Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Raman-spectroscopic determination of inhomogeneous stress in submicron silicon devices

We present the deconvolution of measurements of inhomogeneous mechanical stress in silicon device structures obtained by UV micro-Raman spectroscopy. Due to the very small UV penetration depth of only 12 nm, averaging of stress over the depth is almost eliminated. Only the averaging of stress over the area of the laser spot remains. By deconvolution of the spectra and comparison with finite element simulations, it is now possible to extract information on mechanical stress from areas as small as 200 nm. Oppositely stressed regions in submicroscopic dimensions can be detected, which could not be detected in previous visible light measurements due to averaging.
Upper-Branch Instability of Flow in Pipes of Large Aspect Ratio with Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Viscous Critical Layers

We consider the upper-branch neutral stability of flow in pipes of large aspect ratio, basically extending the work of F. T. Smith to the nonlinear regime. The inclusion of weak nonlinearity leads to an eigenproblem whose solution depends on the properties of three-dimensional nonlinear critical layers. Two special cases are considered. The first is for very small (≪O(R - 14 33 )) amplitude perturbations, where R is a Reynolds number based on the height of the tube and which is assumed large. Then a fully analytical solution of the three-dimensional critical layers is possible, from which the linear results of Smith may be deduced. The second case studied is that of flow in a rectangular pipe, where a solution of the nonlinear critical layer problem can be obtained. Further analysis of neutral modes in this latter case suggests the possible existence, inter alia, of neutral modes for finite aspect ratio tubes. These modes depend on the scaled amplitude and have O(1) wavespeeds.
Resource requirements for fault-tolerant quantum simulation: The ground state of the transverse Ising model

We estimate the resource requirements, the total number of physical qubits and computational time, required to compute the ground state energy of a 1-D quantum Transverse Ising Model (TIM) of N spin-1/2 particles, as a function of the system size and the numerical precision. This estimate is based on analyzing the impact of fault-tolerant quantum error correction in the context of the Quantum Logic Array (QLA) architecture. Our results show that due to the exponential scaling of the computational time with the desired precision of the energy, significant amount of error correciton is required to implement the TIM problem. Comparison of our results to the resource requirements for a fault-tolerant implementation of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm reveals that the required logical qubit reliability is similar for both the TIM problem and the factoring problem.
Particle trajectories in a drifting resonance field separation device

Drifting resonance field (DRF), a new method for the separation of particle/fluid suspensions is introduced. Unlike particle filters using ultrasound‐induced coagulation, the DRF method only utilizes the primary acoustic radiation force to achieve the separation effect. This is done by cyclically switching the driving frequency of the DRF resonator between consecutive resonances, causing a directed motion of the particles and thus concentrating the particles in a certain region of the separation volume. Trajectories of polystyrene spheres (approximately 12 microns in diameter) suspended in distilled water have been measured in a prototype DRF resonator, varying the number of the utilized resonance frequencies and the acoustic power input. The measured particle trajectories are compared to computer simulations based on the same process parameters as used in the experimental setup, showing a high correspondence between experimental and simulated data. Both experiments and simulations prove the high potential of the DRF method for separation technology. A promising field of application is the up‐scaling of acoustic cell retention systems recently introduced in animal cell culture, potentially yielding higher flow‐through rates. The presented results are a valuable basis for design and process parameter optimization of future DRF separation devices.
Texture Deviation Mapping Based on Detail Enhancement

To provide with an effective technique for non-photorealistic rendering for computer generated images with artistic appearances from 2D images motivates our work in this paper. The methods proposed in this paper are inspired by the image deviation mapping constructed from a single texture background image. We establish our method for obtaining artistic appearances taking the deviation mapping as the underlying basis. Based on the simple linear filtering convolution operation, which is well suited of progressive coarsening of images and for detail extraction, and the image’s detail, such as edge and tone can be preserved in the final artistic appearance. This method has the exact computational complexity, and this technique is easily to implement and the rendering speed is fast.
Analysis of water film thickness on contact lens by reflectometry technique

We report the use of optical reflectometry technique for evaluation of water film on contact lens. The water film can be measured through the spectral dependent reflectance evaluation, which is carried out by illuminating the contact lens with a white light and collecting the returning light with an optical fiber coupled to a spectrometer. Water film thinning process has been observed on different soft contact lenses and minimum measurable thickness is about 0.85 μm. The measurement is fast and accurate. The water film measurement can be valuable for contact lens design to improve its hydrophilic properties. The technique can be extended for the study of tear film dynamics in an eye.
Classical Charged Particles

