Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laboratory study of the influence of salinity on the relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow

Snow water equivalent of a snowpack can be estimated using ground‐penetrating radar from the radar wave two‐way travel time. However, such estimates often have low accuracy when the snowpack contains liquid water. If snow wetness is known, it is possible to take it into account in the estimates; it is therefore desirable to be able to determine snow wetness from already available radar data. Our approach is based on using radar wave attenuation, and it requires that the relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow should be known. This relationship has been tentatively established in previous laboratory experiments, but only for a specific liquid water salinity and radar frequency. This article presents the results of new laboratory experiments conducted to investigate if and how this relationship is influenced by salinity. In each experiment, a certain amount of snow was melted and a known amount of salt (different for different experiments) was added to the water. Water salinity was measured, and the water was added step‐wise to a one‐meter thick snowpack, with radar measurements taken between additions of water. Our experiments have confirmed the earlier established linear relationship between electrical conductivity and wetness of snow, and they allow us to suggest that the influence of liquid water salinity on electrical conductivity is negligible when compared to the influence of liquid water content in snow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The American College of Radiology, with more than 30,000 members, is the principal organization of radiologists, radiation onc

1 MRI Pediatric Spine The American College of Radiology, with more than 30,000 members, is the principal organization of radiologists, radiation oncologists, and clinical medical physicists in the United States. The College is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiology, improve radiologic services to the patient, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiology, and encourage continuing education for radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields.
Relative Match Intensities at High Altitude in Highly-Trained Young Soccer Players (ISA3600).

To compare relative match intensities of sea-level versus high-altitude native soccer players during a 2-week camp at 3600 m, data from 7 sea-level (Australian U17 National team, AUS) and 6 high-altitude (a Bolivian U18 team, BOL) native soccer players were analysed. Two matches were played at sea-level and three at 3600 m on Days 1, 6 and 13. The Yo-Yo Intermittent recovery test (vYo-YoIR1) was performed at sea-level, and on Days 3 and 10. Match activity profiles were measured via 10-Hz GPS. Distance covered >14.4 km.h(-1) (D>14.4 km·h(-1)) and >80% of vYo-YoIR1 (D>80%vYo-YoIR1) were examined. Upon arrival at altitude, there was a greater decrement in vYo-YoIR1 (Cohen's d +1.0, 90%CL ± 0.8) and D>14.4 km·h(-1) (+0.5 ± 0.8) in AUS. D>14.4 km.h(-1) was similarly reduced relative to vYo-YoIR1 in both groups, so that D>80%vYo-YoIR1 remained similarly unchanged (-0.1 ± 0.8). Throughout the altitude sojourn, vYo-YoIR1 and D>14.4 km·h(-1) increased in parallel in AUS, so that D>80%vYo-YoIR1 remained stable in AUS (+6.0%/match, 90%CL ± 6.7); conversely D>80%vYo-YoIR1 decreased largely in BOL (-12.2%/match ± 6.2). In sea-level natives competing at high-altitude, changes in match running performance likely follow those in high-intensity running performance. Bolivian data confirm that increases in 'fitness' do not necessarily translate into greater match running performance, but rather in reduced relative exercise intensity. Key pointsWhen playing at high-altitude, players may alter their activities during matches in relation to their transient maximal physical capacities, possibly to maintain a 'tolerable' relative exercise intensity.While there is no doubt that running performance per se in not the main determinant of match outcomes (Carling, 2013), fitness levels influence relative match intensity (Buchheit et al., 2012, Mendez-Villanueva et al., 2013), which in-turn may impact on decision making and skill performance (Rampinini et al., 2008). In the context of high-altitude competitions, it is therefore recommended to arrive early enough (i.e., ~2 weeks) to allow (at least partial) acclimatisation, and in turn, allow sea-level native players to regulate their running activities in relation to both actual game demands and relative match intensity.
Novel approach for mobile robot localization using monocular vision

This paper presents a novel approach for mobile robot localization using monocular vision. The proposed approach locates a robot relative to the target to which the robot moves. Two points are selected from the target as two feature points. Once the coordinates in an image of the two feature points are detected, the position and motion direction of the robot can be determined according to the detected coordinates. Unlike those reported geometry pose estimation or landmarks matching methods, this approach requires neither artificial landmarks nor an accurate map of indoor environment. It needs less computation and can simplify greatly the localization problem. The validity and flexibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by experiments performed on real images. The results show that this new approach is not only simple and flexible but also has high localization precision.
An assessment of the statistical significance of the total ozone changes simulated with global chemical transport model MEZON

