Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Focus on European Economic Integration Q2/13 Did the Crisis and Eu Integration Have an Impact? Evidence from the Oenb Euro Survey

1 According to Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow, trust is an asset. " Without trust, cooperations break down, financing breaks down and investment stops. […] if there is no trust, there is no progress " (Arrow, 1972). Sapienza and Zingales (2012) present survey evidence for the U.S.A. showing that the global recession following the collapse of Lehman Brothers was inter alia caused by a sharp loss in trust in the financial sector and the economic system in general. Against this background, it is of crucial importance to European policymaking that the citizens of Europe have sufficient trust in EU institutions. A lack of trust may have negative repercussions for European integration as a whole. For the (potential) candidate countries trust in the EU is essential given their strong economic links with EU Member States, their EU integration perspective and the important role of the euro in the region. Therefore, their political and economic future cannot be seen separately from EU policies. The economic and financial crisis of 2008–09 and the ongoing sovereign debt crisis since 2010 have undermined EU citizens' trust in national and European government institutions in many European countries, in particular in the euro area periphery countries which have been most exposed to the crisis, i.e. Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain (see Roth et al., 2011). Roth et al. (2011) find that declining trust in the EU can be mainly explained by the deteriorated economic environment during the crisis. 2 Furthermore, citizens' perception of poor crisis management by the European institutions may have also played a role. The lack of tools to address systematically macroeconomic imbalances as well as the political The authors gratefully acknowledge comments by Thomas Gruber (OeNB). 2 Unemployment and debt over GDP are found to be the central explanatory variables for declining trust in EU institutions during the crisis period (see Roth et al., 2011). The economic and financial crisis of 2008–09 and the ongoing sovereign debt crisis since 2010 have undermined EU citizens' trust in national and European government institutions in many European countries. Against this background we look at trust in the EU in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) on the basis of results obtained from the OeNB Euro Survey. While we find that trust in the EU differs largely across the CESEE countries of the sample, the results are broadly comparable to average levels obtained for euro area countries over the …
Micro Secure Socket Layer (MSSL) for micro server

In this paper, we propose Micro Secure Socket Layer (MSSL) for 8-bit flash micro controller that is about 1.3 Kbytes in code size. We have analyzed and compared various cryptographic protocols in TCP/IP stack for Micro Server to propose a simple secure layer based on simple handshake processing and encryption. Security implementation for Micro Server, which has very limited size of memory with a small processor, is very difficult and challenging task. However, security on the applications of ubiquitous sensors has become very important issues recently. Crackers can easily access to the sensor nodes or Micro Servers without security. Because the proposed MSSL is very small in code size, it can be implemented and is suitable for small sensors and Micro Server systems.
An adaptive inspection-method for industrial welding seam based on ISOMAP algorithm and the modification of BP ANN

This article adopts the adaptive momentum adjustments to standardize various lighting parameters, so as to improve its adaptive property for the circumstance. By nonlinear dimensionality reduction, the original data space are compressed into eigenvalue pattern space, then the original data are gathered in a less and effective eigenvalue expression. By using the modification of BP ANN to classify the data pattern space, it can do self-teaching and improve the correct inspection rate and realtime performance. This algorithm has been applied in the realtime inspection of industrial welding seam. It has a strong ability of adaptive, self-teaching, high inspection rate and real-time performance.
Reserve Requirements and Real Exchange Rate Misalignments in Emerging Market Economies

A popular policy target in emerging markets is the real exchange rate as an undervalued real exchange rate is seen to enhance international competitiveness. Within an augmented Dornbusch model it is shown that the implicit tax of low remunerated reserve requirements represents an efficient tool to depreciate the real exchange rate. The model is empirically tested for a panel of Latin American, East Asian and Eastern European countries. Controlling for the impact of fiscal policies and direct capital controls, the reserve requirement tax significantly explains real exchange rate misalignments.
Breast cancer cells with acquired antiestrogen resistance are sensitized to cisplatin-induced cell death

Antiestrogens are currently used for treating breast cancer patients who have estrogen receptor–positive tumors. However, patients with advanced disease will eventually develop resistance to the drugs. Therefore, compounds effective on antiestrogen-resistant tumors will be of great importance for future breast cancer treatment. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the chemotherapeutic compound cisplatin using a panel of antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cell lines established from the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. We show that the antiestrogen-resistant cells are significantly more sensitive to cisplatin-induced cell death than antiestrogen-sensitive MCF-7 cells and we show that cisplatin induces cell death by activating both the caspase and lysosomal death pathways. The antiestrogen-resistant cell lines express lower levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein compared with parental MCF-7 cells. Our data show that Bcl-2 can protect antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells from cisplatin-induced cell death, indicating that the reduced expression of Bcl-2 in the antiestrogen-resistant cells plays a role in sensitizing the cells to cisplatin treatment. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(6): 1869–76]
Inheritance of a novel COL8A2 mutation defines a distinct early-onset subtype of fuchs corneal dystrophy.

