Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annotation Graphs: A Graph-Based Visualization for Meta-Analysis of Data Based on User-Authored Annotations

User-authored annotations of data can support analysts in the activity of hypothesis generation and sensemaking, where it is not only critical to document key observations, but also to communicate insights between analysts. We present annotation graphs, a dynamic graph visualization that enables meta-analysis of data based on user-authored annotations. The annotation graph topology encodes annotation semantics, which describe the content of and relations between data selections, comments, and tags. We present a mixed-initiative approach to graph layout that integrates an analyst's manual manipulations with an automatic method based on similarity inferred from the annotation semantics. Various visual graph layout styles reveal different perspectives on the annotation semantics. Annotation graphs are implemented within C8, a system that supports authoring annotations during exploratory analysis of a dataset. We apply principles of Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis (ESDA) in designing C8, and further link these to an existing task typology in the visualization literature. We develop and evaluate the system through an iterative user-centered design process with three experts, situated in the domain of analyzing HCI experiment data. The results suggest that annotation graphs are effective as a method of visually extending user-authored annotations to data meta-analysis for discovery and organization of ideas.
Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage by clinical-computed tomographic correlations

Background: Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) remains the deadliest and most disabling form of stroke. The aim of our study was to determine the potential predictors for survival and neurological recovery in PICH patients by clinical-computed tomographic (CT) correlation. Materials and Methods: A prospective study conducted among PICH patients at a tertiary care hospital. The clinical and CT scan findings were correlated with the functional outcome using modified Rankin scores (mRS) of 0-5 at discharge and during six months follow-up. Results: The clinical and CT findings in 160 (93 male and 67 female) eligible adult patients with age range from 25 to 85 years (mean age 58.30 ± 11.44 years) were analyzed. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score was significantly higher among survivors. (12.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.5 ± 0.5, P < 0.001) Based upon the pattern of the CT findings, the best outcome in terms of survival was for the patients with ICH in basal ganglia/internal capsule region (86.7 %), followed by lobar hemorrhage (67.1%). Good functional outcome was associated with a hematoma volume of less than 30 ml. At discharge majority of the survivors were functionally dependent 76 (70.4%) and only 32 (29.6%) achieved functional independence. The significant independent predictors of in- hospital survival were GCS score > 9 (OR 10.8; 95% CI 4.061 to 28.719), basal ganglia/internal capsule bleed (OR 9.750; 95% CI 2.122 to 45.004), hematoma volume <30 ml (OR 11.476; 95% CI 4. 810 to 27.434), no mid line shift (OR 4.901; 95% CI 2.405 to 9.987) and no intraventricular extension of hemorrhage (OR 7.040; 95% CI 3.358 to 14.458). Conclusion: Outcome and functional status at discharge were well correlated with the initial CT scan findings and GCS score.
Vocabulary of grips in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy

Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy are affected in their motor function on one side more than the other. Our focus here is on the functions of the hand, specifically examining grasp and manipulation in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. We concentrate on manipulation in functional settings across a range of tasks based on the classification of hand movements by Elliott and Connolly (1984) and a selection of the tasks from Brown et al (1987). The children were filmed performing the tasks, providing both qualitative and quantitative data, from which detailed information on the functional ability of each child was obtained. The value of such assessment procedures for physiotherapists and remediation in general is discussed.
What Are (Semi)Presidential Elections About? A Case Study of the Portuguese 2006 Elections

Abstract This article examines what has driven voters’ choices in the 2006 presidential election in Portugal. Electing a semipresidential head of state has often been treated either as a “popularity contest” or as a full‐fledged “first‐order” election, depending on the particular national political system in which those elections were studied. Using data from a panel survey conducted following the 2005 legislative and 2006 presidential elections, this article suggests that, in a “premier‐presidentialist” system such as Portugal – where presidents are neither the heads of the executive nor mere figureheads – voters are unlikely to be oblivious to the conventional partisan and ideological cues provided by campaigns, but also unlikely to see these elections as a mechanism with which to hold government accountable. Instead, patterns of defection from the government party seem to conform to theoretical expectations derived from the notion that presidential elections in such cases can be conceived as “less important”, but where parties and voters remain aware of the connections between what is at stake in different electoral arenas.
CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

