Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sediment storage in the reach of the middle Yellow River located in the Fenwei Graben, China

Fenwei Graben is a famous sediment sink. The Longmen‐Sanmexia sediment sink of middle Yellow River is located in the middle part. Using the sediment budget based on annual data from the period 1920–2006 and flood‐event data from 154 flood events from the period 1950–1985, the variations in sediment storage, release and transport have been analysed. Data from different methods and sources indicate that, during an 1800‐year period, the variation of sedimentation rate in this sink has undergone a cycle from increase to decline; the cause for this can be found in the changes in the manner and intensity of human activities. Over 87 years, sediment storage in this sink can be separated into four stages which showed different trends, depending on changing human activities, such as reservoir construction, soil and water conservation and water diversion. Stepwise multiple regression shows that the runoff and sediment yield from three major source areas have differing influences on sediment storage in the sink. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An EM study of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: inhibitory, commissural, synaptic connections between ascending auditory pathways

The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and its connections constitute one of the ascending auditory pathways to the inferior colliculus. One notable feature of this nucleus is the heavy commissural connections between DNLL on opposite sides of the midbrain. These commissural connections may have a significant impact on the ascending pathway. In this study, the fine structure of DNLL in the cat and its commissural connections were examined. Both anterograde and retrograde transport methods were used simultaneously at the EM level. Injections of 3H-leucine mixed with WGA-HRP were made in one DNLL. After axonal transport, EM autoradiographic methods were used to identify the anterogradely labeled axonal endings from the opposite DNLL. In the same location, retrogradely labeled neurons with crossed connections were identified with HRP histochemistry. Two types of axonal endings were found in DNLL, those with round synaptic vesicles forming asymmetrical synaptic junctions and those with pleomorphic vesicles and symmetrical synapses. Both types were equally common. However, only endings with pleomorphic vesicles were labeled after injections in the contralateral DNLL. The labeled endings from the opposite DNLL appeared to represent a homogeneous population, even though a number of variations in the 2 types of endings were found. Labeled endings were presynaptic to all parts of neurons in DNLL, but a large proportion of the synapses were on cell bodies and large dendrites. Two patterns of nuclear morphology and distribution of rough endoplasmic reticulum were identified and may represent different cell types. Examples of both cell types were observed to project to the contralateral side and received labeled synaptic endings. The major finding of this study is that the crossed connections between DNLL exhibit the morphology associated with inhibitory function. Since neurons in DNLL are thought to use GABA as a neurotransmitter, the crossed connections could provide inhibitory inputs to DNLL on each side. Since some neurons receive numerous axosomatic inputs from the contralateral DNLL and also project to the opposite side, they may participate in direct reciprocal, inhibitory connections between the nuclei. Crossed inhibitory connections in the DNLL pathway may be important in regulating the flow of ascending auditory information.
Polar deposits of Mars

Layered deposits unique to the poles of Mars indicate long-term winter deposition of ice and sediment modulated by periodic climate change. The layered deposits contain at least two kinds of nonvolatile materials: one that is similar to the bright red dust raised in Martian dust storms, and one similar to dark sand dune materials observed at low and mild latitudes. The ice fraction of the deposits remains unknown. Because the present polar dust and ice budgets are poorly constrained, correlation of layer thicknesses with specific astronomical cycles remains very uncertain. Layered deposits in both polar regions appear to have been slightly more widespread in the past. Other sediments near the poles, and the estimated ages of the layered deposits, suggest that the polar sedimentary regime has evolved over the geologic history of Mars. Acquisition of good data on the vertical sequence of layer characteristics and better crater retention ages should allow revealing comparisons with astronomically driven cycles and secular atmospheric changes.
Endpoint Security in Networks: An OpenMP Approach for Increasing Malware Detection Speed

