Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Farmer-Entrepreneurs, Agricultural Innovation, and Explosive Research and Development Cycles

Abstract: Private sector research and development (RD it only reduces the opportunitycost of RD research and development cycles 1. Introduction With the globalization and greater market integration that have been occurring in recent years,the rural economy is now more heavily inﬂuenced by farmer-entrepreneurs who are more responsiveto shifts in market demand related to changes in preferences, fads, and fashions [1]. Put differently,farmer-entrepreneurs are more connected to supply chains, integrated in industry, and active in thecreation of new networks compared with more traditional farmers. Thus, it is not surprising thatresearch over the past two decades that discusses the sources of (and policies related to) agriculturalwealth creation provide a number of strategies for developing the rural economy that are each aimedat generating entrepreneurial capacity [2–5], while also acknowledging that each strategy also dependson that entrepreneurial capacity [6–8]. According to a recent study, the farmer-entrepreneurs shaped bythese strategies are more receptive to new technologies and assistance from extension, more attentiveto changes in prices and the availability of credit, and less risk averse [9]. Within the modern rural economy described above, relatively little is known abouthow farmer-entrepreneurs’ innovations relate to their industrial partners, such as those inthe food processing sector, and to research and development (R&D). One view holds that,as farmer-entrepreneurs look for more efﬁcient and proﬁtable ways to produce, they are more open toinnovation and the application of the innovation of their partners, such as when farmer-entrepreneursseek greater integration with the food processing sector. These sectors of the economy markedly differ,however, in terms of market structure. Farmers are generally seen as price takers, while the foodprocessing sector tends to be concentrated and non-competitive [10–12]. As such, it may be the casethat increasing integration drives farmer-entrepreneurs to adapt technological innovations from theprocessing sector [13,14]. It may also be the case that agricultural innovation impacts technological
A Probabilistic Approach to Fast Pattern Matching in Time Series Databases

The problem of efficiently and accurately locating patterns of interest in massive time series data sets is an important and non-trivial problem in a wide variety of applications, including diagnosis and monitoring of complex systems, biomedical data analysis, and exploratory data analysis in scientific and business time series. In this paper a probabilistic approach is taken to this problem. Using piecewise linear segmentations as the underlying representation, local features (such as peaks, troughs, and plateaus) are defined using a prior distribution on expected deformations from a basic template. Global shape information is represented using another prior on the relative locations of the individual features. An appropriately defined probabilistic model integrates the local and global information and directly leads to an overall distance measure between sequence patterns based on prior knowledge. A search algorithm using this distance measure is shown to efficiently and accurately find matches for a variety of patterns on a number of data sets, including engineering sensor data from space Shuttle mission archives. The proposed approach provides a natural framework to support user-customizable "query by content" on time series data, taking prior domain information into account in a principled manner.
A high-speed analog turbo decoder with low-energy consumption

A new type of iterative decoder based on analog computing networks, which incorporates conventional BiCMOS or CMOS technologies, outperform its digital counterparts in terms of speed and/or power consumption. The paper presents the design and functionality of an all-analog turbo decoder taking advantage of the high-speed features of SiGe HBTs achieving throughput up to Gbits/s. Simulation results based on AMS 0.35 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology demonstrate promising performance compared to existing designs.
Network Bandwidth Optimization of Ethernet-Based Streaming Applications in Automotive Embedded Systems

Modern cars are equipped with an increasing number of electronic systems which encompass comfort, security, and infotainment related features. The complexity of the physical and logical network topology as well as the bandwidth requirements are steadily increasing. Therefore, a bus standard that can handle upcoming application requirements and is suitable for the automotive environment is needed. One possibility is the use of Ethernet/IP - both standards are widespread and have proven to be very reliable and robust, however they were formerly not designed for embedded systems. Previous work shows that the achievable bandwidth on embedded systems lies far below the theoretical achievable line rate speed of Ethernet. This paper focuses on improving the networking performance of automotive embedded systems which send Ethernet-based data into a network. It highlights several system variants and evaluates the achievable performance with consideration of the necessary hardware and software changes.
Effects of plasma kallikrein deficiency on haemostasis and thrombosis in mice: Murine Ortholog of the Fletcher Trait

