Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern, temperate, and subtropical wetlands

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane. Here, we assess controls on methane flux using a database of approximately 19 000 instantaneous measurements from 71 wetland sites located across subtropical, temperate, and northern high latitude regions. Our analyses confirm general controls on wetland methane emissions from soil temperature, water table, and vegetation, but also show that these relationships are modified depending on wetland type (bog, fen, or swamp), region (subarctic to temperate), and disturbance. Fen methane flux was more sensitive to vegetation and less sensitive to temperature than bog or swamp fluxes. The optimal water table for methane flux was consistently below the peat surface in bogs, close to the peat surface in poor fens, and above the peat surface in rich fens. However, the largest flux in bogs occurred when dry 30‐day averaged antecedent conditions were followed by wet conditions, while in fens and swamps, the largest flux occurred when both 30‐day averaged antecedent and current conditions were wet. Drained wetlands exhibited distinct characteristics, e.g. the absence of large flux following wet and warm conditions, suggesting that the same functional relationships between methane flux and environmental conditions cannot be used across pristine and disturbed wetlands. Together, our results suggest that water table and temperature are dominant controls on methane flux in pristine bogs and swamps, while other processes, such as vascular transport in pristine fens, have the potential to partially override the effect of these controls in other wetland types. Because wetland types vary in methane emissions and have distinct controls, these ecosystems need to be considered separately to yield reliable estimates of global wetland methane release.
Nitritation and N2O Emission in a Denitrification and Nitrification Two-Sludge System Treating High Ammonium Containing Wastewater

The effective management of high ammonium containing wastewater is important for the sustainable development of the wastewater industry. A pre-denitrification and post-nitrification two-sludge system was proposed to treat high ammonium containing wastewater with low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. In the system, pre-denitrification was adopted to use organic carbon in raw wastewater efficiently for nitrogen removal, while post-nitrification was adopted to achieve nitritation. System performance and the characteristics of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission were examined. As to the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentration, both 800 mg/L, nitrogen removal was mainly through pre-denitrification, and the nitrogen removal percentage was 43.4%. In post-nitrification, nitritation was achieved with a nitrite accumulation efficiency of 97.8% and a NH4-N removal loading rate of 0.45 g/(L·d). With nitrite as the electron acceptor during denitrification, its removal rate increased, while the N2O emission factor decreased with increasing C/N ratios. Nitrification was affected significantly by the aeration rate. When the aeration rate was below 0.6 L/min, the NH4-N removal rate increased, while the N2O emission rate decreased with increasing aeration rates. However, when the aeration rate was above 0.6 L/min, it had little influence on N2O emission. During nitrification, N2O emission factors decreased exponentially with increasing ammonium oxidation rates.
Colocalization of thin-walled dome regions with low hemodynamic wall shear stress in unruptured cerebral aneurysms.

OBJECT Wall shear stress (WSS) plays a role in regulating endothelial function and has been suspected in cerebral aneurysm rupture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial relationship between localized thinning of the aneurysm dome and estimated hemodynamic factors, hypothesizing that a low WSS would correlate with aneurysm wall degeneration. METHODS Steady-state computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed on 16 aneurysms in 14 patients based on rotational angiographic volumes to derive maps of WSS, its spatial gradient (WSSG), and pressure. Local dome thickness was estimated categorically based on tissue translucency from high-resolution intraoperative microscopy findings. Each computational model was oriented to match the corresponding intraoperative view and numerically sampled in thin and normal adjacent dome regions, with controls at the neck and parent vessel. The pressure differential was computed as the difference between aneurysm dome points and the mean neck pressure. Pulsatile time-dependent confirmatory analysis was carried out in 7 patients. RESULTS Matched-pair analysis revealed significantly lower levels of WSS (0.381 Pa vs 0.816 Pa; p<0.0001) in thin-walled dome areas than in adjacent baseline thickness regions. Similarly, log WSSG and log WSS×WSSG were both lower in thin regions (both p<0.0001); multivariate logistic regression analysis identified lower WSS and higher pressure differential as independent correlates of lower wall thickness with an area under the curve of 0.80. This relationship was observed in both steady-state and time-dependent pulsatile analyses. CONCLUSIONS Thin-walled regions of unruptured cerebral aneurysms colocalize with low WSS, suggesting a cellular mechanotransduction link between areas of flow stasis and aneurysm wall thinning.
Mobile Robot Navigation based on localisation using Hidden Markov Models.

