Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phonological Resolution of Syntactic Feature Conflict

Agreement and government can give rise to syntactic feature conflicts; e.g., a verb may have to agree in gender with a coordinate NP composed of NP's of differing genders. The resolution of such conflicts is to some extent determined by general semantic or syntactic principles ('principled resolution'). In addition, the existence of a governed or agreeing form that is neutral with respect to the features in question always permits a conflict to be resolved. There is idiolectal variation as to when principled resolution occurs, and also as to which neutral forms appear in the lexicon. But there are also cases (examples are provided from English, Xhosa, and German) in which resolution is permitted on the basis of a purely phonological resemblance; i.e., the fact that the conflicting morphosyntactic requirements lead accidentally to similar phonological consequences is sufficient to prevent the conflict from causing ungrammaticality. Four major claims are made here about the phenomenon of phonological resolution. First, it does not imply that there can be language-particular phonological conditions on syntactic rules; a universal statement is involved. Second, phonological identity cannot compensate for syntactic feature distinctness in general, even in those languages that clearly exemplify phonological resolution; the conflicting items must also differ only in syntactically imposed features. Third, it is not the underlying phonological form of an item that determines whether it can count as phonologically identical to another item in cases of true phonological resolution; these items must be identical at a more superficial level (conjectured to be identical to the 'lexical stratum' of lexical phonology). Fourth, a small sampling of data (from Icelandic and Finnish, as well as the languages already listed) suggests variation with respect to the number of syntactic feature differences that can be surmounted in phonological resolution. *
Reciprocal modulation between TH17 and other helper T cell lineages

T helper 17 (TH17) cells have well‐described roles in autoimmune disease. However, TH17 is not stable in some physiological or pathological courses. Also, TH17 cells can reciprocally modulate and convert into other helper T cell subpopulations. The fully exploring the reciprocal regulatory effects and its immunoregulatory mechanisms are becoming interesting topics in the immunological study. In this review, we summarized reciprocal modulation pattern between TH17 cell and other helper T cell subpopulations in the mouse model of autoimmune diseases and human diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 8–13, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiogenesis and Vascular Regression in the Ovary *

Angiogenesis is prominent during development and downregulated in the adult. Strictly controlled angiogenesis in the healthy adult occurs cyclically in the ovary and corpus luteum, which therefore make an excellent model with which to study vascular growth. Dysfunctional or uncontrolled angiogenesis is involved in a number of diseases and is responsible for growth and dissemination of tumours. This review focuses on the following aspects of the ovary: the gross and microscopical anatomy of the blood vessels, described mainly – but not exclusively – in the bovine; vascularization of the follicle before and after ovulation; angiogenesis in the developing and the mature corpus luteum as well as in the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The potential mechanisms of vascular regression during luteolysis and the potential role of vascular growth in dominance and atresia of follicles will be described. Furthermore, recent research on ovarian angiogenic and potential anti‐angiogenic factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF), angiopoietin and metalloproteinase inhibitor will be presented. Finally, the role of hormones including FSH, LH, sexual steroids, prostaglandins, prolactin, oxytocin and activin/inhibin in ovarian angiogenesis will be summarized. Future research is likely to yield valuable information that can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases characterized by disregulated angiogenesis and vascular regression.
5′-3′ RNA-RNA Interaction Facilitates Cap- and Poly(A) Tail-independent Translation of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus mRNA

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is the prototypical member of the genus Tombusvirus in the family Tombusviridae. The (+)-strand RNA genome of TBSV lacks both a 5′ cap and a 3′ poly(A) tail and instead contains a 3′-terminal RNA sequence that acts as a cap-independent translational enhancer (3′ CITE). In this study, we have determined the RNA secondary structure of the translation-specific central segment of the 3′ CITE, termed region 3.5 (R3.5). MFOLD structural modeling combined with solution structure mapping and comparative sequence analysis indicate that R3.5 adopts a branched structure that contains three major helices. Deletion and substitution studies revealed that two of these extended stem-loop (SL) structures are essential for 3′ CITE activity in vivo. In particular, the terminal loop of one of these SLs, SL-B, was found to be critical for translation. Compensatory mutational analysis showed that SL-B functions by base pairing with another SL, SL3, in the 5′ untranslated region of the TBSV genome. Thus, efficient translation of TBSV mRNA in vivo requires a 5′-3′ RNA-RNA interaction that effectively circularizes the message. Similar types of interactions are also predicted to occur in TBSV subgenomic mRNAs between their 5′ untranslated regions and the 3′ CITE, and both genomic and subgenomic 5′-3′ interactions are well conserved in all members of the genus Tombusvirus. In addition, a survey of other genera in Tombusviridae revealed the potential for similar 5′-3′ RNA-RNA-based interactions in their viral mRNAs, suggesting that this mechanism extends throughout this large virus family.
Demand response: A solution to manage loads in the smart grid