Summary Plasma kallikrein is a multifunctional serine protease involved in contact activation of coagulation. Deficiency in humans is characterised by prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT); however, the balance between thrombosis and haemostasis is not fully understood. A study of plasma kallikrein-deficient mice revealed increased aPTT, without prolonged bleeding time. Prekallikrein antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment in mice suggested potential for a positive therapeutic index. The current goal was to further define the role of plasma kallikrein in coagulation. Blood pressure and heart rate were normal in plasma kallikrein-deficient mice, and mice were completely protected from occlusion (100 ± 1.3% control flow) in 3.5% FeCl3 -induced arterial thrombosis versus heterozygotes (20 ± 11.4%) and wild-type littermates (8 ± 0%). Vessels occluded in 8/8 wild-type, 7/8 heterozygotes, and 0/8 knockouts. Anti-thrombotic protection was less pronounced in 5% FeCl3-induced arterial injury. Integrated blood flow was 8 ± 0% control in wild-type and heterozygotes, and significantly (p<0.01) improved to 43 ± 14.2% in knockouts. The number of vessels occluded was similar in all genotypes. Thrombus weight was significantly reduced in knockouts (−47%) and heterozygotes (−23%) versus wild-type in oxidative venous thrombosis. Average tail bleeding time increased modestly in knockout mice compared to wild-type. Average renal bleeding times were similar in all genotypes. These studies confirm and extend studies with prekallikrein ASO, and demonstrate that plasma kallikrein deletion prevents occlusive thrombus formation in mice with a minimal role in provoked bleeding. Additional support for the significance of the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade is provided, as well as for a potential new anti-thrombotic approach.
New Photonic System for Optical Packet Switching

Fast optical switching (μs timebase) is realized by using a RF frequency tone inserted in the optical packet that carries a digital payload. By using a highly selective RF filtering for optical packet header frequency recognition, we have obtained excellent performance in optical switching function. The RF header is detected at optical node input, and signals the node switching control, which instantly directs the packet to a prescribed output. No electronic processing of the digital payload is performed. The optical circuit is noise-free, has very low crosstalk, and is extremely selective in header frequency detection. BER measurements for payload consistently yield figures as low as 10 . This system is applicable to optical metropolitan and access networks, and is fully compatible with DWDM systems.
Quartz–enhanced photoacoustic spectrophones exploiting custom tuning forks: a review

Abstract A detailed review on the design and realization of spectrophones exploiting custom quartz tuning forks (QTFs) aimed to applications of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic (QEPAS) trace-gas sensors is reported. A spectrophone consists of a custom QTF and a micro-resonator system based on a pair of tubes (dual-tube configuration) or a single-tube. The influence of the QTF and resonator tube geometry and sizes on the main spectrophone parameters determining the QEPAS performance, specifically the quality factor Q and the resonance frequency has been investigated. Results obtained previously are reviewed both when the QTF vibrates on the fundamental and the first overtone flexural modes. We also report new results obtained with a novel QTF design. Finally, we compare the QEPAS performance of all the different spectrophone configurations reported in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and provide relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.
Learning and Performance Increase Observed In a Distant 3D Virtual Intelligent Tutoring System When Using Efficient Subliminal Priming

In this paper we discuss the use of efficient, well thought, subliminal priming in a novel way in the context of a 3D virtual tutoring system. Subliminal priming is a technique used to project information to a learner outside of his perceptual field. Various field claimed using subliminal projections but never in the domain of 3D Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Emotion monitoring is critical in any learning context and thus we monitored the physiological reactions of the user while they learn. We will present the virtual environment and the subliminal module used. The results of this study show that learners enjoy the experience even if they hardly have any video gaming experience at all. Furthermore, subliminal priming, even though not consciously perceived by a learner, seems to elicit strong positive physiological reactions as well as positively impacts performance and overall learning.
Ieee Transactions on Communications, Accepted for Publication 1 Multi-branch Tomlinson-harashima Precoding Design for Mu-mimo Systems: Theory and Algorithms

—Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is a nonlin-ear processing technique employed at the transmit side and is a dual to the successive interference cancelation (SIC) detection at the receive side. Like SIC detection, the performance of THP strongly depends on the ordering of the precoded symbols. The optimal ordering algorithm, however, is impractical for multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems with multiple receive antennas due to the fact that the users are geographically distributed. In this paper, we propose a multi-branch THP (MB-THP) scheme and algorithms that employ multiple transmit processing and ordering strategies along with a selection scheme to mitigate interference in MU-MIMO systems. Two types of multi-branch THP (MB-THP) structures are proposed. The first one employs a decentralized strategy with diagonal weighted filters at the receivers of the users and the second uses a diagonal weighted filter at the transmitter. The MB-MMSE-THP algorithms are also derived based on an extended system model with the aid of an LQ decomposition, which is much simpler compared to the conventional MMSE-THP algorithms. Simulation results show that a better bit error rate (BER) performance can be achieved by the proposed MB-MMSE-THP precoder with a small computational complexity increase.
The curse of 140 characters: evaluating the efficacy of SMS spam detection on android

