Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A combination intervention strategy to improve linkage to and retention in HIV care following diagnosis in Mozambique: A cluster-randomized study

Background Concerning gaps in the HIV care continuum compromise individual and population health. We evaluated a combination intervention strategy (CIS) targeting prevalent barriers to timely linkage and sustained retention in HIV care in Mozambique. Methods and findings In this cluster-randomized trial, 10 primary health facilities in the city of Maputo and Inhambane Province were randomly assigned to provide the CIS or the standard of care (SOC). The CIS included point-of-care CD4 testing at the time of diagnosis, accelerated ART initiation, and short message service (SMS) health messages and appointment reminders. A pre–post intervention 2-sample design was nested within the CIS arm to assess the effectiveness of CIS+, an enhanced version of the CIS that additionally included conditional non-cash financial incentives for linkage and retention. The primary outcome was a combined outcome of linkage to care within 1 month and retention at 12 months after diagnosis. From April 22, 2013, to June 30, 2015, we enrolled 2,004 out of 5,327 adults ≥18 years of age diagnosed with HIV in the voluntary counseling and testing clinics of participating health facilities: 744 (37%) in the CIS group, 493 (25%) in the CIS+ group, and 767 (38%) in the SOC group. Fifty-seven percent of the CIS group achieved the primary outcome versus 35% in the SOC group (relative risk [RR]CIS vs SOC = 1.58, 95% CI 1.05–2.39). Eighty-nine percent of the CIS group linked to care on the day of diagnosis versus 16% of the SOC group (RRCIS vs SOC = 9.13, 95% CI 1.65–50.40). There was no significant benefit of adding financial incentives to the CIS in terms of the combined outcome (55% of the CIS+ group achieved the primary outcome, RRCIS+ vs CIS = 0.96, 95% CI 0.81–1.16). Key limitations include the use of existing medical records to assess outcomes, the inability to isolate the effect of each component of the CIS, non-concurrent enrollment of the CIS+ group, and exclusion of many patients newly diagnosed with HIV. Conclusions The CIS showed promise for making much needed gains in the HIV care continuum in our study, particularly in the critical first step of timely linkage to care following diagnosis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01930084
Enforcement, Private Political Pressure, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization Escape Clause

We consider the design and implementation of international trade agreements when (a) negotiations occur in the presence of uncertainty about future political pressures, (b) governments possess private information about political pressures at the time that the agreement is actually implemented, and (c) negotiated commitments can be implemented only if they are self‐enforcing. We thus consider the design of self‐enforcing trade agreements among governments that acquire private information over time. We provide equilibrium interpretations of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) negotiations regarding upper bounds on applied tariffs and GATT/WTO escape clauses. We also provide a novel interpretation of a feature of the WTO Safeguards Agreement, under which escape clause actions cannot be reimposed in an industry for a period equal to the duration of the most recent escape clause action. We find that a dynamic‐use constraint of this kind can raise the expected welfare of negotiating governments.
Disability pensions in relation to stroke: a population study

Primary objective : This study aimed to establish prevalence levels of disability pensions among stroke patients within a national population. Research design : From a Danish National register of hospitalizations, 72 673 patients were identified who had a discharge diagnosis of stroke between the years 1979-1993 inclusive and were of pensionable age during that period. These patients were then screened in registers for death during the period 1979-1993 and for the award of disability pensions between the years 1979-1995. A total of 19476 (27%) patients had received a pension at some level. Main outcomes and results : Being in possession of a disability pension prior to stroke ( n = 8565, 12%), rarely at the highest level, was not associated with elevated risk for stroke, or with elevated stroke mortality. It was, however, associated with a greater mortality subsequent to stroke. Disability pensions awarded following stroke ( n = 10564, 15%), often at the highest level, were awarded equally to males and females in all age groups, but most commonly (ca 50%) at age 50-59. Disability pensions awards were also strongly related to duration of hospitalization. Among stroke sufferers hospitalized for over 90 days, the proportion ultimately awarded a disability pension rises to over 80%. Conclusions : The results show high levels of disability pensions awards to relatively young stroke patients probably reflecting pessimism concerning ability to return to employment in such patients. More recent development of stroke units and post-acute rehabilitation programmes may justify greater optimism.
Work enrichment and employee voice in human resource management-performance studies

