Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MODFLOW-2000 Ground-Water Model?User Guide to the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package

Abstract : This report documents a computer program, the Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction (SUB) Package, to simulate aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2000. The SUB Package simulates elastic (recoverable) compaction and expansion, and inelastic (permanent) compaction of compressible fine-grained beds (interbeds) within the aquifers. The deformation of the interbeds is caused by head or pore-pressure changes, and thus by changes in effective stress, within the interbeds. If the stress is less than the preconsolidation stress of the sediments, the deformation is elastic; if the stress is greater than the preconsolidation stress, the deformation is inelastic. The propagation of head changes within the interbeds is defined by a transient, one-dimensional (vertical) diffusion equation. This equation accounts for delayed release of water from storage or uptake of water into storage in the interbeds. Properties that control the timing of the storage changes are vertical hydraulic diffusivity and interbed thickness. The SUB Package supersedes the Interbed Storage Package (IBS1) for MODFLOW, which assumes that water is released from or taken into storage with changes in head in the aquifer within a single model time step and, therefore, can be reasonably used to simulate only thin interbeds. The SUB Package relaxes this assumption and can be used to simulate time-dependent drainage and compaction of thick interbeds and confining units. The time-dependent drainage can be turned off, in which case the SUB Package gives results identical to those from IBS1.
Infrared Studies of Saline Sulfate Minerals

The cations Na, K, NH4, Ca, Mg, Mn, and, in certain instances, Ba, Sr, and Pb combine with the anion SO4 to form 58 mineral species. Slightly more than half are hydrous, and several contain Cl, F, or CO3. Infrared absorption spectra of most of the above sulfate s have been obtained with a split beam infrared spectrophotometer. The identity of each species examined has been verified optically and by means of X-ray diffraction for further confirmation. Where infrared curves have been previously published, the absorption bands obtained have been compared with data in the literature. Examination of the spectra indicates that the sulfates yield infrared curves that fall naturally into several groups. These groups are outlined, and the relative ranges in absorption characteristics are given for each. Structural analysis is beyond the scope of this paper, but attention is directed toward such structural features as may be compared with those of previous structural studies.
A Maternal Gluten-Free Diet Reduces Inflammation and Diabetes Incidence in the Offspring of NOD Mice

Early-life interventions in the intestinal environment have previously been shown to influence diabetes incidence. We therefore hypothesized that a gluten-free (GF) diet, known to decrease the incidence of type 1 diabetes, would protect against the development of diabetes when fed only during the pregnancy and lactation period. Pregnant nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were fed a GF or standard diet until all pups were weaned to a standard diet. The early-life GF environment dramatically decreased the incidence of diabetes and insulitis. Gut microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a pronounced difference between both mothers and their offspring on different diets, characterized by increased numbers of Akkermansia, Proteobacteria, and TM7 in the GF diet group. In addition, pancreatic forkhead box P3 regulatory T cells were increased in GF-fed offspring, as were M2 macrophage gene markers and tight junction–related genes in the gut, while intestinal gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines was reduced. An increased proportion of T cells in the pancreas expressing the mucosal integrin α4β7 suggests that the mechanism involves increased trafficking of gut-primed immune cells to the pancreas. In conclusion, a GF diet during fetal and early postnatal life reduces the incidence of diabetes. The mechanism may involve changes in gut microbiota and shifts to a less proinflammatory immunological milieu in the gut and pancreas.
Cardiomyocyte behavior on biodegradable polyurethane / gold nanocomposite scaffolds 1 under electrical stimulation 2

