Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties on a 5 by 5 arc-minutes global grid (ver. 1.2)

Version 1.2 of describes a harmonized dataset of derived soil properties for the world. It was created using the soil distribution shown on the 1:5 million scale FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World (DSMW), rasterised at 5 by 5 arcminutes, and soil property estimates derived from the ISRIC-WISE soil profile database, version 3.1. The dataset considers 19 soil variables that are commonly required for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil gaseous emissions, and analyses of global environmental change. It presents ‘best’ estimates for: soil drainage class, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, pH (H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, effective CEC, base saturation, aluminium saturation, calcium carbonate content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity, particle size distribution (i.e. content of sand, silt and clay), content of coarse fragments (> 2 mm), bulk density, and available water capacity (-33 to -1500 kPa). These estimates are presented by FAO soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 20 cm up to 100 cm depth (or less when appropriate) for so-called virtual profiles. The associated soil property values were derived from analyses of some 10,250 profiles held in WISE using a scheme of taxonomy-based taxotransfer rules complemented with expert-rules. The type of rules used to derive the various soil property values have been flagged in the database to provide an indication of the possible confidence in the derived data. Most map units on the DSMW are complex, comprising up to eight different soil units. Assessments and model applications that use the derived soil properties therefore should consider the full map unit composition and depth range. The soil property values presented here should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles in WISE, the procedure for clustering the measured data, taxotransfer scheme used for deriving soil, properties, and the spatial data of the digital Soil Map of the World. The derived information may be used for exploratory assessments at a broad scale (< 1:5 million; 5 by 5 arcminutes and coarser), pending the global update of the information on world soil resources at more detailed scales, upon due consideration of the underlying generalisations and assumptions.
The behavior of the O+‐H+ transition level at solar maximum

An examination of the transition level at which the ionospheric ions O+ and H+ are equal in concentration has been carried out by using the retarding potential analyzer data from the Ogo 6 satellite. Between dip latitudes of 0° and 50° the transition level shows a much more pronounced latitude dependence during solar maximum than during solar minimum. The longitude dependence of the transition level features indicates the roles that zonal and meridional F region winds might play in the distribution of O+ and H+ in the low- and mid-latitude ionosphere.
Measurement of N2O emission from a fertilized grassland: An analysis of spatial variability

Spatil heterogeneity of the N2O emission activity was characterized at a fertilized grassland by means of small chambers arranged in grids with spacing ranging from 0.11 to 7.1 m. The fluxes exhibited marked spatial variability, approximately lognormally distributed. The variation decreased (1) over time within the 7.1-m grid, (2) when grid size was reduced, and (3) after glucose amendments. This decrease was probably caused by homogeneous soil aeration (1) when soil drains, (2) within minor area, and (3) when overall soil respiration was enhanced by glucose. Isotropic semivariograms showed spatial autocorrelation of N2O fluxes beyond separations of 7.1 m and below those of 0.8 m. The small-scale autocorrelation disappeared in response to glucose. Substantial variation occurred below the scale of minimum separation. High local N2O fluxes at an 1.8-m resolution were coincident with wet depressions in the ground. We suggest that N2O flux patterns at the scale beyond 7 m was controlled by soil moisture variability governed by ground topography, whereas a patchy distribution of denitrifying microsites governed N2O emission at the scale below 1 m. The study indicates that even N2O fluxes obtained from `megachambers` (upward of 50 sq m) should be interpreted carefully since they may not encompassmore » the whole field variability. « less
Twenty-two years of ozonesonde measurements at the South Pole

Since 1986, the Earth System Research Laboratory and its predecessors have been making weekly balloon ozone soundings at the South Pole Station in Antarctica. During the springtime ozone hole period, the sounding frequency is increased to 2–3 per week. The 2007 springtime minimum total column ozone at South Pole was 125 Dobson units, with the layer between 14 and 21 km showing a typical 95% loss of ozone. In contrast, the 2006 minimum total column ozone was 93 Dobson units and showed 99% ozone destruction in the 14–21 km layer. Owing to variations in meteorology and stability of the polar vortex, year to year variations in the severity of the ozone hole of this magnitude are expected. Analysis of the ozone loss rate in September indicates large interannual variability suggesting a dynamic component. Detailed analysis of the 22-year record is used to search for early signs of the beginning of ozone hole recovery. The conclusion is that up to the year 2007, no definitive signs of the beginning of ozone hole recovery have been detected at South Pole Station.
Olivenite-Adamite Solid Solution From Oxidation Zone in Rędziny (West Sudetes, Poland)

