Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Termination in language-based systems

Language run-time systems are increasingly being embedded insystems to support run-time extensibility via mobile code. Suchsystems raise a number of concerns when the code running in suchsystems is potentially buggy or untrusted. Although sophisticatedaccess controls have been designed for mobile code and are shippingas part of commercial systems such as Java, there is no support forterminating mobile code short of terminating the entire languagerun-time. This article presents a concept called "soft termination"that can be applied to virtually any mobile code system. Softtermination allows mobile code threads to be safely terminatedwhile preserving the stability of the language run-time. Inaddition, function bodies can be permanently disabled, thwartingattacks predicated on system threads eventually calling untrustedfunctions. Soft termination guarantees termination by breaking anypotential infinite loops in mobile code. We present a formal designfor soft termination and an implementation of it for Java, builtusing Java bytecode rewriting, which demonstrates reasonableperformance (3 to 25% slowdowns onbenchmarks).
Relationships between aboveground and belowground trait responses of a dominant plant species to alterations in watertable depth

Drought impacts to plant growth can be indicated by changes in key functional traits. However, previous research has focused on aboveground trait responses to precipitation deficits, with less emphasis on concomitant belowground impacts and deep soil drought from groundwater depletion. We assessed changes in a suite of aboveground and belowground traits of a dominant plant, Phragmites communis, in response to an experimental gradient of underground watertable depth. Our study occurred within the northeastern Inner Mongolia region, where changes to groundwater tables have been pervasive in recent years. In general, the results indicate that both aboveground and belowground traits responded positively, yet eventually negatively, to continual increases in watertable depth, indicative of reduced access to soil moisture as watertable depths increased. Key adjustments include changes to the ratio of coarse roots to fine roots, and the distribution of fine roots within the soil profile. These changes in belowground traits had strong correlations with changes in aboveground traits. In particular, specific root length of fine roots was positively correlated with leaf area, height, and aboveground biomass, whereas root biomass was linked to leaf area, specific root length of coarse roots, and root length density. Fine and coarse root production also had positive and negative relationships with aboveground biomass, respectively, suggestive of biomass allocation tradeoffs. We suggest that biomass production responses of this species to changes in watertable depths may largely be driven by interactions between the distribution of fine and coarse roots in the soil profile and changes to leaf area.
Verbose, Laconic or Just Right: A Simple Computational Model of Content Appropriateness under Length Constraints

Length constraints impose implicit requirements on the type of content that can be included in a text. Here we pro- pose the first model to computationally assess if a text deviates from these requirements. Specifically, our model predicts the appropriate length for texts based on content types present in a snippet of constant length. We consider a range of features to approximate content type, including syntactic phrasing, constituent compression probability, presence of named entities, sentence specificity and intersentence continuity. Weights for these features are learned using a corpus of summaries written by experts and on high quality journalistic writing. During test time, the difference between actual and predicted length allows us to quantify text verbosity. We use data from manual evaluation of summarization systems to assess the verbosity scores produced by our model. We show that the automatic verbosity scores are significantly negatively correlated with manual content quality scores given to the summaries.
Human Tracking by Fast Mean Shift Mode Seeking

Change detection by background subtraction is a common approach to detect moving foreground. The resulting difference image is usually thresholded to obtain objects based on pixel connectedness and resulting blob objects are subsequently tracked. This paper proposes a detection approach not requiring the binarization of the difference image. Local density maxima in the difference image - usually representing moving objects - are outlined by a fast non-parametric mean shift clustering procedure. Object tracking is carried out by updating and propagating cluster parameters over time using the mode seeking property of the mean shift procedure. For occluding targets, a fast procedure determining the object configuration maximizing image likelihood is presented. Detection and tracking results are demonstrated for a crowded scene and evaluation of the proposed tracking framework is presented.
SURVIVING IN THE WATER COLUMN: DEFINING THE TAPHONOMICALLY ACTIVE ZONE IN PELAGIC SYSTEMS