1 Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, 5 Tehran, Iran 6 Institute for Materials Science, Dept. Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, 7 Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany 8 Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 9 Building 27, D-24105 Kiel, Germany 10 Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, D-24105 11 Kiel, Germany 12 Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany 13 14 15 16 17
A virus-induced circular RNA maintains latent infection of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in host-pathogen interactions; oncogenic viruses like Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) employ ncRNAs to establish a latent reservoir and persist for the life of the host. We previously reported that KSHV infection alters a novel class of RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs). CircRNAs are alternative splicing isoforms and regulate gene expression but, their importance in infection is largely unknown. Here, we showed that a human circRNA, hsa_circ_0001400, is induced by various pathogenic viruses, namely KSHV, Epstein-Barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus. The induction of circRNAs including circ_0001400 by KSHV is co-transcriptionally regulated, likely at splicing. Consistently, screening for circ_0001400-interacting proteins identified a splicing factor, PNISR. Functional studies using infected primary endothelial cells revealed that circ_0001400 inhibits KSHV lytic transcription and virus production. Simultaneously, the circRNA promoted cell cycle, inhibited apoptosis, and induced immune genes. RNA-pulldown assays identified transcripts interacting with circ_0001400, including TTI1, which is a component of the pro-growth mTOR complexes. We thus identified a circRNA that is pro-growth and anti-lytic replication. These results support a model in which KSHV induces circ_0001400 expression to maintain latency. Since circ_0001400 is induced by multiple viruses, this novel viral strategy may be widely employed by other viruses. AUTHOR SUMMARY Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, closed-circular RNAs. They coincide with linear mRNAs as alternative splice isoforms. CircRNAs binds to other RNAs or proteins to regulate their abundance or functions. We previously showed that specific human circRNAs are differentials regulated upon infection with an oncogenic DNA virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Functions of such circRNAs for virus infections were largely elusive. Here, we identified that one of circRNAs, hsa_circ_0001400 controls both viral and human gene expression so that infected human cells have less virus production but better cell growth. KSHV, like other herpesviruses, has two phases: latent and lytic cycle. The functions of circ_0001400 suggest it biases the cells to latent cycle during which, unlike lytic phase, viruses express only limited number of genes to survive and new viruses are not produced. Since oncogenic viruses like KSHV mainly stay at latent phase for the life of the host, our results suggest that the virus utilized circRNAs to switch to latent phase after the infection. Infection of other pathogenic viruses like Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus were also found to induce circ_0001400. The circRNA may be thus controlling infection of various viruses.
Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms versus Hcr/Hc) 2. Application to data for rocks, sediments, and soils

[1] New theoretical curves relating the hysteresis parameters Mrs/Ms and Hcr/Hc for single-domain (SD), superparamagnetic (SP), pseudo-single-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) grains and their mixtures are applied to published data for natural materials. The Day plot of Mrs/Ms versus Hcr/Hc has been used to crudely classify samples into box-like SD, PSD, and MD (or sometimes incorrectly, MD + SP) regions with arbitrary boundaries. New type curves for MD, PSD/SD + MD, and SD + SP grains and mixtures permit more subtle and precise modeling. The predicted MD trend and its junction with the PSD trend are observed in two data sets: for magnetite spherules from carbonate rocks and for temperature-varying hysteresis results spanning the Verwey transition. The latter data are the basis of a suggested new method for pinpointing the PSD-MD threshold size. Selected data for pottery clays, soils, and paleosols generally follow SD + MD type curves and indicate intermediate-size PSD magnetite with narrow to broad size distributions. A lake sediment section with known grain-size progression tracks in the predicted sense along the SD + MD trend. Selected data for glaciomarine and pelagic sediments are also generally compatible with SD + MD trends. Examples of remagnetized carbonate rocks, submarine basaltic glasses, and glassy rims of pillow basalts all follow predicted SP + SD or SP + PSD mixing curves, with a large range in volume fraction of SP grains (0–75%) but a narrow range of SP particle sizes: 10 ± 2 nm. Larger SP grains spanning the range to SD size (25–30 nm) are absent for unknown reasons. Oceanic dolerites, gabbros, and serpentinized peridotites in some cases fall in a novel region of the Day plot, parallel to but below magnetite SD + MD mixing curves.
Multisite seasonal forecast of arid river flows using a dynamic model combination approach

