Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 2005/06 UK and European winter: the UCL forecast and its assessment against observations

The European winter of 2005-6 was notably cold, dry and calm (Weather, 2006). Provisional data from the NCEP/NCAR climate reanalysis (Kalnay et al., 1996) suggest that for Europe as a whole (region 35°N-65°N, 15°W-35°E) the winter of 2005-6 was the coldest since 2002-3 and the least windy since records began in 1950-1. For the UK as a whole it was the coldest winter since 2000-1 (Weather, 2006). How well did the publicly-available seasonal outlooks anticipate the nature and severity of this unusual winter? Companion papers (Graham et al., 2006; Folland et al., 2006) describe the scientific basis and performance of the seasonal forecasts issued by the Met Office for winter 2005-6. Here we describe the outlook issued by UCL (University College London) for winter 2005-6 and assess its retrospective performance for temperature, precipitation and windspeed across the UK and Europe.
Free-Edge Effects in Composite Laminates

There are many technical applications in the field of lightweight construction as, for example, in aerospace engineering, where stress concentration phenomena play an important role in the design of layered structural elements (so-called laminates) consisting of plies of fiber reinforced plastics or other materials. A well known stress concentration problem rich in research tradition is the so-called free-edge effect. Mainly explained by the mismatch of the elastic material properties between two adjacent dissimilar laminate layers, the free-edge effect is characterized by the concentrated occurrence of three-dimensional and singular stress fields at the free edges in the interfaces between two layers of composite laminates. In the present contribution, a survey on relevant literature from more than three decades of scientific research on free-edge effects is given. The cited references date back to 1967 and deal with approximate closed-form analyses, as well as numerical investigations by the finite element method, the finite difference method, and several other numerical techniques. The progress in research on the stress singularities which arise is also reviewed, and references on experimental investigations are cited. Related problems are also briefly addressed. The paper closes with concluding remarks and an outlook on future investigations. In all, 292 references are included.
A Preconditioned Iterative Method for Saddlepoint Problems

A preconditioned iterative method for indefinite linear systems corresponding to certain saddlepoint problems is suggested. The block structure of the systems is utilized in order to design effective preconditioners, while the governing iterative solver is a standard minimum residual method. The method is applied to systems derived from discretizations of the Stokes problem and mixed formulations of second-order elliptic problems.
Flexible and transferable one-dimensional photonic crystals based on polymer infiltrated nanoparticle multilayers

Herein we present a series of self standing, flexible and transferable one-dimensional photonic crystal obtained through infiltration of a polymer solution in a porous stack prepared by alternating deposition of layers of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. Since the mesostructure is uniformly filled by the polymer, it is possible to lift off the hybrid multilayers using an adequate thermal treatment to obtain a multifunctional material that combines the optical properties of the periodic nanoporous multilayer and the structural and physic-chemical characteristics of the polymer used. The use of these hybrid 1DPCs as flexible interference filters, or as 1DPC to any kind of substrate is demonstrated.
Political generations and partisanship in the UK, 1964–1997

Summary. Political partisanship is often claimed to be influenced by generational and life‐cycle processes, with both being cited as the factor that is responsible for higher levels of Conservative identifications among older voters. Given the existence of over‐time change it is difficult to assess the validity of these claims as even with repeated survey data any model is underidentified. This paper uses smoothed additive models to isolate and examine the non‐linear component of the generational effect. Some identifying assumptions are presented to try to assess the extent to which linear aging or generational processes are responsible for the increased Conservatism of the elderly. The advantage of the smoothed additive models is their ability to highlight non‐linear effects, however, and this paper shows that regardless of linear trends people who entered the electorate during Conservative Parliaments are more likely to be Conservative partisan identifiers many years later. The introduction of a multiplicative term linking age to period effects supports this hypothesis by showing that younger people are more susceptible to the influence of period effects.
Analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose PET imaging data captured before and after Pc 4-mediated photodynamic therapy of U87 tumors in the athymic nude rat

