Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extratropical Stratosphere-Troposphere Mass Exchange

[1] The net mass flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere can be computed from the heating rate along the 380 K isentropic surface and the time rate of change of the mass of the lowermost stratosphere (the region between the tropopause and the 380 K isentrope) following Appenzeller et al. [1996]. Given this net mass flux and the cross-tropopause diabatic mass flux, the residual adiabatic mass flux across the tropopause can also be estimated. These fluxes have been computed using meteorological fields from a free-running general circulation model (the finite volume general circulation model) and two assimilated data sets, finite volume data assimilation system (FVDAS), and UK Met Office (UKMO). All of the calculations agree that the annual average net mass flux for the Northern Hemisphere is about 1010 kg/s. There is less agreement on the Southern Hemisphere flux that might be half as large. For all three data sets the adiabatic mass flux is from the upper troposphere into the lowermost stratosphere. This adiabatic flux into the lowermost stratosphere is roughly 5 times larger than the diabatic mass flux into the stratosphere across the tropical tropopause. For the FVDAS the midlatitude tropopause diabatic flux is smaller than UKMO, apparently due to a systematically colder, higher FVDAS tropopause. Both data assimilation systems have a warmer, lower midlatitude tropopause compared to radiosondes, so the mass flux estimates can be considered upper bounds. Finally, we note that the difference in the diabatic mass fluxes between the two assimilated meteorological analyses is much larger than the interannual variability in either.
Transformation of Oil Pools into Gas Pools as Results of Multiple Tectonic Events in Upper Sinian (Upper Neoproterozoic), Deep Part of Sichuan Basin, China

A center in the present paper is referred to as an area or region which may include one or more hydrocarbon accumulations. A hydrocarbon generation center is referred to as an area containing high quality source rock which was subjected to thermal maturation. A gas generation center is an area in which an oil pool or accumulation was present, and oil was thermally cracked to generate gas. A gas accumulation center is referred to as an area in which natural gas generated from cracked oil accumulated. A gas preservation center is referred to as an area or region where the present natural gas pool/pools is/are located. As one of the oldest petroleum reservoir rocks in the world, the upper Sinian Dengying Formation (Upper Proterozoic) in the Sichuan basin was deeply buried, and its paleo-oil pools (gas generation centers) underwent complex transformation into paleo-gas pools (gas accumulation centers) and the present gas pools (gas preservation centers) as a result of multiphase tectonic activities. The paleo oil pools (gas generation centers) were the main hydrocarbon sources of the paleo gas pools (gas accumulation centers), which were in turn the main sources of hydrocarbons for today's (remaining) gas pools (gas preservation centers). The key factor in the oil accumulation was the presence of rich hydrocarbon source rocks (hydrocarbon generation centers) in the Early Cambrian strata and a good seal development. Being controlled by the early tectonics and sedimentary development of the basin, the hydrocarbon generation centers appeared to have been stationary in space, while in time the other three centers (gas generation centers, gas accumulation centers and gas preservation centers) migrated as result of tectonic events in the basin. Therefore, the time-spatial relationships between these “three centers” (gas generation centers, gas accumulation centers and gas preservation centers) decides the final distribution of natural gas in the Sichuan basin. Relationship between generation, accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbons in the marine carbonates buried deeper than 4500 m in the Sichuan basin, can be separated into: (1) an accumulation mode with the “three centers” being superimposed; (2) an accumulation mode with “the preservation center” disintegrated; (3) an accumulation mode with the “three centers” migrated for a short distance; (4) a destruction mode with the preservation center lost. The natural gas exploration of the upper Sinian carbonate rocks in the Sichuan basin can be most successful where the “three centers” overlap, such as at the front area of the Micang Mountains, which could be the most promising area for the future gas exploration.
Utilisation of the structure of the retinal nerve fiber layer and test strategy in visual field examination

