Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pattern of recurrence and factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of glioblastoma in Chinese patients

Background: Pattern of recurrence of glioblastoma (GBM) seems to have undergone some shifts from distant metastasis as a rarity to a higher proportion, including disease disseminated via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway. There is still no report on the pattern of recurrence for Chinese population. Here, we evaluated the pattern of recurrence of GBM in Chinese patients along with factors that could affect the distribution of recurrence. Methods: Medical records of GBM patients with definite recurrence were reviewed. Local recurrence was defined as tumor regrowth within the preoperative abnormal signals on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 sequence. New recurrence was a new lesion away from the preoperative T2 abnormalities. New recurrence in contact with CSF pathways was registered as new CSF dissemination. Progress-free survival (PFS) and survival after progress were compared using the Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Potential risk factors for new CSF dissemination were assessed using univariate models followed by multivariate analysis. Results: Thirty-six patients were proven to have recurrence; 22 local and 14 new recurrences. Among the 14 patients, 11 had new CSF dissemination. Median PFS for local, new parenchymal recurrence, and new CSF dissemination were 5.5 months, 9.9 months, and 12.1 months, whereas survival after progress were 6.1 months, 5.7 months, and 16.9 months, respectively. The ventricular entry during surgery and the completion of concomitant chemoradiotherapy were risk factors for new CSF dissemination. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation was associated with the development of CSF dissemination. Conclusion: The majority of recurrence remained local (22/36, 61%). However, CSF dissemination was up to 30% (11/36). PFS for patients with CSF dissemination was the longest, and paradoxically survival after progress was the shortest. Ventricular entry should be avoided. Whole craniospinal MRI surveillance should be included for these patients.
A Hybrid Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation

Words can have more than one distinct meaning called as polysemous words. This paper concentrates on Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) which refers to the resolution of lexical ambiguity that arises when a given word has several different meanings. The paper presents a hybrid approach for this problem based on the basic principle by Yarowsky’s unsupervised algorithm for WSD. It also employs Naive Baye’s theorem to find the likelihood ratio of the sense in the given context. This way, the approach preserves the advantage of principles of Yarowsky’s (one sense per discourse and one sense per collocation) and utilizes Baye’s theorem for the better performance of the system. The seed/sense selection can be done either manually or automatically to find the local or global dependency of a given sense in a given window. To find the local dependency, the system uses the definitions provided by the dictionary (Word Net) for the target word whereas the global dependency is determined on the basis of fact that the word that occurs with significantly higher frequency in an entire corpus can be used as seed word. The proposed approach is applied on some ambiguous words for which training and test data is developed and the performance of the system is determined, listed in the form of tables. Finally the comparison is made between the two seed selection methods i.e. local and global. I. Introduction Natural languages are an integral part of our lives. They not only help us to communicate our day to day ideas but also play an instrumental role to record our knowledge. If we want to develop the applications such as machine translator, information retrieval, grammatical analyser, speech processor etc., we have to resolve the ambiguity inherent in the natural language. We are unaware of ambiguities in the natural language may be because we as human are good at resolving them but computationally removing ambiguities is not so easy and obvious. In the domain word sense disambiguation (WSD), a field of computational linguistics, the sense of word is determined by using the context in which word is used in sentence or discourse. The algorithms used in WSD can be classified as knowledge based and corpus based which involves supervised learning and unsupervised learning[4]. Knowledge based approach disambiguation is carried out using information from an explicit lexicon or knowledge base. The lexicon may be a machine readable dictionary, thesaurus or it may be hand-crafted. Supervised learning can be viewed as a classification task while unsupervised learning can be viewed as clustering task[4].
Power-Law Distributions of Component Size in General Software Systems

This paper begins by modeling general software systems using concepts from statistical mechanics which provide a framework for linking microscopic and macroscopic features of any complex system. This analysis provides a way of linking two features of particular interest in software systems: first the microscopic distribution of defects within components and second the macroscopic distribution of component sizes in a typical system. The former has been studied extensively, but the latter much less so. This paper shows that subject to an external constraint that the total number of defects is fixed in an equilibrium system, commonly used defect models for individual components directly imply that the distribution of component sizes in such a system will obey a power-law Pareto distribution. The paper continues by analyzing a large number of mature systems of different total sizes, different implementation languages, and very different application areas, and demonstrates that the component sizes do indeed appear to obey the predicted power-law distribution. Some possible implications of this are explored.
Phase I Hydroxylated Metabolites of the K2 Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 Retain In Vitro and In Vivo Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Affinity and Activity

