Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION: WIND FARMS AND WASTE FACILITIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Inequitable distribution in environmental justice is defined as one group bearing an excessive burden of en - vironmental hazards. This concept has been applied to large industrial facilities such as waste disposal sites and nuclear power plants, but has not been used in reference to "green" renewable energy facilities such as wind farms. A case study was conducted of the town of Arlington, Oregon, home to two of Waste Management's largest waste facilities and seven wind farms. After mapping the facilities and areas of health impact, the results revealed a small community dealing with multiple risk burdens from these facilities. Wind farms and waste site locations throughout the Pacific Northwest were mapped and indicated inequitable distributions of these facilities in other areas. If the distribution of these facilities is concentrating hazards in already burdened communities, why are there not better sitting policies to avoid this incident, especially for green energy facilities? respect to other large scale facilities such as hazardous waste facilities, but also in respect to the other wind farm development in the area and the combined impact they have on the community.
CO-PLANAR STEREOTAXIC ATLAS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM: AN APPROACH TO CEREBRAL IMAGING 1988 GUIDE TO THE TNM/pTNM-CLASSIFICATION OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS THIRD EDITION

been particularly careful in his assigning of cause, well aware that a history of anoxia at birth, for example, does not make that the cause of the deafness. Within the limits the author has set himself in the study he has produced an excellent piece of work with a valuable set of references. Those interested in the more medical aspects of paediatric audiology will find it well worth their while to obtain a copy and to read it. J. A. M. Martin
Fiscal Shocks and the Real Exchange Rate

We estimate the real exchange rate impact of shocks to government spending for a panel of member countries of the euro area. Our key finding is that the impact differs across different types of government spending, with shocks to public investment generating larger and more persistent real appreciation than shocks to government consumption. Within the latter category, we also show that the impact of shocks to the wage component of government consumption is more persistent than that of shocks to the non-wage component. Finally, we highlight the different exchange rate responses between this group and a group of countries with floating exchange rates.
Beyond participation to co-creation of meaning: mobile social media in generative learning communities

Digital social media is dramatically changing the social landscape and the ways in which we understand ‘participation’. As youth embrace these dynamic yet highly scripted forms of mediated social interaction, educators have struggled to find ways to harness these new participatory forms to support learning. This article considers the interactive structures and frameworks that underlie much of ‘Web 2.0’ participatory media, and proposes that theories of social learning and action could greatly inform the design of participatory media applications to support learning. We propose engaging the potential of mediated social interaction to foster ‘generative learning communities’ and describe an informal learning social media application under development known as ‘Mobltz’ — embracing concepts of ‘mobile media blitz’ with the intentional emphasis on the syllable ‘mob’. The application is an attempt to bring guidance from what social science knows about learning and human development to craft interactional affordances based on sharing of meaning and experiences. Les médias sociaux ont radicalement changé le paysage social et la manière dont nous comprenons la ‘participation’. Alors que la jeunesse adopte ces formes d’interaction sociale médiatisée dynamiques mais très structurées, les éducateurs peinent à les exploiter à des fins pédagogiques. Cet article examine les structures d’interaction et les cadres qui sous-tendent la plupart des médias participatifs du ‘Web 2.0’. On suggère que les théories de l’apprentissage social et de l’action peuvent grandement éclairer la conception de systèmes pédagogiques à base de médias participatifs. Nous proposons de mobiliser leur potentiel d’interaction sociale pour favoriser l’émergence de ‘communautés d’apprentissage génératives’. Nous décrivons ‘Mobltz’, un média social en cours de développement, fondé sur le concept de ‘blitz médiatique mobile’, où l’accent est délibérément sur la syllabe ‘mob’. Mobltz est une tentative d’apporter l’éclairage de ce que la science sociale sait sur l’apprentissage et le développement humain pour construire des affordances interactionnelles basées sur le partage du sens et des expériences.
Rupture history of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake

Strong motion records of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are inverted to determine a model of the rupture history. Uncorrected horizontal and vertical accelerograms are integrated to particle velocity time histories for 38 stations within an epicentral range of 75 km. The time histories are bandpassed filtered with corners at 0.05 and 1.0 Hz. These bandpassed time histories are inverted using a nonlinear method to solve for the distribution of slip amplitudes and rupture times at specified locations on the fault plane. The fault plane is specified a priori: 38 km long and 17 km wide, extending from 3 to 19 km depth at a constant dip of 70°. Starting models have rupture times based on constant rupture velocities of 2.5, 2.8, and 3.0 km/sec and uniform slip with rise times of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 sec. The waveform inversion results show the strike-slip displacement is concentrated at the southern end of the rupture (rake = 156°) and the dip-slip displacement is concentrated at the northern end of the rupture (rake = 115°). The average total slip is partitioned almost equally between strike slip and dip slip (rake = 137°). The hypocentral area has an unusually small amount of slip with almost no slip in a region just to the north and up dip from the hypocenter. The rupture front is complex, propagating up dip to the south faster than it propagates to the north. The region of maximum strike slip to the southeast radiates simultaneously with the region of maximum dip slip to the northwest. The average rupture velocity is 3.0 km/sec, approximately 0.83 times the local shear wave speed. The calculated seismic moment is 3.5 ± 0.5 × 1026 dyne-cm.
Genetic variability of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in wild ruminants from Italy and Scotland

The genetics of the prion protein gene ( PRNP ) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in several mammalian species. To determine the PRNP gene variability in European red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) and chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ), the PRNP open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In red deer, SNPs were found in codons 15, 21, 59, 78, 79, 98, 136, 168 and 226. These polymorphisms give rise to 12 haplotypes, and one of which is identical to the PRNP of American wapiti (Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni ). One silent mutation at codon 119 was detected in chamois and no SNPs were found in roe deer. This analysis confirmed that European wild ruminants have a PRNP genetic background that is compatible with TSE susceptibility, including chronic wasting disease.
Characterizing the evolution of class hierarchies

Analyzing historical information can show how a software system evolved into its current state, which parts of the system are stable and which have changed more. However, historical analysis implies processing a vast amount of information making the interpretation of the results difficult. To address this issue, we introduce the notion of the history of source code artifacts as a first class entity and define measurements, which summarize the evolution of such entities. We use these measurements to define rules by which to detect different characteristics of the evolution of class hierarchies. Furthermore, we discuss the results we obtained by visualizing them using a polymetric view. We apply our approach on two large open source case studies and classify their class hierarchies based on their history.
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The flow of the thermionic emission always creates evaporating the material on high temperature in vacuum. This flow deposits onto the plane of the condensed material and can be used for the non-invasive research of the condensate electrical properties. Also this flow can give information about the temperature and the state of the evaporator [1]. However, in the camera of the evaporating system the flow of the thermionic emission charges is under the influence of the electromagnetic field, created by the alternating current of the evaporator, and the electrostatic field, created by the supply voltage of the evaporator. These fields are also natural and it is not impossible to decrease their influence. Under the influence of these fields the direction of the charges flow and the current density become alternate and they are alternating periodically together with the alternation of the supply voltage. It was beholden, that the reaction of the charges flow to the influence of the fields was with delay during the experiment. The flows became steady only after few milliseconds, when the voltage supply was turned out. The theoretical research modelling the all vacuum system is complicated enough. There are many metalical constructions of the different configurations in it, also the construction of the evaporator is complicated having curvilinear planes [2,3] and the alternating electromagnetic and electrostatic fields are acting in it. Also it is complicated to estimate the influence of the space charge. Therefore the experimental way [4] was chosen to investigate how we can to use the flows of the nature emission for the information about the evaporation and condensation processes.
International financial integration and entrepreneurship

We explore the relation between international financial integration and the level of entrepreneurial activity in a country. Using a unique data set of approximately 24 million firms in nearly 100 countries in 1999 and 2004, we find suggestive evidence that international financial integration has been associated with higher levels of entrepreneurial activity. Our results are robust to using various proxies for entrepreneurial activity such as entry, size, and skewness of the firm-size distribution; controlling for level of economic development, regulation, institutional constraints, and other variables that might affect the business environment; and using different empirical specifications. We further explore various channels through which international financial integration can affect entrepreneurship (a foreign direct investment channel and a capital/credit availability channel) and provide consistent evidence to support our results.
MaxMin Fair Flow Control Sensitive to Priorities

