. <<ETX>>
Reconstruindo Babel: comparando o bem-estar multidimensional de diferentes contextos culturais em busca de soluções comuns para o desenvolvimento

In this paper the theoretical tradition of coping strategies and capital portfolios is used as the basis for adaption and combination of existing methodologies to analyze well-being in rural households. Special attention is given to comparisons among different contexts. First we estimate a multidimensional measurement of poverty based on fuzzy logic for two areas of rural frontiers: Nang Rong, Thailand, and Altamira, in the Amazon Basin in Brazil. To enable a cross-contextual comparison we calculated a second estimate using a subset of shared measurements in the two areas. The findings suggest that the pattern of responses on a range of numerous key variables – including education, income and demographic dependency ratio – is robust for the model epecification. It is concluded that comparative generalizations, useful in formulating cost-effective public policy interventions across contexts, could be satisfactorily identified in many situations. More generically, this approach provides researchers and policymakers with a framework for understanding the interaction of contexts with the subjective construction of well-being. The understanding of this interaction is useful for distinguishing stable corollaries of poverty from those that are volatile across contexts.
The Low Noise Limit in Gene Expression

Protein noise measurements are increasingly used to elucidate biophysical parameters. Unfortunately noise analyses are often at odds with directly measured parameters. Here we show that these inconsistencies arise from two problematic analytical choices: (i) the assumption that protein translation rate is invariant for different proteins of different abundances, which has inadvertently led to (ii) the assumption that a large constitutive extrinsic noise sets the low noise limit in gene expression. While growing evidence suggests that transcriptional bursting may set the low noise limit, variability in translational bursting has been largely ignored. We show that genome-wide systematic variation in translational efficiency can–and in the case of E. coli does–control the low noise limit in gene expression. Therefore constitutive extrinsic noise is small and only plays a role in the absence of a systematic variation in translational efficiency. These results show the existence of two distinct expression noise patterns: (1) a global noise floor uniformly imposed on all genes by expression bursting; and (2) high noise distributed to only a select group of genes.
Acute Respiratory Care of the Neonate 2 Pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Distress

C onsidering the complex series of cardiorespira-tory changes that occurs at birth, it is not surprising that the transition to extrauterine life does not always proceed smoothly. Neonatal respiratory disorders account for the majority of admissions to intensive care units and result in significant morbidity and mortality. Once the infant shows signs of respiratory distress, prompt diagnosis is essential. Respiratory distress may be related to structural problems such as poor lung development or defects of the chest wall or diaphragm. Biochemical and physical immaturity may exist. Abnormalities in the central nervous system may cause alterations in the respiratory regulatory apparatus. Perfusion abnormalities may impair gas exchange. Aspiration and infection can also occur. Not all infants with respiratory distress have a respiratory disease (Figure 2-1). In some cases, congenital heart disease may be difficult to distinguish from primary lung disease. Labored breathing may also result from a metabolic problem. The coexistence of other factors , such as cold stress and polycythemia, may compound respiratory distress. Most neonatal respiratory problems are treated medically, but a number of conditions that present with respiratory distress may require surgical intervention. Institution of appropriate therapy requires an accurate diagnosis. Knowledge of the patho-physiology of neonatal pulmonary diseases is essential to ensure comprehensive management. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of the most common pulmonary disorders that present as acute respiratory distress in the newborn period. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease and surfactant deficiency syndrome, is the major pulmonary problem occurring in the neonate. This syndrome affects approximately 40,000 infants annually in the U.S. Nearly 65 percent of these infants are born at gestational ages of 30 weeks or less. 1 Infants of 37–40 weeks gestational age rarely develop RDS. The prematurity rate is the main reason RDS remains a major neonatal problem. The frequency of RDS, which primarily affects preterm infants less than 35 weeks gestational age, increases inversely with gesta-tional age. However, susceptibility to RDS depends more on the neonate's stage of lung maturity than on precise gestational age. Table 2-1 lists risk factors known to pre-dispose the neonate to developing RDS. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease, RDS ranks eighth among the top ten causes of neonatal deaths. Extreme prematu-rity; congenital anomalies; chromosomal abnormalities; bacterial sepsis; maternal complications of pregnancy; and complications of the placenta, cord, and fetal membranes currently outrank RDS as causes of neonatal …
Subliminální percepce etnické menšiny a její vliv na posuzování neutrálních obrazových podnětů.

