Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underestimating Calorie Content When Healthy Foods Are Present: An Averaging Effect or a Reference-Dependent Anchoring Effect?

Objective Previous studies have shown that estimations of the calorie content of an unhealthy main meal food tend to be lower when the food is shown alongside a healthy item (e.g. fruit or vegetables) than when shown alone. This effect has been called the negative calorie illusion and has been attributed to averaging the unhealthy (vice) and healthy (virtue) foods leading to increased perceived healthiness and reduced calorie estimates. The current study aimed to replicate and extend these findings to test the hypothesized mediating effect of ratings of healthiness of foods on calorie estimates. Methods In three online studies, participants were invited to make calorie estimates of combinations of foods. Healthiness ratings of the food were also assessed. Results The first two studies failed to replicate the negative calorie illusion. In a final study, the use of a reference food, closely following a procedure from a previously published study, did elicit a negative calorie illusion. No evidence was found for a mediating role of healthiness estimates. Conclusion The negative calorie illusion appears to be a function of the contrast between a food being judged and a reference, supporting the hypothesis that the negative calorie illusion arises from the use of a reference-dependent anchoring and adjustment heuristic and not from an ‘averaging’ effect, as initially proposed. This finding is consistent with existing data on sequential calorie estimates, and highlights a significant impact of the order in which foods are viewed on how foods are evaluated.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor, p2y5/LPA6*

p2y5 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that is closely related to the fourth lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor, LPA4. Here we report that p2y5 is a novel LPA receptor coupling to the G13-Rho signaling pathway. “LPA receptor-null” RH7777 and B103 cells exogenously expressing p2y5 showed [3H]LPA binding, LPA-induced [35S]guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding, Rho-dependent alternation of cellular morphology, and Gs/13 chimeric protein-mediated cAMP accumulation. LPA-induced contraction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was suppressed by small interfering RNA knockdown of endogenously expressed p2y5. We also found that 2-acyl-LPA had higher activity to p2y5 than 1-acyl-LPA. A recent study has suggested that p2y5 is an LPA receptor essential for human hair growth. We confirmed that p2y5 is a functional LPA receptor and propose to designate this receptor LPA6.
Information security: where computer science, economics and psychology meet

Until ca. 2000, information security was seen as a technological discipline, based on computer science but with mathematics helping in the design of ciphers and protocols. That perspective started to change as researchers and practitioners realized the importance of economics. As distributed systems are increasingly composed of machines that belong to principals with divergent interests, incentives are becoming as important to dependability as technical design. A thriving new field of information security economics provides valuable insights not just into ‘security’ topics such as privacy, bugs, spam and phishing, but into more general areas of system dependability and policy. This research programme has recently started to interact with psychology. One thread is in response to phishing, the most rapidly growing form of online crime, in which fraudsters trick people into giving their credentials to bogus websites; a second is through the increasing importance of security usability; and a third comes through the psychology-and-economics tradition. The promise of this multidisciplinary research programme is a novel framework for analysing information security problems—one that is both principled and effective.
Realising a Layered Digital Library: Exploration and Analysis of the Live Music Archive through Linked Data

Building upon a collection with functionality for discovery and analysis has been described by Lynch as a `layered' approach to digital libraries. Meanwhile, as digital corpora have grown in size, their analysis is necessarily supplemented by automated application of computational methods, which can create layers of information as intricate and complex as those within the content itself. This combination of layers - aggregating homogeneous collections, specialised analyses, and new observations - requires a flexible approach to systems implementation which enables pathways through the layers via common points of understanding, while simultaneously accommodating the emergence of previously unforeseen layers. In this paper we follow a Linked Data approach to build a layered digital library based on content from the Internet Archive Live Music Archive. Starting from the recorded audio and basic information in the Archive, we first deploy a layer of catalogue metadata which allows an initial - if imperfect - consolidation of performer, song, and venue information. A processing layer extracts audio features from the original recordings, workflow provenance, and summary feature metadata. A further analysis layer provides tools for the user to combine audio and feature data, discovered and reconciled using interlinked catalogue and feature metadata from layers below. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of the system through an investigation of `key typicality' across performances. This highlights the need to incorporate robustness to inevitable `imperfections' when undertaking scholarship within the digital library, be that from mislabelling, poor quality audio, or intrinsic limitations of computational methods. We do so not with the assumption that a `perfect' version can be reached; but that a key benefit of a layered approach is to allow accurate representations of information to be discovered, combined, and investigated for informed interpretation.
Thrombolysis With 0.6 mg/kg Intravenous Alteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Routine Clinical Practice: The Japan post-Marketing Alteplase Registration Study (J-MARS)

