Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the paper “ Is Itô calculus oversold ? ” by A . Izmailov and

The main message of the paper “Is Itô calculus oversold? ” by A. Izmailov and B. Shay is, we quote: “However, when applied to the nonlinear interest rate models such as CoxIngersoll-Ross, Itô calculus only gives approximate results (.)” This surprising claim is first supported in the introduction by few words on the “diffusion approximation,” in which the authors seem to suggest that the Stratonovich integral gives a more exact approximation than the Itô integral. We are, of course, aware about the difference in both kinds of integrals, however, it is unclear to us to what extent this is related to the main topic of the paper. Also, since the authors only mention vaguely the diffusion approximation, without clarifying this important issue, a serious discussion with their statements in this regard is not possible. Let us only mention that the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) diffusion-type model is well known to be a good diffusion approximation for several branching processes. Since many other authors’ statements are vague and frequently confusing, we shall comment on the purely mathematical aspects of the paper only.
Fast object detection using local feature-based SVMs

Viola-Jones approach to object detection is by far the most widely used object detection technique because of speed of detection in images with clutter. SVM-based object detection techniques have the disadvantage of slow detection speeds because of exhaustive window search. Appearance-based detection techniques do not generalize well in the presence of pose variations. In this paper, we propose a feature-based technique which classifies salient-points as belonging to object or background classes and performs object detection based on classified key points. Since keypoints are sparse, the technique is very fast. The use of SIFT descriptor provides invariance to scale and pose changes.
Is the Rate of ‘Convergence’ Always Constant? Some Empirical Evidence from Sector Level Data of 56 countries, 1975-99

This paper deals with the issue of sector level convergence of gross domestic product for a combined set of developed and underdeveloped countries. A priori it is not assumed that the rate of convergence is constant. Instead, using a flexible functional form, it is found that the rate of convergence indeed varies with the level of income. The results indicate that for all the sectors considered, the rate of convergence falls as the level of GDP rises and it becomes zero after some threshold level of production being achieved. This clearly supports the fact that the effect of diminishing returns becomes stronger with an increase in the level of GDP. This also supports the hypothesis of multiple regime equilibria. Evidence of convergence is much lower in the agricultural sector than in the industrial and services sectors.
Central Banks and Financial Markets

In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, there has been increasing debate over the appropriate role of central banks in mitigating economic disaster. This timely volume combines detailed historical and econometric analyses to explore the profound changes that occurred within the US financial system from the 1980s to the present, and shows how these changes have affected the US economy.
Extended‐range seasonal hurricane forecasts for the North Atlantic with a hybrid dynamical‐statistical model

A hybrid forecast model for seasonal hurricane activity in the North Atlantic is developed using a combined numerical coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate and empirical prediction models. Based on a 29‐yr (1981‐2009) dataset, an empirical relationship developed between the number of seasonal hurricane and the large‐scale variables from ECMWF hindcasts. The increase of seasonal hurricane activity correlates negatively with the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly over the tropical East Pacific, positively with the SST anomaly over the Main Development Region (MDR) and North Atlantic and the decrease of wind shear over the MDR. The North Atlantic SST and the MDR vertical wind shear are selected as predictors based on sensitivity tests. Forecasts of these predictors are made with the ECMWF climate model run in ensemble mode thus providing a probability distribution of hurricane number. The forecast skill of the hybrid model is better than or at least competitive with publicly‐available forecast models but made with a one month earlier lead‐time. The hybrid model initialized in June and July 2010 forecasts an active season with 9 hurricanes.
An Exocyst Complex Functions in Plant Cell Growth in Arabidopsis and Tobacco[W]

The exocyst, an octameric tethering complex and effector of Rho and Rab GTPases, facilitates polarized secretion in yeast and animals. Recent evidence implicates three plant homologs of exocyst subunits (SEC3, SEC8, and EXO70A1) in plant cell morphogenesis. Here, we provide genetic, cell biological, and biochemical evidence that these and other predicted subunits function together in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double mutants in exocyst subunits (sec5 exo70A1 and sec8 exo70A1) show a synergistic defect in etiolated hypocotyl elongation. Mutants in exocyst subunits SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, and SEC15a show defective pollen germination and pollen tube growth phenotypes. Using antibodies directed against SEC6, SEC8, and EXO70A1, we demonstrate colocalization of these proteins at the apex of growing tobacco pollen tubes. The SEC3, SEC5, SEC6, SEC8, SEC10, SEC15a, and EXO70 subunits copurify in a high molecular mass fraction of 900 kD after chromatographic fractionation of an Arabidopsis cell suspension extract. Blue native electrophoresis confirmed the presence of SEC3, SEC6, SEC8, and EXO70 in high molecular mass complexes. Finally, use of the yeast two-hybrid system revealed interaction of Arabidopsis SEC3a with EXO70A1, SEC10 with SEC15b, and SEC6 with SEC8. We conclude that the exocyst functions as a complex in plant cells, where it plays important roles in morphogenesis.
Differential Gene Expression of TRPM1, the Potential Cause of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness and Coat Spotting Patterns (LP) in the Appaloosa Horse (Equus caballus)