Flow control is the dominant technique currently used in communication networks for preventing excess tra c from \ ooding" the network, and for handling congestion. In ratebased ow control, transmission rates of sessions are adjusted in an end-to-end manner through a sequence of operations, each preserving the capacity constraint at each individual network link. In this work, we present a theory of max-min fair, rate-based ow control sensitive to priorities of di erent sessions, as a signi cant extension of the classical theory of max-min fair, rate-based ow control to the case of networks with guaranteed quality-ofservice (QoS). We assume a priority function for each individual session, which maps the session's nominated priority to a transmission rate. We introduce priority max-min fairness, as a novel and motivatable fairness condition which requires that assigned rates correspond, through the priority functions, to priorities comprising a max-min vector. A cornerstone of our theory is the notion of the priority share of a link; a priority share is de ned as a root of an algebraic equation, called priority max-min fairness equation, which determines the saturation of the link. It is shown that, under reasonable mathematical assumptions on the priority functions, priority shares exist uniquely. Priority bottleneck algorithms nalize the rate of a session only if its priority is \restricted" on a priority bottleneck edge of the network. We establish a collection of interesting combinatorial properties of priority bottleneck algorithms. Most signi cantly, we show that they can only converge to priority max-min fairness. As an application of our general theory, we embed priority bottleneck algorithms in the more realistic optimistic framework for rate-based ow control, which was recently proposed by Afek et al. [1]. The optimistic framework allows for both decreases and increases of session rates. We exploit the additional semantics provided by explicitly allowing for rate decreases in order to prove further combinatorial properties for the termination of priority bottleneck algorithms in the optimistic framework. In reward, we build on these properties to devise and analyze the rst optimistic algorithms for e cient, max-min fair, rate-based ow control sensitive to priorities. 2
Mutual Fund Survivorship

This article provides a comprehensive study of survivorship issues using the mutual fund data of Carhart (1997). We demonstrate theoretically that when survival depends on multiperiod performance, the survivorship bias in average performance typically increases with the sample length. This is empirically relevant because evidence suggests a multiyear survival rule for U.S. mutual funds. In the data we find the annual bias increases from 0.07% for 1-year samples to 1% for samples longer than 15 years. We find that survivor conditioning weakens evidence of performance persistence. Finally, we explain how survivor conditioning affects the relation between performance and fund characteristics. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK o f ATLANTA WORKING PAPER SERIES Wages and Unemployment across Business Cycles : A High-Frequency Investigation

This paper investigates the change in wages associated with a spell of unemployment. The novelty lies in using monthly data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to analyze the dynamics of those wage changes across different business cycles. The level of education or the sector of re-employment affects the change in wages following an unemployment spell differently across different downturns. The degree of wage rigidity varies across recessions; wage changes preand post-unemployment are sometimes procyclical and sometimes countercyclical. These results may be useful for understanding the different aggregate employment dynamics observed across downturns and recoveries. JEL classification: E24, J31
Nitrification rates in a reversed-flow, spouted-bed, bioreactor applied to recirculating aquaculture systems

The effects of media selection and organic loading on nitrification rates in a reversed-flow, three-phase, spouted-bed, bioreactor with draft-tube (A-1 Aquaculture Continuous-Cleaning Multifunctional Biofilter or CCMB) were studied. Experiments were conducted on three identical recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) each having a CCMB unit with a unique plastic pelletized media and operated over five successive trials with varying components and operating conditions. Based upon organic loading, three of the five trials were grouped into two organic loading regimes of approximately 91 mg/L COD and 149 mg/L COD. Comparing nitrification rates against the three media types by organic loading showed that media selection had a significant (p<0.05) impact on nitrification performance. At both levels of organic loading, the nitrification rates of Media 1 outperformed Media 2 and Media 3. The differences between the Media 1 rates and those of Media 2 and Media 3 were greater at the lower organic loading than at the higher loading, for nitratation than for nitritation, and for areal comparisons than for volumetric comparisons. Comparing nitritation and nitratation rates against organic loading for each media type showed that organic loading had little impact on nitrification. A barely significant (p<0.05) difference between nitrification rates at the two organic loadings was observed only for Media 1 nitratation, where the nitratation rate was greater at the lower organic loading. Throughout all five trials, the CCMB demonstrated the ability to successfully nitrify over organic levels ranging from 13.5 to 205.3 mg/L COD and without showing any signs of biofouling or other problems associated with traditional fixed-film nitrification systems. Media 1 achieved the highest mean nitrification rates during all trials with an average concentration-normalized volumetric nitritation rate of 223 g TAN/day-m (0.0139 lb TAN/day-ft) and maximum of 254 g TAN/day-m (0.0159 lb TAN/day-ft) observed during Trial 5, which had both the highest organic loading and flow rates of all trials.
Observation-Corrected Precipitation Estimates in GEOS-5