Abstract The dynamic physical interval where postmortem alteration of biological remains takes place is widely known as the taphonomically active zone (TAZ). In benthic systems, the TAZ is conventionally considered to be delimited by an upper boundary at the sediment-water interface and a lower boundary corresponding roughly to the deepest sediment layer influenced by bioturbation. However, this definition was developed in the context of marine or continental environments inhabited by benthic fauna and disregards the modifications that pelagic remains undergo while sinking through the water column. Indeed, long before the skeletal remains of planktonic organisms reach the sediment-water interface, they may suffer significant taphonomic damage, primarily due to dissolution. The magnitude of dissolution depends on the composition of the skeletal remains, seawater properties, and the nature and intensity of biological processes in the water column. In open ocean environments, siliceous remains (e.g., diatoms, radiolarians) suffer enhanced dissolution in the upper water column, where seawater is undersaturated in silica, whereas pelagic carbonate remains (e.g., foraminifers, coccolithophores) experience higher dissolution below the lysocline (the depth where there is a sharp increase in dissolution rate) until they reach the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), where dissolution is complete. Therefore, we argue that the TAZ concept for pelagic organisms should be extended to include the water column through which they settle after death. Furthermore, the extent of taphonomic damage of pelagic microfossils can be used as a potential proxy for past changes in seawater chemistry and circulation related to oceanographic conditions.
International Journal of Biological & Medical Research Study of Socio Demographic Profile of Cancer Cervix Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital, Karimnagar (andhra Pradesh) International Journal of Biological and Medical Research Www.biomedscidirect.com Int J Biol Med Res

Original Article Introduction: Carcinoma cervix worldwide accounts for 15% of all (9) cancers it is second most common cancer in woman globally and 80% of them occur in developing countries. In India it is estimated that approximately 1, 00,000, woman develops cervical cancer each year(3). In woman cervix cancer were the leading fatal (3) causes in both rural and urban area, higher rate in rural area. The aim of the present study is to identify the socio demographic profile of patients with carcinoma cervix in rural Karimnagar at Sushruta cancer hospital Bommakal. Methodology: Record based retrospective study was conducted in Sushruta cancer hospital, and socio demographic profile of all cancer cervix patients who got admitted and treated in Sushruta hospital during 2007 November to 2012 April was collected with a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Results: It was found that majority of patients were in the age group of 65, occupation wise unskilled workers have more percentage of cancer cervix followed by housewife, agriculture and less frequent in skilled workers. And majority of study subjects were married (91.2%), 57% of study subjects were lower class people have more frequency of cancer cervix(62%). About 67.9% of study subjects were from rural and it was found that illiterate people are having more frequency of cancer cervix (80.3%). Only about 8.7% of patients were received surgical treatment and about 16.2% of cases were diagnosed at their late stage. Conclusion: Further epidemiological studies are needed to prove the effect of demographic factors on occurrence of cancer cervix among rural population.
Stent thrombosis in early-generation drug-eluting stents versus newer-generation everolimus-eluting stent assorted by LVEF

Objective Everolimus drug-eluting stents (EES) are superior to early-generation drug-eluting stents (DES), releasing sirolimus (SES) or paclitaxel (PES) in preventing stent thrombosis (ST). Since an impaired LVEF seems to increase the risk of ST, we aimed to investigate the difference in outcome of patients with varying LVEF using EES versus early-generation DES. Methods In a prospective cohort study, we compared the risk of ST in patients in three LVEF subgroups: normal (LVEF >50%), mildly impaired (LVEF >40% and ≤50%) and moderate–severely impaired (LVEF ≤40%). Within these various LVEF groups, we compared EES with SES and PES after adjustment for baseline differences. Results We assessed a cohort of 5363 patients, with follow-up of up to 4 years and available LVEF. Overall definite ST occurred in 123 (2.3%) patients. ST rates were higher in the LVEF moderate–severely impaired group compared with the normal LVEF group (2.8% vs 2.1%; HR 1.82; CI 1.10 to 3.00). Especially early ST (EST) was more frequent in the moderate–severely impaired LVEF group (HR 2.20; CI 1.06 to 4.53). Overall rates of definite ST were lower in patients using EES compared with patients using SES or PES in all LVEF groups. Interaction terms were not statistically significant. ST rates were higher in the moderate–severely impaired LVEF group compared with the normal LVEF group when using SES or PES, but not significantly different when using EES. Conclusions EES was associated with a lower risk of definite ST compared with early-generation DES. This lower risk was independent of LVEF, even though ST rates were higher in patients with a moderate–severely impaired LVEF. Trial registration no MEC-2013-262.
Student Skill Models in Adaptive Testing

This paper provides a common framework, a generic model, for Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) for different model types. We present question selection methods for CAT for this generic model. We use three different types of models, Item Response Theory, Bayesian Networks, and Neural Networks, that instantiate the generic model. We illustrate the usefulness of a special model condition ‐ the monotonicity ‐ and discuss its inclusion in these model types. With Bayesian networks we use specific type of learning using generalized linear models to ensure the monotonicity. We conducted simulated CAT tests on empirical data. Behavior of individual models was assessed based on these tests. The best performing model was the BN model constructed by a domain expert; its parameters were learned from data under the monotonicity condition.
Comprehensive Versus Selective Schooling in England in Wales: What Do We Know?