The management of electrical power networks during peak load periods is a an issue of growing concern in the context of the transition to the smart grid. This paper presents an overview of solutions to deal with peak load constraints by implementing demand side management solutions. Demand response has been experimented on an office building site, in the GreenLys smart grid demonstration project. A case study of the experimental campaign, with associated results will be presented. Finally, concluding remarks on the benefits of demand response and future perspectives will be exposed.
The Most Massive Distant Clusters: Determining Omega and delta 8. ApJ, 504:1

The existence of the three most massive clusters of galaxies observed so far at z > 0.5 is used to constrain the mass density parameter of the universe, Ω, and the amplitude of mass fluctuations, σ 8. We find Ω=0.2 −0.4 (95 %). We show that the existence of even the single most distant cluster at z=0.83, MS1054–03, with its large gravitational lensing mass, high temperature, and large velocity dispersion, is sufficient to establish powerful constraints. High-density, Ω=1 (σ 8 ≃0.5–0.6) Gaussian models are ruled out by these data (∼ < 10 −6 probability); the Ω=1 models predict only ∼ 10 −5 massive clusters at z > 0.65 (∼ 10 −3 at z > 0.5) instead of the 1 (3) clusters observed.
Cardiac titin: a multifunctional giant.

Titin constitutes the third myofilament of cardiac muscle, with a single giant polypeptide spanning from Z-disk to the M-band region of the sarcomere1 (Fig. 1). The ∼1.0 MDa region in the I-band is extensible and consists of tandemly arranged immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains that make up proximal (near Z-disk) and distal (near A-I junction) segments, interspersed by the PEVK sequence (rich in proline, glutamate, valine, and lysine residues) and the N2B element2. Each functions as a distinct spring element3. The C-terminal ∼2 MDa of titin is located in the A-band and is inextensible. It is composed of regular arrays of Ig and fibronectin type 3 (Fn3) modules forming so-called super-repeats2. A-band titin may function as a molecular ruler, regulating assembly of the thick filament2,4,5. Titin's ∼250-kDa COOH-terminal region is an integral part of the M-band and contains a kinase domain6,7. As in the Z-disk, where titin filaments from opposite sarcomeres overlap, titin filaments from opposite half-sarcomeres overlap within the M-band, where they are interconnected by M-band proteins8. Thus, titin filaments with opposite polarity overlap in both Z-disk and M-band, forming a contiguous filament along the myofibril. In this review, we discuss titin's functions in the heart, with an emphasis on its role in diastolic function and the various mechanisms whereby passive stiffness can be tuned. Due to space constraints, it has not been possible to provide inclusive references to all original articles in the field. Figure 1 Schematic of titin in sarcomere. Differential splicing Titin is encoded by a single gene containing 368 exons. Multiple splice pathways in the I-band encoding region (∼230 exons) give rise to isoforms with different spring composition9. The three cardiac isoform classes are shown in Fig. 1. The relatively small ∼3.0 MDa isoform is known as N2B titin (it contains the N2B element)9. A second class also contains the N2A element, and is termed N2BA titin. N2BA titins have a longer PEVK segment and a variable number of additional Ig domains resulting in a ∼3.3-3.5 MDa size9. The third class includes isoforms that predominate in fetal-neonatal life which contain additional spring elements in both tandem Ig and PEVK regions, resulting in a ∼3.6-3.8 MDa size protein10-12. These isoforms gradually disappear during postnatal development. Regulation of the spring composition of titin in fetal-neonatal myocardium allows adjustment of diastolic filling properties during development.
An overview of superelastic stent design

Summary The purpose of this paper is to contrast the performance of self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents. While both approaches to stenting have proven to be successful in treating a wide range of vascular disease, there are significant differences in the philosophy behind and properties of the two types of stents. Many of these differences, such as strength, stiffness (or compliance), recoil, dynamic scaffolding, vessel conformity and fatigue resistance will be highlighted by studying the mechanics of the stent alone, and then of a stent within a vessel. These differences can be summarised by observing that self-expanding stents provide more anatomically-correct scaffolding, while balloon-expandable stents provide rigid and uncompromising reinforcement. Other differences, such as corrosion resistance, placement accuracy and visibility, will also be briefly summarised.
Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer‐mediated conferencing environment