Tato bakalařska prace poskytuje teoretický ramec charakterizujici procesy vedouci k socialni stereotypizaci, vcetně nejvýznamnějsich výsledků dosavadniho výzkumu v teto oblasti. Předpoklada, že dostupne stereotypy mohou (ale nutně nemusi) být aktivovany při expozici podprahovemu signalu, zatimco je pozorovatelovo kognitivni usili soustředěno na plněni jineho cile. V takove situaci by se projevily odlisne hodnotici reakce a reakcni casy pozorovatele při hodnoceni primarně vnimaneho objektu. Výzkumu nevědome aktivace stereotypů se zucastnilo 22 ceských skolaků, kteři byli podprahově vystaveni mužským tvařim odpovidajicim etnicke skupině Romů ci etnicke majoritě, zatimco plnili ukol, při kterem měli vyjadřit jejich hodnoceni k zobrazovaným tradicnim cinským znakům. Celkove výsledky experimentu nevykazovaly významne rozdily hodnoticich reakci ucastniků, ani neovlivnily jejich reakcni dobu, jak bylo ocekavano. Ziskane poznatky ovsem poukazuji na urcitou tendenci k vstřicnějsimu hodnoceni vlastni in-group skupiny.
Developmental dyslexia, cerebellar/vestibular brain function and possible links to exercise-based interventions: a review

The Phonological Processing Deficit (PPD) hypothesis remains the most influential theory to explain why some children fail to acquire appropriate reading skills. However, current research suggests that there may be other deficits operating, and that the phonological processing deficit may be just one manifestation of a deeper underlying anatomical syndrome that originates in the cerebellar or vestibular areas of the brain. Claims that exercise regimes or programmes of vestibular stimulation may provide a ‘cure’ for developmental dyslexia (specific reading difficulties) prompt scepticism among the scientific community and raise concerns about the exploitation of vulnerable parents. The paper provides a review of research into the causes of specific reading difficulties at the behavioural, cognitive and biological level of explanation, and considers whether or not there is any theoretical basis for the use of exercise-based intervention programmes. Following consideration of recent findings from a range of scientific disciplines, it is concluded that such ‘unconventional’ methods of intervention may draw some theoretical support from the scientific literature, although researchers are cautioned to be wary of comorbidity issues. It is also concluded that more rigorous and independent evaluations of the success (or otherwise) of exercise-based interventions are needed.
Abnormally High Content of Free Glucosamine Residues Identified in a Preparation of Commercially Available Porcine Intestinal Heparan Sulfate

Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous in animal tissues as components of proteoglycans, and they participate in many important biological processes. HS carbohydrate chains are complex and can contain rare structural components such as N-unsubstituted glucosamine (GlcN). Commercially available HS preparations have been invaluable in many types of research activities. In the course of preparing microarrays to include probes derived from HS oligosaccharides, we found an unusually high content of GlcN residue in a recently purchased batch of porcine intestinal mucosal HS. Composition and sequence analysis by mass spectrometry of the oligosaccharides obtained after heparin lyase III digestion of the polysaccharide indicated two and three GlcN in the tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide fractions, respectively. 1H NMR of the intact polysaccharide showed that this unusual batch differed strikingly from other HS preparations obtained from bovine kidney and porcine intestine. The very high content of GlcN (30%) and low content of GlcNAc (4.2%) determined by disaccharide composition analysis indicated that N-deacetylation and/or N-desulfation may have taken place. HS is widely used by the scientific community to investigate HS structures and activities. Great care has to be taken in drawing conclusions from investigations of structural features of HS and specificities of HS interaction with proteins when commercial HS is used without further analysis. Pending the availability of a validated commercial HS reference preparation, our data may be useful to members of the scientific community who have used the present preparation in their studies.
Energy-Delay Tradeoff in Low Power , High Speed Digital Processors

Previous research has introduced novel energy saving techniques such as the use of multiple VDD and VTH transistors, as well as transistor sizing, to limit storage energy and standby power. These techniques have been used to lower the power consumed in the non-critical paths of a design for a given performance specified by the critical path. In this report, a proposal to investigate how dual-supply and dual-voltage techniques affect power consumption and delay in critical paths of datapath designs is presented.
Mining answers for causal questions in a medical example

The aim of this paper is to approach causal questions in a medical domain. Causal questions par excellence are what, how and why-questions. The ‘pyramid of questions’ shows this. At the top, why-questions are the prototype of causal questions. Usually why-questions are related to scientific explanations. Although cover law explanation is characteristically of physical sciences, it is less common in biological or medical knowledge. In medicine, laws applied to all cases are rare. It seems that doctors express their knowledge using mechanisms instead of natural laws. In this paper we will approach causal questions with the aim of: (1) answering what-questions as identifying the cause of an effect; (2) answering how-questions as selecting an appropriate part of a mechanism that relates pairs of cause-effect (3) answering why-questions as identifying ultimate causes in the answers of how-questions. In this task, we hypothesize that why-questions are related to scientific explanations in a negative and a positive note: (i) as previously said, scientific explanations in biology are based on mechanisms instead of natural laws; (ii) scientific explanations are generally concerned with deepening, providing explanations as detailed as possible. Thus, we conjecture that answers to why-questions have to find the ultimate causes in a mechanism and link them to the prior cause summarizing the intermediate nodes in order to provide a comprehensible answer. The Mackie´s INUS causality offers a theoretical support for this solution.
Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis

To gain insight into the adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis, we compared the mechanical properties of the in vivo patellar tendon in six men who were spinal cord–injured (SCI) and eight age‐matched, able‐bodied men. Measurements were taken by combining dynamometry, electrical stimulation, and ultrasonography. Tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, calculated from force–elongation and stress–strain curves, respectively, were lower by 77% (P < 0.01) and 59% (P < 0.05) in the SCI than able‐bodied subjects. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the tendon was 17% smaller (P < 0.05) in the SCI subjects, but there was no difference in tendon length between the two groups. Our results indicate that paralysis causes substantial deterioration of the structural and material properties of tendon. This needs to be taken into consideration in the design of electrical stimulation protocols for rehabilitation and experimental purposes, and when interpreting changes in the contractile speed of paralyzed muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Response error correction-a demonstration of improved human-machine performance using real-time EEG monitoring

We describe a brain-computer interface (BCI) system, which uses a set of adaptive linear preprocessing and classification algorithms for single-trial detection of error related negativity (ERN). We use the detected ERN as an estimate of a subject's perceived error during an alternative forced choice visual discrimination task. The detected ERN is used to correct subject errors. Our initial results show average improvement in subject performance of 21% when errors are automatically corrected via the BCI. We are currently investigating the generalization of the overall approach to other tasks and stimulus paradigms.
Wi-Fi Sensing for Human Identification Through ESP32 Devices: An Experimental Study

Recent studies explore the possibility of detecting events in a room via Wi-Fi Sensing. This practice exploits the interaction between waves carrying Wi-Fi signals and the elements present in an environment. These interactions are called Channel State Information (CSI) and can be analyzed and exploited to infer information about the environment, such as “device-free” Human Activity Recognition, Human Identification, and more. Considering identification, we recently saw an increasing trend in the usage of low-end devices such as ESP32. Being small and low-power, they are cheap and versatile, however, the quality of the collected data is inferior. In this work, we use state-of-the-art tools to perform Human Identification using the ESP32. Software is created to act as an interface between the collected data and the algorithms suitable for Wi-Fi Sensing. To evaluate the final design, we performed a data collection in a controlled environment. The experiments show an accuracy of 95% in distinguishing two users while 74% in distinzuishing three.
NARST 2001 2 Fostering Teacher Learning in Systemic Reform : Linking Professional Development to Teacher and Student Learning

Professional development for science teachers is widely recognized as a key element for successful standards-based systemic reform, yet there is little empirical evidence to justify design decisions for professional development. This paper presents both a theoretical model of teacher learning and an analytical framework that employs the model to link professional development to both student and teacher learning. Our approach begins with an analysis of relevant content standards for science learning, and then uses evidence of student performance to gauge areas where focus is needed in professional development. The success of our professional development designs is evaluated using a combination of teacher reflection, classroom observation, and ultimately the re-assessment of student performance. This process is used to inform a continual process of design and re-design. We present two examples of this process in use. The first example describes teacher learning about the use of modeling software by students. The second example is about teacher learning related to helping students master map reading skills related to watersheds. We argue that this form of empirically-based assessment of professional development, linking teacher and student learning, is a key to the eventual success of standards-based systemic reform efforts. Point of Contact: Barry J. Fishman 610 E. University, Room 1360 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1269 fishman@umich.edu
System Design for Nonlinear Plants Using Operator-Based Robust Right Coprime Factorization and Isomorphism

The nonlinear system design problem is investigated concerning with robust stability and output tracking problems for nonlinear perturbed feedback control systems using operator-based robust right coprime factorization and isomorphism. First, a compensator is designed to factorize a nonlinear perturbed plant using isomorphism, then the right factorization of the plants can be realized. Further, by guaranteeing an output tracking property, the existence of two stable controllers is proved so that a Bezout identity for the right factorization of the plant can be satisfied. Meanwhile, the robust stability can be guaranteed by the two controllers. Therefore, the right factorization is exactly to be a robust right coprime factorization. That is, by the proposed design scheme, the robust right coprime factorization is realized and the plant output can also track to the reference input. A numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme.
Dopamine Release and Uptake Dynamics within Nonhuman Primate Striatum In Vitro