Philosophy and Logic of Physical Theory A Short History of the Classical Theory of Charged Particles Foundations of Classical Mechanics The Maxwell-Lorentz Field Electromagnetic Radiation The Charged Particle Generalizations The Relations of the Classical Lorentz-Invariant Charged-Particle Theory to Other Levels of Theory The Theory's Structure and Place in Physics.
A prediction method for heat transfer during film condensation on horizontal low integral-fin tubes

A method for predicting the average heat transfer coefficient is presented for film condensation on horizontal low integral-fin tubes. Approximate equations based on the numerical analysis of surface tension drained condensate flow on the fin surface are developed for the heat transfer coefficients in the upper and lower portions of the flooding point below which the interfin space is flooded with condensate. For the unflooded region, the equations is modified to take account of the effect of gravity. These equations are used, along with the previously derived equation for the flooding point, to determine the wall temperature distribution, and in turn the average heat transfer coefficient within {plus minus} 20% for most of the available experimental data including 11 fluids and 22 tubes.
A correlation between the Fukuma-Matsubara and circle criteria for the determination of jump resonance

Jump resonance is a particular type of discontinuity, the absence of which may be predicted by using one form of the circle criterion. Another method of determining presence or absence of jump resonance is due to Fukuma and Matsubara [1]. These two methods are compared after rederiving the Fukuma-Matsubara criterion using different bounds on the nonlinearity. The Fukuma-Matsubara criterion is found to yield a critical region inside the critical circle. Furthermore, an example is given in which the Fukuma-Matsubara criterion predicts the gain needed to produce jump resonance.
Learning Spatial-Temporal Dynamics for Short-Term Passenger Flow Prediction in Urban Rail Transit

Accurate short-term passenger flow prediction in urban rail transit (URT) plays an important role in ensuring the stable operation of the URT systems. Because of the complex dynamic spatial-temporal dependencies and potential semantic correlations of the URT network, accurate and effective short-term passenger flow prediction is challenging. To solve these problems, a novel model called the dynamic spatial-temporal graph convolutional network (DSTGCN) was proposed. Firstly, spatial semantic graphs (SSGs) were established to encode the spatial dependencies and semantic correlations of the URT network. Meanwhile, the dynamic graph convolutional network (DGCN) with the spatial attention mechanism was used to learn the dynamic spatial correlations of the nodes in the SSGs. Then, the long short-term memory (LSTM) network was integrated into the DGCN to learn the dynamic changes of passenger flow and capture local temporal dependencies. Moreover, the temporal attention mechanism was introduced after LSTM to capture global dynamic temporal correlations by adjusting the weights of different sequence information. Finally, the full connection layers were used to output the prediction results. Several experiments were conducted on Nanning Metro Line 1 real datasets to evaluate the model. The experimental results showed that the DSTGCN can effectively capture the dynamic spatial-temporal dependencies and semantic associations of the passenger flow. Besides, the prediction performances of the DSTGCN were better than those of existing baseline models, and it can provide technical support for improving the intelligent planning and operation decisions of URT systems.
Fast equilibrium reconstruction for tokamak discharge control based on GPU

A parallel code named P-EFIT which could complete an equilibrium reconstruction iteration in 220 µs is described. It is build with the CUDA™ architecture. Some optimization for middle-scale matrix multiplication on graphics processing unit and an algorithm which could solve block tri-diagonal linear system efficiently in parallel is described. Benchmark test is conducted. Static test proves the correctness of the P-EFIT and simulation-test proves the feasibility of using P-EFIT for real-time reconstruction with a 65 × 65 grid.
Model-based boundary detection in echocardiography using dynamic programming technique

An automatic approach is proposed in this paper for the detection of left ventricular cavity boundaries from two dimensional echocardiograms. This object-oriented detection approach extracts the contour in exploring the information at different levels: local intensity information and geometrical features of the contour. A contour residual energy model is set up for this purpose and the geometrical features of the left ventricular cavity are introduced into contour detection through this model. The minimization of the contour residual energy can identify the cavity contours in very noisy environment.
Is There Anybody Out There? Coping and Belonging Strategies: Correlations with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Latinx Undergraduates

The study examined the correlational and predictive relationship between religious coping and a sense of belonging on 202 Latinx undergraduates’ depression, anxiety, and stress. Religious coping refers to the reliance on religious beliefs or practices to cope with stressful life situations. A sense of belonging involves the psychological features of social integration and attachment to a community. The results of a multiple regression analysis found that positive and negative religious coping and a sense of belonging predicted 36% of the variance in Latinx students’ depression. A second regression found positive and negative religious coping, a sense of belonging, and the interaction between positive religious coping and a sense of belonging predicted 29% of the variance in anxiety. A third hierarchical regression found that 21% of the variance in stress levels was attributed to religious coping alone. The results demonstrate that students who utilized positive religious coping reported lower depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Conversely, negative religious coping contributed to depression, anxiety, and stress. A sense of belonging predicted lower depression and anxiety. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
A mixed formulation of quasi-reversibility to solve the Cauchy problem for Laplace's equation

