Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex Variability Pattern in NGC 4151. III. Variability of the Broad Emission Line Profiles over 11 Years

We present results of an optical spectral monitoring campaign of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 carried out with a CCD spectrograph at the 2.6 m Shajn Telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in 1988-1998. 423 spectra of NGC 4151 were obtained in the Hα and Hβ spectral regions. After a very deep minimum in 1984-1989, the nucleus brightened gradually, reached its brightest recorded level in 1996, and then decreased gradually. The broad emission line profiles have shown strong changes in flux as well as in shape. The central red part of the Balmer lines strengthened systematically with respect to the total line flux, while the wings at ±(2500-5000) km s-1 decreased. The He II λ4686 integrated flux and its profile shape show a significantly different variation to the Balmer lines. Root mean square profiles show that the strongest absolute changes in the Balmer lines occurred near the line center. Also, there are three local maxima at -3900, -1400, and +4300 km s-1. The velocity dependence of the line-continuum correlation and correlation matrices show that two regions of poor correlation (up to an anticorrelation), sometimes remarkably narrow, occurred, on average, at -4200 and +5000 km s-1. The line-continuum correlation for the total Hα flux since 1992 is much better than the correlation for the most of the individual profile segments. The observed evolution of the Balmer line profiles can be reasonably reproduced by a two-component model in which the changes in the profile shapes are due to changes in the relative strength of the two variable components with fixed profile shapes: double-peaked and single-peaked. We suppose that the ionizing continuum produced by the central engine is then redistributed between the two components. A double-peaked component may be emitted from the Keplerian disk ionized by scattered and reprocessed radiation, while a single-peaked component may be attributed to the gas system ionized by primary radiation. As to the total line fluxes, we suppose that the observed changes in the line-continuum correlation are driven by the changes in the spectral energy distribution (SED). Our results are also relevant to the problem of the two-dimensional reverberation mapping.
DWT Feature based Blind Image Steganalysis using Neural Network Classifier

Abstract- The objective of forensic steganalysis is to identify the existence of embedded message and to ultimately retrieve the secret message. In this paper, we have extracted Histogram, Markov and Co-occurrence features from wavelet domain and compared with existing farid 72 DWT features. The performance metrics are MSE (Mean square error) and classification accuracy for blind image steganalysis using two steganography algorithms outguess and nsF5. Neural network back propagation classifier has been used to classify images into stego images and clean images. Experimental results show that the proposed features considerably outperform existing farid 72 DWT features. Keywords — Discrete wavelet transformation, Neural network, Outguess, Steganography, Steganalysis, nsF5. I. INTRODUCTION Steganography[1] is a process in which the message is embedded in a cover medium to create a stego medium with the help of steganography tool that results in changes in the statistical properties of cover medium where medium could be video, text, image, audio etc. Now a day’s wide variety of steganographic tools are freely and widely available on the internet such as StegHide [2], Outguess [3] etc. Statistical un-detectability [4] is the necessity of steganography process, which means that it is difficult or impossible for attacker to judge whether an image is the stego or cover based on the statistics. Steganography hides data in [5] Spatial domain and Transform domain or Frequency domain. Transform Domain is further divided into three categories (a) DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation technique), (b) DWT (Discrete Wavelet transformation technique), (c) DFT (Discrete Fourier transformation technique). In transform domain, images are initially transformed and then the message is embedded while in spatial domain message is embedded directly inside the pixel.
Full numerical simulation of coflowing, axisymmetric jet diffusion flames

The near field of a non‐premixed flame in a low speed, coflowing axisymmetric jet is investigated numerically using full simulation. The time‐dependent governing equations are solved by a second‐order, explicit finite difference scheme and a single‐step, finite rate model is used to represent the chemistry. Steady laminar flame results show the correct dependence of flame height on Peclet number and reaction zone thickness on Damkohler number. Forced simulations reveal a large difference in the instantaneous structure of scalar dissipation fields between nonbuoyant and buoyant cases. In the former, the scalar dissipation marks intense reaction zones, supporting the flamelet concept; however, results suggest that flamelet modeling assumptions need to be reexamined. In the latter, this correspondence breaks down, suggesting that modifications to the flamelet modeling approach are needed in buoyant turbulent diffusion flames.
Transformées de Riesz et fonctions sommables

operateurs pseudo-differentiels sur les varietes de Cartan-Hadamard appeles transformees de Riesz. Dans aucun de ces travaux nous n'avons considere les cas extremes/? = 1 oup = + . Dans les pages qui suivent nous nous interessons essentiellement aux fonctions sommables sur une variete de Cartan-Hadamard pour la mesure induite par la structure riemannienne. Nous obtiendrons alors des estimees qualitatives sur ces operateurs appliques aux fonctions sommables. Nous commengons avec les notations et les enonces des differents resultats que nous prouverons. M designe une variete de Cartan-Hadamard, c'est-a-dire une variete riemannienne, simplement connexe, complete, a courbure non positive. On note comme d'habitude der la mesure induite par la structure riemannienne. Si 1 C, mesurable,
Critical review of household water treatment in Southeast Asian countries

