Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gila River Basin Native Fishes Conservation Program

The Gila River Basin Native Fishes Conservation Program was established to conserve native fishes and manage against nonnative fishes in response to several Endangered Species Act biological opinions between the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on Central Arizona Project (CAP) water transfers to the Gila River basin. Populations of some Gila River native fish species are rare in the wild and appear on the verge of extirpation. The CAP Program provides monies to undertake and support conservation actions for five priority fishes and other native fishes in the Gila River basin by implementing recovery plans. The Program will last 30 years, and provide more than $16M. In addition, the Program provides monies to control and eradicate nonnative fishes and other non-indigenous aquatic organisms. Thus the Program is directed toward actions against nonnative aquatic biota where it interferes with recovery of native forms. Fund transfers from Reclamation to the Service began in 1997; about $6.8M has been allocated so far and Reclamation will transfer about $9.2M the next 17 years. One half of the funding is identified for native fish recovery actions, and one half for non-native aquatic biota control actions. Multiple conservation and recovery projects benefitting native fish in the Gila basin have been funded so far. In addition, barriers and management against nonnative species have been funded and completed.
First- and second-order kinetics approaches for modeling the transport of colloidal particles in porous media

We present results from experiments on the migration of inorganic colloids through laboratory columns containing clean quartz sand. Particle retention on the quartz collectors was found to be substantially less in experiments using negatively charged silica (SiO2) colloids than in experiments using positively charged anatase (TiO2) or boehmite (AlOOH) colloids. Analysis of these data with respect to two different advection-dispersion models indicates that deposition of colloidal silica follows a first-order, reversible kinetics process, while deposition of both anatase and boehmite is more closely depicted by second-order kinetics. Fitted values of the rate constant used to describe particle attachment vary consistently with the mean grain size of the sand and, for anatase and boehmite, are within a factor of 2 of the values predicted on the basis of colloid filtration theory.
A review of the influence of clay–brine interactions on the geotechnical properties of Ca-montmorillonitic clayey soils from western Canada

Natural Ca-montmorillonite clay soils or engineered clay barriers in western Canada are often used to contain brine generated from the surface disposal of potash tailings or from drilling activities associated with the oil and gas industry. The performance of these barriers has ranged from excellent to poor. The influence of salt brines on the geotechnical properties of these soils has been recognized as a potentially important factor for some time. It has been well documented in the literature that the behavior of clayey soils is strongly influenced by physicochemical interactions between clay particles and pore-fluid chemistry; consequently, the properties of these soils are sensitive to changes in the electrolyte concentration of the pore fluid. An increase in the concentration of the pore fluid to the levels of a concentrated brine can cause significant changes in the geotechnical properties of the soil. In this paper, the impact of brine contamination on the geotechnical properties of two Ca-montmori.
Revised age estimate of the Mjáuvøtn tephra A on the Faroe Islands based on Bayesian modelling of 14C dates from two lake sequences

Tephra horizons are potentially perfect time markers for dating and cross‐correlation among diverse Holocene palaeoenvironmental records such as ice cores and marine and terrestrial sequences, but we need to trust their age. Here we present a new age estimate of the Holocene Mjáuvøtn tephra A using accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates from two lakes on the Faroe Islands. With Bayesian age modelling it is dated to 6668–6533 cal. a BP (68.2% confidence interval) – significantly older and better constrained than the previous age. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ASSESSING URBAN TRAVEL: A STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELING (SEM) APPROACH

Urban travelers doing work trips in the morning were divided into three groups; namely, (a) private car users, (b) public transport users with cars of their own or who have access to vehicles belonging to their households, and (c) captive public transport users who do not own a vehicle. Using Factor Analysis and SEM, latent variables were identified to reduce the more than 30 variables available for analysis. Comparison was then made regarding the differences in the significant variables of these three groups of travelers as they view urban travel. The main concern was in identifying variables important to car-owning but transit-using individuals that can be of significance when introducing travel demand management (TDM) measures that could encourage and attract car-using individuals to use public transportation. The results of this study are important in the planning of new TDM schemes that encourages the use of public transportation in Metro Manila.
Hydrography Change Detection: The Usefulness of Surface Channels Derived From LiDAR DEMs for Updating Mapped Hydrography 1

Abstract: The 1:24,000‐scale high‐resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) mapped hydrography flow lines require regular updating because land surface conditions that affect surface channel drainage change over time. Historically, NHD flow lines were created by digitizing surface water information from aerial photography and paper maps. Using these same methods to update nationwide NHD flow lines is costly and inefficient; furthermore, these methods result in hydrography that lacks the horizontal and vertical accuracy needed for fully integrated datasets useful for mapping and scientific investigations. Effective methods for improving mapped hydrography employ change detection analysis of surface channels derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation models (DEMs) and NHD flow lines. In this article, we describe the usefulness of surface channels derived from LiDAR DEMs for hydrography change detection to derive spatially accurate and time‐relevant mapped hydrography. The methods employ analyses of horizontal and vertical differences between LiDAR‐derived surface channels and NHD flow lines to define candidate locations of hydrography change. These methods alleviate the need to analyze and update the nationwide NHD for time relevant hydrography, and provide an avenue for updating the dataset where change has occurred.
The Suavjärvi impact structure, NW Russia