Increasingly sophisticated antivirus (AV) software and the growing amount and complexity of malware demand more processing power from personal computers, specifically from the central processor unit (CPU). This paper conducted performance tests with Clam AntiVirus (ClamAV) and improved its performance through parallel processing on multiple cores using the Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) library. All the tests used the same dataset constituted of 1.33 GB of data distributed among 2766 files of different sizes. The new parallel version of ClamAV implemented in our work achieved an execution time around 62% lower than the original software version, reaching a speedup of 2.6 times faster. The main contribution of this work is to propose and implement a new version of the ClamAV antivirus using parallel processing with OpenMP, easily portable to a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems.
Scalable Testing of Context-Dependent Policies over Stateful Data Planes with Armstrong

Network operators today spend significant manual effort in ensuring and checking that the network meets their intended policies. While recent work in network verification has made giant strides to reduce this effort, they focus on simple reachability properties and cannot handle context-dependent policies (e.g., how many connections has a host spawned) that operators realize using stateful network functions (NFs). Together, these introduce new expressiveness and scalability challenges that fall outside the scope of existing network verification mechanisms. To address these challenges, we present Armstrong, a system that enables operators to test if network with stateful data plane elements correctly implements a given context-dependent policy. Our design makes three key contributions to address expressiveness and scalability: (1) An abstract I/O unit for modeling network I/O that encodes policy-relevant context information; (2) A practical representation of complex NFs via an ensemble of finite state machines abstraction; and (3) A scalable application of symbolic execution to tackle state space explosion. We demonstrate that Armstrong is several orders of magnitude faster than existing mechanisms.
In vitro microsomal metabolism of imipramine under conditions mimicking the in vivo steady‐state situation

A steady‐state model is presented of the metabolism of imipramine. In this model, the N‐demethylation and 2‐hydroxylation rates of imipramine were measured with and without the presence of metabolites by using a tritium isotope of imipramine. At an imipramine concentration of 5 μmol/l, desipramine, in the concentration ratio 1:2, decreased the total metabolic rate by 70%. The 2‐hydroxylation pathway was mainly inhibited, thereby increasing the N‐demethylation pathway from 25% to 62% in the presence of desipramine. The additional presence of 2‐hydroxy‐imipramine did not change this situation. A study on the relative influence of CYP1A2 and 3A4 only revealed minor changes in the presence of desipramine. In conclusion, the presence of metabolites in metabolism studies undertaken in vitro may reflect the changes from the single‐ to the multiple‐dose situation observed clinically and therefore constitute a better model for the clinical application of a drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cetacean distributions and oceanographic features near the Kerguelen Plateau

Cetacean surveys were conducted in the austral summer during World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrolegs I8S and I9S in the southeastern Indian Ocean. The highest density of cetaceans occurred along the southern flank of the Kerguelen Plateau and northern edge of the Princess Elizabeth Trough, where the distribution of whales coincides with the mean positions of the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and southern water mass boundary (Southern Boundary) of the ACC. The topographic steerage of these features of the ACC around the southern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau brings shoaled, nutrient‐rich Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) to higher latitude than in adjacent basins. The higher concentrations of cetaceans near the Kerguelen Plateau suggests that whales benefit from a cascade of trophic dynamics associated with the poleward extent of UCDW, the marginal ice edge zone, and the proximity of several oceanographic features: the high latitude penetration and close alignment of the Southern Front and Southern Boundary of the ACC; the unique poleward extent of the Southern Boundary as it is topographically steered around the plateau; the entrainment of macronutrients into the surface mixed layer near the Southern Boundary; isopycnal shoaling in cyclonic eddies; the presence of complex bathymetry; and the advection of a tongue of ice northward along the eastern side of the plateau. The association between these concurrent oceanographic features and whales suggests that the southeastern edge of the Kerguelen Plateau is a predictably productive foraging location for cetaceans and their prey.
High prevalence of human papillomavirus type 58 in Chinese women with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) among 332 Hong Kong Chinese women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The overall HPV positive rate was 44.3% with 18.6% (16/86) for normal/inflamed cervices, 36.4% (32/88) for condyloma, 64.7% (33/51) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1), 37.9% (11/29) for CIN 2, 68.3 (41/60) for CIN 3, and 77.8% (14/18) for carcinoma. Double HPV infection was detected in 17 of the 147 positive samples, with a significantly higher proportion in patients with normal or inflamed cervices than those with CIN or carcinoma (31.3% vs 10.5%, P = .029). The six most commonly identified genotypes were HPV 16 (33.3%), HPV 58 (23.8%), HPV 11, 18, 31 (8.8% each), and HPV 33 (6.8%). The worldwide uncommon genotype HPV 58 was found to be the second most common genotype detected in patients with cervical carcinoma (6 of 18 patients). HPV 58 infection showed a significant association with CIN/carcinoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–14.35) and a significant trend of increase in prevalence with increasing severity of cervical lesion (χ2 = 5.84; P = .016). Among Hong Kong Chinese women with abnormal cervical cytology, the detection of HPV 58 carried a positive predictive value of 68.6% for a cervical lesion of CIN 1 or higher severity. The high prevalence of HPV 58 among Chinese women, particularly in patients with carcinoma, has an implication on the design of HPV detection methods and the development of vaccines. J. Med. Virol. 59:232–238, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture-Induced Frequency-Dependent Anisotropy, Yibal Field, Oman

