Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of developer-specified explanations for permission requests on smartphone user behavior

In Apple's iOS 6, when an app requires access to a protected resource (e.g., location or photos), the user is prompted with a permission request that she can allow or deny. These permission request dialogs include space for developers to optionally include strings of text to explain to the user why access to the resource is needed. We examine how app developers are using this mechanism and the effect that it has on user behavior. Through an online survey of 772 smartphone users, we show that permission requests that include explanations are significantly more likely to be approved. At the same time, our analysis of 4,400 iOS apps shows that the adoption rate of this feature by developers is relatively small: around 19% of permission requests include developer-specified explanations. Finally, we surveyed 30 iOS developers to better understand why they do or do not use this feature.
Prevalence of Dental Caries in 5- and 6-Year-Old Myanmar Children

There are no national data available of the oral health in Myanmar. In this study, we examined dental caries status of 187 school children located in the suburban area of Naypyidaw, capital of Myanmar, at the age of five and six and analyzed by the individual level and tooth level. Maxillary D and B were sensitive for dental caries almost at the same level. They were less sensitive than maxillary A. Mandibular A and B were tolerant for dental caries. Prevalence of dental caries in Myanmar children was still high. By applying item response theory and multilevel modeling, tooth level analysis can be implemented to confirm the tendency for sensitivity or tolerance for dental caries by the tooth level.
Social In uence in the U . S . House of Representatives , 1801-1861

Legislatures are plainly social places. Yet, there is at best mixed evidence of social inuence in this seing. We argue that the main reason for the lack of consensus is that, as dicult as it is to detect evidence of social inuence in general, it is even more difcult in modern legislatures, in which there are many potential ways that legislators can aect one another. us, we focus on the U.S. House of Representatives before the Civil War, a time during which most members lived together in boardinghouses, in small groups, within isolated, concentrated conditions, under weak political institutions, and subject to strong norms to socialize. We have collected the universe of extant evidence on residences of members of Congress for the period between 1801 and 1861. Using these data, we nd that co-residence both predicts and causes increases in voting agreement. Perhaps most compellingly, we leverage the occurrence of occasions when a legislator died in oce to identify the eects of their (exogenous) removal from the social network on the ideological voting paerns of their erstwhile co-residents. We nd that these deaths caused increases in the ideological distance between the surviving and deceased. ∗Ohio State University. Prepared for the Congress & History Conference, Vanderbilt University, May 22-23, 2015. We thank Skyler Cranmer and Michael Neblo for helpful conversations, and Jakob Miller for valuable research assistance. Email: william.minozzi@gmail.com
Corepresentational Grammar and Parsing English Comparatives

Marcus [3] notes that the syntax of English comparative constructions is highly complex, and claims that both syntactic end semantic information must be available for them to be parsed. This paper argues that comparatives can be structurally analyzed on the basis of syntactic information alone via a s t r i c t l y surface-based grammar. Such a grammar is given in Ryan [5], based on the corepresentational model of Kac I l l . While the grammar does not define a parsing algorithm per se, i t nonetheless expresses regularities of surface organization and i ts relationship to semantic interpretation that an adequate parser would be expected to incorporate. This paper wi l l discuss four problem areas in the description of comparatives and wi l l outline the sections of the grammar of [5] that apply to them.
Human cancer, carcinogenic exposures and mutation spectra.

Paolo Vineis , Nuria Malats , Miquel Porta , Francisco X. Real c ` a Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana and CPO-Piemonte, Õia Santena 7, Torino, I-10126 Italy b ( ) Institut Municipal d’InÕestigacio’ Medica IMIM , UniÕersitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer del Dr Aiguader 80, Barcelona, E-08003 ` Spain c ( ) Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Molecular, Institut Municipal d’InÕestigacio’ Medica IMIM , UniÕersitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer ` del Dr Aiguader 80, Barcelona, E-08003 Spain
Does informal care attenuate the cycle of ADL/IADL disability and depressive symptoms in late life?