Worldwide, an average gap of 32% was observed between urban and rural populations in terms of access to safe drinking water. Worryingly, 50% of the Southeast Asia population resides in rural areas, making the region highly vulnerable to threats from not having access to safe drinking water. The sparse population density and infrastructural complexities in rural areas have made centralized water treatment systems very challenging in terms of implementation and significantly increased cost. Hence, adopting a household water treatment (HWT) system would be a more suitable co‐existing water provision solution. However, data on the sustainability of HWT in Southeast Asia is still lacking. Therefore, this review aims to provide a critical overview of water poverty and current HWT implemented in Southeast Asian countries. The factors associated with feasibility and potentially sustained implementation of the HWT in Southeast Asian countries covering user preferences, user perception towards water safety, education and training, economic feasibility, collaborations, and supportive policy environment were also discussed. In a nutshell, there is a need for co‐designing the HWT with the targeted community before its implementation for better sustainability.
Information Deprivation and Democratic Engagement

Abstract There remains no consensus among social scientists as to how to measure and understand forms of information deprivation such as misinformation. Machine learning and statistical analyses of information deprivation typically contain problematic operationalizations which are too often biased towards epistemic elites’ conceptions that can undermine their empirical adequacy. A mature science of information deprivation should include considerable citizen involvement that is sensitive to the value-ladenness of information quality, and doing so may improve the predictive and explanatory power of extant models.
Determination of the elastic constants of isotropic solids by optical heterodyne interferometry

An experimental method based on the application of speckle interferometry is proposed in order to determine the dynamic elastic constants of an isotropic material. A broad frequency spectrum impact is applied to a cylindrical sample and, when this vibrates freely, a heterodyne laser interferometer is used to detect the displacement of a point of the material. Once the sample is suitably excited, the displacement component of interest, either in‐plane or out‐of‐plane, is detected in order to determine its frequency content. A spectral analysis allows the determination of the longitudinal, transverse, and torsional natural frequencies. From this the elastic constants are calculated. The measurement precision is checked experimentally using the same method by means of a third detection.
A newly developed low drift fast response salinity meter

Here a new conductivity probe, which is basically a stainless steel tube with a plastic plug with a hole, plugged in one end, is described. The tube is externally insulated and the other electrode is (usually earthed) a metallic slab fixed in the fluid. The electronic used is of a conventional type and uses a 1 kHz signal whose amplitude is modulated by the conductance across the probes terminals. The signal is amplified, rectified, and filtered. The probe is different from the conventional probes, in that the fluid is sucked through the small hole in the probe tip, and only through the fluid in the tip can an electric current flow. Hence, the output and the dynamic response depend, respectively, on the conductivity of the small volume of the fluid in the tip, and how fast it can be replaced. Tests on this and other types of probes, show that this probe has almost no drift and has a satisfactory dynamic response. Probes with different tip geometries have also been tested and show that the frequency response of the probe (typically 200 Hz) does not change significantly. Possible adaptation of such a probe for oceanographic measurements will be discussed. The author has successfully used such a system for laboratory study of turbulence in stratified fluids.
Thiele's differential equation with stochastic interest of diffusion type

Abstract The classical Thiele's differential equation for the prospective reserve of an insurance policy has been generalized to models with counting process driven payments and deterministic interest. Here the result is extended to situations with diffusion driven stochastic interest. The technique of proof consists in identifying the null part of the martingale associated with the initial present value of the payments. The presentation centers on life insurance, but the theory can be adapted to more general stochastic payment streams.
Investigation of Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Sensitivity to the Anti-Cancer Activity of Costunolide in Breast Cancer Cells

Costunolide (CTL), an active compound isolated from Saussurea lappa Clarke and Laurus nobilis L, has been shown to induce apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in various types of cancer cells. However, details of molecular mechanisms underlying the difference in sensitivity of cancer cells to CTL are still largely unknown. Here, we tested the effect of CTL on the viability of breast cancer cells and found that CTL had a more efficient cytotoxic effect against SK-BR-3 cells than MCF-7 cells. Mechanically, ROS levels were significantly increased upon CTL treatment only in SK-BR-3 cells, which leads to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cathepsin D release, and subsequent activation of the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by inducing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). In contrast, treatment of MCF-7 cells with CTL activated PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy to remove damaged mitochondria, which prevented the elevation of ROS levels, thereby contributing to their reduced sensitivity to CTL. These results suggest that CTL is a potent anti-cancer agent, and its combination with the inhibition of mitophagy could be an effective method for treating breast cancer cells that are less sensitive to CTL.
Robust Key Update With Controllable Accuracy Using Support Vector Machine for Secure OFDMA-PON