PURPOSE To characterize the genetic basis and phenotype of inherited Fuchs corneal dystrophy (FCD). METHODS DNA from blood was used for genome-wide linkage scans with tandem repeat polymorphisms. Mutation detection involved sequencing PCR-amplified exons. Families with FCD were clinically evaluated and graded on the Krachmer severity scale. Confocal specular microscopy visualized the morphology of endothelial guttae, small protrusions of Descemet's membrane that are characteristic of FCD. RESULTS Linkage was obtained to 1p34.3-p32 for the autosomal dominant kindred originally reported by Magovern in 1979. All 21 cases with FCD and one with posterior polymorphous dystrophy were heterozygous for L450W, a novel point mutation in the COL8A2 gene. Of 62 independent cases of familial FCD, none had the previously reported mutations in COL8A2. Corneal guttae in COL8A2 patients were small, rounded, and associated with the endothelial cell center. This contrasts with common FCD, in which guttae were larger, sharply peaked, and initially positioned at edges of endothelial cells. The profile of age and disease severity for the L450W FCD kindred suggested that disease onset occurred in infancy, compared with an average age of onset of 50 years estimated for 201 familial FCD patients in 62 other families. CONCLUSIONS A novel pathogenic L450W COL8A2 mutation was identified and its highly distinctive pathology characterized. This indicates that COL8A2 mutations give rise to a rare subtype of FCD. This study also provides the first direct evidence that COL8A2-FCD progresses from early to late stages in 25 years, a rate similar to that estimated for late-onset FCD.
Characteristics of a Widespread Community Cluster of H275Y Oseltamivir-Resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza in Australia

Background. Oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza is rare, particularly in untreated community cases. Sustained community transmission has not previously been reported. Methods. Influenza specimens from the Asia–Pacific region were collected through sentinel surveillance, hospital, and general practitioner networks. Clinical and epidemiological information was collected on patients infected with oseltamivir-resistant viruses. Results. Twenty-nine (15%) of 191 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses collected between May and September 2011 from Hunter New England (HNE), Australia, contained the H275Y neuraminidase substitution responsible for oseltamivir resistance. Only 1 patient had received oseltamivir before specimen collection. The resistant strains were genetically very closely related, suggesting the spread of a single variant. Ninety percent of cases lived within 50 kilometers. Three genetically similar oseltamivir-resistant variants were detected outside of HNE, including 1 strain from Perth, approximately 4000 kilometers away. Computational analysis predicted that neuraminidase substitutions V241I, N369K, and N386S in these viruses may offset the destabilizing effect of the H275Y substitution. Conclusions This cluster represents the first widespread community transmission of H275Y oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza. These cases and data on potential permissive mutations suggest that currently circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses retain viral fitness in the presence of the H275Y mutation and that widespread emergence of oseltamivir-resistant strains may now be more likely.
Diet and Common Mental Disorders: The Imperative to Translate Evidence into Action

The globalization of the food industry has lead to substantial dietary changes across developed and developing economies, comprising a shift toward the consumption of higher energy, less nutritious foods at the expense of traditional, more healthful, dietary patterns (1). These dietary changes have led to clear public health challenges as the burden of obesity and other diet-related non-communicable disorders (NCDs) continue to rise. In 2015, the Global Burden of Disease study identified unhealthy diet as the leading cause of early mortality worldwide (2). At the same time, mental and substance use disorders are recognized as the leading contributors to global disability (3). Of these, the common mental disorders (CMDs) – depression and anxiety – contribute the greatest proportion of disability, accounting for 40.5 and 14.6% of disease burden respectively. Only recently has it been recognized that unhealthy diet and CMDs are related: unhealthy diet is a significant risk factor not only for NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, and diabetes, but also for CMDs (4). Dietary interventions may, thus, provide a far-reaching and low risk public health opportunity for the prevention and treatment of CMDs. Traditionally, psychiatric epidemiology has directed much of its research efforts into understanding the etiology of psychiatric conditions and has lagged behind in the development of public health strategies for primary prevention (5). While the past decade has given rise to public health campaigns directed at mental illness, such campaigns are often focused on raising awareness and reducing stigma rather than on specific actions (6). Moreover, while several critical windows of opportunity for mental disorder prevention have been presented (7), there currently exists no clear or specific prevention strategy or recommendations for mental illness akin to that which exists for other common NCDs. Funding resources allocated to primary prevention of CMDs are greatly disproportionate to its disease burden, and resources for mental health prevention are not equitable to the priority placed on them by major stakeholders (8, 9). This paper argues the necessity of translating the new knowledge regarding the diet–depression paradigm into the development and implementation of public health and clinical intervention strategies at a population level.
BMAT -- A Binary Matching Tool