Abstract– We present the geology and interpreted shock features of the Suavjärvi circular structure. Suavjärvi is a circular feature (illustrated by satellite imagery, topography, and magnetic data) located in the central part of the Karelian Craton (lat. 63°07′N, long. 33°23′E). To date, little information on the geologic and impact features of the Suavjärvi structure is available in the literature. The structure is characterized by gravity and magnetic lows and disruption of the regional magnetic fabric. In the northeastern and southwestern parts of the structure, several erosional remnants of highly disturbed rocks occur referred to as monomict and polymict megabreccia. These comprise blocks of both basement granitoids and supracrustal greenstone rocks. The impact origin of polymict megabreccia and therefore of the Suavjärvi structure is confirmed by observations of closely spaced planar microstructures at angles consistent with planes that have Miller indices indicative of impact shock effects, mostly of ω{10¯13}. The Suavjärvi is considered to be a remnant of a deeply eroded and metamorphosed impact structure, which has a diameter of 16 km and was formed during the Paleoproterozoic (older than 2.2 Ga); this is inferred from the age of the overlying volcanic‐sedimentary Jatulian sequence. Suavjärvi underwent regional metamorphism that resulted in obliteration or transformation of shock metamorphic effects. Massive sulfides occur within megabreccia; originating probably from postimpact redeposition of pre‐existing mineralization.
Population trends and habitat occurrence of forest birds on southern national forests, 1992-2004

We determined population trends and habitat occurrences for bird species in 14 national forests located in the Southern Region from 1992-2004. We estimated population trends for 144 species within: 14 national forests, 10 physiographic areas, and in the Southern Region as a whole. Habitat occurrences were estimated for 114 species based on 13 forest types and four successional stages. We discussed results for 48 species of management concern along with information compiled on conservation status and the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Breeding Bird Survey population trend estimates. There was evidence that populations increased for 42 species and decreased for 38 species on national forests in the Southern Region as a whole. Trends for many species varied widely across physiographic areas and national forests. Most species were found across a variety of habitats, though associations with particular forest types and structural conditions were often apparent.
A modeling study of the effect of drizzle on cloud optical depth and susceptibility

This paper examines the impact of drop spectral broadening, generated by the collection process, on the optical depth, cloud albedo, and susceptibility of marine stratocumulus clouds. The results are arrived at using (1) the output from a simple box model calculation of collection and (2) the output from an eddy-resolving model of stratocumulus clouds that explicitly represents the size distribution of the drops. It is shown that commonly used relationships for cloud optical properties developed for narrow spectra do not generally apply to spectra undergoing spectral broadening. The optical depth dependence on the drop number concentration to the one-third power is shown to be an overestimate of the optical depth when spectra broaden through collection. In addition, the cloud susceptibility dependence on drop number is shown to be larger for spectra experiencing broadening than for narrow spectra.
Protein Name Tagging Guidelines: Lessons Learned

Interest in information extraction from the biomedical literature is motivated by the need to speed up the creation of structured databases representing the latest scientific knowledge about specific objects, such as proteins and genes. This paper addresses the issue of a lack of standard definition of the problem of protein name tagging. We describe the lessons learned in developing a set of guidelines and present the first set of inter-coder results, viewed as an upper bound on system performance. Problems coders face include: (a) the ambiguity of names that can refer to either genes or proteins; (b) the difficulty of getting the exact extents of long protein names; and (c) the complexity of the guidelines. These problems have been addressed in two ways: (a) defining the tagging targets as protein named entities used in the literature to describe proteins or protein-associated or -related objects, such as domains, pathways, expression or genes, and (b) using two types of tags, protein tags and long-form tags, with the latter being used to optionally extend the boundaries of the protein tag when the name boundary is difficult to determine. Inter-coder consistency across three annotators on protein tags on 300 MEDLINE abstracts is 0.868 F-measure. The guidelines and annotated datasets, along with automatic tools, are available for research use.
Confined Aquifer Parameters Evaluation by Slope-Matching Method