Background and Purpose— In Japan, alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg was approved in October 2005 for use within 3 hours of stroke onset by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). The aim of the Japan post-Marketing Alteplase Registration Study (J-MARS), which was requested by MHLW at the time of approval, was to assess the safety and efficacy of 0.6 mg/kg alteplase in routine clinical practice for the Japanese. Methods— A total of 7492 patients from 942 centers were enrolled in the J-MARS, an open-label, nonrandomized, observational study, from October 2005 to October 2007. Primary outcome measures were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (a deterioration in NIHSS score ≥4 from baseline) and favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–1) at 3 months after stroke onset. Results— The proportion of patients with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in 7492 patients (safety analysis) was 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1%–3.9%) within 36 hours and 4.4% (95% CI, 3.9%–4.9%) at 3 months. The overall mortality rate was 13.1% (95% CI, 12.4%–13.9%) and the proportion of patients with fatal symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7%–1.2%). The outcomes at 3 months were available for 4944 patients and the proportion of favorable outcome (efficacy analysis) was 33.1% (95% CI, 31.8%–34.4%). The subgroup analysis in patients between 18 and 80 years with a baseline NIHSS score <25 demonstrated that favorable outcome at 3 months was 39.0% (95% CI, 37.4%–40.6%). Conclusions— These data suggest that 0.6 mg/kg intravenous alteplase within 3 hours of stroke onset could be safe and effective in routine clinical practice for the Japanese.
Vasoproliferative tumours of the retina

BACKGROUND Vasoproliferative tumours of the retina (VPTR) are benign tumours of unknown origin, occurring mostly in otherwise healthy patients. VPTR may be associated with other chorioretinal diseases, such as uveitis. The tumours, which histologically represent reactive gliovascular proliferations, are characterised by a pink to yellow appearance on funduscopy and are accompanied by exudative and haemorrhagic changes of the retina. METHODS 22 cases of VPTR in 21 patients were examined with a follow up period between 1 month and 6 years. Ophthalmological changes associated with VPTR were intraretinal and subretinal exudations (n=18), exudative detachments of the surrounding sensory retina (n=13), intraretinal and subretinal haemorrhages (n=10), exudative changes within the macula (n=10), hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium at the border of the exudative retinal changes (n=9), and vitreous haemorrhages (n=4). Tumour biopsy was performed in two cases. Treatment consisted of plaque radiotherapy (n=14), plaque radiotherapy and cryotherapy (two), cryotherapy only (two), observation (three), and enucleation in one case of a blind and painful eye. RESULTS Regression of the tumour and the associated exudative changes could be observed in all treated cases. Visual acuity at last follow up improved two lines or more in two cases, remained within two lines of the initial visual acuity in 15 cases, and worsened in the remaining five. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimens and the tumour of the enucleated eye showed massive capillary proliferation with perivascular spindle-shaped glial cells of retinal origin. CONCLUSION The correct diagnosis of VPTR is of importance as these lesions may lead to visual loss. Further, VPTR must be differentiated from angiomas associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease as well as from ocular and systemic malignancies. Regression of tumour thickness and associated retinal changes can be achieved with brachytherapy or cryotherapy.
The Prostate 69 : 214 ^ 218 ( 2009 ) Genome-Wide ExpressionAnalysis of Recently ProcessedFormalin-FixedParaffinEmbeddedHuman ProstateTissues

BACKGROUND. Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) is the standard practice to process surgical specimens in preparation for pathological evaluation. The FFPE procedure is known to introduce adverse effects on RNA quality and the ensuing RNA based expression analysis. However, the overall impact of the FFPE procedure alone on the reliability and accuracy of expression data, without influences from additional compromising factors introduced during long-term storage, has not been vigorously assessed. METHODS. The quality of RNA extracted from recently processed FFPE prostate tissues was examined. FFPE and frozen blocks were prepared from matched surgical specimens and processed in parallel for RNA extraction, two rounds of linear RNA amplification, and genomewide expression analysis. Expression ratios of prostate cancer versus benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were compared between data derived from the paired FFPE tissues and frozen tissues. RESULTS. RNA extracted from recently processed FFPE prostate tissues was of high quality and suitable for RNA expression analysis. An unbiased analysis of expression data revealed nearly 80% concordance between FFPE tissues and frozen tissues, in genome-wide gene expression differences of cancer versus BPH, and across a wide spectrum of fold expression differences. CONCLUSIONS. FFPE procedure itself does not lead to adverse effects on genome-wide expression analysis. Prospective molecular archiving or modified long-term storage conditions should be implemented to expand the utility of FFPE tissues without compromising standard surgical pathology routines. Prostate 69: 214–218, 2009. # 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A prospective study of the risk factors associated with failure of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage.