Fracture size is one of the main parameters that reservoir engineers are interested in due to its importance in hydrocarbon production. We estimate the fracture size using the Chapman (2003) theory of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting on microseismic data recorded in the Yibal field. The Natih A reservoir demonstrates the largest fracture size and fracture density of 2 m and 0.07-0.23, respectively, as expected for a highly fracture reservoir. In contrast, the Fiqa exhibits moderate fracture density (3%) with fine-scale fractures (<0.1 micrometer in size) as expected for a seal rock. Collectively, the results of frequency-dependent S-wave splitting are mainly controlled by lithology.
Solving the local minima problem for a mobile robot by classification of spatio-temporal sensory sequences

The local minima problem occurs when a robot navigating past obstacles towards a desired target with no priori knowledge of the environment gets trapped in a loop. This happens especially if the environment consists of concave obstacles, mazes, and the like. To come out of the loop the robot must comprehend its repeated traversal through the same environment, which involves memorizing the environment already seen. This paper proposes a new real-time collision avoidance algorithm with the local minima problem solved by classifying the environment based on the spatio-temporal sensory sequences. A double layered classification scheme is adopted. A fuzzy rule base does the spatial classification at the first level and at the second level Kohonen’s self-organizing map and a fuzzy ART network is used for temporal classification. The robot has no prior knowledge of the environment and fuzzy rules govern its obstacle repulsing and target attracting behaviors. As the robot traverses the local environment is modeled and stored in the form of neurons whose weights represent the spatio-temporal sequence of sensor readings. A repetition of a similar environment is mapped to the same neuron in the network and this principle is exploited to identify a local minima situation. Suitable steps are taken to pull the robot out of the local minima. The method has been tested on various complex environments with obstacle loops and mazes, and its efficacy has been established. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microbial Mobilization of Arsenic from Sediments of the Aberjona Watershed

Arsenic mobilization from aquatic sediments is an issue of concern, as water-borne arsenic can migrate into pristine areas, endangering aquatic organisms and people. Such mobilization in the Aberjona Watershed has distributed nearly 20 t of arsenic throughout river and lake sediments. To gain an understanding of possible biological mechanisms contributing to this transport, mobilization of solid-phase arsenic was investigated in upper Aberjona sediment microcosms. Microcosms catalyzed rapid dissolution of arsenic from iron arsenate, a solid-phase surrogate for sedimentary arsenic, mobilizing 20−28% of the arsenic present. Sterilization prevented this transformation. Reduction of arsenate to arsenite accompanied iron arsenate dis solution, suggesting that reduction was driving dissolution. Sediment-conditioned, filter-sterilized medium showed no arsenic-transforming activity. A native enrichment culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria possessed one-fifth of the microcosm activity, while strain MIT-13, a nativ.
Adenosine regulation of alveolar fluid clearance