The slope-matching method is used for numerical determination of the confined aquifer parameters. In this study, a new slope-matching method is proposed by using a weighted mean of the slope which is implied drawdown with respect to time. The method considers that the slope produces the transmissivity through a simple relationship valid for u⩽0.01 . Later the well function, the dimensionless time variable, and the storage coefficient values are calculated from the transmissivity values. As a result, the time-varying aquifer parameter values are obtained for the whole duration of pumping. Average aquifer parameters can be obtained for u⩽0.01 similar to the Cooper–Jacob approximation. The method is applied to field data, which are available in the open literature. It is observed that the proposed methodology yielded a sequence of transmissivity and storativity values with the mean error, mean absolute error, and standard error of estimate all less than similar readily available techniques in the literature.
Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Static Water Level of the Cuauhtemoc Aquifer during the Years 1973, 1991 and 2000: A Geographical Approach

In hydrogeology it is of great interest to examine the temporal and spatial evolution of aquifers. There are different ways of modeling an aquifer: physical models, models based on analog and mathematical techniques. Usually, mathematical techniques involve complex operations difficult to understand for some people, such as differential or partial equations. In contrast, our method requires only a basic knowledge of geometry and trigonometry. Moreover, it is only necessary to know the static level of the aquifer at three different dates. Of course, the results may be limited compared to those that use advanced mathematical methods; however, our method provides a first approximation to determine the behavior of the aquifer through time. Overall, our results allowed us to follow the evolution of the aquifer in detail of various areas of increased extraction and in which removal has been increasing, but also of areas with a considerable recharge during the study period.
Earthquake magnitude scaling using seismogeodetic data

The combination of GPS and strong‐motion data to estimate seismogeodetic waveforms creates a data set that is sensitive to the entire spectrum of ground displacement and the full extent of coseismic slip. In this study we derive earthquake magnitude scaling relationships using seismogeodetic observations of either P wave amplitude or peak ground displacements from five earthquakes in Japan and California ranging in magnitude from 5.3 to 9.0. The addition of the low‐frequency component allows rapid distinction of earthquake size for large magnitude events with high precision, unlike accelerometer data that saturate for earthquakes greater than M 7 to 8, and is available well before the coseismic displacements are emplaced. These results, though based on a limited seismogeodetic data set, support earlier studies that propose it may be possible to estimate the final magnitude of an earthquake well before the rupture is complete.
Statistical and dynamical downscaling of the Seine basin climate for hydro‐meteorological studies

Two downscaling methods designed for the study of the hydrological impact of climate change on the Seine basin in France are tested for present climate. First, a multivariate statistical downscaling (SD) methodology based on weather typing and conditional resampling is described. Then, a bias correction technique for dynamical downscaling based on quantile–quantile mapping is introduced. To evaluate the end‐to‐end SD methodology, the atmospheric forcing derived from the large‐scale circulation (LSC) of the ERA40 reanalysis by SD is used to force a hydrological model. Simulated discharges reproduce historical values reasonably well. Next, the dynamical and statistical approaches are compared using the Météo–France ARPEGE general circulation model in a variable resolution configuration (resolution around 60 km over France). The ARPEGE simulation is downscaled using the two methodologies, and hydrological simulations are performed. Regarding downscaled temperature and precipitation, the statistical approach is more efficient in reproducing the temporal and spatial autocorrelation properties. The simulated river discharges from the two approaches are nevertheless very similar: the two methods reproduce well the seasonal cycle and the daily distribution of streamflows. Finally, the results of the study are discussed from a practical impact study perspective. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago

Acknowledgments vii CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: A Cacophony of Causes 17 CHAPTER 3: South China Interlude 59 CHAPTER 4: It's a Matter of Time 77 CHAPTER 5: Filter Feeding Fails 98 CHAPTER 6: South African Eden 124 CHAPTER 7: The Perils of Permian Seas 161 CHAPTER 8: Denouement 187 CHAPTER 9: Resurrection and Recovery 218 CHAPTER 10: The Paradox of the Permo-Triassic 245 Notes 263 References 275 Index 293
Lunar topography from Apollo 15 and 16 laser altimetry

In the orbital plane of Apollo 15 the mean lunar radius is 1737.3 km, the mean altitude of terrae above maria is about 3 km, and the center-of-figure is displaced from the center-of-mass by about 2 km away from longitude 25 E. The Apollo 16 laser altimeter obtained a total of about 7.5 revolutions of partially overlapping data. The principal difference in results from Apollo 16 is the absence of any great far-side basin similar to the 1400-km wide feature found by Apollo 15, 1200 km to the south. This absence of a far-side depression in the Apollo 16 orbital plane largely accounts for a greater mean radius: 1738.1 km; a greater mean altitude of terrae above maria: about 4 km; and a greater offset of centers: about 3 km, also away from 25 E. In the Apollo 16, as well as Apollo 15, data the far-side terrae are much 'rougher' than the near-side terrae. Mare surfaces are generally smooth to within plus or minus 150 m, and have slopes of 1:500 to 1:2000 persisting over distances as great as 500 km.
EDGE EFFECT FROM CONTINUOUS FOREST AND FRAGMENT FOREST ON THE LARVAL PERFORMANCE OF AN AQUATIC ANURAN TADPOLE AND PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN

Efeito de borda de floresta continua e fragmento de floresta sobre a performance larval de um girino anuro e interacao predador-presa na Amazonia Central Nos examinamos como a interacao predador-presa de uma larva de anuro e influenciada pela proximidade da borda de floresta continua e de fragmentos de floresta tropical primaria de terra-firme. Os resultados mostraram que a proximidade da borda de floresta continua e de fragmentos florestais nao afetou a sobrevivencia e o desenvolvimento de Osteocephalus taurinus com e sem predadores, indicando que nem as mudancas no habitat nem os predadores causaram o padrao observado na performance larval. Em uma analise grafica, ambos parâmetros apresentaram numeros suavemente mais altos em floresta continua. Palavras chave: Performance larval, girino, manipulacao experimental, anfibio ABSTRACT We examine how the predator-prey interaction of aquatic anuran larva is influenced by proximity of edge from continuous forest and fragments of primary tropical terra-firme forest. Results showed that the proximity of edge of these habitats did not affect survival and larval development of Osteocephalus taurinus with and without predators, indicating that neither the habitat changes nor the predators caused the observed pattern in larval fitness. In a graphic analysis both parameters showed lightly higher numbers in continuous forest.
Gaseous species in fluid inclusions: A tracer of fluids and indicator of fluid processes

Quantitative bulk analysis of fluid inclusion volatiles measures the composition of trapped geothermal liquids and vapor. Fluid-inclusion gas-analyses may identify fluid boiling and mixing, and the analyses can be used as a fluid tracer. Fluid boiling is indicated by excess gaseous species. Linear arrays of data points on gas ratio diagrams indicate fluid mixing. Nitrogen-argon ratios are used to discriminate atmospheric fiom magmatic volatiles. Crustal components in geothermal fluids are best indicated by concentrations of methane and helium. Methane strongly correlates with other organic compounds, and N2-Ar-CH4 plots are similar to N2-Ar-He diagrams. Alkene to alkane ratios of C2-7 organic species indicate the oxidation state of geothermal fluids. The Geysers inclusion analyses are an example of how inclusion fluids may be used to understand the paleo hydrology of a geothermal system.
Biomarkers and pollutants in the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in four lakes from San Miguel, Chiapas, Mexico

The effects of the oil industry and environmental pollutants present in four lakes from Reforma, Chiapas, Mexico, were assessed via ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD), PAH metabolites, and butyrylcholinesterase activity (BChE) in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were collected during two seasons (the rainy season in September 2000 and the dry season in May 2002) from the lakes Caracol, Rio, Enmedio, and Limon. Fish were sacrificed and EROD activities, hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal concentrations were determined in the liver, while PAH metabolites and cholinesterase activity were measured in bile and muscle, respectively. Hydrocarbon concentrations in fish liver were moderately high, as compared with results reported for the other species in different coastal ecosystems in Mexico. The highest concentrations of total hydrocarbons were found in fish captured in Lake Limon, and the lowest in Lake Caracol. The highest EROD and PAH metabolites were found in fish collected from Limon and Enmedio lakes. A Spearman test showed significant negative correlations between EROD and BChE activity with fish weight. EROD correlated with total hydrocarbons, the metabolites of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, and negatively with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), endosulphan, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachloroanisol. BChE activity in the four lakes was lower than the activity measured in laboratory cultured tilapias, indicating the presence of anti-cholinergic pollutants in the area; Caracol was the lake with the lowest enzyme activity. This study demonstrated that high concentrations of contaminants can cause effects on fish metabolism, and that tilapia can be used as a test organism in tropical ecosystems.
Sensitivity of south‐east Atlantic planktonic foraminifera to mid‐Pleistocene climate change

Abstract: The last one million years are important in terms of climate development during the so‐called Mid‐Pleistocene Transition when amplification of the glacial–interglacial cycles occurred. This study describes abundance changes in fossil planktonic foraminifera in sediments from Core T89‐40, retrieved from the Walvis Ridge in the south‐east Atlantic, across this time period. Cycles between upwelling and subtropical planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are shown to mirror changes between glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. During interglacial marine isotopic stages (MIS) 9, 11 and 31, however, anomalously high abundances of the polar left‐coiled Neogloboquadrina pachyderma occur, presumably linked to unusual seasonal upwelling waters. The planktonic foraminiferal abundance record shows 41‐ky cyclic variations in the regional oceanography linked to cycles in insolation influenced by changes in the Earth’s axial tilt (obliquity). These orbitally induced oscillations in oceanographic change occurred throughout the entire record. The most conspicuous feature of the planktonic foraminiferal record is the near absence of left‐coiled Globorotalia truncatulinoides between 960 and 610 ka (MIS 26‐15). The abrupt disappearance of this species is synchronous with the onset of the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition in MIS 26.