Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced dielectric standoff and mechanical failure in field-structured composites

We report dielectric breakdown experiments on electric-field-structured composites of high-dielectric-constant BaTiO{sub 3} particles in an epoxy resin. These experiments show a significant increase in the dielectric standoff strength perpendicular to the field structuring direction, relative to control samples consisting of randomly dispersed particles. To understand the relation of this observation to microstructure, we apply a simple {ital resistor-short breakdown model} to three-dimensional composite structures generated from a dynamical simulation. In this breakdown model the composite material is assumed to conduct primarily through particle contacts, so the simulated structures are mapped onto a resistor network where the center of mass of each particle is a node that is connected to neighboring nodes by resistors of fixed resistance that irreversibly short to perfect conductors when the current reaches a threshold value. This model gives relative breakdown voltages that are in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, we consider a primitive model of the mechanical strength of a field-structured composite material, which is a current-driven, {ital conductor-insulator fuse model}. This model leads to a macroscopic fusing behavior and can be related to mechanical failure of the composite. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Weak Form of the Conjugate Gradient FFT Method for Two-Dimensional Elastodynamics

The problem of two-dimensional scattering of elastic waves by an elastic inclusion can be formulated in terms of a domain integral equation, in which the grad-div operator acts on a vector potential. The vector potential is the spatial convolution of a Green's function with the product of the density and the displacement over the domain of interest. A weak form of the integral equation for the unknown displacement is obtained by testing it with rooftop functions. This method shows excellent numerical performance.
A UNIVARIATE MEASUREMENT ERROR MODEL FOR LONGITUDINAL CHANGE

Analyses of variables measured with error are often flawed when measurement error is ignored. An extensive literature on linear measurement error models is available by [1], and more recently, for non-linear measurement error models by [2] and [3]. We investigate problems encountered in the analysis of longitudinal change, where the difference in some outcome variable is modeled on a set of regressor variables in a linear regression model. This type of analysis has become quite popular in biomedical research, and the results are often biased when the outcome variable is measured with error and its observed baseline value is included as a covariate in the fitted model. [4] demonstrated the effects of measurement error in the analysis of change in wall thickness of the common carotid artery. They showed the naive analysis led to erroneous findings due to the measurement error bias, even when the regressor variables were assumed to be measured precisely. In this paper, we present a method-of-moments correction for measurement error bias, provided the measurement error variance is known or can be estimated. This work extends the work of [4] to include regressor variables that are measured with error.
Maximizing the temperature insensitivity, energy efficiency, and bit rate of 980-nm VCSELs via small oxide-aperture diameters and photon lifetime tuning

Energy-efficient oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) emitting at 980 nm, particularly well suited for optical interconnects operating at up to 85°C are presented. The modulation bandwidth f3dB of our VCSELs increases at low currents with increasing temperature up to 23 GHz at 85°C. The impact of cavity photon lifetime and oxide-aperture diameter on the energy efficiency, temperature stability, and static and dynamic properties of our VCSELs are analyzed. Error-free 40 Gb/s operation at 85°C with an energy-to-data ratio below 100 fJ/bit and a current density close to 10 kA/cm2 is predicted based on small signal modulation experiments.
Introduction to Solid Modeling

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Scattering from arbitrarily‐shaped lossy dielectric bodies of revolution

A surface integral equation (SIE) technique is developed to analyze the scattering properties of arbitrarily-shaped lossy dielectric bodies of revolution. Two coupled vector integral equations formulated via Maxwell's equations, Green's theorem, and the boundary conditions are used. The unknown surface currents (both electric and magnetic) are calculated by, first, Fourier decomposition, and then, the moment method, Galerkin's procedure. The far scattered field and radar cross section (RCS) are then readily determined from the reciprocity theorem and the measurement matrix concept. For a dielectric sphere good agreement is obtained between the SIE and exact solutions. Solutions of a thick dielectric cylinder are next used to demonstrate the arbitrary geometry capability of the SIE method. This method is suitable for homogeneous dielectric bodies and only the axially incident plane wave is considered here. The method also applies for a wide range of dielectric parameters (with ∈r from 1.44 to 80 and conductivity σ from 0 to 103 mho/m).
Switchable Electromagnetic Reflector/Absorber with Electric-Field-Coupled LC Resonator

Abstract This article presents a novel electromagnetic structure that is able to switch a reflector and absorber for multi-functional X-band environments. The periodic structure of a split-ring resonator is employed as an electric LC resonator. The switching between absorption and reflector mode is achieved by connecting or disconnecting the main current path during on- and off-states, respectively. At 10 GHz, high absorption is obtained when the switch is in the on-state, while a perfect reflection is obtained when the switch is in the off-state. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate the performance of the proposed structure.
The design of a reading light system with RGB white-light LED by Fresnel lens and evolutionary algorithms