A major challenge of applying profile-based optimization on large real-world applications is how to capture adequate profile information. A large program, with millions of lines o f code, may be used in a large variety of ways by differe nt users on different machines. In addition, GUI-based applications can b ehave differently with only the slightest changes of running conditions. To fully characterize this type of program beha vior, extensive collection of profile data is required. U nfortunately, in a realistic software production environment, little time i s available for extensive profiling. In a large project, many developers and testers need fast access to the latest build without hav ing to wait for extensive profile runs to be completed. To address this dilemma, we would like to be able to reuse profile inform ation from a prior build. In this paper we present BMAT, a tool that matches two versions of a binary program with high succe ss rate. BMAT allows us to propagate profile informatio n from an older, extensively profiled build to a newer build, thus g reatly reducing or even eliminating the need for re-profil ing. To evaluate the quality of the results, we propose two evaluation me trics: the ability of the propagated profile information t o perform static branch prediction, and the extent to which propagated code cov erage information matches coverage data from the current build. These two metrics show how well the matching algorithm wo rks for the frequently executed core code and across the w hole program, respectively. Experiments on a set of large DLL s from Microsoft Windows 2000 and Internet Explorer show that propagated information using BMAT is typically over 99% and 98% as good on these metrics as fresh profile information. The running time of BMAT is small, under four minutes for a 5.5MB sized program on a Pentium II 200MHz machine.
Neuromagnetic studies of visual and auditory infrequent target detection tasks

Many electrophysiological studies of infrequent target detection have been performed using ‘oddball’ paradigm in which subjects were required to detect and respond to infrequent target events embedded in a series of repetitive (frequent) events. The oddball tasks have been known to elicit prominent component of event-related potentials (ERPs) called P3, which occurs about 300 ms after the infrequent stimulus onset [1][2]. The P3 is thought to reflect attentional resource allocation when working memory [3] is engaged [4]. These components have been widely used to investigate cognitive brain responses related to novelty, uncertainty, attention, and memory [2], however, the specific brain regions involved in the generation of this component and the modality dependency of these generators were largely unknown. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that there were multiple brain regions including frontal, parietal and temporal regions, which were either modality specific or modality independent, involved in the detection of infrequent stimuli [5][6][7]. Because these studies have visualized the brain activation in terms of hemodynamic changes during the task execution relative to the control condition, temporal resolution of the results could not exceed a few hundred milliseconds. In the present study, to clarify the spatio-temporal characteristics and the modality specificity of the neural activities in the human brain related to the detection of infrequent target stimuli, which are presented to either visual or auditory sensory modality, neuromagnetic measurements were performed.
Innovative learning stories for teachers based on latest IT technologies

This paper deals with new ways of teaching and learning with major support of new technologies and software solutions in primary and secondary schools. Children are keen to use new technology, mobile devices, and internet applications. They use it more for out of school activities. School has to explore the potential of new technologies and offer curricula in attractive way. Connection between traditional and on-line content should be found, linking existing educational objects into IP world is necessary. Teachers are facing new challenges how to teach in a new setting different generation of pupils. This paper brings review of some tools and presents selected learning scenarios which should help to do so. Paper also presents project iTEC funded by European Commission which helps to solve some of the problems that teachers are facing. The research project wants to identify trends for future classroom, recognize best practices and test them in 1000 classrooms throughout the Europe.
Automatic security system for recognizing unexpected motions through video surveillance

This paper deals with a study concerning the so called "smart video surveillance" system, starting from the consideration of unexpected motions. It is known that security staff, whose aim is to watch monitors and approach in case something bad and unlawful happens, in any kind of location, can keep the attention up for no more than twenty minutes, then the concentration falls down severely. Since this decrease of efficacy, it may be helpful a support system in watching and analysing the real-time or recorded scenes. According to the state of the art, unlike several other examples of smart video surveillance techniques (3,4,5,6), this one described in this article does not focus on the images, it does rather on the velocity parameter. Given a certain scenario, certain behaviours, thereby velocities, are expected, and it is supposed they might happen. The anomalies recognition is done using artificial neural networks, which are built and trained in order to compare an array (target) of expected velocities in normal conditions of life, to several arrays (input) of other velocities extracted from unexpected situations properly chosen. Once decided the tool for tracking the motions in the videos, then obtained the arrays of x and y velocities components, it is the time to build the artificial neural networks through iterations, which have been done changing the number of hidden neurons. The results are interesting enough and go right to the purpose, which consists in the choice of the best neural network.
Clinical Characteristics, Etiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Overweight and Obese Individuals with Diarrhea: Observed at a Large Diarrheal Disease Hospital, Bangladesh

