Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF DIVERGENT FEMALE MATING PREFERENCE IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL SEXUAL SELECTION

Sexual selection is predicted to drive the coevolution of mating signals and preferences (mating traits) within populations, and could play a role in speciation if sexual isolation arises due to mating trait divergence between populations. However, few studies have demonstrated that differences in mating traits between populations result from sexual selection alone. Experimental evolution is a promising approach to directly examine the action of sexual selection on mating trait divergence among populations. We manipulated the opportunity for sexual selection (low vs. high) in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Previous studies on these experimental populations have shown that sexual selection manipulation resulted in the divergence between sexual selection treatments of several courtship song parameters, including interpulse interval (IPI) which markedly influences male mating success. Here, we measure female preference for IPI using a playback design to test for preference divergence between the sexual selection treatments after 130 generations of experimental sexual selection. The results suggest that female preference has coevolved with male signal, in opposite directions between the sexual selection treatments, providing direct evidence of the ability of sexual selection to drive the divergent coevolution of mating traits between populations. We discuss the implications in the context sexual selection and speciation.
The nature of mental toughness in sport

This study investigated the components of mental toughness as reported by 131 expert coaches and 160 elite athletes from 31 sport codes. The written statements of coaches and athletes were analysed by means of an inductive content analysis. This resulted in the identification of 12 components of mental toughness. These are: motivation level, coping skills, confidence maintenance, cognitive skill, discipline and goal-directedness, competitiveness, possession of prerequisite physical and mental requirements, team unity, preparation skills, psychological hardiness, religious convictions and ethics. The coaches regarded concentration as the most important characteristic, while the athletes regarded perseverance as most important. The coaches rated the effectiveness of coaches and sport psychologists in strengthening the characteristics of mental toughness more highly than athletes did. (S. African J. for Research in Sport, Physical Ed. and Recreation: 2001 23 (2): 63-72)
The distribution of thirteen GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. III. Embryonic and postnatal development

The embryonic and postnatal expression of 13 GABAA receptor subunit genes in the rat CNS was studied by in situ hybridization. Each transcript exhibited a unique regional and temporal developmental expression profile. For example, in both embryonic and early postnatal cortex and thalamus, expression of the alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 5, and beta 3 mRNAs was pronounced. In particular, the alpha 5 gene expression underwent a prominent peak in early brain. Subsequently, the thalamocortical expression of these four genes substantially diminished and was superseded in the adult by the alpha 1, alpha 4, beta 2, and delta subunit mRNAs. Similarly, gamma 1 and gamma 3 gene expression also dropped markedly during development, their initial stronger expression being restricted to relatively few structures. In contrast, gamma 2 gene expression was widespread and mostly remained constant with increasing age. The medial septum and globus pallidus were regions expressing few subunits in both early postnatal and adult stages, allowing clear developmental combinatorial changes to be inferred (alpha 2/alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 2 to alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2, alpha 2/alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 1 to alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 1/gamma 2, respectively). In contrast, cerebellar Purkinje cells exhibited no developmental switch, expressing only the alpha 1, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 mRNAs from birth to adult. Certain GABAA transcripts were also detected in germinal zones (e.g., beta 1, beta 3, gamma 1) and in embryonic peripheral tissues such as dorsal root ganglia (e.g., alpha 2, alpha 3, beta 3, gamma 2) and intestine (gamma 3). Some parallels in regional and temporal CNS expression were noted (e.g., alpha 1 beta 2, alpha 2 beta 3, alpha 4/alpha 6 delta), whereas the alpha 5 and beta 1 regional mRNA expressions converted over time. The changes of GABAA receptor subunit gene expression suggest a molecular explanation for earlier observations on changing ligand binding affinities. Thus, the composition, and presumably properties, of embryonic/early postnatal rat GABAA receptors differs markedly from those expressed in the adult brain.
Master-Slave Robotic System for Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures

Flexible endoscopy is used to inspect and treat disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract without the need for creating an artificial opening on the patient's body. Simple surgical procedures (like polypectomy and biopsy) can be performed by introducing a flexible tool via a working channel to reach the site of interest at the distal end. More technically demanding surgical procedures like hemostasis for arterial bleeding, or suturing to mend a perforation cannot be effectively achieved with flexible endoscopy. The proposed robotic system enables the endoscopist to perform technically demanding therapeutic procedures (currently possible only with open surgery) in conjunction with conventional flexible endoscopes. The robotic system consists of a master console and a slave. The latter is a cable driven flexible robotic manipulator that can be inserted into tool channel of existing endoscopes or attached in tandem to the endoscopes. Together with the real time endoscopic view, the endoscopist would be capable of performing more intricate and difficult surgical procedures
Movement Disorder Associated with Antipsychotic Drugs: The Tardive Syndromes