Studies assessing the link between human resource management and performance were spawned by the high commitment or high involvement models. We show that work enrichment and employee voice were central to these models, yet as resource-based theory was increasingly used to justify the association of such models with high performance the seeds for a diminishing role for employee involvement were set. We then assess the associated empirical work, and show how employee involvement is neglected in favour of alternative emphases on skills and knowledge, labour flexibility and extrinsic motivation. It is proposed that future work should abandon the dominant approach of testing a single null hypothesis and instead examine competing models of the HRM–performance relationship.
Political skill: An antidote for workplace stressors

Executive Overview Why do so many executives thrive in stressful situations while others break down? Why are some so adept at coping with the complex and dynamic ambiguity, accountabilities, politics, and interpersonal dimensions of executives' jobs? Executives face numerous work stressors and job demands that can lead to stress. We suggest that succeeding in and managing stressful organizational environments is at least partially due to the exceptionally good political skills possessed by many executives. Political skill is an interpersonal style that manifests itself in social astuteness and the ability to engage in behaviors that give impetus to feelings of confidence, trust, and sincerity. Executives high in political skill are better able to cope with the chronic workplace stressors they encounter. Specifically, political skill represents a type of interpersonal control that allows people to differentially interpret workplace stressors in less aversive ways, and thus cope more effectively, which redu.
Beyond firm-centrism: re-integrating labour and capitalism into global commodity chain analysis

Since the mid-1990s, global commodity chain (GCC) analysis has contributed much to our understanding of processes of globalization and development. It has however, broadly failed to integrate class relations generally and labour in particular into its approach. This article suggests that we can understand this failure by revisiting and critically interrogating GCC's intellectual foundationsin World Systems Theory and Schumpeterian conceptions of capitalist innovation. It also argues that if carefully reformed, these foundations can provide a useful framework from which to conduct research into processes of contemporary development. A central argument of this paper is that evolving capitallabour relations co-determine processes of capitalist expansion and development, and that a commitment to understanding and investigating these relations should be placed more firmly at the centre of GCC analysis.
Proteolytic cleavage of the urokinase receptor substitutes for the agonist‐induced chemotactic effect.

Physiological concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) stimulated a chemotactic response in human monocytic THP‐1 through binding to the urokinase receptor (uPAR). The effect did not require the protease moiety of uPA, as stimulation was achieved also with the N‐terminal fragment (ATF), while the 33 kDa low molecular weight uPA was ineffective. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments showed association of uPAR with intracellular kinase(s), as demonstrated by in vitro kinase assays. Use of specific antibodies identified p56/p59hck as a kinase associated with uPAR in THP‐1 cell extracts. Upon addition of ATF, p56/p59hck activity was stimulated within 2 min and returned to normal after 30 min. Since uPAR lacks an intracellular domain capable of interacting with intracellular kinase, activation of p56/p59hck must require a transmembrane adaptor. Evidence for this was strongly supported by the finding that a soluble form of uPAR (suPAR) was capable of inducing chemotaxis not only in THP‐1 cells but also in cells lacking endogenous uPAR (IC50, 5 pM). However, activity of suPAR require chymotrypsin cleavage between the N‐terminal domain D1 and D2 + D3. Chymotrypsin‐cleaved suPAR also induced activation of p56/p59hck in THP‐1 cells, with a time course comparable with ATF. Our data show that uPA‐induced signal transduction takes place via uPAR, involves activation of intracellular tyrosine kinase(s) and requires an as yet undefined adaptor capable of connecting the extracellular ligand binding uPAR to intracellular transducer(s).
On the Dividend Capitalization Model Under Uncertainty

