Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: Initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws

Most models of how citizens combine information about political candidates into attitudes toward them presume that symmetric linear additive processes are at work. We propose a model (called the ANM) in which the impact of favorable and unfavorable beliefs on attitudes is asymmetric and nonlinear. Cross-sectional national survey data (from 1972 to 1996) show that this model describes attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties better than a symmetric linear model (SLM) among respondents high and low in political involvement. Longitudinal survey data (collected between 1980 and 1996) show that attitudes are derived from favorable and unfavorable beliefs in ways consistent with the ANM. And the ANM revealed that voter turnout is enhanced by a stronger preference for a citizen's preferred candidate if at least one candidate is disliked, whereas the SLM failed to detect this effect. These findings have important implications for understanding the impact of election campaigns on citizens' preferences and actions and for understanding the ingredients of vote choices. olitics is, at its core, a process of forming and expressing preferences. When democratic citizens vote to elect representatives or terrorists detonate bombs to demand a voice in government policy making or insurgents attempt to overthrow a dictatorship, these political actors have opinions about what they consider to be good or bad and are expressing those attitudes through significant and consequential actions. Thus, to fully understand the workings of politics, we must understand how political actors form the attitudes that direct their conduct. During this century, numerous scholars have explored the origins of political attitude formation in one particular domain: democratic elections. And in fact, most scholars of voting have shared a vision of the process by which citizens derive their evaluations of candidates. Whether manifested explicitly in discussions of information processing (e.g., Kelley 1983; Kelley and Mirer 1974) or implicitly in hundreds of linear regression equations estimated over the years (for a review, see Kinder 1998), we have presumed
Effects of a 12-Week Physical Activity Protocol Delivered by YMCA After-School Counselors (Youth Fit For Life) on Fitness and Self-Efficacy Changes in 5–12-Year-Old Boys and Girls

Abstract To address reduced physical education (PE) in elementary schools, a 12-week physical activity protocol was tested on 5–12-year-old, primarily African American, girls (n= 226) and boys (n = 344) at 14 YMCA after-school care sites. The 3 times/week, 45-min session curriculum included cardiovascular, resistance, and flexibility training, in which all children could participate simultaneously, and a behavioral skills education component. After-school counselors, formerly untrained in PE methods, administered the sessions, with periodic supervision by YMCA wellness staff members. Analyses of the eight Age x Sex subsamples indicated significant improvements on body composition, strength, and endurance, both within-groups and when predicted changes due to maturation were accounted for. Exercise barriers self-efficacy significantly increased in subsamples of 9–10- and 11–12-year-old girls only. The need for replication across ethnic groups was suggested. Limitations and the need for extension of research on supplementation of elementary school PE were discussed.
Why people defend relationship ideology

Why do people defend the institution of marriage and related beliefs about committed romantic relationships? Why do they sometimes stereotype and discriminate against single people? In this article, I review research that provides some answers. I center on the role of a set of commonly held beliefs about romantic relationships—committed relationship ideology. In particular, I focus on how system and individual-level factors can help explain people’s motivated defense of these consequential beliefs.
Mental Health Care for Latinos: Inequalities in Use of Specialty Mental Health Services Among Latinos, African Americans, and Non-Latino Whites

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated whether there are disparities in the rates of specialty mental health care for Latinos and African Americans compared with non-Latino whites in the United States. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 1990-1992 National Comorbidity Survey, which surveyed a probability sample of 8,098 English-speaking respondents aged 15 to 54 years. Respondents self-identified their race or ethnicity, yielding a sample of 695 Latinos, 987 African Americans, and 6,026 non-Latino whites. Data on demographic characteristics, insurance status, psychiatric morbidity, whether the respondent lived in an urban or a rural area, geographic location, income, and use of mental health services were determined for each ethnic or racial group. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between ethnic or racial group and use of specialty services, with relevant covariates adjusted for. RESULTS: Significant differences between ethnic groups were found in demographic characteristic.
Artificial Affinity Proteins as Ligands of Immunoglobulins

A number of natural proteins are known to have affinity and specificity for immunoglobulins. Some of them are widely used as reagents for detection or capture applications, such as Protein G and Protein A. However, these natural proteins have a defined spectrum of recognition that may not fit specific needs. With the development of combinatorial protein engineering and selection techniques, it has become possible to design artificial affinity proteins with the desired properties. These proteins, termed alternative scaffold proteins, are most often chosen for their stability, ease of engineering and cost-efficient recombinant production in bacteria. In this review, we focus on alternative scaffold proteins for which immunoglobulin binders have been identified and characterized.
DEPLETION OF VESICLES FROM FROG NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS BY PROLONGED TETANIC STIMULATION

