Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collective resilience versus collective vulnerability after disasters- a Social Psychological perspective

Disasters seem to strike with increasing frequency in our global community, especially now that we live in an era of almost instant media coverage of each new emergency. Therefore, emergency management and disaster mitigation strategies appear to be increasingly necessary in this post-9/11 world. However, it is debatable whether the world we inhabit has become a more dangerous place to live in, or whether people are now more aware of disasters and are so more risk averse. This may also be influenced by the extensive coverage that many disasters receive, especially now technology allows those affected to broadcast footage of disasters to a global audience as they happen. Despite common expectations that ‘mass panic’ is the dominant response in mass emergencies (Goltz, 1984; Fahy et al., 2011), over 50 years of research, and nearly 500 published articles archived by the US-based Disaster Research Center, have found that communities often cope with disasters and emergencies much better than expected. Rather than fracturing social bonds, disasters can actually bring people together in mutual support and cooperation in ways rarely seen before the disaster. Nevertheless, there is a contrast in perspectives on how people cope with disasters. Firstly, there is the prevailing orthodoxy advocating the concept of ‘vulnerability’ where it is assumed that people will be traumatized by these events, that their capacity to cope with the pressures of everyday life may be compromised as a result, and therefore clinical interventions should be developed to help those traumatized readjust to normal life afterwards. More recently though, a new perspective has emerged that considers the concept of ‘resilience’, where it is argued that both people and organizations cope surprisingly well with adversity, and that behaviour during and after mass emergencies is not so divorced from usual social norms as previously expected. Indeed, both sociological (Tierney and Trainor, 2004; Dynes, 2006) and psychological (Drury et al., 2009a, 2009b; Williams and Drury, 2010) evidence suggest that far from cliched accounts of mass panic, people and organizations are remarkably resilient both during and after mass emergencies. Therefore, it would seem that approaches to stress and trauma can benefit from the study of collective resilience, and that groups can be considered as a psychological resource that professionals can draw upon to inform their interventions. This chapter will explore the development of models that attempt to explain behaviour during and after mass emergencies, and look at how collective approaches to stress and trauma may help with disaster management and mitigation.
Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations.

Prolegomena. Preface. 1. Introduction A. Leshner. 2. Resilience: An Interview with Norman Garmezy J. Rolf, M.D. Glantz. The Concept of Resilience. 3. Toward an Understanding of Resilience: A Critical Review of Definitions and Models H. Kaplan. 4. Re-Visiting the Validity of the Construct of Resilience R.E. Tarter, M. Vanyukov. 5. Drug Use, Resilience, and the Myth of the Golden Child F. Beauvais, E. Oetting. 6. Analysis and Reconceptualization of Resilience M.D. Glantz, Z. Sloboda. The Measurement of Resilience. 7. Measurement Issues in the Empirical Study of Resilience: An Overview S.S. Luthar, G. Cushing. 8. Critical Conceptual and Measurement Issues in the Study of Resilience M. Windle. The Application of Resilience. 9. Factors and Processes Contributing to Resilience: The Resilience Framework K. Kumpfer. 10. Commentary: Resilience as Transactional Equilibrium J.L. Johnson. 11. Opening Doors to Resilience Intervention for Prevention Research J.E. Rolf, J.L. Johnson. 12. Commentary: The Promise and Perils of Resilience Research as a Guide to Preventive Interventions A. Masten. 13. Can we Apply Resilience? E.E. Werner, J.L. Johnson. 14. Applications of Resilience: Possibilities and Promise B. Benard. Epilogue. 15. Resilience Comes of Age A. Masten. Index.
Monocytic Tissue Transglutaminase in a Rat Model for Reversible Acute Rejection and Chronic Renal Allograft Injury

Acute rejection is a major risk factor for chronic allograft injury (CAI). Blood leukocytes interacting with allograft endothelial cells during acute rejection were suggested to contribute to the still enigmatic pathogenesis of CAI. We hypothesize that tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2), a multifunctional protein and established marker of M2 macrophages, is involved in acute and chronic graft rejection. We focus on leukocytes accumulating in blood vessels of rat renal allografts (Fischer-344 to Lewis), an established model for reversible acute rejection and CAI. Monocytes in graft blood vessels overexpress Tgm2 when acute rejection peaks on day 9 after transplantation. Concomitantly, caspase-3 is activated, suggesting that Tgm2 expression is linked to apoptosis. After resolution of acute rejection on day 42, leukocytic Tgm2 levels are lower and activated caspase-3 does not differ among isografts and allografts. Cystamine was applied for 4 weeks after transplantation to inhibit extracellular transglutaminase activity, which did, however, not reduce CAI in the long run. In conclusion, this is the first report on Tgm2 expression by monocytes in vivo. Tgm2 may be involved in leukocytic apoptosis and thus in reversion of acute rejection. However, our data do not support a role of extracellular transglutaminase activity as a factor triggering CAI during self-limiting acute rejection.
Applying the factor analytical approach towards aaker’s brand personality model from an Islamic perspective

