Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a Social Capital Theory of Director Selection

Our study informs practicing managers, because we describe how and why most research and public discussion has emphasized the role of directors as monitors of managers and this has significantly downplayed the role of directors in providing advice, counsel, and other resources to their organizations. We provide a strong logic for seeking directors with specific types of social capital (internal or external) under specific contexts. We argue that: 1) social capital can be divided into internal and external dimensions according to its locus and function; 2) both internal and external social capital are associated with board composition through director selection, although the causal logic differs considerably; 3) the influences of social capital on director selection vary according to the context; and 4) both internal social capital and external social capital generate unique resources that are important to board effectiveness. We take steps toward a theory of director selection, explaining how social capital at the individual-level influences director selection and at the group level influences board effectiveness. At the individual level, social capital is defined as the interpersonal linkages that director candidates have to others, both inside and outside the firm. At the group level, board social capital is an asset that includes both relations of directors and potential resources arising from the relations. Our study evaluates the role of social capital in new director selection, board composition, and board effectiveness.
Severe Life-Threatening Diarrhea Caused by Azathioprine but Not by 6-Mercaptopurine

Azathioprine and its active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine are of increasing importance in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Most of the toxicity and the side effects of the medications are well known. However, it is relatively unknown that azathioprine toxicity itself can produce devastating diarrhea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. This leads to great difficulties in differential diagnosis. We describe 2 patients with severe intestinal toxicity. This was life-threatening in 1 patient after reintroducing the drug. We therefore believe that any rechallenge with azathioprine should be only undertaken in a controlled hospital environment when a reaction to azathioprine is suspected. In addition, we found that this devastating intestinal toxicity did not reoccur after rechallenge with its active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therefore cannot be used interchangeably.
Second chance education matters! Income trajectories of poorly educated non-Nordics in Sweden

In this study we examine the long-term impact of second chance education (SCE) on incomes of poorly educated individuals who live in Sweden but were not born in a Nordic country, using data on income changes from 1992 to 2003 compiled by Statistics Sweden. Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses show that participation in SCE increased the work income of non-Nordics by a higher percentage than that of Nordics. The results also indicate that much of the effects of SCE on non-Nordics are related to increases in “Sweden-specific” human capital, rather than increases in their educational level per se, which seems to provide a form of ‘endowment insurance’ that improves their labour market position in Sweden. Relying on the theoretical framework of the Capability Approach, we conclude that such effects are related to the instrumental economic value of individuals’ capability to be educated, as well as the value of material well-being.
Growth, distribution and prices

What determines the rate of growth, the distribution of income, and the structure of relative prices under capitalism? What, in short, makes capitalist economies tick? This watershed treatise analyzes the answers to these questions provided by three major theoretical traditions: neoclassical, neo-Marxian, and neo-Keynesian. Until now, the mutual criticism exchanged by partisans of the different traditions has focused disproportionately on the logical shortcomings of rival theories, or on such questions as whether or not input-output relationships can be described by a continuous-substitution production function.In this book, these are at best secondary issues. The real distinguishing features of the theories, for Marglin, are their characterization of labor markets and capital accumulation. For clarity, Marglin first sets out the essential features of each theory in the context of a common production model with a single good and a fixed-coefficient technology. He then formalizes the different theories as alternative ways of closing the model. In subsequent chapters he examines the effects of relaxing key simplifying assumptions, in particular the characterization of technology and the homogeneity of output and capital. And although his primary emphasis is theoretical, he does not ignore the problem of empirically testing the theories. Finally, he synthesizes the insights of the neo-Marxian and neo-Keynesian models into a single model that transcends the shortcomings of each taken separately.Marglin anticipates that partisans of the different traditions will agree on one point: each will allow that the book reveals the shortcomings of the other theories but will insist that it fails utterly to reflect the power and majesty of one's own particular brand of truth. "Growth, Distribution, and Prices" will be controversial, but it will not be ignored.
Europe’s Defence Dilemma

Fifteen years ago, the European Union (EU) launched a Common European Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Since then, the CSDP has been the focus of a growing body of political and scholarly evaluations. While most commentators have acknowledged shortfalls in European military capabilities, many remain cautiously optimistic about the CSDP’s future. This article uses economic alliance theory to explain why EU member states have failed, so far, to create a potent common defence policy and to evaluate the policy’s future prospects. It demonstrates, through theoretical, case study-based and statistical analysis, that CSDP is more prone to collective action problems than relevant institutional alternatives, and concludes that the best option for Europeans is to refocus attention fully on cooperation within a NATO framework.
Recovery of Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) from Coagulated Ralstoniaeutropha Using a Chemical Digestion Method