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates cell function through G protein-coupled receptors that activate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Based on the understanding that cAMP regulates alveolar epithelial active Na+ transport, we hypothesized that adenosine and its receptors have the potential to regulate alveolar ion transport and airspace fluid content. Herein, we report that type 1 (A1R), 2a (A2aR), 2b (A2bR), and 3 (A3R) adenosine receptors are present in rat and mouse lungs and alveolar type 1 and 2 epithelial cells (AT1 and AT2). Rat AT2 cells generated and produced cAMP in response to adenosine, and micromolar concentrations of adenosine were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice. Ussing chamber studies of rat AT2 cells indicated that adenosine affects ion transport through engagement of A1R, A2aR, and/or A3R through a mechanism that increases CFTR and amiloride-sensitive channel function. Intratracheal instillation of low concentrations of adenosine (≤10−8M) or either A2aR- or A3R-specific agonists increased alveolar fluid clearance (AFC), whereas physiologic concentrations of adenosine (≥10−6M) reduced AFC in mice and rats via an A1R-dependent pathway. Instillation of a CFTR inhibitor (CFTRinh-172) attenuated adenosine-mediated down-regulation of AFC, suggesting that adenosine causes Cl− efflux by means of CFTR. These studies report a role for adenosine in regulation of alveolar ion transport and fluid clearance. These findings suggest that physiologic concentrations of adenosine allow the alveolar epithelium to counterbalance active Na+ absorption with Cl− efflux through engagement of the A1R and raise the possibility that adenosine receptor ligands can be used to treat pulmonary edema.
Enhanced Perimeter Routing for Geographic Forwarding Protocols in Urban Vehicular Scenarios

Geographic stateless routing schemes such as GPSR have been widely adopted to routing in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). However, due to the particular urban topology and the non-uniform distribution of cars, the greedy routing mode often fails and needs a recovery strategy such as GPSR's perimeter mode to deliver data successfully to the destination. It has been shown that the cost of planarization, the non-uniform distribution of cars, and radio obstacles make GPSR's perimeter mode inefficient in urban configurations. Some enhancements have been proposed such as GPCR, which uses the concept of junction nodes to control the next road segments that packets should follow. However, the concept of junction nodes itself is problematic and hard to maintain in a dynamic urban environment. In this paper, we describe GpsrJ+, a solution that further improves the packet delivery ratio of GPCR with minimal modification by predicting on which road segment its neighboring junction node will forward packets to. GpsrJ+ differs from GPCR as decisions about which road segment to turn does not need to be made by junction nodes. Moreover, GpsrJ+ does not need an expensive planarization strategy since it uses the natural planar feature of urban maps. Consequently, GpsrJ+ reduces the hop count used in the perimeter mode by as much as 200% compared to GPSR. It therefore allows geographic routing schemes to return to the greedy mode faster.
Handwritten character recognition using orientation quantization based on 3D accelerometer

This paper presents an online handwritten character recognition system. The whole system includes three parts: acceleration signal detection, signal processing and recognition by Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In hardware aspect, a mini-board with a three-dimensional accelerometer and a microcontroller is used to get real time acceleration values and send them to a terminal continuously. After effective section extraction and lowpass filtering, different quantizing methods based on acceleration orientation are used to quantize numerous data into small integral vectors. At last, we use HMM to do the recognition. For the experiments with 10 Arabic numerals, this system shows a high Recognition Rate (R.R.) of 94.29% in the database of 42 models for every Arabic numeral. This system could be used to reduce the size of handheld devices by discarding number keys and make human computer interaction more convenient and interesting.
Atmosphere, Land Surface, Hydrology, Ocean Wave, and Ocean Current Model (ALHOM) in Asia Environmental Simulator

