Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive brain stimulation in children: Applications and future directions

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation and neuromodulation technique that has provided over two decades of data in focal, non-invasive brain stimulation based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. Its minimal risk, excellent tolerability and increasingly sophisticated ability to interrogate neurophysiology and plasticity make it an enviable technology for use in pediatric research with future extension into therapeutic trials. While adult trials show promise in using TMS as a novel, non-invasive, non-pharmacologic diagnostic and therapeutic tool in a variety of nervous system disorders, its use in children is only just emerging. TMS represents an exciting advancement to better understand and improve outcomes from disorders of the developing brain.
From Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia to Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

We read with the interest the case report by Drs. Tsai and Kuo describing eculizumab treatment for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eculizumab is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this indication, thus it is critical to make this diagnosis expeditiously. As the authors note, pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome poses a particular challenge owing to confusion with preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. For example, a pregnant patient presenting in the third trimester with elevated blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or higher) will meet the criteria for severe preeclampsia if she has low platelets (less than 100,000/mL). If the lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine levels are also markedly elevated but ADAMTS13 activity and liver transaminase levels are normal, as in Tsai and Kuo’s article, the diagnosis of pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome is suspected and eculizumab should be initiated for on-label treatment. However, if under the same circumstances the lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine levels are only modestly elevated and there is liver enzyme elevation and proteinuria, severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome is suspected and use of eculizumab would be considered experimental or off-label. We have previously reported successful off-label use of eculizumab for treatment of severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. In our case, the diagnosis of severe preeclampsia rather than atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome was clear in light of concomitant liver enzyme elevation and proteinuria. Before treatment, terminal complement activation (eg, C5b-9) was increased in maternal blood and urine. After treatment with eculizumab, C5b-9 levels decreased, coinciding with clinical improvement. This case suggests that complement dysregulation does not distinguish atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome from severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. In fact, there is an abundance of evidence that complement dysregulation is a key feature of both disorders. Eculizumab is not U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved for treatment of preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome, and to our knowledge Alexion Pharmaceuticals has not yet initiated a clinical trial to address this need. Eculizumab should be instituted early for indicated treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and we believe there is also a compelling need to evaluate eculizumab, in the setting of a clinical trial, for off-label use in women with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome.
A novel type of Fe-hydrogenase in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus is linked to the photosynthetic electron transport chain

Hydrogen evolution is observed in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus after a phase of anaerobic adaptation. In this study we report the biochemical and genetical characterization of a new type of Fe-hydrogenase (HydA) in this photosynthetic organism. The monomeric enzyme has a molecular mass of 44.5 kDa. The complete hydA cDNA of 2609 bp comprises an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 448 amino acids. The protein contains a short transit peptide that routes the nucleus encoded hydrogenase to the chloroplast. Antibodies raised against the Fe-hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii react with both the isolated and in E. coli overexpressed protein of S. obliquus as shown by western blotting. By analyzing 5 kb of the genomic DNA, the transcription initiation site and 5 introns within hydA were revealed. Northern experiments suggest that hydA transcription is induced during anaerobic incubation. Alignments of S. obliquus HydA with known Fehydrogenases and sequencing of the N-terminus of the purified protein confirm that HydA belongs to the class of Fe-hydrogenases. The C-terminus of the enzyme including the catalytic site (H-cluster) reveals a high degree of identity to Fe-hydrogenases. However, the lack of additional Fe-S clusters in the N-terminal domain indicates a novel pathway of electron transfer. Inhibitor experiments show that the ferredoxin PetF functions as natural electron
Comparison of Bio-Mos ® and Antibiotic Feeding Programs in Broiler Diets Containing Copper Sulfate

A study was conducted to evaluate the response of broilers to diets containing a manna n oligosaccharide, antibiotics, or a combination of antibiotics and mannan oligosaccharide. All diets were supplemented with copper sulfate to provide 250 mg/kg Cu in diets fed to 42 d and 62.5 mg/kg Cu in diets from 42 to 56 d, in addition to the 10 mg/kg provided in the trace mineral mix. Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was added at 1 g/kg in diets fed to 42 d and at 0.75 g/kg in diets fed 42 to 56 d. The antibiotic program consisted of 55 mg/kg of bacitracin methylene disalicylate to 42 d of age followed by 16.5 mg/kg virginiamycin to 56 d of age. When the Bio-Mos® and 2 3 antibiotics were fed in combination, half the levels indicated above were fed. Twelve pens of 50 male broilers were fed each of the dietary treatments. Results of the study indicate that body weight of broilers was not significantly influenced by the antibiotic treatment, addition of Bio-Mos®, or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos®. Feed conversion at 42 d was significantly improved by both the antibiotic treatment and by the addition of Bio-Mos®. At 56 d the feed conversion of birds fed the antibiotics or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos® was improved compared to that of birds fed the negative control (P = 0.10). No significant effects on mortality, dressing percentage, or parts yield were observed. Possible interference of copper sulfate with the activity of the antibiotics and Bio-Mos® is discussed.
Role of transforming growth factor-beta in the development of the mouse embryo

