Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practical Memory Safety with REST

In this paper, we propose Random Embedded Secret Tokens (REST), a simple hardware primitive to provide content-based checks, and show how it can be used to mitigate common types of spatial and temporal memory errors at very low cost. REST is simply a very large random value that is embedded into programs. To provide memory safety, REST is used to bookend data structures during allocation. If the hardware accesses a REST value during execution, due to programming errors or adversarial actions, it reports a privileged memory safety exception. Implementing REST requires 1 bit of metadata per L1 data cache line and a comparator to check for REST tokens during a cache fill. The software infrastructure to provide memory safety with REST reuses a production-quality memory error detection tool, AddressSanitizer, by changing less than 1.5K lines of code. REST based memory safety offers several advantages com-pared to extant methods: (1) it does not require significant redesign of hardware or software, (2) the overhead of heap and stack safety is 2% compared to 40% for AddressSanitizer, (3) the security of the memory safety implementation is improved compared AddressSanitizer, and (4) REST based memory safety can mitigate heap safety errors in legacy binaries without recom-pilation or source code. These advantages provide a significant step towards continuous runtime memory safety monitoring and mitigation for legacy and new binaries.
Bone Mineral Density and Its Change in White Women: Estrogen and Vitamin D Receptor Genotypes and Their Interaction

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major risk factor for development of osteoporosis; increasing evidence suggests that attainment and maintenance of peak bone mass as well as bone turnover and bone loss have strong genetic determinants. We examined the association of BMD levels and their change over a 3‐year period, and polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor (ER), vitamin D receptor (VDR), type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin genes in pre‐ and perimenopausal women who were part of the Michigan Bone Health Study, a population‐based longitudinal study of BMD. Body composition measurements, reproductive hormone profiles, bone‐related serum protein measurements, and life‐style characteristics were also available on each woman. Based on evaluation of women, ER genotypes (identified by PvuII [n = 253] and XbaI [n = 248]) were significantly predictive of both lumbar spine (p < 0.05) and total body BMD level, but not their change over the 3‐year period examined. The VDR BsmI restriction fragment length polymorphism was not associated with baseline BMD, change in BMD over time, or any of the bone‐related serum and body composition measurements in the 372 women in whom it was evaluated. Likewise, none of the other polymorphic markers was associated with BMD measurements. However, we identified a significant gene × gene interaction effect (p < 0.05) for the VDR locus and PvuII (p < 0.005) and XbaI (p < 0.05) polymorphisms, which impacted BMD levels. Women who had the (−/−) PvuII ER and bb VDR genotype combination had a very high average BMD, while individuals with the (−/−) PvuII ER and BB VDR genotype had significantly lower BMD levels. This contrast was not explained by differences in serum levels of osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, or 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. These data suggest that genetic variation at the ER locus, singly and in relation to the vitamin D receptor gene, influences attainment and maintenance of peak bone mass in younger women, which in turn may render some individuals more susceptible to osteoporosis than others.
Cohabitation and the Measurement of Child Poverty

The authors use 1990 U.S. Census of Population data to calculate what poverty rates would have been if cohabitors were treated in the same manner as married couples. They find that the official treatment of cohabiting partners as separate family units overstated the extent of poverty in 1989 among all children by about 3 percent. Only about 11 percent of the observed rise in child poverty between 1969 and 1989 would be eliminated if the Census Bureau made this change in its definition of the family. The authors estimate a logistic regression model of the likelihood that poor, cohabiting families with children would be reclassified as non-poor if the cohabitor's income were included in family income. They find that many of these families would remain poor despite this change in measurement procedure because many cohabitors have low annual earnings or no earnings at all. Copyright 1999 by The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND Despite the aging of the population, little is known about the sexual behaviors and sexual function of older people. METHODS We report the prevalence of sexual activity, behaviors, and problems in a national probability sample of 3005 U.S. adults (1550 women and 1455 men) 57 to 85 years of age, and we describe the association of these variables with age and health status. RESULTS The unweighted survey response rate for this probability sample was 74.8%, and the weighted response rate was 75.5%. The prevalence of sexual activity declined with age (73% among respondents who were 57 to 64 years of age, 53% among respondents who were 65 to 74 years of age, and 26% among respondents who were 75 to 85 years of age); women were significantly less likely than men at all ages to report sexual activity. Among respondents who were sexually active, about half of both men and women reported at least one bothersome sexual problem. The most prevalent sexual problems among women were low desire (43%), difficulty with vaginal lubrication (39%), and inability to climax (34%). Among men, the most prevalent sexual problems were erectile difficulties (37%). Fourteen percent of all men reported using medication or supplements to improve sexual function. Men and women who rated their health as being poor were less likely to be sexually active and, among respondents who were sexually active, were more likely to report sexual problems. A total of 38% of men and 22% of women reported having discussed sex with a physician since the age of 50 years. CONCLUSIONS Many older adults are sexually active. Women are less likely than men to have a spousal or other intimate relationship and to be sexually active. Sexual problems are frequent among older adults, but these problems are infrequently discussed with physicians.
Supply Chain Flexibility Configurations: Perspectives, Empirical Studies and Research Directions