In this article, we first propose a novel secret key update scheme only with a single support vector machine (SVM). To achieve robust and efficient key management for secure orthogonal frequency division multiple access-based passive optical network (OFDMA-PON). The key sequences required to be shared between multiple optical network units (ONUs) and optical line terminal (OLT) are converted into partial quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol phases, and then masked into the whole upstream signal using two-dimensional chaos. The session keys can be distributed in real-time without consuming exclusive secure channels and resulting in data rate loss. A well-trained support vector machine (SVM) implemented at the receiver enables error-free key decision. Moreover, the numerous cross validations are conducted to verify the superior generalization performance under various parameters including key length and modulation format. The 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM OFDM signal transmissions are successfully demonstrated over 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) by an experiment. The results show that the controllable restored accuracy of key can be realized by regulating the pivotal algorithm parameter to flexibly adapt to different system conditions, thus this scheme can be a promising efficient key update technology for future secure PON.
The Effect of the Water Drinking Test on Ocular Parameters and Choroidal Thickness in Glaucoma Suspects

Background and objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effects of the water drinking test (WDT) on several systemic and ocular parameters, including choroidal thickness, which was assessed through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), in glaucoma suspects. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 eyes from 20 glaucoma suspects without any systemic or ocular diseases were included in this prospective observational study. All the participants undertook the WDT, which required the drinking of 1 L of table water in 5 min. The outcome measures included IOP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), and subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, which were assessed at baseline and at four 15 min intervals after the WDT. Generalized least squares models and mixed model analyses that take into account repeated measurements were used to assess the changes over time of these parameters. Results: All the ocular and systemic parameters showed statistically significant changes at all time points compared to baseline apart from choroidal thickness. The peak changes were an IOP of 20.1 mmHg versus 17.3 mmHg at 45 min, an SBP of 137.6 mmHg versus 125 mmHg at 30 min, a DBP of 95.9 mmHg versus 85.7 mmHg at 15 min, and an MOP of 53.51 mmHg versus 48.89 mmHg at 15 min. Conclusions: Despite elevations in IOP and significant changes in all the assessed systemic parameters, the WDT was not associated with changes in choroidal thickness in glaucoma suspects.
Metasurface Antenna With Cocircularly Polarized Radiation Characteristics for Wideband Monostatic Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Applications

A monostatic simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) antenna system consisting of a metasurface-based STAR antenna and two elaborately designed microstrip-based feeding networks is proposed to suppress the self-interference (SI) from transmission (TX) to reception (RX), a key challenge in STAR design to realize its potential in doubling system capacity. The metasurface antenna is for the first time used in designing a monostatic STAR antenna system for its compact and wideband characteristics. The proposed STAR antenna system possesses the features of monostatic operation, wide bandwidth, high TX/RX isolation, cocircularly polarized radiation with similar patterns for TX and RX, easy fabrication, and low cost. The metasurface-based STAR antenna is formed by four dual-polarized metasurface antennas, or units, and is used for both TX and RX to achieve monostatic operation. A wide operating bandwidth is obtained for each antenna unit by combining the resonate modes of the unit and a crossed slot, the feeding structure of the unit, using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). To achieve high TX/RX isolation and identical right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), the four TX and RX ports of the STAR antenna, respectively, are excited with equal amplitudes and relative phases of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, by two dedicated-designed wideband feeding networks based on the sensitivity analysis. Accordingly, the proposed STAR antenna system is prototyped. The measurement results show that the STAR antenna system achieves $>$ 36 dB TX/RX isolation and <3 dB axial ratio from 4.5 to 6 GHz and maintains similar radiation patterns with the same RHCP for TX and RX.
The impact of annealing on microstructure of cold rolled steel plates detected by eddy current method

ABSTRACT Eddy current (EC) is a non-destructive method, which plays an important role in the quality inspection sector of various metal industries. It has been used for a wide range of inspection purposes, such as detecting cracks and defects, and inspecting the coating quality. The EC method can also be utilised in the material and microstructure characterisation of engineering steels and alloys. In this study, the EC method is used to detect the microstructural changes during the annealing of a cold rolled steel plate. To support the EC findings, the electromagnetic results are compared with the hardness measurements and the microstructure observations. The comparison proves that the EC method is able to separate recovery and recrystallisation stages, and extract useful information from the changes in the microstructure at various recrystallisation levels.
Motion estimation and segmentation using a global Bayesian approach