In this paper, we implement a method of mobile robot naviga~ion using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). It is a place-based navigation, in which the robot localises itself in previously learnt environment. We use the laser range data from the robot to scan the environment and to distinguish between different places. First the robot learns after several trials about the places, it then recognises the places again by finding a match between the learnt HMM network and the current environment. The system can generate HMM network representing a sequence ofplaces that are associatedwith a mission. The system is usedfor a tour guide robot.
The Development of Informal and Formal Mathematical Thinking in Korean and U.S. Children.

SONG, MYUNG-JA, and GINSBURG, HERBERT P. The Development of Informal and Formal Mathematical Thinking in Korean and U.S. Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1987, 58, 1286-1296. This study sought to establish, first, whether Korean children exhibit superior levels of performance in school mathematics to U.S. children; second, whether an early advantage in informal mathematical thinking contributes to the expected superiority; and, third, whether the superior achievement is qualitatively different from U.S. children's. A large number of Korean and U.S. children at age levels 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were given the Test of Early Mathematical Ability (TEMA), which measures both informal and formal mathematical thinking. The results showed that at the ages of 7 and 8, Korean children do indeed exhibit superior performance in formal mathematics. Yet Korean preschool children's performance in informal mathematics is inferior to U.S. children's. Korean children do not begin with a "head start" in informal mathematical thinking. Various environmental factors, including a lack of intellectual stimulation from parents at home, might explain Korean preschool children's relatively poor performance in informal mathematical thinking. On entrance to school, Korean children soon overcome this initial disadvantage and excel in school arithmetic. Moreover, the results show that Korean children's performance is superior to that of U.S. children in both mechanical and conceptual areas. Korean children do not succeed only because they can learn in a "rote" fashion. We attribute Korean children's relative success and U.S. children's relative failure primarily to such environmental-cultural factors as classroom practices, teacher attitudes and skills, expectancies, and parental demands, values, and assistance.
Partial Spatial Protection for Differentiated Reliability in FSTR-Based Metro Ethernet Networks

Fast Spanning Tree Reconnection (FSTR) is a newly proposed restoration method by us to handle single link failures in Metro Ethernet networks. Compared with other methods existing in the literature, FSTR has the advantages of lower signalling overhead, faster recovery and lesser rerouted traffic. In this work, we propose to use partial spatial protection (PSP) mechanism to provision differentiated reliability (DiR) and, as a result, to decrease the blocking probability of traffic requests in FSTR- based Metro Ethernet networks. In PSP, a traffic request is protected using backup bandwidth against the failure of only a subset of the links on its route. We develop a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for PSP to minimize the bandwidth reserved by an incoming traffic request while satisfying the protection grade required by the traffic request. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed solution can reduce the blocking probability of traffic requests by up to 83% in a 4*4 grid network, compared to that in full protection.
Sentiment Translation through Multi-Edge Graphs

Sentiment analysis systems can benefit from the translation of sentiment information. We present a novel, graph-based approach using SimRank, a well-established graph-theoretic algorithm, to transfer sentiment information from a source language to a target language. We evaluate this method in comparison with semantic orientation using pointwise mutual information (SO-PMI), an established unsupervised method for learning the sentiment of phrases.
Short-term and long-term effects of nordic walking training on balance, functional mobility, muscle strength and aerobic endurance among Hungarian community-living older people: a feasibility study.

AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of a moderate intensity nordic walking program, and the feasibility of this exercise form among Hungarian community-living older adults. METHODS Forty one community-living older adults aged over 60 years (mean 67.5, SD 4.8 years) participated in a nordic walking program consisting of a 10-week supervised period and a 25-week unsupervised period. The age and gender matched control group did not receive any types of exercise programs. The balance, functional mobility, lower limb strength, and aerobic endurance were measured at baseline, after 10 weeks and after 25 weeks. RESULTS The balance, the functional mobility and the aerobic endurance significantly improved in the nordic walking group (P=0.001; P=0.04; P<0.0001, respectively), whereas there were significant deteriorations in the control group. In terms of lower limb muscle strenght (including iliopsoas, quadriceps, gluteus muscles, and hamstring muscles) we could not demonstrate improvement (P=0.274). CONCLUSION This study showed that nordic walking is a simple, well-tolerated and effective physical activity for older people in Hungary. Based on the findings of our studies, the nordic walking will play an important role in geriatric physiotherapy in order to improve or maintain the functional abilities of this growing population.
The Viability of Ecolabels ? Consequences of the Limited Adoption of Innovative Environmental Programs

