Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Logic of Common Sense Default Reasoning Commonsense Law of Inertia Logic and Computation

The Golden Age of logic came to an end in the sixties, with the solution of the remaining classical independence problems in set theory. It was the time for logicians to remember that logic is more than the study of mathematical proofs; it is the study of reasoning in general. For instance, proofs of program correctness are in the realm of logic also. Or, to put it diierently, the theory of programming becomes a part of mathematics as soon as one has developed an axiomatic basis for it. The theory of commonsense reasoning occupies a similar place in the history of logic. It provides an axiomatic basis for reasoning about the world inhabited by \agents" like us|by agents who have beliefs and goals, who perform actions in order to reach these goals and, by doing so, change the state of the world. It can be seen as a step towards the aim of rationalist philosophy, described by Descartes in Discourse on Method: Those long chains of reasoning, quite simple and easy, which geometricians use in order to achieve their most diicult demonstrations , had given me occasion to imagine that all things which can be known by man are mutually related in the same way. The roots of today's research on commonsense reasoning are found in the 1959 paper by John McCarthy entitled Programs with Common Sense 6]. Considerable progress has been made since then. But much more work is required before we achieve the level of understanding of commonsense reasoning comparable to our current understanding of reasoning about sets or computer programs. One of the features of commonsense reasoning that makes it diierent from traditional mathematical proofs is the use of defaults. A default is a proposition that is postulated to be true in the absence of information to the 1 contrary. For instance, an agent may assume by default that his observation correctly reeects the state of the world, and be prepared to retract this assumption in the face of evidence that he is in error. Leibniz described this default in his essay An Introduction to a Secret Encyclopedia: There is given to us a natural propensity to trust the senses : : : and also to believe all appearances unless there is a reason against this; for otherwise we would never do anything. In this century, the important role of defaults was recognized by philosophers of law …
PIECEWISE RIGIDITY ANTONIN CHAMBOLLE

In this paper we provide a Liouville type theorem in the framework of fracture mechanics, and more precisely in the theory of SBV deformations for cracked bodies. We prove the following rigidity result: if u ∈ SBV (Ω, RN ) is a deformation of Ω whose associated crack Ju has finite energy in the sense of Griffith’s theory (i.e., HN−1(Ju) <∞), and whose approximate gradient ∇u is almost everywhere a rotation, then u is a collection of an at most countable family of rigid motions. In other words, the cracked body does not store elastic energy if and only if all its connected components are deformed through rigid motions. In particular, global rigidity can fail only if the crack disconnects the body.
Age-related and sex-related changes in perfusion index in response to noxious electrical stimulation in healthy subjects

Background Even though pain is a subjective phenomenon, its objective evaluation in humans is important because subjects requiring pain evaluation may be unable to describe their pain intensity because of decreased awareness or impaired cognitive function. Previous reports indicate that the perfusion index (PI), which is calculated from pulse oximeter waveforms, has some utility in assessing pain. However, age-associated and sex-associated differences in change of PI have hitherto not been evaluated for assessment of pain. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the utility of age-related differences in PI change among healthy volunteers subjected to electrical stimulation. Methods We measured PI and pulse rate in 70 healthy volunteers exposed to gradually increasing electrical stimulation. The subjects were classified into four groups, ie, young men, young women, aged men, and aged women. Stimulation was stopped when subjects reached their pain tolerance threshold. The average PI and pulse rate were calculated 10 seconds before and after electrical stimulation and compared across the four groups. Changes in PI and pulse rate were analyzed using the paired t-test. Results The PI was significantly decreased in response to pain stimulation in young men (P<0.0001), young women (P=0.0002), and aged men (P=0.0158). However, aged women failed to show significant changes in PI before or after stimulation. The pulse rate was not significantly altered in any of the groups. Conclusion PI may be an independent parameter reflecting the perception of noxious stimuli and could be used for objective evaluation of pain perception in healthy volunteers, except when it is used for pain evaluation in elderly women.
As-Rigid-as-Possible Volumetric Shape-from-Template

The objective of Shape-from-Template (SfT) is to infer an object's shape from a single image and a 3D object template. Existing methods are called thin-shell SfT as they represent the object by its outer surface. This may be an open surface for thin objects such as a piece of paper or a closed surface for thicker objects such as a ball. We propose volumetric SfT, which specifically handles objects of the latter kind. Volumetric SfT uses the object's full volume to express the deformation constraints and reconstructs the object's surface and interior deformation. This is a challenging problem because for opaque objects, only a part of the outer surface is visible in the image. Inspired by mesh-editing techniques, we use an As-Rigid-As-Possible (ARAP) deformation model that softly imposes local rigidity. We formalise ARAP isometric SfT as a constrained variational optimisation problem which we solve using iterative optimisation. We present strategies to find an initial solution based on thin-shell SfT and volume propagation. Experiments with synthetic and real data show that our method has a typical maximum relative error of 5% in reconstructing the deformation of an entire object, including its back and interior for which no visual data is available.
NoC-AXI interface for FPGA-based MPSoC platforms