The aim of this study was to create a mathematical model of the retinal nerve fiber layer and of the entire hill of vision, and to compare different perimetric methods and test grids in the detection of visual field loss in glaucoma and optic neuritis. A mathematical model of the retinal nerve fiber layer was developed, based on traced nerve fiber bundle trajectories extracted from 55 fundus photographs of 55 human subjects. The model resembled the typical retinal nerve fiber layer course within 20° eccentricity from the foveola. The standard deviation of the calculated corresponding angular location at the optic nerve head circumference ranged from less than 1° up to 18° (mean 8.8°). A smooth mathematical model of the hill of vision was created, based on 81 ophthalmologically healthy subjects. The model fit R2 was 0.72. Applying individually condensed test grids in 41 glaucomatous eyes of 41 patients enhanced remarkably the detection of progression. Seven out of 11 (64%) of the progressive scotomata detected by spatially condensed grids would have been missed by the conventional 6° × 6° grid. In 20 eyes of 20 patients with advanced glaucoma, the comparability of visual field areas obtained with semi-automated kinetic perimetry and automated static perimetry was satisfactory and within the range of the test-retest reliability of automated static perimetry. Using a standardized grid of 191 static targets within the central 30° visual field, the most common finding in 100 eyes of 99 patients with acute optic neuritis were central scotomas, accounting for 41% of all visual field defects in affected eyes. In conclusion, a model of the retinal nerve fiber layer was developed, which provided a detailed location specific estimate of the magnitude of the variability on the courses of retinal nerve fiber bundle trajectories in the human retina. A smooth mathematical model of the hill of vision with a satisfactory model fit was described for the 80° visual field. Individually condensed grids enabled the detection of a glaucomatous visual field progression more frequently and also earlier than conventional grids. Semi-automated kinetic perimetry was found to be a valuable alternative to automated static perimetry in monitoring advanced glaucomatous visual field loss. Using a grid with a higher spatial resolution may enhance the detection of small central visual field loss in optic neuritis.
Large‐scale, inter‐annual relations among surface temperature, water vapour and precipitation with and without ENSO and volcano forcings

How the global hydrological cycle, generally denoted by precipitation, responds to surface temperature change has been debated for decades. This debate is crucial to correctly assess the global warming‐related climate variability/change in the water cycle, but reflects our limited understanding of the relationships that exist among key components of the water cycle on various spatial and temporal scales. Primarily using satellite‐based measurements, we find that correlations between precipitation and surface temperature anomalies averaged over large domains (i.e. tropical and global ocean/land areas) during 1988–2008 are very weak once the effects from two large‐scale forcings, ENSO and volcanic eruptions, are removed, whereas tropospheric water vapour content varies with surface temperature no matter whether the ENSO and volcanic effects are included or not. We thus conclude that precipitation variability on the inter‐annual time scale, once the net large‐scale dynamic effects particularly associated with ENSO become weak or limited, does not follow surface temperature and related water vapour variations, even though inter‐decadal signals may still exist. This is consistent with the fact that ENSO precipitation signals are usually weak over combined land plus ocean areas for both tropical and global regimes, though ENSO can greatly modulate global precipitation patterns through shifting large‐scale circulation systems. These findings are also similar to the weak global‐mean precipitation responses under the recent global warming that have been evident in both observations and models, compared to large associated tropospheric water vapour changes, roughly following the Clausius‐Clapeyron (CC) relation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Formal Methods for Quantum Programs: A Survey

While recent progress in quantum hardware open the door for significant speedup in certain key areas (cryptography, biology, chemistry, optimization, machine learning, etc), quantum algorithms are still hard to implement right, and the validation of such quantum programs is achallenge. Moreover, importing the testing and debugging practices at use in classical programming is extremely difficult in the quantum case, due to the destructive aspect of quantum measurement. As an alternative strategy, formal methods are prone to play a decisive role in the emerging field of quantum software. Recent works initiate solutions for problems occurring at every stage of the development process: high-level program design, implementation, compilation, etc. We review the induced challenges for an efficient use of formal methods in quantum computing and the current most promising research directions.
An Optimization Approach for Distribution Network Planning Strategy Based on Combined Improved Cloud Model and Evidence Theory

