Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Statistical review of the dates and patterns of volcanic activity of Lewotolo Volcano, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Lewotolo is a stratovolcano located on the Lembata Island, East Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Islands), Indonesia. The first geohistory of the Lewotolo volcanic eruption was recorded in 1660 (Volcanic Eruption Index (VEI) 3). Since November 11, 2020, Lewotolo has been included in the list of Indonesian volcanoes with the necessary precautions, comparable to the Anak Krakatau, Merapi, and Semeru volcanoes. We investigated Lewotolo volcanic activity by analyzing the height of the ash column data, maximum seismograph amplitude, and recorded seismic duration from November 29, 2020, to September 23, 2022, which are provided in magma.esdm. go.id. The results showed 191 records of eruption activity data, which formed three clusters for each variable using the Elbow Method in the Non-Hierarchical K-means clustering analysis. These data were plotted on the solar and Hijri lunar calendars. The data plot shows anomalies in the volcanic activity frequency and a significant pattern of activity at specific times. The data plot illustrates that the value of the activity frequency pattern tends to increase at Earth orbital events such as the December-January perihelion (up to 0.124) and June-July aphelion (up to 0.262) and at the new moon phases (up to 0.168). This phenomenon appears as solar and lunar tidal anomalies that commonly occur as gravitational sea tides. Along with the need for more comprehensive data, the results of this study may provide new perspectives for further research on the possible role of gravitational tide phenomena in volcanic activity, at least to explain the volcanic activity in Lewotolo.
The patterns and implications of diurnal variations in the d-excess of plant water, shallow soil water and air moisture

Deuterium excess (d-excess) of air moisture is traditionally considered a conservative tracer of oceanic evaporation conditions. Recent studies challenge this view and emphasize the importance of vegetation activity in controlling the dynamics of air moisture d-excess. However, direct field observations supporting the role of vegetation in d-excess variations are not well documented. In this study, we quantified the d-excess of air moisture, shallow soil water (5 and 10 cm) and plant water (leaf, root and xylem) of multiple dominant species at hourly intervals during three extensive field campaigns at two climatically different locations within the Heihe River basin, northwestern China. The ecosystems at the two locations range from forest to desert. The results showed that with the increase in temperature ( T ) and the decrease in relative humidity (RH), the δD–δ 18 O regression lines of leaf water, xylem water and shallow soil water deviated gradually from their corresponding local meteoric water line. There were significant differences in d-excess values between different water pools at all the study sites. The most positive d-excess values were found in air moisture (9.3‰) and the most negative d-excess values were found in leaf water (−85.6‰). The d-excess values of air moisture ( d moisture ) and leaf water ( d leaf ) during the sunny days, and shallow soil water ( d soil ) during the first sunny day after a rain event, showed strong diurnal patterns. There were significantly positive relationships between d leaf and RH and negative relationships between d moisture and RH. The correlations of d leaf and d moisture with T were opposite to their relationships with RH. In addition, we found opposite diurnal variations for d leaf and d moisture during the sunny days, and for d soil and d moisture during the first sunny day after the rain event. The steady-state Craig–Gordon model captured the diurnal variations in d leaf , with small discrepancies in the magnitude. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive and high-resolution data set of d-excess of air moisture, leaf, root, xylem and soil water. Our results provide direct evidence that d moisture of the surface air at continental locations can be significantly altered by local processes, especially plant transpiration during sunny days. The influence of shallow soil water on d moisture is generally much smaller compared with that of plant transpiration, but the influence could be large on a sunny day right after rainfall events.
Diachronous evolution of sub‐Himalayan piggyback basins, Nepal

The geomorphology and related geostructures in the region of the dun valleys in Nepal (e.g. the Deukhuri Dun, the Chitwan Dun, the Hetauda Dun and the Trijuga Dun) have been surveyed in order to understand the neotectonics along the Himalayan front. The sub‐Himalayan intermontane basins developed as piggyback basins located on the thrust‐sheet of the Himalaya Front Fault (HFF equivalent to the Frontal Churia Thrust, the Main Siwalik Thrust or the Main Frontal Thrust). Each piggyback basin is a result of the north‐northeast–south‐southwest crustal shortening between the Indian Shield and the Himalayas. The evolution of the dun valleys is recorded as current reversals between the Upper Siwalik Group and the basin fills. The Upper Siwalik Group formed as piedmont alluvial fans distributed along the foot of the Lesser Himalaya and/or the Inner Churia Range, and show predominantly southerly current directions. In contrast, the basin fills distributed along the southern margin of the dun valleys formed by north‐flowing drainage systems. The oldest basin fills of the piggyback basins appear to have commenced by the middle Pleistocene in the Deukhuri Dun and the Chitwan Dun, by the late Pleistocene in the Hetauda Dun, and by the latest Pleistocene in the Trijuga Dun. The diachronous evolution of the dun valleys suggest that the morphogenesis of the HFF zone was controlled by west‐to‐east propagation in late Quaternary time. These morphotectonics suggest the oblique‐slip thrusting of the HFF zone which can be related to the oblique convergence between the Indian Shield and the Himalayas, and/or the counter‐clockwise rotation of the Indian Subcontinent.
Soil erosion rates under intensive vegetable production on clay loam, strongly structured soils at Pukekohe, New Zealand

