Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S4 Tables S1 and S2 References and Notes Hox10 and Hox11 Genes Are Required to Globally Pattern the Mammalian Skeleton

fungi, and plants), apparently lack many proteins used by animals for sig-naling and adhesion. Therefore, choanoflagel-lates, with their closer evolutionary relationship to animals (4–7) and their expression of signal-ing and cell adhesion protein homologs, are more informative for studies of animal origins. The existence in unicellular choanoflagel-lates of proteins used for cell adhesion and signal transduction in animals prompts the question of their ancestral function in the progenitor of animals and choanoflagellates. Despite the apparent simplicity of the cho-anoflagellate lifestyle, it is possible that cho-anoflagellate homologs of animal proteins perform similar biochemical functions within a unicellular context. For instance, TKs may act in choanoflagellates to detect changes in the extracellular environment, as we have demonstrated through their response to nutrient availability. In addition, animal cell adhesion proteins, such as the cadherins, may derive from ancestral proteins that stabilized the interactions between protozoan cells during conjugation or colony formation. Proteins that mediate cell attachment or defense against pathogens in animals may have evolved from proteins required for prey recognition and capture. C-type lectins might allow choanoflagellates to distinguish between and capture different bacterial species by binding specific sugar groups displayed on bacterial cell walls. Targeted manipulations of gene function in choanoflagellates will be necessary to test hypotheses about the ancestral roles of these conserved molecules. We have sampled just a fraction of the choanoflagellate proteome. The diversity of choanoflagellate proteins predicted to function in cell interactions suggests that additional proteins shared exclusively with animals will be discovered through sequencing the entire choanoflagellate genome. Of particular interest will be the repertoire of transcription factors and the potential representation of families of proteins that regulate cell differentiation and development in animals. It may then be possible to determine whether entire regulatory pathways linking receptor-based signaling inputs to gene regulation and cell behavior predate the origin of animals. and human genomes have revealed a set of protein domains conserved among Bilateria and absent from yeast (25, 26). However, because the Bilateria represent a recent derivation within the Metazoa and the Fungi diverged from the animal lineage long before the transition to multicellularity, comparisons limited to fungal and bilaterian animal genomes do not reveal the complexity of the ancestral animal genome. Olds for assistance with graphics; J. Holt for computing support; and B. Hersh and C. Malone for critical reading of the manuscript. N.K. is supported by an NIH postdoctoral fellowship (GM-20734) and C.T. H. Mice …
Relationship between Neuronal Loss and Interictal Glucose Metabolism during the Chronic Phase of the Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy in the Immature and Adult Rat

The lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of epilepsy reproduces most of the features of human temporal lobe epilepsy. After having studied the metabolic changes occurring during the silent phase, in the present study, we explored the relationship between interictal metabolic changes and neuronal loss during the chronic phase following status epilepticus (SE) induced by Li-Pilo in 10-day-old (P10), 21-day-old (P21), and adult rats. Rats were observed and their EEG was recorded to detect the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Local cerebral glucose utilization was measured during the interictal period of the chronic phase, between 2 and 7 months after SE, by the [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose method in rats subjected to SE at P10, P21, or as adults. Neuronal damage was assessed by cell counting on adjacent cresyl violet stained sections. When SE was induced at P10, rats did not become epileptic, did not develop lesions and cerebral glucose utilization was in the normal range 7 months later. When SE was induced in adult rats, they all became epileptic after a mean duration of 25 days and developed lesions in the forebrain limbic areas, which were hypometabolic during the interictal period of the chronic phase, 2 months after SE. When SE was induced in P21 rats, 24% developed SRS, and in 43% seizures could be triggered (TS) by handling, after a mean delay of 74 days in both cases. The remaining 33% did not become epileptic (NS). The three groups of P21 rats developed quite comparable lesions mainly in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, lateral thalamus, and entorhinal cortex; at 6 months after SE, the forebrain was hypometabolic in NS and TS rats while it was normo- to slightly hypermetabolic in SRS rats. These data show that interictal metabolic changes are age-dependent. Moreover, there is no obvious correlation, in this model, between interictal hypometabolism and neuronal loss, as reported previously in human temporal lobe epilepsy.
Multimodal Systemic and Intra-articular Analgesics

