Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards a syntactically and semantically enriched lexicon for Vietnamese processing

Lexicon is an important resource in natural language processing (NLP), as it provides NLP systems with lexical information at different levels, from morphology to semantics. For Vietnamese, lexical resources are available for several basic tools such as word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging and syntactic parsing. In this paper, we discuss the construction of a lexicon enriched with syntactic and semantic information, based on an existing computational lexicon for Vietnamese. This lexicon is designed to serve for a syntactic and semantic parser using the tree adjoining grammar (TAG) formalism.
Stability Analysis of λ-model for Human Motor System

Computer modeling and control of the human motor system may be helpful to the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders. In this paper, the brief view of the equilibrium point hypothesis for human motor system modeling is given, and the λ-model derived from this hypothesis is studied. Then, the stability of the λ-model based on equilibrium and Jacobian matrix is investigated, and some mathematical and simulation results are presented. The results suggest that the λ-model is stable and has a unique equilibrium point under certain conditions
A Dual Role for Hox Genes in Limb Anterior-Posterior Asymmetry

Anterior-to-posterior patterning, the process whereby our digits are differently shaped, is a key aspect of limb development. It depends on the localized expression in posterior limb bud of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and the morphogenetic potential of its diffusing product. By using an inversion of and a large deficiency in the mouse HoxD cluster, we found that a perturbation in the early collinear expression of Hoxd11, Hoxd12, and Hoxd13 in limb buds led to a loss of asymmetry. Ectopic Hox gene expression triggered abnormal Shh transcription, which in turn induced symmetrical expression of Hox genes in digits, thereby generating double posterior limbs. We conclude that early posterior restriction of Hox gene products sets up an anterior-posterior prepattern, which determines the localized activation of Shh. This signal is subsequently translated into digit morphological asymmetry by promoting the late expression of Hoxd genes, two collinear processes relying on opposite genomic topographies, upstream and downstream Shh signaling.
The mouse lethal nonagouti (a(x)) mutation deletes the S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (Ahcy) gene.

The lethal nonagouti (a(x)) mutation is a hypomorphic allele of the agouti coat color locus which, when homozygous, also leads to embryonic death around the time of implantation. To understand the molecular basis of these phenotypes, we identified and cloned a deletion breakpoint junction present in the ax chromosome. Long range restriction mapping demonstrated a simple deletion of approximately 100 kb, which does not affect agouti coding sequences, but begins only 4 kb 3′ of the last exon, and thus may affect coat color by removing an agouti 3′ enhancer. The Ahcy gene, which codes for the enzyme S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase), is contained within a 20 kb region within the a(x) deletion. SAHase RNA and protein were detectable in early blastocysts and in embryonic stem cells, respectively, and analysis of embryos derived from an a(x)/a x a(x)/a embryo intercross indicated that a(x)/a embryos die between the late blastocyst and early implantation stages. Treatment of cultured embryos with an SAHase inhibitor, 3‐deazaaristeromycin, or with metabolites that can result in elevated levels of cellular SAH, resulted in an inhibition of inner cell mass development, suggesting that loss of SAHase activity in a(x)/a(x) embryos is sufficient to explain their death around the time of implantation.
Enhanced Spinal Nociceptin Receptor Expression Develops Morphine Tolerance and Dependence

The tolerance and dependence after chronic medication with morphine are thought to be representative models for studying the plasticity, including the remodeling of neuronal networks. To test the hypothesis that changes in neuronal plasticity observed in opioid tolerance or dependence are derived from increased activity of the anti-opioid nociceptin system, the effects of chronic treatments with morphine were examined using nociceptin receptor knock-out (NOR−/−) mice and a novel nonpeptidic NOR antagonist, J-113397, which shows a specific and potent NOR antagonist activity in in vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assay and in vivo peripheral nociception test. The NOR−/− mice showed marked resistance to morphine analgesic tolerance without affecting morphine analgesic potency in tail-pinch and tail-flick tests. The NOR−/− mice also showed marked attenuation of morphine-induced physical dependence, manifested as naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms after repeated morphine treatments. Similar marked attenuation of morphine tolerance was also observed by single subcutaneous (10 mg/kg) or intrathecal (1 nmol) injection of J-113397, which had been given 60 min before the test in morphine-treated ddY mice. However, the intracerebroventricular injection (up to 3 nmol) did not affect the tolerance. On the other hand, morphine dependence was markedly attenuated by J-113397 that had been subcutaneously given 60 min before naloxone challenge. There was also observed a parallel enhancement of NOR gene expression only in the spinal cord during chronic morphine treatments. Together, these findings suggest that the spinal NOR system develops anti-opioid plasticity observed on morphine tolerance and dependence.
Spoofing Uplink Spatial Multiplexing With Diverse Spectrum