Introduction: Several workers have proposed the use of PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging for the outcome assessment of photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially for deep-seated tumors. We report on our study of 18Ffluorodeoxy- glucose (18F-FDG) PET imaging following brain tumor Pc4-PDT. Our working hypothesis was that the tumor's metabolic activity would decline dramatically following Pc 4-PDT owing to tumor necrosis. Methods: Seven days after intraparenchymal implantation of U87 cells, the brains of 12 athymic nude rats were imaged by micro-CT and/or micro-MR. These animals were also 18F-FDG micro-PET (&mgr;PET) scanned before and after Pc 4-PDT. 18F-FDG was used to trace metabolic activity that was monitored via &mgr;PET. Occurrence of PDT was confirmed on histology. The analysis of 18F-FDG dose and animal weight normalized &mgr;PET activity was studied over the 90 minute µPET scan. Results: Currently, &mgr;PET data have been studied for: (1) three of the animals that did not indicate tumor necrosis on histology and were assigned to a "Non-PDT" group, and (2) six animals that exhibited tumor necrosis on histology and were assigned to a "PDT" group. The &mgr;PET-detected 18F-FDG uptake activity in the tumor region before and after photoirradiation increased in the Non-PDT group an average of 2.28 times, and in the PDT group it increased an average of 1.15 times. Discussion: We are investigating the cause of the increase in 18F-FDG &mgr;PET activity that we observed in the PDT group. The methodology used in this study should be useful in determining whether this or other PET, SPECT, or MR functional imaging protocols will detect both the specificity and sensitivity of brain tumor necrosis following Pc 4-PDT.
Increasing comprehensiveness and reducing workload in a systematic review of complex interventions using automated machine learning.

BACKGROUND As part of our ongoing systematic review of complex interventions for the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, we have developed and evaluated automated machine-learning classifiers for title and abstract screening. The aim was to develop a high-performing algorithm comparable to human screening. METHODS We followed a three-phase process to develop and test an automated machine learning-based classifier for screening potential studies on interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. We labelled a total of 16,611 articles during the first phase of the project. In the second phase, we used the labelled articles to develop a machine learning-based classifier. After that, we examined the performance of the classifiers in correctly labelling the papers. We evaluated the performance of the five deep-learning models [i.e. parallel convolutional neural network ( CNN ), stacked CNN , parallel-stacked CNN , recurrent neural network ( RNN ) and CNN-RNN]. The models were evaluated using recall, precision and work saved over sampling at no less than 95% recall. RESULTS We labelled a total of 16,611 articles, of which 676 (4.0%) were tagged as 'relevant' and 15,935 (96%) were tagged as 'irrelevant'. The recall ranged from 51.9% to 96.6%. The precision ranged from 64.6% to 99.1%. The work saved over sampling ranged from 8.9% to as high as 92.1%. The best-performing model was parallel CNN , yielding a 96.4% recall, as well as 99.1% precision, and a potential workload reduction of 89.9%. FUTURE WORK AND LIMITATIONS We used words from the title and the abstract only. More work needs to be done to look into possible changes in performance, such as adding features such as full document text. The approach might also not be able to be used for other complex systematic reviews on different topics. CONCLUSION Our study shows that machine learning has the potential to significantly aid the labour-intensive screening of abstracts in systematic reviews of complex interventions. Future research should concentrate on enhancing the classifier system and determining how it can be integrated into the systematic review workflow. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in Health Technology Assessment. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Evaluation of Land Suitability for Crop Production in Northern Ghana Using GIS and AHP Based Techniques

In this study, a land suitability index for crop production in three northern regions of Ghana is spatially generated using a land suitability analysis through the integration of AHP and GIS. The study further exploited actual maize and groundnut yield obtained by farmers in the study area by integrating it with the land suitability index to spatially generate potential maize and ground yield. The actual and potential maize and groundnut yields were overlayed in GIS to produce potential yield losses for maize and groundnuts. Factors of precipitation, slope of land, LULC, soil erosion, OM and the soil type were identified through expert opinion in literature, and assigned weights through AHP for the land suitability analysis. Results obtained from the land suitability index indicates about 19.2 % of land in the three regions is highly suitable for crop production, about 20.8 % is moderately suitable, about 27.0 % is less suitable and about 33 % unsuitable due to settlements and depleted lands. Potential yield loss due to difference in actual and potential maize and groundnuts yields were 70 % and 63 % for maize and groundnuts respectively for the Northern Region, 83 % and 66 % for maize and groundnuts respectively for the North-East Region, and then 66 % and 59 % for maize and groundnuts respectively for the Savannah Region. The AHP and GIS-based land suitability analysis techniques are potentials and effective tools for determining the suitability of land for crop production thereby enhancing sustainable agricultural development through enhancing food security and creation of new jobs.
Photoautotrophic microorganisms with biotechnological potential unexplored

