Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative Transfer to Space through a Precipitating Cloud at Multiple Microwave Frequencies. Part II: Results and Analysis

Abstract The time-dependent role of cloud liquid water in conjunction with its vertical heterogeneities on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) passive microwave brightness temperatures is investigated. A cloud simulation is used to specify the microphysical structure of an evolving cumulus cloud growing toward the rain stage. A one-dimensional multistream solution to the radiative transfer equation is used to study the upwelling radiation at the top of the atmosphere arising from the combined effect of cloud, rain, and ice hydrometeors. Calculations are provided at six window frequencies and one H2O resonance band within the EHF/SHF microwave spectrum. Vertically detailed transmission functions are used to help delineate the principal radiative interactions that control TOA brightness temperatures. Brightness temperatures are then associated with a selection of microphysical situations that reveal how an evolving cloud medium attenuates rainfall and surface radiation. The investigation is primarily designed to study .
The Syntax of Clausal Negation in French and English Speakers' L2 Chinese

The subject NP is base-generated in Spec of VP and moves to the specifier of AgrP to enter into an agreement relation with the nominal features of the Agr node. The finite verb is base-generated as the head of VP and moves to Agr via T. As can be seen from (1), French clausal negation is bipartite and consists of an element “ne”, which can be omitted in colloquial French, and an element “pas”. As “ne” is attached to the finite verb with which it moves to Agr (and to C in French questions), and since “pas” is not affected by the movement of the finite verb, “ne” is considered an affix heading a projection of NegP whose specifier is occupied by the negative operator “pas”. When the finite verb raises to the head of NegP, “ne” cliticizes to the verb, which forms one complex head before raising further up to Agr. It is suggested (cf. Pollock 1989, Chomsky 1993, 1995) that the nature of functional
Interplanetary magnetic flux: Measurement and balance

We have developed a new method for determining the approximate magnetic flux content of various solar wind structures in the ecliptic plane, using single-spacecraft measurements. The two-dimensional magnetic flux in a region of the solar wind is given by the integral of the radial magnetic field component over an arc perpendicular to the radial. Unfortunately, such measurements cannot be achieved with single (or even several) spacecraft in the solar wind. We will show that the desired two-dimensional, ecliptic plane magnetic flux integral, at least for regions with simple magnetic topologies, is equivalent to ϕ = ∫ By|v|dt, where By is the ecliptic plane field component perpendicular to the solar wind velocity vector v. Thus ϕ can be determined entirely from measured quantities. In this study we examine variations in the magnetic flux in the ecliptic plane over a 16-year interval. In addition, we address the question of the opening and closing of interplanetary magnetic flux by comparing the ecliptic plane flux content of both coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and heat flux dropouts (HFDs). If CMEs remain at least partially attached to the Sun, they would serve to open new magnetic flux to the interplanetary medium. In contrast, flux could be closed off by reconnection across helmet streamers in the corona, leading to the release of U-shaped magnetic structures open to the outer heliosphere at both ends and to the return of closed arches to the Sun. One interpretation of HFDs in the solar wind halo electron population is that they represent the interplanetary signatures of such disconnected U-shaped structures. The ecliptic plane flux of CMEs is determined to be approximately 4 times greater than that of HFDs over the 18-month interval studied; complications of making such comparisons are discussed.
A study on aerobic lipid substrate elimination by microbial consortium

: The purpose of this study was to validate the applicability of specialized microbial consortium for the degradation of lipids in wastewater. An experimental model of the process is proposed that enables prediction of the required batch length. This model can be used for supervision of the process and to control cycles of the batch reactor. The study involved 4 reactors with microbial consortium obtained by inoculation from a commercially available biopreparate. Each reactor was fed a diﬀ erent load of lipid containing substrate. The biodiversity, settling characteristics and COD reductions were measured. The biodiversity of the microbial consortium changed within a range of ±15% depending on lipids concentration, as shown by the Shannon index and increasing amount of β-proteobacteria. Higher concentrations of lipids increased the biodiversity suggesting higher growth of microorganisms capable of utilizing lipids as energy and carbon source by producing lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. High lipid concentrations degrade the settling capabilities of the biomass. Higher lipid concentrations (0.5–2.0 [g
Genetic Variability of Wild Populations of Invasive Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) von Martens 1868 Across Peninsular Malaysia