With the continuous promotion of China’s power reform, higher requirements and standards have been put forward for distribution network investment decisions. However, the current work of distribution network project optimization in China has the problems of high subjectivity of investment decisions, fuzzy evaluation method, and high uncertainty of project optimization. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a distribution network planning scheme optimization method based on the improved cloud model and evidence theory. Firstly, the optimal index system of the planning scheme is constructed from the dimensions of load transfer capacity, grid structure level, load capacity, investment benefit, social benefit, and life-cycle cost. Secondly, for subjectivity and ambiguity problems, the traditional degree of the membership function is replaced by a cloud model optimized by cloud entropy. Thirdly, the problem of uncertainty is addressed through evidence theory, while the game theory approach is used to identify conflicting evidence for evidence revision and fusion in the case of conflicting evidence arising from traditional evidence theory. Moreover, by improving the TOPSIS method and comparing the distances between the basic probability assignments of each planning scheme and the positive and negative virtual optimal solutions, the final decision results can be determined. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified by experiments.
Land Titles and Rice Production in Vietnam

In most of the empirical literature on land titling, the household is regarded as unitary, and land rights are found to have ambiguous effects on land allocation, investment and productivity. Using data from 12 provinces in Vietnam, we diversify land titles, and show in a household fixed effects analysis of plot level rice yields that land titles are indeed important. Only exclusively held titles have the expected positive effects, and the positive effect on yields is found in male headed households. Furthermore, a household level rice yield function reveals that exclusive user rights are inefficiency decreasing, while jointly held user rights have no efficiency effects. Finally, once the gender of the head of household is controlled for, exclusively held female titles have a greater positive effect on the efficiency of the household than that of male held titles.
Leaching with Subsurface Drip Irrigation under Saline, Shallow Groundwater Conditions

One option for coping with the high soil salinity levels caused by saline, shallow groundwater conditions along the west side of the San Joaquin Valley is to convert from sprinkler or surface irrigation methods to drip irrigation. Experiments in commercial fields revealed that subsurface drip irrigation of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. esculentum) is highly profitable under these conditions compared with other irrigation methods. The experiments also showed that little or no field‐wide leaching occurred, based on the conventional or water balance approach to estimating the leaching fraction (LF), yet soil salinity measurements showed considerable leaching around the drip lines. Actual LFs could not be calculated because LF, soil salinity, soil water content, and root density all varied with distance and depth around the drip lines. Therefore, we conducted a numerical modeling study using the HYDRUS‐2D computer simulation model to evaluate leaching with drip irrigation under saline, shallow groundwater conditions for different amounts of applied water, water table depths, and irrigation water salinity, described by the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECiw). Results showed that LF values ranged from 7.7 to 30.9% as applied water amounts increased from 60 to 115% of the potential evapotranspiration (ETpot) for the ECiw = 0.3 dS m−1 irrigation water, even though the water balance method showed no leaching for applied water amounts equal to or smaller than ETpot The spatially varying soil wetting patterns that occur under drip irrigation caused the localized leaching, which was concentrated near the drip line.
First passive radar observations of auroral E‐region irregularities

On August 27, 1998 we observed auroral E‐region irregularities using the Manastash Ridge Radar system. These are the first radio science results from passive radar observations of commercial FM broadcasts near 100 MHz. These are also the first reported observations of 1.5 m irregularities in 15 years. The data show scatter most consistent with type‐1 and type‐3 ion‐acoustic turbulence as observed by 50 MHz and 140 MHz radars. The instrument is extraordinarily low in cost and provides data free of range and doppler velocity aliasing problems. The range and velocity resolution achieved by this radar is substantially superior to that of other comparable coherent scatter radars, and the time resolution is similar.
Deep fault plane geometry inferred from multiplet relative relocation beneath the south flank of Kilauea