Olivenite-Adamite Solid Solution From Oxidation Zone in Rędziny (West Sudetes, Poland) An extensive hydrothermal polymetallic mineralization with a well developed oxidation zone rich in secondary minerals occurs in dolostones several hundred meters from the Karkonosze granite at Rędziny. Using XRD and FTIR methods, mineral phases representing transitional members of the olivenite-adamite solid solution have been identified. Electron microprobe analyses reveal the most common varieties to be zincian olivenite and cuprous adamite with compositions ranging from (Cu1.17Zn0.83)(AsO4)(OH) to (Zn1.38Cu0.62)(AsO4)(OH). The two minerals are subordinate in the weathering zone which can be characterized as having been a zone of low Cu2+ and Zn2+ activity and with mineralizing solutions of increased pH. A high Ca2+ concentration due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonate rocks resulted in the expansion of the stability field of another arsenate, conichalcite (or Zn-bearing conichalcite), which is a common mineral there.
Air–sea interaction mechanisms and low‐frequency climate variability in the South Indian Ocean region

Long-term observations indicate that the Indian Ocean displays significant low-frequency variability in mean sea-level pressure, near-surface wind, cloud and sea-surface temperature (SST). A general circulation model is used to study the response of the atmosphere to an idealized SST anomaly pattern (warm in southern mid-latitudes, cool in southern tropics) that captures the essence of observed multidecadal SST variability as well as that associated with ENSO in the South Indian Ocean. The major objectives are to investigate air-sea interaction mechanisms potentially associated with the variability and whether the atmospheric response to the SST is likely to lead to maintenance or damping of the original SST anomaly pattern, and on what time scale. Two types of experiment are performed to tackle these objectives. An ensemble of roughly 1-year-long integrations suggests that the seasonal-scale response of the atmosphere to the imposed SST anomaly includes reduced genesis and density of cyclones in the mid- to higher latitudes, and an indication of a shift in their tracks relative to climatology. It is argued that these changes together with those to the near-surface winds could be expected to lead to variations in surface fluxes that would tend to reinforce the original SST anomaly pattern on seasonal scales. A 21 year integration of the model with the SST anomaly pattern imposed throughout indicates that a low is generated near, and downstream of, the warm mid-latitude anomaly. On decadal/multidecadal scales, the associated changes to the surface winds are argued as being likely to lead to changes in surface fluxes and in the strength of the South Indian subtropical gyre that would oppose the original anomaly. The current and previous model results together with the observations then support the idea that the observed multidecadal variability in atmospheric circulation and SST of the South Indian Ocean during the past century may have arisen through a combination of basin scale atmosphere-ocean interaction and a remotely forced component.
Dimethyl Sulphide in North Sea Waters and Sediments

Abstract Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) were measured in the water column and sediments at a number of stations in the southern half of the North Sea during three cruises. Both DMS and DMSP in the water column exhibited seasonal changes with higher concentrations during summer. Concentration profiles of DMS and DMSP in the water column on a number of occasions showed peaks near the bottom indicating settlement of algal material. The concentrations of DMS and DMSP in the bottom sediments were, per unit volume, three orders of magnitude greater than in the water column. Measurements of fluxes of reduced sulphur gases from bottom sediments at five stations over the southern North Sea showed that DMS, methanethiol and hydrogen sulphide were emitted to the water column from the sediments at slow rates. The fastest rates of emission were at station ES in the central area of the North Sea which stratifies during summer. However, the rates of emission were slow compared to those from intertidal sediments. If the emission rates were typical, the emission of reduced sulphur gases from the sediment accounted for only a small proportion of the annual input to the sediment through settlement of organically bound sulphur in organic detritus. The majority of the deposited sulphur must be either reoxidized before emission from the sediment or buried.
Association of CD4+ cell count and HIV viral load with risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers

Objectives: HIV-induced immunodeficiency contributes to an increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). This study aims to identify the most predictive viral load (VL) or CD4+ measures of NADC risk among people with HIV (PWH). Design: Extracted from South Carolina electronic HIV reporting system, we studied adult PWH who were cancer-free at baseline and had at least 6 months of follow-up since HIV diagnosis between January 2005 and December 2020. Methods: Using multiple proportional hazards models, risk of NADC was investigated in relation to 12 measures of VL and CD4+ cell count at three different time intervals before NADC diagnosis. The best VL/CD4+ predictor(s) and final model were determined using Akaike's information criterion. Results: Among 10 413 eligible PWH, 449 (4.31%) developed at least one type of NADC. After adjusting for potential confounders, the best predictors of NADC were the proportion of days with viral suppression (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.47 (>25% and ≤50% vs. 0), 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.28, 0.79]) and proportion of days with low CD4+ cell count (AIC = 7201.35) (HR: 12.28 (>75% vs. = 0), 95% CI: [9.29, 16.23]). Conclusions: VL and CD4+ measures are strongly associated with risk of NADC. In analyses examining three time windows, proportion of days with low CD4+ cell count was the best CD4+ predictor for each time window. However, the best VL predictor varied across time windows. Thus, using the best combination of VL and CD4+ measures for a specific time window should be considered when predicting NADC risk.
Modeling of Coffee Husks Degradation Process under High Temperature Gasification (HTAG) Regime

