Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lagrange Multipliers Can Fail to Determine Extrema

where z denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to z. Using the approximation Fn ≈ φn √5 we get d(n) = 1 + log10( φ n √ 5 ) ≈ 1 + n log10 φ − log10 √ 5 ≈ 0.209n + 0.651 . Notice that d(n + k) − d(n) ≈ 0.209n + 0.651 + 0.209k − 0.209n + 0.651 . Notice that for k = 1, 2, 3 or 4, d(n + k) − d(n) = 0 or 1. But d(n + 5)− d(n) = 1 or 2. When d(n + 5) − d(n) = 1, we get a run of five Fibonnacci numbers with the same number of digits. However, when d(n + 5)− d(n) = 2, we get only four. Using a computer, we found that d(n + 5) − d(n) = 2 at n = 16, 35, 59, 83, 102, 126, 150, 169, 193, . For example, F16 to F21 are 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, which shows a run of only four Fibonacci numbers with four digits.
On the age distribution of a Markov chain

This paper develops the notion of the limiting age of an absorbing Markov chain, conditional on the present state. Chains with a single absorbing state {0} are considered and with such a chain can be associated a return chain, obtained by restarting the original chain at a fixed state after each absorption. The limiting age, A(j), is the weak limit of the time given Xn = j (n → ∞). A criterion for the existence of this limit is given and this is shown to be fulfilled in the case of the return chains constructed from the Galton–Watson process and the left-continuous random walk. Limit theorems for A (J) (J → ∞) are given for these examples.
THE LUMINOSITY OF TYPE IA SUPERNOVA AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR EARLY-TYPE HOST GALAXIES

In type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) cosmology, a well-established correlation exists between the mass of host galaxies and the Hubble residual (HR) of SNe Ia. In order to investigate the origin of this correlation, we used low-resolution spectroscopic data of early-type host galaxies obtained from our YOnsei Nearby Supernovae Evolution Investigation (YONSEI) project. We measured velocity dispersions and Lick/IDS absorption line indices from these fully calibrated spectra. These indices were used to estimate the luminosity-weighted mean age, metallicity and mass of host galaxies. We found a tight correlation between host mass and population age, which is consistent with the “downsizing” trend in early-type galaxies. This suggests that the well-established correlation between HR and host mass is most likely due to the difference in population age. More observations, which are in progress, are required to understand the impact of luminosity evolution on SNe Ia cosmology.
Phytochemicals Analysis, In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Extracts, and Molecular Docking Studies of the Isolated Compounds from Melhania zavattarii Cufod Leaves

Melhania zavattarii Cufod is an endemic plant species to Ethiopia and is used to treat ailments related to kidney infection. The phytochemical composition and biological activity of M. zavattarii have been not reported yet. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of different solvents' leaf extracts and analyze the molecular binding capacity of isolated compounds from the chloroform leaf extract of M. zavattarii. Accordingly, preliminary phytochemical screening was tested by using standard procedures and the result indicated that phytosterols and terpenoids as major and others like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannin, and coumarins were detected as minor in extracts. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the disk diffusion agar method, and the activities revealed that chloroform extract showed the highest inhibition zones, 12.08 ± 0.38, 14.00 ± 0.50, and 15.58 ± 0.63 mm against Escherichia coli at 50, 75, and 125 mg/mL concentrations, respectively, compared to that of n-hexane and methanol extracts at respective concentrations. Methanol extract showed the highest zone of inhibition 16.42 + 0.52 against Staphylococcus aureus at 125 mg/mL concentration compared to that of n-hexane and chloroform extracts. Two compounds, namely, β-amyrin palmitate (1) and lutein (2) were isolated and identified for the first time from the chloroform leaf extract of M. zavattarii, and structural elucidations of these compounds were accomplished by using spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, and NMR). For the molecular docking study, 1G2A, which is a protein of E. coli and chloramphenicol standard target, was selected. Binding energies of −9.09, −7.05, and −6.87 kcal/mol were calculated for β-amyrin palmitate, lutein, and chloramphenicol, respectively. The drug-likeness property result indicated that both β-amyrin palmitate and lutein violated two rules of Lipinski's rule of five with molecular weight (g/mol) > 500 and LogP > 4.15. In the near future, further phytochemical investigation and biological activity evaluation should be conducted on this plant.
The Influence of pH of Float on the Dyeability of Polyester Fabric

