Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial Saliva Formulations versus Human Saliva Pretreatment in Dental Erosion Experiments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion-preventive effect of different artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro compared to human saliva in situ. In the in vitro experiment, bovine enamel and dentin specimens were stored in artificial saliva (4 different formulations, each n = 20), deionized water (n = 20) or human saliva (n = 6 enamel and dentin specimens/volunteer) for 120 min. In the in situ experiment, each of the 6 enamel and dentin specimens was worn intraorally by 10 volunteers for 120 min. The specimens were then eroded (HCl, pH 2.6, 60 s). Half of the specimens were subjected to microhardness analysis (enamel) and the determination of calcium release into the acid (enamel and dentin), while the other half were again placed in the respective medium or worn intraorally, respectively, for 120 min before a second erosion was performed. Knoop microhardness of enamel and the calcium release of enamel and dentin into the acid were again determined. Statistical analysis was conducted by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Enamel microhardness was not significantly different between all test groups after the first and the second erosive challenge, respectively. Enamel calcium loss was significantly lower in situ compared to the in vitro experiment, where there was no significant difference between all test groups. Dentin calcium loss was significantly lower than deionized water only after the first and than all except one artificial saliva after the second erosion. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of artificial saliva formulations and human saliva in vitro does not reflect the intraoral situation in dental erosion experiments adequately.
Well-being and health from age 70 to 100: findings from the Berlin Aging Study

An individual's personal sense of well-being (SWB) is an indicator of psychological adjustment and successful ageing. Health and functional capacity are viewed as important sources of life quality in old age but very little is known about their effects on SWB over time. Can older individuals maintain SWB despite declining health? Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study, a locally representative sample of men and women aged 70 to 100+, indicate that cumulative health-related chronic life strains that characterize the Fourth Age set a constraint on the potential of the older individual to experience the positive side of life.
FIFA World Cup 2010: A Network Analysis of the Champion Team Play

We analyze the pass network among the players of the Spanish team (the world champion in the FIFA World Cup 2010), with the objective of explaining the results obtained from the behavior at the complex network level. The team is considered a network with players as nodes and passes as (directed) edges, and a temporal analysis of the resulting passes network is done, looking at the number of passes, length of the chain of passes, and the centrality of players in the turf. Results of the last three matches indicate that the clustering coefficient of the pass network increases with time, and stays high, indicating possession by Spanish players, which eventually leads to victory, even as the density of the pass network decreases with time.
Serum Cystatin C-Based Formulas for Prediction of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: The present study, involving a large group of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), compares different serum cystatin C-based equations for prediction of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods: A total of 592 adult patients with CKD were enrolled in the study. Serum cystatin C was determined in each patient by an immunonephelometric method. Their GFR was estimated using 5 equations based on serum cystatin C: (1) the Larsson formula, (2) the Hoek formula, (3) the Grubb formula, (4) the simple cystatin C formula (GFR = 100/cystatin C) and (5) our own cystatin C formula (GFR = 90.63 × cystatin C–1.192). The actual GFR was measured using 51CrEDTA clearance. Results: The mean 51CrEDTA clearance was 47 ml/min/1.73 m2; the mean serum cystatin C concentration was 2.68 mg/l. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (cutoff for GFR: 60 ml/min/ 1.73 m2) showed no difference between the cystatin C formulas with regard to diagnostic accuracy. All equations underestimated the measured GFR except the simple cystatin C formula, which slightly overestimated the measured GFR. All equations lacked precision. The ability to correctly estimate the patient’s GFR was high for all equations (87.3–91.9%), except for the Larsson formula, with which 29.2% of subjects were misclassified. Conclusions: Our results indicate that all serum cystatin C-based equations, excluding the Larsson formula, are reliable markers of the GFR in patients with CKD, and for daily clinical practice the simplest formula (100/cystatin C) could be accurate enough for GFR estimation.
Mr Imaging, Flow and Motion

The present work is intended as a nonmathematical review of the role of flow and motion in nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. A historical review of MR flow measurement techniques is given, followed by a short overview of flow models in vitro and in vivo. The theory behind the influence of motion on the modulus and phase MR signal information is discussed and effects such as washin/washout, flow-induced signal void, phase offset, and phase dispersion are defined. A simple approach to the concept of MR angiography is given, and methods for quantitative flow measurements such as the phase mapping technique, are surveyed. Aspects of the measurement of diffusion and mirocirculation are given, and finally, an overview of the role of MR flow imaging in present and future clinical application is given.
Quantification of D1 and D5 dopamine receptor localization in layers I, III, and V of Macaca mulatta prefrontal cortical area 9: Coexpression in dendritic spines and axon terminals

