Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal region growing segmentation and its effect on classification accuracy

Image segmentation is a preliminary and critical step in object-based image classification. Its proper evaluation ensures that the best segmentation is used in image classification. In this article, image segmentations with nine different parameter settings were carried out with a multi-spectral Landsat imagery and the segmentation results were evaluated with an objective function that aims at maximizing homogeneity within segments and separability between neighbouring segments. The segmented images were classified into eight land-cover classes and the classifications were evaluated with independent ground data comprising 600 randomly distributed points. The accuracy assessment results presented similar distribution as that of the objective function values, that is segmentations with the highest objective function values also resulted in the highest classification accuracies. This result shows that image segmentation has a direct effect on the classification accuracy; the objective function not only worked on a single band image as proved by (Espindola, G.M., Camara, G., Reis, I.A., Bins, L.S. and Monteiro, A.M., 2006, Parameter selection for region-growing image segmentation algorithms using spatial autocorrelation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, pp. 3035–3040.) but also on multi-spectral imagery as tested in this, and is indeed an effective way to determine the optimal segmentation parameters. McNemar's test (z 2 = 10.27) shows that with the optimal segmentation, object-based classification achieved accuracy significantly higher than that of the pixel-based classification, with 99% significance level.
Rule-Based For A String Code Pattern Recognition Processor

A 3-D distortion-invariant multi-class object identification problem is addressed. Our new, fast and robust string-code generation technique (using optical and digital methods) makes the rule-based system quite practical and attractive. Emphasis is given to our rule-based system and to initial data results. Excellent multi-class recognition and reasonable object distortions can be accommodated in this system. We achieved 80-90% correct recognition (PC) for 10 object classes and ±30° 3-D distortions and full 360° in-plane distortions.
Evidence of carrier leakage into the L‐valley in InAs‐based quantum cascade lasers under high hydrostatic pressure

To investigate carrier scattering processes in short wavelength InAs/AlSb quantum cascade lasers we carried out experimental and theoretical studies of the threshold current, Ith, as a function of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Using the calculated pressure dependence of the optical phonon scattering current, Iph, and the estimated pressure dependence of leakage current, Ileak, we show that carrier leakage from the upper laser levels into the indirect L‐valley of the conduction band in InAs quantum wells is negligible in the 3.3 μm QCLs at RT leading to their superior temperature performance. In the shorter wavelength devices emitting at 2.9 μm, this loss mechanism is more important and accounts for up to 13% of Ith at 190 K. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of the critical layer thickness in the InGaN/GaN heterostructures

We present an approach to determine the critical layer thickness in the InxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure based on the observed change in the photoluminescence emission as the InxGa1−xN film thickness increases. From the photoluminescence data, we identify the critical layer thickness as the thickness where a transition occurs from the strained to unstrained condition, which is accompanied by the appearance of deep level emission and a drop in band edge photoluminescence intensity. The optical data that indicate the onset of critical layer thickness, was also confirmed by the changes in InxGa1−xN surface morphology with thickness, and is consistent with x-ray diffraction measurements.
A Mutual Information Based Image Measurement for Large Workpiece

Image measurement based on machine vision is a promising method for the precise measurements of machine parts. As for a large sized workpiece that exceeds the FOV (field of view) of the camera, image mosaic must be performed to implement measurement. The problematic behavior of image mosaic is the contradiction between the precision of mosaic and the complex of algorithm adopted. Mutual information as a similarity metric has been explained and introduced into the mosaic operation in this paper. To obtain a satisfactory mosaic effect and measuring precision, a machine vision based configuration that integrates the illumination setup and motion control schemes was built to ensure the accuracy. The precise motion control system was utilized to limit the search space and speed up the operation. Experimental results show that the precision of the image mosaic with mutual information as a similarity metric meets the requirements.
Determination of absolute bond strength from hydroxyl groups at oxidized aluminum-epoxy interfaces by angle beam ultrasonic spectroscopy

The hydrogen bonding (H-bond) contribution to the adhesive strength of oxidized aluminum-epoxy interfaces is calculated from the Morse potential for the interaction of hydroxyl groups formed on the Al2O3 surface with epoxy receptors. A strength parameter called the normal spring constant flux KN is defined and calculated to be 3.8×1017Nm−3, corresponding to a tensile strength of 26MPa, for values of the H-bond parameters and bond densities typical of moderate strength epoxies. The KN value is in very good agreement with values determined experimentally from an inversion of ultrasonic spectral data [A. I. Laverntyev and S. I. Rokhlin, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 4643 (1994); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 3467 (1997)]. It is also in agreement with the value KN=3.6×1017Nm−3 obtained by a reinterpretation of the periodic crack model [F. J. Margetan et al., J. Nondestr. Eval. 7, 131 (1988)] when applied to adhesive interfaces. The agreement between theory and experiment establishes KN as a quantitative nondestructive measur.
Fisher information as the basis for the Schrödinger wave equation

It is shown that the assumption that nature acts to make optimum estimates of position maximally in error leads to the Schrodinger (energy) wave equation (SWE). In this way, the SWE follows from a simple statement of uncertainty. The approach grows out of probability estimation theory, in particular the principle of minimum Fisher information (or maximum Cramer–Rao bound). The minimized Fisher information turns out to be proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the particle. This approach is an attractive supplement to conventional ways of introducing quantum mechanics to students, since it avoids the use of imperfect physical models (such as vibrating strings) or the immediate need for complex momentum operators, and follows from a plausible assumption as to how nature works.
On determination of the class of saturation in the theory of approximation of functions

(I) \[f{x) Pn(x)\\ = o(φ(n)) implies f(x) = constant; (II) ||/Cr) Pn(x)\\ = O(^(Λ)) implies /(^) €= ϋΓ (III) /(^) € ^ implies | | /U) FWU)|| = O(φ(n)) then it is said that the method of summation G is saturated with the order φ{n) and with the class of saturation K. Since the above definition was given by J. Favard [3], a number of authors have published their result: G. Alexits [0], P. L. Butzer, [2], J. Favard himself [4], M. Zamansky [9] and others. The purpose of the present paper lies in giving proofs to the theorems stated in our previous paper [8]. Throughout the paper the norms should be taken with respect to the variable x, and the subscript p to Z/-norms will generally be omitted. Another convention is that the space (C) is meant the notation LΓ. (or, the case p — oo of L). Thus the generalized Minkowski inequality reads
Multifrequency observation of the optically violent variable quasar 3C 446

Extensive optical and radio monitoring data and seven multifrequency spectra were obtained of the violently variable quasar 3C 446. The monitoring data suggest a correlation between the radio and optical outbursts, with the optical flare preceding the radio activity by 400-600 days. A difference in the statistical behavior of the optical and radio variability indicates that considerable processing occurs to the optical emitting plasma before it becomes radio emitting plasma. Within the radio band, outbursts proceed from high to low frequencies. An outburst in 1983 showed greater and more rapid variation in the optical than in the near-IR region. The 10-100 μm fluxes did not follow the higher frequency variation, suggesting a time delay between these spectral domains. During another time, the X-ray emission varied on a time scale of days and more rapidly than the UV or optical emission. On a time scale of weeks-months, the X-ray fluxes are well correlated with the UV-IR fluxes but not with the radio fluxes. The multifrequency data show that the flat radio spectrum turns over at 3-10 x 10^(11) Hz and the continuum steepens with frequency; ɑ(IR) = 1.1, ɑ(opt-UV) = -2 to -3. The X-ray emission lies an order of magnitude above an extrapolation of the optical-UV spectrum and has a harder spectrum. The power is primarily concentrated in the submillimeter and infrared region. When the source is faint, a blue bump may be present. The flux in the Lycx line is proportional to the UV continuum flux density when the source is bright but is independent of the continuum level when the source is faint. The data suggest that the X-rays are produced by the inverse Compton process from an emitting region (10^(16) cm) smaller than but related to the synchrotron emitting UV-IR region. The characteristic size of the emitting region increases with decreasing frequency from 10^(16) (X-ray region) to 1-3 x 10^(17) cm (far IR-submillimeter region) to 10^(19)-10^(20) cm (radio region). Plasma conditions are best constrained at the frequency when the source becomes transparent, the far IR-submillimeter band, where B ≈ 3-100 G, n ≈ 40-100 cm^(-3); and the Doppler boosting factor δ ≈ 1-5.
Preionization and start‐up in the ISX‐B tokamak using electron cyclotron heating at 28 GHz