Ambulatory surgery encompasses the majority of surgical procedures performed in the United States. The number of procedures performed on an ambulatory basis has increased owing to improvements in surgical technology, anesthetic techniques, and pharmacology—specifically analgesic agents. The latter is important as there is an increasing trend of performing more painful procedures on an outpatient basis. Inadequate management of pain or side effects from medications (such as opioids) can lead to decreased patient satisfaction and delayed discharge. Multimodal analgesia captures the effectiveness of individual agents in optimal dosages that maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. This important concept includes the theory that agents with different mechanisms of analgesia may have synergistic effects in preventing or treating pain. Joshi offered guidelines on constructing a multimodal analgesia strategy that, in addition to regional or local anesthesia, included scheduled administration of nonopioid analgesics [eg, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors] using oral opioids only for breakthrough pain. Successful regimens for outpatient (and inpatient) procedures have since been proposed that follow these principles. These regimens must be tailored to individual patients, keeping in mind the procedure being performed, side effects of individual medications, and patients’ preexisting medical conditions.
Oligoribonuclease is a common downstream target of lithium-induced pAp accumulation in Escherichia coli and human cells

We identified Oligoribonuclease (Orn), an essential Escherichia coli protein and the only exonuclease degrading small ribonucleotides (5mer to 2mer) and its human homologue, small fragment nuclease (Sfn), in a screen for proteins that are potentially regulated by 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate (pAp). We show that both enzymes are sensitive to micromolar amounts of pAp in vitro. We also demonstrate that Orn can degrade short DNA oligos in addition to its activity on RNA oligos, similar to what was documented for Sfn. pAp was shown to accumulate as a result of inhibition of the pAp-degrading enzyme by lithium, widely used to treat bipolar disorder, thus its regulatory targets are of significant medical interest. CysQ, the E.coli pAp-phosphatase is strongly inhibited by lithium and calcium in vitro and is a main target of lithium toxicity in vivo. Our findings point to remarkable conservation of the connection between sulfur- and RNA metabolism between E.coli and humans.
Occludin-deficient Embryonic Stem Cells Can Differentiate into Polarized Epithelial Cells Bearing Tight Junctions

Occludin is the only known integral membrane protein of tight junctions (TJs), and is now believed to be directly involved in the barrier and fence functions of TJs. Occludin-deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells were generated by targeted disruption of both alleles of the occludin gene. When these cells were subjected to suspension culture, they aggregated to form simple, and then cystic embryoid bodies (EBs) with the same time course as EB formation from wild-type ES cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy and ultrathin section electron microscopy revealed that polarized epithelial (visceral endoderm-like) cells were differentiated to delineate EBs not only from wild-type but also from occludin-deficient ES cells. Freeze fracture analyses indicated no significant differences in number or morphology of TJ strands between wild-type and occludin-deficient epithelial cells. Furthermore, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, a TJ-associated peripheral membrane protein, was still exclusively concentrated at TJ in occludin-deficient epithelial cells. In good agreement with these morphological observations, TJ in occludin-deficient epithelial cells functioned as a primary barrier to the diffusion of a low molecular mass tracer through the paracellular pathway. These findings indicate that there are as yet unidentified TJ integral membrane protein(s) which can form strand structures, recruit ZO-1, and function as a barrier without occludin.
Extraction of crisp logical rules from medical datasets

Three neural-based methods for extraction of logical rules from data are presented. These methods facilitate conversion of graded response neural networks into networks performing logical functions. MLP2LN method tries to convert a standard MLP into a network performing logical operations. C-MLP2LN is a constructive algorithm creating such MLP networks. Logical interpretation is assured by adding constraints to the cost function, forcing the weights to±1 or 0. Skeletal networks emerge ensuring that a minimal number of logical rules are found. In both methods rules covering many training examples are generated before more specific rules covering exceptions. The third method, FSM2LN, is based on the probability density estimation. Results of application of these methods to the hypothyroid and hepar datasets are presented.
Reform of United States Weapons Acquisition Policy: Competition, Teaming Agreements, and Dual- Sourcing

Attaining an adequate level of defense at an acceptable cost is as vital and elusive a goal as any the United States has pursued since World War II. No aspect of this goal has proven more vexing than the search for an effective process for purchasing armaments of reasonable price, satisfactory performance, and timely delivery. ' News accounts abound with reports of serious deficiencies in weapons projects that are central to this country's defense. 2 Recently, the Department of Defense (DOD) and the
A low leakage and SNM free SRAM cell design in deep sub micron CMOS technology

As the IC process technology scales, the oxide thickness and operating voltage continues to decrease. The gate oxide thickness in recent and future IC process technology has approached the limit when direct tunneling causes gate leakage in both on state and off state of MOSFET transistor operation modes. Also, lower operating voltage will lower the stability of SRAM cell resulting in lower value of static noise margin. In this paper, a novel read '0' static noise margin (SNM) free eight transistors (8T) SRAM cell is proposed that reduces gate leakage power in the zero state, taking into consideration the fact that in ordinary program most of the bits stored in caches are zeros for both the data and instruction streams. Compared to conventional six transistors (6T) SRAM cell, new 8TSRAM cell reduces total leakage by 50.2% in the zero state at low temperature, where gate leakage is dominant. High V/sub T/ transistors in 8T SRAM cell can be used to further reduce both gate and sub threshold leakage. This new high V/sub T/ 8T SRAM cell reduces total leakage by 60% in zero state at highest temperature. The 8T SRAM cell is SNM free in read operation for the case when cell stores logic '0'. Interestingly, new cell improves SNM by 2.2 times as compared to conventional 6T SRAM cell in read operation and standby mode for the case when cell stores logic '1'.
Trade liberalization and inequality : a dynamic model with rm and worker heterogeneity ∗