This paper is intended to investigate the statistical significance of the ozone recovery amounts computed with the chemical transport model (CTM) MEZON, given errors in the reaction rates and model initial conditions. The CTM is used to investigate the sensitivity of the ozone to Montreal Protocol and its Amendments (MPA) restrictions on the emission of ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere during 1992–2002. The known Student's t‐test is applied for the assessment of the statistical significance of the “saved” total ozone (TO) by the MPA. The results reveal that the uncertainties in the initial fields do not substantially reduce the statistical significance of the results. Substantial reduction of the statistical significance is caused by the uncertainty in the kinetic constants. The model noise level reaches its highest values (up to 10%) in the polar areas during late winter ‐ early spring. The “saved” TO also reaches its maximum there and, therefore, it is significant at the 90–95% confidence level.
A self‐organized model of earthquakes with constant stress drops and the b‐value of 1

The magnitude‐frequency relation and the constant stress drop are fundamental features of earth‐quakes, to which a full physical explanation has yet to be given. We present a model that can reproduce the above two fundamental features simultaneously and spontaneously. The model is two‐dimensionally configured spring‐loaded blocks with a velocity‐weakening friction law. We change widely the dynamic friction parameter, which results in the frequency distributions showing the critical, subcritical and supercritical behaviors. Seismicity near the critical state is characterized by almost constant stress drops and the b‐value of 1, in which a self‐healing pulse maintains its frontal dynamic stress at a level near the static friction in an environmental stress heterogeneity that has evolved through the healing process itself.
Formation age of the lunar crater Giordano Bruno

Abstract— Using the Terrain Camera onboard the Japanese lunar explorer, SELENE (Kaguya), we obtained new high‐resolution images of the 22‐kilometer‐diameter lunar crater Giordano Bruno. Based on crater size‐frequency measurements of small craters (<200 m in diameter) superposed on its continuous ejecta, the formation age of Giordano Bruno is estimated to be 1 to 10 Ma. This is constructive evidence against the crater's medieval age formation hypothesis.
A System for Fast Cartographic Sounding Selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of the ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This article describes a system for automatic cartographic sounding selection. In this system, a new algorithm for automated selecting soundings is developed. The algorithm is employed in such a way that it can guarantee (a) fast and accurate selecting sounding, (b) processing the circular depth curves, (c) solving the overplotting problems between depth curves and soundings, and (d) keeping selected soundings “prettier. ” The system was intensively tested using real data sets, and its superiority has been revealed by the testing results.
Smoke monitoring and measurement using image processing: application to forest fires

Smoke detection and monitoring is required for the implementation of advanced forest fire fighting strategies and validation of smoke dispersion models. The latter involve the measurement of smoke column properties. The method proposed in this paper is based on the application of computer-based image processing techniques to visual images taken from fire-spread tests. The method presented involves the application of wavelets and optical flow for fire smoke detection and monitoring. A set of experimental results are reported in the paper, showing the interest of the presented system.
A continuous simulation model for design-hydrograph estimation in small and ungauged watersheds

Abstract The estimation of design hydrographs for small and ungauged watersheds is a key topic in hydrology. In this context, event-based procedures, which transform design storms deduced from intensity–duration–frequency curves by lumped rainfall–runoff models, are commonly applied. This study introduces a continuous simulation model that involves a two-stage rainfall generator, a geomorphological rainfall–runoff model and a flood frequency analysis applied to simulated runoff time series. The resulting design hydrograph with an assigned return period preserves peak and volume information. The case study results indicate that the continuous model is able to return a range of flood scenarios corresponding to a wide range of possible watershed physical conditions. Moreover, the rainfall–runoff model applied using empirical calibration without observations appears to be as accurate as other models based on regionalized information. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Citation Grimaldi, S. , Petroselli, A. , and Serinaldi, F. , 2012. A continuous simulation model for design-hydrograph estimation in small and ungauged watersheds. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1035–1051.
Sources and hazards associated with the substances on the *Substitute It Now! (SIN*)-list

The *Substitute It Now! List (SIN*-list) has been created by the International Chemical Secretariat (ChemSec) to protect human health and the environment from exposure to 267 substances that can be classified as Substances of Very High Concern. These substances should be substituted so that they are not present, either as functional chemicals or by-products, in commodities and chemicals. Here it has been confirmed that these substances constitute a hazard to humans or aquatic organisms or that hazards cannot be excluded due to the partial lack of inherent data. An analysis of the sources and uses of these substances shows that some already have been phased-out, some are used in closed chemical processes and some are readily exchanged with suitable substitutes. However, for some substances substitutions cannot be made, and thus the whole chemical/commodity/process needs to be exchanged or suitable treatment should be applied.
THE LOSS OF STRONTIUM$sup 90$ FROM SMALL CULTIVATED WATERSHEDS