A 28‐GHz gyrotron is used to produce a plasma at the electron cyclotron resonance in the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX‐B) tokamak. The influence of the toroidal magnetic field magnitude, error fields, gas pressure, microwave power, microwave pulse length, and microwave timing is studied for experiments with magnetic field and gas only. Also, experiments with preionization followed by capacitor discharges are carried out in which these quantities are varied, as are the capacitor bank voltages. Optimum conditions of preionization for some of the parameters are determined. A theoretical model that adequately reproduces the data is given. Calculations based on this model show the temporal evolution of the electron temperature and density, the neutral density, and the plasma current. The model adequately accounts for present and previous experimental results and can be used to make predictions for future experiments. The decay of the discharge with no input power is not correctly predicted by the model.
On Zimmermann-Huisgen’s splitting theorem

Abstract. This note is motivated by a paper of Birge Zimmermann-Huisgen, which in turn is motivated by a long sequence of papers—the first due to Faith—dealing with the question of when the canonical embedding of a direct sum of modules inthe corresponding direct product splits. Zimmermann-Huisgen answered a questionraised by previous authors by showing that if ft is a von Neumann regular ring theonly way this can happen is that, except for a finite number, the modules involvedmust each be semisimple with only a finite number of simple modules involved.Based on a new, more elementary argument, we establish a necessary condition forthe sum-product splitting over an arbitrary (associative) ring ft (with identity). This note is motivated by a paper of Birge Zimmermann-Huisgen [3], which inturn is motivated by a long sequence of papers—the first due to Faith [1]—dealingwith the question of when the canonical embedding of a direct sum of modules inthe corresponding direct product splits. Zimmermann-Huisgen answered a questionraised by previous authors by showing that if P is a von Neumann regular ring theonly way this can happen is that, except for a finite number, the modules involvedmust each be semisimple with only a finite number of simple modules involved. Seethe text for a precise statement.Based on a new, more elementary argument, we establish a necessary conditionfor the sum-product splitting over an arbitrary (associative) ring P (with identity). The above-mentioned result is obtainable as an immediate consequence ofTheorem 1. Let (A/,-),-6/ be a family of right R-modules. If the canonical embeddingc: £,e/ © Mi —> n,e/A7, splits, then there is a cofinite subset J of I such that the factorring P/ann R Y! iejMi has the ascending chain condition on annihilators.In the special case where all the Mi are equal, this is due to Zimmermann [4, Satz6.2]. This, in turn, extends a previous result of Lenzing for M, = P for all / [2,
Quasi-Piecewise-Koszul Modules

The main aim of this article is to discuss the piecewise-Koszul property of finitely generated modules in the nongraded case. In particular, the notion of quasi-piecewise-Koszul module, a natural extension of quasi-Koszul modules (see [2]), quasi-d-Koszul modules (see [12] or [6]) and piecewise-Koszul modules (see [7]), is introduced. Let R be a Noetherian semiperfect algebra with Jacobson radical J and M a finitely generated R-module. The structure of the graded -module is studied in detail and some necessary and sufficient conditions for a finitely generated R-module to be quasi-piecewise-Koszul are provided. Moreover, as an application of quasi-piecewise-Koszul modules, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the minimal Horseshoe Lemma to be true in the category of quasi-piecewise-Koszul modules, which perfects Theorem 2.8 of [13] and Theorem 3.1 of [9]. Finally, some applications of the minimal Horseshoe Lemma are also given.
Image Segmentation of Wood with Knot Defects Based on Gray Transformation