This paper presents the design of a reading light system consisted of multiple R, G, and B white light LEDs with Fresnel lens located before the light source. First, we use a general Fresnel lens and a Genetic Algorithm (phaseΙ) to search the best arrangement of multiple LEDs, then use another Genetic Algorithm (phaseΠ) to the result obtained before to get a better Fresnel lens of width-varied grooves. Experimental results show that the special arrangement of LEDs and the special structure of Fresnel lens make the reading light system more efficient in illuminance than the reading light system of no Fresnel lens.
Streaming motions of galaxy clusters within 12 000 km s -1 - II. New photometric data for the Fundamental Plane

We present new R-band photometric data for 447 galaxies, gathered for the ‘Streaming Motions of Abell Clusters’ (SMAC) project. The data comprise 629 individual measurements of the Fundamental Plane (FP) parameters effective radius (Re) and surface brightness (kmle), derived from r 1/4 -law profile fitting. More than a third of the galaxies were observed more than once. The photometric precision is ,0.02mag as judged from comparisons of aperture photometry between repeat observations of galaxies. The combination Xfp ¼ logRe 2 0:33kmle; which enters into the Fundamental Plane relation, has internal uncertainties of ,0.008, corresponding to ,2 per cent in estimated distance. Taken individually, the (correlated) internal errors in Re and kmle are ,8 per cent and ,0.12mag respectively. Comparisons with literature data constrain the external random errors to &5 per cent in distance (per observation), which is small in comparison to the ,20 per cent scatter in the FP. The data will form part of a merged catalogue of FP parameters, presented in a companion paper.
Temperature dependent ablation threshold in silicon using ultrashort laser pulses

We have experimentally investigated the ablation threshold in silicon as a function of temperature when applying ultrashort laser pulses at three wavelengths. By varying the temperature of a silicon substrate from room temperature to 320 °C, we observe that the ablation threshold for a 3 ps pulse using a wavelength of 1030 nm drops from 0.43 J/cm2 to 0.24 J/cm2, a reduction of 43%. For a wavelength of 515 nm, the ablation threshold drops from 0.22 J/cm2 to 0.15 J/cm2, a reduction of 35%. The observed ablation threshold for pulses at 343 nm remains constant with temperature, at 0.10 J/cm2. These results indicate that substrate heating is a useful technique for lowering the ablation threshold in industrial silicon processing using ultrashort laser pulses in the IR or visible wavelength range. In order to investigate and explain the observed trends, we apply the two-temperature model, a thermodynamic model for investigation of the interaction between silicon and ultrashort laser pulses. Applying the two-temp.
New full-wave theory for scattering from rough metal surfaces—the correction current method: the TE-polarization case

A new full-wave theory of scattering from metal surfaces with one-dimensional roughness profiles is presented. A primary field and a complete system of modal functions (radiation modes) are defined to be relatively simple in structure (plane-wave-type fields) and to satisfy the boundary conditions at the rough surface, individually and rigorously. These fields will not necessarily satisfy Maxwell's equations. But compliance with these equations is enforced by the introduction of fictitious current distributions, associated with each of these fields, and chosen such that these ‘passive’ currents compensate for any field errors. In addition, each radiation mode is assumed to include an ‘active’ current distribution in the form of a current sheet which generates this mode. The composite field, formulated as a superposition of the primary field and the radiation modes, must be source free. It cannot involve any active or passive currents; and this zero-current requirement is then used to solve the scatter problem by an iterative procedure which, in a step-by-step fashion, eliminates the passive currents of the primary field and radiation modes by the active currents of the radiation modes. The result is a composite field that satisfies all requirements (Maxwell's equations, boundary conditions and radiation condition) while all fictitious current distributions are eliminated by mutual compensation. This composite field is therefore the solution of the scatter problem. This new theory—involving fictitious current distributions—is unconventional. But after definition of the primary field and the radiation modes, it is straightforward and conceptually transparent. The first-order scatter pattern is reciprocal and bridges the gap between the small-perturbation method and the physical optics method. Since the passive currents quantify the field errors, the theory allows the establishment of an error criterion which indicates when field errors can be expected to be small. The results are compared with those of existing theories. The present paper presents the TE case; the TM case, which is more complex, will be described in a follow-on paper. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Extracting optical properties of turbid media using radially and spectrally resolved diffuse reflectance