This paper investigates the current developments in research and practice in the field of supply chain flexibility through content analysis of the published literature. We had scrutinized a wide range of research publications from national and international journals and conferences of high repute. As diversity and uncertainty in the environment increases the companies are responding by adding flexibility as a dimension to their operational strategies. The review examined various perceptions, notions and definitions of flexibility, drivers and sources found in manufacturing and supply chain literature and compared the stated objectives, articulated needs and fundamental beliefs underlying the concepts, from a flexibility decision-performance-synchronization perspective. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers and academicians globally with future research directions in the field of supply chain flexibility and its impact on business performance. Keywords -Supply chain management; flexibility; optimization; uncertainty
Measurement of rolling shear modulus of Cross Laminated Timber: Exploratory study using downscaled specimens under variable span bending tests

The purpose of this study was to measure the rolling shear modulus of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), which was achieved by conducting 3-point bending tests with variable span using downscaled sandwich specimens. Two types of sandwich specimens were employed: steel-wood-steel (SWS) and wood-wood-wood (WWW). Experimental results from SWS specimens were verified with those predicted from WWW ones through the shear analogy method. Effects of span-to-depth ratio (l/h) and growth ring orientation on rolling shear modulus (GRT) were also examined. It was found that the average deflection of WWW specimens tested at l/h of 6.5 could be well predicted using the shear analogy method based on true elasticity of modulus (Em) and GRT of the cross layer measured using SWS specimens under variable span tests. The results also showed that the cross layer of `in-between' growth ring orientation could gain the higher rolling shear modulus than that of flat sawn or quarter sawn one.
Political Business Cycles in Industrialized Democratic Countries

SUMMARY An examination of the rates of income growth, inflation, and unemployment in twenty industrialized democratic countries reveals evidence of political business cycles. The money supply and government expenditures tend to show expansions near elections. Political business cycles are not readily detected in the countries with more extensive indexation or longer electoral terms. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine Untersuchung des Einkommenswachstums und der Inflations‐ und Arbeits‐losenrate in zwanzig industrialisierten demokratischen Landern deutet auf politische Konjunkturzyklen hin. Geldvolumen und Regierungsausgaben neigen dazu, vor den Wahlen anzusteigen. Politische Konjunkturzyklen sind in den Landern mit Teue‐rungsausgleich oder langerer politischer Amtsdauer nicht so deutlich festzustellen. RESUME L'etude des taux de croissance du revenu, de l'inflation et du chomage dans vingt pays democratiques industrialises revele l'existence de cycles dans l'economie politique de ces pays. La masse monetaire et les depenses publiques ont tendance a s'accroitre a l'approche des periodes electorates. Les cycles de l'economie politique ne sont pas aisement deceles dans les pays a indexation plus etendue ou a mandats electoraux plus longs.
The third egg envelope subunit in fish: cDNA cloning and analysis, and gene expression

The inner layer of the egg envelope of a teleost fish, the medaka, Oryzias latipes, consists of two major subunit groups, Zl‐1,2 and Zl‐3. On SDS‐PAGE, the Zl‐1,2 group presents three glycoprotein bands that were considered to be composed of a common polypeptide moiety derived from their precursor, choriogenin H (Chg H). Zl‐3 is a single glycoprotein derived from the precursor, choriogenin L (Chg L). In the present study, a fraction of a novel subunit protein was found in the V8 protease digest of Zl‐1,2 that was partially purified from oocyte envelopes. This protein fraction was not present in the purified precursor, Chg H. By RT‐PCR employing the primers based on the amino acid sequence of this fraction, a cDNA for the novel subunit was amplified, and a full‐length clone of the cDNA was obtained by screening a cDNA library constructed from the spawning female liver. The clone consisted of 2025 b.p. and contained an open reading frame encoding the novel protein of 634 amino acids. This protein included Pro‐X‐Y repeat sequences in two‐fifths of the whole length from its N‐terminus. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene expression for this protein occurred in the liver but not in the ovary of spawning female fish. This protein is considered as the third major subunit of the inner layer of the egg envelope of medaka.
Défis du financement agricole et rural, rôle pour la microfinance et implications pour les politiques publiques en Afrique subsaharienne. Pistes de recherche basées sur le cas du Burundi.

