Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emerging Role of the Scaffolding Protein Dlg1 in Vesicle Trafficking

Discs large 1 (Dlg1) is a modular scaffolding protein implicated in the control of cell polarity through assembly of specific multiprotein complexes, including receptors, ion channels and signaling proteins, at specialized zones of the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that in addition to these well‐known interaction partners, Dlg1 may also recruit components of the vesicle trafficking machinery either to the plasma membrane or to transport vesicles. Here, we discuss Dlg1 function in vesicle formation, targeting, tethering and fusion, in both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. These pathways contribute to cell functions as major and diverse as glutamatergic activity in the neurons, membrane homeostasis in Schwann cell myelination, insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes, or endothelial secretion of the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF).
Forest Management Systems Evaluation: Using ISO14000

Sustainable forest management (SFM) or ecosystem management is now the stated goal of forest managers in most countries. SFM takes a longer-term, broader perspective on forest values than timber production or the narrow multiple use regimes of the past. As a result of international activities including the International Tropical Timber Organization, the Ministerial Council on Protection of Forests in Europe and the Montreal Process for temperate and boreal forests outside Europe, there are now sufficiently specific and agreed principles, criteria and indicators (C&I) to guide policy makers towards SFM. To achieve SFM requires holistic assessments of forest management systems in terms of these C&I to ensure the delivery of sustainable outcomes across forest regions. This paper focuses on the implementation of SFM as defined by the C&I, and, in particular, how to identify needed reforms in forest management systems. The paper explains and evaluates the International Standards Organization's (ISO's) environmental management systems (EMS) ISO14000/EMS approach adopted for this purpose in Australia to assess the adequacy of forest management systems. The approach was applied as a key element in the regional forest agreements prepared to meet the Australian National Forest Policy Statement. The ISO14000/EMS, in conjunction with the SFM criteria, provides a systematic approach to assessing forest management systems to reveal the adequacy of the legislative, planning, implementation, monitoring and review of all-tenure forest management as required by SFM.
The AP1-dependent secretion of galectin-1 by Reed–Sternberg cells fosters immune privilege in classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphomas (cHLs) contain small numbers of neoplastic Reed–Sternberg (RS) cells within an extensive inflammatory infiltrate that includes abundant T helper (Th)-2 and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The skewed nature of the T cell infiltrate and the lack of an effective host antitumor immune response suggest that RS cells use potent mechanisms to evade immune attack. In a screen for T cell-inhibitory molecules in cHL, we found that RS cells selectively overexpressed the immunoregulatory glycan-binding protein, galectin-1 (Gal1), through an AP1-dependent enhancer. In cocultures of activated T cells and Hodgkin cell lines, RNAi-mediated blockade of RS cell Gal1 increased T cell viability and restored the Th1/Th2 balance. In contrast, Gal1 treatment of activated T cells favored the secretion of Th2 cytokines and the expansion of CD4+CD25high FOXP3+ Treg cells. These data directly implicate RS cell Gal1 in the development and maintenance of an immunosuppressive Th2/Treg-skewed microenvironment in cHL and provide the molecular basis for selective Gal1 expression in RS cells. Thus, Gal1 represents a potential therapeutic target for restoring immune surveillance in cHL.
The Future of social democracy : problems and prospects of social democratic parties in Western Europe

Events of the last ten years have brought about dramatic changes in the social-democratic parties of Western Europe. Oil prices have doubled, spurring recessions in world trade and altering patterns of income redistribution and welfare. Attitudes toward NATO have also shifted as policies have changed, costs have risen, and new strategic priorities have been adopted. This book focuses on the impact of contemporary challenges to the major social-democratic parties. It explores such timely issues as the widespread tensions between leaders and party members, attitudes to and policies on nuclear weapons, NATO pressures to increase military expenditure, problems of income redistribution and social welfare, and the implications for the future of the changing social composition of the parties' members.
The Marketing Mix Redefined and Mapped

Addresses the question of how the Marketing Mix framework can be used to analyse the competitive standing of a business organization and how the outcome of this analysis can then be translated into practical tactics which capitalize on the organization′s strengths. The MIXMAP model developed as a guide for marketing this transition from the strategic to the tactical level.
Corrective Taxes and Auctions of Rights in the Control of Externalities: Some Further Thoughts

