Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia in the internalizing-externalizing framework: a third dimension?

BACKGROUND Prior studies of common disorders in community-dwelling adults identified internalizing and externalizing spectra of mental illness. We investigated the placement of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder in this framework and tested the validity of the resulting organization in a clinical population. METHODS The data came from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project cohort (N = 628), which consists of first-admission patients with psychosis recruited from inpatient units throughout Suffolk County, NY (72% response rate). The sample was reassessed multiple times over the following 10 years. Complete diagnostic data were available for 469 participants. Mental health professionals diagnosed 11 target conditions based on semistructured clinical interviews, review of medical records, and reports of significant others. Two validators were included: family history of schizophrenia and 10-year illness course. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV grouping of conditions fit the data poorly. The best alternative classification consisted of three clusters: internalizing, externalizing, and schizophrenic. Both validators supported the coherence and distinctiveness of the schizophrenic cluster. CONCLUSIONS We replicated internalizing and externalizing spectra in a clinical population, identified a schizophrenic spectrum, and provided initial evidence of its validity. These findings suggest that schizotypal personality disorder may be better placed with schizophrenia, antisocial conditions with substance use disorders, and major depression with anxiety disorders.
Determination of volatile, phenolic, organic acid and sugar components in a Turkish cv. Dortyol (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) orange juice.

BACKGROUND Orange flavour is the results of a natural combination of volatile compounds in a well-balanced system including sugars, acids and phenolic compounds. This paper reports the results of the first determination of aroma, organic acids, sugars, and phenolic components in Dortyol yerli orange juices. RESULTS A total of 58 volatile components, including esters (nine), terpenes (19), terpenols (13), aldehydes (two), ketones (three), alcohols (four) and acids (eight) were identified and quantified in Dortyol yerli orange juice by GC-FID and GC-MS. Organic acids, sugars and phenolic compositions were also determined by HPLC methods. The major organic acid and sugar found were citric acid and sucrose, respectively. With regard to phenolics, 14 compounds were identified and quantified in the orange juice. CONCLUSION Terpenes and terpenols were found as the main types of volatile components in Dortyol yerli orange juice. In terms of aroma contribution to orange juice, 12 compounds were prominent based on the odour activity values (OAVs). The highest OAV values were recorded for ethyl butanoate, nootkatone, linalool and DL-limonene. When we compare the obtained results of cv. Dortyol orange juice with the other orange juice varieties, the composition of Dortyol orange juice was similar to Valencia and Navel orange juices.
Inhibition of Transfer to Secondary Receptors by Heparan Sulfate-Binding Drug or Antibody Induces Noninfectious Uptake of Human Papillomavirus

ABSTRACT Infection with various human papillomaviruses (HPVs) induces cervical cancers. Cell surface heparan sulfates (HS) have been shown to serve as primary attachment receptors, and molecules with structural similarity to cell surface HS, like heparin, function as competitive inhibitors of HPV infection. Here we demonstrate that the N,N′-bisheteryl derivative of dispirotripiperazine, DSTP27, efficiently blocks papillomavirus infection by binding to HS moieties, with 50% inhibitory doses of up to 0.4 μg/ml. In contrast to short-term inhibitory effects of heparin, pretreatment of cells with DSTP27 significantly reduced HPV infection for more than 30 h. Using DSTP27 and heparinase, we furthermore demonstrate that HS moieties, rather than laminin 5, present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by keratinocytes are essential for infectious transfer of ECM-bound virions to cells. Prior binding to ECM components, especially HS, partially alleviated the requirement for cell surface HS. DSTP27 blocks infection by cell-bound virions by feeding into a noninfectious entry pathway. Under these conditions, virus colocalized with HS moieties in endocytic vesicles. Similarly, postattachment treatment of cells with heparinase, cytochalasin D, or neutralizing antibodies resulted in uptake of virions without infection, indicating that deviation into a noninfectious entry pathway is a major mode of postattachment neutralization. In untreated cells, initial colocalization of virions with HS on the cell surface and in endocytic vesicles was lost with time. Our data suggest that initial attachment of HPV to HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) must be followed by secondary interaction with additional HS side chains and transfer to a non-HSPG receptor for successful infection.
The Daily Hassles Scale (Revised): Does it measure stress or symptoms?