Curarized cutaneous pectoris nerve muscle preparations from frogs were subjected to prolonged indirect stimulation at 2/sec while recording from end plate regions. At the ends of the periods of stimulation, the curare was removed and the preparations were fixed for electron microscopy or treated with black widow spider venom to determine the degree to which their stores of transmitter had been depleted. After 6–8 hr of stimulation the nerve terminals were almost completely depleted of their stores of transmitter and of their population of vesicles. Most of the transmitter release occurred during the first 4 hr of stimulation, and after this time most (about 80%) of the fibers were depleted of about 80% of their transmitter. The organization of the nerve terminals in 4-hr preparations appeared normal and the terminals still contained many vesicles. When peroxidase was present in the bathing medium, terminals from stimulated preparations showed many vesicles that contained peroxidase, whereas the rested control preparations showed few such vesicles The fact that after 4 hr the total number of vesicles is not markedly changed while a large fraction (up to 45%) contained peroxidase suggests that in our experiments vesicles were continuously fusing with and reforming from the axolemma.
Immigrant Criminalization in Law and the Media

This article examines the effects of two forces in the context of reception: the legal regime and enforcement practices and media portrayals of immigrants as they combine to shape the lives of immigrants, particularly Latinos, directly and indirectly. It focuses on the case of Latino immigrants living in Phoenix, Arizona. Although the context of reception is conceptualized as including laws and policies, the media contributes significantly, as media portrayals reinforce or fuel the effects of laws and policies. When laws are exclusionary and enforcement is expanded, negative media portrayals contribute to create a particularly hostile context at the level of formal institutions and at the level of public discourse. Immigrants respond in multiple ways, including shaping their identities to highlight their image as hard workers and to distance themselves from images of immigrants as criminals. These two forces shape immigrants’ views about themselves and of their position in U.S. society.
Emissão De Dívida e Gerenciamento De Resultados (Debt Issue and Earnings Management)

Portuguese Abstract: O objetivo deste artigo e analisar o gerenciamento de resultados (GR) ao redor do evento de emissao de titulos de dividas (debentures) das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Com isso, ele busca verificar se as empresas inflam seus resultados financeiros no periodo de emissao com a finalidade de influenciar positivamente seus investidores. O GR e uma intervencao proposital nos relatorios financeiros externos, a fim de obter algum ganho privado. Essa pratica e especialmente importante no momento de emissao de debentures, isso, porque, se os resultados forem inflados, os investidores podem pagar um preco artificialmente elevado. Para mensurar o gerenciamento de resultados, utilizou-se como proxy, as acumulacoes discricionarias correntes. Os modelos econometricos aplicados foram o Jones Modificado e o Jones Modificado com ROA. Os resultados sugerem que ha gerenciamento no trimestre que antecede a emissao (t = - 1), apontando a influencia que os investidores podem ter sofrido na tomada de decisao de investir em debentures dessas empresas. Alem disso, constatou-se que empresas com maiores indices de endividamento, rentabilidade e crescimento de vendas apresentam maiores niveis de gerenciamento de resultados. A reputacao do auditor nao se mostrou estatisticamente significante em relacao a reducao do nivel de gerenciamento. Os resultados tambem mostram que empresas listadas no Nivel II e Novo Mercado apresentaram maiores niveis de gerenciamento ao considerar o modelo de Jones Modificado com ROA. Por fim, de forma complementar, para efeito de robustez, foi realizada a mesma analise considerando a data de registro na CVM. Os resultados nao foram estatisticamente significantes.English Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the earnings management (EM) around the issuance of debentures of companies listed in BM&FBOVESPA. EM is a purposeful intervention in the external financial reports in order to get some private gain. To measure earnings management, the current discretionary accruals were used as proxy. The applied econometric models were Modified Jones and Modified Jones with ROA. The results suggest that there is EM in the quarter preceding the issue (t = - 1), indicating the influence that investors may have suffered in making the decision to invest in debentures of these companies. In addition, it was verified that companies with higher debt, profitability and growth ratios have higher earnings management levels. The reputation of the auditor was not statistically significant compared to the reduction of management level. Finally, companies listed on Level II and New Market had higher levels of management when considering the model of Modified Jones with ROA.
Sparse Localization with a Mobile Beacon Based on LU Decomposition in Wireless Sensor Networks