The appaloosa coat spotting pattern in horses is caused by a single incomplete dominant gene (LP). Homozygosity for LP (LP/LP) is directly associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in Appaloosa horses. LP maps to a 6-cM region on ECA1. We investigated the relative expression of two functional candidate genes located in this LP candidate region (TRPM1 and OCA2), as well as three other linked loci (TJP1, MTMR10, and OTUD7A) by quantitative real-time RT–PCR. No large differences were found for expression levels of TJP1, MTMR10, OTUD7A, and OCA2. However, TRPM1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel, Subfamily M, Member 1) expression in the retina of homozygous appaloosa horses was 0.05% the level found in non-appaloosa horses (R = 0.0005). This constitutes a >1800-fold change (FC) decrease in TRPM1 gene expression in the retina (FC = −1870.637, P = 0.001) of CSNB-affected (LP/LP) horses. TRPM1 was also downregulated in LP/LP pigmented skin (R = 0.005, FC = −193.963, P = 0.001) and in LP/LP unpigmented skin (R = 0.003, FC = −288.686, P = 0.001) and was downregulated to a lesser extent in LP/lp unpigmented skin (R = 0.027, FC = −36.583, P = 0.001). TRP proteins are thought to have a role in controlling intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Decreased expression of TRPM1 in the eye and the skin may alter bipolar cell signaling as well as melanocyte function, thus causing both CSNB and LP in horses.
Sleep problems and their relation to cognitive factors, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents

Background: Existing research indicates sleep problems to be prevalent in youth with internalizing disorders. However, childhood sleep problems are common in the general population and few data are available examining unique relationships between sleep, specific types of anxiety and depressive symptoms among non‐clinical samples of children and adolescents. Methods: The presence of sleep problems was examined among a community sample of children and adolescents (N=175) in association with anxiety and depressive symptoms, age, and gender. Based on emerging findings from the adult literature we also examined associations between cognitive biases and sleep problems. Results: Overall findings revealed significant associations between sleep problems and both anxiety and depressive symptoms, though results varied by age. Depressive symptoms showed a greater association with sleep problems among adolescents, while anxiety symptoms were generally associated with sleep problems in all youth. Cognitive factors (cognitive errors and control beliefs) linked with anxiety and depression also were associated with sleep problems among adolescents, though these correlations were no longer significant after controlling for internalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of their implications for research and treatment of sleep and internalizing disorders in youth. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generalized State Equation for Petri Nets CEM

Petri nets (PN) are becoming more common as a tool for analysis and design of industrial automation systems (IAS). As an important advantage, PN is able to represent the systems both mathematically and graphically. We can utilize mathematical features of PN to carry out modeling, simulation, testing and verification phases of IAS. Thus, the entire analysis and design process of large-scale systems is greatly simplified and system modeling can be performed accurately and efficiently. However, there is no state equation available defined for PN in the literature, when dealing with the inhibitor and enabling arcs. In addition, although resetting mechanism is frequently used for IAS, there is no arc type directly representing such a mechanism in the literature. In this study, the state equation of PN is revisited and novel mathematical descriptions of both inhibitor and enabling arcs are introduced. Additionally, a new type of arc, called “nullifier arc”, and its corresponding modified state equation are proposed for modeling of the resetting mechanism. The state equation of all three arc types are combined and expressed as “generalized state equation”. New software is developed and utilized to demonstrate the application of generalized state equation on an IAS. Finally, it is revealed that this novel generalized state equation is capable of representing the special arcs, which facilitates analysis of large scale systems. Key-Words: discrete event systems, modeling, analysis, simulation, petri nets, incidence matrix, state equation, inhibitor arc, enabling arc, nullifier arc
The RNA-binding protein Secisbp2 differentially modulates UGA codon reassignment and RNA decay