A vast literature demonstrates that trade liberalization is associated with higher wage inequality. Nearly the entire literature considers comparative statics or steady states, which ignore dynamics and of necessity feature monotonic changes. I address these limitations by developing a micro-founded model that emphasizes the dynamics of reallocation between heterogeneous rms and workers in the presence of costly labor adjustments. Trade liberalization provides rms both new export markets and new sources of competition. Expanding high-paying rms increase wages to recruit better workers faster. Workers at rms threatened by competition accept wage cuts to delay their employers' exit and keep their job. This provides novel implications for both aggregate and withinrm inequality across a distribution of rm types. I show that key mechanisms of the model are consistent with a range of facts using matched rm-worker data from France. Results from the calibrated model suggest an overshooting of inequality on the path to a new steady state. This is consistent with evidence based on an event study of recent liberalization episodes. Inequality appears to peak about six years after liberalization, with one-fourth of the overshooting disappearing in the following ten years. ∗I am grateful to Donal Davis, Jonathan Vogel and David Weinstein for their advice and guidance, Amit Khandelwal, Eric Verhoogen, Bernard Salanié, Julien Prat, Paul Piveteau, Antonio Miscio, Ildiko Magyari for comments and suggestions. Part of this research was conducted while I was visiting the Center for Research in Economics and Statistics; I thank them for their hospitality. I also would like to thank the Program for Economic Research and the Jerome A. Chazen Institute of International Business for nancial support. This work is also supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the "Investissements d'avenir" program (reference : ANR-10-EQPX-17 d'accès sécurisé aux données CASD) . All remaining errors are mine. †Address: 1022 International A airs Building, Mail Code 3308, New York, NY 10027, USA; telephone: 1-917-3315847; e-mail: mb3413@columbia.edu; website: www.columbia.edu/∼mb3413
Robot assisted maintenance strategy in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, a robot assisted maintenance strategy (RAMS) which aims to balance the coverage rate and maintenance cost was proposed. In this strategy, we firstly analyzed the coverage and energy consumption model. And then a network health indicator which considering the coverage rate and residual energy in each node was proposed. Mathematically, the network health indicator is a cost function. So the network maintenance was formulated into cost optimization problem. Since the selection of candidate nodes which to be redeployed is very complexity, so the particle swarm optimal algorithm was employed to reduce the computation complexity. Finally, the robot was employed to repair the networks. Simulation results show that in comparison with random, uniform, and Delaney algorithm, the proposed RAMS can achieve relatively high coverage rate with much longer maintenance period.
Characterization of aquatic bacteria and cloning of genes specifying partial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Water samples from rivers, streams, ponds, and activated sewage were tested for the presence of bacteria which utilize 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a sole source of carbon. Seventy percent of the attempted enrichments yielded pure cultures of 2,4-D-metabolizing bacteria. All but 1 of the 30 isolates were gram-negative rods, all but 2 were motile, and all were nonfermentative and oxidase and catalase positive. Nine isolates had DNA guanine-plus-cytosine values of 61.1 to 65 mol%. One isolate had a 67 mol% guanine-plus-cytosine value. The results suggest that these 2,4-D-metabolizing bacteria belong to the genus Alcaligenes. Fourteen of 23 isolates contained one or more detectable plasmids of about 20, 60, or 100 megadaltons. HindIII restriction fragment patterns showed these plasmids to be different from each other with one exception. Very similar restriction fragment patterns were revealed with a plasmid isolated from an Alcaligenes eutrophus strain obtained from Australia (pJMP397) and in an Alcaligenes sp. isolated in Oregon (pEML159). These two plasmids were about 56 megadaltons, had the same guanine-plus-cytosine value, were transmissable, and coded for 2,4-D metabolism and resistance to HgCl2. Hybridization of these two plasmids was demonstrated by using nick-translated 32P-labeled pJMP397. The vector pBR325 was used to clone HindIII fragments from pEML159. One cloned fragment of 14.8 megaldaltons expressed in Escherichia coli the ability to release 14CO2 from 2,4-D labeled in the acetate portion.
Performance Analysis of DSR: on 802.11 and CSMA Protocols

