Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic and Contextual Differentials in Memory Decline: A Cross-Country Investigation Between England and China

Abstract Objectives Although cognitive functioning is strongly associated with biological changes in the brain during the aging process, very little is known about the role of sociocultural differentials between the western and eastern parts of the world. We examined the associations between individual socioeconomic markers (e.g., education, household wealth) and contextual levels characteristics (e.g., urbanicity) with memory performance and memory decline over up to 8 years of follow-up in England and China. Methods The analytical samples included participants aged 50+ from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (n = 6,687) and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (n = 10,252). Mixed linear models were employed to examine the association between baseline individual socioeconomic markers (education, wealth) and contextual-level characteristics (urbanicity) on the change in memory over time. Results Our analyses showed that higher education and wealth were associated with better baseline memory in both England and China. Still, the impact of contextual-level characteristics such as urbanicity differed between the 2 countries. For English individuals, living in a rural area showed an advantage in memory, while the opposite pattern was observed in China. Memory decline appeared to be socioeconomically patterned by higher education, wealth, and urbanicity in China but not in England. Discussion Our findings highlight substantial socioeconomic and contextual inequity in memory performance in both England and China, as well as in the rate of memory decline primarily in China. Public health strategies for preventing memory decline should target the socioeconomic gaps at the individual and contextual levels to protect those particularly disadvantaged.
On generating a basis of invariants in Petri nets

In this paper we present a simple and fast method to obtain invariants (P-invariants or T-invariants) in Petri nets. Sufficient conditions to apply the proposed algorithm are give. Unlike the previous techniques, our approach consists in transforming the homogeneous equation into a reduced form and, with the aid of simple rules, to obtain a basis of the invariants. It has been shown by means of numerical example that computational requirements are reduced, in comparison with previous methods, for large-scale systems.
Possible Aerosol Effects on Ice Clouds via Contact Nucleation

Abstract The indirect effect of aerosols on water clouds, whereby aerosol particles change cloud optical properties, is caused by aerosol-induced changes of the size and number of cloud droplets. This affects the lifetime of the water clouds as well as their shortwave radiative properties. In addition, anthropogenic aerosols may change the properties of ice-forming nuclei. To investigate the potential effect of aerosol–ice cloud interactions by contact freezing, a prognostic equation for the number concentration of ice crystals is introduced into the ECMWF–Hamburg (ECHAM4) GCM. A simulation in which the number of contact ice nuclei is considered to be only temperature dependent is compared to simulations in which contact ice nuclei are considered to be dust aerosols. If dust aerosols are assumed to lose their nucleability by forming an internally mixed aerosol with sulfate, then the ice formation is slightly inhibited. On the contrary, if all contact nuclei are assumed to be insoluble carbonaceous aerosol.
Ion dynamics and gravitational instability of a dusty plasma

The gravitational instability of a dusty plasma with ion dynamics taken into account is studied. For the range of parameters relevant to planetary rings and interstellar media, we demonstrate that the inclusion of ion dynamics cannot cause additional destabilization of a gravitating dusty plasma system. Streaming of the cold ions, on the other hand, enhances the Jeans condensation of a dusty plasma. Consistency of the results with previous work and new aspects arising owing to consideration of ion dynamics is discussed.
Current distribution in a reusable junction for W7-X coil tests

In the frame of the W7-X stellarator project, CEA has to perform the acceptance tests of the 70 superconducting coils of the magnet system. A new test facility has been built at Saclay for that purpose. As the coils are delivered to CEA with bare end, it has been necessary to develop a junction that can be easily applied on a CIC conductor and that can be easily dismantled and reusable due to the large number of coils to be tested. As inhomogeneous current distribution within the conductor could lead to unexpected low quench current (i.e., ramp rate limitation), an experiment has been developed in order to estimate that distribution at the outlet of the junction. The experimental set-up is made of 16 pick-up coils measuring the current within the 16 sub-stages of the CIC (Cable-In-Conduit). This paper will present our experimental results and the conclusion of our analysis.
The effects of heat release on the energy exchange in reacting turbulent shear flow