The prevailing global warming resulting from climate change is exacerbated by increasing environmental pollution due to high consumption levels of fossil sources of energy including petroleum oils and coal. Effects of climate change would thus provide adverse conditions for possible multiplication of diseases, lowering agricultural productivity, reduction in the availability of safe and clean water, and multiplication of extreme climatic events. Biomass utilization is becoming a subject of increasing interest as one of the attractive alternative solutions to clean fuel production. In order to achieve a sustainable harnessing of the biomass energy potential and to increase its contribution to the world’s primary energy consumption, there is therefore a need to develop and sustain contemporary technologies that increase the biomass-to-energy conversion. This paper investigates a novel gasification process employing high temperature air/steam gasification (HTAG) of biomass that will result in the production of syngas having an improved range of heating values as a direct result of both the gasifier design used and the reactants chosen. In addition to syngas, other products including char and tars produced at varying levels are examined. The technique makes use of highly preheated air to provide additional energy into the gasification process that enhances the thermal decomposition of the gasified solid feedstock materials. The gasification studies conducted are based on the use of coffee husks as feedstock materials under three gasification temperature regimes of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C, whicht shows an increase in syngas production under high temperature. The results show an increase of the amount of CO yield and N2 under 2% O2 concentrations. The recorded amounts of chars left while gasifying at 700°Cand 800°Care respectively 2.4 and 1.5 times than that for the case of 900°C. The estimated kinetic parameter values for the coffee husks derived from thermal degradation analysis exhibits a reaction mechanism of zero order with apparent activation energy of 161 kJ/mol and frequency factor of 3.89104/min. When steam is injected as the oxidation agent, CO evolution yielded is in the tune of 13.1 to 19.5 Vol. %, compared to 20.8 and 23.8 Vol. %,by comparisonwith the case when steam is injected,which gives negative effects on CO evolution obtained when air is used as an oxidation agent. On the other hand H2 evolution is also seen to be favored when steam is used as an oxidation agent.
A nonsteady‐state firn‐densification model for the percolation zone of a glacier

[1] A simple steady status firm-densification model is modified to account for short-term time variations of accumulation rate and surface temperature. The temporal surface-elevation- and mass changes at two sites in the percolation zone of an ice sheet in response to various climate histories are determined. It is shown that a straight-forward translation of observed short-term ice sheet surface-elevation variations into mass changes may be completely misleading, particularly for the percolation zone of the ice sheet, where temperature driven variations of melting/refreezing rates have a strong impact on near surface density. In the lower percolation zone, the mass change associated with a temperature anomaly in respect to the mean climate may for example amount to as little as 10 percent of the observed, simultaneous surface elevation change. Moreover, significant surface elevation change may occur even in periods of constant surface climate, and consequently unchanged mass balance, as a delayed response to previous changes of the local surface climate. Forcing the model with cyclic temperature variations mimicking fluctuations of West Greenland instrumental temperature records during the past hundred years, shows that surface elevation may increase by as much as 1 m in 5 years in periods with no mass change at all. In the lower percolation zone, temperature induced density changes rather than fluctuations of accumulation rate are the dominant cause of short-term surface elevation changes in contrast to the situation in the higher percolation zone, where short-term surface-elevation change is dominated by fluctuations of accumulation rate.
Super-resolution rendering for Digital Earth applications

Digital Earth rendering applications, such as Google Earth and World Wind, allow us to explore real information of the Earth surface. To show the diverse details of the Earth surface, it requires high resolution satellite images. In some cases obtaining high resolution satellite images cost too much and sometimes there are even no such images for the interesting sites. In this paper, we present a method using example-based super-resolution techniques combined with image analogies framework to improve the visual quality of satellite images. Detailed high resolution and low resolution satellite images of the same site are regarded as example pairs to form a super-resolution filter. The filter effectively improves resolution of low-resolution satellite images. Moreover, it preserves the coherence of the images and improves the performance of the Digital Earth applications as well. The proposed method has been tested on the World Wind, experiment results show the effectiveness of our method.
Comparison of Adaptive Factors in Kalman Filters on Navigation Results