Extraction of optical absorption and scattering coefficients from experimental measurements of spatially and/or spectrally resolved diffuse reflectance typically requires that measurements made on unknown samples be calibrated using those made on reference phantoms with well characterized optical properties. Here, we derive the optical scattering and absorption spectra of a solid homogenous resin-phantom using two analytical methods: radially resolved diffuse reflectance (RRDR) based fitting and spectrally resolved diffuse reflectance (SRDR) based fitting. Radially resolved data was acquired using a fabricated probe holder which connected one source fiber to 7 detector fibers with distances ranging between 1.65 to 12.5 mm. Each detector fiber was connected to a spectrometer and spectra ranging 450 to 800 nm were measured when a broadband halogen lamp was used as the source. Diffusion theory based, as well as scaled Monte Carlo based models were used to fit the spectrally and radially resolved reflectance (on a per wavelength basis) to derive the absorption and scattering spectra of the solid phantom. To assess the accuracy of these derived absorption and scattering properties, they were used as reference measurements to reconstruct the optical properties of liquid phantoms, with well-determined absorption and scattering. Reference optical properties determined using the SRDR methods were more accurate in reconstructing the optical properties in liquid phantoms. However, RRDR methods are useful to obtain a spectral profile of the absorption coefficient of an unknown media, for subsequent analyses using SRDR.
Radiation forces on a dielectric microsphere produced by non-paraxial optical fields of an electric dipole

Radiation forces on a dielectric sphere produced by non-paraxial optical fields of an electric dipole in the Rayleigh regime of light scattering are analysed theoretically and calculated numerically. The results show that the radiation forces produced by non-paraxial Gaussian beams are quite different from those produced by paraxial Gaussian beams in several respects, and non-paraxial optical fields are more suitable in capturing minute Rayleigh particles.
Optimal gauge for the multimode Rabi model in circuit QED

In circuit QED, a Rabi model can be derived by truncating the Hilbert space of the anharmonic qubit coupled to a linear, reactive environment. This truncation breaks the gauge invariance present in the full Hamiltonian. We analyze the determination of an optimal gauge such that the differences between the truncated and the full Hamiltonian are minimized. Here, we derive a simple criterion for the optimal gauge. We find that it is determined by the ratio of the anharmonicity of the qubit to an averaged environmental frequency. We demonstrate that the usual choices of flux and charge gauge are not necessarily the preferred options in the case of multiple resonator modes.
Beam Shaping with Optical Array Generators

Abstract An array generator is an optical system that splits an incoming beam of light into an array of many ‘beamlets’. Such a multiple beam-splitting system is necessary in optical data processing, where two-dimensional arrays of optical modulators, optical logic devices or optically bistable devices have to be read out optically or have to be provided with power-supply or bias beams. Other applications include multiple imaging and space-variant processing. The number of beams within an array has to be adapted to the size of the array of optical devices, also the modal shape of each single beam has to be adapted to the acceptable modes for the individual devices. Different systems for array generation are classified and compared with respect to their relevant parameters. Methods for modal adaptation are described. The influence of coherent noise and of chromatic errors is investigated. Non-Cartesian and irregular array generators are proposed.
Colored noise in dynamical systems

We consider the problem of escape of a particle activated by small amplitude Gaussian colored noise, from a potential well. We consider various ranges of the parameters representing the bandwidth of the noise, its spectral height, and the dissipation coefficient. We employ singular perturbation methods to derive explicit analytical approximations for the stationary density of fluctuations about the deterministically meta-stable state at the bottom of the well, and for the mean first passage time to overcome the potential barrier and escape the well. The latter leads to a formula for the escape (activation) rate. Among other results we find that the mean first passage time is exponentially larger than in the white noise case.
Multisource data registration based on NURBS description of contours

This paper presents a novel contour‐based approach for multisource image registration. The contours are parameterized with Non‐Uniform Rational B‐Splines (NURBS). The control points of parametric contours are used as contour descriptor for image registration due to their invariance under affine and perspective transformations. The distance of control points, and the curvature and orientation similarity of the corresponding segments induced by the control points are considered as the matching criteria, and mismatching of control points can be avoided effectively because of the local controllability of NURBS. Therefore, the method is able to deal with the case in which the corresponding contours are locally distorted. Additionally, the NURBS description of contours has the strong global property; the method is therefore robust to image noise. In order to improve robustness, we perform the extraction and labelling of contours interactively. The experiments on both single‐sensor and multisource data registration demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the presented method.
Somatic Education and Mind-Body Disciplines: Exploring the Effects of the Pilates Method on Life Satisfaction, Mindfulness and Self-Compassion