While 802.11 access points (APs) can have as many as eight antennas, form factor constraints often limit mobile clients to a single antenna, thereby precluding spatial multiplexing. In this paper, we design, implement, and experimentally evaluate diverse spectrum spatial multiplexing (DSSM), the first system to enable 802.11 standard-compliant uplink spatial multiplexing for clients with a single Wi-Fi antenna. We show how to spoof an un-modified AP for reception of data from a DSSM transmitter that employs diverse spectrum to realize a virtual array with nearby devices. We implement and experimentally evaluate DSSM on a software-defined-radio platform. We demonstrate that DSSM communicates with and spoofs an off-the-shelf MIMO receiver. We demonstrate multiplexing gains that increase PHY throughput from 6.5 Mb/s for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1{\times }4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BPSK 1/2 rate coding to 259 Mb/s for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4{\times }4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with 64-QAM 5/6.
Theoretical hydrology with respect to scaling and heterogeneity over sparsely-gauged or ungauged basins

Abstract Due to heterogeneity of lands over ungauged/sparsely gauged watersheds at which the hydrological flows occur, there is a need to upscale the hydrological conservation equations to the scale of the grid areas of the numerical mesh laid out over the watershed which is being modelled. A literature review of the various methods utilized in hydrology for the upscaling of hydrological conservation equations is provided. Then some recent formulae for the upscaling of hydrological processes are discussed with an application. Key words conservation equation; cumulant expansion; decomposition; ensemble averaging; heterogeneity; hydrology; Lie operator; projector-operator; regular perturbation; scale; volume averaging INTRODUCTION For the quantification of hydrological water balances over sparsely gauged or ungauged regions/watersheds a central issue is how to model the hydrological processes at the scale of the grid areas of ungauged small-mesoscale watersheds (grid size ~1 km), and of sparsely gauged/ungauged regions (grid size ~10 km). Since there may be very sparse or no precipitation/runoff data over an ungauged/sparsely gauged watershed, it may be necessary to take a computational network with sufficiently large grid areas over such a watershed in order to be able to utilize the sparse data (if there is any) or to utilize remotely sensed observations as areally-averaged quantities over such grid areas. Then in order to have a scale-consistent description of the hydrological processes with respect to both numerical modelling and remotely sensed observations, it becomes necessary to develop upscaled hydrological conservation equations for the hydrological processes of interest over such grid areas. Here, spatial scale is defined as the observational/computational grid size, while the time scale is defined as the observational/computational time interval. In the current state of hydrological science the hydrological conservation equations are generally known at “point-scale”. The point-scale may be defined as the scale of a differential control volume. Currently, the conservation equations for mass, momen-tum and/or energy at a computational node are obtained at the scale of a differential control volume which surrounds that node. Each nodal point of a computational grid network represents a surrounding grid area which may range from ~10 m to ~100 km,
Heritability of Malaria in Africa

Background While many individual genes have been identified that confer protection against malaria, the overall impact of host genetics on malarial risk remains unknown. Methods and Findings We have used pedigree-based genetic variance component analysis to determine the relative contributions of genetic and other factors to the variability in incidence of malaria and other infectious diseases in two cohorts of children living on the coast of Kenya. In the first, we monitored the incidence of mild clinical malaria and other febrile diseases through active surveillance of 640 children 10 y old or younger, living in 77 different households for an average of 2.7 y. In the second, we recorded hospital admissions with malaria and other infectious diseases in a birth cohort of 2,914 children for an average of 4.1 y. Mean annual incidence rates for mild and hospital-admitted malaria were 1.6 and 0.054 episodes per person per year, respectively. Twenty-four percent and 25% of the total variation in these outcomes was explained by additively acting host genes, and household explained a further 29% and 14%, respectively. The haemoglobin S gene explained only 2% of the total variation. For nonmalarial infections, additive genetics explained 39% and 13% of the variability in fevers and hospital-admitted infections, while household explained a further 9% and 30%, respectively. Conclusion Genetic and unidentified household factors each accounted for around one quarter of the total variability in malaria incidence in our study population. The genetic effect was well beyond that explained by the anticipated effects of the haemoglobinopathies alone, suggesting the existence of many protective genes, each individually resulting in small population effects. While studying these genes may well provide insights into pathogenesis and resistance in human malaria, identifying and tackling the household effects must be the more efficient route to reducing the burden of disease in malaria-endemic areas.
Design, fabrication, and characterization of laminated hydroxyapatite-polysulfone composites

of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LAMINATED HYDROXYAPATITE-POLYSULFONE COMPOSITES By Clifford Adams Wilson II August 2005 Chair: John J. Mecholsky Jr. Major Department: Materials Science and Engineering There exists a need to develop devices that can be used to replace hard tissues, such as bone, in load-bearing areas of the body. An ideal hard tissue replacement device is one that stimulates growth of natural tissues, and is slowly resorbed by the body. The implant is also required to have elastic modulus, strength, and toughness values similar to the tissues being replaced. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the primary mineral phase of bone and has the potential for use in biomedical applications because it stimulates cell growth and is resorbable. Unfortunately, HA is a relatively low strength, low toughness material, which limits its application to only low load-bearing regions of the body. In order to apply HA to greater load-bearing areas of the body, strength and toughness must be improved through the formation of a composite structure. The goal of this study to show that a composite structure formed from HA and a biocompatible polymer can be fabricated with strength and toughness values that are
Basal ganglia cholinergic and dopaminergic function in progressive supranuclear palsy