An injection of viable thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes was absolutely essential to enable a normal or near-normal 19S liemolysin-forming cell response in the spleens of neonatally thymectomized mice challenged with sheep erythrocytes. Syngeneic thymus lymphocytes were as effective as thoracic duct lymphocytes in this system and allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells could also reconstitute their hosts. No significant elevation of the response was achieved by giving either bone marrow cells, irradiated thymus or thoracic duct cells, thymus extracts or yeast. Spleen cells from reconstituted mice were exposed to anti-H2 sera directed against either the donor of the thymus or thoracic duct cells, or against the neonatally thymectomized host. Only isoantisera directed against the host could significantly reduce the number of hemolysin-forming cells present in the spleen cell suspensions. It is concluded that these antibody-forming cells are derived, not from the inoculated thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes, but from the host. Thoracic duct cells from donors specifically immunologically tolerant of sheep erythrocytes had a markedly reduced restorative capacity in neonatally thymectomized recipients challenged with sheep erythrocytes. These results have suggested that there are cell types, in thymus or thoracic duct lymph, with capacities to react specifically with antigen and to induce the differentiation, to antibody-forming cells, of hemolysin-forming cell precursors derived from a separate cell line present in the neonatally thymectomized hosts.
Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Toward a Universal Theory

Despite a large array of work broadly concerned with the cultures of news production, studies rarely attempt to tackle journalism culture and its dimensional structure at the conceptual level. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to propose a theoretical foundation on the basis of which systematic and comparative research of journalism cultures is feasible and meaningful. By using a deductive and etic approach, the concept of journalism culture is deconstructed in terms of its constituents and principal dimensions. Based on a review of the relevant literature, the article proposes a conceptualization of journalism culture that consists of 3 essential constituents (institutional roles, epistemologies, and ethical ideologies), further divided into 7 principal dimensions: interventionism, power distance, market orientation, objectivism, empiricism, relativism, and idealism.
A background amplifier offset calibration technique for high-resolution pipelined ADCs

This paper describes a novel offset calibration technique of the residue amplifier (RAMP) for pipelined ADCs. The calibration operates in two phases, completely in the background, without requiring any interruption in the operation of the ADC. In the analog coarse correction phase most of the offset is compensated through the injection of a DC signal at RAMP's input. The digital fine correction phase will eliminate the remaining offset. Simulation results show that with the proposed calibration technique the over-range margin can be released and the SNDR is not degraded.
Factors Contributing Toward Acceptance of Lethal Control of Black Bears in Central Georgia, USA

We surveyed homeowners in four counties of central Georgia to determine acceptance of management practices for black bears (Ursus americanus), including lethal control and trapping and relocating bears in urban settings. Most homeowners did not view bears as a perceived threat and valued their existence. Logistic regression was used to investigate the influence of age, gender, hunting participation, existence value orientation, and perceived threat from bears on lethal control and trapping/relocating management actions. Perceived threat and gender were significant in determining acceptance of lethal control of bears captured in urban areas and for bears that caused repeat problems; gender was negatively associated with acceptance of lethal control. Hunting participation had a negative contribution; hunters were less likely to perceive lethal control as acceptable. This study illustrates the complexity understanding public support for managing black bears.
Exploiting information extraction annotations for document retrieval in distillation tasks

Information distillation aims to extract relevant pieces of information related to a given query from massive, possibly multilingual, audio and textual document sources. In this paper, we present our approach for using information extraction annotations to augment document retrieval for distillation. We take advantage of the fact that some of the distillation queries can be associated with annotation elements introduced for the NIST Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) task. We experimentally show that using the ACE events to constrain the document set returned by an information retrieval engine significantly improves the precision at various recall rates for two different query templates. Index Terms: information distillation, information retrieval, information extraction, document retrieval
Father engagement and children's outcomes in at-risk populations: Introduction to the special issue

This special issue includes seven studies of the influence of fathers on children's development and well-being in at-risk populations. Recent research has shown that although children in these populations are at risk for various problems, families living in difficult circumstances, through poverty or other adversity, vary widely in the developmental and psychological support they provide for their children. Research reported in this issue was conducted in three different countries and shows that from infancy through middle childhood, fathers are a critical influence on family well-being and children's development in adverse environments.
Multiple bacteria encode metallothioneins and SmtA‐like zinc fingers

Zinc is essential but toxic in excess. Bacterial metallothionein, SmtA from Synechococcus PCC 7942, sequesters and detoxifies four zinc ions per molecule and contains a zinc finger structurally similar to eukaryotic GATA. The dearth of other reported bacterial metallothioneins has been surprising. Here we describe related bacterial metallothioneins (BmtA) from Anabaena PCC 7120, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida that bind multiple zinc ions with high stability towards protons. Thiol modification demonstrates that cysteine coordinates zinc in all of these proteins. Additionally, 111Cd‐NMR, and 111Cd‐edited 1H‐NMR, identified histidine ligands in Anabaena PCC 7120 BmtA, analogous to SmtA. A related Escherichia coli protein bound only a single zinc ion, via four cysteine residues, with low stability towards protons; 111Cd‐NMR and 111Cd‐edited 1H‐NMR confirmed exclusive cysteine‐coordination, and these cysteine residues reacted rapidly with 5,5′‐dithiobis‐(2‐nitrobenzoic acid). 1H‐NMR of proteins from P. aeruginosa, Anabaena PCC 7120 and E. coli generated fingerprints diagnostic for the GATA‐like zinc finger fold of SmtA. These studies reveal first the existence of multiple bacterial metallothioneins, and second proteins with SmtA‐like lone zinc fingers, devoid of a cluster, and designated GatA. We have identified 12 smtA‐like genes in sequence databases including four of the gatA type.
Learning, innovation and regional development: a critical appraisal of recent debates