The quality of kinematic navigation and positioning depends on the quality of the model describing the vehicle movements and the reliability of the observations. An adaptive Kalman filtering is introduced. Three kinds of adaptive factors based on the discrepancy between the geometrical positions and the kinematic model predictions and a variance component ratio between model predictions and observations are described. A new exponential adaptive factor is established. The theoretical curves of the adaptive factors are drawn and a practical example is given. The errors of four adaptive filtering results and the corresponding curves of the adaptive factors are also drawn. It is shown, by comparison and analysis, that all of the four adaptive factors can control the influences of the vehicle disturbances in movements on the navigation results. The results derived by the adaptive factor constructed by the variance component ratio are slightly better than those derived by other adaptive factors.
An efficient adjustable-layering thermodynamic sea-ice model formulation for high-frequency forcing

Abstract Recent observations suggest that high-frequency forcing events have profound influence on the air-sea-ice interactions in the polar region. Studying these events with sea-ice models requires close examination of the model sensitivity that may arise from the high-frequency variability of the forcing. We show that the maximum layer thickness is dictated by the time-scale of the forcing variability and that the computation of the surface temperature develops enhanced sensitivity at high-frequency forcing. We resolve these constraints by developing an "adjustable-layering" thermodynamic formulation for ice and snow that re-computes the number of layers required each time-step to satisfy this maximum thickness, which preserves the total enthalpy and general internal thermal gradients. The conservation equations form a tri-diagonal system ideal for a fast and efficient implicit solution. Furthermore, we resolve the issue of the high sensitivity of the surface flux balance by solving the linearized version of the flux boundary condition simultaneously with the overall conservation system. In this paper we develop the analyses specifying the model requirements, describe the model system and test its algorithmic implementation.
Mid‐Range Streamflow Forecasts Based on Climate Modeling – Statistical Correction and Evaluation 1

Abstract: Mid‐range streamflow predictions are extremely important for managing water resources. The ability to provide mid‐range (three to six months) streamflow forecasts enables considerable improvements in water resources system operations. The skill and economic value of such forecasts are of great interest. In this research, output from a general circulation model (GCM) is used to generate hydrologic input for mid‐range streamflow forecasts. Statistical procedures including: (1) transformation, (2) correction, (3) observation of ensemble average, (4) improvement of forecast, and (5) forecast skill test are conducted to minimize the error associated with different spatial resolution between the large‐scale GCM and the finer‐scale hydrologic model and to improve forecast skills. The accuracy of a streamflow forecast generated using a hydrologic model forced with GCM output for the basin was evaluated by forecast skill scores associated with the set of streamflow forecast values in a categorical forecast. Despite the generally low forecast skill score exhibited by the climate forecasting approach, precipitation forecast skill clearly improves when a conditional forecast is performed during the East Asia summer monsoon, June through August.
Estimation of triggered‐lightning dart‐stepped‐leader currents from close multiple‐station dE/dt pulse measurements

The modified transmission line model is used to derive the vertically propagating leader‐step currents necessary to radiate measured dart‐stepped‐leader dE/dt pulses from triggered lightning at close range (<400 m) and low altitude (<70 m). The model‐predicted dE/dt pulses were compared with measured dE/dt pulses at nine locations ranging from 27 to 391 m from the channel base for four dE/dt pulses radiated from two triggered dart‐stepped leaders. The dE/dt pulses at the closest station, 27 m, were unipolar, dominated by electrostatic and induction components of the radiated dE/dt, and of opposite polarity to the more distant initial dE/dt peaks. The other, more distant, eight stations exhibited bipolar dE/dt pulses, being more or less dominated by the dE/dt radiation component. The derived leader‐step current has a slow front that precedes a fast transition to peak amplitude followed by a slow decay to zero after several microseconds. For the four modeled dE/dt pulses, the estimated causative leader‐step current peak amplitudes varied from 0.9 to 1.8 kA, the half‐peak widths ranged from 370 to 560 ns, the charge transfers were about 1 mC, and the peak current derivatives were about 10 kA/µs. The upward propagation speeds of the leader‐step current were from 1.1 to 1.5 × 108 m/s with exponential spatial current decay constants from 13 to 27 m. One dE/dt pulse is analyzed in more detail by studying changes in model‐predicted waveforms versus current initiation altitude and by examining the effect of varying model input parameters.
Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models

AbstractThe authors analyze global climate model predictions of soil temperature [from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) database] to assess the models’ representation of current-climate soil thermal dynamics and their predictions of permafrost thaw during the twenty-first century. The authors compare the models’ predictions with observations of active layer thickness, air temperature, and soil temperature and with theoretically expected relationships between active layer thickness and air temperature annual mean- and seasonal-cycle amplitude. Models show a wide range of current permafrost areas, active layer statistics (cumulative distributions, correlations with mean annual air temperature, and amplitude of seasonal air temperature cycle), and ability to accurately model the coupling between soil and air temperatures at high latitudes. Many of the between-model differences can be traced to differences in the coupling between either near-surface air and shallow soil temperatures o.