The energy exchange between the kinetic and internal energies in non-premixed reacting compressible homogeneous turbulent shear flow is studied via data generated by direct numerical simulations (DNS). The chemical reaction is modelled by a one- step exothermic irreversible reaction with Arrhenius-type reaction rate. The results show that the heat release has a damping effect on the turbulent kinetic energy for the cases with variable transport properties. The growth rate of the turbulent kinetic energy is primarily in uenced by the reaction through temperature-induced changes in the solenoidal dissipation and modifications in the explicit dilatational terms (pressure–dilatation and dilatational dissipation). The production term in the scaled kinetic energy equation, which is proportional to the Reynolds shear stress anisotropy, is less affected by the heat release. However, the dilatational part of the production term increases during the time when the reaction is important. Additionally, the pressure–dilatation correlation, unlike the non-reacting case, transfers energy in the reacting cases, on the average, from the internal to the kinetic energy. Consequently, the dilatational part of the kinetic energy is enhanced by the reaction. On the contrary, the solenoidal part of the kinetic energy decreases in the reacting cases mainly due to an enhanced viscous dissipation. Similarly to the non-reacting case, it is found that the direct coupling between the solenoidal and dilatational parts of the kinetic energy is small. The structure of the flow with regard to the normal Reynolds stresses is affected by the heat of reaction. Compared to the non-reacting case, the kinetic energy in the direction of the mean velocity decreases during the time when the reaction is important, while it increases in the direction of the shear. This increase is due to the amplification of the dilatational kinetic energy in the x2-direction by the reaction. Moreover, the dilatational effects occur primarily in the direction of the shear. These effects are amplified if the heat release is increased or the reaction occurs at later times. The non-reacting models tested for the explicit dilatational terms are not supported by the DNS data for the reacting cases, although it appears that some of the assumptions employed in these models hold also in the presence of heat of reaction.
Effect of initial conditions on turbulent reattachment downstream of a backward-facing step

The reattachment of a fully turbulent, two-dimensional shear layer downstream of a backward-facing step has been studied experimentally. The work examines the effect of variations in inlet conditions on the process of reattachment. A series of experiments were conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using specialized instrumentation suited to the highly turbulent, reversing flow near reattachment. Accurate characterization of the time-mean features of the reattaching flows was possible. Assuming linear scaling normalized on distance from reattachment, distributions of C*,7, and Cj appear universal for two-dimensional reattachment, independent of initial conditions and step height, for given duct geometry (area ratio) and for high step height Reynolds numbers with thin, separating boundary layers. The results suggest universal flow structure in the reattachment zone.
A New 3D Finite Element for Sandwich Beams With a Viscoelastic Core

A sandwich finite element for laminated steels is presented. It is based on a discrete displacement approach and allows for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical configurations. The three-layer sandwich model is built assuming a Timoshenko hypothesis for the viscoelastic core and Euler–Bernoulli hypotheses for the elastic faces, but the latter is modified to account for the rotational influence of the transversal shearing in the core. The validity and accuracy of the presented element are assessed through comparisons with numerical results of sandwich beams and sandwich rings with a variety of geometrical and mechanical properties and various boundary conditions. The present results are also compared with analytical, finite element, and experimental solutions for various boundary conditions.
Topological censorship and the topology of black holes

A new result on topological censorship is presented. Roughly speaking, the result shows that, under suitable conditions, the topology of space outside the event horizon must eventually be simple. In particular, cross sections of the event horizon must eventually be spherical. This latter consequence of the main result generalizes in many respects the classical theorem of Hawking that black hole boundaries in stationary black hole space–times are spherical.
THE WISE LIGHT CURVES OF Z CAMELOPARDALIS DURING OUTBURST: EVIDENCE FOR SYNCHROTRON EMISSION?

The WISE mission happened to observe the cataclysmic variable Z Cam at the peak of an outburst. The WISE single exposure data shows that Z Cam was highly variable at 12 μm, but only marginally so at shorter wavelengths. The rapid variability at 12 μm, and the fact that these observations occurred close to visual maximum suggests that, like SS Cyg, Z Cam is a synchrotron source.
Stability margins of discrete-time nonlinear nonquadratic optimal regulators

We derive guaranteed gain, sector, and disk margins for discrete-time nonlinear optimal and inverse optimal regulators that minimize a nonlinear nonquadratic performance criterion. The proposed results provide a transparent generalization of the classical discrete-time, linear-quadratic optimal regulator gain and phase margins. Finally, connections are also made between discrete-time control Lyapunov functions and inverse optimality.
CAVITATION AND BUBBLE NUCLEATION USING MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION

This article reports the first systematic study on cavitation and bubble nucleation using the molecular dynamics simulation method. It successfully simulates the hysteretic process of bubble collapse and nucleation as a numerical counterpart of the Berthelot tube cavitation experiment. For a unary molecule system, a stable bubble regime and minimum equimolar dividing radii of bubbles are obtained with respect to computational domain sizes. For a binary molecule system, the addition of foreign molecules to the solvent molecules stimulates the nucleation more effectively in comparison to that in the unary system. The affinity between the solute and the solvent molecules controls the inception of nucleation and results in different nucleation characteristics according to its value. For an attraction coefficient greater than unity, the solute molecules spread uniformly and attract the solvent molecules, which induces bubble nucleation readily. For the coefficient less than unity, the solvent molecules segrega.
A new integral property of inertial waves in rotating fluid spheres