Abstract Dual-assignment of codons as termination and elongation codons is used to expand the genetic code. In mammals, UGA can be reassigned to selenocysteine during translation of selenoproteins by a mechanism involving a 3΄ untranslated region (UTR) selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) and the SECIS-binding protein Secisbp2. Here, we present data from ribosome profiling, RNA-Seq and mRNA half-life measurements that support distinct roles for Secisbp2 in UGA-redefinition and mRNA stability. Conditional deletions of the Secisbp2 and Trsp (tRNASec) genes in mouse liver were compared to determine if the effects of Secisbp2 loss on selenoprotein synthesis could be attributed entirely to the inability to incorporate Sec. As expected, tRNASec depletion resulted in loss of ribosome density downstream of all UGA-Sec codons. In contrast, the absence of Secisbp2 resulted in variable effects on ribosome density downstream of UGA-Sec codons that demonstrate gene-specific differences in Sec incorporation. For several selenoproteins in which loss of Secisbp2 resulted in greatly diminished mRNA levels, translational activity and Sec incorporation efficiency were shown to be unaffected on the remaining RNA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Secisbp2 is not strictly required for Sec incorporation and has a distinct role in stabilizing mRNAs that can be separated from its effects on UGA-redefinition.
Pedestrian detection algorithm for overlapping and non-overlapping conditions

The aim of this paper is to present the algorithms that were developed for detecting human in the conditions of overlapping and non-overlapping. Overlapping means when person is not fully visible in the image and occluded by another person at the front or right/left side. In order to achieve this goal, three steps were implemented. The algorithms were implemented in C++ with the help of Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV) library. The first step was human detection when single person's body occupied most of the image. For this, three machine learning techniques were examined: K - Nearest Neighbour algorithm (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Decision Tree learning. Their performances were compared and optimal classifier was chosen. The results of experiments have shown that SVM, in comparison with others, had the highest accuracy rate. It exceeded others for about 10-12%. So, SVM was taken as a classifier which detected human at an accuracy rate of about 95%. The second step was implementation of sliding window approach to detect multiple people in the image. And the last, third main step was people detection in conditions of occlusion. As it's known, SVM gives the decision value (confidence) for detection, negative value is for person and positive value is for non-person. Our approach was based on the assumption that if it is occluded person which overlap with detected person, its confidence should be smaller than confidences of its neighbour windows so that occluded person would be more `human like' with respect to neighbours. So, we found local minima within the windows, which intersect with a window of detected for person more than 45%. The results of tests for detection of occluded people indicated the accuracy rate of about 54% is electronic document is a "live" template and already defines the components of your paper.
A geometrical approach to robust minimum variance beamforming

This paper presents a highly efficient geometrical approach for designing robust minimum variance (RMV) beamformers against uncertainties in the array steering vector. Instead of the conventional approach of modeling the uncertainty region by a convex closed space, the proposed algorithm exploits the optimization constraint and shows that optimization only needs to be done on the intersection of a hyperplane and a second-order cone (SOC). The problem can then be cast as a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem so as to enjoy the high efficiency of a class of interior point algorithms. A general case of modeling the uncertainties of an array using complex-plane trapezoids is investigated. The efficiency and tightness of the proposed method over other schemes are demonstrated with numerical examples.
Vehicle automation in cooperation with V2I and nomadic devices communication

Introduction of wireless vehicular communication allows for cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure, thus enabling a variety of new ITS use cases [1]. Furthermore, modern vehicles feature an increasing number of driving automation functions. In this paper a complex test scenario including automated driving, environment perception, communication with the infrastructure (Vehicle to Infrastructure, V2I) and with nomadic devices is described. Based on this, the requirements for a cooperative and automated ITS are identified. In order to demonstrate the test scenario, an integrated ITS design is proposed assembling Vehicle Technology and Communication Technologies with the Traffic Infrastructure and Nomadic Devices. This has been implemented in a prototype for evaluation in February 2011.
The Representational Power of Conjunctive Normal Form

There is continuing research interest in comparison of the complexity of problems within the class NP-Complete. This paper examines the representational power of conjunctive normal form Boolean expressions to establish a proper hierarchy for finite languages, where the language of an expression is defined to be the set of bit strings corresponding to its satisfying assignments. The increasing representational complexity parallels and perhaps explains the increasing complexity of k-SAT algorithms for higher values of k. The hierarchy provides a general framework for comparisons of satisfiability algorithms and leads to the conclusion that logical resolution is not a good algorithm for satisfiabiltiy testing.
Regulation of Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Gene Expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Regulatory Functions of OxyR

ABSTRACT Genome-wide transcriptome profiling was used to reveal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent regulatory mechanisms in the facultatively photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In this study we focused on the role of the OxyR protein, a known regulator of the H2O2 response in bacteria. The transcriptome profiles of R. sphaeroides wild-type and oxyR mutant strains that were exposed to 1 mM H2O2 for 7 min or were not exposed to H2O2 were analyzed. Three classes of OxyR-dependent genes were identified based on their expression patterns in the wild type of oxyR mutant strains with differing predicted roles of oxidized and reduced OxyR as activators of transcription. DNA binding studies revealed that OxyR binds upstream of class I genes, which are induced by H2O2 and exhibit similar basal levels of expression in the wild-type and oxyR mutant strains. The effect of OxyR on class II genes, which are also induced by H2O2 but exhibit significantly lower basal levels of expression in the wild-type strain than in the mutant, is indirect. Interestingly, reduced OxyR also activates expression of few genes (class III). The role of reduced OxyR as an activator is shown for the first time. Our data reveal that the OxyR-mediated response is fast and transient. In addition, we found that additional regulatory pathways are involved in the H2O2 response.
A Survey of Geographical Routing in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