Abstract Based on the GlobalEd inter‐university computer conference, this study examined how effective “social presence” is as a predictor of overall learner satisfaction in a text‐based medium. The stepwise regression analysis converged on a three‐predictor model revealing that social presence (the degree to which a person is perceived as “real” in mediated communication), student perception of having equal opportunity to participate, and technical skills accounted for about 68% of the explained variance. Social presence alone contributed about 60% of this variance, suggesting that it may be a very strong predictor of satisfaction. Reliability data on the social presence scale is provided. The results also indicated that participants who felt a higher sense of social presence enhanced their socio‐emotional experience by using emoticons to express missing nonverbal cues in written form. These findings have implications for designing academic computer conferences where equal attention must be paid to desig.
Online Row Sampling

Finding a small spectral approximation for a tall $n \times d$ matrix $A$ is a fundamental numerical primitive. For a number of reasons, one often seeks an approximation whose rows are sampled from those of $A$. Row sampling improves interpretability, saves space when $A$ is sparse, and preserves row structure, which is especially important, for example, when $A$ represents a graph. However, correctly sampling rows from $A$ can be costly when the matrix is large and cannot be stored and processed in memory. Hence, a number of recent publications focus on row sampling in the streaming setting, using little more space than what is required to store the outputted approximation [KL13, KLM+14]. Inspired by a growing body of work on online algorithms for machine learning and data analysis, we extend this work to a more restrictive online setting: we read rows of $A$ one by one and immediately decide whether each row should be kept in the spectral approximation or discarded, without ever retracting these decisions. We present an extremely simple algorithm that approximates $A$ up to multiplicative error $\epsilon$ and additive error $\delta$ using $O(d \log d \log(\epsilon||A||_2/\delta)/\epsilon^2)$ online samples, with memory overhead proportional to the cost of storing the spectral approximation. We also present an algorithm that uses $O(d^2$) memory but only requires $O(d\log(\epsilon||A||_2/\delta)/\epsilon^2)$ samples, which we show is optimal. Our methods are clean and intuitive, allow for lower memory usage than prior work, and expose new theoretical properties of leverage score based matrix approximation.
Cooperative Distributed AF Wireless Relay Network in Adverse Communication Environments with Power Constraint

This paper studied a new approach designed for a distributed wireless network under three adverse communication environment, such as, broadband noise jamming (BNJ), node geometry, and channel uncertainty. It is designed for a cooperative network consisting of one-source, one-destination and N-relay nodes that implement amplify-and-forward (AF) strategy. Deriving optimal relay amplifying matrix is the primary contribution of this paper. Due to cooperation role for relay nodes, new nondiagonal matrix has been observed. This matrix is minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion basis, and employs the difference between the original transmitted information message by the source and the received signal component at the destination. Effects of adverse wireless communication environments on wireless relay networks performance have been evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. Bit error rate (BER) was used to validate the results.
Human values and social identities: A study in two collectivist cultures

The current study examines the value correlates of social identities (identification with in-groups and geospatial units) in two collectivist cultures (Brazil, n = 471; Spain, n = 476). According to previous research, it was expected that subjects who score higher on social values would be more identified with the various traditional in-groups and with the local geospatial units and that social identities would be predicted by different values among Brazilians and Spaniards. Subjects were undergraduate students (228 males; 719 females), with age ranging from 16 to 55 years (M = 21.9; SD = 4.57), from three states in Brazil (Paraiba, Distrito Federal, and Sao Paulo) and Spain (Pontevedra, Madrid, and Barcelona). They were administered the Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire, the Basic Value Survey,the In-group Identification Scale, the Geospatial Identification Scale, and a questionnaire with demographic questions (e.g., gender, age, religious affiliation). Results confirm that importance attributed t.
Huntingtin inclusions do not deplete polyglutamine-containing transcription factors in HD mice.

A pathological hallmark of polyglutamine diseases is the presence of inclusions or aggregates of the expanded polyglutamine protein. Polyglutamine inclusions are present in the neuronal nucleus in a number of inherited neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington disease (HD). Recent studies suggest that polyglutamine inclusions may sequester polyglutamine-containing transcription factors and deplete their concentration in the nucleus, leading to altered gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression and localization of the polyglutamine-containing or glutamine-rich transcription factors TBP, CBP and Sp1 in HD mouse models. All three transcription factors were diffusely distributed in the nucleus, despite the presence of abundant intranuclear inclusions. There were no differences in the nuclear staining of these transcription factors between HD and wild-type mouse brains. Although some CBP staining appeared as dots in the selective brain regions (e.g. hypothalamus and amygdala), double labeling showed that most CBP was not co-localized with huntingtin nuclear inclusions. Electron microscopy confirmed that CBP was diffusely distributed in the nucleus. Western blots showed that these transcription factors were not trapped in huntingtin inclusions. In the striatum of HD mice, which suffers a significant reduction in the expression of a number of genes, mutant huntingtin was present in both an aggregated and a diffuse form. These findings suggest that altered gene expression may result from the interactions of soluble mutant huntingtin with nuclear transcription factors, rather than from the depletion of transcription factors by nuclear inclusions.
Forage and pasture management for laminitic horses