This study examined the structure of a revised Daily Hassles Scale (DHS-R) and attempted to clarify its relationship to measures of psychological and somatic symptoms. First, exploratory and conf11lIllltory factor analyses were conducted to identify and cross-validate a factor structure for the DHS-R. A second set of analyses was then used to examine the relationship between the DHS-R factors and psychological and somatic symptoms. Analyses suggested that a hierarchical factor structure comprised of seven primary and two higher­ order factors provides a useful framework for conceptualizing the DHS-R. The seven narrow-band, primary factors identified in this study emphasized different life domains (e.g., work, family), while the two broad-band, higher-order factors appeared to distinguish between overt, public events and covert, private experi­ ences. Subsequent analyses suggested that six of the seven DHS-R primary fac­ tors do not appear confounded with either psychological or somatic symptoms.
Human substantia nigra neurons encode decision outcome and are modulated by categorization uncertainty in an auditory categorization task

The ability to categorize stimuli – predator or prey, friend or foe – is an essential feature of the decision‐making process. Underlying that ability is the development of an internally generated category boundary to generate decision outcomes. While classic temporal difference reinforcement models assume midbrain dopaminergic neurons underlie the prediction error required to learn boundary location, these neurons also demonstrate a robust response to nonreward incentive stimuli. More recent models suggest that this may reflect a motivational aspect to performing a task which should be accounted for when modeling dopaminergic neuronal behavior. To clarify the role of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in uncertain perceptual decision making, we investigated their behavior using single neuron extracellular recordings in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing deep brain stimulation. Subjects underwent a simple auditory categorical decision‐making task in which they had to classify a tone as either low‐ or high‐pitched relative to an explicit threshold tone and received feedback but no reward. We demonstrate that the activity of human SN dopaminergic neurons is predictive of perceptual categorical decision outcome and is modulated by uncertainty. Neuronal activity was highest during difficult (uncertain) decisions that resulted in correct responses and lowest during easy decisions that resulted in incorrect responses. This pattern of results is more consistent with a “motivational” role with regards to perceptual categorization and suggests that dopamine neurons are most active when critical information – as represented by uncertainty – is available for learning decision boundaries.
Flow with Slip Between Coaxial Cylinders and in an Equilateral Triangular Pipe

The Navier-Stokes equations are solved exactly, assuming the Navier slip boundary condition, for flow between coaxial circular cylinders (with possibly different slip lengths at the inner and outer walls), and flow in an equilateral triangular pipe. The velocity fields and total flow rates are found analytically. A relatively small slip length can lead to a large increase in the total rate of fluid flow: in the triangular pipe case the flow doubles when the slip length is only about 7.5% of the triangle side.
Distribution of Ascaris suum in experimentally and naturally infected pigs and comparison with Ascaris lumbricoides infections in humans

This paper describes the distribution of Ascaris suum in experimentally and naturally infected pigs, and offers a comparison with A. lumbricoides infections in humans. In the first study, worms were recovered post-mortem from a group of 38 pigs that had been trickle inoculated with 10000 infective A. suum eggs twice weekly for 12 weeks. In the second study, worms were collected from a group of 49 pigs that had been kept on a pasture contaminated with infective A. suum eggs for 10 weeks, after which they received treatment with an anthelmintic; they then were turned out on the same pasture for a second 10-week period before slaughter. The worm burdens of the naturally infected pigs were recorded both at treatment and post-mortem. Mean worm counts were similar at all occasions but the prevalence of infection was higher in the trickle infected and naturally reinfected pigs. Furthermore, the prevalence in naturally infected pigs increased significantly over the study period. Worm burden distributions in all groups were heavily overdispersed, but the distribution patterns differed significantly between groups: lower exposure (initial natural infection) gave a low prevalence and an almost uniform distribution of worm burdens among infected hosts. Continued or higher exposure (trickle and natural reinfection) resulted in increased prevalence and a reduction in the proportion of hosts with increasing worm load. A positive correlation was found between initial and reinfection worm burdens in the naturally infected pig population, suggesting that individual pigs are predisposed to a high or low intensity of infection. The prevalence and intensity as well as the distribution observed for A. suum infection in pigs were comparable to those reported for A. lumbricoides in endemic areas, and there is evidence for predisposition to A. suum in pigs, with an estimated correlation coefficient similar to that found in humans. It is concluded that A. suum infections in pigs are a suitable model to study the population dynamics of A. lumbricoides in human populations.
Bacteriophage holins: deadly diversity.