Consider an economy consisting of individuals and firms with the following characteristics: all individuals are rational in the von Neumann- Morgenstern sense and non-neutral toward risk; the dividend streams of some firms are certain, while the dividend streams of the other firms are uncertain; and the economy is equipped with perfect financial markets. In this economy, as we show in the present paper, the value of each firm with a certain dividend stream depends only on the dividend stream itself and the set of future interest rates—i.e., the market value of such firms is independent of the attitudes toward risk and the level of wealth of any individual. However, the value of each firm with an uncertain dividend is, with one exception, not independent of anything: it depends not only on the firm's own dividend stream, the set of future interest rates, and (all) individuals' risk attitudes, but also on the wealth levels of these individuals and on the dividend streams of all other firms with uncertain dividends even when these streams are stochastically independent. The exception occurs when the individuals have exponential utility functions of money. In this case, the market value of each firm with uncertain dividends is independent of other dividend streams and of individual wealth levels if these variables are statistically independent of the firm's dividends. Exponential utility functions of money, of course, are not considered empirically plausible.
A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a tethered-swimming incremental test comprising small increases in resistive force applied every 60 seconds could delineate the isocapnic region during rapidly-incremented exercise. Sixteen competitive swimmers (male, n = 11; female, n = 5) performed: (a) a test to determine highest force during 30 seconds of all-out tethered swimming (Favg) and the ΔF, which represented the difference between Favg and the force required to maintain body alignment (Fbase), and (b) an incremental test beginning with 60 seconds of tethered swimming against a load that exceeded Fbase by 30% of ΔF followed by increments of 5% of ΔF every 60 seconds. This incremental test was continued until the limit of tolerance with pulmonary gas exchange (rates of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) and ventilatory (rate of minute ventilation) data collected breath by breath. These data were subsequently analyzed to determine whether two breakpoints defining the isocapnic region (i.e., gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point) were present. We also determined the peak rate of O2 uptake and exercise economy during the incremental test. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point were observed for each test such that the associated metabolic rates, which bound the heavy-intensity domain during constant-work-rate exercise, could be determined. Significant correlations (Spearman’s) were observed for exercise economy along with (a) peak rate of oxygen uptake (ρ = .562; p < 0.025), and (b) metabolic rate at gas exchange threshold (ρ = −.759; p < 0.005). A rapidly-incremented tethered-swimming test allows for determination of the metabolic rates that define zones for domain-specific constant-work-rate training.
Inflation of tradable goods

This article explores which large economy blocks determine foreign inflation around the world. In the analysis, we focus on importable goods of 15 countries ranging from 1992 to 2003 at monthly basis. Using a SUR estimation, we find the US driving the inflation of importable goods around the world. However, decomposing the variation of importable good price indexes by frequency, by means of the Baxter–King approximate band pass filter, we find that the Asian area might be a source of considerable inflation on the short-run.
Perceptions and Health Care Needs of HIV-Positive Mothers in India

Background: An estimated 2.5 million Indians live with HIV/AIDS. Spread primarily through heterosexual contact, the epidemic is shifting toward women, 29% of whom are currently infected, with still more cases going unreported. As the primary caregivers for their families, women face many challenges when it comes to accessing care; these include dealing with discrimination from family, community, and health care providers, and a general lack of education, social support, and nutrition guidance and sustenance.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of a group of HIV-positive mothers living in India to learn about the challenges they face in terms of assessing health care services, dealing with mental health stressors, and giving them a voice in designing the structure of a culturally sensitive and tailored intervention for women like themselves.Methods: This study used a qualitative approach using focus groups consisting of a convenience sample of 60 HIV-infected mothers recruited from a large maternity hospital and sexually transmitted disease clinic in Chennai, India. Using a semi-structured interview guide, information was solicited from participants and qualitative content analysis conducted to determine common themes discussed among the groups.Results: Participants described challenges they face on a day-to-day basis, living with HIV and factors that prevent or help them to seek, obtain, and maintain care. The women also provided recommendations for future intervention plans, to include counseling, nutritional support, psychological support, and educational services for women living with HIV.Conclusions: Findings of this study provided a rich backdrop upon which a community-based AIDS program for HIV-positive mothers in India can now be designed.
Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia can present clinically in varied forms which may appear as collision of different pathologic processes. We report a rare case of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia with coexisting epithelial lined cyst and superimposed osteomyelitis with sequestrum formation. Its clinical features and management with possible hypotheses are described along with the post operative course. Pertinent literature has been reviewed with emphasis on pathogenesis of this unique occurrence.
Functional analysis of anterior cruciate ligament instability

Eighteen males and two females (mean age, 26.5 years) underwent biomechanical assessment and Cybex eval uation prior to ACL reconstruction. Clinically, all patients had at least a 1+ grade with the Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot shift tests, the majority being graded as 2+. Footswitch, high speed photography, force plate, and indwelling wire electrode data were collected while each subject performed free and fast walking, running, cutting, and stair climbing activities. During walking, single limb support times did not differ between the subject's involved and uninvolved limbs. Knee joint angles were similar between limbs during walking, running, and stair climbing maneuvers. Dynamic EMG tracings during walking demonstrated similar quadriceps and calf activity between limbs, while greater variation in hamstring firing was evident among subjects. During running, the involved limb had a longer duration of medial hamstring activity compared to the lateral hamstring. No significant differences were seen in either vertical or sagittal shear forces during free walking. During fast walking, higher midstance vertical forces (F2) were present in the involved limb (P < 0.05). During running, the involved limb experienced lower vertical forces (P < 0.05), while both anterior and posterior sagittal shear differences were insignificant. Straight cut maneuvers demonstrated significantly lower lateral shear and ver tical forces in the involved limb (P < 0.05). Lower lateral and sagittal shear forces in the involved limb (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), combined with a reduced angle of the cut during the cross-cut maneuver, may be the first means to assess the functional pivot shift phenomenon ever documented. Isokinetic Cybex strength testing demonstrated a mean 14% quadriceps deficit and a mean 4% hamstring deficit in the involved limb. Achieving quadriceps and hamstring torque of 86% and 96%, respectively, was not sufficient to eliminate the subjective need for sur gical reconstruction.
Carbon emission measurement in improved cook stove using data mining