Wood knot image obtained by X-ray was done gray transformation. The contrast of the image after gray transformation can be enhanced obviously and the position of knot can be highlighted. Binary processing was adopted for the image after gray transformation. The defects areas of the binary images are filled. Then, invert the best binary image of wood defect, and then adduct the obtained image. The result of wood defect image plus is that defects regions take apart completely with their background, which means the image segmentation is completed. Wood utilization is improved. The experiment results show that this method is feasible and effective.
Numerical Simulation of a Real Shcramjet Flowfield

A shock-induced combustion ramjet (shcramjet) geometry is considered wherein the fuel, gaseous hydrogen, is injected in a two-oblique shock external compression inlet via cantilevered ramp injectors and a wall slot. The combustible mixture formed at the exit of the inlet is then ignited through the shock generated by the cowl of the engine. The numerical simulation of the three-dimensional flowfield of a shcramjet flying at M = 11 and at an altitude of 35 km was performed using the WARP code, in which multispecies Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are closed by the k-w turbulence model and the Wilcox dilational dissipation correction, to account for compressibility effects at high turbulence Mach numbers. The hydrogen/air chemical reactions are modeled by Jachimowsky's nine species, 20 reaction model. It has been found that the combustor length resulting from the shock-induced process is of the order of 25-30% of the inlet length. The relatively low value of the fuel specific impulse obtained, 573 s, is mainly due to incomplete mixing achieved in the adopted inlet model. To the authors' knowledge, the paper contains the first ever proof, in the open scientific literature, of the feasibility of this hypersonic propulsion concept in realistic flow situations, by numerical simulation.
Mindless Load Changer: A Method for Manipulating Load Perception by Feedback of Myoelectricity Sensor Information

Various systems that present myoelectricity sensor information have been used to understand the load of the body. In this study, we verify the existence of a psychological phenomenon where a user’s load perception changes unconsciously by simply viewing myoelectricity sensor information. In addition, we propose a method, Mindless Load Changer, to manipulate load perception by presenting myoelectricity sensor information that differs from the actual measured sensor value and is simulated values as a specific load such as a high or low load. We implemented a prototype system and conducted experiments for weight perception when handling objects. The results demonstrate a psychological phenomenon that user’s load perception is changed unconsciously to match the displayed myoelectric value and the feasibility of the proposed method to manipulate the psychological phenomenon intentionally. This is the first study to focus on psychological phenomena caused by viewing myoelectricity sensor information while performing load-related tasks.
Modification and validation of a quasi-analytical algorithm for inherent optical properties in the turbid waters of Poyang Lake, China

Abstract Knowing the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of water bodies is useful for many water environment studies and applications. To derive the IOPs from remote sensing reflectance, a multiband quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) was modified and validated for the highly turbid Poyang Lake in China. In order to supplement and expand the dynamic variation range of the measured water optical properties, a Hydrolight simulated dataset was generated to develop a regional QAA (QAA710) for this area. The QAA710 model was then validated with simulated data, simulated data with random noise, and in situ data. The results show that the effects of random noise (within ± 20 % ) of remote-sensing reflectance on the derived total absorption coefficients ( a t ) and the particulate backscattering coefficients ( b bp ) by the QAA710 model are insignificant (a band-averaged mean relative error of 4.1% and 12.0%, respectively). The validation of in situ a t shows a 28.6% mean relative difference. The model process, modeling data, and validation data introduce uncertainties into the derived results. These analyses demonstrate that the QAA710 model, based on the characterization of local environments, performs well in retrieving Poyang Lake’s IOPs.
R-trees and the Bieri-Neumann-Strebel invariant

