Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MECHANISM OF DEHYDRATION FOLLOWING ALCOHOL INGESTION.

It is well established that the ingestion of alcohol is followed by a substantial diuresis. 1 If sufficient alcohol is ingested, the diuresis occurs at the expense of all cellular components, and dehydration ensues. One explanation is that alcohol, or one of its metabolites, could be sufficiently small in size so as to be filtered at the renal glomerulus, and if renal tubular reabsorption were sluggish, it could be excreted in the urine and would cause an osmotic type of diuresis. On the other hand, it has been postulated that alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone "per se" and that the inhibition is sufficient to be the entire basis for diuresis. If this hypothesis is true, the osmotic concentration of the urine should decrease coincidentally to an increase in plasma osmotic pressure. In favor of this hypothesis is the finding that hypertonic saline given simultaneously prevents the diuretic effect of
On Weighted MSE Model for MIMO Transceiver Optimization

Mean-squared error (MSE) is one of the most widely used performance metrics for the designs and analysis of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications. Weighted MSE minimization, a more general formulation of MSE minimization, plays an important role in MIMO transceiver optimization. While this topic has a long history and has been extensively studied, existing treatments on the methods in solving the weighted MSE optimization are more or less sporadic and nonsystematic. In this paper, for point-to-point MIMO systems, we first review the two major methodologies, Lagrange multiplier method and majorization theory based method, and their common procedures in solving the weighted MSE minimization. Then, some problems and limitations of the methods that were usually neglected or glossed over in existing literature are provided. These problems are fundamental and of critical importance for the corresponding MIMO transceiver optimizations. In addition, a new extended matrix-field-weighted MSE model is proposed. Its solutions and applications are discussed in details. Compared with existing models, this new model has wider applications, e.g., nonlinear MIMO transceiver designs and capacity-maximization transceiver designs for general MIMO networks.
Podocarps in Africa: Temperate Zone Relicts or Rainforest Survivors?

Podocarp distribution in Africa follows a discontinuous mountainous belt from Cameroon to Angola in the west and from Ethiopia in the northeast to the southern Cape in South Africa. Besides a relict population of Afrocarpus falcatus in coastal lowland forest in northeastern South Africa and southern Mozambique, African podocarps are generally limited to highland (Afrotemperate) regions. All podocarps are restricted to montane regions in Madagascar. Afrotemperate landscapes are characterized by a patchy mosaic of forest and grassland. Processes in the matrix, such as fire, are important drivers of forest distribution in the highland regions. Here we examine the relative performance of podocarps and angiosperms along an altitudinal gradient from temperate highlands to subtropical coastal regions in eastern South Africa. Podocarpus latifolius is a successful component of temperate highland forest, where it dominates old-growth stages. The success of podocarps is attributed to their greater longevity and ability to regenerate in shade, whereas many potential competing angiosperms are less capable of doing so. Regeneration by P. latifolius and associated angiosperms is less successful in high-light gap environments, where ferns and grasses suppress establishment. Podocarps are rare in coastal scarp forest, where the population is dominated by adult individuals. They are unable to regenerate in very deep shade (<3% daylight), which may account for the lack of P. latifolius regeneration beneath the dense canopy of coastal scarp forest. Lownutrient soils did not favor podocarps over angiosperms, although the fact that soil nutrients do not appear to be limiting and the scarcity of shade-tolerant angiosperms in forests may influence this outcome. The relative role of light and soils on angiosperm-conifer competition is unknown for lowland forest, although current evidence from montane forests suggests that under prevailing soil conditions, light is the more important axis of niche differentiation.
A new idea for welfare reform

This article analyzes several proposals to build work incentives into the U.S. welfare system. It concludes that the most cost effective way to do that is to offer a work subsidy to all low-income single parents—in other words, to simply pay them for working in the labor market. This conclusion is based on a model of the labor force participation behavior of low-income single mothers that the author developed with Robert Moffitt. Among the proposals evaluated in the article, besides the work subsidy, are proposals to reduce the rate that welfare benefits are reduced when welfare recipients work, to provide wage subsidies to low-wage workers, to expand the earned income tax credit, and to subsidize the fixed costs of working.
Fluvial aggradation in Vedder River: Testing a one‐dimensional sedimentation model