Given current technologies, marketers are employing several techniques to differentiate their brands from others due to intense competition and low switching cost. Brand personality is one is one such approach. Aaker’s brand personality model with its �耀ve dimensions (sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness) has been used extensively in the �耀eld of marketing. Despite considerable research on Aaker’s model, scholars have also criticised it based on issues such as generalisability across countries and cultures. Considering religion an important yet ignored element of culture, this paper highlights the criticism on Aaker’s model from which we propose an Islamic brand personality model that we empirically test using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Six factors emerged during EFA with a cumulative variance of 67.389 per cent. As per the �耀ndings, three new dimensions (humbleness, cooperation, trustworthiness, and justice) appeared during the analysis along with few pre-existing factors such as sincerity, competence, and excitement. Interestingly, the new dimension of trustworthiness and justice resulted in the highest contribution in terms of reliability and percentage of variance i.e. 0.90 and 13.859, respectively. The Islamic brand personality model can be applied on Islamic brands/organisations in order to evaluate their brand personality which will ultimately help marketers position their brands effectively.
Deprivation-Induced Strengthening of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Inhibitory Transmission in Layer 4 of Visual Cortex during the Critical Period

Inhibition from fast-spiking (FS) interneurons plays a crucial role in shaping cortical response properties and gating developmental periods of activity-dependent plasticity, yet the expression mechanisms underlying FS inhibitory plasticity remain largely unexplored. In layer 4 of visual cortex (V1), monocular deprivation (MD) induces either depression or potentiation of FS to star pyramidal neuron (FS→SP) synapses, depending on the age of onset (Maffei et al., 2004, 2006). This reversal in the sign (− to +) of plasticity occurs on the cusp of the canonical critical period (CP). To investigate the expression locus behind this switch in sign of inhibitory plasticity, mice underwent MD during the pre-CP [eye-opening to postnatal day (p)17] or CP (p22–p25), and FS→SP synaptic strength within layer 4 was assessed using confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, as well as optogenetic activation of FS cells to probe quantal amplitude at FS→SP synapses. Brief MD before p17 or p25 did not alter the density of FS→SP contacts. However, at the ultrastructural level, FS→SP synapses in deprived hemispheres during the CP, but not the pre-CP or in GAD65 knock-out mice, had larger synapses and increased docked vesicle density compared with synapses from the nondeprived control hemispheres. Moreover, FS→SP evoked miniature IPSCs increased in deprived hemispheres when MD was initiated during the CP, accompanied by an increase in the density of postsynaptic GABAA receptors at FS→SP synapses. These coordinated changes in FS→SP synaptic strength define an expression pathway modulating excitatory output during CP plasticity in visual cortex.
Flower predation by Zelleria maculata (Lepidoptera) on Peraxilla mistletoes: effects of latitude and fragmentation, and impact on fruit set

Flower predators (florivores) may affect plant reproduction directly through loss of pollen and ovules, or indirectly by deterring pollinators which avoid damaged flowers. Caterpillars of the widespread endemic moth Zelleria maculata feed inside flower buds of the endemic mistletoes Peraxilla tetrapetala and P. colensoi in New Zealand. We measured flower predation rates between 1995 and 2007 at 24 sites throughout New Zealand and assessed Zelleria feeding impact on fruit set. Zelleria predation showed a strong latitudinal gradient, being rare in the North Island but affecting 81% of flowers in 1996 at Waipori (Otago) and averaging > 38% at Waipori and Eglinton (Fiordland). The reasons for this pattern are unknown, but a wasp parasitoid of Zelleria, Campoplex sp. (Ichneumonidae), may be less common further south. Rates of Zelleria attack were higher in mistletoes growing several metres above ground and in less fragmented habitats (i.e. in shaded positions, and away from edges), and higher in P. tetrapetala than P. colensoi. An experiment following 1005 tagged P. tetrapetala flowers at two sites showed that Zelleria attack significantly reduces both pollinator-flower-opening rates (required for effective pollination) and fruit set rates. Zelleria attack increased the chance of a flower not being opened by pollinators from 11 to 37% at Ohau in 1996 (reducing fruit set from 28% to 7.9%) and flower non-opening from 6 to 30% at Craigieburn in 1995 (fruit set: 44.4% to 16.6%), representing reductions in fruit set of 72% and 63% at the two sites. Therefore, Zelleria reduces reproduction in Peraxilla spp. through both pollinator deterrence and direct loss of flowers at many sites. This could affect conservation of these mistletoes, which are seed-limited and in decline. However, Zelleria impact is reduced by its avoidance of edge habitat, as P. tetrapetala is more abundant and flowers more heavily on edges.
Impact of Clinical and Non-Clinical Factors on the Choice of HER2 Test for Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Evaluation of HER2 status is critical in determining appropriate treatment for breast cancer. Currently, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) are the FDA-approved tests. Studies show, FISH is superior to IHC in accuracy and prediction of clinical outcomes with respect to response to anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy trastuzumab. The impact of factors on choice of test for HER2 detection was determined using logistic regression. We show that geographic location, cancer stage, and diagnosis date have significant effects on choice of test. These findings indicate that disparities may be present in breast cancer care, and highlight the importance of testing guidelines.
Chapter 7 Food as a Selective Force in Primates