Disperse dyes are essentially non – ionic, exhibit poor solubility in water, and they can be used in the form of water dispersion. Polyester fibres are resistant to dilute aqueous acids and alkaline solutions and pH value does not provide a crucial impact on the dyeing mechanism; however, many disperse dyes undergo degradation if the pH is uncontrolled during aqueous dyeing. In order to minimize the possibility of dye hydrolysis, the dyeing is carried out in a slightly acidic medium, and pH is usually adjusted with acetic acid. In this work, the quantity of disperse dyes (Sinten Gelb P-5GL and Sinten Scharlach P-3GL) applied to polyester knitwear was investigated as a function of pH. The sorption capacity of polyester knitwear was monitored by using reflection curves and CIELab system, according to Swiss software Sandoz (based on spectrophotometry). The acetic acid was used for dyebath pH adjustment. The results showed that the maximum uptake of Sinten Gelb P-5GL and SintenScharlach P-3GL dyes by polyester knitwear occurred at pH 4.64 (0.2924%) and 6.20 (0.1860%), respectively. According to reflection curves in the range (max = 400-700 nm), the effect of pH on the sorption of Sinten Gelb P-5GL was more significant than one for Sinten Scharlach P-3GL, when concentration of dye is constant (0.4%). The CIELab values for three illuminants (daylight, light – bulb and incandescent) showed a significant dependence between pH float and hue and intensity of polyester knitwear dyeing with disperse dyes
Neurophobia among undergraduate medical students: a European experience beyond the Anglosphere

Introduction. Neurophobia is defined as the fear of the neural sciences and clinical neurology that is due to the students’ inability to apply their knowledge of basic sciences to clinical situations. This phenomenon, well documented in the Anglosphere, has seldom been studied in other European countries and never in our country. Our study aimed to determine whether said fear existed among Spanish medical students. Material and methods. A self-administered questionnaire with 18 items was sent to medical students in the second, fourth and sixth years of medical school at a Spanish university during the academic years 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. They were questioned about their fears regarding neurology and neurosciences, causes and potential solutions. Results. Out of 320 responses, 34.1% suffered from neurophobia and only 31.2% felt confident they knew what neurologists do. Despite Neurology being considered the most difficult discipline, it did also arouse the most interest among the students. Main reasons identified for neurophobia were too theoretical lectures (59.4%), neuroanatomy (47.8%), and a lack of integration between neuroscience subjects (39.5%). Solutions considered most important by the students to reverse this situation went along those lines. Conclusion. Neurophobia is prevalent among Spanish medical students too. Having identified the teaching methodology as one of its fundamental causes, neurologists have the opportunity and obligation to reverse this situation. We should strive for more proactive involvement of neurologists at earlier stages of medical education.
Analisis Penerimaan Sistem Informasi Akademik Santri Berbasis Web di Pondok Pesantren Al Halim Garut Menggunakan Metode Technology Acceptance Model

Pondok Pesantren Al Halim Garut merupakan institusi pendidikan nonformal dengan tujuan mengkaji, menafsirkan, menggali, menjiwai, dan mengaplikasikan ajaran islam dengan menegaskan pentingnya etika agama sebagai pedoman perilaku sehari-hari. Sistem Informasi Akademik Santri dibutuhkan untuk memudahkan orang tua santri dan pengurus pondok pesantren dalam melakukan pencarian informasi akademik santri di pondok pesantren. Dikarenakan Sistem Informasi Akademik Santri di Pondok Pesantren Al Halim Garut baru digunakan, maka perlu dilakukan analisis Penerimaan Sistem Informasi Akademik Santri menggunakan Metode Technology Acceptance Model, untuk mengetahui pengukuran pengaruh antar konstruk juga sebagai tolak ukur adaptasi penerimaan pengguna terhadap sistem yang digunakan. Dalam penelitian ini pengolahan data analisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling melalui tools Statistical Product and Service Solution dan Analysis of Moment Structures. Penelitian ini menghasilkan tingkat penerimaan pengguna terhadap Sistem Informasi Akademik Santri dengan nilai probabilitas dibawah 5% yaitu 0,000 dan pengaruh antar konstruk Technology Acceptance Model dengan 3 hipotesis yang diterima yaitu variabel Persepsi kemudahan mempengaruhi Persepsi kegunaan, Persepsi kegunaan mempengaruhi Niat penggunaan, dan Niat penggunaan mempengaruhi Penggunaan nyata.
ROTATED UNSCENTED KALMAN FILTER FOR TWO STATE NONLINEAR SYSTEMS

In the several past years, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) have became basic algorithm for state-variables and parameters estimation of discrete nonlinear systems. The UKF has consistently outperformed for estimation. Sometimes least estimation error doesn't yield with UKF for the most nonlinear systems. In this paper, we use a new approach for a two variable state nonlinear systems which it is called Rotated UKF (R_UKF). R_UKF can be reduced estimation error and reached for least error in state estimation.
Socioemotional Development During Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Macro Shock