Background The present study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and etiology of overweight and obese (OO) individuals with diarrhea attending an urban Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Bangladesh. Methods Total of 508 under-5 children, 96 individuals of 5–19 years and 1331 of >19 years were identified as OO from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) between 1993–2011. Two comparison groups such as well-nourished and malnourished individuals from respective age stratums were selected. Results Isolation rate of rotavirus was higher among OO under-5 children compared to malnourished group (46% vs. 28%). Rotavirus infection among OO individuals aged 5–19 years (9% vs. 3%) (9% vs. 3%) and >19 years (6% vs. 4%) (6% vs. 3%) was higher compared to well-nourished and malnourished children. Conversely, Vibrio cholerae was lower among all OO age groups compared to well-nourished and malnourished ones. Shigella (4% vs. 6%) (4% vs. 8%), and Campylobacter (3% vs. 5%) (3% vs. 5%) were lower only among OO in >19 years individuals compared to their counterparts of the same age stratum. Salmonella was similarly isolated in all age strata and nutritional groups. In multinomial logistic regression among under-5 children, significant association was observed only with use of antimicrobials at home [OR-1.97] and duration of hospital stay [OR-0.68]. For individuals aged 5–19 years, use of antimicrobials at home (OR-1.83), some or severe dehydration (OR-3.12), having received intravenous saline (OR-0.46) and rotavirus diarrhea (OR-2.96) were found to be associated with OO respectively. Moreover, significant associations were also found for duration of diarrhea before coming to hospital (>24 hours) (OR-1.24), Shigella (OR-0.46), and Campylobacter (OR-0.58) among >19 years OO individuals along with other associated co-variates in 5–19 years group (all p<0.05). Conclusion and significance Higher proportion of OO were infected with rotavirus and a greater proportion of them used antimicrobials before coming to the hospital.
Expression of GDNF and GFRα1 in mouse taste bud cells

GDNF (glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor) affects the survival and maintenance of central and peripheral neurons. Using an immunocytochemical method, we examined whether the taste bud cells in the circumvallate papillae of normal mice expressed GDNF and its GFRα1 receptor. Using double immunostaining for either of them and NCAM, PGP 9.5, or α‐gustducin, we additionally sought to determine what type of taste bud cells expressed GDNF or GFRα1, because NCAM is reported to be expressed in type‐III cells, PGP 9.5, in type‐III and some type‐II cells, and α‐gustducin, in some type‐II cells. Normal taste bud cells expressed both GDNF and GFRα1. The percentage of GDNF‐immunoreactive cells among all taste bud cells was 31.63%, and that of GFRα1‐immunoreactive cells, 83.21%. Confocal laser scanning microscopic observations after double immunostaining showed that almost none of the GDNF‐immunoreactive cells in the taste buds were reactive with anti‐NCAM or anti‐PGP 9.5 antibody, but could be stained with anti‐α‐gustducin antibody. On the other hand, almost all anti‐PGP 9.5‐ or anti‐α‐gustducin‐immunoreactive cells were positive for GFRα1. Thus, GDNF‐immunoreactive cells did not include type‐III cells, but type‐II cells, which are α‐gustducin‐immunoreactive; on the other hand, GFRα1‐immunoreactive cells included type‐II and ‐III cells, and perhaps type‐I cells. We conclude that GDNF in the type‐II cells may exert trophic actions on type‐I, ‐II, and ‐III taste bud cells by binding to their GFRα1 receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:94–102, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tornado: a capability-aware peer-to-peer storage network

Peer-to-peer storage networks aim at aggregating the unused storage in today's resource-abundant computers to form a large, shared storage space. To lay over the extremely variant machines, networks and administrative organizations, peer-to-peer storage networks must be aware of the capabilities of the constituent components to leverage their resources, performance and reliability. This paper reports our design of such a peer-to-peer storage network, called Tornado. Tornado is built on top of two concepts. The first is the virtual home concept, which adds an extra level of abstraction between data and storage nodes to mask the underlying heterogeneity. The second concept is the classification of the storage nodes into "good" and "bad" according to their static and dynamic capabilities. Only "good" peers can host virtual homes, whereby introducing quality of services into the storage network. We evaluate Tornado via simulation. The results show that Tornado is comparable with previous systems, where each route takes at most [log N] hops, anew node takes [log N]/sup 2/ messages to join, and the memory overhead in each node is O(log N). Moreover, Tornado is able to provide comprehensive services with features scattered in different systems previously, and takes account of and exploits the heterogeneity in the underlying network environment.