OBJECTIVE Prior studies have extensively examined the reciprocal relation between disability and depressive symptoms in late life, but little is known about whether informal care attenuates the reciprocal relation over time. This study examined whether disability and depressive symptoms mobilize informal care and whether informal care, once mobilized, protects older adults against the progression of disability and depressive symptoms. METHODS The analysis was based on 6,454 community-dwelling older adults who were interviewed in one or more waves of the Health and Retirement Study between 1998 and 2006. Extending an autoregressive cross-lagged model, we constructed 3 cycles of the relations among disability, depressive symptoms, and informal care. Comparing the relations across 3 cycles informs us about the attenuating effect of informal care on the relation between disability and depressive symptoms over time. RESULTS Although older adults' disability and depressive symptoms mobilized informal care initially, worsening disability and depressive symptoms often exhausted support. Receipt of care generally increased, rather than decreased, disability and depressive symptoms, and the detrimental effects remained the same over time. DISCUSSION We need to better understand the linkage between disability and depressive symptoms and seek effective interventions to reduce caregiver strain and enhance care receivers' well-being.
Seeing and Hearing

The rest of this book is about practical compression issues, but it’s important to fi rst understand how the human brain perceives images and sounds. Compression is the art of converting media into a more compact form while sacrifi cing the least amount of quality possible. Compression algorithms accomplish that feat by describing various aspects of images or sounds in ways that preserve details important to seeing and hearing while discarding aspects that are less important.
Chapter 4 Derivative-Free Optimization

In many engineering applications it is common to find optimization problems where the cost function and/or constraints require complex simulations. Though it is often, but not always, theoretically possible in these cases to extract derivative information efficiently, the associated implementation procedures are typically non-trivial and time-consuming (e.g., adjoint-based methodologies). Derivative-free (non-invasive, black-box) optimization has lately received considerable attention within the optimization community, including the establishment of solid mathematical foundations for many of the methods considered in practice. In this chapter we will describe some of the most conspicuous derivative-free optimization techniques. Our depiction will concentrate first on local optimization such as pattern search techniques, and other methods based on interpolation/approximation. Then, we will survey a number of global search methodologies, and finally give guidelines on constraint handling approaches.
Brief Announcement: Eventually Consistent Linearizability

Eventually consistent linearizability (ec-linearizability) is a new correctness condition for eventually consistent distributed systems (modeled as shared objects). Unlike the existing definitions of eventual consistency, ec-linearizability is suitable for describing the behaviour of some popular eventually consistent systems, such as Cassandra. It is because ec-linearizability allows for certain types of phenomena, such as lost updates. Similarly to linearizability, ec-linearizability is a safety property and is both local and nonblocking. Thus, ec-linearizability is a property that is both easy to use and reason about.
Personalization of Parliamentary Document Retrieval Using Different User Profiles

Owing to the information overload we are faced with nowadays, personalization approaches are becoming almost a must, in order to provide relevant information for users. These personalization techniques retrieve results closer to the user interests and preferences, by using the information stored in the user profile. We have carried out a comparative study between six different user profile representation approaches, based on the content of the documents of the Andalusian Parliament, obtaining quite good personalized performance results and some interesting conclusions about the goodnesses of these content-based approaches.
Nominal techniques

Programming languages abound with features making use of names in various ways. There is a mathematical foundation for the semantics of such features which uses groups of permutations of names and the notion of the support of an object with respect to the action of such a group. The relevance of this kind of mathematics for the semantics of names is perhaps not immediately obvious. That it is relevant and useful has emerged over the last 15 years or so in a body of work that has acquired its own name: nominal techniques. At the same time, the application of these techniques has broadened from semantics to computation theory in general. This article introduces the subject and is based upon a tutorial at LICS-ICALP 2015 [Pitts 2015a].
Schadenfreude and Gluckschmerz

We explore why people feel the socially improper emotions of schadenfreude (pleasure at another person’s or group’s misfortune) and gluckschmerz (pain at another person’s or group’s good fortune). One explanation follows from sentiment relations. Prior dislike leads to both schadenfreude and gluckschmerz. A second explanation relates to concerns over justice. Deserved misfortune is pleasing and undeserved good fortune is displeasing. A third explanation concerns appraisal of the good or bad fortunes of others as creating either benefit or harm for the self or in-group. Especially in competitive situations and when envy is present, gain is pleasing and loss is displeasing. Both emotions have important implications for understanding human relations at the individual and group levels.
Nasal CPAP reduces systemic blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and mild sleepiness