Many applications are available on Android market place for SMS spam filtering. In this paper, we conduct a detailed study of the methods used in spam filtering in these applications by reverse engineering them. Our study has three parts. First, we perform empirical tests to valuate accuracy and precision of these apps. Second, we test if we can use email spam classifiers on short text messages effectively. Empirical test results show that these email spam classifiers do not yield optimal accuracy (like they do on emails) when used with SMS data. Finally, in this work we develop a two-level stacked classifier for short text messages and demonstrate the improvement in accuracy over traditional Bayesian email spam filters. Our experimental results show that spam filtering precision and accuracy of nearly 98% (which is comparable with those of email classifiers) can be obtained using the stacked classifier we develop.
Interplanetary shock waves and large-scale strllctures : Ulysses ’ observations in and out of the ecliptic plane

Wcprescnt astuclyof 153 fast shock waves and their relation toother large-scale features in the solar wind: corotating interaction regions (CIRs), interplanetary counterparts of coronal mass ejections (ICMES) and the magnelic sector structure, observed by Ulysses from October 1990 to tl]e south solar pc)lar ]Jass in the summer of 1994. ‘lhis is a colnprehensive statistical study of ini erplanet a]y shock waves and their possible causes between 1 and 5.4 AU, in particular, out of the ecliptic. Wre identify six different heliographic intervals with distinct dynami{: characteristics and shock wave populations (transient and corotating shocks). We present maps of large-scale features, which provide a general context, to studies of particular events observed by Ulysses and a comparison] of Ulysses observations with results from ot]ler lnissions. From our analysis of the associations betweexl interplanetary shocks and their possible causes we find that the strongest in-ecliptic shock waves were leading CIRS about 4-5 AU, The strongest out-of-ecliptic shock waves were attril)uted to diverse causes at about 20° south. We observed many quasi-parallel (Ol;. < 45°) corotal illg shocks; in fact, most of the corotating reverse shocks detected duri]lg the in-ech])tic trajectory were quasi-parallel. The correlation between transient forward shocks and ICM13S is similar to previous results within 1 AU: during the in-ecliptic trajectory Ulysses detected 25 ICMES and 31 transient forward shocks, thirteen of which were associated with ICMES. The out-of-ecliptic results show an analogous correlation. After the Jupiter fly-by we observed a large number of tral]sient reverse s}locks and they do not show any association with ICM13S. This type of shock, instead of being driven by supermagnetosonic plasma
in affective neuroscience Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions

References http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/364/1535/3475.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 70 articles, 14 of which can be accessed free Rapid response http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/letters/submit/royptb;364/1535/3475 Respond to this article Subject collections (236 articles) cognition  (917 articles) behaviour  (254 articles) neuroscience  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
The Influence of Maternal Quality on Brood Sex Allocation in the Small Carpenter Bee, Ceratina calcarata

In the twig-nesting carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata, body size is an important component of maternal quality, smaller mothers producing significantly fewer and smaller offspring than larger mothers. As mothers precisely control the sex and size of each offspring, smaller mothers might compensate by preferentially allocating their investment towards sons. We investigated whether variation in maternal quality leads to variation in sex allocation patterns. At the population level, the numerical sex ratio was 57% male-biased (1.31 M/F), but the investment between the sexes was balanced (1.02 M/F), because females are 38% larger than males (1.28 F/M). Maternal body size explained both sex allocation pattern and size variation among offspring: larger mothers invested more in individual progeny and produced more female offspring than smaller mothers. Maternal investment in offspring of both sexes decreased throughout the season, probably as a result of increasing maternal wear and age. The exception to this pattern was the curious production of dwarf females in the first two brood cell positions. We suggest that the sex ratio distribution reflects the maternal body size distribution and a constraint on small mothers to produce small broods. This leads to male-biased allocation by small females, to which large mothers respond by biasing their allocation towards daughters.
Improving testing education - seven observations why testing is different

Improvement of testing education has gained relative little attention in universities compared to other software engineering disciplines. In this paper, we argue that such improvement is generally needed, and give a starting point for this task. We list seven observations, based on personal views, on the differences between testing and other software development activities, and their reflections on teaching testing. Moreover, we outline our testing education improvement project and discuss experiences in that. Towards the end of the paper, we give farther hints for those wishing to undertake such improvement task at their institutions.
An off‐line robot simulation toolbox