This paper describes a simulation based performance analysis of DSR on the basis of comparison between 802.11 and CSMA protocols. Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) provides simple and efficient routing for multihop ad-hoc network of mobile nodes. It utilises a specially designed framework which builds on the Global Mobile Information System Simulator (GloMoSim). Some optimizations of DSR have already been implemented in GloMoSim. Several different simulation results show that performance got better by 802.11 MAC layer protocol.
Uplink sum-rate analysis of a multicell system with feedback

The capacity region of a Multiple Access Channel can be increased by feedback to the sources, since feedback enables cooperative transmission. Focusing on a linear cellular system (as for a highway or a corridor), a novel transmission strategy is proposed that exploits feedback from the neighboring mobile stations (MSs). The strategy enables cooperative communications via ldquoanalog network codingrdquo (i.e., broadcasting and interference cancellation via side information) to exchange signalling information among MSs. Numerical results show that the proposed technique provides gains over non-cooperative strategies in the low-signal-to-noise-ratio regime.
Odor-Based Recognition of Familiar and Related Conspecifics: A First Test Conducted on Captive Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)

Studies of kin recognition in birds have largely focused on parent-offspring recognition using auditory or visual discrimination. Recent studies indicate that birds use odors during social and familial interactions and possibly for mate choice, suggesting olfactory cues may mediate kin recognition as well. Here, we show that Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), a natally philopatric species with lifetime monogamy, discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar non-kin odors (using prior association) and between unfamiliar kin and non-kin odors (using phenotype matching). Penguins preferred familiar non-kin odors, which may be associated with the recognition of nest mates and colony mates and with locating burrows at night after foraging. In tests of kin recognition, penguins preferred unfamiliar non-kin odors. Penguins may have perceived non-kin odors as novel because they did not match the birds' recognition templates. Phenotype matching is likely the primary mechanism for kin recognition within the colony to avoid inbreeding. To our knowledge this is the first study to provide evidence of odor-based kin discrimination in a bird.
Greedy routing life time consideration on Location base routing in wireless sensor Networks

Life time issue is a one of the most interested open issues in wireless sensor networks. Increasing life time is very important in WSNs and because of energy limitation the sensors will die and the networks cannot sense. value of different network topology lifetime are important for researchers to comparison their results. In this paper we calculate the life time of the network base on greedy routing in localized routing.
Partial REM-sleep deprivation increases the dream-like quality of mentation from REM sleep and sleep onset.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep onset (SO) is cognitively and physiologically similar to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, supporting the notion that REM sleep-related processes are 'covertly' active at this time. The objective was to determine if SO mentation is sensitive to REM sleep deprivation. DESIGN Two-group cross-sectional design; sleep recordings for 3 nights. SETTING Standard sleep laboratory with 24-channel polysomnography recording. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen female, 13 male healthy volunteers (18-41 yrs, mean=24.8 +/- 6.07). INTERVENTIONS On Night 2, half were and half were not partially REM sleep-deprived (REMD), recalled REM mentation, and rated it for dream-like quality (DLQ), sleepiness, and sensory attributes. On Night 3, all were awakened from SO substages 4 and 5 for mentation reports and further ratings. REMD measures were derived from scored sleep tracings. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS REMD produced increases in DLQ for both REM and SO reports (P < .05); DLQ scores were higher for REM than for SO mentation (P < .001). Covarying sleepiness preserved the (REMD) effect but abolished the REM/SO difference. Whereas 2 sensory attributes (presence of self, visual intensity) tended to distinguish the REM-mentation reports of REMD and control subjects, only 1, self-movement, distinguished their SO mentation reports (P < .06). Multiple regression revealed that increased DLQ of both REM and SO mentation was associated with increased sleepiness and decreased REM sleep time on Night 2. CONCLUSIONS SO mentation responds to REMD much like REM mentation does, a finding consistent with other work supporting the notion of covert REM-sleep processes at SO. DLQ may be mediated by both increases in REM-sleep propensity and a circadian process indexed by sleepiness ratings.
Data Use and School Improvement: Challenges and Prospects.

Margaret Heritage is the Assistant Director for Professional Development at the UCLA National Center for Research Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST). Raymond Yeagley is the superintendent of the Rochester School Department in Rochester, New York. The work reported herein was supported under the Educational Research and Development Centers Program, PR/Award Number R305B960002, as administered by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), and the U.S. Department of Education. The findings and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the National Center for Education Research, the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), or the U.S. Department of Education. Part Four MOVING TO BETTER PRACTICE
Tabu split and merge for the simplification of polygonal curves

A Tabu move merge split (TMMS) algorithm is proposed for the polygonal approximation problem. TMMS incorporates a tabu principle to avoid premature convergence into local minima. TMMS is compared to optimal, near to optimal top down multi-resolution (TDMR) and classical split and merge heuristics solutions. Experiments show that potential improvements for crudest approximations can be obtained. The evaluation is carried out on 2D geographic maps according to effectiveness and efficiency measures.