Several GEOS-5 applications, including the GEOS-5 seasonal forecasting system and the MERRA-Land data product, rely on global precipitation data that have been corrected with satellite and or gauge-based precipitation observations. This document describes the methodology used to generate the corrected precipitation estimates and their use in GEOS-5 applications. The corrected precipitation estimates are derived by disaggregating publicly available, observationally based, global precipitation products from daily or pentad totals to hourly accumulations using background precipitation estimates from the GEOS-5 atmospheric data assimilation system. Depending on the specific combination of the observational precipitation product and the GEOS-5 background estimates, the observational product may also be downscaled in space. The resulting corrected precipitation data product is at the finer temporal and spatial resolution of the GEOS-5 background and matches the observed precipitation at the coarser scale of the observational product, separately for each day (or pentad) and each grid cell.
Practical aspects and applications of 2D stereotomography

Stereotomography is a new velocity estimation method. This tomographic approach aims at retrieving subsurface velocities from prestack seismic data. In addition to traveltimes, the slope of locally coherent events are picked simultaneously in common offset, common source, common receiver, and common midpoint gathers. As the picking is realized on locally coherent events, they do not need to be interpreted in terms of reflection on given interfaces, but may represent diffractions or reflections from anywhere in the image. In the high‐frequency approximation, each one of these events corresponds to a ray trajectory in the subsurface. Stereotomography consists of picking and analyzing these events to update both the associated ray paths and velocity model. In this paper, we describe the implementation of two critical features needed to put stereotomography into practice: an automatic picking tool and a robust multiscale iterative inversion technique. Applications to 2D reflection seismic are presented on syn.
MINKE WHALE (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Canadian East Coast Stock 2002

STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Minke whales have a cosmopolitan distribution in polar, temperate and tropical waters. In the North Atlantic there are four recognized populations — Canadian east coast, west Greenland, central North Atlantic, and northeastern North Atlantic (Donovan 1991). These four population divisions were defined by examining segregation by sex and length, catch distributions, sightings, marking data and pre-existing ICES boundaries; however, there are very few data from the Canadian east coast population. Minke whales off the eastern coast of the United States are considered to be part of the Canadian east coast stock, which inhabits the area from the eastern half of the Davis Strait out to 45°W and south to the Gulf of Mexico. The relationship between this and the other three stocks is uncertain. It is also uncertain if there are separate stocks within the Canadian east coast stock. The minke whale is common and widely distributed within the USA Atlantic Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (CETAP 1982). There appears to be a strong seasonal component to minke whale distribution. Spring and summer are times of relatively widespread and common occurrence, and during this time they are most abundant in New England waters. During fall in New England waters, there are fewer minke whales, while during winter, the species appears to be largely absent. Like most other baleen whales, the minke whale generally occupies the continental shelf proper, rather than the continental shelf edge region. Records summarized by Mitchell (1991) hint at a possible winter Figure 1. Distribution of minke whale sightings from distribution in the West Indies and in mid-ocean NEFSC and SEFSC shipboard and aerial surveys during south and east of Bermuda. As with several other the summer in 1990-1998. Isobaths are at 100 m and cetacean species, the possibility of a deep-ocean 1,000 m. component to distribution exists but remains unconfirmed.