This paper dynamically combines three independent forecasts of multiple river flow volumes a season in advance for arid catchments. The case study considers five inflow locations in the upper Namoi Catchment of eastern Australia. The seasonal flows are predicted on the basis of concurrent sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), which are predicted a season forward using a dynamic combination of three SSTA forecasts. The river flows are predicted using three statistical forecasting models: (1) a mixture of generalized lognormal and multinomial logit models, (2) the local regression of independent components of five inflows, and (3) the weighted nearest neighbor method, where each of these models use the forecasted SSTA along with prior lags of the flow as the main driving variables. The study demonstrates that improved SSTA forecast (due to dynamic combination) in turn improves all three flow forecasts, while the dynamic combination of the three flow forecasts results in further, although smaller, improvements.
Present crustal deformation pattern in the Pancardi Region: Constraints from Space Geodesy

It was almost a decade ago when the first space geodetic project was commenced in the Pannonian- Carpathian-Dinaric (PANCARDI) region with the aim of di- rect measurement of present crustal movements and strain. The most effective space geodetic technique for this purpose turned out to be the Global Positioning System (GPS). Sev- eral countries established their own national GPS network for monitoring crustal deformation. Nowadays stations of global, continental, regional, national and many local net- works operate in the territory of the study area. An overview of these GPS geodynamic programs is given in the first sec- tion, then we analyse the data of the regional and the Hun- garian national program and give short reports from other projects in the PANCARDI region. In our analysis we com- pare the velocities derived from space geodesy with those predicted by the NNR-NUVEL1A model based on geolog- ical and geophysical records. Looking into the intraplate crustal velocities the data show a fairly stable Bohemian Massive (BM) with relative crustal velocities smaller than 1 mm/yr. With reference to the BM in the north, the western part of the Alpine-North Pannonian (ANP) unit is moving to the East (E) with generally 1 mm/yr velocity that increases to more than twice this value towards its westernmost parts. The largest principal strain rate between these tectonic do- mains is a NE-SW oriented contraction ( 8.6±2.5◊10 9 /yr (ppb/yr)) over an approximately 300◊300-km area. Here we observe left-lateral shear rate (97 ±7 ; 10±2 ppb/yr) be- tween the Alpine-North Pannonian unit and the Bohemian Massif. South of the Alpine-North Pannonian unit the com- plex structure of junction of several tectonic domains can be described by northward trending velocities with 1-2 mm/yr north component relative to the ANP unit or the BM. The direction of contraction near the boundary of the Adriatic microplate is NW-SE oriented with magnitude of 8.0±5.3 ppb/yr over an area of 300◊120-km. Here we observe E- W oriented (93 ±13 ) right-lateral shear (12±5 ppb/yr) be- tween the ANP unit and the southernmost sites in the Di- narides and Southern Alps. These imply that the northward moving Adriatic region is presently squeezes out the ANP unit to the East from between the BM and the Adriatic mi- croplate. Except for a couple of sites the eastern section shows no significant velocities yet. It seems likely that the eastward escape is absorbed in the central section of the ANP in the Pannonian basin since no detectable eastward compo- nent found for the site velocities in the eastern, north-eastern part of the ANP unit.
Detection properties of dust and sandstorms by using AVI of MODIS data

The detection properties of dust and sandstorms (DSS) by using AVI are examined. The aerosol vapor index (AVI) is defined as AVI=T12-T11, where T12 and T11 are the brightness temperatures respectively at 12μm and 11μm wave lengths. MODIS data of Terra/Aqua satellites from China to Japan in April 2006 are used. The AVI vs. T11 scatter charts in narrow regions are made. The narrow region means the region which is smaller than about 100km × 100km. Gu et al. (2003) gave a BTD vs. T11 chart which was based on the radiative transfer calculation in the case of the existence of DSS layer between the ground and the satellite, where BTD=-AVI. The AVI vs. T11 scatter charts are compared with the true-color images, the T11 images, the AVI images and the result by Gu et al. The results are as follows: (1) The larger the AVI value is, the larger the optical thickness of DSS is, in the case of narrow region on land and sea with DSS that does not include cloud. The AVI value decreases, in the case of narrow region with DSS that includes cloud. (2) When the DSS is consecutive on land and sea, the AVI value on the land near the boundary of land and sea is about 0.2-2.3K higher than that on the sea, because of the radiative characteristics of land and sea. The AVI value of a pixel (1km2) on the boundary of land and sea is changed by the ratio of land area and sea area.
Considerations on Recent Freezing Phenomena on Bistriţa and Bistricioara Rivers