we are referring to a tourism ecolabel as “any form of certification giving assurance that the tourist operation or activity is conducted according to a known standard that enhances the environment or at least minimises environmental impact” (Fairweather, Maslin, & Simmons, 2005, p. 83). This definition positions tourism ecolabels as environmental management and quality control tools; furthermore, it indicates some extra marketing function that tourism ecolabels are supposed to provide to certified businesses by helping consumers distinguish sustainable tourism business from unsustainable ones through the label. A review of existing literature on tourism ecolabels sheds some light on the situation of the limited adoption of tourism ecolabels. Published studies in Europe, Asia and other regions attempted to explain why tourism ecolabels have not been adopted as widely as earlier commentators expected they would be. First, the cost and the lack of justification for such cost associated with joining and implementing tourism ecolabelling The Business of Sustainable Tourism Symposium
Social computing and teacher education: an agenda for course development

Abstract This article sets out to assist curriculum developers in creating courses that reflect a balanced understanding of the current theoretical and technological picture of teacher education for students of CALL. It looks mostly at technological contributions to courseware development from a Web 2.0 (social computing) perspective, but does not exclude traditional Web 1.0 technologies. In a similar way, following Sfard, Bax and others, it considers both ‘acquisition’ and ‘participation’ metaphors as relevant to course development as well as the literature on adult learning processes. It shows how this is manifested in practice via three vignettes, which provide an insight into how the agenda can be applied effectively in the practice of teacher education for CALL.
Uncovering source code reuse in large‐scale academic environments

The advent of the Internet has caused an increase in content reuse, including source code. The purpose of this research is to uncover potential cases of source code reuse in large‐scale environments. A good example is academia, where massive courses are taught to students who must demonstrate that they have acquired the knowledge. The need of detecting content reuse in quasi real‐time encourages the development of automatic systems such as the one described in this paper for source code reuse detection. Our approach is based on the comparison of programs at character level. It is able to find potential cases of reuse across a huge number of assignments. It achieved better results than JPlag, the most used online system to find similarities among multiple sets of source codes. The most common obfuscation operations we found were changes in identifier names, comments and indentation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:383–390, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21608
Performance evaluation of accelerated functional MRI acquisition using compressed sensing

Functional MRI (fMRI) has been widely accepted as a standard tool to study the function of brain. However, because of the limited temporal resolution of MR scanning, researchers have experienced difficulties in various event related cognitive studies which usually require higher temporal resolution than the current acquisition protocol. Even if several accelerated fMRI methods have been proposed to overcome the limited temporal resolution, the results have not been widely accepted since there were concerns whether the result came from blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal or artifacts due to down sampling. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a new high spatio-temporal resolution fMRI technique based on compressed sensing theory and to justify the performance using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
Understanding Algebraic-Geometric Codes

Error-correcting codes derived from curves in an algebraic geometry are called Algebraic-Geometry Codes. The past couple of decades has seen extraordinary developments in the application of the ideas of algebraic geometry to the construction of codes and their decoding algorithms. This was initiated by the work of Goppa as generalizations of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH), Reed-Solomon (RS), and Goppa codes. Goppa [10], [11] made the crucial observation by evaluating a set of rational functions at the points on an algebraic curve. In making this step, many of the tools needed to determine the important parameters of the code, or bounds on them, such as the code length, dimension, and minimum distance, already existed in the elegant theorem of algebraic geometry, notably the Hasse-Weil theorem and the Riemann-Roch theorem. The theory of Algebraic-geometry codes involves the relatively deep and fundamental results of algebraic geometry, and hence it requires effort on the part of the non expert to appreciate the significant developments of the area. The purpose of this report is not to survey the vast body of literature on algebraic-geometry codes, but to try and provide a short introduction to this subject. Hence, I will try to bypass most of the underlying algebraic geometry and provide only a brief overview of those concepts from algebraic geometry needed to appreciate the development. My hope to is write a report such that the other students in the class can understand it without too much trouble. Interested readers must refer to [1] for a much rigorous and complete survey of algebraic-geometry codes. However, there are several books that attempt to give self-contained treatments of algebraic geometry and codes ( [2], [5], [6]) and one should refer to them for proofs of various facts that are stated in this report. In the next section we briefly summarize some basic material regarding linear block codes on a general finite field Fq, of q elements. Following which we will review the construction of a basic class of codes, namely RS codes, in such a manner
Shopping online without thinking: being emotional or rational?