Background: A randomised controlled study was undertaken to examine the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on 24 hour systemic blood pressure (BP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Methods: Patients were fitted with an ambulatory BP measuring device as outpatients during normal activities and recorded for 24 hours before starting therapeutic or subtherapeutic (4 cm H2O) CPAP treatment. BP monitoring was repeated before completion of 12 weeks of treatment. The primary end point was the change in 24 hour mean BP. Results: Twenty three of 28 participants in each treatment arm completed the study. There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, body mass index, Epworth Sleepiness Score, apnoea-hypopnoea index, arousal index, and minimum Sao2. Twenty four patients were hypertensive. The pressure in the therapeutic CPAP group was 10.7 (0.4) cm H2O. CPAP usage was 5.1 (0.4) and 2.6 (0.4) hours/night for the therapeutic and subtherapeutic CPAP groups, respectively (p<0.001). After 12 weeks of treatment there were significant differences between the two CPAP groups in mean (SE) changes in 24 hour diastolic BP (−2.4 (1.2) v 1.1 (1.0) mm Hg (95% CI −6.6 to −0.5), p = 0.025); 24 hour mean BP (−2.5 (1.3) v 1.3 (1.1) mm Hg (95% CI −7.2 to −0.2), p = 0.037); sleep time systolic BP (−4.1 (2.1) v 2.2 (1.8) mm Hg (95% CI −11.8 to −0.7), p = 0.028); and sleep time mean BP (−3.6 (1.7) v 1.3 (1.4) mm Hg (95% CI −9.2 to −0.4), p = 0.033). Conclusions: Compared with subtherapeutic CPAP, 12 weeks of treatment with therapeutic CPAP leads to reductions in 24 hour mean and diastolic BP by 3.8 mm Hg and 3.5 mm Hg, respectively, in mildly sleepy patients with OSA.
Human Miiller Cells Express VEGF 183 , a Novel Spliced Variant of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

PURPOSE. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor expressed as multiple RNA transcripts due to alternative splicing. During an investigation of the expression of VEGF mRNA in human Miiller cells cultured under hypoxic conditions, a cDNA species was isolated whose size was incompatible with known VEGF transcripts. This study was performed to determine the nucleotide sequence of the candidate VEGF species and examine the effects of hypoxia on its expression.
Complementing dictionary-based query translations with corpus statistics for cross-language IR

For cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), often queries or documents are translated into the other language to create a mono-lingual information retrieval situation. Having surveyed recent research results on translation-based CLIR, we have convinced ourselves that an effective query translation method is an essential element for a practical CLIR system with a reasonable quality. After summarizing the arguments and methods for query translation and survey results for dictionary-based translation methods, this paper describes a relatively simple yet effective method of using mutual information to handle the ambiguity problem known to be the major factor for low performance compared to mono-lingual situation. Our experimental results based on the TREC-6 collection shows that this method can achieve up to 85% of the monolingual retrieval case and 96% of the manual disambiguation case.
Polyamines protect mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] plants against drought stress

Introduction Drought is a major environmental factor that limits crops productivity. To cope with the adverse effects of drought, plants have evolved various adaptive mechanisms, such as accumulation of osmolytes. Polyamines (PAs) play an important role in the plant growth and development and response to abiotic stresses. This experiment was conducted to investigate the role of exogenous PAs on drought tolerance of mung bean. Methods Mung bean seeds were soaked in 0 or 100 uM putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), or their mixture for 10 hr. Then, treated seeds were sown in the field and were exposed to drought stress condition. Results The growth attributes including shoot length, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and grain yield markedly reduced due to drought stress. Drought stress also decreased soluble protein content, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll value, stomatal conductance ( g _s), and net photosynthetic rate (P_N) but increased malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble sugars (TSS), and proline contents. Nonetheless, seed priming with the mixture of PAs alleviated adverse effects of drought stress and improved all growth attributes. Exogenous application of PAs also increased soluble protein content, RWC, chlorophyll value, P_N, and more increased TSS and proline contents but decreased g _s and MDA level. Discussion These results indicated that seed treatment with PAs especially combined treatment of Put + Spd + Spm could enhance drought tolerance of mung bean plants through the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving water status, chlorophyll value, and P_N as well as reduction of oxidative damage.
Remote control within the UJI Robotics Manufacturing Cell using FPGA-based vision

In this paper we present a work in progress of a new remote control system based on networked robots and FPGAs technology. The experimental validation has been carried out within the UJI (i.e. the acronym for University Jaume I) Robotics Manufacturing Cell. The main devices included in this Cell are: a SCARA manipulator (AdeptOne), a robot arm with six degrees of freedom (Motoman), an industrial belt, several sensors and cameras, an FPGA that takes care of the computer vision algorithms (i.e. including grasping determination), and a distributed architecture that allows any user to control remotely via Internet a specific manufacturing task. The different components of this system are connected by a 100BaseT Ethernet network and follow the SNRP architecture (i.e. Simple Network Robot Protocol), which grants simple access to generic networked devices using enhanced IP (i.e. Internet Protocol) based connections. Moreover, every device in the system is connected to the Internet through a router that permits the user to control the networked devices according to security constraints. The experiments presented in this paper are concerned with learning visual servoing loops in a direct manner. To this end, the industrial Robotics Cell includes a FPGA, which significantly improves the performance of the computer vision algorithms, and then greatly enhances the efficiency of the remote visual servoing control. Results show the system performance of remotely programmed visual servoing controls using different network architectures.
TEFC induction motors thermal models: a parameter sensitivity analysis

