Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Computational Digital Pixel Sensor Featuring Block-Readout Architecture for On-Chip Image Processing

In this paper, a computational digital pixel sensor (DPS) equipped with an on-chip image-processing capability has been developed. In order to resolve the interconnection bottleneck between the sensor array and on-chip processing units, a new block-readout architecture has been proposed and implemented on the chip. The data from the sensor array are read out in a form of a pixel block compatible to kernel image processing, and they are processed in parallel by on-chip processing units. Such an architecture has enabled us to carry out an efficient kernel processing using a linear array of single-instruction-multiple-data processing units. In order to demonstrate the advantage of such an architecture, a rank-order filtering circuit has been implemented on the chip as a case study of the on-chip image processing. In this paper, a binary-search rank-order filtering algorithm has been implemented in a simple circuitry. A proof-of-concept chip having an array of 64 times 48 pixels was designed and fabricated using a 0.35-mum CMOS technology, and the concept has been verified by the measuremet of fabricated chips.
Physical mechanisms of transient enhanced dopant diffusion in ion-implanted silicon

Implanted B and P dopants in Si exhibit transient enhanced diffusion (TED) during annealing which arises from the excess interstitials generated by the implant. In order to study the mechanisms of TED, transmission electron microscopy measurements of implantation damage were combined with B diffusion experiments using doping marker structures grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Damage from nonamorphizing Si implants at doses ranging from 5×1012 to 1×1014/cm2 evolves into a distribution of {311} interstitial agglomerates during the initial annealing stages at 670–815 °C. The excess interstitial concentration contained in these defects roughly equals the implanted ion dose, an observation that is corroborated by atomistic Monte Carlo simulations of implantation and annealing processes. The injection of interstitials from the damage region involves the dissolution of {311} defects during Ostwald ripening with an activation energy of 3.8±0.2 eV. The excess interstitials drive substitutional B into electric.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Benefits Observed in Bone Marrow Failure and Acquired Aplastic Anemia

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a type of bone marrow failure (BMF) syndrome characterized by partial or total bone marrow (BM) destruction resulting in peripheral blood (PB) pancytopenia, which is the reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), as well as platelets (PLT). The first-line treatment option of AA is given by hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) transplant and/or immunosuppressive (IS) drug administration. Some patients did not respond to the treatment and remain pancytopenic following IS drugs. The studies are in progress to test the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapies as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which confer low immunogenicity and are reliable allogeneic transplants in refractory severe aplastic anemia (SAA) cases. Moreover, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) constitute an essential component of the hematopoietic niche, responsible for stimulating and enhancing the proliferation of HSCs by secreting regulatory molecules and cytokines, providing stimulus to natural BM microenvironment for hematopoiesis. This review summarizes scientific evidences of the hematopoiesis improvements after MSC transplant, observed in acquired AA/BMF animal models as well as in patients with acquired AA. Additionally, we discuss the direct and indirect contribution of MSCs to the pathogenesis of acquired AA.
Familial Occurrence of Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Associated Conditions