Bacteriophage biology has been the source of many of the fundamental paradigms of molecular genetics. The infective cycles of phages like l, T4, and T7 have been characterized in great detail; the precise sequence of gene expression and many of the decisive regulatory events are known. Indeed, the only developmental step in biology that is sufficiently well understood to be quantitatively modelled at the molecular level is the choice between the lytic and lysogenic pathways in phage l (McAdams and Shapiro, 1995). However, the terminating event of the infective cycle – lysis of the host cell – was generally viewed as the trivial and inevitable outcome of the accumulation of phage-encoded muralytic activity (Watson et al., 1987). It is only recently that it has become appreciated that the host lysis event is also exquisitely programmed. It will be argued here that, in fact, the only critical regulatory decision in the vegetative cycle is when to effect lysis of the host. The molecule which determines the timing of this event and also provides function essential to lysis is the holin (Wang et al., 2000). Holins are small membrane proteins that, as a functional group, have been defined for less than a decade (Young, 1992). Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in defining the scope of holin-mediated phenomena, it must be emphasized from the outset that we are still largely in the descriptive phase of the study of these remarkable proteins which constitute the most diverse group of functional homologs in nature (Wang et al., 2000). There is very little known about holins at the structural level or about how they function at the mechanistic level. In fact, the nature of the lethal lesion caused by holins in the process of lysis is still unknown; is it a defined pore in the membrane, a collection of stable pores of random dimensions, or an unstable, dynamic pore reflecting loose intermolecular interactions between holins, or irregular deformities caused by highly oligomeric clusters of holins? Nevertheless, holins have been revealed as such elegantly simple solutions to the problem of biological timing that they must attract increasing attention and study, even though their membrane localization and lethal phenotype pose daunting obstacles to biochemical investigation.
A spline-based non-linear diffeomorphism for multimodal prostate registration

Links: [1] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=836 [2] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=695 [3] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=837 [4] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=838 [5] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=839 [6] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/biblio? f%5Bauthor%5D=874 [7] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/publication/a-spline-based-non-linear-diffeomorphism-for-multimodalprostate-registration [8] http://www.inf. u-szeged.hu/taxonomy/term/5
Endosomal ClC-3 and Nox1: moving marksmen of redox signaling?

Despite tremendous advances in our knowledge of the role of oxidative species in vascular disease, much debate remains regarding the mechanism by which NADPH oxidases (Nox) impart specific effects in cells. Over the past 2 decades, the term oxidative stress has often been used to describe the effects of Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Much credence was initially given to relatively large quantities of ROS as mediators of myriad and varied cellular responses, ranging from connective tissue expression to differentiation, hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis.1 With the discovery of multiple Nox isoforms and emergence of loss-of-function and gain-of-function technologies manipulating the levels of individual isoforms, a large body of literature emerged suggesting that small, localized ROS derived from individual Nox proteins can impart unique cellular responses. The lack of sophisticated detection methods for localizing perhaps subtle changes in ROS continues to stymie our understanding of how one Nox may confer activation of a specific signaling cascade and render distinct cell changes. The conundrum of why similar whole cell or tissue increases or decreases in ROS confer disparate phenotypes continues to confound leaders in the field. See accompanying article on page 345 One such phenotypic change with broad implication for human disease is vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia and neointimal growth. Central to neointimal formation is the proliferation and migration of SMCs, processes in which ROS and matrix metalloproteinase activation are established factors.2–5 It is now broadly accepted that (1) inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis and SMC activation, which leads to neointimal formation,2 and (2) cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are important mediators in this response6,7. Indeed, inflammatory …
The depletion of carbon by extra mixing in metal-poor giants

There is an apparent dichotomy between the metal-poor ([Fe/H] ≤ -2) yet carbon-normal giants and their carbon-rich counterparts. The former undergo significant depletion of carbon on the red giant branch after they have undergone first dredge-up, whereas the latter do not appear to experience significant depletion. We investigate this in the context that the extra mixing occurs via the thermohaline instability that arises due to the burning of 3He. We present the evolution of [C/Fe], [N/Fe] and 12C/13C for three models: a carbon-normal metal-poor star, and two stars that have accreted material from a 1.5 M⊙ AGB companion, one having received 0.01 M⊙ of material and the other having received 0.1 M⊙. We find the behaviour of the carbon-normal metal-poor stars is well reproduced by this mechanism. In addition, our models also show that the efficiency of carbon-depletion is significantly reduced in carbon-rich stars. This extra-mixing mechanism is able to reproduce the observed properties of both carbon-normal and carbon-rich stars.
Budget feasible mechanism design: from prior-free to bayesian