Sediment routing models which simulate the coevolution of river long profile and bed grain size distributions have been used to investigate downstream fining above base level, channel response to rectification, and other disequilibrium situations at a variety of timescales. We extend one such model (SEDROUT [Hoey and Ferguson, 1994]) to deal with sand as well as gravel and test its ability to simulate aggradation and downstream fining in a well‐documented Canadian river. Previous tests of this and similar models have been largely restricted to comparing observed and simulated gradients of downstream fining, but it is not obvious when to make the comparison in a time‐dependent model with uncertain initial state and no equilibrium except in the very long term. We discuss and apply a more rigorous set of test criteria and address issues of defining initial conditions and time to test. The model's varying sensitivity to different boundary conditions and parameters indicates key data constraints on the testability and predictive accuracy of any such model. We also consider the adequacy of one‐dimensional calculations in channels with variable width and present initial results of attempts to allow for this.
Computation of Equilibrium Foam Structures Using the Surface Evolver

The Surface Evolver has been used to minimise the surface area of various ordered structures for monodisperse foam. Additional features have enabled its appl ication to foams of arbitrary liquid fraction. Early results for the case of dry foam (negligible liquid fraction) produced a structure having lower surface area, or energy, than Kelvin's 1887 minimal tetrakaidecahedron. The calculations reported here show that this remains the case when the liquid fraction is finite, up to about 11%, at which point an f.c. c. arrangement of cells becomes preferable.
Parameters Considered in Multinational Clinical Drug Trials

Before evaluating behavioral distrubances of dementia (BDD), several factors should be considered. This includes the patient population, the properties of the rating scales to be used, and the assessor. The frequency of behavioral symptoms appears to vary between countries, making comparisons in multinational studies difficult. These variations may be caused by cultural differences, clinicians' attitudes to behavioral symptoms, and interrater variability. The psychometric properties of a rating scale may be affected by differences in clinicians' attitudes in different countries, which may, in turn, alter the frequency of diagnosis of BDD, causing problems in the interpretation of data in multinational studies. Consideration should be given to all these factors before initiating a multinational clinical trial.
Dream Sharing as a Healing Method: Tropical Roots and Contemporary Community Potential

Comparing the healing experiences reported by members of indigenous dream groups such as the Senoi of Malaysia and others to those reported by members of American grassroots dream appreciation groups, and considering the views of previous researchers who have studied these groups, it is seen that there are many aspects of dream sharing in the community that have potential healing capacities. There are critics who claim that the lack of a professional group leader will put group members at risk. But problems can be avoided with proper communication, education, and appropriate dream group leadership. The experience of healing by dream sharing in community is qualitatively unique depending on the cultural context and worldview. There are many forms of dream sharing and healing that have been reported by those who have shared dreams in various world communities. In Western societies lack of interest, fear, and safety concerns have influenced the paucity of dream sharing. Many forms of dreamwork in groups have included both healing and education as potential goals. There is room for new ideas to be implemented and built upon that could creatively help nourish those parts of the world that are suffering from social and cultural dream-impoverishment.
Initial hydro‐geomorphic development and rill network evolution in an artificial catchment

The formation of erosion rills and gullies is a critical step in land surface development, but possibilities to study initial unaffected surface development under natural conditions and with well‐defined initial and boundary conditions are rare. The objective of this study was to characterize rill network development from ’point zero’ in the artificially‐created catchment ‘Hühnerwasser’. To ensure unaffected development, the study was largely restricted to the analysis of remotely‐sensed data. We analyzed a series of photogrammetry‐based digital elevation models (DEMs) for 10 points in time, over a period of five years and beginning with the initial state. The evolving erosion rill network was quantitatively described based on mapping from aerial photographs. DEMs and rill network maps were combined to specifically analyze the development of morphometry for different parts of the network and to characterize energy dissipation and connectivity. The restriction to remote‐sensing data did not allow for analyzing specific processes governing rill network development, nevertheless, two major development phases could be characterized. We observed a phase of growth of the rill network along with variations in drainage patterns during the first two years of development and a subsequent phase of reduction of its area along with comparably stable patterns. Region‐specific analysis of morphometry indicates that, besides effects of changing sediment characteristics and vegetation cover development, locally evolving hydro‐geomorphic feedback cycles influenced this development. Results show an increasing similarity of overall statistical characteristics (e.g. drainage density) for two parts of the catchment, but a persistent influence of initial conditions on specific rill geometry. The observed development towards higher orderliness and increased connectivity is consistent with experiments and concepts on drainage network evolution across scales; however, we did not observe major influences of rill piracy and cross grading or a reduction of energy dissipation with network development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining mechanisms of actin polymerization and depolymerization during dendritic spine morphogenesis

Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites where the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses reside in the mature brain. Morphological changes in these actin-rich structures are associated with learning and memory formation. Despite the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton in spine morphogenesis, little is known about the mechanisms regulating actin filament polymerization and depolymerization in dendritic spines. We show that the filopodia-like precursors of dendritic spines elongate through actin polymerization at both the filopodia tip and root. The small GTPase Rif and its effector mDia2 formin play a central role in regulating actin dynamics during filopodia elongation. Actin filament nucleation through the Arp2/3 complex subsequently promotes spine head expansion, and ADF/cofilin-induced actin filament disassembly is required to maintain proper spine length and morphology. Finally, we show that perturbation of these key steps in actin dynamics results in altered synaptic transmission.
Coupling Environmental, Social and Economic Models to Understand Land-Use Change Dynamics in the Mekong Delta

The Vietnamese Mekong Delta has undergone in recent years a considerable transformation in agricultural land-use, fueled by a boom of the exportation, an increase of population, a focus on intensive crops, but also environmental factors like sea level rise or the progression of soil salinity. These transformations have been, however, largely misestimated by the ten-year agricultural plans designed at the provincial levels, on the predictions of which, though, most of the large-scale investments (irrigation infrastructures, protection against flooding or salinity intrusion, and so on) are normally planned. This situation raises the question of how to explain the divergence between the predictions used as a basis for these plans and the actual situation. Answering it could, as a matter of fact, offer some insights on the dynamics at play and hopefully allow designing them more accurately. The dynamics of land-use change at a scale of a region results from the interactions between heterogeneous actors and factors at different scales, among them institutional policies, individual farming choices, land-cover and environmental changes, economic conditions, social dynamics, just to name a few. Understanding its evolution, for example, in this case, to better support agricultural planning, therefore requires the use of models that can represent the individual contributions of each actor or factor, and of course their interactions. We address this question through the design of an integrated hybrid model of land-use change in a specific and carefully chosen case study, which relies on the central hypothesis that the main force driving land-use change is actually the individual choices made by farmers at their local level. Farmers are the actors who decide (or not) to switch from one culture to another and the shifts observed at more global levels (village, district, province, region) are considered, in this model, as a consequence of the aggregation of these individual d
Development of Management System for Generated Power Using Cloud Services: Application to Aero-Bike Equipped with Dynamo

This paper presents a power management system, using cloud services, for the power generated by an aero-bike fitted with a dynamo. The system requirements necessary for stable operation and use are summarized. The system incorporates elements to charge rechargeable batteries efficiently and also to maintain the user's motivation by providing some enjoyment and pleasure while using the system. The new system elements, which comprise a power sensing module, charging equipment and an entertainment system working in cooperation with Street View have been designed and their functions were confirmed prior to system integration. A system has been built using the developed equipment, and is now being operated by the group promoting ECO activities on the campus.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Global Isoprene Emissions Estimated Using Megan, Ecmwf Analyses and a Detailed Canopy Environment Model

The global emissions of isoprene are calculated at 0.5 • resolution for each year between 1995 and 2006, based on the MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) version 2 model (Guenther et al., 2006) and a detailed multi-layer canopy environment model for the calculation of leaf temperature and visible radiation fluxes. The calculation is driven by meteorological fields – air temperature , cloud cover, downward solar irradiance, windspeed, volumetric soil moisture in 4 soil layers – provided by analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The estimated annual global isoprene emission ranges between 374 Tg (in 1996) and 449 Tg (in 1998 and 2005), for an average of ca. 410 Tg/year over the whole period, i.e. about 30% less than the standard MEGAN estimate (Guenther et al., 2006). This difference is due, to a large extent, to the impact of the soil moisture stress factor, which is found here to decrease the global emissions by more than 20%. In qualitative agreement with past studies, high annual emissions are found to be generally associated with El Niño events. The emission inventory is evaluated against flux measurement campaigns at Harvard forest (Massachus-sets) and Tapajós in Amazonia, showing that the model can capture quite well the short-term variability of emissions, but that it fails to reproduce the observed seasonal variation at the tropical rainforest site, with largely overestimated wet season fluxes. The comparison of the HCHO vertical columns calculated by a chemistry and transport model (CTM) with HCHO Correspondence to: J.-F. Muller (jfm@aeronomie.be) distributions retrieved from space provides useful insights on tropical isoprene emissions. For example, the relatively low emissions calculated over Western Amazonia (compared to the corresponding estimates in the inventory of Guenther et al., 1995) are validated by the excellent agreement found between the CTM and HCHO data over this region. The pa-rameterized impact of the soil moisture stress on isoprene emissions is found to reduce the model/data bias over Aus-tralia, but it leads to underestimated emissions near the end of the dry season over subtropical Africa.
Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Features, Accounts, and Treatment