Ihokeliakia (dermatitis herpetiformis) on elinikainen rakkuloita aiheuttava ja voimakkaasti kutiseva ihosairaus. Suomessa se on yleisempi kuin muissa maissa ja potilaita on yhteensa noin 5000. Ihokeliakia kuuluu tavallisen keliakian tautikirjoon, vaikka suolioireet ovat ihokeliakiapotilailla harvinaisia. Gluteeniton ruokavalio on ihokeliakian ensisijainen hoito. Keliakian tiedetaan esiintyvan suvuittain, mutta ihokeliakiasta on niukasti tietoa. Tassa vaitoskirjatyossa osoitettiin, etta taipumus kulkea suvuittain on ihokeliakiassa yhta suuri kuin keliakiassa. Tassa kyselytutkimuksessa ihokeliakiapotilaiden lahisukulaisista 5.4% sairastui joko ihokeliakiaan tai tavalliseen keliakiaan keskimaarin 15 vuoden seuranta-aikana. Lahisukulaisten sairastavuus oli sama keliakiassa (5.5%) ja myos heilla esiintyi seka ihokeliakiaa etta keliakiaa. Identtisia kaksosia tutkimalla varmistui, etta perinnollinen alttius ihokeliakian ja keliakian synnyssa on hyvin voimakas. Kuusi identtista kaksosparia tutkittiin seka kliinisesti etta perintotekijoiltaan, ja viidessa tapauksessa kuudesta molemmat kaksosista olivat sairastuneet joko ihokeliakiaan tai sitten ihokeliakiaan ja tavalliseen keliakiaan. Keliakiaa sairastavilla tiedetaan olevan normaalivaestoa enemman autoimmuunitauteja, kuten tyypin 1 diabetesta, ja heilla on myos riski sairastua pahanlaatuisiin kasvaimiin, erityisesti ohutsuolen lymfoomiin. Tama vaitoskirjatyo varmisti etta myos ihokeliakiapotilaat sairastuvat normaalia useammin tyypin 1 diabetekseen ja lymfoomiin. Heidan lahisukulaisensa sairastuivat myos tavallista useammin tyypin 1 diabetekseen, mutta lymfoomien esiintyvyys ei lahisukulaisilla ollut kohonnut. Lymfoomaan sairastuneet ihokeliakiapotilaat noudattivat verrokkeja huonommin gluteenitonta ruokavaliota. Tama tulos vahvistaa aiempaa nakemysta siita, etta huolellisesti noudatettu gluteeniton ruokavaliohoito poistaa ihokeliakiapotilaiden kohonneen riskin sairastua lymfoomaan. Taman vaitostutkimuksen tuloksia kaytantoon sovellettaessa ensimmainen huomio on se, etta ihokeliakiapotilaiden lahisukulaiset olisi syyta seuloa verikokein piilevan keliakian toteamiseksi. Seulonnan tekee tarkeaksi se, etta gluteenittomalla ruokavaliohoidolla voidaan estaa keliakian komplikaatioita, kuten osteoporoosia ja lymfoomia. Toiseksi, koska ihokeliakiapotilailla esiintyy runsaasti tyypin 1 diabetesta, joka puhkeaa useimmiten ennen ihottuman alkamista, diabeetikkoja hoitavien laakareiden tulisi tunnistaa myos ihokeliakian oireet, jotta nama potilaat voitaisiin diagnosoida ja hoitaa gluteenittomalla ruokavaliohoidolla mahdollisimman varhain. Kolmanneksi, hoitavien laakareiden olisi erityisesti huomioitava mahdolliseen lymfoomaan viittaavat oireet ja loydokset niiden ihokeliakiapotilaiden kohdalla, jotka eivat syysta tai toisesta noudata gluteenitonta ruokavaliohoitoa kuten pitaisi. ; Dermatitis herpetiformis is a lifelong skin disease characterized by an itchy, blistering rash and pathognomonic IgA deposits in the dermis. It has a gluten-sensitive enteropathy similar, though mostly…
Wound Healing Complications Following Guided Bone Regeneration for Ridge Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE The rate of developing soft tissue complications that accompany guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures varies widely, from 0% to 45%. The present review was conducted to investigate the rate for resorbable versus nonresorbable membranes and the timing of soft tissue complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted by two independent reviewers using several databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, for articles published through July 2015, with no language restriction. Articles were included if they were clinical trials aimed at demonstrating the incidence of soft tissue complications following GBR procedures. RESULTS Overall, 21 and 15 articles were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. The weighted complication rate of the overall soft tissue complications, including membrane exposure, soft tissue dehiscence, and acute infection/abscess, into the calculation was 16.8% (95% CI = 10.6% to 25.4%). When considering the complication rate based on membrane type used, resorbable membrane was associated with a weighted complication rate of 18.3% (95% CI: 10.4% to 30.4%) and nonresorbable membrane with a rate of 17.6% (95% CI: 10.0% to 29.3%). Moreover, soft tissue lesions were reported as early as 1 week and as late as 6 months based on the included studies. CONCLUSION Soft tissue complications after GBR are common (16.8%). Membrane type did not appear to significantly affect the complication rate, based on the limited number of data retrieved in this study. Technique sensitivity (ie, soft tissue management) may still be regarded as the main component to avoid soft tissue complications and, hence, to influence the success of bone regenerative therapy.
Dogmatism, sex of the subject, and cognitive complexity.