IZA DP No. 16187 MAY 2023 Socioemotional Development during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Macro Shock* We exploit a large quasi-exogenous shock to study the development of socioemotional skills during adolescence and the consequences for long-term behavior and labor market outlook. Using novel, longitudinal, microdata on cohorts of East German adolescents before and after a large macro shock (the German Reunification), we causally estimate the impact on socioemotional skills, finding substantial negative effects in the short run. These effects are substantially larger among those affected by the shock in their early adolescence (13-14 years old), relative to older adolescents (16-17 years old). Changes in socioemotional skills have a lasting (negative) impact on them as adults, especially among those affected early in their adolescence, in terms of their expressions of externalizing behavior (e.g., physical fighting) and behavioral control problems (i.e., substance abuse), as well as internalizing behavior (i.e., mental health) and in their (labor-market) optimism and expectations. This study highlights the permanent effects of uncertainty on socioemotional skills during formative years. JEL Classification: D91, I12, I31, J13, J16, J24
Real-World Outcomes of CDK4/6 Inhibitors Treatment in Metastatic Breast Cancer in Romania

The introduction in clinical practice of selective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors improves the outcome of patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (mBC). In Romania, the three available CDK 4/6 inhibitors (Palbociclib, Ribociclib and Ademaciclib) have been approved by the National Agency for Medicines (ANM) in 2019, 2020 and 2021. We conducted a retrospective study from 2019 to 2022 on 107 patients with metastatic breast cancer HR+ that have been treated with CDK 4/6 inhibitors in addition to hormone therapy in the Oncology Department of Colțea Clinical Hospital in Bucharest. The purpose of this study is to calculate the median progression-free survival (PFS) and to compare it with the median PFS from other randomized clinical trials. A key difference from other studies is that our study evaluated both patients with non-visceral mBC and patients with visceral mBC, as these two groups often have different outcomes. A total of 79.4% were postmenopausal patients and 20.6% were premenopausal; 42.1% had different stages at the beginning of disease and 57.9% presented newly metastatic disease. Median PFS was 17 months, unlike randomized clinical trials which reported a median PFS of 25.3 months. The combination of CDK 4/6 inhibitors with endocrine therapy is the golden standard treatment in HR-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer, bringing a prolongation of survival for these patients. Our results show no major differences compared to randomized clinical trials, despite the smaller patient group. In order to have a picture of the efficacy of the treatment as close as possible to the real-world data, we believe that it would be very useful to have a collaboration between several oncology departments in different institutions to carry out a multi-center study on large groups of patients.
SBAS-InSAR-based surface deformation monitoring of permafrost on Banks Island

The land around the Arctic is covered by extensive high-latitude permafrost. Affected by global warming, the Arctic permafrost is degrading. As a precise space-to-Earth observation technology, InSAR can reconstruct permafrost surface deformation with high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. In this study, SBAS-InSAR was adopted to obtain time series of surface deformation due to permafrost degradation from 2017 to 2021 in the local area of northwest Banks Island. The results indicate that almost the whole study area is under the influence of permafrost degradation in continuous surface subsidence, and the water includes soil moisture and surface water system distribution is closely related to surface subsidence. The area with high soil moisture and dense surface water system distribution is more prone to significant surface deformation than other areas. This study provides a new reference for the vulnerability of the Arctic tundra under the impact of global warming and helps to make more scientific decisions on key issues e.g., global climate change, carbon neutrality, Arctic protection and development, and sustainable development.
Gradient temporal-difference learning algorithms

We present a new family of gradient temporal-difference (TD) learning methods with function approximation whose complexity, both in terms of memory and per-time-step computation, scales linearly with the number of learning parameters. TD methods are powerful prediction techniques, and with function approximation form a core part of modern reinforcement learning (RL). However, the most popular TD methods, such as TD(λ), Q-learning and Sarsa, may become unstable and diverge when combined with function approximation. In particular, convergence cannot be guaranteed for these methods when they are used with off-policy training. Off-policy training—training on data from one policy in order to learn the value of another—is useful in dealing with the exploration-exploitation tradeoff. As function approximation is needed for large-scale applications, this stability problem is a key impediment to extending TD methods to real-world large-scale problems. The new family of TD algorithms, also called gradient-TD methods, are based on stochastic gradient-descent in a Bellman error objective function. We provide convergence proofs for general settings, including off-policy learning with unrestricted features, and nonlinear function approximation. Gradient-TD algorithms are on-line, incremental, and extend conventional TD methods to off-policy learning while retaining a convergence guarantee and only doubling computational requirements. Our empirical results suggest that many members of the gradient-TD algorithms may be slower than conventional TD on the subset of training cases in which conventional TD methods are sound. Our latest gradient-TD algorithms are “hybrid” in that they become equivalent to conventional TD—in terms of asymptotic rate of convergence—in on-policy problems.
Optimal prescribed performance tracking control of nonlinear motor driven systems via adaptive dynamic programming