Robotics has gained popularity in education so many engineering schools are offering robotics courses. In this study, a novel robot toolbox, “ROBOLAB” is developed for the educational users to improve the understanding of robotics fundamentals through interactive real‐time simulation. To understand manipulator movement in 3‐D space with increasing number of joints is very difficult for engineering students; because the mathematical model between joint space and physical space becomes more complex. In order to overcome this complexity, ROBOLAB based on MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI) includes a library for the 16 different 6 degree of freedom (6‐DOF) fundamental serial robot manipulators. The user has option to view an animation of the robot manipulators with choosing one of them or to create own GUIs based on robot project. ROBOLAB provides valuable analysis tools to students and engineering professionals in which they can compute rotation and transformation matrix, forward and inverse kinematics, and trajectory planning. Additionally, it allows user to use powerful MATLAB features such as controlling over data and formatting. In order to illustrate the features of ROBOLAB, RS cylindrical robot manipulator is given here as an example. Usage of real industrial robots in laboratory may be a very expensive way to teach robotics courses. ROBOLAB may help students to accomplish the courses and projects involving robots with minimum cost and to see 3‐D space robot applications more effectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 41–52, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20236
Making a video smart for smart e-learning

Today, video is one of the most effective media. Especially in e-learning industry, many users obviously find it helpful. However, even though video contains rich information, the information unidirectionally flows from video to users. And users do not have many choices other than just `watching' the video. In this paper, we propose a way to provide bidirectional information flow between users and videos by tagging hyperlinks of the external Web resources to a video, which we call smart video. Also, we explain how to make and use smart video in e-learning domain. Since smart videos can be connected with many other resources such as books, dictionaries, location information, people, and other videos, users can access those resources easily through smart videos. Thus, smart videos can improve learning experiences for e-learning users.
Characterization of Microwave-Induced Electric Discharge Phenomena in Metal–Solvent Mixtures

Electric discharge phenomena in metal–solvent mixtures are investigated utilizing a high field density, sealed-vessel, single-mode 2.45 GHz microwave reactor with a built-in camera. Particular emphasis is placed on studying the discharges exhibited by different metals (Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni) of varying particle sizes and morphologies in organic solvents (e.g., benzene) at different electric field strengths. Discharge phenomena for diamagnetic and paramagnetic metals (Mg, Zn, Cu) depend strongly on the size of the used particles. With small particles, short-lived corona discharges are observed that do not lead to a complete breakdown. Under high microwave power conditions or with large particles, however, bright sparks and arcs are experienced, often accompanied by solvent decomposition and formation of considerable amounts of graphitized material. Small ferromagnetic Fe and Ni powders (<40 μm) are heated very rapidly in benzene suspensions and start to glow in the microwave field, whereas larger particles exhibit extremely strong discharges. Electric discharges were also observed when Cu metal or other conductive materials such as silicon carbide were exposed to the microwave field in the absence of a solvent in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere.
Quantum Cournot equilibrium for the Hotelling–Smithies model of product choice

This paper demonstrates the quantization of a spatial Cournot duopoly model with product choice, a two stage game focusing on non-cooperation in locations and quantities. With quantization, the players can access a continuous set of strategies, using a continuous variable quantum mechanical approach. The presence of quantum entanglement in the initial state identifies a quantity equilibrium for each location pair choice with any transport cost. Also higher profit is obtained by the firms at Nash equilibrium. Adoption of quantum strategies rewards us by the existence of a larger quantum strategic space at equilibrium.
Influence of multi-electron excitation on EXAFS spectroscopy of trivalent rare-earth ions and elucidation of change in hydration number through the series

Abstract We have made a detailed study of the extended X-ray absorption fine spectra (EXAFS) at the K edge of aqueous Y ion and at L3 edges of aqueous lanthanide ions and thereby elucidated the systematic changes in their hydration structures. Anomalous peaks arising from double-electron excitation (2p, 4d → 5d, 5d) appear in the EXAFS signals of La3+-Tb3+ between 5-7 Å−1. We established a removal process of double-electron excitation from EXAFS spectra. Using that process, we confirmed that the intensity and energy position of the extracted double-electron excitation are comparable to previously reported data. The presence of double-electron excitation engenders a smaller error than the errors estimated in the fitting process. Consequently, double-electron excitation does not seriously affect the determination of the structures of REE3+ aquo ions in the first coordination sphere. Subsequent EXAFS analyses of hydrated REE3+ ions suggest that the hydration numbers, the interatomic distances, and the Debye-Waller factors decrease from 9.7, 2.55 Å, and 9.0 × 10−3 Å2 for La3+ to 7.9, 2.31 Å, and 5.7 × 10−3 Å2 for Lu3+. These parameters change as a sigmoid curve with increasing atomic number. The hydration structures of REE3+ ions are inferred to change from the nonahydrated structure for La3+-Nd3+ to the octahydrated structure for Tb3+-Lu3+ through intermediate structures for Sm3+, Eu3+, and Gd3+. In addition, the hydration state of Y3+ closely resembles that of Ho3+ because the two have almost identical ionic radii.