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In contrast to Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), replacement therapy with dopaminergic and cholinergic agents in PSP has been disappointing. The neurochemical basis for this is unclear. Our objective was to measure dopaminergic and cholinergic receptors in the basal ganglia of PSP and control brains. We measured, autoradiographically, dopaminergic (dopamine transporter, 125I PE2I and dopamine D2 receptors, 125I epidepride) and cholinergic (nicotinic α4β2 receptors, 125I 5IA85380 and muscarinic M1 receptors, 3H pirenzepine) parameters in the striatum and pallidum of pathologically confirmed PSP cases (n = 15) and controls (n = 32). In PSP, there was a marked loss of dopamine transporter and nicotinic α4β2 binding in the striatum and pallidum, consistent with loss of nigrostriatal neurones. Striatal D2 receptors were increased in the caudate and muscarinic M1 receptors were unchanged compared with controls. These results do not account for the poor response to dopaminergic and cholinergic replacement therapies in PSP, and suggest relative preservation of postsynaptic striatal projection neurones bearing D2/M1 receptors. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
A diarrheal pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), triggers a flux of inositol phosphates in infected epithelial cells

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a bacterial pathogen that causes diarrhea in infants by adhering to intestinal epithelial cells. EPEC induces host cell protein phosphorylation and increases intracellular calcium levels that may function to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangement. We found that EPEC triggers the release of inositol phosphates (IPs) after adherence of bacteria to cultured epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that the EPEC-induced flux of IPs precedes actin rearrangement and bacterial invasion. EPEC mutants and tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors were used to establish that formation of IPs is dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation of a 90-kD HeLa protein. Collectively these results suggest that EPEC-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a host cell substrate(s) leads to release of IPs, which may then trigger cytoskeletal rearrangement.
Understanding the Dual Nature of CD44 in Breast Cancer Progression

CD44 has been the subject of extensive research for more than 3 decades because of its role in breast cancer, in addition to many physiological processes, but interestingly, conflicting data implicate CD44 in both tumor suppression and tumor promotion. CD44 has been shown to promote protumorigenic signaling and advance the metastatic cascade. On the other hand, CD44 has been shown to suppress growth and metastasis. Histopathological studies of human breast cancer have correlated CD44 expression with both favorable and unfavorable clinical outcomes. In recent years, CD44 has garnered significant attention because of its utility as a stem cell marker and has surfaced as a potential therapeutic target, necessitating a greater understanding of CD44 in breast cancer. In this review, we attempt to unify the literature implicating CD44 in both tumor promotion and suppression, and explain its dualistic nature. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1573–86. ©2011 AACR.
Application of Hybrid ACA to Solve Weapon-target Assignment Problem

Weapon-target assignment problem (WTA) was described and its mathematic model was established. Ant colony algorithm (ACA) was introduced briefly, aiming at its defects, the strategy to select the next node was improved. Crossover and mutation in GAs were introduced into ACA, and the search space was opened up. A novel and equivalence method was proposed for WTA, and the steps to realize the algorithm were described in details. The simulation in MATLAB program verified the validity, efficiency and simplicity to operate.
A practical iterative PID tuning method for mechanical systems using parameter chart

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a method of iterative proportional-integral-derivative parameter tuning for mechanical systems that possibly possess hidden mechanical resonances, using a parameter chart which visualises the closed-loop characteristics in a 2D parameter space. We employ a hypothetical assumption that the considered mechanical systems have their upper limit of the derivative feedback gain, from which the feasible region in the parameter chart becomes fairly reduced and thus the gain selection can be extremely simplified. Then, a two-directional parameter search is carried out within the feasible region in order to find the best set of parameters. Experimental results show the validity of the assumption used and the proposed parameter tuning method.
Enpublic Apps: Security Threats Using iOS Enterprise and Developer Certificates