A resurgence of interest in the region as a scale of economic organization has been apparent within economic geography over the past decade or so. In view of the apparent shift towards a ‘knowledge-driven economy’, the capacity of regions to support processes of learning and innovation has been identified as a key source of competitive advantage. This paper provides a critical appraisal of recent work on innovation, learning and regional development, situating this within its intellectual context. We argue that, while the focus on knowledge and learning is highly relevant, much of the literature fails to adequately ground its arguments in empirical enquiry and also tends to underemphasize the importance of wider extra-local networks and structures. In conclusion, we offer some directions for further research.
Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean

Phosphate addition to surface waters of the ultraoligotrophic, phosphorus-starved eastern Mediterranean in a Lagrangian experiment caused unexpected ecosystem responses. The system exhibited a decline in chlorophyll and an increase in bacterial production and copepod egg abundance. Although nitrogen and phosphorus colimitation hindered phytoplankton growth, phosphorous may have been transferred through the microbial food web to copepods via two, not mutually exclusive, pathways: (i) bypass of the phytoplankton compartment by phosphorus uptake in heterotrophic bacteria and (ii) tunnelling, whereby phosphate luxury consumption rapidly shifts the stoichiometric composition of copepod prey. Copepods may thus be coupled to lower trophic levels through interactions not usually considered.
Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Tuberculosis Drugs in Tanzanian Patients

ABSTRACT East Africa has a high tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality, yet there are very limited data on exposure to TB drugs in patients from this region. We therefore determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of first-line TB drugs in Tanzanian patients using intensive pharmacokinetic sampling. In 20 adult TB patients, plasma concentrations were determined just before and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after observed drug intake with food to estimate the areas under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Acetylator status for isoniazid was assessed phenotypically using the isoniazid elimination half-life and the acetylisoniazid/isoniazid metabolic ratio at 3 h postdose. The geometric mean AUC0–24s were as follows: isoniazid, 11.0 h · mg/liter; rifampin, 39.9 h · mg/liter; pyrazinamide, 344 h · mg/liter; and ethambutol, 20.2 h · mg/liter. The Cmax was below the reference range for isoniazid in 10/19 patients and for rifampin in 7/20 patients. In none of the patients were the Cmaxs for pyrazinamide and ethambutol below the reference range. Elimination half-life and metabolic ratio of isoniazid gave discordant phenotyping results in only 2/19 patients. A substantial proportion of patients had an isoniazid and/or rifampin Cmax below the reference range. Intake of TB drugs with food may partly explain these low drug levels, but such a drug intake reflects common practice. The finding of low TB drug concentrations is concerning because low concentrations have been associated with worse treatment outcome in several other studies.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide suppresses the production of catalytically active lysosomal acid hydrolases in human macrophages

Sub-microgram quantities of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been found to substantially reduce the intracellular catalytic activities of three representative lysosomal enzymes (namely, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase) in human monocyte- derived macrophages. This response was not associated with a concurrent increase in enzyme catalytic activity in the culture supernatant, and hence, could not be explained by mobilization of preformed material. By conducting experiments in the presence and absence of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, the reduction in lysosomal enzyme catalytic activities was shown not to be dependent on the ability of LPS to induce prostaglandin E2 production. The response was not found to be the result of a more generalized LPS-dependent reduction in the ability of the cells to synthesize protein, since the presence of LPS in macrophage cultures did not appreciably affect the amount of [35S]methionine incorporated into total cellular proteins. A kinetic analysis of the effect of LPS on the down-regulation of enzyme catalytic activities indicated that this was an early response of the cells to LPS exposure. An investigation of the effects of blockade of enzyme catabolism (using the lysosomotropic weak-base, methylamine) indicated that the reduction of catalytic enzyme activities in response to LPS was probably due to a decreased rate of production of active product, rather than an enhanced rate of enzyme catabolism. This suggestion was confirmed by experiments in which the synthesis of pro- hexosaminidase (measured by biosynthetic labeling with [35S]methionine and specific immunoprecipitation of labeled pro-hexosaminidase) was found to be reduced by 42% after a 24-h exposure to LPS (although the synthesis of complement component C3 was stimulated by a factor of 4.5). It is suggested that the ability of LPS to regulate the functional expression of protein products contributes to changes in the overall functional status of these cells in response to this bacterial product.
The Multiple Faces of Post‐Traumatic Growth