The study of phototrophic organisms is becoming more common due to their high nutritional value and capacity to produce various bioactive compounds with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and chemical industries. These compounds have nutritional and therapeutic properties such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, hyperlipidemic, immunomodulatory, and immunoregulatory. For this reason, phototrophic organisms are an essential supply for different industries since they can satisfy their current commercial demand while reducing the environmental impact and promoting the bioeconomic development of the country. However, research on these microorganisms is still limited and focused on a limited group of species. This review examines the biotechnological applications of bioactive metabolites produced by several photoautotrophic microbial species from poorly explored environments and their industrial application. As a result, we could determine that there are many little-explored species with a wide variety of bioactive compounds. Moreover, they have potential uses in various industries such as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and energy. Furthermore, it was concluded that the bioindustry represents a business opportunity and can also be established as a platform for modernization and competitiveness for various country's economic sectors.
Does Parental Psychological Control Affect Non-Suicidal Self-Injury of Adolescents via Depression?

This study aimed to examine the effect of parental psychological control on adolescents’ non-suicidal selfinjury and verify whether this effect is mediated by depression. In the first survey of 647 middle and high school students, only those who had experiences of non-suicidal self-injury were selected (136 adolescents). For data analysis purposes, descriptive statistics for each measured variable and Pearson’s correlation coefficients among research variables were calculated. In addition, Process Macro - Model 4 by Hayes (2013) was used to investigate the mediating model. Finally, the bootstrapping method was applied to confirm the significance of the mediating effect. The results of this study were as follows. First, parental psychological control and depression directly affected the frequency of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Second, depression mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and non-suicidal selfinjury. In conclusion, the more parents controlled their children’s psychological factors, the higher the level of depression among adolescents, and as a result, the higher the frequency of non-suicidal self-injury. These findings suggest that educational intervention on parental psychological control is important to prevent and reduce non-suicidal self-injury; however, psychotherapy intervention that reduces the levels of depression should also be required.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics for the Simulation of Broken-Ice Fields

A rheology based on the Mohr? Coulomb yield criterion is implemented in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We apply this approach to the simulation of broken-ice fields floating on the water surface and moving under the effect of wind forces. When broken-ice fields are regarded as a continuum, their rheological behavior can be described by a model known as viscous-plastic. In this approach the ice field is modeled as a viscous fluid for very small strain rates and is assumed to flow plastically otherwise. It is in the plastic regime that the stress states are described in terms of the Mohr? Coulomb yield criterion. Besides broken-ice fields, numerous other problems in the field of quasi-static granular flows can be characterized by this type of rheological behavior. We first show how the momentum equations for a Mohr? Coulomb-type rheology are implemented in the framework of SPH. For most granular flow systems, the moving interior particles are bounded by fixed frictional walls and one must also model these boundary conditions. A Coulomb-friction condition is applied within the framework of SPH. This type of boundary is implemented by means of a wall that exerts a normal potential force of repulsion on the SPH particles, combined with a tangential force proportional to the normal force. The approach can be applied to model flows adjacent to straight walls as well to more complicated boundaries.
The temporality and accessibility of message types (TAMT) model: Examining social media message types and the associations between exposure to alcohol and binge drinking

Scholars have indicated that social media contribute to various health-related behaviors (e.g., substance use, body dissatisfaction) among adolescents. This study adds to the literature on health-related social media effects through theoretical advances supported by empirical evidence. First, we introduce the TAMT model, in which we assess the media environment along a continuum of two dimensions: the temporality (from ephemeral to persistent) and accessibility (from private to public) of message types. By combining these dimensions, we argue that there are four message types: ephemeral private, persistent private, ephemeral public, and persistent public. Second, we draw on the TAMT model to advance our knowledge of the role of social media in alcohol-related behaviors. We expected that, due to the distinctive characteristics of the four message types, they would be differently related to alcohol references and binge drinking. Based on cross-sectional data (N = 1,636, Mage = 15, SD = 1.17), we found that moderate alcohol references are encountered across all message types, while more extreme references are more likely to be prevalent in ephemeral public and ephemeral private messages. We show that exposure to moderate and extreme alcohol use references in ephemeral private and persistent private messages was associated with a higher probability of engaging in binge drinking, whereas exposure to ephemeral public and persistent public messages was not. Ephemeral private messages played the most crucial role in the association with binge drinking. These findings illustrate the importance of broadening the scope of research to ephemeral private environments when studying health-related behaviors. While we have illustrated the usefulness of the TAMT model against the background of two specific types of alcohol references, this new model can be extended to other behaviors (e.g., sexual risk-taking behaviors, cyberbullying).
Uniform ergodic theorems for locally integrable semigroups and pseudoresolvents