Rates of soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion were determined in 3 fields under long-term continuous vegetable production on clay loam, strongly structured soils derived from volcanic ash at Pukekohe, South Auckland, New Zealand. Erosion and deposition rates were estimated using a mass balance model to convert variation in 137 Cs areal activity within the fields to estimates of erosion and deposition. Caesium-137 areal activity in cropped fields ranged from 171 to 2144 Bq/m 2 , compared with a reference value under permanent pasture of 774 Bq/m 2 . There was a characteristic pattern of 137 Cs distribution within each field, with differences between the fields related to variation in topography. Lowest values of 137 Cs were found in the upper parts of each field and highest values towards the base of each field. In all 3 fields there was a net loss of 137 Cs, ranging from 13 to 32%, with an average over the 3 fields of 18%. Net rates of soil loss from the fields were 30, 11, and 7 t/ha.year. However, within the fields there was a much wider range of both erosion (up to 92 t/ha.year) and deposition (up to 100 t/ha.year) rates. Most of the soil redistribution is caused by water erosion, with tillage erosion accounting for 10–20% of the soil redistribution. The soil redistribution rates were 2 orders of magnitude higher than sediment export measured at small catchment scale. Soil erosion rates are not reflected in variation in topsoil depth, because frequent tillage and incorporation of organic residues maintains a uniform topsoil depth, but soil deposition rates are closely related to topsoil depth.
NOTCH3 p.Arg1231Cys is Markedly Enriched in South Asians and Associated with Stroke

Background. Genetic studies of stroke have focused predominantly on European ancestry populations. However, the genetic factors of stroke in South Asians are largely unexplored. Methods. Exome sequencing was conducted in 75 thousand (K) Pakistanis, including a 31 K exome-wide association study (ExWAS) discovery cohort and a 44 K follow-up cohort that included 30 K with stroke case:control status for replication analysis. Further analysis was conducted in a 450 K United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) cohort, including 370 K with stroke case:control status and 33 K with brain MRIs. Findings. ExWAS identified NOTCH3 p.Arg1231Cys enriched in South Asians and associated with subcortical hemorrhagic stroke [odds ratio (OR) = 3.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [2.26, 5.10], p value = 3.87x10-9, alternate allele frequency = 0.58% compared to 0.019% in UKB Europeans), which was replicated with similar effect size in the replication cohort. Meta analysis of 61 K PGR participants identified a significant association with all strokes (OR [CI] = 2.30 [3.01, 1.77], p value = 7.79x10-10). In UKB Europeans, p.Arg1231Cys was associated with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) (beta [CI] = 1.10 [0.61, 1.50], p value = 3.0x10-6). Interpretation. Recurrent strokes and WMH loss are characteristics of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a rare disease caused by cysteine-altering variants in NOTCH3. NOTCH3 p.Arg231Cys, present in approximately 1% of South Asians, incurs a 3-fold increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke, and is attributable for approximately 5.5% of hemorrhagic strokes and 1% of all strokes in South Asians. These results have major implications for genomic medicine and therapeutic development, especially for South Asian and West Asian populations, and highlight the value of diversity in genetic studies. Funding. Fieldwork for this study was funded by the Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan. DNA sequencing was funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Cerebrovascular Lesion Loads and Accelerated Brain Ageing: Insights into the Cognitive Spectrum

INTRODUCTION: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and cerebral microbleeds are widespread among aging population and linked with cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), vascular MCI (V-MCI), and Alzheimers disease without (AD) or with a vascular component (V-AD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between brain age, which reflects global brain health, and cerebrovascular lesion load in the context of pathological aging in diverse forms of clinically-defined neurodegenerative conditions. METHODS: We computed brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD: predicted brain age minus chronological age) in the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia cohort of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging including 70 cognitively intact elderly (CIE), 173 MCI, 88 V-MCI, 50 AD, and 47 V-AD using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We used a well-established automated methodology that leveraged fluid attenuated inversion recovery MRIs for precise quantification of WMH burden. Additionally, cerebral microbleeds were detected utilizing a validated segmentation tool based on the ResNet50 network, utilizing routine T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and T2* MRI scans. RESULTS: The mean brain-PAD in the CIE cohort was around zero, whereas the four categories showed a significantly higher mean brain-PAD compared to CIE. The brain-PAD was significantly correlated with WMHs in all groups. DISCUSSION: WMHs were associated with faster brain ageing and should be considered as a risk factor which imperils brain health in aging and exacerbate brain abnormalities in the context of neurodegeneration of presumed AD origin. Our findings underscore the significance of novel research endeavors aimed at elucidating the etiology, prevention, and treatment of WMH in the area of brain ageing.
Genetic neurodevelopmental clustering and dyslexia