The problem of fluid motion in the form of inertial waves in an incompressible inviscid fluid contained in a rotating sphere is governed by the Poincaré equation, a second-order hyperbolic partial differential equation. Its explicit general analytical solution in terms of a double Poincaré polynomial was found by Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2001 J. Fluid Mech. 437, 103–119), describing the pressure pmnK and the velocity umnK of spherical inertial waves, where the triple indices (mnK) are indicative of the azimuthal, vertical and radial structures, respectively. On the basis of the general explicit solution, we reveal a new intriguing integral property of the spherical inertial wavesfor all possible values of m, l and n, where M and K are related to the degree of the double Poincaré polynomial and denotes the complex conjugate of umlM. A mathematical proof of the vanishing of the integral involving the construction of two auxiliary recurrence relations is presented. Furthermore, a comparison with the corresponding integral for rotating cylinders is made, showing a fundamental difference between the two systems.
Blind separation of biosignals by a novel ICA algorithm based on information theory

The biosignals measured by multi-sensors are always the mixtures of several independent sources. Therefore, it is necessary to separate them from each other for clinical diagnosis. According the assumption of statistical independence, the authors propose a novel ICA algorithm based on a mutual information minimization criterion using Edgeworth expansion. The algorithm can result in independent component outputs, which are the recoveries of source signals. Simulation results with EGG signals show the validity of the proposed algorithm.
CONSTRUCTION OF KOLMOGOROV'S NORMAL FORM FOR A PLANETARY SYSTEM

We describe an algorithm constructing an invariant KAM torus for a class of planetary systems, such that the mutual attractions, the eccentricities and the inclinations of the planets are small enough. By using computer algebra, we explicitly implement this algorithm for approximating a KAM torus for the problem of three bodies in a case similar to the Sun{Jupiter{Saturn system. We show that, by reducing the masses of the planets by a factor 10 and with a small displacement of the orbits, our semianalytical construction of the torus turns out to be successful.
Resolving the color-image irradiance equation†

The case of orthogonal projection of a smooth and piece-wise uniformly colored lambertian surface with complex color illumination is considered. The algorithm presented here is based on two equations: n·n = 1 (the norm constancy condition) and Φn·n = 0 (the integrability condition, where Φ is a linear differential operator). Both equations hold over the whole image. Starting with the color-image irradiance equation (CHE) for the trichromatic visual system, we infer an algebraic formulae for direct computation of the normal vector field n up to some rotation U, the same one for all the points in the region of color and illuminant constancy. The transition from the image to the normal field is performed in this stage of the algorithm with a symmetric and nonnegative matrix B, which is constant in the region. This property is used for labeling segments of the color image. The second step of the algorithm computes the rotation U mentioned above. This computation is based on CHE and the integrability condition, but the way of finding a solution is quite different. An error-function dependent upon the rotation parameters is developed and some effective optimization algorithm is used for estimating the parameters. As a result, the algorithm can compute: (1) division of the image into regions of constant color and illumination; (2) the matrices U·B (in each segment) of linear transformation to recover the shape n of the surface. Results of computational experiments are given. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of health outcome time series data in epidemiological studies

Several recent studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels of air pollutants. These studies have been criticized for the statistical methods and for inconsistency in results between cities. An important development in air pollution epidemiology has come from multicenter studies. Within the APHEA‐2 project we have developed a statistical methodology to evaluate short‐term health effects of air pollution using data from 30 cities across Europe. For the analysis, a hierarchical modelling approach was adopted and implemented in two stages: (a) data from each city were analyzed separately to allow for local differences, using generalized additive Poisson regression models; (b) city‐specific effects estimates were regressed on city‐specific covariates to obtain an overall estimate and to explore heterogeneity across cities. In order to illustrate our methodology we present results for PM10 effects. It was found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 or NO2 concentrations is associated with a 0.67% (95% CI: 0.50 to 0.90) and 0.33% (0.20 to 0.40) increase in total mortality, respectively. After mutual adjustment, the PM10 effect was reduced by 40% and that of NO2 by 20%, but both pooled estimates remained significant. Long‐term mean NO2 concentrations act as an effect modifier for PM10 effects, even after adjustment for NO2 confounding effects. In the second stage we explored two different models for combining the adjusted for NO2, PM10 effects across cities: bivariate, which accounts for within‐city correlation of PM10 and NO2; and univariate, which ignores this correlation. Both models gave broadly the same results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The classical hydraulic jump in a model of shear shallow-water flows