Data mining is also known as knowledge discovery from huge data sets. Potential useful information also comes out from data set through data mining. This outcome is important for existing data sets and for further analysis, development and planning. This paper put a light on performance evaluation, based on the correct and incorrect instances of data classification using different classification algorithm. The paper sets out to make comparative evaluation of classifiers Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perception, J48 Decision Tree and IBK in the context of household datasets to maximize true positive rate and minimize false positive rate of defaulters rather than achieving only higher classification accuracy using WEKA tool. This paper also investigates and analyzes the existing raw data improved cook stoves (ICS) from different household information in Bangladesh; and also expedites Association Rule to extract some important information that can be helpful for future deployment, analysis and planning for sustaining efficient improve cook stove (ICS) program.
Aspirin use and chronic diseases: a cohort study of the elderly.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the associations between the use of aspirin and the incidences of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and other chronic diseases. DESIGN--Postal questionnaire survey to elicit details of aspirin use. SETTING--Californian retirement community. SUBJECTS--All 22,781 residents of the community (white, affluent, and well educated) were sent a questionnaire that included questions on medical history and the use of drugs such as analgesics, laxatives, and vitamin supplements. In all 61% responded (13,987, 8881 women and 5106 men; median age 73). They formed the cohort that was followed up for 6 1/2 years using discharge summaries from three hospitals serving the area and death certificates from the health department. Only 13 respondents were lost to follow up but seemed not to have died. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Incidences of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, and cataracts were compared in participants who did and did not take aspirin daily. RESULTS--Age adjusted incidences were computed with an internal standard and five age groups. By 1 January 1988 there had been 25 incident cases of kidney cancer among all participants; 341 incident cases of stroke, 253 of acute myocardial infarction, 220 of ischaemic heart disease, and 317 of other heart disease were reported among respondents without a reported history of angina, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The incidence of kidney cancer was raised among those who took aspirin daily compared with those who did not take it, although the increase was significant only in men (relative risks = 6.3, 95% confidence interval 2.2 to 17, for men and 2.1, 0.53 to 8.5, for women). Those who took aspirin daily showed no increased risk of any other cancer, except colon cancer for both sexes combined (relative risk = 1.5, 1.1 to 2.2). The risk of acute myocardial infarction was reduced slightly among regular users of aspirin in men but not women. The risk of ischaemic heart disease was almost doubled in those who took aspirin daily compared with non-users (relative risks = 1.9, 1.1 to 3.1, for men and 1.7, 1.1 to 2.7, for women). Small, non-significant increased risks of stroke were observed in both sexes. CONCLUSION--The daily use of aspirin increased the risk of kidney cancer and ischaemic heart disease.
Desired fertility and the impact of population policies

Ninety percent of the differences across countries in total fertility rates are accounted for solely by differences in women's reported desired fertility. Using desired fertility constructed from both retrospective and prospective questions, together with instrumental variables estimation, it is shown this strong result is not affected by either ex-post rationalization of births nor the dependence of desired fertility on contraceptive access or cost. Moreover, despite the obvious role of contraception as a proximate determinant of fertility, the additional effect of contraceptive availability or family planning on fertility is quantitatively small and explains very little cross country variation. These empirical results are consistent with theories in which fertility is determined by parent's choices about children within the social, educational, economic, and cultural environment that parents, and especially women, face. They contradict theories that assert a large causal role for expansion of contraception in the reduction of fertility.
Obesity , Diabetes and Energy Homeostasis Variable reliability of surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity after Roux-enY gastric bypass X

X Kirstine N. Bojsen-Møller, Carsten Dirksen, Maria S. Svane, Nils B. Jørgensen, Jens J. Holst, Erik A. Richter, and Sten Madsbad Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark