Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salient nonlinear optical properties of novel organic crystals comprising π‐conjugated ketones

Second‐harmonic generation (SHG) properties of two novel organic crystals, i. e. , 2,5‐ bis(benzylidene)cyclopentanone (BBCP) and 2,6‐bis( p‐methylbenzylidene)‐4‐tert‐butylcyclo‐ hexanone (MBBCH), were studied. Based on an x‐ray structural analysis, their SHG coefficients dij at 1.06 μm are determined by the Maker‐fringe method as d14=7 pm/V for BBCP, and d31=15 pm/V, d32=12 pm/V, and d33=4 pm/V for MBBCH, respectively. Measurements on the refractive indices reveal that angle‐tune phase matching in the form of both types I and II is possible, in particular, with a large efficiency for MBBCH, deff∼12 pm/V, which was confirmed experimentally.
Development of a Compact and Accurate Discretization for Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations Based on an Equation-Solving Solution Gradient, Part I: Kernel Scheme Fundamentals

This is the first part of our attempt to develop a compact and accurate numerical scheme for incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in complicated domains. The objective of this article is to unveil the kernel scheme fundamentals in our formulation, where the solution gradient required for an accurate discretization is computed directly as an additional variable rather than interpolated from solution values at neighboring computational nodes. To achieve this goal, a supplementary equation and its associated control volume are introduced to retain a compact and accurate discretization. Scheme essentials are exposed by numerical analyses on simple one-dimensional modeled problems to reveal its formal accuracy. Due to its highly comprehensible and practical features, this formulation can be easily extended to solve problems in two-dimensional rectangular grid systems. Several one- and two-dimensional problems are solved to verify its simulation accuracy. From the numerical analyses and computational results of test problems, it is found that the present formulation is a useful tool to solve convection-diffusion equations and can be employed as the kernel scheme for fluid flow simulations.
Special issue on “Reliability and resilience of emerging mobility systems”, an editorial note

This Editorial Note accompanies the special issue devoted to the development of new concepts, theories and methods that address reliability and resilience related to the planning, dynamic operation, and level of service of novel mobility systems. This special issue on ‘Reliability and Resilience of Emerging Mobility Systems’ consists of seven papers which are dedicated to methodological and theoretical developments as well as advanced applications in this domain. Several of the contributions originated from works presented at INSTR2021 (the 8th International Symposium on Transport Network Reliability). In this Editorial note we reflect on the contributions made in each of the articles included in this special issue.
A Solar Polar North-South Asymmetry for Cosmic-Ray Propagation in the Heliosphere: The Ulysses Pole-to-Pole Rapid Transit

The pole-to-pole fast transit of the heliosphere at ~2 AU from the Sun by the international Ulysses spacecraft has made it possible for the first time to investigate in three dimensions the solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, and—as reported herein—the global propagation of Galactic cosmic rays and anomalous helium. We use measurements of cosmic-ray protons with a mean energy ~2 GeV and helium component fluxes in the energy range 30-70 MeV per nucleon to illustrate new phenomena of charged particle propagation through the heliosphere. The latitude gradients are the same in both hemispheres—namely, ~0.3% deg-1 for cosmic rays, and ~0.7% deg-1 for anomalous helium. It was a surprise to discover that, although the heliospheric modulation of these components is remarkably symmetric globally, the plane of symmetry is offset southward from the Sun's heliographic equator by ~10° of latitude and that the fluxes over the north pole exceed those at the south pole by ~6%-15%. Although unexplained at present, the implications of this offset are discussed with respect to interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind observations.
Dynamic Relationship Between KKT Saddle Solutions and Optimal Solutions in AC OPF Problems

Many KKT condition-based methods for solving AC OPF models can compute KKT-saddle solutions that are feasible solutions but not local optimal solutions. This paper explores a dynamic relationship between KKT-saddle solutions and optimal solutions in AC OPF problems and presents a “buy one, get two free” theorem by showing that if one KKT saddle is computed, then this KKT saddle is dynamically connected to two local optimal solutions. In addition, it is shown that by following the unstable manifold of the computed KKT saddle, one can easily compute two local optimal solutions. This “buy one, get two free” property occasionally degenerates into a “buy one, get one free” property when the unstable equilibrium point (UEP) associated with the computed KKT saddle does not lie on a quasi-stability boundary. Numerical demonstration of these two properties is conducted on several test systems including the IEEE 118-bus system. The robustness of these two properties under the perturbations of AC OPF models is analytically and numerically shown.
Nanoscale friction mapping