Abstract A conservative hyperbolic two-parameter model of shear shallow-water flows is used to study the classical turbulent hydraulic jump. The parameters of the model, which are the wall enstrophy and the roller dissipation coefficient, are determined from measurements of the roller length and the deviation from the Bélanger equation of the sequent depth ratio (experimental data by Hager & Bremen, J. Hydraul. Res., vol. 27, 1989, pp. 565–585; and Hager, Bremen & Kawagoshi, J. Hydraul. Res., vol. 28, 1990, pp. 591–608). Stationary solutions to the model describe with a good accuracy the free-surface profile of the hydraulic jump. The model is also capable of predicting the oscillations of the jump toe. We show that if the upstream Froude number is larger than ${\sim }1. 5$ , the jump toe oscillates with a particular frequency, while for the Froude number smaller than 1.5 the solution becomes stationary. In particular, we show that for a given flow discharge, the oscillation frequency is a decreasing function of the Froude number.
Quasiparticle Fock-space coupled-cluster theory

The quasiparticle Fock-space coupled-cluster (QFSCC) theory, introduced by us in 1985, is described. This is a theory of many-electron systems which uses the second-quantisation formalism based on the algebraic approximation: one chooses a finite spin-orbital basis, and builds a fermionic Fock space to represent all possible antisymmetric electronic states of a given system. The algebraic machinery is provided by the algebra of linear operators acting in the Fock space, generated by the fermion (creation and annihilation) operators. The Fock-space Hamiltonian operator then determines the system's stationary states and their energies. Within the QFSCC theory, the Fock space and its operator algebra are subject to a unitary transformation which effectively changes electrons into some fermionic quasiparticles. A generalisation of the coupled-cluster method is achieved by enforcing the principle of quasiparticle-number conservation. The emerging quasiparticle model of many-electron systems offers useful physical insights and computational effectiveness. The QFSCC theory requires a substantial reformulation of the traditional second-quantisation language, by making full use of the algebraic properties of the Fock space and its operator algebra. In particular, the role of operators not conserving the number of electrons (or quasiparticles) is identified.
Recording potential of bit-patterned media

A comprehensive analysis of the areal density potential of bit-patterned media recording shows that the recording performance is dominated by written-in errors. The statistical fluctuations of the magnetic properties and the locations of the individual bits lead to error probabilities so that some dots are either not recorded at all or cannot be recorded in the time window necessary to ensure synchronized writing. The highest areal densities are obtained with a combination of a pole head, a soft magnetic underlayer, and a storage medium of the composite type. Areal density scenarios of up to 5Tbits∕in.2 are analyzed.
Repetitive learning control for linear periodic plants

In manufacturing and industrial applications that perform repetitive tasks, exploiting the periodic properties of the design problem is an important part of maximizing performance. In these applications, we can often model the behavior of the plant as a linear periodic (LP) system. Repetitive learning control has been proposed as a method for the repetitive control of linear periodic plants. A repetitive learning controller uses the tracking error and control input in the previous period to compute the control input for the present period. We relax the earlier conditions for the existence of a controller that guarantees the convergence of the tracking error to zero. We propose several methods of designing a repetitive learning controller, based on eigenvalue assignment and matrix inequality techniques. The latter includes fixed P, P-K iterations, and C-C iterations. C-C iterations is a novel method for designing static output feedback gains to satisfy both asymptotic and transient performance specifications.
Small Incomplete Factorial Experiment Designs for Two- and Three- Level Factors

This catalogue of small incomplete factorial designs was compiled to provide designs for two- and three-level factors with 20 or fewer runs. It is assumed that the three-level factors are quantitative. The designs are suitable for estimating a selection of interactions, including the linear-by-linear components of interactions between the three-level factors. Ad hoc methods were used to construct the designs, so that there is no particular uniformity in the designs and no general property of optimality which they satisfy. Designs were selected on the basis of a measure of efficiency which is presented. No claim is made that the given designs are the best possible, and others should be encouraged to try to develop more efficient designs. A detailed example based on a real experiment is presented.
Optical readouts of cantilever bending designed for high magnetic field application

A single-fiber optical readout of cantilever deflection caused by Lorentz force was investigated. A good agreement of the optical near field model with the measured nonlinear characteristic was found. The ac-excitation mode of the cantilever is preferable, due to the uncontrollable static light reflections in a single-fiber setup. The presented sensor design seems suitable for a measurement range of the magnetic flux density of at least 10 mT to 50T with moderate excitation current amplitudes. Two-fiber setups may reduce the background light and could enable dc excitation but require smaller offset between cantilever and fiber axis.
A rotating pure radiation field

Starting with the Kerr solution, we generate an algebraically special pure radiation solution of Einstein's field equations. This solution is axisymmetric, asymptotically flat and regular on the axis. The metric is determined up to a linear second-order ordinary differential equation for which only particular solutions are known. The transformation to Bondi--Sachs coordinates is determined as a power series expansion in terms of the inverse radial coordinate. The relation between our derivation and another approach using Cauchy--Riemann structures is established and the underlying Cauchy--Riemann structure of our solution is given.