Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correcting for BIAS in the Canonical Redundancy Statistic

The canonical redundancy statistic, an estimate of the amount of shared variance between two sets of variables, has been proposed as an alternative to the squared canonical correlation coefficient in the interpretation of the results of canonical correlation analysis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the bias of the canonical redundancy statistic and to evaluate methods to correct for any bias. Using Monte Carlo methods, the redundancy statistic was found to exhibit an amount of bias similar to that of the first squared canonical correlation coefficient. Bias is most affected by sample size: bias was observed to decrease by half each time the sample size was doubled. Bias also decreases as the intercorrelations between the two sets of variables increase. The number of predictor and criterion variables, as well as the size of the correlations between variables in each set, have relatively minimal effect on bias. Two formulae, Wherry and Olkin-Pratt, that were developed to estimate the population value of the squared multiple correlation coefficient, were found to correct adequately the bias of the redundancy statistic. As an example of the use and interpretation of canonical redundancy analysis, a set of data relating consumer health values and health behaviors was analyzed. While the results indicate that only a small amount of redundant information is shared between these two sets of measures, the redundancy statistic provides a more conservative interpretation of this overlap than do the squared canonical correlation coefficients.
Image Enhancement and Restoration Using Multiresolution Representations

This paper uses multiresolution representations in two new techniques for image enhancement and restoration. The first method, based on image pyramids, is used for approximating the convolution of an image with a given mask. In this technique, a filter is designed using a least squares (ls) procedure based on filter functions synthesized from the basic pyramid equivalent filters. This approximates the mask frequency characteristic. Next, enhancement involves linearly combining scaled and filtered pyramid levels, using weights obtained from the is procedure. By this method, filtering and pyramid image coding can be combined, efficiently integrating enhancement into the reconstruction procedure for the coded image. The second method is an adaptive noise reduction algorithm. An optimally filtered image is synthesized from the multiresolution levels, which in this case, are maintained at the original sampling density. Individual pixels of the image representation are linearly combined under a minimum mean square error criterion. This uses a local signal to noise ratio estimate to provide the best compromise between noise removal and resolution loss.
A MARKOV CHAIN APPROXIMATION SCHEME FOR A SINGULAR INVESTMENT-CONSUMPTION PROBLEM WITH L ´ EVY DRIVEN STOCK PRICES

We consider an optimal investment-consumption problem for a small investor whose wealth is divided between a riskless asset (a bank account) and a risky asset (a stock) with log-returns following a Levy process. The investor preferences, in contrast to the standard von NeumannMorgenstern time-additive preferences, allow for cumulative consumption patterns with possible jumps/singular sample paths, and they incorporate the notion of local substitution. The dynamic programming equation of this singular stochastic control problem is a degenerate elliptic integrodifferential variational inequality (a free boundary problem). This problem has been thoroughly investigated from an analytical point of view in Benth, Karlsen, and Reikvam [7, 8] (see also [5, 6, 9] for some related problems). Herein we present a Markov chain approximation scheme for solving the investment-consumption problem. A feature of the suggested numerical scheme is that it is based on a simplified dynamic programming equation obtained by approximating the original Levy process by a more simple and tractable (Levy) process which can be written as an independent sum of a drift, a Brownian component, and a finite number of compound Poisson processes. This approximation reduces the integral operator in the dynamic programming equation to a finite series operator. The convergence analysis of the numerical scheme is based on the theory of viscosity solutions and the details can be found in our forthcoming paper [15].
Interscale energy transfer in decaying turbulence and vorticity–strain-rate dynamics in grid-generated turbulence

For decaying homogeneous turbulence, we present two assumptions about the energy spectrum and one on the dissipation rate coefficient Cϵ which, in a high inlet/initial Reynolds number limit, imply that a wide range of wavenumbers exists where the interscale energy flux is dependent on inlet/initial Reynolds number, is negative (kinetic energy is on average transferred from small to high wavenumbers) and is independent of wavenumber but not necessarily of viscosity. Our assumptions about the energy spectrum are not unusual, one concerns the finite nature of the energy and the other its time dependence, and our assumption about Cϵ is inspired by recent wind tunnel and water channel measurements of turbulence generated by fractal and regular grids. We then present a direct numerical simulation of fractal-generated turbulence where the second-order structure function in time exhibits a well-defined 2/3 power law over more than a decade at a position close to the grid where the local Reynolds number Reλ is only about 30 and where there is neither average production of enstrophy nor of strain rate. The Q–R and Qs–Rs diagrams do not have their usual appearance at this position but develop it gradually as the flow progresses downstream and the wide 2/3 power law of the second-order structure function is eroded. It is believed that this is the first time that the spatial development of Q, R, Qs and Rs statistics is obtained for a spatially developing turbulent flow.
Carrier dynamics and microwave characteristics of GaAs-based quantum-well lasers