Compared with Android, the conventional wisdom is that iOS is more secure. However, both jailbroken and non-jailbroken iOS devices have number of vulnerabilities. For iOS, apps need to interact with the underlying system using Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Some of these APIs remain undocumented and Apple forbids apps in App Store from using them. These APIs, also known as "private APIs", provide powerful features to developers and yet they may have serious security consequences if misused. Furthermore, apps which use private APIs can bypass the App Store and use the "Apple's Enterprise/Developer Certificates" for distribution. This poses a significant threat to the iOS ecosystem. So far, there is no formal study to understand these apps and how private APIs are being encapsulated. We call these iOS apps which distribute to the public using enterprise certificates as "enpublic" apps. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of iAnalytics, which can automatically analyze "enpublic" apps' private API usages and vulnerabilities. Using iAnalytics, we crawled and analyzed 1,408 enpublic iOS apps. We discovered that: 844 (60%) out of the 1408 apps do use private APIs, 14 (1%) apps contain URL scheme vulnerabilities, 901 (64%) enpublic apps transport sensitive information through unencrypted channel or store the information in plaintext on the phone. In addition, we summarized 25 private APIs which are crucial and security sensitive on iOS 6/7/8, and we have filed one CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) for iOS devices.
Long-Term Survival and Prognostic Factors in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure According to Ejection Fraction Findings: A Population-Based Perspective: A Master Thesis

Limited data exists describing the long-term prognosis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) further stratified according to currently recommended ejection fraction (EF) findings. In addition, little is known about the magnitude of, and factors associated with, long-term prognosis for these patients. Based on previously validated and clinically relevant criteria, we defined HF-REF as patients with an EF value ≤40%, HF-PEF was defined as an EF value > 50%, and HF-BREF was defined as patients with an EF value during their index hospitalization between 41 and 49%. The hospital medical records of residents of the Worcester (MA) metropolitan area who were discharged after ADHF from all 11 medical centers in central Massachusetts during the 5 study years of 1995, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006 were reviewed. Follow-up was completed through 2011 for all patient cohorts. The average age of this population was 75 years, the majority was white, and 44% were men. Patients with HF-PEF experienced higher post discharge survival rates than patients with either HF-REF or HF-BREF at 1, 2, and 5-years after discharge. Advanced age and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate findings at the time of hospital admission were important predictors of 1-year death rates, irrespective of EF findings. Previously diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation were associated with a poor prognosis in patients with PEF and REF whereas a history of diabetes was an important prognostic factor for patients with REF and BREF. In conclusion, although improvements in 1-year post-discharge survival were observed for patients in each of the 3 EF groups examined to varying degrees, the post- 7 discharge prognosis of all patients with ADHF remains guarded. In addition, we observed differences in several prognostic factors between patients with ADHF with varying EF findings, which have implications for more refined treatment and surveillance plans for these patients.
Identification of Peroxiredoxin-1 as a Novel Biomarker of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Objective—In the search of novel biomarkers of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression, proteins released by intraluminal thrombus (ILT) were analyzed by a differential proteomic approach. Methods and Results—Different layers (luminal/abluminal) of the ILT of AAA were incubated, and the proteins released were analyzed by 2-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis. Several differentially expressed proteins involved in main AAA pathological mechanisms (proteolysis, oxidative stress, and thrombosis) were identified by mass spectrometry. Among the proteins identified, peroxiredoxin-1 (PRX-1) was more released by the luminal layer compared with the abluminal layer of the ILT, which was further validated by Western blot, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated increased PRX-1 serum levels in AAA patients compared with healthy subjects and also positive correlation among PRX-1 and AAA diameter, plasmin-antiplasmin, and myeloperoxidase levels. Finally, a prospective study revealed a positive correlation between PRX-1 serum levels and AAA expansion rate. Moreover, the combination of PRX-1 and AAA size had significantly additive value in predicting growth. Conclusion—Several proteins associated with AAA pathogenesis have been identified by a proteomic approach in ILT-conditioned medium. Among them, PRX-1 serum levels are increased in AAA patients and correlate with AAA size and growth rate, suggesting the potential use of PRX-1 as a biomarker for AAA evolution.
Consuming Code: Use-Value, Exchange-Value, and the Role of Virtual Goods in Second Life

In recent years, there has been significant growth in consumption of commodities in virtual social worlds, such as Second Life, and in the economies that arise from this practice. While these economic systems have been acknowledged and studied, there remains relatively little understanding of the reasons why individuals choose to purchase such goods, despite the fact that reasons for consumption are strong enough to drive a virtual goods industry with annual profits in the millions of dollars. Virtual goods, the author argues, meet no immediate needs for avatars or individuals and, as such, are purchased based exclusively on their exchange- and symbolic-values. Due to the graphical nature of Second Life and the consequent visibility of commodities within the environment, these reasons for purchasing virtual goods are explored in terms of their roles for users, and especially in terms of their potential for expressing wealth, power, status, individuality, and belonging. As such, this paper considers the roles of consumption in a way that relies on and further illuminates theories of consumption and value with respect to virtual environments and commodities.