Budget feasible mechanism design studies procurement combinatorial auctions in which the sellers have private costs to produce items, and the buyer (auctioneer) aims to maximize a social valuation function on subsets of items, under the budget constraint on the total payment. One of the most important questions in the field is "which valuation domains admit truthful budget feasible mechanisms with 'small' approximations (compared to the social optimum)? " Singer [35] showed that additive and submodular functions have a constant approximation mechanism. Recently, Dobzinski, Papadimitriou, and Singer [20] gave an O(log2n) approximation mechanism for subadditive functions; further, they remarked that: "A fundamental question is whether, regardless of computational constraints, a constant-factor budget feasible mechanism exists for subadditive functions. " In this paper, we address this question from two viewpoints: prior-free worst case analysis and Bayesian analysis, which are two standard approaches from computer science and economics, respectively. - For the prior-free framework, we use a linear program (LP) that describes the fractional cover of the valuation function; the LP is also connected to the concept of approximate core in cooperative game theory. We provide a mechanism for subadditive functions whose approximation is O(I), via the worst case integrality gap I of this LP. This implies an O(log n)-approximation for subadditive valuations, O(1)-approximation for XOS valuations, as well as for valuations having a constant integrality gap. XOS valuations are an important class of functions and lie between the submodular and the subadditive classes of valuations. We further give another polynomial time O(log n/(log log n)) sub-logarithmic approximation mechanism for subadditive functions. Both of our mechanisms improve the best known approximation ratio O(log2 n). - For the Bayesian framework, we provide a constant approximation mechanism for all subadditive functions, using the above prior-free mechanism for XOS valuations as a subroutine. Our mechanism allows correlations in the distribution of private information and is universally truthful.
Two Component Systems: Physiological Effect of a Third Component

Signal transduction systems mediate the response and adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. In prokaryotes, this signal transduction is often done through Two Component Systems (TCS). These TCS are phosphotransfer protein cascades, and in their prototypical form they are composed by a kinase that senses the environmental signals (SK) and by a response regulator (RR) that regulates the cellular response. This basic motif can be modified by the addition of a third protein that interacts either with the SK or the RR in a way that could change the dynamic response of the TCS module. In this work we aim at understanding the effect of such an additional protein (which we call “third component”) on the functional properties of a prototypical TCS. To do so we build mathematical models of TCS with alternative designs for their interaction with that third component. These mathematical models are analyzed in order to identify the differences in dynamic behavior inherent to each design, with respect to functionally relevant properties such as sensitivity to changes in either the parameter values or the molecular concentrations, temporal responsiveness, possibility of multiple steady states, or stochastic fluctuations in the system. The differences are then correlated to the physiological requirements that impinge on the functioning of the TCS. This analysis sheds light on both, the dynamic behavior of synthetically designed TCS, and the conditions under which natural selection might favor each of the designs. We find that a third component that modulates SK activity increases the parameter space where a bistable response of the TCS module to signals is possible, if SK is monofunctional, but decreases it when the SK is bifunctional. The presence of a third component that modulates RR activity decreases the parameter space where a bistable response of the TCS module to signals is possible.
The Next Hundred Diagrammatic Specification Techniques — An Introduction to Generalized Sketches —

Generalized sketches is a graph-based specification format that borrows its main ideas from both categorical and first-order logic, and adapts them to software engineering needs. In the engineering jargon, it is a modeling language design pattern that combines mathematical rigor and appealing graphical appearance. The paper presents a revised framework of basic concepts to make similarities with the traditional FOL specifications transparent. 1 2 3
Interactive GPU-based Collision Detection

If two closed polygonal objects with outfacing normals intersect each other there exist one or more lines that intersect these objects at at least two consecutive front or back facing object points. In this work we present a method to efficiently detect these lines using depth-peeling and simple fragment operations. Of all polygons only those having an intersection with any of these lines are potentially colliding. Polygons not intersected by the same line do not intersect each other. We describe how to find all potentially colliding polygons and the potentially colliding pairs using a mipmap hierarchy that represents line bundles at ever increasing width. To download only potentially colliding polygons to the CPU for polygon-polygon intersection testing we have developed a general method to convert a sparse texture into a packed texture of reduced size. Our method exploits the intrinsic strength of GPUs to scan convert large sets of polygons and to shade billions of fragments at interactive rates. It neither requires a bounding volume hierarchy nor a pre-processing stage, so it can efficiently deal with very large and deforming polygonal models. The particular design makes the method suitable for applications where geometry is modified or even created on the GPU.