Node localization is the core in wireless sensor network. It can be solved by powerful beacons, which are equipped with global positioning system devices to know their location information. In this article, we present a novel sparse localization approach with a mobile beacon based on LU decomposition. Our scheme firstly translates node localization problem into a 1-sparse vector recovery problem by establishing sparse localization model. Then, LU decomposition pre-processing is adopted to solve the problem that measurement matrix does not meet the re- stricted isometry property. Later, the 1-sparse vector can be exactly recovered by compressive sensing. Finally, as the 1-sparse vector is approximate sparse, weighted Cen- troid scheme is introduced to accurately locate the node. Simulation and analysis show that our scheme has better localization performance and lower requirement for the mobile beacon than MAP+GC, MAP-M, and MAP-M&N schemes. In addition, the obstacles and DOI have little effect on the novel scheme, and it has great localization performance under low SNR, thus, the scheme proposed is robust.
SONG DIALECTS AS BARRIERS TO DISPERSAL IN WHITE‐CROWNED SPARROWS, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS NUTTALLI

Studies of avian communication systems have revealed an impressive number of cases in which a bird species exhibits a mosaic pattern of clusters of males singing a song or songs peculiar to each cluster (the most intensive study is that of Baptista, 1975). In some species, these subgroups are discrete, but in other species the differences between subgroups gradually grade from one to another. The geographic dimensions of these so-called dialects may be quite local, a few km 2 (Marler and Tamura, 1962), or more regional, a few hundred km 2 (Nottebohm, 1969). No unifying theory exists to explain the diversity of dialect systems, but several workers have suggested that mating probabilities might be influenced by song dialects with the effect of reduced genetic exchange among dialect groups (Nottebohn, 1969; Baptista, 1975). In the few species carefully studied, it has been found that the song dialect is learned early in ontogeny (Marler and Tamura, 1964; Mundinger, 1975). The dialect phenomenon suggests two kinds of questions. First, how do song dialects originate? One view of the historical origin of a dialect system is analogous to a sympatric speciation model in which dialects arise within a continuously distributed population with the passage of time (Nottebohm, 1969). An alternative proposal, essentially an allopatric model, is that dialects arise from a colonization or
SHORTER COMMUNICATIONS Abnormal and normal compulsions

Previous research by Rachman and de Silva (1978, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233-248) and by Salkovskis and Harrison (1984, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 549-552) has shown that abnormal and normal obsessions are similar in content. The present study examined whether the same is true for abnormal and normal rituals. A sample of normal subjects (N = 150) were asked about their idiosyncratic rituals. A majority of them (54.7%) indicated that they had such rituals. While these rituals were less frequent, less intense, and less often associated with negative affect than the compulsions of a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, differences in terms of content between normal and abnormal rituals were small. Experts often tended to misclassify abnormal compulsions as normal rituals. By and large, the present findings indicate that there is a continuity between abnormal and normal compulsions.
Growth and chronic disease: findings in the Helsinki Birth Cohort

There is now clear evidence that the pace and pathway of early growth is a major risk factor for the development of a group of chronic diseases that include coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This has led to a new ‘developmental’ model for these disorders. The so-called ‘fetal origins hypothesis’ proposes that the disorders originate through developmental plasticity, whereby malnutrition during fetal life, infancy and early childhood permanently change the structure and function of the body, a phenomenon known as ‘programming’. This paper reviews recent findings in the Helsinki Birth Cohort, which comprises 13 345 men and women born in the city during 1934–1944. There is also an older cohort comprising 7086 people born during 1924–1933. We review the paths of pre- and postnatal growth that lead to later disease. Children who later develop coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes grow slowly during fetal life and infancy but thereafter increase their body mass indices rapidly. Those who later develop stroke grow slowly in fetal life, infancy and during childhood. We also review how the growth of girls during infancy, childhood and at puberty influences chronic disease in the next generation.
Genetics of channelopathies associated with sudden cardiac death

Recent technological advances in cardiology have resulted in new guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. Despite these improvements, sudden death remains one of the main challenges to clinicians because the majority of diseases associated with sudden cardiac death are characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Hence, patients may be unaware of their illness, and physical activity can be the trigger for syncope as first symptom of the disease. Most common causes of sudden cardiac death are congenital alterations and structural heart diseases, although a significant number remain unexplained after comprehensive autopsy. In these unresolved cases, channelopathies are considered the first potential cause of death. Since all these diseases are of genetic origin, family members could be at risk, despite being asymptomatic. Genetics has also benefited from technological advances, and genetic testing has been incorporated into the sudden death field, identifying the cause in clinically affected patients, asymptomatic family members and post-mortem cases without conclusive diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in the genetics of channelopathies associated with sudden cardiac death.
Statistical Studies of Supernova Environments