PRIMATES MUST EAT to survive; the acquisition of food resources is thus among one of the most signifi cant selective pressures affecting their biology. The necessity of fi nding food to meet nutritional requirements must be balanced with avoiding predation and securing mates, and thereby infl uences primate physiology, ecology, activity, movement, and social relationships. All animals, including primates, should typically avoid expending energy through unnecessary travel, and should eat the most nutritious foods available to them. In a classic study of baboons (Papio cynocephalus), Altmann found that the closer an individual’s foraging approached the optimal amounts of protein and energy (Pyke 1984), the higher its fi tness (Altmann 1991; Altmann et al. 1993; Altmann 1998). Because of the importance of food as a selective pressure for so many aspects of primate biology, it is not surprising that primate feeding ecology has received considerable attention in the literature over the past 25 years (CluttonBrock 1977; Milton 1980; Cant & Temerin 1984; Rodman & Cant 1984; Hohmann et al. 2006). Here we examine the feeding problems primates encounter and the strategies they employ to satisfy their nutritional needs. We also consider the consequences of adopting specifi c strategies. Our goal is to evaluate what is known about primate diets and to stimulate research on primate foraging strategies by identifying new ways to interpret diet and feeding data. We start by reviewing primate nutritional requirements, diets, and digestive strategies. We then address three central problems in the study of primate feeding biology: how do foraging strategies infl uence primates with respect to their (1) ecology and distribution, (2) movement and ranging patterns, and (3) behavior and social organization. For each problem, we present basic information and an illustrative example. We conclude with a summary of how feeding and foraging biology impacts the conservation potential of a species.
Práticas orçamentárias participativas: um estudo de caso de prefeituras paulistas

14.00 Budget preparation through citizen participation is a novelty in Brazil. This article analyses three cities that first attempted to implement citizen participation in Brazil namely Sao Paulo, Santos and Jaboticabal. Those cities differ as to several parameters such as population, revenue, per capita income and 50 on, which makes the implementation process specific for each one. Sections 2 and 3 characterize the cities and their way of implementing citizen participation in budget preparation. Nevertheless, the lack of concern with effectiveness of the measures taken and with the creation of institutional ways of involving citizens in budget preparation makes evaluation of the experiences problematic. In section 4 criteria to evaluate citizen participation are developed. A discussion on how to use these criteria in Brazilian cities follows. Section 5 presents the experience of a few American cities, the state of Minne50ta (USA) and Yokohama (Japan). These experiences are quite different from what is currently being done in Brazil and offer new options of citizen participation. The conclusion points out the needs for institutionalizing the process of citizen participation and assessing it in a formal and periodic manner, as means of making the process more effective.
Haskore music notation – An algebra of music –

Abstract We have developed a simple algebraic approach to music description and composition called Haskore. In this framework, musical objects consist of primitive notions such as notes and rests, operations to transform musical objects such as transpose and tempo-scaling, and operations to combine musical objects to form more complex ones, such as concurrent and sequential composition. When these simple notions are embedded into a functional language such as Haskell, rather complex musical relationships can be expressed clearly and succinctly. Exploiting the algebraic properties of Haskore, we have further defined a notion of literal performance (devoid of articulation) through which observationally equivalent musical objects can be determined. With this basis many useful properties can be proved, such as commutative, associative, and distributive properties of various operators. An algebra of music thus surfaces.
OrgMAP: an organization-based approach for multi-agent programming

paper proposes a new organization-based multi-agent programming (OrgMAP) approach to constructing dynamic and flexible software systems. A computational and programming model named Oragent is defined following software engineering principles such as modularity, reusability and etc. Oragent model not only allows programmers to represent the systems with high- level abstractions in terms of organizations, rules, protocols and roles, but also provides a number of mechanisms, such as encapsulation, inheritance, enactment and event, to improve the dynamics and flexibility of MAS.
Semantics-Based Transaction Management for Cooperative Applications

Cooperative applications require advanced transactional services that make the sharing and exchange of information as natural as possible while preserving a notion of consistency. Conventional transaction models that were based on the ACID properties do not meet the typical requirements of cooperative applications. The CoAct model [RKT95, WK96] is designed for supporting cooperative work in interactive multi-user environments. In this paper we utilize semantics based transaction management concepts to develop a formal execution model for CoAct. We present a correctness criterion for the exchange of information between users and discuss our cooperation mechanism in the context of di erent semantic relations.
Optimal Inflation Stabilization in a Medium-Scale Macroeconomic Model