Contrary to classical friction laws postulated by Amontons and Coulomb centuries ago, nanoscale friction force is found to be strongly dependent on the normal load and sliding velocity. Many materials, coatings, and lubricants that have wide applications in micro/nanoelectromechanical systems show reversals in friction behavior corresponding to transitions between different friction mechanisms. We have developed a contour map to provide a fundamental insight into the normal load and sliding velocity dependence of friction force and thus help identify and classify dominant friction mechanisms.
Validation of the self-compassion scale in a sample of Italian special needs teacher

Introduction Special needs teachers deliver crucial care to their students by showing a particular attitude toward them. However, they usually face stressful situations that negatively impact their capacity to support their students, often reporting higher levels of burnout compared to teachers from mainstream education. Self-compassion has been seen to function as a protective factor against teacher stress, enhancing their resilience and coping abilities. Methods The current study aimed to evaluate the factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the Self-compassion Scale (SCS) in a sample of Italian special needs teachers (R1). In addition, it was investigated whether the satisfactory internal reliability of the SCS is confirmed (R2). Finally, the validity of the SCS criterion was assessed, assuming that each of its subscales would be related to anxiety, measured with GAD-7, and with resilience, measured with the BRS (R3). A sample of 629 teachers was enrolled in this study and completed an online questionnaire. Results Overall, the confirmatory factor analysis showed good or acceptable indices of fit to the data supporting the use of SCS to measure self-compassion in Italian special needs teachers. Discussion The tool could be helpful for future research to start exploring the self-compassion dimension at school as a protective factor that may foster teachers’ and, consequently, students’ well-being.
Metabolomic Footprint of Disrupted Energetics and Amino Acid Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Therapy

The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is increasing due to the aging population and improved longevity. They are characterized by a range of pathological hallmarks, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to summarize the alterations in brain energy and amino acid metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). Based on our findings, we proposed a group of selected metabolites related to disturbed energy or mitochondrial metabolism as potential indicators or predictors of disease. We also discussed the hidden challenges of metabolomics studies in NDs and proposed future directions in this field. We concluded that biochemical parameters of brain energy metabolism disruption (obtained with metabolomics) may have potential application as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of the effectiveness of therapies for NDs. However, more studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of the proposed candidates. We suggested that the most valuable biomarkers for NDs studies could be groups of metabolites combined with other neuroimaging or molecular techniques. To attain clinically applicable results, the integration of metabolomics with other “omic” techniques might be required.
Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and adolescent assessment of behavior: Discrepancies by age and reporter

Acetaminophen, which is one of the most commonly used medications during pregnancy, has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring during childhood. Less is known about associations with outcomes occurring later in adolescence. Methods: We conducted a follow-up study of children born between 1996 and 2002. Data on illnesses and medications, including acetaminophen, during pregnancy were collected through a standardized interview after delivery. Behavioral assessments were conducted at two subsequent time points, childhood (ages 5–10) and adolescence (ages 11–17). Outcomes examined included internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems based on the parent-completed Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the teacher-completed Teacher Report Form (TRF), and the youth-completed Youth Self Report (YSR, adolescent follow-up only). Adjusted linear regression models were used to calculate mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in T-scores comparing those with prenatal acetaminophen exposure to those without. Stabilized inverse probability weights were used to account for attrition. Results: Among the 216 mother-child dyads with completed parent and teacher behavioral assessments at both childhood and adolescence, prenatal acetaminophen exposure was not associated with behavioral problems according to either parent or teacher assessments. Modest increases in externalizing and total behavior problems were observed according to youth report (MD: 1.9). Compared to associations observed during the childhood follow-up, associations at adolescence were attenuated according to parent-report. Conclusion: Reported associations between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and behavioral outcomes were not consistent over time nor between reporters.
Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration

Chitosan is a chitin-derived biopolymer that has shown great potential for tissue regeneration and controlled drug delivery. It has numerous qualities that make it attractive for biomedical applications such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and many others. Importantly, chitosan can be fabricated into a variety of structures including nanoparticles, scaffolds, hydrogels, and membranes, which can be tailored to deliver a desirable outcome. Composite chitosan-based biomaterials have been demonstrated to stimulate in vivo regeneration and the repair of various tissues and organs, including but not limited to, bone, cartilage, dental, skin, nerve, cardiac, and other tissues. Specifically, de novo tissue formation, resident stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix reconstruction were observed in multiple preclinical models of different tissue injuries upon treatment with chitosan-based formulations. Moreover, chitosan structures have been proven to be efficient carriers for medications, genes, and bioactive compounds since they can maintain the sustained release of these therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the most recently published applications of chitosan-based biomaterials for different tissue and organ regeneration as well as the delivery of various therapeutics.
Fuel burn reduction in commercial aviation using mathematical morphology

In aviation, transportation is a direct connection between the fuel consumed by aircrafts and carbon dioxide emissions. A new solution for determination of the necessary aircraft fuel will lead to companies’ savings and environment protection. The proposed method considers the commercial passenger aviation. The software developed by International Civil Aviation (ICAO) use a methodology for simulation of necessary fuel and for computing carbon emissions. A part of this methodology uses fixed value for passenger’s weight determination. Not all passengers from a flight have the same weight and, thus, the proposed method could replace the fixed value. Based on mathematical morphology operators, the new algorithm will improve the accuracy of aircraft fuel consumption with significant results on environmental protection.
Cross-section studies of important neutron and relativistic deuteron reactions

The cross-sections of relativistic deuteron reactions on natural copper were studied by the means of activation method. The deuteron beams produced by JINR Nuclotron (Russia) with energies from 1 GeV up to 8 GeV were used. Lack of such cross-sections prevents the usage of copper foils for beam integral monitoring. The copper monitors will help us to improve the beam integral determination during ADS studies. The yttrium samples are very suitable activation detectors for monitoring of neutron fields not only in the ADS studies. But experimental cross-section data for higher energy threshold neutron reactions are still missing. This situation is the reason why we have started to study neutron reactions on yttrium by the means of quasi mono-energetic neutron source based on NPI Řež cyclotron (Czech Republic).
The Galactic background radiation from 0.2 to 13.8 MHz

The radio frequency receivers of the WAVES instrument on the WIND spacecraft are used to determine the direction of maximum intensity of the Galactic noise background in the frequency range 0.2 to 13.8 MHz. The observations are made with dipole antennas spinning in the ecliptic plane, hence provide information on the large scale distribution of intensity. The main results are: (1) the direction of maximum brightness at the higher frequencies is close to that of the Galactic center, (2) in an intermediate range around 3{4 MHz the brightness appears isotropic, and (3) at frequencies of 3 MHz and lower the maximum brightness is at the ecliptic longitude nearest the Galactic poles. On the basis of previous observations these results are not unexpected, but this is the rst time that a precise spectrum has been made over this large frequency range.
Heart Murmur Detection from Phonocardiogram Based on Residual Neural Network with Classes Distinguished Focal Loss

The George B. Moody PhysioNet Challenge 2022 focused on detecting the presence or absence of murmurs from multiple auscultation locations heart sound recordings. Our team, MetaHeart, proposed a novel approach to detect heart murmurs by combing residual neural network and class distinguished focal loss. Firstly, the phonocardiogram (PCG) recordings were converted to the time-frequency Mel spectrograms to obtain a richer representation of cardiac mechanical activity. Secondly, a modified residual neural network with 30 layers was designed to extract the complex pathological patterns of heart murmurs. Thirdly, a joint loss combing class distinguished focal loss and center loss was designed in our approach. The class distinguished focal loss can give different degrees of attention to misclassified samples from different categories. The center loss learns a center for deep features of each class. The 15 seconds recordings from five corresponding auscultation locations were preprocessed and concatenated as model inputs for end-to-end training, and the prediction probabilities of 3 murmurs categories or 2 outcome categories were outputs. Finally, our murmur detection classifier received a weighted accuracy score of 0.72 (ranked 18th out of 40 teams) and Challenge cost score of 12536 (ranked 15th out of 39 teams) on the hidden test set.
A robust motion deblurring method using salient edge prediction on transfer region

Blind motion deblurring from a single image is a challenging ill-posed problem. Significant progress has been made since blur kernel estimation method using salient edge prediction on transfer region is proposed. However, as selection rule for points to estimate the blur kernel has not been researched deeply, some texture and noise points were taken into account for blur kernel estimating, which makes the existing methods not robust enough. This paper propose a robust motion deblurring algorithm using salient edge prediction on transfer region, which employs a new metric to select transfer region points for kernel estimation. A novel kernel refinement method with hysteresis thresholding is also proposed and adopted by the algorithm to reduce the kernel noise. Extensive experiments show that the algorithm achieves good results, while both the new metric and the novel kernel refinement method improve robustness of the restoration algorithm.
A Spatial Modes Filtering FETD Method With Nonuniform Subgridding Mesh

A spatial modes filtering finite-element time-domain method with nonuniform subgridding mesh (NUSSMF-FETD) is proposed to enhance the modeling flexibility and computation efficiency of electromagnetic simulations with fine structures. Taking the nonuniform rectangular meshes as local refinement elements causes complex edge distributions in subgridding elements, the element and system matrices construction process of nonuniform subgridding FETD (NUS-FETD) is given in detail. Then the NUSSMF-FETD is obtained by introducing the spatial modes filtering (SMF) method. NUS-FETD effectively reduces the unknowns in local refinement regions compared to the uniform subgridding FETD (US-FETD). On this basis, NUSSMF-FETD can expand the time step and also keep computation accurate and efficient. The NUSSMF-FETD based on local eigenvalue solution (LES-NUSSMF-FETD) further reduces the time and memory consumption of system eigenvalue analysis. Numerical results present that the NUSSMF-FETD method has high spatial modeling flexibility and computation efficiency.
Autonomic Nervous System Recovery After Various Exercises in Highly Trained Athletes