An approach to the problem of optic flow estimation and segmentation from image sequences is presented. It is shown that optic flow estimation and segmentation can be expressed, within a Bayesian decision framework, as a global estimation problem. The unknown process to be estimated corresponds to the 2D relative velocity field and to the motion boundaries. Several observations are used in the scheme, involving the spatiotemporal gradients of the image sequence and the output of an intensity edge detector. The unknown velocity field and motion discontinuities are modeled using a joint Markov random field, allowing the smoothing of the velocity field and the preservation of motion boundaries. Critical areas, such as occluding regions, are detected using a likelihood test and, in this case, a modified interaction model is applied. Results are presented on a real-world digital TV sequence involving complex 3D motions and occlusions. <<ETX>>
Oleate Impacts on Acetoclastic and Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis under Mesophilic and Thermophilic Conditions

This study investigated oleate inhibition concentration on mesophilic and thermophilic sludge by utilizing acetate and H2/CO2 (80:20, v/v) as substrate, respectively. In addition, another batch experiment was carried out to explore the influence of oleate loads (mM-oleate/g-VS) on methane production. Generally, the mesophilic anaerobic system was more stable than the thermophilic system, which embodied higher microbial abundance, higher methane yield, and higher oleate tolerance. Furthermore, this study provides a possible methanogenic pathway impacted by oleate under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions according to functional microbial composition. Lastly, this paper provides noticeable and avoidable oleate concentrations and loads under different experimental conditions as a guide for future anaerobic bioreactors of lipidic waste biodegradation.
Profiling the low-beta characteristics of the subthalamic nucleus in early- and late-onset Parkinson’s disease

Objectives Low-beta oscillation (13–20 Hz) has rarely been studied in patients with early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD, age of onset ≤50 years). We aimed to explore the characteristics of low-beta oscillation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of patients with EOPD and investigate the differences between EOPD and late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD). Methods We enrolled 31 EOPD and 31 LOPD patients, who were matched using propensity score matching. Patients underwent bilateral STN deep brain stimulation (DBS). Local field potentials were recorded using intraoperative microelectrode recording. We analyzed the low-beta band parameters, including aperiodic/periodic components, beta burst, and phase-amplitude coupling. We compared low-beta band activity between EOPD and LOPD. Correlation analyses were performed between the low-beta parameters and clinical assessment results for each group. Results We found that the EOPD group had lower aperiodic parameters, including offset (p = 0.010) and exponent (p = 0.047). Low-beta burst analysis showed that EOPD patients had significantly higher average burst amplitude (p = 0.016) and longer average burst duration (p = 0.011). Furthermore, EOPD had higher proportion of long burst (500–650 ms, p = 0.008), while LOPD had higher proportion of short burst (200–350 ms, p = 0.007). There was a significant difference in phase-amplitude coupling values between low-beta phase and fast high frequency oscillation (300–460 Hz) amplitude (p = 0.019). Conclusion We found that low-beta activity in the STN of patients with EOPD had characteristics that varied when compared with LOPD, and provided electrophysiological evidence for different pathological mechanisms between the two types of PD. These differences need to be considered when applying adaptive DBS on patients of different ages.
Threshold and Characteristic LETs in SRAM SEU Cross Section Curves

Characterizing the sensitivity of a static random access memory (SRAM) to single-event upset (SEU) is an essential task for assuring its soft-error reliability. However, this task often imposes a burden because it usually requires many cycles of accelerator-based irradiation tests. A model recently proposed is a very simple exponential-type equation but has strong potential to reduce the burden because of its capability to predict SEU cross sections in various conditions. The aim of the present study is to revisit the model in terms of threshold parameters called threshold linear energy transfer (LET or $L$ ) and critical charge. Although these threshold parameters are widely used as key parameters that describe whether an SEU occurs or not, they are not seen in the model. This article explores such missing threshold parameters, suggesting that they successfully appear by introducing a factor of five to the original expression.
Generating blocked fractional factorial split-plot designs using integer programming

Split-plot designs are commonly used in industrial experiments when there are hard-to-change and easy-to-change factors. Due to the number of factors and resource limitations, it is more practical to run a fractional factorial split-plot (FFSP) design. These designs are variations of the fractional factorial (FF) design, with the restricted randomisation structure to account for the whole plots and subplots. When all the experimental runs cannot be performed under the same conditions, the designs are split into blocks. We discuss the formulation of blocked fractional factorial split-plot (BFFSP) designs using integer programming (IP) to achieve various design criteria.