British secondary schools moved from a system of extensive and early selection and tracking in secondary schools to one with comprehensive schools during the 1960s and 70s. Before the reform, students would take an exam at age eleven, which determined whether they would attend an academically oriented grammar school or a lower level secondary school. The reform proceeded at an uneven pace in different areas, so that both secondary school systems coexist during the 1960s and 70s. The British transition therefore provides an excellent laboratory for the study of the impact of a comprehensive versus a selective school system on student achievement. Previous studies analyzing this transition have typically used a value-added methodology: they compare outcomes for students passing through either type of school controlling for achievement levels at the time of entering secondary education. While this seems like a reasonable research design, we demonstrate that it is unlikely to successfully eliminate selection effects in who attends what type of school. Very similar results are obtained by looking at the effect of secondary school environment on achievement at age 11 and controlling for age 7 achievement. Since children only enter secondary school at age 11, these effects are likely due to selection bias. Careful choice of treatment and control areas, and using political control of the county as an instrument for early implementation of the comprehensive regime do not solve this problem.
A False Case of Clozapine-Resistant Schizophrenia

One of the subjects that most concerns physicians is treatment-resistance. About 30%–60% of schizophrenia patients do not respond adequately to antipsychotic treatment and are known as refractory schizophrenia patients. Clozapine has been the drug of choice in such cases. However, approximately 30% of them do not respond to clozapine either. Here, we describe a patient with an initial diagnosis of refractory schizophrenia who had a history of dramatic aggressiveness. However, in this case, “refractoriness” was a wrong diagnosis. A case of psychosis secondary to epilepsy had been treated as schizophrenia for almost 20 years. Reports like this one are important because they remind us of how a thorough investigation can lead to the correct diagnosis and improve the patient's prognosis.
A Functional Polymorphism of the MAOA Gene Is Associated with Neural Responses to Induced Anger Control

Aggressiveness is highly heritable. Recent experimental work has linked individual differences in a functional polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene (MAOA) to anger-driven aggression. Other work has implicated the dorsal ACC (dACC) in cognitive-emotional control and the amygdala in emotional arousal. The present imaging genetics study investigated dACC and amygdala reactivity to induced anger control as a function of MAOA genotype. A research assistant asked 38 healthy male undergraduates to control their anger in response to an insult by a rude experimenter. Men with the low-expression allele showed increased dACC and amygdala activation after the insult, but men with the high-expression allele did not. Both dACC and amygdala activation independently mediated the relationship between MAOA genotype and self-reported anger control. Moreover, following the insult, men with the high-functioning allele showed functional decoupling between the amygdala and dACC, but men with the low-functioning allele did not. These results suggest that heightened dACC and amygdala activation and their connectivity are neuroaffective mechanisms underlying anger control in participants with the low-functioning allele of the MAOA gene.
Strongly solid ${\rm II_1}$ factors with an exotic MASA

Using an extension of techniques of Ozawa and Popa, we give an example of a non-amenable strongly solid $\rm{II}_1$ factor $M$ containing an "exotic" maximal abelian subalgebra $A$: as an $A$,$A$-bimodule, $L^2(M)$ is neither coarse nor discrete. Thus we show that there exist $\rm{II}_1$ factors with such property but without Cartan subalgebras. It also follows from Voiculescu's free entropy results that $M$ is not an interpolated free group factor, yet it is strongly solid and has both the Haagerup property and the complete metric approximation property.
Topiramate therapy for paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis

We observed the clinical efficacy of topiramate for paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC). Topiramate was administered as a monotherapy with titrated dosages to 8 patients with PKC. Target daily dose of topiramate was 100 to 200 mg; the follow‐up period ranged from 8 months to 2 years. All of the patients became attack‐free, and side effects were mild. The results show that topiramate is effective as a monotherapy for treating patients with PKC. The response to topiramate indicates that the disease may be caused by an ion channel defect. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
HUMAN FIBROBLASTS PRODUCE INHIBITOR DIRECTED AGAINST PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR WHEN TREATED WITH GLUCOCORTICOIDS *