For economic recovery of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) from culture broths of Ralstonia eutropha containing PHB, Al‐based and Fe‐based coagulants were used in the pretreatment step. The coagulated cells were then separated by centrifugation, and PHB was extracted by chemical digestion with a sodium hypochlorite/chloroform dispersion solution. The practical upper limits of dosage were found to be 1,500 mg‐Al/L and 1,000 mg‐Fe/L, respectively, for Al‐ and Fe‐based coagulants. When the harvested cells were treated with a 50% sodium hypochlorite/chloroform dispersion solution, PHB recovery and purity were 90−94% and 98−99%, respectively. The influence of the use of coagulants on the PHB recovery process was found to be insignificant. Despite the residual Al and Fe in the recovered PHB (less than 450 mg‐Al/kg‐PHB and 750 mg‐Fe/kg‐PHB, respectively), no detectable amounts of Al and Fe were leached from films made of the recovered PHB under acidic conditions. The use of Fe‐based coagulants is less recommended because the Fe impurity can cause an unwanted colorization problem in the final product.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Discontinuation of Long-Term Antipsychotics in Dementia

The objectives of this randomized clinical trial were to investigate the impact of the discontinuation of long-term antipsychotics in residents with dementia in chronic care institutions and to identify clinical predictors of safe discontinuation. Subjects included 34 residents with dementia who were on antipsychotics for more than 6 months and whose behavior was currently stable. Subjects were randomized to either continue receiving their regular dosage of antipsychotics or to receive placebo for 6 months. Early withdrawal from the study was not statistically different between the groups (relative risk [RR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–3.26), and though not significantly different, subjects in the placebo group were more likely to be withdrawn from the study because of worsening behavior (RR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.33–4.76). Three subjects in the placebo group were withdrawn from the study due to worsening of extrapyramidal symptoms. The active treatment group had more behavioral problems (e.g., physical aggression towards others, p < .05) compared to the placebo group. The placebo group developed more apathy, but balancing this outcome was a relative improvement in congitive functioning. Baseline antipsychotic dose was predictive of behavioral worsening upon discontinuation of long-term antipsychotic drugs. The primary limitation of the study was the small sample size. In conclusion, a trial of discontinuation of antipsychotics should be considered in this population.
Does longer compulsory education equalize educational attainment by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background?

This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey—which substantially increased the grade completion rates not only during the new compulsory years but also during the high school years—on the equality of educational outcomes among various subpopulations. While longer compulsory schooling decreases the educational gap for most subgroups—in particular, the gender gap in rural areas, the ethnic gap among men in both urban and rural areas, and the ethnic gap among women in urban areas; at the same time, it increases the gender gap in urban areas as well as the ethnic gap among women in rural areas. For instance, the gap in the 8th grade completion rate between ethnic Turkish and Kurdish women in rural areas increases from 22.5 to 44.6 percentage points for the 1989 birth-cohort. These findings suggest that the differences among subpopulations in the change in schooling costs (both monetary and psychic) during the new compulsory schooling years, in the costs of non-compliance with the policy, in labor force participation, and in the drop-out behavior in earlier grades are the key underlying factors.
The Impact of Immunization on Competition Within Plasmodium Infections

Abstract Evolutionary theory argues that ecological interactions between pathogens within an infection can be a potent source of selection shaping traits such as virulence, drug resistance, and infectiousness. In humans, malaria infections are frequently genetically diverse, with mixed genotype infections the norm. A wide variety of evidence shows that crowding occurs within infections, with the population densities of individual genotypes suppressed by the presence of others. Public health interventions are expected to impact on levels of immunity experienced by pathogens, indirectly by reducing the rate of acquisition of natural immunity by reducing the force of infection, and directly in the case of vaccination programs. Here we ask how enhanced host immunity affects competitive interactions between malaria parasites within hosts and thus the strength of in-host selection on traits such as virulence. We used a model malaria system, Plasmodium chabaudi in laboratory mice, where it has been previously shown that less virulent parasites are competitively suppressed by more virulent strains, generating within-host selection for increased virulence. We found that immunization with either a recombinant antigen or with live parasites suppressed parasite densities, but that there was no evidence that immunization relieved or exacerbated competitive suppression, or affected the relative frequency of clones within infections. There is thus no reason to think that immunization strengthens or alleviates the potentially very potent selection on parasite traits arising from interactions between pathogen genotypes within infections.
Wage Determination: An Assessment of Returns to Education, Occupation, Region and Industry in Great Britain

Between 1978 and 1985 wages of male employees rose by nearly 30 percent. The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the determinants of individual wages in an attempt to account for this rise in real wages. We estimate a time series of cross-section wage equations for male employees in Great Britain using individual level data from the Family Expenditure Surveys for the period 1978 to 1985. Before demonstrating how a time series of cross-sections can be fruitfully used in accounting for growth in real wages, we pay special attention to returns to education. In particular, those in our sample hav been affected by several changes to the statutory minimum school leaving age. We test whether it is the absolute or the relative level of education in comparison to the minimum school leaving age that matters with regard to wage determination. To account for the change in real wages, we decompose the rise in gross average hourly earnings into two components: an element due to changes in the coefficients and another representing the effects of change in the variables themselves. We find that although variables demographic shifts. , represented by changes in the variables, account for a notable proportion of the change in the real wage, the major influence is associated with changes in the coefficients.
The prospective study of autotransplanted severely impacted developing premolars: periodontal status and the long-term outcome.