Taking as its point of departure the Holcombe-Meiners contention that a system of marketable pollution rights is susceptible to the monopolization of these rights as a means to forestall the entry of competitors, this article explores more broadly the relative merits of systems of effluent fees and of marketable rights for the control of pollution. The article suggests, first, that the Holcombe-Meiners problem concerning the use of pollution rights as a barrier to entry is likely to be inconsequential, and, second, that from a wider perspective, a system of marketable pollution rights under which the rights are initially distributed to existing polluters has some quite compelling advantages in practice over the economist's more traditional proposal for a system of effluent fees. It is, moreover, the direction in which environmental policy appears to be moving in the United States.
Orally administered glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius reduce acute inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis

Polysaccharides are one of the most potent mushroom-derived substances exhibiting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The aims of the present study were to determine whether orally administered glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius could attenuate or prevent the development of experimental colitis in mice. Colonic inflammation was induced in mice by treatment with 3·5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 18 d. Before or after DSS administration, mice were given hot water solubles (HWS) or mycelium extract (ME) (2 or 20 mg per mouse) daily in their food. Colonic damage was macroscopically and histologically evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by changes in colon length, TNF-α levels released by colonic samples in organ culture and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in colonic samples were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. P. pulmonarius glucans attenuated and prevented the development of symptoms associated with DSS-induced colitis. High doses of HWS and ME blocked colon shortening, suppressed MPO activity and improved macroscopic score in all treatment groups. In addition, histological damage from colitis was reduced by HWS and ME at all doses. The tissue levels of TNF-α protein were significantly decreased and correlated with degree of inflammation and macroscopic score. All treatments significantly attenuated the increased DSS-mediated expression levels of IL-1β. We conclude that the different glucan preparations (HWS or ME) harvested from P. pulmonarius when orally administered to DSS-treated mice attenuate the development of colonic inflammation, suggesting putative clinical utility for these extracts in the treatment of colitis.
Bandwidth Overhead-Free Data Reconstruction Scheme for Distributed Storage Code With Low Decoding Complexity

The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> combination property (CP) is defined as follows: <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> source packets are mapped into <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n \geq k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> packets and any <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> out of these <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> packets are able to recover the information of the original <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> packets. This <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP is extensively needed by cloud storage service providers. Reed-Solomon (RS) codes possess CP at the cost of high encoding and decoding complexity for two reasons: operation over a large-size finite field and time-consuming matrix inversion operation. By operating within the binary field and by allowing only zigzag decoding at the decoder, binary zigzag decoding that possesses CP lowers the decoding complexity significantly. The drawback is that storage room overhead is needed. Corresponding to this storage room overhead, in the data reconstruction process, intuitively fetching <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> whole stored packets will consume overhead bandwidth. In this paper, a data reconstruction scheme that is optimal in terms of bandwidth consumption is designed, where optimal means the bandwidth consumption is equal to the volume of data to be reconstructed, namely, no overhead bandwidth is needed. To do that, a universal method of fetching sub-packet is proposed, and its corresponding decoding method is also designed.
Monetarist Monetary Policy, Exchange Risk, and Exchange Rate Variability

This paper investigates the relationship between the new monetary control procedures, implemented by the Federal Reserve Board in October 1979, and the subsequent increase in exchange rate variability for the United States. It shows that, in the context of a stochastic, rational expectations model,exchange rate variability minimizing monetary policy is identical to the policy which, in a deterministic, perfect foresight model, would place the economy on the borderline between exchange rate overshooting and undershooting. The model is estimated for the United States since generalized floating began in 1973. The new monetary control procedures have had two opposite effects. Monetary policy has become less accommodative, increasing exchange rate variability through overshooting. On the other hand ,systematic deviations from uncovered interest rate parity, which can be attributed to exchange risk, have also increased. These increase exchange rate variability through undershooting. It is shown that the latter dominate the former, providing an explanation of increased exchange rate variability consistent with undershooting, not with overshooting.
Employment Dynamics among British Single Mothers

The authors adopt a stochastic model of labor-market turnover in order to analyze entries to and exits from paid employment by British lone mothers. They estimate the model using demographic and employment-history data from the 1980 Women and Employment Survey. The theoretical model predicts that the exit rate falls and entry rises with a higher woman's human capital wage, and that a higher utility flow received when out of employment has the opposite effects. These predictions are generally confirmed by the parameter estimates, although welfare benefits received when not employed are only found to discourage employment in a restricted model that is rejected by the data. Copyright 1991 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Biomechanics of total hip arthroplasty