Summary An attempt was made to assess the relationship of (1) high, medium, and low dogmatism and (2) sex of the S to cognitive complexity. It was found that females were significantly more complex than males and that dogmatism was curvilinearly related to complexity. In addition, sex and dogmatism interacted significantly. The results were interpreted in terms of the functional relevence of cognitive complexity to qualitatively different modes of structuring the stimulus world.
Building human genome maps with radiation hybrids

Genome maps are crucial tools in human genetic research, providing known landmarks for locating disease genes and frameworks for large-scale sequencing. Radiation hybrid mapping is one technique for building genome maps. In this paper, we describe the methods used to build radiation hybrid maps of the entire human genome. We present the hidden Markov model that we employ to estimate the likelihood of a map despite uncertainty about the data, and we discuss the problem of searching for maximum-likelihood maps. We describe the graph algorithms used to find sparse but reliable initial maps and our methods of extending them. Finally, we show results validating our software on simulated data, and we describe our genome-wide human radiation hybrid maps and the evidence supporting them.
Living beyond our physiological means: small vessel disease of the brain is an expression of a systemic failure in arteriolar function: a unifying hypothesis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is our premise that the pathophysiology of small vessel disease in the brain is similar to small vessel disease in other heavily perfused tissues and that the presence of small vessel disease elsewhere in the body foretells its presence in the brain as well as its consequences on cognitive function. The hypothesis presented in this article is that small vessel disease is a systemic condition of aging that is exacerbated by vascular risk factors, which results from dysfunction of arteriolar perfusion. This condition, which we term systemic arteriolar dysfunction, affects the brain as well as a number of extracranial systems. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Recent literature is synthesized to suggest a possible etiology of this condition, highlighting the multiple pathways that may conspire to produce the endothelial and other vascular changes seen in systemic arteriolar dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the etiology, we emphasize that small vessel disease is a systemic condition with major healthcare consequences, requiring a new paradigm in the way we practice medicine. Because this condition can be decelerated by control of vascular risk factors, doing so may significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
Characterization of Interleukin-1 Receptor-associated Kinase in Normal and Endotoxin-tolerant Cells*

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), a signal transducer for interleukin-1, has also been suggested to participate in the Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune response to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Using the human promonocytic THP-1 cell line, we demonstrated that the endogenous IRAK is quickly activated in response to bacterial LPS stimulation, as measured by its in vitro kinase activity toward myelin basic protein. LPS also triggers the association of IRAK with MyD88, the adaptor protein linking IRAK to the Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1β receptor intracellular domain. Macrophage cells with prolonged LPS treatment become tolerant to additional dose of LPS and no longer express inflammatory cytokines. Endotoxin tolerance is a common phenomenon observed in blood from sepsis patients. We observed for the first time that the quantity of IRAK is greatly reduced in LPS-tolerant THP-1 cells, and its activity no longer responds to further LPS challenge. In addition, IRAK does not associate with MyD88 in the tolerant cells. Furthermore, application of AG126, a putative tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can substantially alleviate the LPS-induced cytokine gene expression and can also decrease IRAK level and activity. Our study indicates that IRAK is essential for LPS-mediated signaling and that cells may develop endotoxin tolerance by down-regulating IRAK.
Chemical gastritis induced by naproxen in the absence of Helicobacter pylori infection.