D1 family receptors (D1R) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for normal cognition and are implicated in pathological states such as schizophrenia. The two D1R subtypes, D1 and D5, cannot be pharmacologically distinguished but have important functional differences. To understand their contributions to cortical function, we quantified their localization in the neuropil of primate PFC. We identified different patterns of distribution for the two receptors that showed variation across cortical laminae. Although D1 was enriched in spines and D5 in dendrites, there was considerable overlap in their distribution within neuronal compartments. To determine whether the D1 and D5 receptors are localized to separate populations of synapses, we employed double‐labeling methods. We found the two receptors colocalized and quantified the overlap of their distribution in spines and axon terminals of prefrontal cortical area 9 in the Macaca mulatta monkey. The two receptors are found in partially overlapping populations, such that the D5 receptor is found in a subpopulation of those spines and terminals that contain D1. These results indicate that dopamine activation of the two D1R subtypes does not modulate disparate populations of synapses onto dendritic spines in prefrontal cortical area 9; rather, dopamine can activate D1 and D5 receptors on the same spines, plus an additional group of spines that contains only D1. The implications of these results for the dose‐dependent relationship between D1R activation and PFC function are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:893–905, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An update on hybrid drugs in cardiovascular drug research

Background: Several different strategies are commonly used in medicinal chemistry to develop new molecules targeted at improving the current pharmacotherapy of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Among these, in the past years, we could observe an increasing development of new hybrid compounds in which two or more mechanisms of action are combined together to give a new pharmacological entity targeting, simultaneously, several factors involved in complex cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim of this review is to present the rational pharmacological bases and the chemical approaches used for the development of representative hybrid drugs. Conclusions: In this paper, some promising multi-targeted enzyme inhibitors and dual receptor antagonists are reported. Some examples of pharmacodynamic hybrids compounds, in which a suitable nitric oxide releasing functionality has been added to known cardiovascular drugs, are also shown.
Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effects of Photocatalysis Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Are Strongly Potentiated by Addition of Potassium Iodide

ABSTRACT Photocatalysis describes the excitation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a wide-band gap semiconductor) by UVA light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can destroy many organic molecules. This photocatalysis process is used for environmental remediation, while antimicrobial photocatalysis can kill many classes of microorganisms and can be used to sterilize water and surfaces and possibly to treat infections. Here we show that addition of the nontoxic inorganic salt potassium iodide to TiO2 (P25) excited by UVA potentiated the killing of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by up to 6 logs. The microbial killing depended on the concentration of TiO2, the fluence of UVA light, and the concentration of KI (the best effect was at 100 mM). There was formation of long-lived antimicrobial species (probably hypoiodite and iodine) in the reaction mixture (detected by adding bacteria after light), but short-lived antibacterial reactive species (bacteria present during light) produced more killing. Fluorescent probes for ROS (hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen) were quenched by iodide. Tri-iodide (which has a peak at 350 nm and a blue product with starch) was produced by TiO2-UVA-KI but was much reduced when methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells were also present. The model tyrosine substrate N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester was iodinated in a light dose-dependent manner. We conclude that UVA-excited TiO2 in the presence of iodide produces reactive iodine intermediates during illumination that kill microbial cells and long-lived oxidized iodine products that kill after light has ended.
A penny for your thoughts: dimensions of thought content and relationships with individual differences in emotional wellbeing

A core aspect of human cognition involves overcoming the constraints of the present environment by mentally simulating another time, place, or perspective. Although these self-generated processes confer many benefits, they can come at an important cost, and this cost is greater for some individuals than for others. Here we explore the possibility that the costs and benefits of self-generated thought depend, in part, upon its phenomenologicalcontent. To test these hypotheses, we first developed a novel thought sampling paradigm and explored normative ratings of multiple thought content variables (i.e., valence, specificity, self-relevance, etc.) across a large sample of young adults. Next, we examined multi-level relationships among these content variables, and used a hierarchical clustering approach to partition self-generated thought into multiple dimensions. Finally, we investigated whether these content dimensions predicted individual differences in the costs and benefits of the experience, assessed with questionnaires measuring emotional health and wellbeing. Individuals who characterized their thoughts as more negative and more personally significant exhibited scored higher on constructs associated withDepressionandTrait Negative Affect, whereas those who characterized theirthoughtsaslessspecificscoredhigheronconstructslinkedtoRumination. Incontrast, individuals who characterized their thoughts as more positive, less personally significant, and more specific scored higher on constructs linked to improved wellbeing (Mindfulness). Collectively, these findings suggest that thecontentof people’s inner thoughts can (1) be productively examined, (2) be distilled into several major dimensions, and (3) account for a large portion of variability in their functional outcomes.
Reproducibility and Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire Developed for Adults in Taizhou, China