Soil samples were taken from the plow layer of eight all watersheds and analyzed for Sr/sup 90/. Two watersheds permanent pasture, with no recorded loss soil, contained about 90 mc per square mile, which is slightly higher than an estimated total deposit at the time of sampling. The plow layer of six watersheds under cultivation was sampled by compositing soil cores taken on contours of each watershed. The Sr/sup 90/ concentration of the samples was from one-third to two-thirds of that in the permanent pastures. The loss of Sr/sup 90/ appeared to be influenced by length of slope and cropping history. No areas of Sr/sup 90/ accumulation were found within the watersheds. (auth)
Satellite remote sensing of thermospheric O/N2 and Solar EUV: 2. Data analysis

The companion paper by Strickland et al. (this issue) describes a technique for deriving QEUV and O/N2 from disk observations of OI 135.6-nm and N2 LBH dayglow emission. QEUV refers to the integrated solar EUV energy flux below 45 nm and is derived from knowledge of the 135.6/LBH ratio or O/N2 in conjunction with either the 135.6 nm or LBH intensity. O/N2 refers to the ratio of the atomic oxygen (O) column density to the molecular nitrogen (N2) column density at a given value of the N2 column density. Strickland et al. show that the least uncertainty in derived values O/N2 occurs in the vicinity of an N2 depth of 1017 cm−2. The O/N2 values presented in this paper are referenced to this depth. While QEUV is obtained from the intensity of either 135.6 nm or LBH, O/N2 is obtained from the intensity ratio designated by 135.6/LBH. The technique has been used to derive O/N2 and QEUV values from nadir-viewing far ultraviolet dayglow data obtained by the auroral and ionospheric remote sensor instrument on board the Polar BEAR satellite. Data are considered from single passes on July 15, 16, and 21, 1987, spanning a latitude range from 25° to 55°N. The 3-hour ap index was between 20 and 30 for the first two passes and only about 5 for the third pass. The 135.6-nm and LBH signals were obtained from spectra recorded at a resolution of 3.6 nm from which a background was subtracted followed by integration over the intervals from 134.5 to 139.0 nm and 155.0 to 170.0 nm. Uncertainties were assigned to the signals and their ratios that took into account statistical uncertainties in the true signal and in the subtracted background signal. Profiles of derived O/N2 with uncertainties reflecting the data uncertainties are shown along with mass spectrometer/incoherent scatter (MSIS) O/N2 profiles over 25°–55°N. More structure is seen in the profiles on July 15 and 16, which are more disturbed days than July 21. In all cases, O/N2 increases from high to low latitudes. MSIS also shows such an increase but is much less structured. The results are shown to agree qualitatively with O/N2 values obtained from a general circulation model. Derived QEUV values are in the range from 1.1 to 1.4 ergs cm−2 s−1 and are in good agreement with values derived from the Hinteregger spectrum for the F10.7 values appropriate to the observations. The results illustrate the potential of the technique for monitoring thermospheric dynamics through latitudinal and temporal variations in O/N2 which are signatures of ascending and descending motion in the thermosphere.
Separation of Climatological Imprints of the Kuroshio Extension and Oyashio Fronts on the Wintertime Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Their Sensitivity to SST Resolution Prescribed for Atmospheric Reanalysis

AbstractMesoscale structures of the wintertime marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) as climatological imprints of oceanic fronts within the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) region east of Japan are investigated by taking advantage of high horizontal resolution of the ERA-Interim global atmospheric reanalysis data, for which the resolution of sea surface temperature (SST) data has been improved. These imprints, including locally enhanced sensible and latent heat fluxes and local maxima in cloudiness and precipitation in association with locally strengthened surface-wind convergence in the vicinities of SST fronts along the warm Kuroshio Extension and cool Oyashio to its north, are also identified in high-resolution satellite data. In addition to these mesoscale MABL features, meridionally confined near-surface baroclinic zones and zonally oriented sea level pressure (SLP) minima associated with the dual SST fronts are represented in ERA-Interim only in the period of high-resolution SST, but those impri.
Competing Roles of Heat and Freshwater Flux in Forcing Thermohaline Oscillations

Abstract The physical mechanisms causing century-scale Southern Ocean thermohaline oscillations in a primitive equation oceanic general circulation model are described. The oscillations have been shown to occur on a 320-year timescale when random fluctuations am added to the freshwater flux field that forces the model; this result is extended to show that they occur in a variety of situations, including ones without added noise. The oscillations involve movement between two model states: one characterized by strong convection and an active thermohaline circulation. and the other with a holocline around Antarctica capping off the water column, thus preventing convection. The physical mechanism that forces the model from the quiescent state to an actively convecting one is subsurface (300 m) heating around Antarctica, which destabilizes the water column; the ultimate source of this heat is advected North Atlantic Deep Water. This leads to a teleconnection between forcing conditions in the North Atlantic and.
Streamlined variance calculations for semiparametric mixed models

Semiparametric mixed model analysis benefits from variability estimates such as standard errors of effect estimates and variability bars to accompany curve estimates. We show how the underlying variance calculations can be done extremely efficiently compared with the direct naïve approach. These streamlined calculations are linear in the number of subjects, representing a two orders of magnitude improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Pleistocene and Holocene Mammals Housed in the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA

Despite its rich paleontological record, only limited research has been published on the Pleistocene and Holocene vertebrate faunal record of New York State. This paper presents a set of dates from the bone collagen of Pleistocene and Holocene mammal specimens housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collections at the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA.
A simple way to improve the diurnal cycle in convective rainfall over land in climate models

Within the tropics, and during the summer months in midlatitudes, most of the rainfall reaching the surface is generated by moist convection. Over land, the diurnal cycle in moist convective rainfall usually peaks in the late afternoon. In most climate models, the diurnal peak in convective rainfall occurs several hours too early and is often near local solar noon. We argue that this bias partly originates from the methods used in convective parameterizations to calculate the cloud base mass flux. In most convective parameterizations, the initial convective mass flux is determined from the convective available potential energy (CAPE) of an updraft parcel originating from the model layer closest to the surface. In models, the rapid increase in the CAPE of this near‐surface layer following sunrise contributes to a rapid increase in convective precipitation. However, the mass‐weighted CAPE of the boundary layer as a whole responds much more slowly to the increase in downward solar radiation at the surface. Using a recently developed convective parameterization in version 4 of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4), we show that the overall accuracy in the diurnal simulation of convective precipitation increases as the number of near‐surface layers from which convective air parcels are permitted to originate increases from one to four. We also show that the simulation of the diurnal cycle in convective precipitation over land can be improved through the introduction of variables which attempt to represent the persistence of subgrid‐scale convective organization within a grid column across model time steps.
On the relationship between diurnal temperature range and surface solar radiation in Europe

[1] The surface solar radiation (SSR) is an important factor influencing the local and global energy budget. However, information on the spatial and temporal variation of SSR is limited. A more commonly available measure, which may provide such information, is the diurnal temperature range (DTR). In this study we analyze the relationship between DTR and SSR in Europe between 1970 and 2005 on seasonal and decadal scale. When comparing the mean anomalies time series composed of 31 pairs of sites with long-term SSR and DTR measurements, we found a correlation coefficient of 0.87 in the annual mean and between 0.61 and 0.92 in the seasonal mean anomalies. When investigating the individual pairs of SSR and DTR individually, we found that local correlations are mostly lower than the European mean and that they decrease rapidly in seasons and latitudes with low incident angles and at high alpine altitude. The highest correlation on local and seasonal scales seems to be connected with the variability of the large-scale circulation in Europe. The output of 11 simulations of current generation regional climate models over Europe confirms the strong relationship between SSR and DTR. The seasonal dependence of the relationship is well reproduced, but the absolute values of DTR and SSR are mostly too low. The pattern of decrease (dimming) and increase (brightening) in SSR and DTR was not reproduced in the modeled time series. There is still strong evidence from both models and observations that DTR is a reliable representative of SSR.
Simulated Heat Content Variability in the Upper Layers of the Tropical Indian Ocean

Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) simulations from 1970–2007 are used to study the upper ocean heat content variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Model computed heat contents up to 50 m (denoted by HC50 m hereafter) representing upper ocean heat content and 300 m (HC300 m) representing heat content up to thermocline depth are first compared with heat contents computed from observations of two buoys in the TIO. It is found that there is good agreement between the model and observations. Fourier analysis of heat content is carried out in different regions of TIO. The amplitudes of semi-annual variability for HC50 m and HC300 m are observed to be greater than those for the annual variability in the Bay of Bengal, while in the Arabian Sea there is a mixed result. Heat content tendency is known to be governed by net surface heat flux and horizontal as well as vertical heat transports. For understanding the relative importance of these processes, a detailed analysis of these terms in the tendency equation is carried out. Rossby wave is observed in the annual mode of heat transport while equatorial jet and Kelvin waves are observed in the semi-annual mode of heart transport. Finally, the correlation between heat content and sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level anomaly (SLA), taken one at a time, is computed. It is found that the correlation improves significantly when both these quantities are together taken into account.