Dense microearthquake swarms occur in the upper south flank of Kilauea, providing multiplets composed of hundreds of events. The similarity of their waveforms and the quality of the data have been sufficient to provide accurate relative relocations of their hypocenters. A simple and efficient method has been developed which allowed the relative relocation of more than 250 events with an average precision of about 50 m horizontally and 75 m vertically. Relocation of these events greatly improves the definition of the seismic image of the fault that generates them. Indeed, relative relocations define a plane dipping about 6° northward, although corresponding absolute locations are widely dispersed in the swarm. A composite focal mechanism, built from events providing a correct spatial sampling of the multiplet, also gives a well-constrained northward dip of about 5° to the near-horizontal plane. This technique thus collapses the clouds of hypocenters of single-event locations to a plane coinciding with the slip plane revealed by previous focal mechanism studies. We cannot conclude that all south flank earthquakes collapse to a single plane. There may locally be several planes, perhaps with different dips and depths throughout the south flank volume. The 6° northward-dipping plane we found is too steep to represent the overall flexure of the oceanic crust under the load of the island of Hawaii. This plane is probably an important feature that characterizes the basal slip layer below the upper south flank of Kilauea volcano. Differences in seismicity rate and surface deformations between the upper and lower south flank could be related to the geometry of this deep fault plane. The present work illustrates how high precision relative relocations of similar events in dense swarms, combined with the analysis of geodetic measurements, can help to describe deep fault plane geometry. Systematic selection and extensive relative relocation of similar earthquakes could be attempted in other well-instrumented, highly seismic areas to provide reliable basic information, especially useful for understanding of earthquake generation processes.
Changes in the Earth's UV reflectivity from the surface, clouds, and aerosols

Measurements of the Earth's 380 nm UV reflectivity combine the effects of surface reflectivity, aerosols, haze, cloud optical thickness, and the fraction of the scene covered by clouds. Changes in UV cloud and aerosol reflectivity would imply similar changes over a wide range of wavelengths, UV, visible, and near infrared (at least 0.3 to 2 μm), affecting both the transmission of radiation to the Earth's surface and the reflection back to space. Using the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) 380 nm reflectivity data, the 14-year annual mean power reflected back to space is 385.3±31 W/m2, mostly by clouds, aerosols, and snow/ice. On the basis of measured long-term changes in global reflectivity, it is estimated that there is an additional 2.8±2.8 W/m2 per decade reflected back to space (2 standard deviation error estimate) during the TOMS observing period of 1979–1992. Since the 380 nm surface reflectivity is low (2–8%) over most surfaces, water and land, the observed reflectivity changes are mostly caused by changes in the amount of snow/ice, cloudiness, and aerosols. Time series analysis of TOMS reflectivity over the period from 1979 to 1992 shows that there were no significant changes in annually averaged zonal-average reflectivity at latitudes within 60°S–60°N, even though there were changes at higher latitudes (e.g., 3% per decade, in reflectivity units, between 60°N and 70°N). When the effects of the 11.3-year solar cycle and ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) are removed from the data, statistically significant reflectivity changes are observed poleward of both 40°S and 40°N. The presence of a statistically significant 11.3-year periodicity in the reflectivity time series correlates with the solar cycle and suggests a possible Sun-weather relationship. There are significant regional changes in reflectivity R over land and ocean areas that affect the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface. The largest of these regions have decreases in R of 3 to 6 ± 1% per decade in central Europe, the western United States, central China, and western Russia. These decreases are offset by increases in the same latitude bands mostly over the oceans. The largest regions showing an increase in R are off the western coast of South America (near Chile and Peru), 5 to 8 ± 1%/decade and over the Weddell Sea in Antarctica of 10%/decade, but no change over the ice shelf and continent. The largest increase in R occurs over the ocean just to the north of Antarctica. This change is important because it reduces UV radiation overall (290–400 nm) and partially offsets the effect of the increased amount of UV-B radiation (290–320 nm) caused by decreasing Antarctic ozone.
Bioinformatics Applications Note Systems Biology Toolbox for Matlab: a Computational Platform for Research in Systems Biology