Background K2 products are synthetic cannabinoid-laced, marijuana-like drugs of abuse, use of which is often associated with clinical symptoms atypical of marijuana use, including hypertension, agitation, hallucinations, psychosis, seizures and panic attacks. JWH-018, a prevalent K2 synthetic cannabinoid, is structurally distinct from Δ9-THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. Since even subtle structural differences can lead to differential metabolism, formation of novel, biologically active metabolites may be responsible for the distinct effects associated with K2 use. The present study proposes that K2's high adverse effect occurrence is due, at least in part, to distinct JWH-018 metabolite activity at the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R). Methods/Principal Findings JWH-018, five potential monohydroxylated metabolites (M1–M5), and one carboxy metabolite (M6) were examined in mouse brain homogenates containing CB1Rs, first for CB1R affinity using a competition binding assay employing the cannabinoid receptor radioligand [3H]CP-55,940, and then for CB1R intrinsic efficacy using an [35S]GTPγS binding assay. JWH-018 and M1–M5 bound CB1Rs with high affinity, exhibiting Ki values that were lower than or equivalent to Δ9-THC. These molecules also stimulated G-proteins with equal or greater efficacy relative to Δ9-THC, a CB1R partial agonist. Most importantly, JWH-018, M2, M3, and M5 produced full CB1R agonist levels of activation. CB1R-mediated activation was demonstrated by blockade with O-2050, a CB1R-selective neutral antagonist. Similar to Δ9-THC, JWH-018 and M1 produced a marked depression of locomotor activity and core body temperature in mice that were both blocked by the CB1R-preferring antagonist/inverse agonist AM251. Conclusions/Significance Unlike metabolites of most drugs, the studied JWH-018 monohydroxylated compounds, but not the carboxy metabolite, retain in vitro and in vivo activity at CB1Rs. These observations, combined with higher CB1R affinity and activity relative to Δ9-THC, may contribute to the greater prevalence of adverse effects observed with JWH-018-containing products relative to cannabis.
Blowup vs Illposedness of Smooth Solutions of the Incompressible Euler / Navier-Stokes Equations

We present evidence that the problem of breakdown/blowup of smooth solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, is closely related to Hadamard’s concepts of wellposedness and illposedness. We present a combined criterion for blowup, based on detecting increasing L2-residuals and stability factors, which can be tested computationally on meshes of finite mesh size. 1 The Clay Navier-Stokes Millennium Problem The Clay Mathematics Institute Millennium Problem on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations [5, 8] asks for a proof of (I) global existence of smooth solutions for all smooth data, or a proof of the converse (II) non global existence of a smooth solution for some smooth data, referred to as breakdown or blowup. The analogous problem for the inviscid incompressible Euler equations is mentioned briefly in [8] and in [7] described as “a major open problem in PDE theory, of far greater physical importance than the blowup problem for NavierStokes equations, which of course is known to the nonspecialists because it is a Clay Millenium Problem”. In the recent survey [3] the problem is described as “one of the most important and challenging open problems in mathematical fluid mechanics”. Since the viscosity the Millennium Problem is allowed to be arbitarily small and solutions of the Euler equations are defined as viscosity solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations under vanishing viscosity, the Euler equations effectively are included in the Millenium Problem as a limit case. In [16] we presented evidence that a specific initially smooth solution of the Euler equations, potential flow around a circular cylinder, in finite time exhibits blowup into a turbulent non-smooth solution, that is we presented evidence of (II). More generally, we presented evidence that all (non-trivial) initially smooth Euler solutions exhibit blowup into turbulent solutions. In particular, we argued that blowup can be detected computationally on computational meshes of finite mesh size. This work closely connects to the new resolution of d’Alembert’s paradox presented in [15].
A Novel Comprehensive Database for Arabic Off-Line Handwriting Recognition

This paper presents the work toward developing a new comprehensive database for Arabic off-line handwriting recognition. The database includes: isolated Indian digits, numerical strings, Arabic isolated letters, and a collection of 70 Arabic words. Also, the database includes a free format sample of an Arabic date. A data entry form was designed to collect written samples from Arabic native speakers. Our database is advanced in terms of the variety of sets, words and number of the participants involved. The databases have been divided into respective training, testing and validation sets which will be available in the future for the handwriting recognition community.
Empirical validation of object-oriented inheritance hierarchy modifiability metrics