Using immunohistochemical methods, we have investigated the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the development of the mouse embryo. For detection of TGF-beta in 11-18-d-old embryos, we have used a polyclonal antibody specific for TGF-beta type 1 and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Staining of TGF-beta is closely associated with mesenchyme per se or with tissues derived from mesenchyme, such as connective tissue, cartilage, and bone. TGF-beta is conspicuous in tissues derived from neural crest mesenchyme, such as the palate, larynx, facial mesenchyme, nasal sinuses, meninges, and teeth. Staining of all of these tissues is greatest during periods of morphogenesis. In many instances, intense staining is seen in mesenchyme when critical interactions with adjacent epithelium occur, as in the development of hair follicles, teeth, and the submandibular gland. Marked staining is also seen when remodeling of mesenchyme or mesoderm occurs, as during formation of digits from limb buds, formation of the palate, and formation of the heart valves. The presence of TGF-beta is often coupled with pronounced angiogenic activity. The histochemical results are discussed in terms of the known biochemical actions of TGF-beta, especially its ability to control both synthesis and degradation of both structural and adhesion molecules of the extracellular matrix.
On the importance of diversity maintenance in estimation of distribution algorithms

The development of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) has largely been driven by using more and more complex statistical models to approximate the structure of search space. However, there are still problems that are difficult for EDAs even with models capable of capturing high order dependences. In this paper, we show that diversity maintenance plays an important role in the performance of EDAs. A continuous EDA based on the Cholesky decomposition is tested on some well-known difficult benchmark problems to demonstrate how different diversity maintenance approaches could be applied to substantially improve its performance.
Multi-stage classification algorithm of ship target based on hrrp multi-features

Multi-stage classification algorithm is proposed for the special character of ship target high resolution range profile (HRRP). Range alignment, elimination of abnormal HRRP and noncoherent average are all used to process the ship HRRP before feature extraction. Multi-stage classification algorithm is designed for different feature to contribute their predominance in different stage. Classification rules are also different to ensure the high accurate classification rate in the first 3 stages, and the BP neural networks is used to process the generalized central moments features to determine the exclusive target class in the last stage. The results of experiment with the actual measured data of 10 ships indicates that the proposed algorithm is very useful in ship target classification.
Behavioral modeling of (coupled) harmonic oscillators

A new approach is presented for the construction of behavioral models for harmonic oscillators and sets of coupled harmonic oscillators. The models can be used for system-level simulations and trade-off analysis. Besides the steady-state behavior, the model also takes the transient behavior of the oscillation amplitudes and phase differences into account. This behavior is modeled using a set of linear differential equations. Their extraction from a netlist description is based upon the ideas of perturbation analysis and stochastic averaging. The modeling equations are valid in the neighbourhood of the oscillator's steady-state operating point and can be evaluated at very low computational cost. Another major advantage of the approach is that it explicitely separates the fast-varying steady-state behavior and the slow-varying transient behavior. This allows for straightforward application of multi-rate simulation techniques, greatly boosting simulation speeds. The technique is illustrated for a quadrature oscillator.
A mitochondrial UPR-mediated metabolic checkpoint regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging

Keeping stem cells in tip top condition Stem cells are important in the maintenance and growth of tissues. For the health of the organism as a whole, it is important that only healthy stem cells be used. Mohrin et al. elucidated a regulatory branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response that is coupled to cellular energy metabolism and proliferation in stem cells (see the Perspective by Ocampo and Belmonte). Mitochondrial protein folding stress triggered a metabolic checkpoint that regulates the cell cycle. Deregulation of this pathway interfered with stem cell quiescence and compromised regenerative function. Science, this issue p. 1374; see also p. 1319 A regulatory branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway is coupled to cellular energy metabolism and proliferation. [Also see Perspective by Ocampo and Belmonte] Deterioration of adult stem cells accounts for much of aging-associated compromised tissue maintenance. How stem cells maintain metabolic homeostasis remains elusive. Here, we identified a regulatory branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is mediated by the interplay of SIRT7 and NRF1 and is coupled to cellular energy metabolism and proliferation. SIRT7 inactivation caused reduced quiescence, increased mitochondrial protein folding stress (PFSmt), and compromised regenerative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). SIRT7 expression was reduced in aged HSCs, and SIRT7 up-regulation improved the regenerative capacity of aged HSCs. These findings define the deregulation of a UPRmt-mediated metabolic checkpoint as a reversible contributing factor for HSC aging.
An analysis of BGP multiple origin AS (MOAS) conflicts