We study uniform ergodicity (at oo) of a locally integrable operator semigroup T(.) of type wo under a suitable condition which is weaker than the usual one " wo < 0". We also give a precise characterization of the uniform Cesaro-ergodicity for semigroups of class (0, A). To prove the part of Abel-ergodicity we first prove a general uniform ergodic theorem for pseudo-resolvents.
Inkjet Printing Technique and Its Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Development of printable and flexible Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) might provide a path to the large and global production of displays in the lighting market. A lot of research is being done in many fields like materials, equipment, processing methods, etc. to make this technology cheaper and more efficient. This article unveils the inkjet printing technique and its challenges for printed, cost-effective OLEDs. Firstly, to understand the inkjet printing mechanism, various rheological parameters involved in inkjet printing and ink formulation have been discussed. Then, the interaction between the ink and the substrates were introduced, and solutions to avoid the commonly observed “coffee-ring” structure were reviewed. A summary of the recent progress in inkjet printing of polymers and small molecules in OLED devices was also given and other techniques such as aerosol and electrohydrodynamic jet printing, which open up alternative depositing method were discussed. Finally, the challenges involved in the printing of large area displays on an industrial scale were presented.
A genetic-based neuro-fuzzy approach for prediction of solar activity

This paper presents an application of the neuro-fuzzy modeling to analyze the time series of solar activity, as measured through the relative Wolf number. The neuro-fuzzy structure will be optimized based on the linear adapted genetic algorithm with controlling population size (LAGA-POP). First, the dimension of the time series characteristic attractor is obtained based on the smallest Regularity Criterion (RC) and the neuro-fuzzy modeling. Second, after describing the neuro-fuzzy structure and optimizing its parameters based on LAGA-POP, the performance of the present approach in forecasting yearly sunspot numbers is favorably compared to that of other published methods. Finally, the comparison predictions for the remaining part of the 22nd and the whole 23rd cycle of solar activity are presented.
Production of submicrometre fused silica gratings using laser-induced backside dry etching technique

Laser micromachining of transparent materials is a promising technique for producing micro-optical elements. Several types of both direct (e.g. ablation) and indirect (e.g. laser-induced backside wet etching: LIBWE) procedures have already been developed and presented in the last two decades. Here we present a new method (laser-induced backside dry etching (LIBDE)) in the analogy of LIBWE for the micro and nanoprocessing of transparent materials. In our experiments 1 mm thick fused silica plates were used as transparent work pieces. The plates were covered with 100 nm thick silver layers. The metal absorbing films were irradiated through the fused silica by a KrF excimer laser beam (λ = 248 nm, FWHM = 30 ns). The illuminated area was 1.05 mm2 and the fluence on the silver–quartz interface varied in the range 0–1800 mJ cm−2. We have provided evidence that LIBDE is more effective and simple than LIBWE, its etch rate being much higher at a given laser fluence. Our interference experiments proved that the LIBDE etching technique is suitable to fabricate gratings displaying submicrometre periods in transparent materials. On the basis of all these, it is suggested that this method may be useful to produce other nano and microoptical elements, too.
The Community School Initiative in Toronto: Mitigating Opportunity Gaps in the Jane and Finch Community in the Wake of COVID-19

COVID-19 significantly impacted the delivery of education with widespread disruptions, particularly disadvantaging racialized and low-income families. Our research project explored how community-based programming can be adapted and mobilized to mitigate opportunity and achievement gaps for Black, Indigenous, people of colour (BIPOC), and those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. The project as a case study examined an afternoon and weekend supplementary academic program called the Community School Initiative (CSI), offered from September 2020 to May 2021 to members of the Jane and Finch community in Toronto, Canada at a subsidized cost. CSI is a partnership between the non-profit organization Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE) and the for-profit enterprise Spirit of Math. It delivers a structured math curriculum to students in grades two to eight aged 8 to 14 years, old supported by a team of caring adults including parents, coaches, and Ontario certified teachers. The efficacy and outcomes of the CSI was assessed through surveys with parents (n=33), students (n=33), and teachers (n=4), and a focus group with seven teachers delivering the curriculum in the CSI. We also discuss the significance of how the research was conducted in the wake of COVID-19. Hence, this article is about the findings from the data, but just as much about the community-driven approach to how the research was conducted, by the community and for the community.
Mountain‐gap winds; a study of surface wind at Gibraltar

The surface wind in the Straits of Gibraltar is determined by the interplay of its inclination to blow towards the end where surface pressure is lowest when the air is stable and its tendency to follow the upper wind if convection is active. The importance of cold pools of air lying below mountain-top level is discussed and various kinds of wind reversal are described.