We investigate the effects of carrier capture and re-emission on the electrical impedance, equivalent circuit, and modulation response of quantum-well (QW) laser diodes. The electrical impedance is shown to be a sensitive function of the time constants associated with carrier capture/transport and carrier re-emission. We compare the theoretical results with measured values of the electrical impedance of high-speed InGaAs-GaAs multiple-quantum-well lasers fabricated using different epilayer structures with a common lateral structure. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model, allowing us to extract the effective carrier escape time and the effective carrier lifetime in the QWs, and to estimate the effective carrier capture/transport time.
On the equations of motion in constrained multibody dynamics

The equations of motion for a constrained multibody system are derived from a continuum mechanical point of view. This will allow for the presence of rigid, as well as deformable, parts in the multibody system together with kinematical constraints. The approach leads to the classical Lagrange–d’Alembert equations of motion under constraint conditions. The generalized forces appearing in the equations of motion are given as expressions involving contact, internal and body forces in the sense of continuum mechanics. A detailed analysis of physical constraint conditions and their implication for the equations of motion is presented. A precise distinction is made between constraints on the motion on the one hand and resistance to the motion on the other. Transformation properties – covariance and invariance under changes of configuration coordinates – are elucidated. The elimination and calculation of the so-called Lagrangian multipliers is discussed and some useful reformulations of the equations of motion are presented. Finally a Power theorem for the constrained multibody system is proved.
Spin-dependent hot electron transport in Ni81Fe19 and Co84Fe16 films on GaAs(001)

Magnetic tunnel transistors are used to study spin-dependent hot electron transport in ferromagnetic Ni 8 1 Fe 1 9 and Co 8 4 Fe 1 6 films deposited on GaAs(001). For both Ni 8 1 Fe 1 9 and Co 8 4 Fe 1 6 the attenuation length of majority electrons is found to decrease with energy, whereas the much smaller attenuation length of minority electrons is found to be nearly constant at electron energies between 1.0 and 1.9 eV above the Fermi level. Contrary to the similarities in the bulk, hot electron scattering at the metal/GaAs interface is found to be much stronger at the Ni 8 1 Fe 1 9 /GaAs(001) interface than at the Co 8 4 Fe 1 6 /GaAs(001) interface.
Bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization for design-dependent fluid pressure loading problems

This article presents an evolutionary topology optimization method for compliance minimization of structures under design-dependent pressure loads. In traditional density based topology optimization methods, intermediate values of densities for the solid elements arise along the iterations. Extra boundary parametrization schemes are demanded when these methods are applied to pressure loading problems. An alternative methodology is suggested in this article for handling this type of load. With an extended bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization method associated with a partially coupled fluid–structure formulation, pressure loads are modelled with hydrostatic fluid finite elements. Due to the discrete nature of the method, the problem is solved without any need of pressure load surfaces parametrization. Furthermore, the introduction of a separate fluid domain allows the algorithm to model non-constant pressure fields with Laplace's equation. Three benchmark examples are explored in order to show the achievements of the proposed method.
A parabolic reflector with asymmetric low sidelobes

A technique for generating low sidelobes on one side of the main lobe for a parabolic reflector antenna is presented. The reflector system that generates such an asymmetric sidelobe pattern consists of a central parabola with two sections of offset parabolas situated at the top and bottom of the central parabola. By adjusting the positions and dimensions of the side reflectors, considerable suppression of the first few sidelobes can be obtained. Further, by similar adjustments it is possible to achieve suppression of sidelobes on both sides of the main beam, though this suppression is relatively less. The technique, though explained in detail with reference to a cylindrical geometry, is extended for a paraboloid of revolution. The analysis program utilized for the optimization of the side reflectors is based on physical optics current integration.
Compression-rate dependence of solidified structure from melt in isotactic polypropylene

Melts of isotactic polypropylene are solidified by compression up to 2.3 GPa at different rates varying from 0.012 to115 GPa s−1, which lies between conventionally static and dynamic compression rate scales. Characterization by x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter of the recovered products indicates that solidified structure is dependent on compression rate. Stable α crystalline is the mainly solidified structure at lower compression rates and the highly disordered mesomorphic phase is solidified at higher compression rates. There exists a very narrow range of compression rates, within which α and mesomorphic phase coexist. For most compression conditions one of the two phases largely predominates on the other one. A critical compression rate to form the mesomorphic phase could be considered in pressure-induced solidification process. A schematic pressure–time-transition diagram is suggested for the studied temperatures. This system could be a model for facilitating the studies of the kinetic nature of pressure-induced phase transitions.
Arguments against a universal base: evidence from Old English