Streaming applications are a keystone in several emerging multimedia services like DVB-IPTV, VoD and on-line gaming. Due to the high computing requirements and real-time constraints inherent to this kind of applications multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoCs) have been proposed as a solution. In addition, the FPGA technology has become popular among systems-on-chip (SoCs) designers due to its low development cost and short time to market. Here we present a FPGA-based MPSoC platform for streaming applications where the important component of this platform is the AXI interface.
Asymptomatic Malaria and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Sanja Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Introduction. Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in highly endemic areas of Africa and is new challenge for malaria prevention and control strategies. Objective. To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated risk factors among school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2013, on 385 school children selected using stratified proportionate systematic sampling technique. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk factors. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were examined for detection, identification, and quantification of malaria parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression was done for assessing associated risk factors and proportions for categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. P values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 6.8% (n = 26). The majority of parasitemic study participants had low parasite density 65.5% (17/26). Level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure to malaria infection were associated with risk of asymptomatic malaria. Conclusion. Asymptomatic malaria was low in this study area and is associated with level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure to malaria infection.
GRAVITATIONAL HEATING HELPS MAKE MASSIVE GALAXIES RED AND DEAD

We study the thermal formation history of four simulated galaxies that were shown by Naab et al. to reproduce a number of observed properties of elliptical galaxies. The temperature of the gas in the galaxies is steadily increasing with decreasing redshift, although much of the gas has a cooling time shorter than the Hubble time. The gas is being heated and kept hot by gravitational heating processes through the release of potential energy from infalling stellar clumps. The energy is dissipated in supersonic collisions of infalling gas lumps with the ambient gas and through the dynamical capturing of satellite systems causing gravitational wakes that transfer energy to the surrounding gas. Furthermore, dynamical friction from the infalling clumps pushes out dark matter (DM), lowering the central DM density by up to a factor of 2 from z = 3 to z = 0. In galaxies in which the late formation history (z ≲ 2) is dominated by minor merging and accretion, the energy released (E ∼ 5 × 1059 erg) from gravitational feedback is sufficient to form red and dead elliptical galaxies by z ∼ 1 even in the absence of supernova and AGN feedback.
Can Non-Linear Readout Nodes Enhance the Performance of Reservoir-Based Speech Recognizers?

It has been shown for some time that a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) can perform an accurate acoustic-phonetic decoding of a continuous speech stream. However, the error back-propagation through time (EBPTT) training of such a network is often critical (bad local optimum) and very time consuming. These problems hamper the deployment of sufficiently large networks that would be able to outperform state-of-the-art Hidden Markov Models. To overcome this drawback of RNNs, we recently proposed to employ a large pool of recurrently connected non-linear nodes (a so-called reservoir) with fixed weights, and to map the reservoir outputs to meaningful phonemic classes by means of a layer of linear output nodes (called the readout nodes) whose weights form the solution of a set of linear equations. In this paper, we collect experimental evidence that the performance of a reservoir-based system can be enhanced by working with non-linear readout nodes. Although this calls for an iterative training, it boils down to a non-linear regression which seems to be less critical and time consuming than EBPTT.
Iron Loss of 50 W, 100000 rpm Permanent-Magnet Machine in Micro Gas Turbine

The high speed permanent-magnet synchronous generator is an important component of micro gas turbine. One of the major problems in micro turbine generator is an increase in iron loss with increasing rotational speed. In order to minimize the iron loss, PNF-Core (20PNF1500, posco electrical steel) is used for stator core. The core has good magnetic properties in high frequency where eddy current loss extremely increase. This paper presents a no-load iron loss calculated by magnetic circuit model and core losses data. To verify the analytical loss calculation a 2-D finite element analysis and a back-to-back test have been performed.
Metabolic Syndrome in Italian Obese Children and Adolescents: Stronger Association with Central Fat Depot than with Insulin Sensitivity and Birth Weight

Aim. To evaluate whether body fat distribution, birth weight, and family history for diabetes (FHD) were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents. Methods. A total of 439 Italian obese children and adolescents (5-18 years) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: prepubertal and pubertal. MetS was diagnosed according to the adapted National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Birth weight percentile, central obesity index (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity (ISI), and disposition index were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine variables associated with MetS. Results. The prevalence of MetS was 17%, with higher percentage in adolescents than in children (21 versus 12%). In the overall population, central obesity index was a stronger predictor of MetS than insulin sensitivity and low birth weight. When the two groups were considered, central fat depot remained the strongest predictor of MetS, with ISI similarly influencing the probability of MetS in the two groups and birth weight being negatively associated to MetS only in pubertal individuals. Neither FHD nor degree of fatness was a significant predictor of MetS. Conclusion. Simple clinical parameters like increased abdominal adiposity and low birth weight could be useful tools to identify European obese adolescents at risk for metabolic complications.
Analysis of foraging behavior in ant swarms based on Starlogo simulation

Swarm Intelligence which is inspired by social animals has gained a lot of attention recently. It always appeals to the collective behaviors observed in social animals. Foraging behavior in ant colonies have come to be viewed as a prototypical example of how complex group behavior can arise from simple individuals. In this paper, foraging process with two sources observed in ant system is simulated by Starlogo. Three aspects, the distances of sources, the evaporation speed of the pheromone, the number of individuals, are considered respectively. Each individual is controlled by the Finite State machine. The completion time is the estimation standard of system performance. The results of simulations show the power law relationship between the completion time (also collision frequency) and the flux of foragers. The work presented here guides a better understanding on self-organization and Swarm Intelligence. It can be used to design more efficient, adaptive, reliable intelligent systems.
Genetic Variation for Lettuce Seed Thermoinhibition Is Associated with Temperature-Sensitive Expression of Abscisic Acid, Gibberellin, and Ethylene Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Response Genes1[C][W][OA]

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Salinas’) seeds fail to germinate when imbibed at temperatures above 25°C to 30°C (termed thermoinhibition). However, seeds of an accession of Lactuca serriola (UC96US23) do not exhibit thermoinhibition up to 37°C in the light. Comparative genetics, physiology, and gene expression were analyzed in these genotypes to determine the mechanisms governing the regulation of seed germination by temperature. Germination of the two genotypes was differentially sensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) at elevated temperatures. Quantitative trait loci associated with these phenotypes colocated with a major quantitative trait locus (Htg6.1) from UC96US23 conferring germination thermotolerance. ABA contents were elevated in Salinas seeds that exhibited thermoinhibition, consistent with the ability of fluridone (an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) to improve germination at high temperatures. Expression of many genes involved in ABA, GA, and ethylene biosynthesis, metabolism, and response was differentially affected by high temperature and light in the two genotypes. In general, ABA-related genes were more highly expressed when germination was inhibited, and GA- and ethylene-related genes were more highly expressed when germination was permitted. In particular, LsNCED4, a gene encoding an enzyme in the ABA biosynthetic pathway, was up-regulated by high temperature only in Salinas seeds and also colocated with Htg6.1. The temperature sensitivity of expression of LsNCED4 may determine the upper temperature limit for lettuce seed germination and may indirectly influence other regulatory pathways via interconnected effects of increased ABA biosynthesis.
Modulation of Phytoalexin Biosynthesis in Engineered Plants for Disease Resistance

Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances of low molecular weight produced by plants in response to infection or stress, which form part of their active defense mechanisms. Starting in the 1950’s, research on phytoalexins has begun with biochemistry and bio-organic chemistry, resulting in the determination of their structure, their biological activity as well as mechanisms of their synthesis and their catabolism by microorganisms. Elucidation of the biosynthesis of numerous phytoalexins has permitted the use of molecular biology tools for the exploration of the genes encoding enzymes of their synthesis pathways and their regulators. Genetic manipulation of phytoalexins has been investigated to increase the disease resistance of plants. The first example of a disease resistance resulting from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant has concerned a phytoalexin from grapevine which was transferred to tobacco. Transformations were then operated to investigate the potential of other phytoalexin biosynthetic genes to confer resistance to pathogens. Unexpectedly, engineering phytoalexins for disease resistance in plants seem to have been limited to exploiting only a few phytoalexin biosynthetic genes, especially those encoding stilbenes and some isoflavonoids. Research has rather focused on indirect approaches which allow modulation of the accumulation of phytoalexin employing transcriptional regulators or components of upstream regulatory pathways. Genetic approaches using gain- or less-of functions in phytoalexin engineering together with modulation of phytoalexin accumulation through molecular engineering of plant hormones and defense-related marker and elicitor genes have been reviewed.
“ Theories and Models of Emotion ” , June 17-19 , 2004 “ Identifying theoretical problems ” Morning Session , June 18 , 2004 Synthesis