The redclaw crayfish had been listed as an invasive species in Malaysia following the various negative impacts displayed on both environment and economy. The species are largely culture in Malaysia for food, but unluckily escaped and expands to several waterbodies across the country. For effective control management of redclaw crayfish species, a total of 52 wild samples were collected from six locations in Peninsular Malaysia and analyzed using a 16S mitochondrial DNA to assess their genetic diversity and introduction history. Five haplotypes were detected associated with an overall low genetic diversity (Hd = 0.385, π = 0.00133). A single genetic structure was detected with a phylogenetic relationship showing two clusters related to the haplotypes from Australia and Papua New Guinea. The finding of this study provides the basic data that will aid the appropriate Malaysian authorities for both monitoring and management strategies of redclaw crayfish in Peninsular Malaysia.
c-Myb Dominates TBK1-Mediated Endotoxin Tolerance in Kupffer Cells by Negatively Regulating DTX4

As a protective mechanism regulating excessive inflammation, endotoxin tolerance plays a vital role in regulating endotoxin shock. Kupffer cells are players in mediating endotoxin tolerance. Nonetheless, the regulatory mechanism regulating endotoxin tolerance is barely known. A nonclassical IKK kinase called TRAF-associated NF-κB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) can regulate inflammation. Here, we found that TBK1 is required for endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells. TBK1 plays a dominant role in regulating endotoxin tolerance by negatively regulating the induction of p100 processing. Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 4 (DTX4), a negative regulator of TBK1, can promote TBK1 K48-mediated ubiquitination and indirectly regulate endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells. We demonstrate that the c-Myb transcription factor could negatively regulate DTX4. Overexpression of c-Myb can be used to reduce the ubiquitination of TBK1 by reducing DTX4 transcription and to boost the anti-inflammatory effect of endotoxin tolerance. Thus, this study reveals a novel theory of TBK1-mediated endotoxin tolerance in Kupffer cells.
Effect of nonlinear drag on the settling velocity of particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

We study the average settling velocity of small spherical particles under gravity through a Gaussian random velocity field generated by Fourier modes with a von Karman energy spectrum. The particles are subjected to the effects of a linear (Stokes) or nonlinear drag force, inertia and gravity. It is shown that the effect of drag nonlinearity is a function of the particle to fluid density ratio ρp/ρf and a function of the ratio τp/τk of the particle time constant to the Kolmogorov timescale of the fluid. Simulations show that as ρp/ρf decreases from 877 to 2.65 or as τp/τk increases from 1 to 2.74, the drag nonlinearity increases as a result of the increase in particle Reynolds numbers. Hence the settling velocity changes from larger to smaller as compared with the still fluid settling velocity, showing that one of the major mechanisms governing the fall velocity reduction in a turbulent flow is the drag nonlinearity. The maximum increase in settling rate occurs at VT/υk ≈ 2 for ρp/ρf ≥ 87 (where VT is the terminal velocity of the particle and υk is the Kolmogorov velocity); this is consistent with the results of Wang and Maxey [1993]. The maximum decrease in settling rate occurs at VT/VK ≈ 1 for ρp/ρf ≈ 2.65, consistent with the results of Fung [1993]. In addition, the role of the spatial and temporal variations of the flow field on the settling rate is investigated. Finally, the Gaussian velocity field is also simulated with an exponential energy spectrum, and similar results are observed.
Trends and Non-Clinical Predictors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza Diagnosis in an Urban Pediatric Population

Objective: To evaluate the demographic, maternal, and community-level predictors of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza diagnosis among an urban population of children residing in Rochester, NY. Study design: A test-negative case-control design was used to investigate various non-clinical determinants of RSV and influenza diagnosis among 1,808 children aged 0–14 years who presented to the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) or an affiliated health clinic in Rochester, NY between 2012–2019. These children were all tested for RSV and influenza via polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) method, including RSV and influenza diagnosis of all severity types. Test results were linked to medical records, birth certificates, questionnaires administered through the Statewide Perinatal Data System, and the US census by census tracts to obtain information on child, maternal, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics. Results: Overall the strongest predictor of RSV and influenza diagnosis was child’s age, with every year increase in child’s age, risk for RSV decreased (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.79) and risk for influenza increased (OR: 1.20; 95%: 1.16, 1.24). In addition to age, non-private insurance type was positively associated with influenza diagnosis. When considering the proportion of positive cases for RSV and influenza over all PCR tests by respiratory season, a spike in influenza cases was observed in 2018–2019. Conclusions: Age was a strong predictor of RSV and influenza diagnosis among this urban sample of children.
When Strength Becomes Weakness: Precolonial State Development, Monopoly on Violence, and Civil War