This article presents arguments against a uniform head-initial analysis of Old English clause structure. Three analyses that have been proposed for Old English – variation in the headedness of underlying structure, uniform head-initial structure with object movement, and uniform head-initial structure with pied piping – are presented and evaluated in terms of the Old English data that they are able to account for. In particular, it is argued that the positions of verbs and their complements in constructions with quantified and nonquantified objects, pronominal objects, particles, and double objects cannot be derived without stipulations within uniform head-initial accounts, but can be derived unproblematically within a framework that incorporates a headedness parameter, requiring only a stipulation to block V–O–Aux order.
Symbolic method for simplifying AND-EXOR representations of Boolean functions using a binary-decision technique and a genetic algorithm

An algorithm called XOF.GA is presented which minimises Boolean mult i-output logic functions as multilevel ANDEXOR networks of two-input logic gates. It carries out symbolic simplification, and works from tlhe bottom of a binary variable decision tree to tlhe top, with variable choice determined using a genetic algorithm. Since the algorithm is multi- level in nature, it delivers more compact circuits than two-level ESOP minimisation algorithrrts, such as EXMIN2. it also finds more economical representations than the fixed polarity Ree& Muller method.
Polarized line emission from magnetized accretion flows

We construct models of polarized line emission from magnetized accretion flows and investigate how line circular polarization can be used to infer the dynamics and the physics of the field-channelled flow in AM Herculis systems. We show that the line-polarization characteristics depend strongly on field and velocity gradients in the gas. We identify two regions of the flow which can contribute to the polarized line emission. The first is the funnelled flow out of the orbital plane along undistorted field lines. The second is the flow in the transition region closer to the orbital plane where the field lines are distorted, and the fluid motion changes from ballistic to corotation with the white dwarf. We argue that depending on field orientation and viewing aspect one or the other could dominate. In the high-inclination system AR UMa, the polarized line emission is dominated by field-channelled flow in the transition region. In contrast, in the low-inclination system V884 Her, the polarized line emission appears to be dominated by funnel flow along undistorted field lines.
THE DYNAMICS OF SHAPES

This thesis consists of two parts, connected by one central theme: the dynamics of the "shape of space". To give the reader some inkling of what we mean by "shape of space", consider the fact that the shape of a triangle is given solely by its three internal angles; its position and size in ambient space are irrelevant for this ultimately intrinsic description. Analogously, the shape of a 3 dimensional space is given by a metric up to coordinate and conformal changes. Considerations of a relational nature strongly support the development of such dynamical theories of shape. The first part of the thesis concerns the construction of a theory of gravity dynamically equivalent to general relativity (GR) in 3+1 form (ADM). What is special about this theory is that it does not possess foliation invariance, as does ADM. It replaces that "symmetry" by another: local conformal invariance. In so doing it more accurately reflects a theory of the "shape of space", giving us reason to call it shape dynamics. (SD). Being a very recent development, the consequences of this radical change of perspective on gravity are still largely unexplored. In the first part we will try to present some of the highlights of results so far, and indicate what we can and cannot do with shape dynamics. Because this is a young, rapidly moving field, we have necessarily left out some interesting new results which are not yet in print and were developed alongside the writing of the thesis. The second part of the thesis will develop a gauge theory for "shape of space"--theories. To be more precise, if one admits that the physically relevant bservables are given by shape, our descriptions of Nature carry a lot of redundancy, namely absolute local size and absolute spatial position. This redundancy is related to the action of the infinite-dimensional conformal and diffeomorphism groups on the geometry of space. We will show that the action of these groups can be put into a language of infinite-dimensional gauge theory, taking place in the configuration space of 3+1 gravity. In this context gauge connections acquire new and interesting meanings, and can be used as "relational tools".
Population Projection Variances and Path Analysis

Abstract This note has three mutually complementary themes: (1) the generalization of the nation of a population projection model, in particular its covariance structure, to a more natural statistical setting; (2) the use of Kronecker products of matrices to facilitate both the computation and the analysis of long term behavior of projection covariance matrices, and (3) the basic theory of path analysis in this setting. Associated problems of statistical inference are not treated, the aim being to discuss structure of the models.
Range and bearing estimation using polynomial rooting