The concept of Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) creates an interesting challenge for researchers and theorists in the trauma field. Hobfoll et al. examine the concept and strengthen the need for refining the understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism. They raise and “zoom in” on central questions regarding this relatively new concept. Moreover, they significantly contribute to the emerging doubts about the positive nature of PTG and its adaptive significance. As a result of this article we can ask the question whether or not PTG should be promoted in the aftermath of disasters and adversities. In this commentary we will discuss the relationship between the current thinking on PTG and the development of the concepts of trauma and resilience. We will then critically discuss the research findings of Hobfoll and end with some comments on the differentiation between the cognitive and the action components of PTG presented by the authors. Le concept de developpement post-traumatique (PTG) soumet les chercheurs et theoriciens du traumatisme a un defi stimulant. Hobfoll & al. examinent ce concept et confirment la necessite d’affiner l’apprehension du developpement traumatique face au terrorisme. Ils soulevent et se focalisent sur des questions majeures concernant cette notion relativement nouvelle. En outre, ils renforcent nettement les doutes qui apparaissent a propos de la nature positive du PTG et de sa fonction adaptative. Suite a la lecture de cet article se pose la question de savoir si oui ou non le PTG doit etre mis en avant dans les retombees des desastres et malheurs. Dans ce commentaire, nous reflechirons sur le rapport entre la conception actuelle du PTG et le developpement des concepts de traumatisme et de resilience. Ensuite, nous passerons au crible les resultats d’Hobfoll et terminerons avec quelques considerations sur la differenciation des composantes cognition et action du PTG defendue par les auteurs.
Role of Cytochrome P4502B6 in Methadone Metabolism and Clearance

Methadone N‐demethylation in vitro is catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 (CYP2B6) and CYP3A4, but clinical disposition is often attributed to CYP3A4. This investigation tested the hypothesis that CYP2B6 is a prominent CYP isoform responsible for clinical methadone N‐demethylation and clearance, using the in vivo mechanism‐based CYP2B6 inhibitor ticlopidine, given orally for 4 days. A preliminary clinical investigation with the CYP3A4/5 substrate probe alfentanil established that ticlopidine did not inhibit intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4/5. Subjects received intravenous plus oral (deuterium‐labeled) racemic methadone before and after ticlopidine. Ticlopidine significantly and stereoselectively (S > R) inhibited methadone N‐demethylation, decreasing plasma metabolite/methadone area under the curve ratios and metabolite formation clearances. Ticlopidine also significantly increased the dose‐adjusted plasma area under the curve for R‐ and S‐methadone by 20% and 60%, respectively, after both intravenous and oral dosing. CYP2B6 inhibition reduces methadone N‐demethylation and clearance, and alters methadone concentrations, demonstrating an important role for CYP2B6 in clinical methadone disposition.
Revealing a Two-Loop Transcriptional Feedback Mechanism in the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock

Molecular genetic studies in the circadian model organism Synechococcus have revealed that the KaiC protein, the central component of the circadian clock in cyanobacteria, is involved in activation and repression of its own gene transcription. During 24 hours, KaiC hexamers run through different phospho-states during daytime. So far, it has remained unclear which phospho-state of KaiC promotes kaiBC expression and which opposes transcriptional activation. We systematically analyzed various combinations of positive and negative transcriptional feedback regulation by introducing a combined TTFL/PTO model consisting of our previous post-translational oscillator that considers all four phospho-states of KaiC and a transcriptional/translational feedback loop. Only a particular two-loop feedback mechanism out of 32 we have extensively tested is able to reproduce existing experimental observations, including the effects of knockout or overexpression of kai genes. Here, threonine and double phosphorylated KaiC hexamers activate and unphosphorylated KaiC hexamers suppress kaiBC transcription. Our model simulations suggest that the peak expression ratio of the positive and the negative component of kaiBC expression is the main factor for how the different two-loop feedback models respond to removal or to overexpression of kai genes. We discuss parallels between our proposed TTFL/PTO model and two-loop feedback structures found in the mammalian clock.
The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Behavioral Consultation: Differing Perspectives About Epistemology and What We Know

The astute reader, after some study of the previous two articles, will note a fundamental difference: We (Witt, Gresham, & Noell, this issue) propose that data supporting the efficacy of behavioral consultation (BC) is such that we would categorize BC as 'Not Proven Effective' and Erchul and Schulte (this issue), with some qualification, argue that BC should be categorized as 'Proven Effective. ' The differences between the two articles derive from important epistemological, logical, and philosophical differences about the accrual of data into a systematic body of knowledge. In this article, we highlight the areas of difference with the goal of improving our knowledge base about BC, which we hope continues to evolve as a practice and a science. We address three topics: (a) epistemology, (b) functional analysis versus problem analysis, and (c) efficiency versus effectiveness.