Since the proliferation of software product in the (semi)automation of business operations, most especially software product developed using the object-oriented methodology; the quality of the design of software becomes significant. The measurement of the quality attributes of software during and after development guides software developers in ensuring the production of software products that are maintainable. Several metrics have been proposed for the measurement of the inheritance hierarchy of object-oriented software designs. This paper presents an empirical validation of two inheritance-based metrics: Average Understandability (AU) and Average Modifiability (AM), for the estimation of the modifiability of object-oriented software inheritance hierarchies. Data collected from two open-source object-oriented software are used for the empirical validation of the metrics. The results of the study show that the two metrics are good indicators of the modifiability of object-oriented inheritance hierarchy from high level designs perspective.
Multiple Paths to Morphogen Gradient Robustness

Much recent attention has focused on the robustness of morphogen gradients, i.e. the ability of such gradients to resist change in the face of genetic and environmental perturbations. It has been suggested that some of the complex regulatory interactions found in morphogen gradients—feedback control of morphogen responsiveness, countergradients of secreted inhibitors, etc.—exist to enhance robustness, but how this occurs is only partly understood. Here we identify two strategies that make gradients robust to changes in morphogen synthesis rate. Both utilize non-receptor cell surface molecules to mediate a substantial fraction of morphogen degradation. One exploits the non-linear, i.e. saturable, nature of binding of morphogens to receptors; the other takes advantage of feedback inhibition of receptor synthesis by morphogen signaling. Such strategies may play a role in the Decapentaplegic gradient in the Drosophila wing disc, in which just such feedback is present, and in which cell surface non-receptor molecules (e.g. proteoglycans) are known to regulate gradient shape. Introduction Highly patterned arrangements of organs and tissues arise during development because groups of cells adopt different fates depending on the their precise location in space. This process is commonly orchestrated by secreted signaling molecules known as morphogens. Morphogens diffuse (or, as proposed by some investigators, are actively transported) randomly away from their site of production to form spatial gradients. At different distances, cells experience different levels of occupancy of morphogen receptors. The resulting graded differences in signaling ultimately give rise sharp differences in gene expression, from which follow stable differences in cell fate.
Cultural competence: a conceptual framework for teaching and learning

Objectives The need to address cultural and ethnic diversity issues in medical education as a means to improve the quality of care for all has been widely emphasised. Cultural competence has been suggested as an instrument with which to deal with diversity issues. However, the implementation of culturally competent curricula appears to be difficult. We believe the development of curricula would profit from a framework that provides a practical translation of abstract educational objectives and that is related to competencies underlying the medical curriculum in general. This paper proposes such a framework.
Cyberbullying sensitivity and awareness among entry-level university students

With increased usage of the Internet and social media, cyberbullying among young people has recently come to the fore worldwide, and Turkey has seen no exception to this. The numbers of young people subjected to bullying on digital platforms increases daily, which has a significant impact on their lives. It is therefore vital to raise awareness about cyberbullying, both in terms of taking precautions against its threats and to foster behavioural changes that may lead to reduced exposure to cyberbullying. The purpose of this study is to investigate entry level university students’ past and present experiences of cyberbullying, specifically within digital social environments. A survey method was adopted, with participation of entry level undergraduate students from various departments of a public university in Turkey during the 2015-2016 academic year. The ‘Cyberbullying Sensitivity Scale’, developed by Tanrikulu, Kinay, and Aricak (2013), was the instrument applied. Findings from the study aim to shed light on the current status of sensitivity and awareness about cyberbullying, with important implications for the introduction and fostering of healthier and more informed use of information and communication technologies.
Marine enzymes and food industry: insight on existing and potential interactions

Evidence that support the marine environment as source of useful biocatalysts for application in several areas of industry pile up, both as scientific reports or patent applications. Marine microorganisms have to endure habitats characterized by extreme conditions of salinity, temperature or pressure. Their enzymes present concomitant features, viz. thermostability or halostability, which are appealing for practical applications. The food sector is a field where enzymes are used, given their specificity, compliance with strict regulations, relatively mild operational conditions required and environmental friendly nature. The specific features presented by marine enzymes can be advantageously used both for process improvement or to develop new processes and products. In the present review the role of relevant types of enzymes for the food sector is described and recent findings on those enzymes from marine are put into context. The information provided is illustrative that in spite of the relative novelty concerning the use of marine enzymes within the scope of the food sector, some processes have reached commercial status and promising results are being obtained with several others. Moreover, there is still a vast field of resources for enzyme activity to be explored, namely since the screening process that has been considerably improved with the contribution of metagenomic libraries. It can thus be considered that future and exciting developments can be expected concerning the use of marine enzymes in the food and feed areas.
Control and development of time-based visual selection