Let $G$ be a finitely generated group. We give a new characterization of its Bieri-Neumann-Strebel invariant $\Sigma (G)$, in terms of geometric abelian actions on ${\bold R}$-trees. We provide a proof of Brown's characterization of $\Sigma (G)$ by exceptional abelian actions of $G$, using geometric methods.
Standard covariant formulation for perfect-fluid dynamics

After a brief description of the Milne generalization of the Galilean invariance group for the space–time of Newtonian kinematics, it is shown how the generalized Eulerian dynamical equations for the motion of a multiconstituent perfect (nonconducting) fluid can be expressed in terms of interior products of current 4-vectors with exterior derivatives of the appropriate 4-momentum 1-forms (whose role is central in this approach) in a fully covariant standard form whose structure is identical in the Newtonian case to that of the corresponding equation for the case of (special or general) relativistic perfect fluid mechanics. In addition to space–time covariance, this standard form exhibits chemical covariance in the sense that it is manifestly invariant under redefinition of the number densities of the independent conserved chemical constituents in terms of linear combinations of each other. It is shown how, in the strictly conservative case when no chemical reactions occur, this standard form, can be used (via the construction of suitably generalized Clebsch potentials) for setting up an Eulerian (fixed-point) variation principle in a form that is simultaneously valid for both Newtonian and relativistic cases.
Sensitivity improvement of a molecular imaging technique based on magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) using the nonlinear interaction between internally administered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and electromagnetic waves irradiated from outside of the body has attracted attention for the early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. In MPI, the local magnetic field distribution is scanned, and the magnetization signal from MNPs inside an object region is detected. However, the signal sensitivity and image resolution are degraded by interference from the magnetization signal generated by MNPs that exist outside of the desired region, owing to nonlinear responses. Earlier, we proposed an image reconstruction method for suppressing the interference component while emphasizing the signal component using the property of the higher harmonic components generated by the MNPs. However, edge areas in the reconstructed image were emphasized excessively owing to the high-pass-filter effect of this method. Here, we propose a new method based on correlation information between the observed signal and a system function. We performed a numerical analysis and found that, although the image was somewhat blurred, the detection sensitivity can clearly be improved without the inverse-matrix operation used in conventional image reconstruction.
Subharmonic capillary–gravity waves in large containers subject to horizontal vibrations

Abstract This paper deals with nearly inviscid, capillary–gravity, modulated waves parametrically excited by monochromatic horizontal vibrations in liquid containers whose width and depth are both large compared with the wavelength of the excited waves. A general linear amplitude equation is derived with appropriate boundary conditions that provides the threshold acceleration and associated spatiotemporal patterns, which compare very well with experimental measurements and visualizations. The primary instability is associated with a pair of complex Floquet multipliers that are close to (but strictly different from) −1, meaning that the instability is not strictly (2:1) subharmonic. The resulting (quasi-periodic) waves are generally oblique, not perpendicular to the vibrating endwalls. The extension of the theory to other confined systems such as vibrating containers of arbitrary shape and vibrating drops is also considered.
An efficient fractal dimension based clustering algorithm

Clustering plays an important role in data mining. It helps to reveal intrinsic structure in data sets with little or no prior knowledge. The approaches of clustering have received great attention in recent years. However many published algorithms fail to do well in determining the number of cluster, finding arbitrary shapes of clusters or identifying the presence of noise. In this paper we present an efficient clustering algorithm which employs the theory of grid, density and fractal that can partition points in the same cluster with minimum change of fractal dimension meanwhile maximizing the self-similarity in the clusters. We show via experiments that FDC can quickly deal with multidimensional large data sets, identify the number of clusters, be capable of recognizing clusters of arbitrary shape and furthermore explore some qualitative information from data sets.