Abstract It is highly important to have a better knowledge of river systems during the seasons when air temperature drops below freezing point if we consider the difficulties posed to hydrotechnical exploitations and the destruction caused by floods (as a result of ice jam development). The article presents briefly some opinions and hypotheses various researchers have formulated over time on the genesis of ice formations on rivers. Moreover, the article includes several analyses of ice formations developed on the Bistriţa and Bistricioara rivers as wells as hazardous winter phenomena that may cause such ice formations, e.g., ice jams (ice dams). The development of winter-specific phenomena on the two rivers during the winter of 2011 - 2012 is illustrated in pictures, graphs, and maps taken or developed on the basis on data collected in situ during research.
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition on Storm Surge Separation from Sea Level Data

This paper concerns the storm surge calculation based on the algorithm of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). An accurate storm surge result is key information for coastal disaster warning and prevention. Separation of storm surge magnitude from sea level data has typically been done by specifying tidal input from main tidal harmonics. Obtaining accurate storm surge magnitude with harmonic analysis (HA) requires at least one month. This study discusses possible storm surge separation from short-term sea level time series using EEMD. The current work reveals that EEMD is predominant for short-term sea level data analysis shorter than thirty-five days. Due to different residues obtained from EEMD, this work proposes a method to determine most ideal residue for representing the storm surge.
BIODIVERSITY OF THE ALPINE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE N.W. NORTH AMERICAN CORDILLERA: THE EVIDENCE FROM PHYTO-GEOGRAPHY

Zusammenfassung: Biodiversitat der alpinen GefaBpflanzenflora der nordwestlichen nordamerikanischen Kordillere: Belege einer vegetationsgeographischen Betrachtung Am Ende der Late Wisconsin-Vereisung stand der alpinen GefaBpflanzenflora lediglich ein Zeitraum von ca. 3.500Jahren zur Verfiigung, um das sich ca. 1.600 km erstreckende, ehemals vergletscherte Gebiet im westlichen Kanada wieder zu be siedeln, bevor die Temperaturen zu einer Isolierung in einzelnen Gebirgsregionen fuhrten. In diesem Artikel werden die Ursprungsgebiete (Refugien) beschrieben und es erfolgt eine Abschatzung der Effizienz der Migration aus den einzelnen Ur sprungsgebieten. Datengrundlage bildet die aktuelle Vegetation von 29 alpinen Standorten zwischen der Nordkuste Alaskas und Colorado. Uber 70% der alpinen Arten der kanadischen Kordillere sind in ihrer Verbreitung auf diesen Kontinent beschrankt. Die Ver breitung einzelner Arten ist sporadisch; wahrscheinlich eine Folge der nur kurzen Zeit, die fiir die Wiederbesiedlung zur Verfiigung stand. Wahrend der letzten Vereisung haben Mutationen zu standortiichen Anpassungen und zu spezifischen Artenveranderung in den Refugien gefiihrt. Anhand der neuen Arten lasst sich die Flora der einzelnen Refugien identifizieren. Die ca. 629 vor kommenden Arten wurden auf der Grundlage ihrer aktuellen Verbreitung in neun Gruppen unterteilt. Anhand von Karten, welche die prozentuale Artenzusammensetzung darstellen, ist ersichtiich, dass Arten aus den Refugien der mittleren Kordil lere, aus der Umgebung des Plateau Mountain und von den Konigin-Charlotte-Inseln hauptsachlich nordlich und siidlich entlang der angrenzenden Gebirgsketten wanderten. Aufgrund feuchterer und kiihlerer Bedingungen in den ehemals ver gletscherten Gebieten wanderten nur wenige Arten aus dem Bereich der siidlichen Kordillere ein. Der Erfolg neuer Bering Arten war unterschiedlich, wahrend Arten der nordlichen Kordillere sowie die der nordamerikanischen und Kordilleren Florengruppe den gesamten Gebirgsraum in der zur Verfiigung stehenden Zeit wieder besiedelten. Lediglich wenige Arten aus den angrenzenden Prariegebieten wanderten ein. Die Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass wahrend wiederholter Kaltphasen alpine Arten ihren Lebensraum ausdehnen konnen und sich mit der Kordilleren-Flora vermischen. Besonders anpassungsfahige Arten mit effizienten Verbreitungs mechanismen konnen sich weit verbreiten und gehen in die nordamerikanische Flora ein. Besteht eine Landverbindung zwischen Asien und Amerika, konnen diese Arten nach Eurasien wandern und Teil der zirkum-subarktischen Flora werden. Die Anzahl der diesen Wanderungsprozess durchlaufenden Arten ist jedoch gering, aufgrund der dazu notwendigen Zeit, ineffizienter Ver breitungsmechanismen, der Bewaltigung von Wanderungshindernissen und der Verfiigbarkeit einer fiir ausreichende Zeit bestehenden Landverbindung.
Case history and appraisal of the Medicine Pole Hills unit air-injection project