Purpose – This study aims to explore whether hedonic motivations of Turkish consumers have any potential impact on their impulse buying tendencies (IBT) in the online environment. Besides, it also covers which dimension of hedonic shopping motivation has the strongest effect on online IBT. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was conducted to test the structural model. A total of 430 Turkish online consumers served as the sample. Data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings – Findings confirm that hedonic value drives online IBT. While three dimensions of hedonic shopping motivation (adventure, relaxation and value) affect online IBT in a positive way, social shopping was related negatively to online IBT. It was also found that idea shopping does not have a significant effect on online IBT. Originality/value – Given the occurrence of impulse buying in online shopping and the importance of hedonic motivations on consumer behavior, this.
Do Students Really Understand Topology in the Lesson? A Case Study

This study aims to specify to what extent students understand topology during the lesson and to determine possible misconceptions. 14 teacher trainees registered at Secondary School Mathematics education department were observed in the topology lessons throughout a semester and data collected at the first topology lesson is presented here. Students' knowledge was evaluated using a written test right before and after the topology lesson. Thus, what the students learnt in terms of the definition and examples of topologic space were specified as well as possible misconceptions. The findings indicated that students did not fully comprehend the topic and misunderstandings were due to insufficient pre-requisite knowledge of abstract mathematical topics and mathematical notation.
Compensation of Frequency Offset for Differentially Encoded 16- and 64-QAM in the Presence of Laser Phase Noise

The compensation of frequency offset for differentially encoded 16- and 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in the presence of laser phase noise is investigated. Differential encoding is employed to solve the four-fold phase ambiguity problem in a nondata-aided transmission system with square QAM constellations. Simulation results show that frequency offset and phase noise can successfully be compensated using a second-order digital filter loop for the square QAM constellations.
Akt-Dependent Cytokine Production in Mast Cells

Cross-linking of FcεRI induces the activation of three protein tyrosine kinases, Lyn, Syk, and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), leading to the secretion of a panel of proinflammatory mediators from mast cells. This study showed phosphorylation at Ser-473 and enzymatic activation of Akt/protein kinase B, the crucial survival kinase, upon FcεRI stimulation in mouse mast cells. Phosphorylation of Akt is regulated positively by Btk and Syk and negatively by Lyn. Akt in turn can regulate positively the transcriptional activity of interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α promoters. Transcription from the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) sites within these promoters is under the control of Akt activity. Accordingly, the signaling pathway involving IκB-α, a cytoplasmic protein that binds NF-κB and inhibits its nuclear translocation, appears to be regulated by Akt in mast cells. Catalytic activity of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates NF-AT and promotes its nuclear export, seems to be inhibited by Akt. Importantly, Akt regulates the production and secretion of IL-2 and TNF-α in FcεRI-stimulated mast cells. Altogether, these results revealed a novel function of Akt in transcriptional activation of cytokine genes via NF-κB, NF-AT, and AP-1 that contributes to the production of cytokines.
Genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains circulating in the tertiary referral Children's Medical Hospital in Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen with the ability to cause infection in all departments of the hospital, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study is to analyse the epidemiological relationships among clinical P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different wards of the Children's Medical Center Hospital (Tehran, Iran). These isolates were identified by standard laboratory procedures and tested for antimicrobial resistance to several antibiotic agents. The genetic similarity of the strains was investigated by amplification of the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC-PCR). During the study period, 87 non-duplicate patients were colonised or infected with P. aeruginosa. Among the isolates, resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam was low (27%), followed by amikacin (31%), gentamicin (33%), imipenem (33%), ciprofloxacin (36%) and meropenem (39%). Thirty-five patients (40.2%) were either colonised or infected with a multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strain (MDRP) over a one-year period, and 17 isolates were non-susceptible to all the tested antibiotics. One predominant profile (D) was identified in 59 strains. This profile first appeared in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and infection ward in June 2010, and circulated around all wards up to the end of the study period. Of the 35 MDRP 22 (62.8%) were found to be profile D. Molecular typing of the isolates suggests considerable cross-transmission of P. aeruginosa not only between patients in one ward but also between patients from different wards. This can be explained partly by the high number of patients transferred between different wards of the hospital.