Introduction The purpose of this session was not so much the presentation of the different systems themselves, but rather to use these cases as examples to illustrate how theory and applicationoriented efforts relate in practice, and what issues are faced when looking for a sound theoretical fundament for application design and when trying to operationalise and implement identified theories. These statements grounded in own research experience aimed at helping set off the discussion on how to improve the connections between the research community in psychology and those concerned with the design and development of emotion-oriented systems. Consequently, the contributions focussed on discussing both, matches and mismatches, between theoretical foundations and practical necessities – before; during; and after completing work on the respective systems – including the pointing out of topics for which no (satisfactory) theoretical support could be identified. To best exploit the precious limited time at the workshop, the presenters made available descriptions of the coverage of their presentations along with background literature on the humaine portal in advance, and the session chair invited all members and friends of humaine registered for the workshop to consult this material to acquire some working knowledge about the systems to be presented, and prepare questions, comments and suggestions for topics of discussion.
A constant power consumption CMOS LC oscillator using improved high-Q active inductor with wide tuning-range

An improved CMOS high-Q active inductor and a constant power consumption oscillator with wide tuning-range are presented. The inductor using one feedback resistor results in a gain to improve the Q-value of the inductor and tune the inductance (L). Based on this inductor, a negative resistance LC-tuned oscillator with constant power consumption and wide tuning-range has been designed. The simulation results show that the improved active inductor can achieve the maximum Q-value of 3500. The power consumption of a constant value around 10 mW exists in the oscillator. This oscillator also depicts a reasonable phase noise performance of -91 dBc/Hz at 600 kHz from 0.8 GHz to 3 GHz range. Furthermore, the deviation of the phase noise is as small as 6 dBc/Hz during this tuning-range.
Elevated Phenotypic Switching and Drug Resistance ofCandida albicans from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals prior to First Thrush Episode

ABSTRACT Strains of Candida albicans obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals prior to their first episode of oral thrush were already in a high-frequency mode of switching and were far more resistant to a number of antifungal drugs than commensal isolates from healthy individuals. Switching in these isolates also had profound effects both on susceptibility to antifungal drugs and on the levels of secreted proteinase activity. These results suggest that commensal strains colonizing HIV-positive individuals either undergo phenotypic alterations or are replaced prior to the first episode of oral thrush. They also support the suggestion that high-frequency phenotypic switching functions as a higher-order virulence trait, spontaneously generating in colonizing populations variants with alterations in a variety of specific virulence traits.
Plant Virology and Next Generation Sequencing: Experiences with a Potyvirus

Next generation sequencing is quickly emerging as the go-to tool for plant virologists when sequencing whole virus genomes, and undertaking plant metagenomic studies for new virus discoveries. This study aims to compare the genomic and biological properties of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) (genus Potyvirus), isolates from Lupinus angustifolius plants with black pod syndrome (BPS), systemic necrosis or non-necrotic symptoms, and from two other plant species. When one Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) (genus Potyvirus) and 22 BYMV isolates were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq2000, one new ClYVV and 23 new BYMV sequences were obtained. When the 23 new BYMV genomes were compared with 17 other BYMV genomes available on Genbank, phylogenetic analysis provided strong support for existence of nine phylogenetic groupings. Biological studies involving seven isolates of BYMV and one of ClYVV gave no symptoms or reactions that could be used to distinguish BYMV isolates from L. angustifolius plants with black pod syndrome from other isolates. Here, we propose that the current system of nomenclature based on biological properties be replaced by numbered groups (I–IX). This is because use of whole genomes revealed that the previous phylogenetic grouping system based on partial sequences of virus genomes and original isolation hosts was unsustainable. This study also demonstrated that, where next generation sequencing is used to obtain complete plant virus genomes, consideration needs to be given to issues regarding sample preparation, adequate levels of coverage across a genome and methods of assembly. It also provided important lessons that will be helpful to other plant virologists using next generation sequencing in the future.
Fabrication and Characterization of CMOS-MEMS Magnetic Microsensors

This study investigates the design and fabrication of magnetic microsensors using the commercial 0.35 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The magnetic sensor is composed of springs and interdigitated electrodes, and it is actuated by the Lorentz force. The finite element method (FEM) software CoventorWare is adopted to simulate the displacement and capacitance of the magnetic sensor. A post-CMOS process is utilized to release the suspended structure. The post-process uses an anisotropic dry etching to etch the silicon dioxide layer and an isotropic dry etching to remove the silicon substrate. When a magnetic field is applied to the magnetic sensor, it generates a change in capacitance. A sensing circuit is employed to convert the capacitance variation of the sensor into the output voltage. The experimental results show that the output voltage of the magnetic microsensor varies from 0.05 to 1.94 V in the magnetic field range of 5–200 mT.