Abstract Mapping the diversity of SNe to progenitor properties is key to our understanding of stellar evolution and explosive stellar death. Investigations of the immediate environments of SNe allow statistical constraints to be made on progenitor properties such as mass and metallicity. Here, we review the progress that has been made in this field. Pixel statistics using tracers of e.g. star formation within galaxies show intriguing differences in the explosion sites of, in particular SNe types II and Ibc (SNe II and SNe Ibc respectively), suggesting statistical differences in population ages. Of particular interest is that SNe Ic are significantly more associated with host galaxy Hα emission than SNe Ib, implying shorter lifetimes for the former. In addition, such studies have shown (unexpectedly) that the interacting SNe IIn do not explode in regions containing the most massive stars, which suggests that at least a significant fraction of their progenitors arise from the lower end of the core-collapse SN mass range. Host H ii region spectroscopy has been obtained for a significant number of core-collapse events, however definitive conclusions on differences between distinct SN types have to-date been elusive. Single stellar evolution models predict that the relative fraction of SNe Ibc to SNe II should increase with increasing metallicity, due to the dependence of mass-loss rates on progenitor metallicity. We present a meta-analysis of all current host H ii region oxygen abundances for CC SNe. It is concluded that the SN II to SN Ibc ratio shows little variation with oxygen abundance, with only a suggestion that the ratio increases in the lowest bin. Radial distributions of different SNe are discussed, where a central excess of SNe Ibc has been observed within disturbed galaxy systems, which is difficult to ascribe to metallicity or selection effects. Environment studies are also being undertaken for SNe Ia, where constraints can be made on the shortest delay times of progenitor systems. It is shown that ‘redder’ SNe Ia are more often found within star-forming regions. Environment studies are evolving to enable studies at higher spatial resolutions than previously possible, while in addition the advent of wide-field integral field unit instruments allows galaxy-wide spectral analyses which will provide fruitful results to this field. Some example contemporary results are shown in that direction.
The African, Caribbean and Pacific countries

This paper articulates the development of economic relations and associations between African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union (EU) within the context of a series of negotiating platforms instituted for the purpose. The first section discusses the history of ACP countries’ negotiations for development cooperation with the advanced economies, while the second examines the impact of regionalisation on this quest. The third section projects the implications of a post-globalisation order for the development of ACP countries’ and their agreements and partnerships with the EU.
Beta-Diversity in Tropical Forest Trees

The high alpha-diversity of tropical forests has been amply documented, but beta-diversity—how species composition changes with distance—has seldom been studied. We present quantitative estimates of beta-diversity for tropical trees by comparing species composition of plots in lowland terra firme forest in Panama, Ecuador, and Peru. We compare observations with predictions derived from a neutral model in which habitat is uniform and only dispersal and speciation influence species turnover. We find that beta-diversity is higher in Panama than in western Amazonia and that patterns in both areas are inconsistent with the neutral model. In Panama, habitat variation appears to increase species turnover relative to Amazonia, where unexpectedly low turnover over great distances suggests that population densities of some species are bounded by as yet unidentified processes. At intermediate scales in both regions, observations can be matched by theory, suggesting that dispersal limitation, with speciation, influences species turnover.
Learning Warps Object Representations in the Ventral Temporal Cortex

The human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a critical role in object recognition. Although it is well established that visual experience shapes VTC object representations, the impact of semantic and contextual learning is unclear. In this study, we tracked changes in representations of novel visual objects that emerged after learning meaningful information about each object. Over multiple training sessions, participants learned to associate semantic features (e.g., “made of wood,” “floats”) and spatial contextual associations (e.g., “found in gardens”) with novel objects. fMRI was used to examine VTC activity for objects before and after learning. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses revealed that, after learning, VTC activity patterns carried information about the learned contextual associations of the objects, such that objects with contextual associations exhibited higher pattern similarity after learning. Furthermore, these learning-induced increases in pattern information about contextual associations were correlated with reductions in pattern information about the object's visual features. In a second experiment, we validated that these contextual effects translated to real-life objects. Our findings demonstrate that visual object representations in VTC are shaped by the knowledge we have about objects and show that object representations can flexibly adapt as a consequence of learning with the changes related to the specific kind of newly acquired information.