The term tardive dyskinesia, even when properly limited to abnormal involuntary movements occurring in individuals receiving chronic antipsychotic drugs, may still be used to refer to a range of qualitatively different motor phenomena at various body sites. Within this broad syndrome, distinct syndromes have been delineated that are phenomenologically and possibly pathophysiologically distinct. The evidence is reviewed for the existence of tardive dystonia and chronic akathisia as separate clinical entities, and for the validity of two regional subsyndromes of tardive dyskinesia, oro-facial and trunk and limb choreiform dyskinesia. Each of these tardive syndromes is discussed in terms of clinical features, pharmacological response and pathophysiology. Separate assessment of these subsyndromes is suggested in studies of tardive dyskinesia, particularly those investigating drug treatment, risk factors and natural history.
Facilitation of Monosynaptic and Complex PSPs in Type I Interneurons of Conditioned Hermissenda

Synaptic plasticity and intrinsic changes in neuronal excitability are two mechanisms for Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda produces synaptic facilitation of monosynaptic medial B–medial A IPSPs and intrinsic changes in excitability of type A and B cells in isolated and intact sensory neurons of the conditioned stimulus (CS) pathway. Recently two types of interneurons that receive either excitatory or inhibitory monosynaptic or polysynaptic input from photoreceptors have been identified. On the basis of morphological and electrophysiological criteria, the interneurons have been classified as type Ie, Ii (direct), and type IIe, IIi (indirect). We have now examined synaptic facilitation of monosynaptic PSPs in type Ie and Iiinterneurons after conditioning and pseudorandom control procedures. Here we report that CS-elicited spike activity is increased in type Ie interneurons and decreased in type Iiinterneurons of conditioned animals relative to their respective baseline activity and pseudorandom control groups. Classical conditioning resulted in synaptic facilitation of type Ieand Ii monosynaptic PSPs elicited by lateral B spikes and enhancement of the amplitude of complex PSPs elicited by the CS. These results provide additional sites of plasticity in the neural circuit involved with the expression of learned behavior produced by Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda.
American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective

Despite relatively favorable citizen attitudes, voter turnout in American national elections is far below the average of 80% of the eligible electorate that votes in other industrialized democracies. The American institutional setting—particularly the party system and the registration laws—severely inhibits voter turnout, and probably also accounts for the unusual degree to which education and other socioeconomic resources are directly linked to voting participation in the United States. Using a combination of aggregate and comparative survey data, the present analysis suggests that in comparative perspective, turnout in the United States is advantaged about 5% by political attitudes, but disadvantaged 13% by the party system and institutional factors, and up to 14% by the registration laws. The experience of other democracies suggests that encouraging voter participation would contribute to channeling discontent through the electoral process. Even a significantly expanded American electorate would be more interested and involved in political activity than are present voters in most other democracies.
Ultrathin WS2 nanoflakes as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Much has been done to search for highly efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is critical to a range of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical processes. A new, high-temperature solution-phase method for the synthesis of ultrathin WS2 nanoflakes is now reported. The resulting product possesses monolayer thickness with dimensions in the nanometer range and abundant edges. These favorable structural features render the WS2 nanoflakes highly active and durable catalysts for the HER in acids. The catalyst exhibits a small HER overpotential of approximately 100 mV and a Tafel slope of 48 mV/decade. These ultrathin WS2 nanoflakes represent an attractive alternative to the precious platinum benchmark catalyst and rival MoS2 materials that have recently been heavily scrutinized for the electrocatalytic HER.
Inflammatory Cytokines in the Herniated Disc of the Lumbar Spine

Study Design Tissues in the area of herniated lumbar discs were examined for inflammatory cytokines to elucidate the causes of sciatic pain in lumbar disc herniation. Objectives To determine the role of inflammatory cytokines in the stimulation of sciatic pain in lumbar disc herniation. Summary of Background Data It is postulated that in addition to mechanical compression of lumbar nerve roots and sensory root ganglia by herniated discs, there is a chemical stimulus to the production of sciatic leg pain. The exact mechanisms of chemical stimulation are not clearly defined. Methods During surgery, cases of lumbar disc herniation in 77 patients were classified macroscopically into protrusion, extrusion, and sequestration types. Tissues adjacent to nerve roots at the herniation were excised and analyzed biochemically and immunohistochemically for the presence of inflammatory cytokines and for the production of these cytokines and prostaglandin E2 in vitro. Results The homogenates of samples were analyzed for interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, which were detectable. Most of the cytokine-producing cells were histiocytes, fibroblasts, or endothelial cells in extrusion and sequestration types, and chondrocytes in protrusion type. The secretion of these cytokines and prostaglandin E2 was decreased by the addition of betamethasone. The prostaglandin E2 production was dramatically enhanced by additional interleukin-1α, but decreased by the addition of tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusion The results demonstrate that at the site of lumbar disc herniation, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α are produced, which increases prostaglandin E2 production. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of inflammatory cytokines in causing sciatic pain.
Clinical Implications for the Assessment and Treatment of Antisocial and Psychopathic Domestic Violence Perpetrators