This paper presents a detailed study of BGP Multiple Origin AS (MOAS) conflicts observed in the Internet. A MOAS conflict occurs when a particular prefix appears to originate from more than one AS. We analyzed data from archived BGP routing tables over 1279 days. Most of the conflicts were short-lived, lasting only a small number of days. The potential causes for the MOAS conflicts and impact on BGP fault-tolerance are discussed in detail.
Treatment of hyperandrogenism in women with ethinylestradiol and cyproteroneacetate

In recent years, there has been an important and intensive controversy regarding the thromboembolic risk of hormonal contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol combined with certain progestogens like desogestrel, drospirenone and cyproterone acetate. The Danish cohort study [1] and others [2–11] had found an increased risk for thromboembolic complications in these preparations in comparison to the combination products. The most drastic step in this controversy was taken by the French authorities in March 2013, when they decided to remove the combination of 35 lg ethinylestradiol (EE) and 2mg cyproterone acetate (CPA), the most potent antiandrogenic progestogen, from the market [12]. A review conducted by the European Medicine’s Agency’s (EMA) Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) [13] concluded that the benefits of CPA/EE outweighed the risks when used to treat moderate to severe acne related to androgen excess and/or hirsutism in women of reproductive age provided that several measures were undertaken to minimise the risk of thromboembolism. The PRAC review confirmed the rare and known risk of thromboembolism with CPA/EE and highlighted the importance of discussing the patients the increase in risk associated with age, smoking, obesity and prolonged immobility [13]. This combined hormonal preparation, which had been used for many decades by many women also as an oral contraceptive and was well known to gynaecological endocrinologists as a treatment for androgen excess was ‘redefined’ as a drug to treat moderate and severe acne as well as hirsutism, both of which are primarily dermatological indications. Depending on the presence or absence of additional symptoms or needs of women affected by androgen excess (excluding contraception) these patients may present to either a dermatologist or gynaecologist, indicating the necessity of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach. To ensure the best quality of care, irrespective of this first contact point, a group of experts representing different medical specialties or subspecialties (dermatologist, gynaecological endocrinologist, contraception specialist, psychosexual and psychosomatic health specialist) met to develop evidence-based material from a multidisciplinary perspective. The group’s meetings were supported by Bayer Pharma AG. The two accompanying reviews – The use of CPA/EE in hyperandrogenic skin symptoms and Use of CPA/EE in polycystic ovary syndrome: rationale and practical aspects – discuss the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of CPA/EE in the treatment of hyperandrogenic skin symptoms and polycystic ovary syndrome.
Personal, interpersonal and structural challenges to accessing HIV testing, treatment and care services among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders in Karnataka state, South India

Background Despite high HIV prevalence rates among most-at-risk groups, utilisation of HIV testing, treatment and care services was relatively low in Karnataka prior to 2008. The authors aimed to understand the barriers to and identify potential solutions for improving HIV service utilisation. Methods Focus group discussions were carried out among homogeneous groups of female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders, and programme peer educators in six districts across Karnataka in March and April 2008. Results 26 focus group discussions were conducted, involving 302 participants. Participants had good knowledge about HIV and HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services, but awareness of other HIV services was low. The fear of the psychological impact of a positive HIV test result and the perceived repercussions of being seen accessing HIV services were key personal and interpersonal barriers to HIV service utilisation. Previous experiences of discrimination at government healthcare services, coupled with discriminatory attitudes and behaviours by VCT staff, were key structural barriers to VCT service uptake among those who had not been HIV tested. Among those who had used government-managed prevention of parent to child transmission and antiretroviral treatment services, poor physical facilities, long waiting times, lack of available treatment, the need to give bribes to receive care and discriminatory attitudes of healthcare staff presented additional structural barriers. Conclusions Embedding some HIV care services within existing programmes for vulnerable populations, as well as improving service quality at government facilities, are suggested to help overcome the multiple barriers to service utilisation. Increasing the uptake of HIV testing, treatment and care services is key to improving the quality and longevity of the lives of HIV-infected individuals.
How Secure and Quick is QUIC? Provable Security and Performance Analyses