AIM--To evaluate the histological changes that occur in the antral mucosa of healthy male subjects before and after one week of naproxen administration, using a chemical gastritis score according to the Helicobacter pylori status. METHODS--Nineteen male subjects (mean age 31 years) underwent two endoscopies: one before and the other after one week of naproxen treatment (1 g daily). Antral biopsy specimens were assessed for the presence of H pylori infection and for chemical gastritis, defined as the presence of foveolar hyperplasia, muscle fibres in the lamina propria, oedema, and vasodilatation, in the absence of acute or chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. RESULTS--Of the 19 subjects, eight had H pylori infection. After one week of naproxen treatment, none of those with H pylori infection developed chemical gastritis, while five of 11 (45%) of those without H pylori infection did. In the absence of H pylori infection there was no evidence of inflammation, either before or after naproxen administration. CONCLUSIONS--A different pattern of antral histological change occurs following naproxen administration. This pattern is related to the presence or absence of H pylori infection, suggesting that H pylori status should be determined in histological studies of subjects taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Rare Disasters and Exchange Rates

We propose a new model of exchange rates, based on the hypothesis that the possibility of rare but extreme disasters is an important determinant of risk premia in asset markets. The probability of world disasters as well as each country's exposure to these events is time-varying. This creates joint fluctuations in exchange rates, interest rates, options, and stock markets. The model accounts for a series of major puzzles in exchange rates: excess volatility and exchange rate disconnect, forward premium puzzle and large excess returns of the carry trade, and comovements between stocks and exchange rates. It also makes empirically successful signature predictions regarding the link between exchange rates and telltale signs of disaster risk in currency options.
Focal macular electroretinograms in eyes with wet-type age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To study the properties of the focal macular electroretinograms (fmERGs) in eyes with untreated wet-type age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS fmERGs were recorded from 157 eyes of 157 consecutive patients with untreated wet-type AMD (113 men, 44 women; age, 71.3 +/- 8.0 years). The fmERGs were recorded under direct fundus observation using a modified infrared fundus camera and a 15 degrees stimulus spot. Amplitudes and implicit times of the fmERGs recorded from the AMD patients were compared with those from 21 age-similar healthy controls. RESULTS The amplitudes of fmERGs in the AMD patients were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) and the implicit times were significantly longer (P < 0.001) than the corresponding values in the control eyes. There was a significant correlation between amplitude and implicit time of the fmERG and visual acuity (logMAR), but the degree of correlation was weak. The difference in the b/a amplitude ratio between the AMD patients and healthy controls was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in amplitude and the severe delay in implicit times of a- and b-waves of the fmERGs indicated significant functional alterations in the inner and the outer retinal layers of the macular area of eyes with wet-type AMD.
Language-based Defenses Against Untrusted Browser Origins

We present new attacks and robust countermeasures for security-sensitive components, such as single sign-on APIs and client-side cryptographic libraries, that need to be safely deployed on untrusted web pages. We show how failing to isolate such components leaves them vulnerable to attacks both from the hosting website and other components running on the same page. These attacks are not prevented by browser security mechanisms alone, because they are caused by code interacting within the same origin. To mitigate these attacks, we propose to combine fine-grained component isolation at the JavaScript level with cryptographic mechanisms. We present Defensive JavaScript (DJS), a subset of the language that guarantees the behavior integrity of scripts even when loaded in a hostile environment. We give a sound type system, type inference tool, and build defensive libraries for cryptography and data encodings. We show the effectiveness of our solution by implementing several applications using defensive patterns that fix some of our original attacks. We present a model extraction tool to analyze the security properties of our applications using a cryptographic protocol verifier.
Computationally efficient models of neuromuscular recruitment and mechanics