The biomechanics of the hip joint provide an understanding of the development, evolution, and treatment of many disabling conditions of this joint. The available methods of biomechanical analysis include in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and theoretical mathematic analyses. The information obtained from these analyses have enabled the design of therapeutic programs to alleviate the symptoms of, and possibly delay the progression of, hip disease. The design of surgical procedures has been based on alterations of the biomechanics of the hip. These procedures have proven useful for treating pathologies such as osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia, and hip fractures. The study of biomechanics and biomaterials are integral to the current success of total hip arthroplasty in achieving pain relief and functional restoration. Anat Rec (New Anat) 257:110–116, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A population‐based profile of 160 Australians with Prader‐Willi syndrome: Trends in diagnosis, birth prevalence and birth characteristics

Perceived temporal trends in recognition and diagnosis of Prader–Willi syndrome served as the rationale for an updated epidemiological profile of individuals with this syndrome. Data from the Victorian Prader–Willi Syndrome Register were used to explore birth prevalence, birth characteristics, timing of diagnosis, and molecular mechanism, and to identify trends over time. Maternal age, birth gestation, small for gestational age, and sex were compared across molecular mechanisms. Between 1951 and 2012 there were 160 individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome, known to the Victorian Prader–Willi Syndrome Register, who were born in the Australian state of Victoria. The birth prevalence for individuals with a molecular diagnosis of Prader–Willi syndrome was estimated to be 1:15,830 for 2003–2012. Compared to 1973–1981, the decade 2003–2012 saw an increase in the rate of molecular diagnosis from 58% to 96%, more complete identification of the molecular mechanism (42% vs. 83%), earlier molecular diagnosis (1.3 years vs. 8.6 weeks), and a rise in the relative proportion of maternal uniparental disomy from 0% to 45%. One quarter of infants was born preterm and 53% were small for gestational age. This study confirms a temporal change in diagnostic patterns, suggests a greater relative contribution of maternal uniparental disomy as a molecular mechanism, provides a more robust estimate of birth prevalence and provides evidence of in utero growth restriction for this group. These findings have important clinical and health service delivery implications and pave the way for further research in Prader–Willi syndrome. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Political and organizational legitimacy of public sector auditing in New Zealand local government

This article expands our understanding of the introduction of new audit arrangements in the public sector by looking at two cases relating to the audit of local government using the dual lens of political legitimacy and organizational legitimacy. The first case saw the Audit Office replace the elected auditors as the sole auditor of municipalities in 1886 and the second case saw the Auditor-General fail to gain additional powers to control the financial management of local government in 1892. Following Power (2003), the article illustrates how legitimacy was sought in these cases using the three stages of controversy, closure and credibility. The nature of the legitimacy is viewed as organizational (Suchman, 1995) or political (Levi et al., 2009). The use of the dual lens provides a deeper understanding of the form of the legitimacy and how it was obtained within the setting of local government.
Dietary behaviour and nutritional status in underprivileged people using food aid (ABENA study, 2004-2005).

BACKGROUND Although initiatives are setting up to improve the nutritional status of deprived people, few studies have described the food aid user profile and evaluated their nutritional needs. The contributions of food aid to the food supply, dietary behaviour and nutritional status of food aid users were evaluated in the ABENA study. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among food aid users in four urban French zones (n = 1664, age ≥18 years). Sociodemographic and economic characteristics, food insufficiency, food supply and diet behaviours were assessed using standardised questionnaires. A subsample of participants underwent clinical and biochemical examinations. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed taking into account sample weights. RESULTS Over 70% of participants used food aid as the only source of supply among numerous food groups, and one-quarter of them (27.2%) were using food aid for 3 years or more. The mean food budget was €70.0 per person per month, and 46.0% of subjects were classified as 'food-insufficient'. Half of the subjects fulfilled the French recommendations for starchy foods (48.7%) and 'meat, fish and eggs' (49.4%); 27.3% met the requirements for seafood. Only a very small proportion of participants met the recommendations for fruits and vegetables (1.2%) and dairy products (9.2%). In addition, 16.7% of subjects were obese, 29.4% had high blood pressure, 14.8% were anaemic, 67.9% were at risk of folate deficiency and 85.6% had vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of an unhealthy diet and poor health profiles in severely disadvantaged persons and highlight the importance of food aid in this population. Thus, this study points to the necessity of improving the nutritional quality of currently distributed food aid.
Repurposing as a strategy for the discovery of new anti-leishmanials: the-state-of-the-art

