Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thwart eavesdropping attacks on network communication based on moving target defense

This paper addresses mainly the problem of private data protection in network communication against eavesdropping attacks. As this kind of attacks is stealthy and untraceable, it is barely detectable for those feature detection or static configuration based passive defense approaches. We propose a Moving Target Defense(MTD) method by utilizing the protocol customization ability of Protocol-Oblivious Forwarding (POF). The novel full protocol stack randomization MTD can greatly increase the difficulty of implementing network eavesdropping attack and protect the privacy of the network communication process.
Metal-free plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of large area nanocrystalline graphene

This paper reports on large area, metal-free deposition of nanocrystalline graphene (NCG) directly onto wet thermally oxidized 150 mm silicon substrates using parallel-plate plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Thickness non-uniformities as low as 13% are achieved over the whole substrate. The cluster size L a ? > of the as-obtained films is determined from Raman spectra and lies between 1.74 and 2.67 nm. The film uniformity was further confirmed by Raman mapping. The sheet resistance R sq ? > of 3.73 k &OHgr; ? > and charge carrier mobility μ of 2.49 cm 2 V − 1 s − 1 ? > are measured. We show that the NCG films can be readily patterned by reactive ion etching. NCG is also successfully deposited onto quartz and sapphire substrates and showed 85$? > > 85 ? > % optical transparency in the visible light spectrum.
Impact of packet sampling on anomaly detection metrics

Packet sampling methods such as Cisco's NetFlow are widely employed by large networks to reduce the amount of traffic data measured. A key problem with packet sampling is that it is inherently a lossy process, discarding (potentially useful) information. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the impact of sampling on anomaly detection metrics. Starting with unsampled flow records collected during the Blaster worm outbreak, we reconstruct the underlying packet trace and simulate packet sampling at increasing rates. We then use our knowledge of the Blaster anomaly to build a baseline of normal traffic (without Blaster), against which we can measure the anomaly size at various sampling rates. This approach allows us to evaluate the impact of packet sampling on anomaly detection without being restricted to (or biased by) a particular anomaly detection method.We find that packet sampling does not disturb the anomaly size when measured in volume metrics such as the number of bytes and number of packets, but grossly biases the number of flows. However, we find that recently proposed entropy-based summarizations of packet and flow counts are affected less by sampling, and expose the Blaster worm outbreak even at higher sampling rates. Our findings suggest that entropy summarizations are more resilient to sampling than volume metrics. Thus, while not perfect, sampling still preserves sufficient distributional structure, which when harnessed by tools like entropy, can expose hard-to-detect scanning anomalies.
The Case For Heterogeneous HTAP

Modern database engines balance the demanding requirements of mixed, hybrid transactional and analytical processing (HTAP) workloads by relying on i) global shared memory, ii) system-wide cache coherence, and iii) massive parallelism. Thus, database engines are typically deployed on multi-socket multi-cores, which have been the only platform to support all three aspects. Two recent trends, however, indicate that these hardware assumptions will be invalidated in the near future. First, hardware vendors have started exploring alternate non-cache-coherent shared-memory multi-core designs due to escalating complexity in maintaining coherence across hundreds of cores. Second, as GPGPUs overcome programmability, performance, and interfacing limitations, they are being increasingly adopted by emerging servers to expose heterogeneous parallelism. It is thus necessary to revisit database engine design because current engines can neither deal with the lack of cache coherence nor exploit heterogeneous parallelism. In this paper, we make the case for Heterogeneous-HTAP (H 2 TAP), a new architecture explicitly targeted at emerging hardware. H 2 TAP engines store data in shared memory to maximize data freshness, pair workloads with ideal processor types to exploit heterogeneity, and use message passing with explicit processor cache management to circumvent the lack of cache coherence. Using Caldera, a prototype H 2 TAP engine, we show that the H 2 TAP architecture can be realized in practice and can oﬀer performance competitive with specialized OLTP and OLAP engines.
Law of the absorption time of some positive self-similar Markov processes

Let X be a spectrally negative self-similar Markov process with 0 as an absorbing state. In this paper, we show that the distribution of the absorption time is absolutely continuous with an infinitely continuously differentiable density. We provide a power series and a contour integral representation of this density. Then, by means of probabilistic arguments, we deduce some interesting analytical properties satisfied by these functions, which include, for instance, several types of hypergeometric functions. We also give several characterizations of the Kesten’s constant appearing in the study of the asymptotic tail distribution of the absorbtion time. We end the paper by detailing some known and new examples. In particular, we offer an alternative proof of the recent result obtained by Bernyk, Dalang and Peskir [Ann. Probab. 36 (2008) 1777–1789] regarding the law of the maximum of spectrally positive Levy stable processes.
Autism: The Heart of the Disorder? Sensory Processing and Social Engagement—Illustrations from Autobiographical Accounts and Selected Research Findings