This paper characterizes Ramsey-optimal monetary policy in a medium-scale macroeconomic model that has been estimated to fit well postwar US business cycles. We find that mild deflation is Ramsey optimal in the long run. However, the optimal inflation rate appears to be highly sensitive to the assumed degree of price stickiness. Within the window of available estimates of price stickiness (between 2 and 5 quarters) the optimal rate of inflation ranges from -4.2 percent per year (close to the Friedman rule) to -0.4 percent per year (close to price stability). This sensitivity disappears when one assumes that lump-sum taxes are unavailable and fiscal instruments take the form of distortionary income taxes. In this case, mild deflation emerges as a robust Ramsey prediction. In light of the finding that the Ramsey optimal inflation rate is negative, it is puzzling that most inflation-targeting countries pursue positive inflation goals. We show that the zero bound on the nominal interest rate, which is often cited as a rationale for setting positive inflation targets, is of no quantitative relevance in the present model. Finally, the paper characterizes operational interest-rate feedback rules that best implement Ramsey-optimal stabilization policy. We find that the optimal interest-rate rule is active in price and wage inflation, mute in output growth, and moderately inertial.
Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders

Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric disorders. Aims To explore the risk associated with features of CSA and examine whether specific associations exist between particular profiles of CSA and the development of specific syndromes. Method In a population-based sample of adult female twins, we used logistic regression to explore the association between features of CSA (reported by the twin and her co-twin) and lifetime major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder and alcohol and drug dependence. Results In univariate and stepwise multiple regressions, patterns of predictors differed, although not significantly, across diagnoses. Greater risk was associated with attempted or completed intercourse, the use of force or threats, abuse by a relative, and a negative response by someone who was told about the abuse. Similar patterns were observed with co-twin reports. Conclusions Specific features of CSA differentially increase risk of later psychopathology; however, there do not appear to be unique predictive relationships between features of CSA and the emergence of specific psychiatric disorders.
Sinus node disease and arrhythmias in the long-term follow-up of former professional cyclists.

AIMS Significant brady- and tachyarrhythmias may occur in active endurance athletes. It is controversial whether these arrhythmias do persist after cessation of competitive endurance training. METHODS AND RESULTS Among all 134 former Swiss professional cyclists [hereafter, former athletes (FAs)] participating at least once in the professional bicycle race Tour de Suisse in 1955-1975, 62 (46%) were recruited for the study. The control group consisted of 62 male golfers matched for age, weight, hypertension, and cardiac medication. All participants were screened with history, clinical and echocardiographic examination, ECG, and 24 h ECG. The time for the last bicycle race of FAs was 38 +/- 6 years. The mean age at examination was 66 +/- 6 years in controls and 66 +/- 7 years in FAs (P = 0.47). The percentage of study participants with >4 h current cardiovascular training per week was identical. QRS duration (102 +/- 20 vs. 95 +/- 13 ms, P = 0.03) and corrected QTc interval (416 +/- 27 vs. 404 +/- 18, P = 0.004) were longer in FAs. There was no significant difference in the number of isolated atrial or ventricular premature complexes, or supraventricular tachycardias in the 24 h ECG; however, ventricular tachycardias tended to occur more often in FAs than in controls (15 vs. 3%, P = 0.05). The average heart rate was lower in FAs (66 +/- 9 vs. 70 +/- 8 b.p.m.) (P = 0.004). Paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation or flutter was reported more often in FAs (P = 0.028). Sinus node disease (SND), defined as bradycardia of <40 b.p.m. (10 vs. 2%), atrial flutter (6 vs. 0%), pacemaker for bradyarrhythmias (3 vs. 0%), and/or maximal RR interval of >2.5 s (6 vs. 0%), was more common in FA (16%) than in controls (2%, P = 0.006). Observed survival of all FAs was not different from the expected. CONCLUSIONS Among FAs, SND occurred significantly more often compared with age-matched controls, and there is trend towards more frequent ventricular tachycardias. Further studies have to evaluate prevention of arrhythmias with extreme endurance training, the necessity of regular follow-up of heart rhythm, and management of arrhythmias in former competitive endurance athletes.
The Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals

This comprehensive, first-of-its-kind guidebook explores the unique challenges that thousands of families face when raising their children. Through extensive research and interviews the authors cover gender variance from birth to college. What do you do when your daughter's first sentence is she's a boy? What will happen if your small son wants to wear a dress? Is this just a phase? What do therapists say? Doctors? What is gender anyway? These are just some of the topics raised and discussed, offering a deepr understanding of gender difficulties in children and teens.