Simultaneous estimation of the range and bearing of near-field emitters usually involves a multidimensional search. The authors examine an alternative algorithm which involves search in the range direction combined with polynomial rooting, which replaces the search in the azimuth direction. The proposed algorithm requires a smaller amount of computation than algorithms based on two-dimensional search. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, and is compared to the Cramer-Rao bound on the bearing/range estimation errors. Formulas for computing the bound are derived. >
A statistical comparison of calculated brightness temperatures with aircraft-based observations from 10 to 325 GHz

An appropriate level of detail in the microphysical parameterization of clouds and rain cells is essential to the development of realistic atmospheric forward radiative transfer models. Too much detail can inflate computation time and complexity by supporting meaningless degrees of freedom, while too little detail can result in an inadequate model. The particle phase, size distribution, aggregate density, shape, and dielectric constant govern the absorption and scattering properties of a hydrometeor-laden atmosphere. In order to evaluate hydrometeor parameterizations for wideband (10-325 GHz) RT modelling a statistical comparison was performed between brightness temperatures observed over a mature oceanic convective storm and those calculated for a similar storm using two- and five-phase hydrometeor parameterizations in a planar-stratified RT model. While general agreement is obtained, the comparisons suggest that neither the two-phase nor five-phase model is entirely satisfactory for wideband brightness temperature simulations. <<ETX>>
Kernel Methods for De-noising with Neuroimaging Application

This thesis examines the use of kernel methods for non-linear data analysis. In particular kernel principal component analysis (kPCA) is used for de-noising. In this context, solution of the pre-image problem is a key element to efficient denoising. Pre-image estimation is inherently ill-posed for many common choices of kernel function. In this thesis it is shown, how many of the often used estimation schemes lack stability. A new pre-image estimation method for de-noising is proposed, by including input space distance regularization. By extensive experiments on handwritten digits from the USPS data set, the new method is compared to three of the widely used schemes. Thereby it is shown how the previous methods deteriorate when the feature space mapping is very non-linear. However, by the new input space distance regularization approach the variability is reduced with very limited sacrifice in terms of de-noising efficiency. The pre-image methodology has furthermore been successfully applied to real world biomedical data analysis. Using data from the Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging (Cimbi), it is investigated how kernel PCA de-noising enhances personality trait and brain function correlations. The data set include regional binding potentials (BPs) of the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT2A and the scores from a NEO-PI-R personality assessment. Finally, it is demonstrated how a notable improvement of the correlations between frontolimbic 5-HT2A receptor BP and the traits neuroticism, anxiety, and vulnerability can be achieved by kernel PCA de-noising.
ANALYSIS OF THE DOUBLE-NEGATIVE MATERIALS USING MULTI-DOMAIN PSEUDOSPECTRAL TIME-DOMAIN ALGORITHM

The increasing interest in electromagnetic effects in double-negative (DNG) materials requires a formulation capable of a full analysis of wave propagation in such materials. We develop a novel technique for discretization of the Drude medium model and adopt multi-domain pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm and well-posed PML formulation to analysis the plane wave scattering properties of a single circular cylinder and a periodic array of the circular cylinders fabricated from the Drude medium. The simulation results show accuracy of the proposed constitutive equationdiscretization scheme.
Stereological analysis of ice flow-induced preferred orientation of small clasts in tertiary tillite matrix of Mt Feather

The Sirius Group tillite at Mt Feather, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, is a deposit of considerable importance to tl1e early glacial history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. We investigate the power of stereological analysis for a11 objective (determination of the preferred direction of small clasts (< 5 mm) in two cores and, hence, in two core samples drawn at different depths below the tillite surface. Orthogonal sets of vertical thin sections were prepared on this core material. Images measuring 34x22 mm were prepared of 14 subareas, jointly representing most of the area, of at vertical thin section. From each of these sub-areas, a ﬁeld of constant 340x340 pp-size was analysed. This involved at systematic line scanning operation, in which the number of intersections between particle traces and the line system was determined. To reduce structural scatter, the resulting 14 roses of the number-of-intersections were averaged per vertical section. These roses reveal the signal coming from the preferred orientation of the clasts to be weak, but above the sensitivity level of the approach. However, this signal is camouﬂaged by the effect of digitization on the intersection counts, preventing under the present conditions to assess a reliable estimate for the tilt angle of the clasts.
Sensitive OH observations towards 16 supernova remnants

Les observations radio dans la raie OH a 1.667 GHz en direction de 16 restes de supernovae sont presentees. Ces observations ont pour but de rechercher des caracteristiques d'absorption afin d'identifier les restes qui interagissent avec des nuages moleculaires et produisent des especes excitees par chocs