ABSTRACT This article examines the evidence regarding the presence of a subgroup of antisocial and potentially psychopathic batterers, and encourages clinicians to routinely assess for these traits. Antisocial/psychopathic characteristics are potentially problematic in the ongoing evaluation of risk and demand special attention in cases of domestic violence.1 Furthermore, there are a number of treatment implications because of the characterlogical deficits associated with this group. Suggestions are provided for improving treatment effectiveness and risk management with these batterers.
Long Term Hippocampal and Cortical Changes Induced by Maternal Deprivation and Neonatal Leptin Treatment in Male and Female Rats

Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life has diverse long-term behavioral effects and alters the development of the hippocampus and frontal cortex, with several of these effects being sexually dimorphic. MD animals show a marked reduction in their circulating leptin levels, not only during the MD period, but also several days later (PND 13). A neonatal leptin surge occurs in rodents (beginning around PND 5 and peaking between PND 9 and 10) that has an important neurotrophic role. We hypothesized that the deficient neonatal leptin signaling of MD rats could be involved in the altered development of their hippocampus and frontal cortex. Accordingly, a neonatal leptin treatment in MD rats would at least in part counteract their neurobehavioural alterations. MD was carried out in Wistar rats for 24 h on PND 9. Male and female MD and control rats were treated from PND 9 to 13 with rat leptin (3 mg/kg/day sc) or vehicle. In adulthood, the animals were submitted to the open field, novel object memory test and the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. Neuronal and glial population markers, components of the glutamatergic and cannabinoid systems and diverse synaptic plasticity markers were evaluated by PCR and/or western blotting. Main results include: 1) In some of the parameters analyzed, neonatal leptin treatment reversed the effects of MD (eg., mRNA expression of hippocampal IGF1 and protein expression of GFAP and vimentin) partially confirming our hypothesis; 2) The neonatal leptin treatment, per se, exerted a number of behavioral (increased anxiety) and neural effects (eg., expression of the following proteins: NG2, NeuN, PSD95, NCAM, synaptophysin). Most of these effects were sex dependent. An adequate neonatal leptin level (avoiding excess and deficiency) appears to be necessary for its correct neuro-programing effect.
Bringing Children (and Parents) into the Sociology of Consumption

The sociology of consumption pays relatively little detailed and systematic theoretical attention to children, while the sociology of childhood tends to view children’s consumption through what can be called the ‘production of consumption’ approach. This is surprising given the range of empirical and theoretical debate in the sociology of consumption, where ‘mode of consumption’,‘consumption as aesthetics’ and ‘material culture’ represent a further three approaches. By bringing together the sociologies of childhood and consumption, a framework for empirical research is advanced. Four inter-related themes are suggested: learning to consume; lifestyle and identity formation; children’s engagements with material culture; and the parent-child relationship. It is argued that such a framework offers scope to further understandings of how cultures of consumption impact on children, children and parents, and construct notions of childhood. A focus on children’s consumption also represents an opportunity to clarify key processes of influential theories of social change.
Partially Ordered Preferences in Decision Trees: Computing Strategies with Imprecision in Probabilities

Partially ordered preferences generally lead to choices that do not abide by standard expected utility guidelines; often such preferences are revealed by imprecision in probability values. We investigate (cid:2)ve criteria for strategy selection in decision trees with imprecision in probabilities: (cid:147)extensive(cid:148) (cid:0) -maximin and (cid:0) -maximax, interval dominance, maximality and E-admissibility. We present algorithms that generate strategies for all these criteria; our main contribution is an algorithm for E-admissibility that runs over admissible strategies rather than over sets of probability distributions.
Improving network security using machine learning techniques