Dyslexia is a learning difficulty with neurodevelopmental origins, manifesting as reduced accuracy and speed in reading and spelling despite adequate education. Dyslexia is substantially heritable and frequently co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this paper was to elucidate how genetic factors predisposing to dyslexia correlate with risk for other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric traits. A large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of dyslexia diagnosis self-report (51,800 cases and ~1.1 million controls), together with GWAS of ADHD, autism, Tourette syndrome, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia, were analysed using Genomic Structural Equation Modelling (GenomicSEM) to construct a genomic structural model. The final model consisted of five correlated latent genomic factors described as F1) internalising disorders, F2) psychotic disorders, F3) compulsive disorders, F4) neurodevelopmental conditions, and F5) attention and learning difficulties, which includes ADHD and dyslexia. This latent factor was moderately correlated with internalising disorders (.40) and, to a lesser extent, with neurodevelopmental conditions (.25) and psychotic disorders (.17), and negatively with compulsive disorders (-.16). Unlike ADHD, most of the genomic variance in dyslexia was unique, suggesting a more peripheral relation to psychiatric traits. We further investigated genetic variants underlying both dyslexia and ADHD. This implicated 49 loci (40 of which were not reported in GWAS of the individual traits) mapping to 174 genes (121 not found in GWAS of individual traits). Our study has discovered novel pleiotropic variants and confirms via GenomicSEM the heightened genetic relation between dyslexia and ADHD versus other psychiatric traits. In future, analyses including additional co-occurring traits such as dyscalculia and dyspraxia, for which there are currently no large-scale GWAS, will allow a more clear definition of the attention and learning difficulties genomic factor, yielding further insights into factor structure and pleiotropic effects.
Learning Representations on the Unit Sphere: Investigating Angular Gaussian and Von Mises-Fisher Distributions for Online Continual Learning

We use the maximum a posteriori estimation principle for learning representations distributed on the unit sphere. We propose to use the angular Gaussian distribution, which corresponds to a Gaussian projected on the unit-sphere and derive the associated loss function. We also consider the von Mises-Fisher distribution, which is the conditional of a Gaussian in the unit-sphere. The learned representations are pushed toward fixed directions, which are the prior means of the Gaussians; allowing for a learning strategy that is resilient to data drift. This makes it suitable for online continual learning, which is the problem of training neural networks on a continuous data stream, where multiple classification tasks are presented sequentially so that data from past tasks are no longer accessible, and data from the current task can be seen only once. To address this challenging scenario, we propose a memory-based representation learning technique equipped with our new loss functions. Our approach does not require negative data or knowledge of task boundaries and performs well with smaller batch sizes while being computationally efficient. We demonstrate with extensive experiments that the proposed method outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods on both standard evaluation scenarios and realistic scenarios with blurry task boundaries. For reproducibility, we use the same training pipeline for every compared method and share the code at https://github.com/Nicolas1203/ocl-fd.
Benthic diatom communities and a comparative seasonal-based ecological quality assessment of a transboundary river in Bangladesh

Seasonality can play a crucial role in altering water quality in tropical rivers, and as a benthic community, diatom can show seasonal variation and changes in ecological status. During the present study, the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to determine the ecological status of a transboundary river, the Sari-Goyain River in Bangladesh. Samplings were carried out from upstream to downstream river sites in wet and dry seasons to observe the seasonal dynamics. The benthic diatom composition and physicochemical parameters showed seasonal variation in ecological water quality assessment. In the River, 42 different diatom species from 19 genera were recorded. The mean TDI values indicated an oligotrophic condition of the river in both seasons. But, the WQI values showed excellent and good water quality in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. So, the WQI was helpful in assessing seasonal variation of ecological water quality status in the Sari-Goyain River. For the long-term monitoring of the ecological status of the river, seasonal variation and WQI-based assessment should be considered.
Changes in the Subduction of Southern Ocean Water Masses at the End of the Twenty-First Century in Eight IPCC Models

Abstract A multimodel comparison method is used to assess the sensitivity of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation to climate change. For the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 emissions scenario (where atmospheric CO2 is 860 ppm at 2100), the models show cooling and freshening on density surfaces less than about 27.4 kg m−3, a pattern that has been observed in the late twentieth century. SAMW (defined by the low potential vorticity layer) and AAIW (defined by the salinity minimum layer) warm and freshen as they shift to lighter density classes. Heat and freshwater fluxes at the ocean surface dominate the projected buoyancy gain at outcrop regions of SAMW and AAIW, whereas the net increase in the Ekman flux of heat and freshwater contributes to a lesser extent. This buoyancy gain, combined with shoaling of the winter mixed layer, reduces the volume of SAMW subducted into the ocean interior by a mean of 8 Sv (12%), and the subduction of AAIW decreases by.
The relative benefits for environmental sustainability of vegan diets for dogs, cats and people