PURPOSE The aim of this prospective clinical study was to assess the risk factors associated with failure of mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 140 mini-implants in 44 patients, including 48 miniplates and 92 freestanding miniscrews, were examined in the study. A variety of orthodontic loads were applied. The majority of implants were placed in the posterior maxilla (104/140), and the next most common location was the posterior mandible (34/140). RESULTS A cumulative survival rate of 89% (125/140) was found by Kaplan-Meier analysis. There was no significant difference in the survival rate between miniplates and freestanding miniscrews, but miniplates were used in more hazardous situations. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model identified anatomic location and peri-implant soft tissue character as 2 independent prognostic indicators. The estimated relative risk of implant failure in the posterior mandible was 1.101 (95% confidence interval, 0.942 to 1.301; P = .046). The risk ratio of failure for implants surrounded by nonkeratinized mucosa was 1.117 (95% confidence interval, 0.899 to 1.405; P = .026). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results confirmed the effectiveness of orthodontic mini-implants, but in certain situations adjustment of the treatment plan or modifications in the technique of implant placement may lead to improved success rates.
Recent Advances in Food-Packing, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Zein and Zein-Based Materials

Zein is a biodegradable and biocompatible material extracted from renewable resources; it comprises almost 80% of the whole protein content in corn. This review highlights and describes some zein and zein-based materials, focusing on biomedical applications. It was demonstrated in this review that the biodegradation and biocompatibility of zein are key parameters for its uses in the food-packing, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Furthermore, it was pointed out that the presence of hydrophilic-hydrophobic groups in zein chains is a very important aspect for obtaining material with different hydrophobicities by mixing with other moieties (polymeric or not), but also for obtaining derivatives with different properties. The physical and chemical characteristics and special structure (at the molecular, nano and micro scales) make zein molecules inherently superior to many other polymers from natural sources and synthetic ones. The film-forming property of zein and zein-based materials is important for several applications. The good electrospinnability of zein is important for producing zein and zein-based nanofibers for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. The use of zein’s hydrolysate peptides for reducing blood pressure is another important issue related to the application of derivatives of zein in the biomedical field. It is pointed out that the biodegradability and biocompatibility of zein and other inherent properties associated with zein’s structure allow a myriad of applications of such materials with great potential in the near future.
A Geometrical Hierarchy on Graphs via Cellular Automata

Historically, cellular automata were defined on the lattices Zn, but the definition can be extended to bounded degree graphs. Given a notion of simulation between cellular automata defined on different structures (namely graphs of automata), we can deduce an order on graphs. In this paper, we link this order to graph properties and explicit the order for most of the common graphs.
Nramp5 Is a Major Transporter Responsible for Manganese and Cadmium Uptake in Rice[C][W]

Rice accumulates high concentrations of Mn. The high uptake of Mn in rice is mediated by a member of Nramp proteins, which is polarly localized at the plasma membrane of both the exodermis and endodermis cells in the roots. This protein also functions as a major transporter of Cd. Paddy rice (Oryza sativa) is able to accumulate high concentrations of Mn without showing toxicity; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying Mn uptake are unknown. Here, we report that a member of the Nramp (for the Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein) family, Nramp5, is involved in Mn uptake and subsequently the accumulation of high concentrations of Mn in rice. Nramp5 was constitutively expressed in the roots and encodes a plasma membrane–localized protein. Nramp5 was polarly localized at the distal side of both exodermis and endodermis cells. Knockout of Nramp5 resulted in a significant reduction in growth and grain yield, especially when grown at low Mn concentrations. This growth reduction could be partially rescued by supplying high concentrations of Mn but not by the addition of Fe. Mineral analysis showed that the concentration of Mn and Cd in both the roots and shoots was lower in the knockout line than in wild-type rice. A short-term uptake experiment revealed that the knockout line lost the ability to take up Mn and Cd. Taken together, Nramp5 is a major transporter of Mn and Cd and is responsible for the transport of Mn and Cd from the external solution to root cells.
The role of network distance in linkedin people search

LinkedIn is the world's largest professional network, with over 300 million members. One of the primary activities on the site is people search, for which LinkedIn members are both the users and the corpus. This paper presents insights about people search behavior on LinkedIn, based on a log analysis and a user study. In particular, it examines the role that network distance plays in name searches and non-name searches. For name searches, users primarily click on only one of the results, and closer network distance leads to higher click-through rates. In contrast, for non-name searches, users are more likely to click on multiple results that are not in their existing connections, but with whom they have shared connections. The results show that, while network distance contributes significantly to LinkedIn search engagement in general, its role varies dramatically depending on the type of search query.
Bayesian Inference for Multiple Antenna Cognitive Receivers