Attention plays an integral role in healthy cognitive functioning, and failures of attention can lead to unfavourable and dangerous consequences. As such, comprehending the nature of attentional mechanisms is of fundamental theoretical and practical importance. One way in which humans can attentionally prioritise new information is through top-down inhibition of old distractors, known as the preview benefit (Watson & Humphreys, 1997). In the preview benefit, time is used to efficiently guide visual selection in space. Given that this ability is based on limited resources, its deployment in everyday life may be hindered by a multitude of factors. This thesis will explore the endogenous and exogenous factors that can facilitate or constrain the preview benefit, and determine its developmental trajectory. Understanding the nature of this mechanism (endogenous and exogenous factors) in adults can elucidate the contexts in which visual selection can efficiently filter old distractors. In turn, a developmental perspective can unravel the hidden aspects of this ability and inform when children are endowed to use temporal information for efficient attentional selection. Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical problems and topics of attentional research in adults and children. Chapter 2 addresses the question of endogenous control of top-down inhibition in time-based visual selection – when can top-down inhibition be controlled by the observer? Chapter 3 examines the exogenous influence of complex stimuli on time-based visual selection. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on the development of time-based visual selection for stationary and moving stimuli, respectively, in children aged 6 to 12 years. These chapters also examine the relative association of the efficiency of the preview benefit with the development of executive functions across different age-groups. Overall, the findings suggest that there exist remarkable endogenous and exogenous constraints in how time guides selection. This may account for why in certain contexts, attentional selection can fail to be efficient. Moreover, time-based visual selection shows striking quantitative and qualitative changes over developmental time, and most importantly, children have a long developmental trajectory in learning to ignore moving items. Unlike children, adults’ time-based visual selection is coupled with individual differences in executive functions, highlighting an acquired functional connection. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for time-based visual selection, the development of children’s attentional control for distractors, and impact routes for educational and clinical practice, and policy makers.
Efficient Indexing for Mobile Image Retrieval

In this work, we present a novel indexing method, which contains visual phrase quantization, two-dimensional inverted index and Approximate RANSAC (ARANSAC), for mobile image retrieval. First of all, visual phrase quantization is proposed by mapping the SIFT descriptor to two visual words in an order and representing the image by bag of visual phrases. Then, a two-dimensional inverted index is developed, in which the similarity is computed by counting the co-occurrences of visual phrases between query image and database image. Finally, ARANSAC is investigated to re-rank the top-ranked images returned from the above indexing. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our proposed method in mobile image retrieval improves the retrieval efficiency while ensuring the retrieval accuracy.
Weakened Links Between Mind and Body in Older Age: The Case for Maturational Dualism in the Experience of Emotion

As neuroscience methods begin to dominate emotion research it is critical for researchers to remember that peripheral embodiments are critical to understanding emotional experience and emotion—behavior links. Much of modern emotion research assumes reliable mind—body connections that suggest that changes in emotional states influence bodily responses and, vice versa, that somatovisceral information shapes emotional experiences. However, there may be important qualifications to the link between the mind and the (peripheral) body. For example, the ability to sense internal and external bodily states declines in older age as does activation of physiological systems, all of which may contribute to an impairment in emotional experiences and how emotions influence behavior. I describe this phenomenon as maturational dualism and suggest implications of this for emotion in older adults.
Object tracking system using colour histograms *

A pan-tilt structure has been endowed with the capability of doing the visual tracking of a moving target. Moving objects in the field of view of the camera are detected and the more relevant region colour feature is selected as the pattern to follow. Colour histogram is used as reliable feature to model object appearance and its adaptation handles with illumination changes.
Lock-free Linearizable 1-Dimensional Range Queries

Efficient concurrent data structures that support range queries are highly sought-after in a number of application areas. For example, the contemporary big-data processing platforms employ them as in-memory index structures for fast and scalable real-time updates and analytics, where analytics utilizes the range queries. In this paper, we present a generic algorithm to perform linearizable range queries in lock-free ordered 1-dimensional data structures. The algorithm requires single-word atomic compare-and-swap (CAS) primitives. Our method generalizes the lock-free data structure snapshot of Petrank et al. [25]. Fundamentally, we utilize a partial snapshot object derived from the snapshot object of Jayanti [20]. We experimentally evaluate the proposed algorithm in a lock-free linked-list, skip-list and binary search tree (BST). The experiments demonstrate that our algorithm is scalable even in the presence of high percentage of concurrent modify operations and outperforms an existing range search algorithm in lock-free k-ary trees in several scenarios.
Determinants

In the article we develop Euler – Lagrange method and calculate all the roots of an arbitrary complex polynomial P ( z ) on the base of calculation (similar to the Bernoulli – Aitken – Nikiporets methods) of the limits of ratios of Hadamard determinants built by means of coeﬃcients of expansions into Taylor and Laurent series of the function P ′ ( z ) P ( z ) .