The Medicine Pole Hill (MPHU) EOR project is the deepest air-injection/in-situ-combustion project in the Williston basin. A unit comprising 9,600 acres with 13 producing wells was formed in July 1985, and air-injection operations began in October 1987. Laboratory combustion tests and detailed feasibility studies were completed before starting the full scale project. The combination of light oil (39{degree} API), carbonate formation, hot reservoir (230 F), and low permeability (1 to 30 md) makes this a unique air-injection project. Cumulative air injection as of December 1993 was 12 Bscf. This paper reviews production performance of the MPHU to date. Oil production from the unit has shown a significant increase over its historical decline, and a processing plant has been installed to recover the liquids stripped from the oil by the produced flue gas. Although well workovers, acid fracturing, and pump changes in some producers complicate the determination of the oil response to air injection, production decline-curve analysis was used to estimate the incremental oil recovery due to air injection. The current air/oil ratio (AOR) is 8 Mscf/STB. Also discussed are the changes in air utilization over time, the benefits of the liquids recovery from the produced-gas stream in such a light-oilmore » project, and an estimate of the field burned volume. « less
Dispersion and lifetime of the SO2 cloud from the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption

[1] Hemispherical dispersion of the SO2 cloud from the August 2008 Kasatochi eruption is analyzed using satellite data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Goddard Trajectory Model (GTM). The operational OMI retrievals underestimate the total SO2 mass by 20–30% on 8–11 August, as compared with more accurate offline Extended Iterative Spectral Fit (EISF) retrievals, but the error decreases with time due to plume dispersion and a drop in peak SO2 column densities. The GTM runs were initialized with and compared to the operational OMI SO2 data during early plume dispersion to constrain SO2 plume heights and eruption times. The most probable SO2 heights during initial dispersion are estimated to be 10–12 km, in agreement with direct height retrievals using EISF algorithm and IR measurements. Using these height constraints a forward GTM run was initialized on 11 August to compare with the month-long Kasatochi SO2 cloud dispersion patterns. Predicted volcanic cloud locations generally agree with OMI observations, although some discrepancies were observed. Operational OMI SO2 burdens were refined using GTM-predicted mass-weighted probability density height distributions. The total refined SO2 mass was integrated over the Northern Hemisphere to place empirical constraints on the SO2 chemical decay rate. The resulting lower limit of the Kasatochi SO2 e-folding time is ∼8–9 days. Extrapolation of the exponential decay back in time yields an initial erupted SO2 mass of ∼2.2 Tg on 8 August, twice as much as the measured mass on that day.