Autism is currently identified by a set of diagnostic criteria which are based on observable behaviour, denoting a pattern of impairments in communication and social reciprocity, and a tendency for restricted and stereotyped patterns of behaviour and interests. During the past eighteen years, biographical accounts have enriched the conventional autism literature and provided insights into the experience of autism that may inform both research and practice. This paper presents a synthesis of two themes reported frequently in first-hand accounts: difficulties in sensory processing and social perception. Viewed in conjunction with selected research evidence, a picture emerges of underlying basic deficits that may underpin the observable behaviours of the current diagnostic criteria. It is hoped that the article will be of assistance to practitioners in developing an understanding of the nature of autism spectrum disorders.
Analysis of U.S. Catfish Fillet Market Share Using a Flexible Logistic Model

This paper forecasts market share for U.S. frozen, farm-raised catfish fillets using alternative logit formulations. Results suggest the log inverse power transformation (IPT) performs better than the simple logit and IPT logit models, and had the smallest percentage errors for out-of-sample forecast. Estimates from the log-IPT model indicated higher price premiums of U.S. catfish fillets negatively affected market shares. As domestic fillet wholesale price levels increased relative to imported fillet price, buyers would substitute domestic catfish with imported catfish, assuming undifferentiated products. Catfish is found to be a necessity with a negative relationship between income and shares, equating sales values to consumer expenditures. Total market demand for catfish appears relatively stable following changes in the economy, typical of necessities. It suggests caution in price setting policies. A pricing strategy based on higher sales volumes to address the declining market share situation could be an effective policy measure for optimal long-run sustainability and profitability of the industry.
Price Convergence and the Readiness of the Czech Economy for Accession to the European Union

The readiness of the Czech economy for accession to the European Union (EU) cannot occur without reducing what has so far been a significant difference in economic performance between the Czech Republic and the EU. In particular, there will have to be a convergence of Czech GDP per capita as measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) and the per capita GDP of the EU countries. This process of real convergence will be accompanied by a simultaneous price convergence-changes in relative prices and a convergence of price levels. At the end of 1998, the economic level of the Czech Republic was slightly more than 60 percent of the EU average, while the relative price level was about 43 percent. Labor productivity was estimated at about 50 percent of the EU average. International comparisons show that the price level of the Czech Republic compared to the EU average is lower than would be expected given the per capita income of our country. This leads some analysts to conclude that the main problem with respect to our future integration into the EU is the difference in price levels. This, however, overshadows the real aspects of convergence. Both sides of the convergence process must be considered simultaneously, and both should be solved through The author works at the Czech National Bank (CNB). The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the views of the CNB.
Seigniorage: An argument for a national currency? CEPS Reports in Finance and Banking No. 28, 1 August 2002

Seigniorage has often been cited as one of the most important and most readily quantifiable arguments for a government not to give up its monopoly in base money. The analysis in this paper however points to the contrary, that for many countries the success in exploiting seigniorage has in fact been limited. In their search for a viable monetary regime and in the face of further liberalisation of capital markets, Central and Eastern European countries are advised to consider euroisation as a way to achieve price stability without exchange rate volatility.
OPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATION OF W . C . Y LEE MICROCELL PROPAGATION MODEL IN 850 MHZ FREQUENCY BAND

One of the most popular models for macro-cellular path loss predictions is the Lee model. An extension of this model to the micro-cellular environment requires utilization of building database data. This paper proposes a simple and computationally efficient method for path loss prediction that is based on the Lee micro-cell model and that takes the effects of buildings into account. The performance of the proposed method is validated through extensive comparisons between measured data and model predictions. The comparisons show that, when properly optimized, the proposed approach can achieve an accuracy characterized with standard deviation of the prediction error that is around 6dB.
Learning and Implementation on the Internet

We address the problem of learning and implementation on the Internet When agents play repeated games in distributed environments like the Internet they have very limited a priori information about the other players and the payo matrix and the play can be highly asynchronous Consequently standard solution concepts like Nash equilibria or even the serially undominated set do not apply in such a set ting To construct more appropriate solution concepts we rst describe the essential properties that constitute reasonable learning behavior in distributed environments We then study the convergence behavior of such algorithms these results lead us to propose rather non traditional solutions concepts for this context Finally we discuss implementation of social choice functions with these solution concepts We would like to thank Roger Klein and Herv e Moulin for useful discussions and seminar participants at Princeton Rutgers Stonybrook and UBC for helpful comments This research was supported by NSF Grant ANI Email friedman econ rutgers edu shenker parc xerox com
Sphingomyelin distribution in lipid rafts of artificial monolayer membranes visualized by Raman microscopy