Abstract The features of apraxia of speech (AOS) are presented with regard to both traditional and contemporary descriptions of the disorder. Models of speech processing, including the neurological bases for apraxia of speech, are discussed. Recent findings concerning subcortical contributions to apraxia of speech and the role of the insula are presented. The key features to differentially diagnose AOS from related speech syndromes are identified. Treatment implications derived from motor accounts of AOS are presented along with a summary of current approaches designed to treat the various subcomponents of the disorder. Finally, guidelines are provided for treating the AOS patient with coexisting aphasia.
Incidence and Clinical Significance of Poststent Optical Coherence Tomography Findings One-Year Follow-Up Study From a Multicenter Registry

61.0%, and 53.8%, respectively. Small minimal stent area, defined as a lesion with minimal stent area <5.0 mm 2 in a drug-eluting stent or <5.6 mm 2 in a bare metal stent, was observed in 40.4% of lesions. One-year device-oriented clinical end points occurred in 33 patients (4.5%). Following adjustment, irregular protrusion and small minimal stent area were independent OCT predictors of 1-year device-oriented clinical end points ( P =0.003 and P =0.012, respectively). Conclusions —Abnormal poststent OCT findings were frequent. Irregular protrusion and small minimal stent area were independent predictors of 1-year device-oriented clinical end points, which were primarily driven by target lesion revascularization. ( Circulation . 2015;132:1020-1029. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014704.) on ECG. ST-elevation–myocardial infarction from onset of chest ST-segment eleva- tion in ≥ 2 contiguous leads, or new left bundle-branch block on the 12-lead ECG and elevated cardiac markers (creatine kinase-MB or troponin T/I). The registry was approved by the institutional review board at each participating site. values for MSA to predict restenosis. 3 We therefore performed sepa- rate receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses for DES and BMS to identify predictors of DoCE. ROC analyses showed that the best cut- off value for MSA to predict DoCE was 5.0 mm 2 for DES and 5.6 mm 2 for BMS (Figure 3). Small MSA was defined by using these cut-off values: <5.0 mm 2 for DES and <5.6 mm 2 for BMS. OCT images were analyzed by using off-line analysis software at the Massachusetts General Hospital OCT Core Laboratory. All OCT images were analyzed by 2 independent investigators who were blinded to the patients’ information. When there was discordance between the readers, a consensus reading was obtained from a third independent investigator. tomography was recently introduced to optimize percutaneous coronary intervention. Because of its unprecedented resolution, poststent abnormal vascular response, such as stent edge dissection, instent dissection, incomplete stent apposition, instent tissue, and thrombus, is frequently observed. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed 900 lesions treated with 1001 stents. Stent edge dissection and instent dissection were detected in one-quarter and two-thirds of lesions. Incomplete stent apposition was detected in more than one-third of lesions. Among these poststent optical coherence tomography findings, irregular protrusion and small minimal stent area were predictive of device-oriented clinical end points at 1 year, which was primarily driven by target lesion revascularization. These 2 optical coherence tomography features showed >95% negative predictive value, which is helpful for risk stratifica-tion after stenting. Further studies are needed to evaluate longer-term outcomes and to find optimal treatment for the patients with these abnormal optical coherence tomography findings after stenting.
Radiative transfer in CO2‐rich paleoatmospheres

[1] Calculations of radiative transfer in CO2-rich atmospheres are central to modeling the early climate of Earth and Mars. Line-by-line radiative transfer models are the most accurate means of carrying out such calculations and provide the basis for all other radiative transfer approaches. We examine the sensitivity of line-by-line results to three parameterizations of line and continuum absorption by CO2, all of which yield essentially identical radiation fluxes at low CO2 abundance. However, when applied to atmospheres containing 0.1–5 bars of CO2, appropriate for early Earth and Mars, the outgoing longwave radiation calculated with the three parameterizations differs by as much as 40 W m−2. In addition, the choice of parameters for CO2 absorption affects the sensitivity of the calculations to infrared absorption by trace gases other than CO2. Our findings imply that previous estimates of the amount of CO2 required to maintain relatively warm temperatures throughout Earth's early history and during episodes in the early history of Mars are highly uncertain. Despite these uncertainties, we conclude that early Mars probably required other infrared absorbers to reach super-freezing surface temperatures, while for the early Earth, this is not necessarily the case.
Dp-Minimality: Basic Facts and Examples

We study the notion of dp-minimality, beginning by providing several essential facts, establishing several equivalent definitions, and comparing dp-minimality to other minimality notions. The rest of the paper is dedicated to examples. We establish via a simple proof that any weakly o-minimal theory is dp-minimal and then give an example of a weakly o-minimal group not obtained by adding traces of externally definable sets. Next we give an example of a divisible ordered Abelian group which is dp-minimal and not weakly o-minimal. Finally we establish that the field of p-adic numbers is dp-minimal.