This study was aimed at exploring the potential of the Pilates Method of somatic education as a tool for enhancing factors influencing wellbeing. Specifically, the study focused on investigating whether Pilates Method mat-based and equipment practices affects mindfulness, self-compassion and life satisfaction among adults. A total of 129 adults (16 men and 113 women) participated in this study. Participants completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Self-Compassion Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale, and provided additional information regarding the frequency of participation in Pilates practices and demographics. Correlation analysis indicated strong relationships between variables. One-way multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine differences in mindfulness, self-compassion and life satisfaction, and revealed significant differences between Pilates subgroups. Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that participants who practiced Pilates as many as five times per week scored higher than those participating once or twice. Regression analyses indicated that mindfulness and self-compassion were good predictors of life satisfaction. Pilates positively correlated with factors that enhance positive psychology processes and wellbeing. The major finding was that Pilates practitioners can enter into a different relationship with bodily movement, transcending the physical body, fitness and exercise techniques. Further empirical research is required to explore how the Pilates Method shapes somatic experiences. Implications of the Pilates technique as a somatic and mind-body method in physical and dance education are presented.
Pollen morphological study in subfamily Papilionoideae using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

The pollen morphological study was carried out in the subfamily Papilionoideae using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) to facilitate the identification of pollen in sedimentary archives. Pollen has long been used as an excellent proxy for understanding past vegetation, ecology, climate and agricultural strategies of ancient settlements and therefore, its identification at a specific level is of utmost importance. The modern pollen samples were retrieved from plants growing in urban and rural areas of Kanpur city, Uttar Pradesh, India. The cluster analysis and PCA of pollen morphological characters in the subfamily determine the generic and species relationships outlining the affinity of taxa in the subfamily Papilionoideae. सारांश तलछटी अभिलेखागार में पराग की पहचान के लिए कन्फोकल लेजर स्कैनिंग माइक्रोस्कोपी (सीएलएसएम) का उपयोग करते हुए उपपरिवार पैपिलिओनोइडी में पराग रूपात्मक अध्ययन किया गया। प्राचीन बस्तियों की पुरावनस्पति, पारिस्थितिकी, जलवायु और कृषि रणनीतियों को समझने के लिए पराग का लंबे समय से एक उत्कृष्ट प्रतिनिधि के रूप में उपयोग किया जा रहा है और इसलिए, एक विशिष्ट स्तर पर इसकी पहचान अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है। आधुनिक पराग के नमूने कानपुर, उत्तर प्रदेश के शहरी और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में उगने वाले पौधों से प्राप्त किए गए थे। क्लस्टर विश्लेषण और पराग रूपात्मक वर्णों का पीसीए उपपरिवार पैपिलिओनोइडी के टैक्सा की आत्मीयता को रेखांकित करते हुए जेनेरिक और प्रजाति संबंधों को निर्धारित करता है।
An approximation method for the Cauchy problem to the three-dimensional equation of vorticity transport

Le probleme de vorticite (V 0 ) a (au moins) localement en temps une solution classique unique. Pour des applications numeriques on desire une possibilite de resolution globale. Par des operations adequates on arrive a une famille de problemes de vorticite modifiee (Ve), e>0, possedant une solution classique unique globalement dans le temps. On introduit une methode d'approximation constructive pour (Ve). On obtient une sequence de champs de vorticite approches convergents vers la solution globale de (Ve) et vers la solution locale de (V 0 )
Preclinical Studies of Posttraumatic Headache and the Potential Therapeutics

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) attributed to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a secondary headache developed within 7 days after head injury, and in a substantial number of patients PTH becomes chronic and lasts for more than 3 months. Current medications are almost entirely relied on the treatment of primary headache such as migraine, due to its migraine-like phenotype and the limited understanding on the PTH pathogenic mechanisms. To this end, increasing preclinical studies have been conducted in the last decade. We focus in this review on the trigeminovascular system from the animal studies since it provides the primary nociceptive sensory afferents innervating the head and face region, and the pathological changes in the trigeminal pathway are thought to play a key role in the development of PTH. In addition to the pathologies, PTH-like behaviors induced by TBI and further exacerbated by nitroglycerin, a general headache inducer through vasodilation are reviewed. We will overview the current pharmacotherapies including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibody and sumatriptan in the PTH animal models. Given that modulation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been well-documented in the treatment of migraine and TBI, the therapeutic potential of eCB in PTH will also be discussed.