Geographic routing offers a radical departure from previous topology-dependent routing paradigms through its use of physical location in the routing process. Geographic routing protocols eliminate dependence on topology storage and the associated costs, which also makes them more suitable to handling dynamic behavior frequently found in wireless ad-hoc networks. Geographic routing protocols have been designed for a variety of applications ranging from mobility prediction and management through to anonymous routing and from energy efficiency to QoS. Geographic routing is also part of the larger area of context-awareness due to its usage of location data to make routing decisions and thus represents an important step in the journey towards ubiquitous computing. The focus of this paper, within the area of geographic routing is on wireless ad-hoc networks and how location information can benefit routing. This paper aims to provide both a comprehensive and methodical survey of existing literature in the area of geographic routing from its inception as well as acting as an introduction to the subject.
Legislation and anticipation : Consequences for the measurement of the minimum wage employment effect May 7 , 2015

When Congress or a state legislature passes a minimum wage increase, there is often a period of several months between the passage of the increase and its implementation. During this period, employers know the level of the current binding minimum wage, but they also know the level of the minimum wage at a defined future date. Although this “future wage,” as I call it, is not yet binding, employers may take action to decrease their employment in anticipation of the coming increase. Using monthly CPS data from California, Oregon and Washington in the years 19942014, I estimate the effect of both the current minimum wage and the future wage, when it exists, on the teen employment-population ratio. I divide the observations into two regimes: a “limbo” period during which there is a future wage, and a “normal” period during which there is not. I find that while a strong correlation exists between the minimum wage and teen employment in the normal regime, this correlation disappears in the limbo regime when a future wage exists. This indicates that although employers make employment decisions based on the current wage when no future wage exists, it is not clear whether they continue to do so when a future wage is present.
Analyzing complexity of enterprise IT capability based on CAS

This paper analyzed the complexity of enterprise information technology (IT) capability. By using complex adaptive system (CAS) theory, the author elaborated the CAS characteristics of IT capability. The results show that the enterprise IT capability is a dynamic adaptive capability, and thus has complexity. These results will be helpful to further research of enterprise IT capability.
Optimal Lewenstein?Sanpera decomposition for some bipartite systems

It is shown that for a given bipartite density matrix and by choosing a suitable separable set (instead of a product set) on the separable? entangled boundary, the optimal Lewenstein? Sanpera (LS) decomposition (with respect to an arbitrary separable set) can be obtained via a direct optimization procedure for a generic entangled density matrix. On the basis of this, we obtain the optimal LS decomposition for some bipartite systems such as 2 ? 2 and 2 ? 3 Bell decomposable (BD) states, a generic two qubit state in Wootters basis, iso-concurrence decomposable states, states obtained from BD states via one-parameter and three-parameter local operations and classical communications (LOCC), d ? d Werner and isotropic states and a one-parameter 3 ? 3 state. We also obtain the optimal decomposition for multi-partite isotropic states. It is shown that in all 2 ? 2 systems considered here the average concurrence of the decomposition is equal to the concurrence. We also show that for some 2 ? 3 Bell decomposable states, the average concurrence of the decomposition is equal to the lower bound of the concurrence of the state presented recently in Lozinski et al (2003 Preprint quant-ph/0302144), so an exact expression for concurrence of these states is obtained. It is also shown that for a d ? d isotropic state where decomposition leads to a separable and an entangled pure state, the average I-concurrence of the decomposition is equal to the I-concurrence of the state.
Teachers talk about teaching : coping with change in turbulent times

IntroductionPART ONE. CHANGING TEACHING: Teachers Coping with ChangeTeachers out of ControlTeachers Autonomy Under SiegePART TWO. TEACHERS' CAREERS: New to TeachingCoping with Change in MidCareerMaking the Transition from Middle to Senior ManagementLeaving the ProfessionClassrooms RevisitedPART THREE. MOVING TO LOCAL MANAGEMENT: Not All Plain SailingGovernors and Teachers: The Costs of LMSPART FOUR. SUBJECT TO CHANGE: At the Margins: Careers EducationAt the Core: 'Oh to be in England! 'PostscriptReferencesIndex.