Significance Phase separation in lipid rafts has been observed with fluorescently labeled lipids, but they are often excluded from the ordered domain because of the steric effect of the bulky fluorophore on lipid packing, making it difficult to analyze the interior of the raft domain. Here, we synthesized an analog of sphingomyelin tagged with a small Raman active diyne moiety, which provides high chemical selectivity without affecting the membrane properties. Raman microscopy successfully visualized, at single lipid-layer sensitivity, a heterogeneous spatial distribution of this probe within raft-like ordered domains, which was different from the generally accepted raft model. This approach provides both chemical selectivity and quantitative imaging capability and is useful for functional studies of lipid rafts. Sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (chol)-rich domains in cell membranes, called lipid rafts, are thought to have important biological functions related to membrane signaling and protein trafficking. To visualize the distribution of SM in lipid rafts by means of Raman microscopy, we designed and synthesized an SM analog tagged with a Raman-active diyne moiety (diyne-SM). Diyne-SM showed a strong peak in a Raman silent region that is free of interference from intrinsic vibrational modes of lipids and did not appear to alter the properties of SM-containing monolayers. Therefore, we used Raman microscopy to directly visualize the distribution of diyne-SM in raft-mimicking domains formed in SM/dioleoylphosphatidylcholine/chol ternary monolayers. Raman images visualized a heterogeneous distribution of diyne-SM, which showed marked variation, even within a single ordered domain. Specifically, diyne-SM was enriched in the central area of raft domains compared with the peripheral area. These results seem incompatible with the generally accepted raft model, in which the raft and nonraft phases show a clear biphasic separation. One of the possible reasons is that gradual changes of SM concentration occur between SM-rich and -poor regions to minimize hydrophobic mismatch. We believe that our technique of hyperspectral Raman imaging of a single lipid monolayer opens the door to quantitative analysis of lipid membranes by providing both chemical information and spatial distribution with high (diffraction-limited) spatial resolution.
Reciprocal associations between social competence and language and pre-literacy skills in preschool

: The present study examined reciprocal associations between children’s social competence and language and pre-literacy skills across the preschool year. Participants were 441 children (six-year-olds; 212 boys, 229 girls) and their teachers. Teachers rated children’s social competence in the autumn and again in the spring, using the Multisource Assessment of Social Competence Scale (MASCS), which produced sum scores for cooperating skills, empathy, impulsivity and disruptiveness. Children were tested by trained investigators on their pre-literacy skills in both the autumn and the spring, and, only in the spring, also on their receptive vocabulary. Parental education, each child’s age and time elapsed between the measurement points were used as control variables. The gender differences in the reciprocal associations were also investigated. The results showed that cooperating skills predicted a higher vocabulary. Associations between social competence and pre-literacy skills varied between boys and girls. For girls, empathy and cooperating skills predicted higher pre-literacy skills, whereas, for boys, pre-literacy skills predicted subsequent empathy. For boys, higher pre-literacy skills were related to lower disruptiveness and impulsivity, whereas, for girls, higher disruptiveness predicted lower pre-literacy skills. The findings highlight the reciprocal association between social-emotional and pre-literacy skills and emphasise the importance of promoting children’s overall development during the preschool year.
The Lazy Kernel Hacker and Application Programmer

Over time, programming languages have become more abstract, adding features such type safety, garbage collection, and improved modularization. These improvements contribute to program quality and have allowed application programmers to write increasingly complicated programs. There are thousands of programming languages in existence, and features are routinely drawn from the existing set and recombined to produce the next generation. Like programming languages, operating systems fundamentally affect the quality of the software (including language runtimes) written on them. After all, the operating system provides— primarily through system calls—the interface programs must use to interact with users, other programs, and other networked computers. But operating systems have evolved more slowly than programming languages, due in no small part to the difficulty of writing them. Here we describe the interface embodied by our operating system, Ethos, and how we used virtualization and other techniques to develop the operating system more quickly.
Coupled carbon-water exchange of the Amazon rain forest, II. Comparison of predicted and observed seasonal exchange of energy, CO 2 , isoprene and ozone at a remote site in Rondônia