This work concerns the use of the method of quasi-reversibility to solve the Cauchy problem for Laplace's equation. We describe a mixed formulation of the method and its relationship with a classical formulation. A discretized formulation using finite elements of class C0 is derived from the mixed formulation, and convergence of the solution of this discretized problem with noisy data to the exact solution is analysed. Finally, a simple numerical example is implemented in order to show the feasibility of the method.
Lyapunov functional and global asymptotic stability for an infection-age model

We study an infection-age model of disease transmission, where both the infectiousness and the removal rate may depend on the infection age. In order to study persistence, the system is described using integrated semigroups. If the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1, then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. For R 0 > 1, a Lyapunov functional is used to show that the unique endemic equilibrium is globally stable amongst solutions for which disease transmission occurs.
Spectroscopic optical coherence tomography for substance identification

We use Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (S-OCT) to identify substances by their spectral features in multi layer non-scattering samples. Depth resolved spectra are calculated by a windowed Fourier Transform in the spatial regime at discrete layer borders. By dividing subsequent spectra in an iterative manner transfer functions of the samples layers are calculated. Estimating these spectral transfer functions with high accuracy is still challenging, since the system´s transfer function introduces an error, which can be orders of magnitude higher than the spectroscopic information of the sample. We retrieve the buried spectroscopic information of the sample with high accuracy by correcting the spectral transfer functions with an identically structured reference sample. This spectral calibration method has many critical parameters and is in many cases not even possible. To perform substance identification without spectral calibration we implemented a pattern recognition algorithm, which allocates the transfer functions to known substances. Our results show that substance identification by spectral features with high performance without spectral calibration is feasible. Aside from that we modeled a simplified set up of our OCT system to minimize the error which is introduced by the optical system. The error can be reduced by orders of magnitude, when our improved optical set-up is used. This is an important step towards an improved system for S-OCT.
Adjoint Viscous Sensitivity Derivatives with a Reduced Gradient Formulation

~ Ai = Cartesian inviscid flow Jacobian matrix in the ith direction ~ Avi = Cartesian viscous flow Jacobian matrix in the ith direction Bw = wall boundary B1 = far-field boundary Ci = contravariant flow Jacobian matrix in the ith direction cp = specific heat at constant pressure D = fluid domain ~ Dij = Cartesian matrix of derivatives of the viscous flux with respect to the gradients of the primitive variables di = Cartesian force direction vector E = total energy fi = Cartesian inviscid fluxes fvi = Cartesian viscous fluxes g = generic function H = total enthalpy I = cost function J = det K Kij = mesh transformation Jacobian matrix components k = coefficient of thermal conductivity M = @w=@ ~ w, transformation matrix between conservative and primitive flow variables ni = contravariant unit normal vector in the ith direction ni = Cartesian unit normal vector in the ith direction P = static pressure Pr = Prandtl number Pd = target static pressure R = gas constant Sij = velocity trasformation matrix T = temperature t = time u = velocity vector ui = Cartesian velocity components w = conservative flow variables in Cartesian coordinates ~ w = primitive flow variables in Cartesian coordinates xi = Cartesian coordinates = ratio of specific heats = first variation ij = Kronecker delta function = dynamic viscosity i = computational coordinates = density = adjoint stress tensor = Reynolds stress tensor = adjoint variable
Prediction of the IMF BZ Using A 3‐D Kinematic Code

A scenario is introduced for predicting the perturbations of the south-north component BZ of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) ahead of fast Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). The three-dimensional (3-D) kinematic code of Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry (1986) is improved according to the scenario. Using the new code, we investigated the perturbation of IMF and plasma caused by the Halo CME at 06: 30UT, May 12, 1997 observed by SOHO in detail. Seventeen events of CME between 1978 and 1981 are examined. Of these 17 events the kinematic code correctly predicts the direction of perturbation of the south-north component of IMF for 14 events (82%). This shows that the direction predicted by the improved code agrees with observations very well.
Identification of the diffusion coefficient in a one-dimensional parabolic equation