We have improved the stability and computational efficiency of a physiologically realistic, virtual muscle (VM 3.*) model (Cheng et al 2000 J. Neurosci. Methods 101 117–30) by a simpler structure of lumped fiber types and a novel recruitment algorithm. In the new version (VM 4.0), the mathematical equations are reformulated into state-space representation and structured into a CMEX S-function in SIMULINK. A continuous recruitment scheme approximates the discrete recruitment of slow and fast motor units under physiological conditions. This makes it possible to predict force output during smooth recruitment and derecruitment without having to simulate explicitly a large number of independently recruited units. We removed the intermediate state variable, effective length (Leff), which had been introduced to model the delayed length dependency of the activation–frequency relationship, but which had little effect and could introduce instability under physiological conditions of use. Both of these changes greatly reduce the number of state variables with little loss of accuracy compared to the original VM. The performance of VM 4.0 was validated by comparison with VM 3.1. 5 for both single-muscle force production and a multi-joint task. The improved VM 4.0 model is more suitable for the analysis of neural control of movements and for design of prosthetic systems to restore lost or impaired motor functions. VM 4.0 is available via the internet and includes options to use the original VM model, which remains useful for detailed simulations of single motor unit behavior.
Studies of mixed lymphocyte reactions, surface B cell antigens, and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins in “null cell” acute lymphocytic leukemia

Lymphoblasts from “null cell” acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were analyzed for the pattern of proliferation displayed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), the presence of a B cell surface antigen, and for the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin (ICIg). “Null cell” ALL was defined by cytologic and cytochemical criteria and by the absence of spontaneous rosette formation and surface membrane immunoglobulin in cell suspensions of the malignant lymphocytes. In eleven of fourteen patients the proliferative characteristics of lymphoblasts in the MLR were similar to those observed with normal B enriched lymphocytes. In eleven cases studied, anti‐B cell serum reacted with a majority of the lymphoblasts. None of the ten cases examined displayed ICIg in the lymphoblasts. We conclude that the “null” lymphoblast from most cases of ALL is a B cell in an early stage of development.
Developmental regulation of Islet‐1 mRNA expression during neuronal differentiation in embryonic zebrafish

Islet‐1 (Isl‐1) is a LIM domain/homeodomain‐type transcription regulator that has been originally identified as an insulin gene enhancer binding protein. Isl‐1 is also expressed by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system of rat and chick embryos. We have cloned the Isl‐1 cDNA from zebrafish and examined its expression pattern using in situ hybridization to whole‐mount embryos. Isl‐1 mRNA first appears immediately after gastrulation in the polster, the cranial ganglia, and in Rohon‐Beard neurons and ventromedial cells of the spinal cord. The expression by the ventromedial cells is segmentally repeated and becomes restricted to the one or two cells slightly anterior to the segment borders. Double staining by in situ hybridization and an antibody which stains most axons suggested that these segmentally distributed cells may be either the rostral primary motoneuron (RoP) or middle primary motoneuron (MiP). This raises a possibility that Isl‐1 may be involved during determination of subtype identities of the primary motoneurons. Furthermore, the specific Isl‐1 mRNA expression in the spinal cord is under the control of the somites, since mutant embryo with defective somite failed to maintain this pattern. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research on Biodeterioration of Wood , 1987 – 1992 I . Decay Mechanisms and Biocontrol

Growing concerns about the environment present an urgent need for new approaches to preserving wood. Some commonly used preservatives have been banned or restricted in several countries. Scientists at the Forest Products Laboratory , USDA Forest Service, are exploring new approaches for detecting and preventing wood decay. Progress in this ongoing research program is presented in two research papers. This report, Part I, describes research on decay mechanisms and biological control (biocontrol). Research on diagnosis of decay and in-place treatment is presented in Part II (FPL–RP–530). This research paper first describes current knowledge about how white-and brown-rot fungi decay wood and then delineates research in two problem areas: (1) control of wood decay through targeting biosynthetic and degradative pathways, and (2) biological control (biocontrol) of wood decay through nondecay microorganisms. Finally, directions for further research are described in the areas of biology of wood deterioration and protection of wood without chemical pesticides. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705–2398. Laboratory publications are sent to more than 1,000 libraries in the United States and elsewhere. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.