En Afrique subsaharienne, les zones agricoles et rurales abritent plus de trois quarts de la population et contribuent pour la grande part a l’emploi, au PIB, aux recettes d’exportations et a l’offre alimentaire. Des lors, le financement des activites qui se developpent dans ces zones constitue un facteur determinant dans la reduction de la pauvrete. Le recul du financement bancaire, suite a la liberalisation financiere (de par la restructuration des banques agricoles et de developpement), a accentue la faiblesse des services financiers dans ces zones. Cette situation a suscite un interet croissant pour la microfinance dans le financement et la promotion de la petite entreprise agricole et rurale presentee comme le pilier de la croissance economique. Cependant, malgre sa forte contribution, la microfinance est limitee dans ses apports. L’une des principales limites concerne l’inadequation entre la gamme des services financiers offerts par les IMF et les besoins specifiques du financement agricole et rural. Dans ce papier, nous abordons cette problematique en essayant d’analyser dans quelle mesure ameliorer la contribution de la microfinance au financement agricole et rural au Burundi et dans quelle mesure les politiques publiques peuvent contribuer a cet objectif.
Arreglos institucionales en el régimen político del primer peronismo (1946-1955)

This article reconstructs some aspects of the institutional organization regarding the political regime of the first Peronism, between 1946 and 1955. This organization was developed in a historical context of expansion of the country’s social bases which occurred as a consequence of the integration of workers into the political system and of changes in the composition of the hegemonic bloc. It is considered that the configurational genesis of the Peronist government structure is found in the period of the military revolution, from 1943 to 1946. This configuration suffered different transformations during Peron's first presidency, especially with the National Constitution reform, completed during his second presidential term. The government structure diagram was inspired by two different logics of distribution and control of the political power which are essentially dissimilar: one coming from the classic theory of organization/administration and the other arising from the republican and representative regime of government, contained in the pre-reformed National Constitution. It is in this sense that implemented institutional modifications and the arguments used by the Peronist elites to adapt both the state and government logics are described.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Prevents Maternal Death, but Contributes to Poor Fetal Outcome During Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in physiology, pathology, immunology and parasitology, including the control of infection by protozoa parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. As the MIF function in congenital toxoplasmosis is not fully elucidated yet, the present study brings new insights for T. gondii infection in the absence of MIF based on pregnant C57BL/6MIF-/- mouse models. Pregnant C57BL/6MIF-/- and C57BL/6WT mice were infected with 05 cysts of T. gondii (ME49 strain) on the first day of pregnancy (dop) and were euthanized at 8 dop. Non-pregnant and non-infected females were used as control. Our results demonstrated that MIF-/- mice have more accentuated change in body weight and succumbed to infection first than their WT counterparts. Otherwise, pregnancy outcome was less destructive in MIF-/- mice compared to WT ones, and the former had an increase in the mast cell recruitment and IDO expression and consequently presented less inflammatory cytokine production. Also, MIF receptor (CD74) was upregulated in MIF-/- mice, indicating that a compensatory mechanism may be required in this model of study. The global absence of MIF was associated with attenuation of pathology in congenital toxoplasmosis, but resulted in female death probably because of uncontrolled infection. Altogether, ours results demonstrated that part of the immune response that protects a pregnant female from T. gondii infection, favors fetal damage.
Survival outcomes in patients with large (≥7cm) clear cell renal cell carcinomas treated with nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: Results of a multicenter cohort with long-term follow-up

Background Does the dogma of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) still stand for large renal masses? Available studies dealing with that issue are considerably biased often mixing imperative with elective indications for NSS and also including less malignant variants or even benign renal tumors. Here, we analyzed the oncological long-term outcomes of patients undergoing elective NSS or radical tumor nephrectomy (RN) for non-endophytic, large (≥7cm) clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods Prospectively acquired, clinical databases from two academic high-volume centers were screened for patients from 1980 to 2010. The query was strictly limited to patients with elective indications. Surgical complications were retrospectively assessed and classified using the Clavien-Dindo-classification system (CDS). Overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier-method and the log-rank test. Results Out of in total 8664 patients in the databases, 123 patients were identified (elective NSS (n = 18) or elective RN (n = 105)) for ≥7cm ccRCC. The median follow-up over all was 102 months (range 3–367 months). Compared to the RN group, the NSS group had a significantly longer median OS (p = 0.014) and median CSS (p = 0.04). Conclusions In large renal masses, NSS can be performed safely with acceptable complication rates. In terms of long-term OS and CSS, NSS was at least not inferior to RN. Our findings suggest that NSS should also be performed in patients presenting with renal tumors ≥7cm whenever technically feasible. Limitations include its retrospective nature and the limited availability of data concerning long-term development of renal function in the two groups.
The Measurement of ‘Fiscal Burden’ on GDP instead of on National Net Value Added Produced: A Chapter in Fiscal Illusion