AIMS To determine the periodontal status and long-term outcomes of the surgical treatment of severely impacted developing premolars. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine impacted and adversely angulated second premolars (four maxillary and five mandibular) were autotransplanted from their initial position to the ideal position within the arches (trans-alveolar autotransplantation). The mean age of patients at the time of the surgery was 13 years and 9 months (from 11 years and 5 months to 17 years) and the mean observation period was 5 years (from 2 to 8 years and 6 months). Naturally erupted, contralateral premolars in the same patients were used for comparison. RESULTS The survival and success were 100%. Autotransplanted premolars did not differ statistically from their controls, except for having a wider zone of keratinized gingiva (mean difference 0.625 mm), increased probing depths (from 0.04 to 0.49 mm depending on the probing location), pulp canal obliteration and a slightly higher crown-to-root ratio (C/R = 0.71 for transplanted teeth and C/R = 0.6 for control teeth respectively). CONCLUSIONS Trans-alveolar transplantation of severely impacted and adversely angulated developing premolars is a viable treatment option and an attractive alternative to other treatment modalities.
Creativity and Space: the opportunity of an urban creative jewellery cluster

Abstract The objective of the article is to explore the relative determinants of firms' performance in the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter (BJQ) considering creativity and innovation; firms' access to the market and networking. The article utilizes qualitative and quantitative analyses and aims to ascertain the role of firms' commitment to developing an in-house or external creative capacity on their ability to grow. The novelty of the article is to consider a potential creative cluster, the jewellery cluster in the BJQ, and to analyse its growth drivers including creativity.
Novel histamine H4 receptor ligands and their potential therapeutic applications: an update

Introduction: Histamine H4 receptor (H4R) has been shown to be involved in various inflammatory conditions. Ligands acting on H4R show therapeutic potential in various diseases. For the first time, the positive proof-of-concept clinical trials of the H4 antagonist JNJ39758979 have demonstrated this potential in histamine-induced pruritus. Besides role of H4R in inflammatory conditions, preclinical results in cancer, neuropathic pain, vestibular disorders and type 2 diabetes show the diverse signaling network modulated by H4R. This suggests further potential for H4 ligands in such diseases. Areas covered: In this review, we have summarized patent applications and papers of the H4R field published between 2012 and 2014. Additionally, we have analyzed the quality of the already described H4 ligands in terms of their ligand efficiency, lipophilic ligand efficiency and lipophilicity-corrected ligand efficiency. Expert opinion: We demonstrate that the number of published patent applications reached a maximum in 2009 and showed some decrease in the last few years. On the other hand, the field is still very lively, reflected by the numerous publications on novel potential therapeutic applications. The favorable property profile of H4 ligands in development shows promise for the upcoming human clinical trials.
Disease progression and treatment response of idiopathic epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Australian Shepherds (ASs) occurs worldwide but there is a lack of description of the epilepsy syndrome in this breed. The ABCB1-1Δ mutation is more prevalent in ASs than in many other dog breeds. HYPOTHESIS Australian Shepherds suffer from a poorly controlled IE syndrome with prevailing severe courses. Seizure control and ABCB1-1Δ mutation might be related in this breed. ANIMALS Fifty ASs diagnosed with IE and 50 unaffected ASs. METHODS Predominant study design is a longitudinal cohort study. Pedigrees, medical records, seizure, and treatment data of ASs with IE were analyzed descriptively. Sex, color, and the ABCB1-1Δ genotype were compared between case and control groups and ASs with poorly or well-controlled seizures. Differences in survival times were assessed by logrank tests and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Idiopathic epilepsy in ASs is dominated by moderate and severe clinical courses with the occurrence of cluster seizures and status epilepticus and a high seizure frequency. Poor seizure control and a high initial seizure frequency (≥10 seizure days/first 6 months) are associated with shorter survival times (P < .05). Poor seizure control, unrelated to the ABCB1(MDR1) genotype, is evident in 56% of epileptic ASs. Pedigree analysis suggests a genetic basis. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Frequent severe clinical courses, poor seizure control unrelated to the ABCB1(MDR1) genotype, and a young age at death compromise animal welfare and warrant further genetic studies to unravel the underlaying molecular mechanisms of IE and seizure control in the breed.
Trajectory and Data Planning for Mobile Relay to Enable Efficient Internet Access after Disasters