In this paper, we provide a Bayesian learning process for cognitive devices. In particular we focus on the case of signal detection as an explanatory example to the learning framework. Under any prior state of knowledge on the communication channel, an information theoretic criterion is presented to decide if informative data is present in a noisy wireless MIMO communication. We detail the particular cases of knowledge, or absence of knowledge at the receiver, of (i) the number of transmit antennas and (ii) the effective noise power. The provided method is instrumental to embed intelligence into the wireless device and gives birth to a novel Bayesian signal detector which is compared to the classical power detector. Simulations corroborate the theoretical results and quantify the gain achieved by the proposed Bayesian framework.
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF A HIGH SELFING RATE IN THE FRESHWATER SNAIL LYMNAEA TRUNCATULA

Abstract Self-compatible hermaphroditic organisms that mix self-fertilization and outcrossing are of great interest for investigating the evolution of mating systems. We investigate the evolution of selfing in Lymnaea truncatula, a self-compatible hermaphroditic freshwater snail. We first analyze the consequences of selfing in terms of genetic variability within and among populations and then investigate how these consequences along with the species ecology (harshness of the habitat and parasitism) might govern the evolution of selfing. Snails from 13 localities (classified as temporary or permanent depending on their water availability) were sampled in western Switzerland and genotyped for seven microsatellite loci. FIS (estimated on adults) and progeny array analyses (on hatchlings) provided similar selfing rate estimates of 80%. Populations presented a low polymorphism and were highly differentiated (FST = 0.58). Although the reproductive assurance hypothesis would predict higher selfing rate in temporary populations, no difference in selfing level was observed between temporary and permanent populations. However, allelic richness and gene diversity declined in temporary habitats, presumably reflecting drift. Infection levels varied but were not simply related to either estimated population selfing rate or to differences in heterozygosity. These findings and the similar selfing rates estimated for hatchlings and adults suggest that within-population inbreeding depression is low in L. truncatula.
Testing system for smart meters

Smart metering issue is currently high on topic. Continual requests for results of testing and functionality verification lead to the creation of automatic testing system. In this system are connected programmable source, measuring device and created application. It is comprehensive analysis tool. Last version of this tool can work in testing or automatic mode. The second mode is for repeated tests and it can work fully autonomous. Paper describes created system for testing of smart meters and related devices according to specified parameters. Testing system is used for laboratory measuring and testing of electrical parameters of smart meters and also for testing communication between smart meter and other points of smart metering data network.
Genetic Predisposition to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and/or Lung Cancer: Important Considerations When Evaluating Risk

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a disease causing an airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. COPD is phenotypically complex and characterized by small-airway disease and/or emphysema that result from the interaction between host genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures. As in lung cancer, smoking exposure is the most important risk factor for the development of COPD, accounting for 80% to 90% of all cases. COPD affects an estimated 8% to 10% of the general adult population, 15% to 20% of the smoking population, and 50% to 80% of lung cancer patients (with substantial smoking histories). In prospective studies, COPD has been found to be an independent risk factor for lung cancer, conferring a three- to 10-fold increased risk of lung cancer when compared with smokers without COPD. These findings suggest that smokers have a host susceptibility to COPD alone, COPD and lung cancer (i.e., overlap), and lung cancer in the absence of COPD. This minireview focuses on important points that need to be addressed when studying genetic susceptibility factors for COPD and its complex relationship with susceptibility to lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 5(4); 522–7. ©2012 AACR.
Web scale taxonomy cleansing

Large ontologies and taxonomies are automatically harvested from web-scale data. These taxonomies tend to be huge, noisy, and contains little context. As a result, cleansing and enriching those large-scale taxonomies becomes a great challenge. A natural way to enrich a taxonomy is to map the taxonomy to existing datasets that contain rich information. In this paper, we study the problem of matching two web scale taxonomies. Besides the scale of the problem, we address the challenge that the taxonomies may not contain enough context (such as attribute values). As existing entity resolution techniques are based directly or indirectly on attribute values as context, we must explore external evidence for entity resolution. Specifically, we explore positive and negative evidence in external data sources such as the web and in other taxonomies. To integrate positive and negative evidence, we formulate the entity resolution problem as a problem of finding optimal multi-way cuts in a graph. We analyze the complexity of the problem, and propose a Monte Carlo algorithm for finding greedy cuts. We conduct extensive experiments and compare our approach with three existing methods to demonstrate the advantage of our approach.