SUMMARY Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania for which there is a paucity of effective viable non-toxic drugs. There are 1·3 million new cases each year causing considerable socio-economic hardship, best measured in 2·4 million disability adjusted life years, with greatest impact on the poorest communities, which means that desperately needed new antileishmanial treatments have to be both affordable and accessible. Established medicines with cheaper and faster development times may hold the cure for this neglected tropical disease. This concept of using old drugs for new diseases may not be novel but, with the ambitious target of controlling or eradicating tropical diseases by 2020, this strategy is still an important one. In this review, we will explore the current state-of-the-art of drug repurposing strategies in the search for new treatments for leishmaniasis.
LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND THE DIALECTICS OF HIERARCHY, MARKET AND NETWORK

This article seeks to bring the study of conflict into analysis of the new institutions of urban governance. Neither the orthodox nor the sceptical literatures on the proliferation of autonomous, self-organising networks in urban governance pay sufficient attention to the role of conflict in defining the relationship between market, hierarchy and network, although they recognise that conflict occurs. Conflict is a constitutive and animating feature of market societies. The core argument is that where conflict manifests in networks, the exercise of authority often becomes necessary to sustain them. However, the exercise of authority can undermine trust and reciprocity, further undermining networking. These findings suggest that where conflict manifests itself, hierarchical intervention, which may simultaneously be necessary for networking, but undermine it. Conflict therefore places proponents of governance as networking in a dialectical bind, when the centre does not wish to intervene but has to, and such intervention undermines local networks, in turn prompting the further exercise of state authority. The article concludes, however by highlighting factors that limit network conflict and it puts forward a model for comparative research, positing a set of relationships between conflict and cooperation and network openness or closure.
Flutuações cambiais, estratégias de políticas monetárias e metas de inflação

This work has as central task to present problems associated with the choice of monetary policies strategic, particularly, the choice of exchange rate regimes to compose these strategies. We have tried to show the characteristics of each one of these monetary-exchange rate regimes, as well as its adoption in the several developed and developing economies, including the possibilities to link domestic currencies to a foreign currency, or to a basket of currencies of the area of economic cooperation, or even the monetary independence for the exchange rate flotation. Our contribution is in the fact that we have showed, with that, that the choice of more flexible exchange rate regimes imposes some additional type of monetary strategy, or based on objective monetary goals, eigher based on inflation objectives (inflation targeting). We have showed, still, that any one of these choices has been implicating in the elaboration of some type of macroeconomic program backed by IMF, just only for economies that faced some recent exchange rate crisis.
Analysis of container port policy by the reaction of an equilibrium shipping market

In the competitive container cargo transportation market, shipping companies are drastically changing their strategy vis-a-vis routing and port choice by the formation of global alliances. In such a situation, the effectiveness of port management policy in persuading container liners to use the port is most important. The paper discusses port management policy in an equilibrium shipping market. A model is proposed to simulate the flow of foreign trade container cargo using game theory. It is used to explain the interaction of port management policy, shipping companies and shippers.
Efficacy and oncologic safety of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: a randomized controlled trial

Objective A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) in preserving bladder function and its oncologic safety in the treatment of cervical cancer. Methods From March 2003 to November 2005, 92 patients with cervical cancer stage IA2 to IIA were randomly assigned for surgical treatment with conventional radical hysterectomy (CRH) or NSRH, and 86 patients finally included in the analysis. Adequacy of nerve sparing, radicality, bladder function, and oncologic safety were assessed by quantifying the nerve fibers in the paracervix, measuring the extent of paracervix and harvested lymph nodes (LNs), urodynamic study (UDS) with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and 10-year disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. Results There were no differences in clinicopathologic characteristics between two groups. The median number of nerve fiber was 12 (range, 6 to 21) and 30 (range, 17 to 45) in the NSRH and CRH, respectively (p<0.001). The extent of resected paracervix and number of LNs were not different between the two groups. Volume of residual urine and bladder compliance were significantly deteriorated at 12 months after CRH. On the contrary, all parameters of UDS were recovered no later than 3 months after NSRH. Evaluation of the IPSS showed that the frequency of long-term urinary symptom was higher in CRH than in the NSRH group. The median duration before the postvoid residual urine volume became less than 50 mL was 11 days (range, 7 to 26 days) in NSRH group and was 18 days (range, 10 to 85 days) in CRH group (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the 10-year DFS between two groups. Conclusion NSRH appears to be effective in preserving bladder function without sacrificing oncologic safety.