Although optimal regulation problem has been well studied, resolving optimal tracking control via adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) has not been completely resolved, particularly for nonlinear uncertain systems. In this paper, an online adaptive learning method is developed to realize the optimal tracking control design for nonlinear motor driven systems (NMDSs), which adopts the concept of ADP, unknown system dynamic estimator (USDE), and prescribed performance function (PPF). To this end, the USDE in a simple form is first proposed to address the NMDSs with bounded disturbances. Then, based on the estimated unknown dynamics, we define an optimal cost function and derive the optimal tracking control. The derived optimal tracking control is divided into two parts, that is, steady‐state control and optimal feedback control. The steady‐state control can be obtained with the tracking commands directly. The optimal feedback control can be obtained via the concept of ADP based on the PPF; this contributes to improving the convergence of critic neural network (CNN) weights and tracking accuracy of NMDSs. Simulations are provided to display the feasibility of the designed control method.
Individual Extraction of Street Trees From MLS Point Clouds Based on Tree Nonphotosynthetic Components Clustering

The individual extraction of street trees from mobile laser point clouds is the prerequisite for their digital expression and application. However, due to the complexity of urban road environment and the diversity of street trees, especially the scenes where adjacent trees are different in type, size, and crown overlap, accurate extraction of individual street trees is still difficult to achieve. Therefore, in this article, a new method to extract street trees individually from mobile laser scanning point clouds is proposed. First, the ground and buildings are removed through data preprocessing. Then, the artificial poles that may overlap with street tree crowns are further removed by supervoxels region growing, and the regions of interest (ROI) including street trees and understory vegetation are selected. After that, the main branch part (including trunk) of each tree is separated from the ROI by nonphotosynthetic components clustering. Finally, based on the individual clustering results of nonphotosynthetic components, the remaining photosynthetic components in the ROI are segmented individually, and the vegetation under the tree is removed through gradual refinement to achieve the complete segmentation of individual trees. An urban area with a total road length of more than 2.1 km, including six roads with different complexity, was used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method for the individual extraction of street trees. The results show that the proposed method can be effectively used for individual extraction of street trees in different complexity scenes. Overall, the precision, recall and F-score of street tree individual extraction are 94.5%, 97.4%, and 95.9%, respectively.
Life History of Mobile Troughs in the Upper Westerlies

Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that surface cyclogenesis is predominantly a response to the approach of a preexisting trough at upper levels. A question then arises about the origin of the upper-level predecessor. As an initial approach to this question, mobile troughs in the major band of westerlies were crudely tracked in daily Northern Hemispheric 500-mb analysis during nine recent cold seasons. These troughs were identified only in the 552-dam height contour. Between 8 and 15 of them were present on a given day. Study of a particular cold season showed a median duration of 12 days and a mode of 5 days. Average zonal phase speed was 13 m s−1. Locations or origin and termination of individual troughs were distributed over all longitudes, but births greatly exceeded deaths over and east of the Rocky Mountains in North America and the highlands of central Asia. Trough terminations dominated over the eastern portions of the oceans. Within the quasi-steady planetary waves, origins and terminations o.
Microbiological Characterization of the Biofilms Colonizing Bioplastics in Natural Marine Conditions: A Comparison between PHBV and PLA

Biodegradable polymers offer a potential solution to marine pollution caused by plastic waste. The marine biofilms that formed on the surfaces of poly(lactide acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were studied. Bioplastics were exposed for 6 months to marine conditions in the Mediterranean Sea, and the biofilms that formed on their surfaces were assessed. The presence of specific PLA and PHBV degraders was also studied. PHBV showed extensive areas with microbial accumulations and this led to higher microbial surface densities than PLA (4.75 vs. 5.16 log CFU/cm2). Both polymers’ surfaces showed a wide variety of microbial structures, including bacteria, fungi, unicellular algae and choanoflagellates. A high bacterial diversity was observed, with differences between the two polymers, particularly at the phylum level, with over 70% of bacteria affiliated to three phyla. Differences in metagenome functions were also detected, revealing a higher presence of proteins involved in PHBV biodegradation in PHBV biofilms. Four bacterial isolates belonging to the Proteobacteria class were identified as PHBV degraders, demonstrating the presence of species involved in the biodegradation of this polymer in seawater. No PLA degraders were detected, confirming its low biodegradability in marine environments. This was a pilot study to establish a baseline for further studies aimed at comprehending the marine biodegradation of biopolymers.