Does the legacy of precolonial statehood affect contemporary levels of civil conflict outside Europe? I argue that places with higher levels of precolonial state development were more likely to end up as weak modern-day states because precolonial state structures and authority structures established by European colonizers came to exist in parallel. This created opportunities and motivation for civil conflict still present in many countries today. I illustrate the argument in the cases of India, Burma, and Ethiopia and test it statistically in a global sample covering 109 countries outside Europe. The results strongly support the theory. Countries with higher levels of state development 3500 BCE–1500 CE have weaker state monopolies on violence and markedly higher levels of intrastate armed conflict in modern times (1946–2018). The findings remain robust across numerous alternative specifications, including using the timing of the Neolithic Revolution as an instrument.
Self-adaptive Wavelet Threshold De-noising Method and Its Application in Image Processing

For the problem image de-noising,a new method based on self-adaptive wavelet threshold algorithm was proposed.It can decide the threshold of wavelet analysis automatically according to the noise characteristics in wavelet transform,then takes PSNR as a function of filter parameter and acquires the optimal threshold parameter by using midpoint method.It has the strong self-adaptation,simple calculation,good de-noising result and so on.Experiment results show that this new method is much better than original threshold de-noising algorithms and achieves better visual effect.
Mathematical analysis of some diffusion problems associated to the modeling of sufactant compounds at the air-water interface

espanolEl comportamiento de los compuestos tensioactivos en la interfase aire-agua juega un papel fundamental en diversos procesos biologicos, bioquimicos e industriales. A pesar de que en la literatura quimica existen numerosas publicaciones que abordan el estudio de dicho comportamiento, desde el punto de vista matematico no existe, hasta el momento y bajo nuestro conocimiento, ningun trabajo que trate el analisis matematico del problema. Por ello, en esta tesis nos centramos en el analisis matematico de algunos modelos que describen el proceso de difusion y de adsorcion/desorcion de los tensioactivos en una disolucion acuosa. Este mecanismo es modelado a traves de la ecuacion de difusion en una dimension espacial junto con las condiciones de contorno e iniciales adecuadas. La condicion de contorno en el extremo izquierdo del intervalo espacial es una condicion de contorno de tipo dinamico, lo cual determina la novedad del estudio. Para cada uno de los modelos considerados se demuestra la existencia y unicidad de solucion debil. Ademas, se obtienen aproximaciones totalmente discretizadas de los problemas debiles utilizando el metodo de elementos finitos para la discretizacion espacial y una combinacion hibrida de los esquemas de Euler explicito e implicito para aproximar la derivada temporal. Para los problemas discretos, bajo ciertas hipotesis de regularidad adicional, se prueban estimaciones del error a priori y se demuestra la convergencia lineal de los algoritmos. Por ultimo, se ilustra la precision y el comportamiento de cada uno de los modelos con un conjunto de simulaciones numericas. EnglishSurfactants are chemical compounds with a particular structure, that is the responsible of their behavior in a water solution. When a new surface is formed in a surfactant solution, surfactant molecules tend to migrate from the bulk of the solution to the surface, consequently varying its surface tension. The dynamic surface tension is a very important property since it plays a major role in several biochemical, biological and industrial processes. All the huge applications of the dynamic surface tension make it a subject of study for a long period of time. There are several publications in the chemical literature dealing with the numerical solutions of the models that describe the surfactant behavior. However, none of them deal with their mathematical analysis. In this thesis, we introduce the mathematical treatment of those models, that consist of the diffusion equation coupled with an adsorption model.
Principal Component Analysis Based Codebook Background Modeling Algorithm

The background modeling algorithm of mixture of Gaussian(MOG) and codebook is widely used in moving object detection of surveillance video.However,the ball model of MOG usually assumes that the three components of RGB are independent,while the cylinder model of codebook assumes that the value of background pixel is distributed uniformly within the cylinder and the changing direction of brightness points to the origin of the coordinate system.These assumptions reduce the descriptive capability for background modeling.Therefore,the paper proposes an ellipsoidbased background model,which overcomes the MOG and codebook s limitations.By using principal component analysis to depict the ellipsoid background model,a novel PCA-based codebook background modeling algorithm is proposed.Experiments show that this algorithm can not only give more accurate description of the distribution of background pixels but also have a better robustness.
Traditional restaurant managers’ use of sensory marketing to maintain customer satisfaction: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA

Abstract The sensory experience is the initial step in creating memorable dining experiences for consumers in traditional restaurants. However, the question remains as to how managers should best combine the five senses to satisfy customers. More research is needed to determine how sensory cues can be used in marketing strategies. By applying five sensory marketing to traditional restaurants, this study proposes a model for satisfying customers. In addition, it aims to leverage methodologies that ultimately lead to customer satisfaction based on sensory marketing that can serve as guidelines for restaurant managers. The study hypotheses were tested on a sample of 525 Indonesians who dined at traditional restaurants. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modelling with Smart-PLS 4.0 and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) 3.0. The results indicated that olfaction and haptics are significant factors in customer satisfaction, whereas visual, taste, and auditory are not. According to the QCA findings, two configurations were associated with high satisfaction outcomes, while two others were associated with low satisfaction outcomes. As a theoretical and managerial contribution, this study provides guidance to scholars and managers interested in improving satisfaction in traditional restaurants through sensory marketing techniques.
Laser-ablation and induced nanoparticle synthesis

Laser pulses are largely used for processing and analysis of materials and in particular for nano-particle synthesis. This paper addresses fundamentals of the generation of nano-materials following specific thermodynamic paths of the irradiated material. Computer simulations using the hydro code MULTI and the SESAME equation of state have been performed to follow the dynamics of a target initially heated by a short laser pulse over a distance comparable to the metal skin depth.
Self‐focusing of a quantum‐well‐confined electron wave packet interacting with a metal plate

We consider an electron wave packet formed in a semiconductor quantum well covered by a metal plate and show that the electron packet becomes localized by the interaction with the positive charge it induces on the metal surface. For the metal treated as an ideal conductor the packet moves within the quantum well without changing its shape and preserving its momentum. We show that the dynamical response of the metal leads to dissipation of the electron kinetic energy of the progressive motion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topology optimization of resonating structures using SIMP method

The present paper is concerned with the layout optimization of resonating actuators using topology optimization techniques. The goal of the optimization is a maximization of the magnitude of steady‐state vibrations for a given excitation frequency. The problem formulation includes an external viscous damper at the output port which models a working load on the structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advancing H2 dissociation fronts

Previous studies of the influence of UV radiation on molecular hydrogen clouds have assumed steady state conditions. We explore time-dependent effects which occur when a hot star, surrounded by a dense cloud, begins its main-sequence phase. We find that an H/sub 2/ dissociation front will propagate out from the star and heat and gas. We discuss the characteristics of the gas flow exploiting the similarity to the well studied theory of ionization fronts and expanding H II regions. We present a detailed theory for the structure of a plane-parallel dissociation front, and we predict resulting column densities of excited molecules and warm H I which may be observed.
Facilitators and Barriers to Using Virtual Reality and its Impact on Social Engagement in Aged Care Settings: A Scoping Review

Aim: This scoping review aims to identify the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of VR technology in the aged-care setting. Background: Virtual reality (VR) offers the potential to reduce social isolation and loneliness through increased social engagement in aged-care settings. Methods and Analysis: This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology and took place between March and August 2022. The review included a three-step search strategy: (1) identifying keywords from CINHAL, Embase, Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science (2) conducting a second search using all identified keywords and index terms across selected databases; and (3) searching the reference lists of all included articles and reports for additional studies. Results: The final review included 22 articles. The analysis identified factors affecting the VR technology implementation in aged care settings to reduce isolation and loneliness: (a) key facilitators are local champions and staff training. (b) barriers include technological adaptability, video quality, and organizational culture. Conclusion: Existing evidence points to VR as a promising intervention to decrease loneliness and feelings of isolation and improve social engagement in older people living in aged-care settings.
Shear instability of internal solitary waves in Euler fluids with thin pycnoclines

Abstract The stability with respect to initial condition perturbations of solitary travelling-wave solutions of the Euler equations for continuously, stably stratified, near two-layer fluids is examined numerically and analytically for a set of parameters of relevance for laboratory experiments. Numerical travelling-wave solutions of the Dubreil–Jacotin–Long equation are first obtained with a variant of Turkington, Eyland and Wang’s iterative code by testing convergence on the equation’s residual. In this way, stationary solutions with very thin pycnoclines (and small Richardson numbers) approaching the near two-layer configurations used in experiments can be obtained, allowing for a stability study free of non-stationary effects, introduced by lack of numerical resolution, which develop when these solutions are used as initial conditions in a time-dependent evolution code. The thin pycnoclines in this study permit analytical results to be derived from strongly nonlinear models and their predictions compared with carefully controlled numerical simulations. This brings forth shortcomings of simple criteria for shear instability manifestations based on parallel shear approximations due to subtle higher-order effects. In particular, evidence is provided that the fore–aft asymmetric growth observed in all simulations requires non-parallel shear analysis. Collectively, the results of this study reveal that while the wave-induced shear can locally reach unstable configurations and give rise to local convective instability, the global wave/self-generated shear system is in fact stable, even for extreme cases of thin pycnoclines and near-maximum-amplitude waves.