In the past, many cases of laminitis have been of mysterious origin. Recent investigations in veterinary medicine, coupled with the availability of new techniques for analyzing hydrolyzable carbohydrates in forage may provide evidence to solve some of these mysteries. Fructan has been shown to be capable of inducing laminitis in clinical studies. Insulin resistance, a primary feature of Equine Metabolic Syndrome, has consequences to vascular tissue that help explain why many horses with hyperinsulinemia suffer with chronic laminitis. High levels of fructan, as well as simple sugars, may be found in grass that is subjected to stress from rapidly changing environmental conditions. Stressed grass, and hay made from such grass, may contain up to 35% (DM) sugar, starch and fructan, which comprise a fraction defined as Non Structural Carbohydrates (NSC). The factors that may affect the NSC content of forage include: genus and species of the forage, light intensity and duration, temperature, nutrient and water status, stage of growth, and grazing management. This paper is an introduction to the principles of plant physiology that affect the NSC content of forage, in hopes this knowledge can offer veterinarians some practical solutions for the feeding and management of laminitic horses under their care.
IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses

During T cell–dependent responses, B cells can either differentiate extrafollicularly into short-lived plasma cells or enter follicles to form germinal centers (GCs). Interactions with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are required for GC formation and for selection of somatically mutated GC B cells. Interleukin (IL)-21 has been reported to play a role in Tfh cell formation and in B cell growth, survival, and isotype switching. To date, it is unclear whether the effect of IL-21 on GC formation is predominantly a consequence of this cytokine acting directly on the Tfh cells or if IL-21 directly influences GC B cells. We show that IL-21 acts in a B cell–intrinsic fashion to control GC B cell formation. Mixed bone marrow chimeras identified a significant B cell–autonomous effect of IL-21 receptor (R) signaling throughout all stages of the GC response. IL-21 deficiency profoundly impaired affinity maturation and reduced the proportion of IgG1+ GC B cells but did not affect formation of early memory B cells. IL-21R was required on GC B cells for maximal expression of Bcl-6. In contrast to the requirement for IL-21 in the follicular response to sheep red blood cells, a purely extrafollicular antibody response to Salmonella dominated by IgG2a was intact in the absence of IL-21.
The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions

Purpose of review In this article we summarize recent investigations into the influence of illness perceptions on outcomes in patients with medical conditions. Recent findings Developments in assessment include the publishing of a new brief scale to assess illness perceptions and the examination of the relationship between patient drawings of their illness and outcomes. Recent studies in primary care highlight the importance of patients' beliefs and emotional responses to their illness as being important in influencing their satisfaction with the consultation, reassurance following negative medical testing and future healthcare use. Recent research shows illness perceptions to have associations with a number of outcomes in chronic illness including self-management behaviours and quality of life. As yet, however, few interventions have been developed designed to change illness perceptions and improve illness outcomes. Emerging areas of research include the application of illness perceptions to mental illness and genetic and risk factor testing. Summary Research on illness perceptions has confirmed that patients' beliefs are associated with important outcomes in a broadening range of illnesses and risk factor testing. New interventions based on this model have the potential to improve patient outcomes but have yet to be widely developed and applied.
On the Grothendieck groups of toric stacks

In this note, we prove that the Grothendieck group of a smooth complete toric Deligne-Mumford stack is torsion free. This statement holds when the generic point is stacky. We also construct an example of open toric stack with torsion in K-theory. This is a part of the author's Ph.D thesis.
Tumor cell death induced by topoisomerase-targeting drugs.

DNA topoisomerases are double-edged swords. They are essential for many vital functions of DNA during normal cell growth. However, they are also highly vulnerable under various physiological and nonphysiological stresses because of their delicate act on breaking and rejoining DNA. These stresses (e.g. exposure to topoisomerase poisons, acidic pH, and oxidative stresses) can convert DNA topoisomerases into DNA-breaking nucleases, resulting in cell death and/or genomic instability. The importance of topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage in tumor cell death and carcinogenesis has been recognized. This review focuses on recent findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of the stress responses to topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage. The involvement of ubiquitin/26S proteasome and SUMO/UBC9 in these processes, as well as the role of topoisomerase cleavable complexes in apoptotic cell death are discussed.