Objective To evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed to investigate the relationship between dietary factors and diseases in the adult Chinese population in East China. Methods A total of 78 males and 129 females aged 30–75 years completed four inconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HRs, served as a reference method) and two FFQs (FFQ1 and FFQ2) over a nine-month interval. The reproducibility of the FFQ was estimated with correlation coefficients, cross-classification, and weighted kappa statistic. The validity was assessed by comparing the data obtained from FFQ and 24-HRs. Results The median nutrient intakes assessed with FFQs were higher than the average of four 24-HRs. For the food groups, Spearman, Pearson, and intraclass correlation coefficients between FFQ1 and FFQ2 ranged from 0.23 to 0.61, 0.27 to 0.64, and 0.26 to 0.65, respectively. For total energy and nutrient intakes, the corresponding coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 0.61, 0.28 to 0.64, and 0.28 to 0.62, respectively. The correlations between FFQ1 and FFQ2 for most nutrients decreased after adjustment with total energy intake. More than 70% of the subjects were classified into the same and adjacent categories by both FFQs. For food groups, the crude, energy-adjusted, and de-attenuated Spearman correlation coefficients between FFQ2 and the 24-HRs ranged from 0.17 to 0.59, 0.10 to 0.57, and 0.11 to 0.64, respectively. For total energy and nutrient intakes, the corresponding coefficients ranged from 0.20 to 0.58, 0.08 to 0.54, and 0.09 to 0.56, respectively. More than 67% of the subjects were classified into the same and adjacent categories by both instruments. Both weighted kappa statistic and Bland-Altman Plots showed reasonably acceptable agreement between the FFQ2 and 24-HRs. Conclusion The FFQ developed for adults in the Taizhou area is reasonably reliable and valid for assessment of most food and nutrient intakes.
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE

—Bandwidth availability in the cellular backhaul is challenged by ever-increasing demand by mobile users. Vehicular users, in particular, are likely to retrieve large quantities of data, choking the cellular infrastructure along major thoroughfares and in urban areas. It is envisioned that alternative roadside network connectivity can play an important role in ofﬂoading the cellular infrastructure. We investigate the effectiveness of vehicular networks in this task, considering that roadside units can exploit mobility prediction to decide which data they should fetch from the Internet and to schedule transmissions to vehicles. Rather than adopting a speciﬁc prediction scheme, we propose a fog-of-war model that allows us to express and account for different degrees of prediction accuracy in a simple, yet effective, manner. We show that our fog-of-war model can closely reproduce the prediction accuracy of Markovian techniques. We then provide a probabilistic graph-based representation of the system that includes the prediction information and lets us optimize content prefetching and transmission scheduling. Analytical and simulation results show that our approach to content downloading through vehicular networks can achieve a 70% ofﬂoad of the cellular network.
The violent and illegal behavior of mental patients reconsidered.

Although advocates for the mentally ill assert that mental patients are inappropriately stigmatized as dangerous, research indicates that former mental patients have higher arrest rates than the general public. Because of the limitations of arrest-rate studies, however, alternative hypotheses have suggested that the apparent dangerousness of mental patients is a methodological artifact. We compare mental patients and never-treated community residents on several official and self-reported measures of violentlillegal conduct. Mental patients have higher rates on all measures of violentlillegal behavior, and these differences cannot be accountedfor by sociodemographic and community context variables. A scale of psychotic symptoms is the only variable that accounts for differences in levels of violent! illegal behavior between patients and never-treated community residents. Although mental patients have elevated rates of violentlillegal behavior compared to nonpatients, the differences are modest and are confined to those experiencing psychotic symptoms.
Panic and agoraphobia: sources of dissonance between ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV

The present study examined the diagnostic concordance between ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV for panic and agoraphobia in a sample derived from clinic and community cases. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to 1504 people and discrepant diagnoses were identified for the three pairs of ICD‐10/DSM‐IV panic and agoraphobia disorders. The initial analyses produced 271 diagnoses in the three disorders yet only 103 (38%) of the diagnoses were concordant on both classifications. After possible errors in the CIDI and in the construction of the diagnostic criteria had been removed, there were 245 diagnoses in the three disorders of which 137 (56%) were concordant. The two classifications identify different groups of people but use similar names for the diagnoses, a fact that could interfere with the orderly accumulation and integration of knowledge from international research. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Viewer Society