An atmosphere, ocean waves, and ocean current coupled model system is extended to include the atmosphere land surface interactions and to connect the water heat and material circulation between the ocean and terrestrial circulation systems. The models used in this system are the non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (MM5), multi-layer land surface model (SOLVEG2), hydrological simulation program FORTRAN (HSPF), the third-generation ocean wave model of NOAA (WAVE WATCH III), and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The modeling system is divided into two main wings; the atmosphere-ocean wing, and the atmosphere-land surface wing. Both wings are combined to give a coupled atmosphere, land surface, hydrology, ocean wave, and ocean current model (ALHOM) that is capable to simulate the hydrological cycle on a regional scale. The coupled modeling system is a main part of currently running research project Asia Environmental Simulator (AES). Within AES the coupled modeling system will be applied for simulating water circulation and CO2 budgets in Kapuas river basin in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, and for water circulation and water quality in Haji dam watershed in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan.
Effect of Tea Polyphenol Compounds on Anticancer Drugs in Terms of Anti-Tumor Activity, Toxicology, and Pharmacokinetics

Multidrug resistance and various adverse side effects have long been major problems in cancer chemotherapy. Recently, chemotherapy has gradually transitioned from mono-substance therapy to multidrug therapy. As a result, the drug cocktail strategy has gained more recognition and wider use. It is believed that properly-formulated drug combinations have greater therapeutic efficacy than single drugs. Tea is a popular beverage consumed by cancer patients and the general public for its perceived health benefits. The major bioactive molecules in green tea are catechins, a class of flavanols. The combination of green tea extract or green tea catechins and anticancer compounds has been paid more attention in cancer treatment. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and green tea extract or tea polyphenols could synergistically enhance treatment efficacy and reduce the adverse side effects of anticancer drugs in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the experimental evidence regarding the effects of green tea-derived polyphenols in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs on anti-tumor activity, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics. We believe that the combination of multidrug cancer treatment with green tea catechins may improve treatment efficacy and diminish negative side effects.
Accelerating the Rate of Disassembly of Karyopherin·Cargo Complexes*

Transport of macromolecules across the nuclear pore complex (NPC) occurs in seconds and involves assembly of a karyopherin·cargo complex and docking to the NPC, translocation of the complex across the NPC via interaction with nucleoporins (Nups), and dissociation of the complex in the nucleoplasm. To identify rate-limiting steps in the Kap95p·Kap60p-mediated nuclear import pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we reconstituted key intermediate complexes and measured their rates of dissociation and affinities of interaction. We found that a nuclear localization signal-containing protein (NLS-cargo) dissociates slowly from Kap60p monomers and Kap60p·Kap95p heterodimers with half-lives (t 1 2 ) of 7 and 73 min, respectively; that Kap60p and Kap60p·NLS-cargo complexes dissociate slowly from Kap95p (t 1 2 = 36 and 73 min, respectively); and that Kap95p·Kap60p·NLS-cargo complexes and Kap95p·Kap60p heterodimers dissociate rapidly from the nucleoporin Nup1p (t 1 2 ≤ 21 s) and other Nups. A search for factors that accelerate disassembly of the long-lived intermediates revealed that Nup1p and Nup2p accelerate 16- and 19-fold the rate of dissociation of NLS-cargo from Kap60p·Kap95p heterodimers; that Gsp1p-GTP accelerates ≥ 447-fold the rate of dissociation of Kap60p·NLS-cargo from Kap95p; and that Nup2p and the Cse1p·Gsp1p-GTP complex independently accelerate ≥ 22- and ≥ 39-fold the rate of dissociation of NLS-cargo from Kap60p. We suggest that Nup1p, Nup2p, Cse1p, and Gsp1p accelerate disassembly of Kap95p·Kap60p·NLS-cargo complexes by triggering allosteric mechanisms within Kaps that cause rapid release of binding partners. In that way, Nup1p, Nup2p, Cse1p, and Gsp1p may function askaryopherin release factors (or KaRFs) in the nuclear basket structure of the S. cerevisiaeNPC.