Our experiences in East Japan Earthquake show that disasters will cause a large-scale network interruption due to serious damage of existing network infrastructures. To enable Internet connection before network service restoration, which is usually time-consuming, we propose to use a mobile relay to carry data for several isolated communities formed after disasters. Specifically, we consider that only one community has the Internet connection, and data from Internet need to be carried to other communities by the mobile relay. The data downloading performance of each community is evaluated by the utility of obtained data minus the penalty of corresponding latency. With the objective of maximizing the poorest performance among communities, we formulate a max-min problem to optimize the trajectory of the mobile relay and its carried data volume for each community. Due to the NP-hardness of this problem, we propose a genetic algorithm by representing the trajectories of mobile relay as chromosomes that evolve to approximate the optimal solution. The fitness of each chromosome is evaluated by optimizing the data volume carried for each community. Extensive simulations are conducted to show that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms existing algorithms.
Role of IL-6 and TNF in thermoregulation and survival during sepsis in mice

Leon, Lisa R. , Andrew A. White, and Matthew J. Kluger. Role of IL-6 and TNF in thermoregulation and survival during sepsis in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 44): R269–R277, 1998. — Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) have been implicated as key mediators in inflammation, morbidity, and mortality associated with sepsis. We examined the role of IL-6 and TNF-a signaling on hypothermia, fever, cachexia, anorexia, and survival during sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in male and female gene knockout mice. Male wild-type mice developed an initial hypothermia and subsequent fever during sepsis. Male IL-6 knockout mice did not develop fever; rather, they maintained a profound hypothermia during sepsis. Male TNF p55/p75 receptor (TNFR) knockout mice had attenuated hypothermia, but developed a virtually identical fever as wild-type mice. Cachexia did not differ between male wild-type and IL-6 or TNFR knockout mice, whereas anorexia was prolonged in IL-6 knockout mice. Due to the rapid lethality of sepsis in female mice, survival was the only variable we were able to statistically compare among female genotypes. Female wildtype mice had significantly decreased survival compared with male wild-type mice. Survival was significantly enhanced in male and female TNFR knockout mice compared with their wild-type controls. Lack of IL-6 did not affect male or female lethality. These data support the hypothesis that IL-6 is a key mediator of fever and food intake, whereas TNF is responsible for the initial hypothermia and lethality of sepsis in both sexes of mice. The enhanced lethality of CLP-treated female mice supports a role for sex steroids during sepsis.
Printed-circuit board (PCB) charge induced product yield-loss during the final test

The voltage to damage a chip under the ESD test is often higher than several hundred volts. However, we have observed that the voltage below 6V still can damage the chip to induce the yield-loss of a product in the production line. It is because that the voltage is high enough to damage the components of the low voltage circuits (1.8V), but is still too low to turn on the ESD protection device.
L'évolution des inégalités sociales de tabagisme au cours du cycle de vie : une analyse selon le sexe et la génération

[fre] Comment evoluent les inegalites sociales dans la consommation de tabac en France selon l’âge et les generations ? Afin de repondre a cette question, les donnees du Barometre sante recueillies en 2010 aupres de 27 653 personnes ont ete mobilisees pour reconstruire de facon retrospective le parcours tabagique de trois cohortes de naissance (1941-1955, 1956-1970 et 1971-1985). L’evolution des inegalites de tabagisme est etudiee a partir de la comparaison des prevalences du tabagisme calculees a chaque âge selon le niveau de diplome, le sexe et la generation puis a l’aide d’un indice relatif d’inegalite estime a l’aide de regressions logistiques. Les resultats montrent qu’apres avoir ete plus frequent parmi les plus diplomes, le tabagisme a recule dans ces milieux, alors qu’il continue de progresser parmi les groupes moins diplomes. Cette analyse confirme egalement le decalage d’une generation chez les femmes par rapport aux hommes dans la diffusion du tabagisme, meme si les niveaux de prevalence sont aujourd’hui forts pour les deux sexes. L’importance des inegalites sociales face au tabagisme ressort aux âges jeunes, pour toutes les cohortes et pour les deux sexes. Pour les cohortes les plus anciennes, les inegalites s’amenuisent au cours de la vie jusqu’a s’inverser chez les femmes. Pour la cohorte la plus recente, les inegalites restent a un niveau eleve tout au long du cycle de vie et tendent a s’accentuer apres 25 ans pour les femmes. Sur la base de ce constat, il pourrait etre efficace de cibler les politiques de prevention du tabagisme selon les groupes sociaux et selon les âges de la vie, et en particulier d’axer les efforts sur la prevention de l’entree dans le tabagisme dans les milieux les moins diplomes.