The work calls attention to a major macroeconomic fiscal illusion: that arising from the current official practice of expressing the main fiscal indicators, and particularly the tax burden, as a percentage of GDP rather than NDPF (Net Domestic Product at Factor Costs). This methodology causes a systematic undervaluation of the tax burden, by something between 25% (Sweden and Austria) and 15% (Switzerland). Correctly measured, the tax burden in most European countries is above 50% and in the Nordic countries above 65%, or close to it! Thus, tax payers are deceived about the true cost and size of the public economy. GDP’s origin and widespread adoption is examined as well as the development of the notion of national income adopted to assess the tax burden.
The relationship between strategy and entrepreneurship

Proposes primarily to test empirically Smith′s entrepreneurial typology and Miles and Snow′s typology of strategy in the restaurant sector, and then to establish whether or not there is a relationship between type of entrepreneur and type of strategy. Evidence suggests that Smith′s two entrepreneurial types may not be mutually exclusive and that a third group of entrepreneurs exists combining characteristics from both Smith′s craftsmen and opportunistic types. Finds support for Miles and Snow′s four generic strategies of defender, prospector, analyser and reactor. Through the use of discriminant analysis, it was possible to demonstrate a relationship between type of entrepreneur and type of strategy.
Ten-year prospective follow-up study of the naturalistic course of dysthymic disorder and double depression.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the 10-year course and outcome of dysthymic disorder. METHOD The authors conducted a naturalistic, prospective, longitudinal follow-up of 97 adults with early-onset dysthymic disorder and 45 adults with nonchronic major depressive disorder selected from consecutive admissions to several outpatient facilities. Follow-up data were obtained for 90% of the cohort. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 months. Measures included the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier estimated recovery rate from dysthymic disorder was 73.9%, with a median time to recovery of 52 months. Among patients who recovered, the estimated risk of relapse into another period of chronic depression was 71.4%. Chronic depressive relapses took a variety of forms and were not limited to dysthymia. Nonetheless, the distinction between chronic and nonchronic forms of depression was relatively stable over the follow-up period. Mixed-effects models indicated that patients with dysthymic disorder experienced a significantly slower rate of improvement in symptoms over time and exhibited significantly greater depression at the 10-year point, compared to patients with nonchronic major depression. CONCLUSIONS Dysthymic disorder has a protracted course and is associated with a high risk of relapse. The nature of chronic depressive episodes varies over time within individuals, indicating that the various manifestations of chronic depression in DSM-IV do not represent distinct disorders. However, the distinction between chronic and nonchronic forms of depression is relatively stable and may provide a useful basis for subtyping in genetic and neurobiological research.
A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease.

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney diseases, particularly if presenting with significant proteinuria, are commonly associated with substantial alteration of serum lipid levels. Experimental evidence suggests that lipid abnormalities may contribute to the progression of kidney disease. However, studies in humans on the subject are scarce. METHODS In a prospective, controlled open-label study, the authors have evaluated the effects of one-year treatment with atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, versus no treatment on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease in 56 patients with chronic kidney disease. Before randomization, all patients had already been treated for one year with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) and other antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS By the end of one-year treatment, urine protein excretion decreased from 2.2 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 1.0 g every 24 hours (P < 0.01) in patients treated with atorvastatin in addition to ACE inhibitor and ARBs. By contrast, urinary protein excretion decreased only from 2.0 +/- 0.1 to 1.8 +/- 0.1 g every 24 hours (P value not significant) in patients who did not receive atorvastatin in addition to ACE inhibitor or ARBs. During this time, creatinine clearance decreased only slightly and not significantly (from 51 +/- 1.8 to 49.8 +/- 1.7) in patients treated with atorvastatin. By contrast, during the same period of observation, creatinine clearance decreased from 50 +/- 1.9 to 44.2 +/- 1.6 mL/min (P < 0.01) in patients who did not receive atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that treatment with atorvastatin in addition to a regimen with ACE inhibitors or ARBs may reduce proteinuria and the rate of progression of kidney disease in patients with chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, and hypercholesterolemia. The benefits appear to occur in addition to those of treatment with ACE inhibitor and ARBs.