The putamen of the human striatum is a heterogeneous nucleus that contains the primary site of loss of dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, different functional domains of the putamen are heterogeneously susceptible to DA loss, and yet the dynamic regulation of extracellular DA concentration ([DA]o) and comparison between domains has not been explored in the primate brain. In these studies, DA was measured in real time using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon-fiber microelectrode in vitro in striatal sections from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). [DA]o released by a single stimulus pulse varied threefold along a ventromedial–dorsolateral axis. DA uptake was via the DA transporter (GBR12909 sensitive, desipramine insensitive). On the basis of data modeling with simulations of Michaelis–Menten kinetics, rate maximum, Vmax, varied with region: both [DA]o andVmax were greatest in regions most vulnerable in PD. These differences were reflected in part by regional variation in DA content. [DA]o,Vmax, and regional variation were two- to threefold greater than in rodent caudatoputamen. In addition, steady-state [DA]o at physiological firing rates in primate striatum was controlled by depolarization frequency, uptake, and presynaptic autoreceptors. Furthermore, regulation of [DA]o by these mechanisms differed significantly between limbic- and motor-associated domains. These data indicate interspecies heterogeneity in striatal DA dynamics that must be considered when extrapolating behavioral and drug responses from rodent to the primate brain. Moreover, the heterogeneity demonstrated within the primate putamen in the availability and dynamic regulation of DA may be central to understanding DA function in health, cocaine abuse, and disease.
Asymptotic error rate analysis of multi-hop multi-relay cooperative non-regenerative networks over generalized fading channels

In this article, we present three moment generating function (MGF) based methods for performance evaluation of multi-hop, multi-relay cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) networks over a myriad of stochastic fading channel models. Method I is based on a recursive expansion of the MGF of effective SNR for a 2-hop CAF relay network developed in [10]. The second method is also similar to Method I except that it now requires the exact MGF of the end-to-end SNR for a 2-hop relay network. Method III involves the split of a multi-hop route path into two sections, evaluating the MGF of the “weakest link” in each section, and then finding the MGF of end-to-end SNR using the result in [10] for a 2-hop CAF network. We show that all the above mentioned methods closely approximate the `exact' MGF of end-to-end SNR and the average symbol error rate (ASER) of CAF relay networks. Unlike the existing bounds (which are restrictive to specific fading channels), our proposed solutions is quite general and can be applied to a wide range of fading environments while dramatically reducing the computational complexity of ASER for multi-hop multi-branch CAF relay networks. Moreover, our final solutions for the ASER are expressed in closed-form for first two methods, and in terms of a single integral for Method III. The accuracies of our approximations have been validated with “exact” formulas that are available for specific wireless fading environments and via Monte Carlo computer simulations.
A revision of the solar neighbourhood metallicity distribution

We present a revised metallicity distribution of dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. This distribution is centred on solar metallicity. We show that previous metallicity distributions, selected on the basis of spectral type, are biased against stars with solar metallicity or higher. A selection of G-dwarf stars is inherently biased against metal-rich stars and is not representative of the solar neighbourhood metallicity distribution. Using a sample selected on colour, we obtain a distribution where approximately half the stars in the solar neighbourhood have metallicities higher than [Fe/H]=0. The percentage of mid-metal-poor stars ([Fe/H]<−0.5) is approximately 4 per cent, in agreement with present estimates of the thick disc. In order to have a metallicity distribution comparable to chemical evolution model predictions, we convert the star fraction to mass fraction, and show that another bias against metal-rich stars affects dwarf metallicity distributions, due to the colour (or spectral type) limits of the samples. Reconsidering the corrections resulting from the increasing thickness of the stellar disc with age, we show that the simple closed-box model with no instantaneous recycling approximation gives a reasonable fit to the observed distribution. Comparisons with the age–metallicity relation and abundance ratios suggest that the simple closed-box model may be a viable model of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy at solar radius.
Strain Diversity in Major Surface Protein 2 Expression during Tick Transmission of Anaplasma marginale

ABSTRACT Specific major surface protein 2 (MSP2) variants are expressed byAnaplasma marginale within the tick salivary gland and, following transmission, are expressed during acute rickettsemia. In previous work, we have shown that a restricted pattern of MSP2 variants is expressed in the salivary glands of Dermacentor andersoni ticks infected with the South Idaho strain of A. marginale. Now we demonstrate that the identical restriction does not apply to two other strains of A. marginale, and that different variants are also expressed when the same strain is transmitted by different Dermacentor spp. This indicates that antigenic diversity among strains is maintained in tick transmission and may be a significant constraint to MSP2 vaccine development.