Environmental impacts of the livestock sector are proportional to consumption levels. To assess the relative consumption of livestock animals within the diets of dogs, cats and people, this study examined their dietary energy needs within the US in 2020, and globally in 2018. Also studied were US pet food ingredients, and environmental sustainability indicators for plant- and animal-based foods consumed globally. Relative consumptions of average livestock animals were: US: dogs– 17.7%, cats– 2.3%, humans– 80.0%; and globally: dogs– 7.7%, cats– 1.2%, humans– 91.1%. Full transition to nutritionally-sound vegan diets would spare from slaughter the following numbers of terrestrial livestock animals annually (billions): US: dogs– 1.7, cats– 0.2, humans– 7.8, and globally: dogs– 6.0, cats– 0.9, humans– 71.3, as well as billions of aquatic animals in all dietary groups. Very large impact reductions were also associated with land and water use, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), acidifying and eutrophifying gases, and biocide use, in all dietary groups. If implemented globally, nutritionally-sound vegan diets would free up land larger than the following nations: dogs–Saudi Arabia or Mexico, cats–Japan or Germany, humans–Russia–the world’s largest country–combined with India. Such diets would save freshwater volumes greater than all renewable freshwater in the following nations: dogs–Denmark, cats–Jordan, humans–Cuba. Such diets would reduce GHGs by amounts greater than all GHG emissions from following nations: dogs–South Africa or the UK, cats–Israel or New Zealand, humans–India or the entire EU. The numbers of additional people who could be fed using food energy savings associated with vegan diets exceeded the 2018 human populations of the following nations: dogs–the entire European Union, cats–France or the UK, humans–every single nation or collective region on Earth, as defined by the World Bank. All of these estimates are conservative.
Apollo-NADP+ reveals in vivo adaptation of NADPH/NADP+ metabolism in electrically activated pancreatic β cells

Several genetically encoded sensors have been developed to study live cell NADPH/NADP+ dynamics, but their use has been predominantly in vitro. Here, we developed an in vivo assay using the Apollo-NADP+ sensor and microfluidic devices to measure endogenous NADPH/NADP+ dynamics in the pancreatic β cells of live zebrafish embryos. Flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, the main source of NADPH in many cell types, has been reported to be low in β cells. Thus, it is unclear how these cells compensate to meet NADPH demands. Using our assay, we show that pyruvate cycling is the main source of NADP+ reduction in β cells, with contributions from folate cycling after acute electrical activation. INS1E β cells also showed a stress-induced increase in folate cycling and further suggested that this cycling requires both increased glycolytic intermediates and cytosolic NAD+. Overall, we show in vivo application of the Apollo-NADP+ sensor and reveal that β cells are capable of adapting NADPH/NADP+ redox during stress.
Monitoring Earth Surface Dynamics With Optical Imagery

Despite the increasing availability of high-quality optical satellite images, continuous monitoring of Earth's surface changes is still of limited use due to technical limitations. To overcome these limitations, this thesis presents a processing chain to accurately orthorectify and co-register sets of satellite and aerial images, which, associated with a precise correlation technique, allow for the measurement of horizontal ground deformations with accuracy better than 1/10 of the pixel size. The irregular resampling problem is addressed to avoid introducing aliasing in the orthorectified images. Image registration and correlation is achieved with an iterative, unbiased processor that estimates the phase plane in the Fourier domain for sub-pixel shift detection. Errors due to the imaging system are calibrated and modeled, topography artifacts are characterized and solutions are proposed to compensate or to filter them. A software package implementing these procedures, Co-registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr), is available from the Caltech Tectonics Observatory website. The procedure is validated in several different contexts, and applied to seismo-tectonics and glaciology studies. Accurate measurements of horizontal co-seismic displacements in the near fault zone allow unambiguous imaging of surface ruptures. It is shown that measurements of surface ruptures from optical aerial and satellite images compare well with field measurements, and that in addition they have the potential of densely measuring the fault perpendicular component, and the off-fault distributed slip. When combined with seismic waveform modeling, fault geometry and surface offsets add crucial constraints to describe in details the seismic faulting process. Dense maps of glacier velocity are reported for several glaciers in Europe and in the Himalayas. Optical image correlation proves robust even in challenging mountainous areas, allowing accurate measurements of glacier flow velocity. Seasonal variations of glacier flow velocity are well identified, suggesting that such measurements can be used to better study the effects of climate change, and to refine the tuning of numerical glacier models.