This paper deals with the problem of the identification of the diffusion coefficient in a parabolic equation. This inverse problem is formulated as a nonlinear operator equation in Hilbert spaces. Continuity and differentiability of the corresponding operator is shown. In the one-dimensional case uniqueness and conditional stability results are obtained by using the heat equation transform. Finally, the problem is solved numerically by iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method.
A Fundamental Property of Quantum-Mechanical Entropy

There are some properties of entropy, such as concavity and subadditivity, that are known to hold (in classical and in quantum mechanics) irrespective of any assumptions on the detailed dynamics of a system. These properties are consequences of the definition of entropy as S(p) =—Trp lnp (quantum), (1a) S(p) =- f p lnp (classical continuous), (1b) S(p)= p i Inpi (classical discrete), (1c) where Tr means trace, p is a density matrix in (1a), and p is a distribution function (usually on R 6n) in (1b). In (1c) the p i are discrete energy level probabilities.
Calculation of Benchmark Doses from Continuous Data

A benchmark dose (BMD) is the dose of a substance that corresponds to a prescribed increase in the response (called the benchmark response or BMR) of a health effect. A statistical lower bound on the benchmark dose (BMDL) has been proposed as a replacement for the noâ€ observedâ€ adverseâ€ effectâ€ level (NOAEL) in setting acceptable human exposure levels. A method is developed in this paper for calculating BMDs and BMDLs from continuous data in a manner that is consistent with those calculated from quantal data. The method involves defining an abnormal response, either directly by specifying a cutoff x0 that separates continuous responses into normal and abnormal categories, or indirectly by specifying the proportion P0 of abnormal responses expected among unexposed subjects. The method does not involve actually dichotomizing individual continuous responses into quantal responses, and in certain cases can be applied to continuous data in summarized form (e.g., means and standard deviations of continuous responses among subjects in discrete dose groups). In addition to specifying the BMR and either x0 or P0, the method requires specification of the distribution of continuous responses, including specification of the doseâ€ response I¸(d) for a measure of central tendency. A method is illustrated for selecting I¸(d) to make the probability of an abnormal response any desired doseâ€ response function. This enables the same doseâ€ response model (Weibull, logâ€ logistic, etc.) to be used for the probability of an abnormal response, regardless of whether the underlying data are continuous or quantal. Whenever the continuous responses are normally distributed with standard deviation Iƒ (independent of dose), the method is equivalent to defining the BMD as the dose corresponding to a prescribed change in the mean response relative to Iƒ.
Effect of radial defect lines in the focalization of unitary polarization order light beams

In this letter, we analyze the effect of the defect line of a θ-cell polarization converter on the focalization of a Gaussian laser beam by means of a high numerical aperture microscope objective. This liquid crystal device is frequently used to convert a linearly polarized laser beam into either a radially or azimuthally polarized beam. The line singularity, that defines the cell axis and characterizes these devices, leads to a π-shift on the light polarization in moving from one side of the cell to the other, with respect to the cell axis. The shift, although negligible for light filtering and polarization microscopy, can be crucial in applications where a strong longitudinal component of the focused field is needed, such as in aperturless near-field microscopy. In this work, light distribution simulations as well as experimental investigations of the fields at the focal plane are carried out.
Genetic and Pomological Determination of the Trueness-to-Type of Sweet Cherry Cultivars in the German National Fruit Genebank

Genebank collections preserve many old cultivars with ancient breeding history. However, often, cultivars with synonymous or incorrect names are maintained in multiple collections. Therefore, pomological and genetic characterization is an essential prerequisite for confirming trueness-to-type of cultivars in gene bank collections. In our study, 1442 single sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees of the German Fruit Genebank were evaluated according to their trueness-to-type. For this purpose, pomological analysis was performed, in which the accessions were assigned totheir historical cultivar names. The pomological identifications were based on several historical reference sources, such as fruit references from historical cherry cultivar and fruit-stone collections, as well as historical pomological literature sources. In addition, the cherry trees were genetically analyzed for cultivar identity using 16 SSR markers. Based on pomological characterization and genetic analysis for the majority of the trees (86%), cultivar authenticity could be confirmed. Most markers were highly discriminating and powerful for cultivar identification. The cherry collection showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with an expected heterozygosity He = 0.67. Generally, high genetic admixture between cultivars of different geographic origin and year of origin was obtained after STRUCTURE analysis, demonstrating the extensive exchange of genetic information between cherry cultivars in the collection over time. However, the phylogenetic tree calculated by DARwin reflected the geographic origin of selected cherry cultivars. After parentage analysis with CERVUS, paternity could not be confirmed for three cultivars, indicating the necessity of further pedigree analysis for these cultivars. The results of our study underlined the general importance of evaluating the authenticity of cultivars in genebank collections based on genetic and pomological characterization.