The article takes its point of departure in one limited and consciously selected aspect of Michel Foucault's use of Jeremy Bentham's concept of `Panopticon': in his book Discipline and Punish, the aspect of surveillance, and the emphasis on a fundamental change and break which presumably occurred in the 1800s from social and theatrical arrangements, where the many saw the few, to modern surveillance activities where the few see the many. It is maintained that Foucault contributes in an important way to our understanding of and sensitivity regarding modern surveillance systems and practices, which are expanding at an accelerating rate, but that he overlooks an opposite process of great significance which has occurred simultaneously and at an equally accelerated rate: the mass media, and especially television, which today bring the many — literally hundreds of millions of people at the same time — with great force to see and admire the few. In contrast to Foucault's panoptical process, the latter process is referred to as synoptical. Together, the processes situate us in a viewer society in a two-way and double sense. This article explores the developmental parallels and relationships between Panopticon and Synopticon, as well as their reciprocal functions. It is maintained that the control and discipline of the `soul', that is, the creation of human beings who control themselves through self-control and who thus fit neatly into a so-called democratic capitalist society, is a task which is actually fulfilled by modern Synopticon, whereas Foucault saw it as a function of Panopticon.
Parents' and Children's Friendship Networks

Parents are considered as more or less supportive for children's friendships. In this study, it is investigated whether parents' own friendships can facilitate children's friendships and enrich children's cognitions about friendships. Data were collected on children's peer relationships and children's concepts of friendship (N = 116; 52 girls and 64 boys; 7 to 12 years old). Corresponding data on parental social networks, including friendships and kin relationships, were available. Results show that the more friends with whom parents spent leisure time and who were nominated by parents, the more friendships with nonclassmates were named by their children. Additionally, when parents had more friends, their children in late-middle childhood (ages 10 to 12 years) had more close reciprocated friendships with classmates. This was not true for children in early-middle childhood (ages 7 to 9 years). The more friendships that were maintained by parents, the more developed were children's friendship concepts. Parents' relationships with relatives did not predict children's friendships or children's friendship concepts.
Hostility, Physical Aggression and Trait Anger as Predictors for Suicidal Behavior in Chinese Adolescents: A School-Based Study

Purpose This study explored the extent to which trait aggression is associated with suicidal behavior in a nationwide school-based sample of adolescents. Methods A nationwide sample of 14,537 high school students in urban areas of China was recruited. Information concerning suicide ideation, plans, attempts, trait aggression and other risk factors was collected by a self-reported questionnaire. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to predict suicidal behavior. Results Approximately 18.5% of students reported suicide ideation, 8.7% reported suicide plans, and 4.1% reported attempts during the past one year. Hostility and trait anger had a significant positive association with suicidal ideation. Hostility and physical aggression were positively related to suicide plans. Hostility had a positive correlation with suicide attempts, while trait anger was inversely associated with suicide attempts. Conclusions This study suggests that hostility, physical aggression and trait anger may be able to be used to predict suicidal behavior among adolescents. Suicide prevention programs should target at attenuating the severity of hostility, anger and physical aggression. But teachers and parents should also give close attention to students with low trait anger.
Increased plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 level in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Objective: Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), a pro‐inflammatory chemokine, has potent chemoattractant activity for monocytes/macrophages. We sought to investigate the clinical significance of MCP‐1 in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).
Especificación de Temporalidad en Entornos Automáticos de Producción de Software a Partir de Modelos Conceptuales Objetuales

PARA PODER REPRESENTAR DE MANERA ADECUADA LOS ASPECTOS ESTATICOS Y DINAMICOS DE UN SISTEMA ACORDE CON LAS NECESIDADES DE MODELIZACION DEL MUNDO REAL, ES IMPORTANTE INCLUIR LA EXPRESIVIDAD TEMPORAL CUYA ESPECIFICACION PERMITA OBTENER UN MODELO FUNCIONALMENTE EQUIVALENTE AL MODELO CONCEPTUAL DEL SISTEMA ESTUDIADO. EN EL CONTEXTO DEL PROYECTO IDEAS (INGENIERIA AMBIENTAL DE SOFTWARE) FINANCIADO POR LA CYTED, Y EN PARTICULAR4 EN SU TAREA TITULADA ""METODOS PARA ESPECIFICACION DE TRANSACCIONES EN FASE DE MODELADO CONCEPTUAL EN AMBIENTES 00"" EL GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION DSIC-UPV (VALENCIA, ESPANA) TRABAJA LA DEFINICION DE UN AMBIENTE DE PRODUCCION AUTOMATICA DE SOFTWARE BASADO EN MODELOS CONCEPTUALES TEMPORALES Y ORIENTADO A LA ESPECIFICACION Y DISENO DE TRANSACCIONES, A PARTIR DE SU APROXIMACION METODOLOGICA 00-METHOD. EL OBJETIVO DE ESTE ARTICULO ES PRESENTAR COMO SE INCLUYEN ADECUADAMENTE EN 00-METHOD LAS PROPIEDADES QUE PERMITAN CAPTURAR LA EXPRESIVIDAD TEMPORAL DE MODELO CONCEPTUALES ORIENTADOS A OBJETOS, PRESERVANDO LA GENERACION AUTOMATICA DEL CORRESPONDIENTE PRODUCTO FINAL SOFTWARE.