Abstract. A one-dimensional multi-layer scheme describing the coupled exchange of energy and CO 2 , the emission of isoprene and the dry deposition of ozone is applied to a rain forest canopy in southwest Amazonia. The model was constrained using mean diel cycles of micrometeorological quantities observed during two periods in the wet and dry season 1999. Calculated net fluxes and concentration profiles for both seasonal periods are compared to observations made at two nearby towers. The modeled day- and nighttime thermal stratification of the canopy layer is consistent with observations in dense canopies. The observed and modeled net fluxes above and H 2 O and CO 2 concentration profiles within the canopy show a good agreement. The predicted net carbon sink decreases from 2.5 t C ha -1 yr -1 for wet season conditions to 1 t C ha -1 yr -1 for dry season conditions, whereas observed and modeled midday Bowen ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.8. The evaluation results confirmed a seasonal variability of leaf physiological parameters, as already suggested in a companion study. The calculated midday canopy net flux of isoprene increased from 7.1 mg C m -2 h -1 during the wet season to 11.4 mg C m -2 h -1 during the late dry season. Applying a constant emission capacity in all canopy layers, resulted in a disagreement between observed and simulated profiles of isoprene concentrations, suggesting a smaller emission capacity of shade adapted leaves and deposition to the soil or leaf surfaces. Assuming a strong light acclimation of emission capacity, equivalent to a 66% reduction of the standard emission factor for leaves in the lower canopy, resulted in a better agreement of observed and modeled concentration profiles and a 30% reduction of the canopy net flux compared to model calculations with a constant emission factor. The mean calculated ozone flux for dry season conditions at noontime was ≈12 n mol m -2 s -1 , agreeing well with observed values. The corresponding deposition velocity increased from 0.8 cm s -1 to >1.6 cm s -1 in the wet season, which can not be explained by increased stomatal uptake. Considering reasonable physiological changes in stomatal regulation, the modeled value was not larger than 1.05 cm s -1 . Instead, the observed fluxes could be explained with the model by decreasing the cuticular resistance to ozone deposition from 5000 to 1000 s m -1 .
Image-Based Quantification of Benzoporphyrin Derivative Uptake, Localization, and Photobleaching in 3D Tumor Models, for Optimization of PDT Parameters

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based treatment modality in which wavelength specific activation of a photosensitizer (PS) generates cytotoxic response in the irradiated region. PDT response is critically dependent on several parameters including light dose, PS dose, uptake time, fluence rate, and the mode of light delivery. While the systematic optimization of these treatment parameters can be complex, it also provides multiple avenues for enhancement of PDT efficacy under diverse treatment conditions, provided that a rational framework is established to quantify the impact of parameter selection upon treatment response. Here we present a theranostic technique, combining the inherent ability of the PS to serve simultaneously as a therapeutic and imaging agent, with the use of image-based treatment assessment in three dimensional (3D) in vitro tumor models, to comprise a platform to evaluate the impact of PDT parameters on treatment outcomes. We use this approach to visualize and quantify the uptake, localization, and photobleaching of the PS benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A (BPD) in a range of treatment conditions with varying uptake times as well as continuous and fractionated light delivery regimens in 3D cultures of AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. Informed by photobleaching patterns and correlation with cytotoxic response, asymmetric fractionated light delivery at 4 hours BPD uptake was found to be the most effective regimen assessed. Quantification of the spatial profile of cell killing within multicellular nodules revealed that these conditions also achieve the highest depth of cytotoxicity along the radial axis of 3D nodules. The framework introduced here provides a means for systematic assessment of PDT treatment parameters in biologically relevant 3D tumor models with potential for broader application to other systems.
The ART-Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase network comprises a plasma membrane quality control system that protects yeast cells from proteotoxic stress

Secretory cargo that cannot fold properly in the ER are selectively targeted for removal by a well-studied ER-associated degradation pathway, or ERAD. In contrast, very little is known about post-ER quality control mechanisms for damaged or misfolded integral membrane proteins. Here we describe a quality control function of the Rsp5-ART ubiquitin ligase adaptor network that functions to protect plasma membrane (PM) integrity. Failure to mediate this protective response during heat stress leads to toxic accumulation of misfolded integral membrane proteins at the cell surface, which causes loss of PM integrity and cell death. Thus, the Rsp5-ART network comprises a PM quality control system that works together with sequential quality control pathways in the ER and Golgi to (i) target the degradation of proteins that have exceeded their functional lifetime due to damage and/or misfolding and (ii) limit the toxic accumulation of specific proteins at the cell surface during proteotoxic stress. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00459. 001