Introduction: Heart rate variability <tex>$(HRV)$</tex>, expressed by the beat-to-beat variation in heart rate, offers a noninvasive indicator of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Measurement of the ANS response is increasingly used to evaluate the effect of training load on the organism. Most authors compared only the impact of different types of running training sessions <tex>$(TS)$</tex> (low-intensity training (LIT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT <tex>$))$</tex>, <tex>$or$</tex> separately plyometric <tex>$TS$</tex> on <tex>$HRV$</tex> In this study, <tex>$HRV$</tex> was used to clarify how different types of running <tex>$TS$</tex> and plyometric <tex>$TS$</tex> influence post-exercise ANS response. Methods: 12 highly trained runners participated in this study. Each subject completed three types of TS - LIT running, HIIT running and plyometric. <tex>$5 - min$</tex> pre-exercise ECGs were recorded just before <tex>$TS$</tex> and <tex>$5-min$</tex> postexercise ECGs were recorded 10 <tex>$min$</tex> after <tex>$TS$</tex>. Altogether 13 time-domain and frequency-domain HRV features were calculated. Finally, the changes between pre- and postexercise values of <tex>$HR$</tex> V features were computed. Results: From 13 tested features, 9 and 10 features were statistically significant for distinguishing between plyometrics and <tex>$LIT$</tex> and HIIT and <tex>$LIT$</tex> respectively. There are no statistically significant differences in <tex>$HRV$</tex> changes between plyometrics and HIIT. It could be assumed these two <tex>$TS$</tex> affect ANS similarly.
Temperature scaling analysis of the 3D disordered Ising model with power-law correlated defects

We consider the three-dimensional site-diluted Ising model with power-law correlated defects and study the critical behavior of the second-moment correlation length and the magnetic susceptibility in the high-temperature phase. By comparing, for various defect correlation strengths, the extracted critical exponents ν and γ with the results of our previous finite-size scaling study, we consolidate the exponent estimates.
Effectiveness of mindfulness training on pregnancy stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in women in China: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

Introduction In the past two decades, mindfulness-based intervention programs have gradually become popular.Many studies have confirmed that these programs can effectively alleviate prenatal stress and negative emotion.The mindfulness-based stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that mindfulness training can induce changes in the levels of the cortisol secreted by the HPA axis, thereby reducing stress susceptibility. However, to date, only a few high-quality evidence-based medical studies have analyzed the effect of the mindfulness-based intervention in a maternal population.Thus, this study investigated the effects of a mindfulness-based psychosomatic intervention on pregnancy stress and the HYPERLINK “javascript:;” hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of pregnant Chinese women. Methods Women experiencing first-time pregnancy (n = 117) were randomly allocated to the intervention group or parallel active control group, and data were collected at baseline and post-intervention periods. The participants completed questionnaires regarding mindfulness and pregnancy stress. Saliva samples was collected at the time of waking up, and 30, 45, and 60 min after waking up for analyzing the salivary cortisol levels. We analyzed differences between the two groups and changes within the same group before and after the intervention. Results and discussion A total of 95 participants completed the trial. Compared with the parallel active control group, the intervention group exhibited lower levels of stress after the intervention (P = 0.047). For HPA-axis-related indicators after the intervention, Delta value (P = 0.01) and AUCM value (P = 0.031) of the intervention group were significantly higher than that of the control group. Mindfulness-based interventions effectively reduced the level of pregnancy stress and adjusted the HPA axis function in pregnant women in China. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.chictr. org.cn, identifier ChiCTR 2000033149.
Gaussian laser beam diameter measurement using a quadrant photodiode

Gaussian laser beam diameters are typically measured using knife-edges or gratings. Both require precise alignment with the photodiode placed after them from the laser source. In addition, beam diameter measurement in two orthogonal axes is only possible via rotation of the knife-edge or grating. Here, we report a novel measurement method that uses a relatively inexpensive and robust quadrant photodiode to circumvent the alignment requirement as well as allow two axes laser beam diameter measurement without rotation of any component. The theoretical basis of this approach is described and experimental results using it are presented. This method portends possibilities in the design of instrumentation that integrates Gaussian laser beam diameter measurement with laser beam tracking in a compact manner using fewer components.