Fibrinolysis is a major process by which blood thrombi are degraded. This process can be initiated by the cellular enzyme plasminogen activator, which converts the inactive serum zymogen plasminogen to plasmin. Control of plasminogen activator would therefore have important consequences in the regulation of fibrinolysis. The fibrinolytic activity of cultured cells is sensitive to both metabolic and hormonal control. For example, fibrinolytic activity decreases in cultured rat hepatoma cells,' rheumatoid synovial cells,2 and human embryonic lung cells3 as well as other cell types when glucocorticoids are included in the culture medium. These suppressive effects may be due to a decreased production of plasminogen activator or alternatively the steroids may stimulate cellular production of a fibrinolytic inhibitor (s) . This latter possibility has been suggested as the mode of action of dexamethasone on rat hepatoma although identification of the inhibitor( s) was not attempted. The present studies have been undertaken to assess the relative importance of these two alternatives on the changes in fibrinolytic activity of cultured human foreskin fibroblasts in the presence of two steroids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. The results suggest that the fibrinolytic suppressive effects of these compounds are due primarily to enhanced expression of a protease inhibitor. A fibrinolytic inhibitor could be directed against either plasminogen activator or plasmin (or both enzymes). Results consistent with the inhibitor being directed against plasminogen activator and urokinase, but not against plasmin, are presented.
Template aging in 3D and 2D face recognition

This is the first work to explore template aging in 3D face recognition. We use a dataset of images representing 16 subjects with 3D and 2D face images, and compare short-term and long-term time-lapse matching accuracy. We find that an ensemble-of-regions approach to 3D face matching has much greater accuracy than whole-face 3D matching, or than a commercial 2D matcher. We observe a drop in accuracies with increased time lapse, most with whole-face 3D matching followed by 2D matching and the 3D ensemble of regions approach. Finally, we determine whether the difference in match quality arising with an increased time lapse is statistically significant.
Strike‐slip reactivation of segmented normal faults: Implications for basin structure and fluid flow

Reverse reactivation of normal faults, also termed “inversion”, has been extensively studied, whereas little is known about the strike‐slip reactivation of normal faults. At the same time, recognizing strike‐slip reactivation of normal faults in sedimentary basins is critical, as it may alter and impact basin physiography, accommodation and sediment supply and dispersal. Motivated by this, we present a study of a reactivated normal fault zone in the Liassic limestones and shales of Somerset, UK, to elucidate the effects of strike‐slip reactivation of normal faults, and the inherent deformation of relay zones that separate the original normal fault segments. The fault zone, initially extensional, exhibits a series of relay zones between right‐stepping segments, with the steps between the segments having subsequently become contractional due to sinistral strike‐slip movement. The relay zones have therefore been steepened and are cut by a series of connecting faults with reverse and strike‐slip components. The studied fault zone, and comparison with larger‐scale natural examples, leads us to conclude that the relays turned contractional steps are associated with (a) complex fault and fracture networks that accommodate shortening, (b) anomalously high numbers of fractures and faults, (c) layer‐parallel slip and (d) folding and uplift. Comparison with published statistics from global relay zones shows that whereas the reactivated relay zones feature aspect ratios similar to those of unreactivated relay zones, bed dips within reactivated relay zones are significantly steeper than unreactivated relay zones. Given the potential of reactivated relay zones to form areas of local uplift, they may affect basin structure and may also form potential traps for hydrocarbon or other fluids. The elevated faulting and fracturing, on the other hand, means reactivated relays are also likely loci for enhanced up‐fault flow.
The optimal harvesting problem with price uncertainty

In this paper we study the exploitation of a one species forest plantation when timber price is governed by a stochastic process. The work focuses on providing closed expressions for the optimal harvesting policy in terms of the parameters of the price process and the discount factor. We assume that harvest is restricted to mature trees older than a certain age and that the growth after maturity is neglected as well as the natural mortality. We use stochastic dynamic programming techniques to characterize the optimal policy for two important cases: when prices follow a geometric Brownian motion we completely characterize the optimal policy for all possible choices of drift and discount factor. If prices are governed by a mean-reverting (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) process we provide sufficient conditions, based on explicit expressions for reservation prices at every time period above which harvesting everything available is optimal. In both cases we solve the problem for every initial condition and the best policy is obtained endogenously, that is, without imposing any ad hoc restrictions such as maximum sustained yield or convergence to a predefined final state. ∗This research was partially supported by Project Anillo ACT-88 and Programa Basal PFB 03, CMM. Adriana Piazza also acknowledges the financial support of Fondecyt under Project 11090254. The authors thank Marcos Goycoolea, Alexander Shapiro and Andrés Weintraub for fruitful conversation and encouragement.