QUIC is a secure transport protocol developed by Google and implemented in Chrome in 2013, currently representing one of the most promising solutions to decreasing latency while intending to provide security properties similar with TLS. In this work we shed some light on QUIC's strengths and weaknesses in terms of its provable security and performance guarantees in the presence of attackers. We first introduce a security model for analyzing performance-driven protocols like QUIC and prove that QUIC satisfies our definition under reasonable assumptions on the protocol's building blocks. However, we find that QUIC does not satisfy the traditional notion of forward secrecy that is provided by some modes of TLS, e.g., TLS-DHE. Our analyses also reveal that with simple bit-flipping and replay attacks on some public parameters exchanged during the handshake, an adversary could easily prevent QUIC from achieving minimal latency advantages either by having it fall back to TCP or by causing the client and server to have an inconsistent view of their handshake leading to a failure to complete the connection. We have implemented these attacks and demonstrated that they are practical. Our results suggest that QUIC's security weaknesses are introduced by the very mechanisms used to reduce latency, which highlights the seemingly inherent trade off between minimizing latency and providing "good" security guarantees.
Disruption of Genes Encoding eIF4E Binding Proteins-1 And -2 Does Not Alter Basal or Sepsis-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis in Male or Female Mice

Sepsis decreases skeletal muscle protein synthesis in part by impairing mTOR activity and the subsequent phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K1 thereby controlling translation initiation; however, the relative importance of changes in these two downstream substrates is unknown. The role of 4E-BP1 (and -BP2) in regulating muscle protein synthesis was assessed in wild-type (WT) and 4E-BP1/BP2 double knockout (DKO) male mice under basal conditions and in response to sepsis. At 12 months of age, body weight, lean body mass and energy expenditure did not differ between WT and DKO mice. Moreover, in vivo rates of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius, heart and liver did not differ between DKO and WT mice. Sepsis decreased skeletal muscle protein synthesis and S6K1 phosphorylation in WT and DKO male mice to a similar extent. Sepsis only decreased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in WT mice as no 4E-BP1/BP2 protein was detected in muscle from DKO mice. Sepsis decreased the binding of eIF4G to eIF4E in WT mice; however, eIF4E•eIF4G binding was not altered in DKO mice under either basal or septic conditions. A comparable sepsis-induced increase in eIF4B phosphorylation was seen in both WT and DKO mice. eEF2 phosphorylation was similarly increased in muscle from WT septic mice and both control and septic DKO mice, compared to WT control values. The sepsis-induced increase in muscle MuRF1 and atrogin-1 (markers of proteolysis) as well as TNFα and IL-6 (inflammatory cytokines) mRNA was greater in DKO than WT mice. The sepsis-induced decrease in myocardial and hepatic protein synthesis did not differ between WT and DKO mice. These data suggest overall basal protein balance and synthesis is maintained in muscle of mice lacking both 4E-BP1/BP2 and that sepsis-induced changes in mTOR signaling may be mediated by a down-stream mechanism independent of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and eIF4E•eIF4G binding.
A Newton-Raphson algorithm with adaptive accuracy control based on a block-preconditioned conjugate gradient technique

A fast Newton-Raphson algorithm is developed for the finite-element solution of nonlinear boundary value problems. The linearized equation systems in the nonlinear iteration steps are solved by a block-preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) technique, in which the stopping criterion of the CG iteration is adaptively controlled by the nonlinear residual error. The Jacobian matrix is partitioned into linear and nonlinear blocks, thereby allowing the relatively rapid generation of an efficient multiplicative preconditioner for the CG iteration. The results obtained for a magnetostatic and a coupled steady conduction-static thermal problem confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm.
CAUCHY AND KUBOTA's FORMULA FOR CONVEX BODIES IN ELLIPTIC n-SPACE

Let K„ be a compact convex body in elliptic «-dimensional space S". Let Lr denote an r-plane (r-dimensional subspace) in S" which do not intersect K„ and let L*-̂ -, denote the ( n r l ) p l a n e dual of L,. The (r + l)planes L,+i[Lr] through Lr which mect K„ determine in L*-r-i a convex sct K*-r-i (projection of K„ into L*-,-i from Lr). Let V*-r-i denote the ( w r 1 ) dimensional volume of K*-r-i and Ai,* (i = 0 ,1 , . . . , w r 2 ) the i'-th integrals of mean curvature of 9K *-,-,. In this papcr we shall obtain some integral formulas refcrring to K*-r-i and Ai;* from which, in particular, one can deduce the mean valúes of these magnitudes with respect to all r-planes Lr exterior to K„. These mean valúes generalize to elliptic space the classical formulas of Cauchy and Kubota for convex bodies in euclidean w-space (see [1], pp. 48-49; [3], pp. 217-218). For simplicity, we shall assume that dK„ is of class C^ in order that the integrals of mean curvature be well defmed. However, using the relation M,(9/C„) =«W, + ,(K„) ([3], p. 224) and applying the theorem that any convex hypersurface can be approximated by a sequence of analytic convex hypersurfaces, it follows that the obtained integral formulas can be expressed