Discovery of malicious correlations in computer networks has been an emergent problem motivating extensive research in computer science to develop improved intrusion detecting systems (IDS). In this manuscript, we present a machine learning approach known as Decision Tree (C4.5) Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm, to classify such risky/attack type of connections. The algorithm obtains into consideration dissimilar features in network connections and to create a classification rule set. Every rule in rule set recognizes a particular attack type. For this research, we implement a GA, C.45 and educated it on the KDD Cup 99 data set to create a rule set that can be functional to the IDS to recognize and categorize dissimilar varieties of assault links. During our study, we have developed a rule set contain of six rules to classify six dissimilar attack type of connections that fall into 4 modules namely DoS, U2R, root to local and probing attacks. The rule produces works with 93.70% correctness for detecting the denial of service type of attack connections, and with significant accuracy for detecting the root to local, user to root and probe connections. Results from our experiment have given hopeful results towards applying enhanced genetic algorithm for NIDS.
LEARNING MIXTURES OF SEPARATED NONSPHERICAL GAUSSIANS

Mixtures of Gaussian (or normal) distributions arise in a variety of application areas. Many heuristics have been proposed for the task of finding the component Gaussians given samples from the mixture, such as the EM algorithm, a local-search heuristic from Dempster, Laird and Rubin [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 39 (1977) 1-38]. These do not provably run in polynomial time. We present the first algorithm that provably learns the component Gaussians in time that is polynomial in the dimension. The Gaussians may have arbitrary shape, but they must satisfy a ``separation condition'' which places a lower bound on the distance between the centers of any two component Gaussians. The mathematical results at the heart of our proof are ``distance concentration'' results--proved using isoperimetric inequalities--which establish bounds on the probability distribution of the distance between a pair of points generated according to the mixture. We also formalize the more general problem of max-likelihood fit of a Gaussian mixture to unstructured data.
Understanding Sports-HCI by Going Jogging at CHI

More and more technologies are emerging that aim to support sports activities, for example there are jogging apps, cycling computers and quadcopters for sportspeople to videorecord their actions. These new technologies appear to become more and more popular, yet interaction design knowledge how to support the associated exertion experiences is still limited. In order to bring practitioners and academics interested in sports-HCI together and examine the topic "in the wild", we propose to go outside and jog around the CHI venue while using and discussing some of these new technologies. The goal is to investigate and shape the future of the field of sports-HCI.
The epileptogenic network: the relationship between resting state and pre-spike related perturbations

s and conferences during candidature Faizo, N. L. , Burianova, H. , Gray, M. , Hocking, J., Galloway, G. , & Reutens, D. Identification of pre-spike network in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. American Epilepsy Society 2014, Seattle, USA. Publications included in this thesis Faizo, N. L. , Burianova, H. , Gray, M. , Hocking, J., Galloway, G. , & Reutens, D. (2014). Identification of pre-spike network in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Frontiers in Neurology, 5, 222. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014. 00222Incorporated as Chapter 3. Contributor Statement of contribution Faizo, N. L. (Candidate) Designed experiments (55%) Collected data (100%) Analysed data (100%) Wrote the manuscript (100%) Burianova, H. Supervised data analysis (30%) Edited the manuscript (30%) Gray, M. Supervised data analysis (20 %) Edited the manuscript (20%) Hocking, J. Designed experiments (10 %) Supervised data collection (30%) Galloway, G. Supervised data collection (20%) Edited the manuscript (20%) Reutens, D Designed experiments (45 %) Edited the manuscript (30%) Supervised data collection and analysis (50%)
The BP Catastrophe and Sociological Practice Mitigating Community Impacts through Peer-Listener Training

The catastrophic BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has caused significant ecological and community damage. A series of complex economic, social, and mental-health impacts rapidly emerged as a significant source of distress for communities throughout the Northern Gulf Coast. As acute forms of social pathology, including suicides, became increasingly visible, we implemented a peer listener-training program in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Based on a mitigation strategy developed in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska, we offered the program 26 times and trained over 600 peer listeners in 2010. As the impacts of the BP catastrophe persist, the peer listener program provides a sociological practice intervention available to Gulf Coast communities for reducing community and mental health problems.
Informativeness and Instrumentality in Referential Communication

Speakers produce verbal utterances in order to achieve certain goals. As a necessary precondition of the instrumentality of a verbal message the listener must be informed about what is meant. But the example of referential communication shows that the structure and content of referential expressions cannot solely be predicted by the principle of instrumentality. The results of three naming experiments show that in addition to totally discriminative attributes—which are necessary and sufficient for unambiguous object identification—other features of the intended object are specified. Two object identification experiments then make clear that speakers tend to overspecify those attributes of a target which facilitate the listener's object search. The consequences of these correspondences for the assumption of a ‘listener-oriented’ strategy of object reference are discussed.