With the increasing pressures on electric motor manufacturers to develop smaller and more efficient electric motors, there is a trend to carry out more thermal analysis in parallel with the traditional electromagnetic design. It has been found that attention to thermal design can be rewarded by major improvements in the overall performance. Thus, there is a requirement for accurate and reliable thermal analysis models that can be easily incorporated into motor design software. In this paper, emphasis is given to thermal sensitivity analysis of totally enclosed fan-cooled induction motors. In particular, thermal parameters are modified and their effects on the temperature rise shown. The results are useful for identifying the most important thermal parameters and enable robust designs to be developed that are insensitive to manufacturing tolerances.
Detection and tracking of ships using a stereo vision system

Maritime transportation continues to maintain the largest volume in the transportation sector, and this is increasing day-by-day. This means there is an ever-increasing demand for safe navigation. In this study, we propose a stereo vision system for detecting and tracking ships as a tool for increasing navigational safety. Ships are detected from obtained images by using an edge detection algorithm that uses a moving average to find high-intensity gradients. The detected points are clustered and the 3D location of a detected ship is calculated from a stereo image pair. The detected ship is then tracked for several tens of seconds to obtain its course. The result of our experiment indicates that the proposed stereo vision system is useful as a tool for safe navigation. Key words: Safety navigation, ship detection, tracking, computer vision, stereo vision.
Securing Online Reputation Systems through Trust Modelling and Temporal Analysis

Online Reputation systems are playing increasingly important roles in influencing people’s online purchasing/downloading decisions. With the rapid development of reputation systems in different online social networks, manipulations against such systems are evolving quickly. This paper proposes a scheme TATA, the abbreviation of joint Temporal and Trust Analysis, which protects reputation systems from a new angle: the combination of time domain anomaly detection and Dempster–Shafer theory-based trust computation. It also demonstrates a great potential to effectively remove dishonest ratings and keep the online reputation system a secure and fair marketplace. Keywords—: Information filtering, social network, information security.
Competition and School Performance: Swedish School Leavers from 1991–2012

ABSTRACT Based on the wide-ranging liberal reforms introduced in the early 1990s, Sweden has become one of the most prominent realizations of Milton Friedman’s proposal for market-based schooling. From 1991 to 2012, the percentage of Swedish ninth-grade students attending independent, voucher-financed, private schools increased from 2.8% to 14.2%. A recent study using municipality-level data claimed that the resulting increase in school competition positively affected student performance in both private and public schools. In this study, using data on 2,154,729 school leavers, we show that this result does not hold when controlling for individual-level background factors and differences in the peer composition of schools.
Temporal segmentation of animal trajectories informed by habitat use

Most animals live in seasonal environments and experience very different conditions throughout the year. Behavioral strategies like migration, hibernation, and a life cycle adapted to the local seasonality help to cope with fluctuations in environmental conditions. Thus, how an individual utilizes the environment depends both on the current availability of habitat and the behavioral prerequisites of the individual at that time. While the increasing availability and richness of animal movement data has facilitated the development of algorithms that classify behavior by movement geometry, changes in the environmental correlates of animal movement have so far not been exploited for a behavioral annotation. Here, we suggest a method that uses these changes in individual–environment associations to divide animal location data into segments of higher ecological coherence, which we term niche segmentation. We use time series of random forest models to evaluate the transferability of habitat use over time to cluster observational data accordingly. We show that our method is able to identify relevant changes in habitat use corresponding to both changes in the availability of habitat and how it was used using simulated data, and apply our method to a tracking data set of common teal (Anas crecca). The niche segmentation proved to be robust, and segmented habitat suitability outperformed models neglecting the temporal dynamics of habitat use. Overall, we show that it is possible to classify animal trajectories based on changes of habitat use similar to geometric segmentation algorithms. We conclude that such an environmentally informed classification of animal trajectories can provide new insights into an individuals' behavior and enables us to make sensible predictions of how suitable areas might be connected by movement in space and time.