We present a Systems Biology Toolbox for the widely used general purpose mathematical software MATLAB. The toolbox offers systems biologists an open and extensible environment, in which to explore ideas, prototype and share new algorithms, and build applications for the analysis and simulation of biological and biochemical systems. Additionally it is well suited for educational purposes. The toolbox supports the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) by providing an interface for import and export of SBML models. In this way the toolbox connects nicely to other SBML-enabled modelling packages. Models are represented in an internal model format and can be described either by entering ordinary differential equations or, more intuitively, by entering biochemical reaction equations. The toolbox contains a large number of analysis methods, such as deterministic and stochastic simulation, parameter estimation, network identification, parameter sensitivity analysis and bifurcation analysis. Availability: The Systems Biology Toolbox for MATLAB is open source and freely available from http://www.sbtoolbox. org. The website also contains a tutorial, extensive documentation and examples.
Laphamite, an arsenic selenide analogue of orpiment, from burning anthracite deposits in Pennsylvania

Abstract Laphamite, ideally As2(Se,S)3, is monoclinic, P21/n, with a = 11.86(1), b = 9.756(9), c = 4.265(9) Å, β = 90.17°, V = 493.5 Å3, Z = 4, D (calc.) = 4.60, D (meas.) = 4.5(1) g/cm3. Microprobe analysis yielded: As 47.0, Se 43.7, S 8.7, sum = 99.4 wt. %. In plane polarized light in polished section at about 3200 K laphamite is moderately bireflectant from white to grey. Reflection pleochroism is absent but fiery red internal reflections are characteristic as are golden yellow reflections along scratches. Anisotropy is moderate with grey rotation tints, masked in some sections by internal reflections. Reflectance spectra in air and oil between 400 and 700 nm are given. Colour values for the CIE illiminant C in air are, for R 1 followed by R 2: Y% 29.0, 33.5, λd 480, 478; P e% 9.1, 8.7. Laphamite forms dark red crystals, up to 5.0 mm, associated with orpiment, arsenolite, and an unnamed phase, NH4AlF4, in a burning coal waste-dump at Burnside, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.
TRAPPED IN A GARDEN OF GREENER PASTURES: THE EXPERIENCES OF ZIMBABWEAN TEACHERS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Most immigrants from African countries choose Johannesburg as a migration destination. They all perceive it to be location with many opportunities that would enable them to make a fresh start to a life outside their home country, and Zimbabweans are no exception. In South Africa, Johannesburg has a large percentage of foreigners at any given time, hence its inner city was chosen as a suitable location to investigate the extent and manner in which the experiences of migrant Zimbabwean teachers matched their expectations. Working in Zimbabwe was no longer sustainable for them. Most of them were married and had families whom they needed to support financially. After being in South Africa for a period ranging from under one year to over five years, many had achieved some form of economic improvement, having movable and immovable assets, and saving money. However, the same migrant teachers felt unsafe and unwanted in South Africa because of crime, discrimination, hostility and xenophobia. The results revealed a paradox of economic satisfaction accompanied by fear and social unhappiness in the lives of these Zimbabwean teachers in South Africa. The Zimbabwean migrant teachers have two juxta-positioned problematic situations: wanting the money, their initial reason for migrating and motivation to continue working; and feeling imprisoned, unsafe and unwanted, an incongruous reality, in South Africa. This paper examines the dynamics of these contradictions by presenting the two-pronged dilemma from both an economic and a social point of view. They want to be and not to be in South Africa at the same time - they are trapped in a contradictory existence, in a city and country to which they chose to migrate.