Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Time Efficient and Secure Data Hiding Algorithm

Cryptography is the process of securing information; it ensures that the information is only understood by authenticated persons. Steganography is the process of exchanging secret information in such a way that nobody else can detect the presence of that secret message. To achieve high security, steganography process is combined with cryptographic encryption decryption algorithm such that if any one detect the presence of secret information still it is not understandable. In this paper, authors have studied and implemented many such algorithms and presenting experimental results of overall observation of these algorithms.
An enhanced rate allocation scheme for ephemeral traffics in high speed networks

We have proposed a high-speed fluid-flow rate allocation scheme. We show that this method is well suited for ephemeral web-like traffic which is proliferating as network speed is increasing. We look at the flow level properties and packet level algorithm. We further discuss the equilibrium properties and show that this algorithm can achieve proportional fairness. The simulation results for both permanent and short-lived flows are promising.
Serial Murder Investigation: Prospects for Police Networking

The intention of this article is to explore current impediments to networking which have impeded investigation and apprehension efforts in serial murder cases and to present alternatives for the future which could significantly impact upon arrests. The analysis first focuses upon a case history of the investigation in one serial murder case with a secondary discussion of corresponding networking problems which have hampered other investigations.
Statistics in epidemiology: the case-control study.

This article presents a general review of the major trends in the conceptualization, development, and success of case-control methods for the study of disease causation and prevention. "Recent work on nested case-control, case-cohort, and two-stage case control designs demonstrates the continuing impact of statistical thinking on epidemiology. The influence of R. A. Fisher's work on these developments is mentioned wherever possible. His objections to the drawing of causal conclusions from observational data on cigarette smoking and lung cancer are used to introduce the problems of measurement error and confounding bias. "
Novel Protocols for P300-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces

The oddball protocol is often used in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to induce P300 ERPs, although, recently, some issues have been shown to detrimentally effect its performance. In this paper, we study a new periodic protocol and explore whether it can compete with the standard oddball protocol within the context of a BCI mouse. We found that the new protocol consistently and significantly outperforms the standard oddball protocol in relation to information transfer rates (33 bits/min for the former and 22 bits/min for the latter, measured at 90% accuracy) as well as P300 amplitudes. Furthermore, we performed a comparison of two periodic protocols with two less conventional oddball-like protocols that reveals the importance of the interactions between task and sequence in determining the success of a protocol.
The EU's First Response to the ‘Arab Spring’: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity

This paper uses critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyse the EU's first policy reassessment in light of the Arab uprisings. COM(2011)200 A Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity (PfDSP) claims to outline a new framework for EU Democracy Assistance (DA) based on a new conception of democracy, and a new position for democracy in the EU's external relations. The paper analyses PfDSP and one of its key antecedents, COM(2001)252, to assess this claim, focusing on the way two pillars of the debate on democracy – civil–political and socio-economic rights – are defined and how they are organized into a narrative about democracy and its promotion. This analysis suggests that the conceptual structure – and therefore policy implications – of PfDSP maintain unaltered the substantive vision of a liberal model for both development and democratization in the region. This continuity sets the EU up to repeat earlier mistakes, which resulted before 2011 in the poor reputation of the EU on democracy promotion among pro-democracy opposition groups – many of which were central to the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings.
Design as a Set of Design Decisions

Our point of departure is the currently widely accepted view that a software architecture is characterized by the major design decisions taken. These major design decisions tend to be quality-related. We studied the videos to identify those major design decisions. We found that each design team made one significant design decision early on, which remained the anchor point for the whole design session. In each case, this early design decision stems from drawing an analogy between the problem given and the prior experience of the design team.
Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of a Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Rhizospheric Microbiome in the Mediterranean Mountains

Altitude significantly affects vegetation growth and distribution, including the developmental stages of a forest. We used shotgun Illumina sequencing to analyze microbial community composition and functional potential in melojo-oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) rhizospheric soil for three different development stages along an altitudinal gradient: (a) a low altitude, non-optimal site for forest maintenance; (b) an intermediate altitude, optimal site for a forest; and (c) a high altitude, expansion site with isolated trees but without a real forest canopy. We observed that, at each altitude, the same microbial taxa appear both in the taxonomic analysis of the whole metagenome and in the functional analysis of the methane, sulfur and nitrogen metabolisms. Although there were no major differences at the functional level, there were significant differences in the abundance of each taxon at the phylogenetic level between the rhizospheres of the forest (low and intermediate altitudes) and the expansion site. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most differentially abundant phyla in forest soils compared to the expansion site rhizosphere. Moreover, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes and Nitrospirae phyla were more highly represented in the non-forest rhizosphere. Our study suggests that rhizospheric microbial communities of the same tree species may be affected by development stage and forest canopy cover via changes in soil pH and the C/N ratio.
IoT for Smart City Services: Lifecycle Approach

"Internet of Things" (IoT) and "Smart City" are widely recognized to address the complexity of modern city operation. Concentration of population, scarcity of resources and environmental concerns are the main challenges that face city operators, and make ordinary service provisioning less efficient. In city environment, IoT sensors can be sources of real-time data; and, IoT actuators can execute real-time actions in the physical domain. IoT systems range from domain-specific to cross-sectoral systems where valuable data/ information flow across interconnected complex systems. Yet, to integrate domain-specific IoT systems into the complete vision of Smart City, as a System of Systems (SoS), there is a need to address heterogeneity of data sources, diversity of application domains and the big number of stakeholders across different phases of lifecycle. This paper suggests Service Lifecycle Management (SLM) concepts and Lifecycle Modeling Language (LML) to analyze, plan, specify, design, build and maintain IoT-enabled Smart City Service Systems.
Barrett’s esophagus: an exaggerated risk?

Summary Over the last decade, the therapy of early Barrett’s neoplasia has significantly changed by the introduction of endoluminal therapy. Nowadays, endoscopic resection of mucosal cancer in combination with radiofrequency ablation of the remaining Barrett’s epithelium, has replaced surgery as a first choice treatment for this condition. In view of this changed treatment paradigm, it has become even more important to detect neoplastic changes at an early stage, because it will dramatically alter the patients’ quality of life and prognosis [1]. In a recent epidemiological study, Hvid-Jensen et al [2] present a large population-based cohort study involving virtually all Danish patients identified with Barrett’s esophagus between 1992 and 2009. They collected data on 11,028 patients with Barrett’s esophagus with a followup period of 5.2 years on average. Within one year of the index endoscopy, 131 patients were newly diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. These were regarded as missed cases and not incorporated in the incidence calculation. During the following years, an additional 66 new cases of adenocarcinoma were registered, yielding an incidence rate of 0.12% or 1.2 cases per 1000 patient-years. This is much lower than the assumed risk of 0.5% that is used to substantiate surveillance guidelines. Nevertheless, with a relative risk of 11.3 for patients with Barrett’s esophagus, the risk of developing adenocarcinoma is still significantly elevated in comparison to the general population. The authors wonder if surveillance of Barrett’s patients is still warranted in view of their findings.
Protective CD8+ T lymphocytes in Primates Immunized with Malaria Sporozoites

Live attenuated malaria vaccines are more potent than the recombinant protein, bacterial or viral platform vaccines that have been tested, and an attenuated sporozoite vaccine against falciparum malaria is being developed for humans. In mice, attenuated malaria sporozoite vaccines induce CD8+ T cells that kill parasites developing in the liver. We were curious to know if CD8+ T cells were also important in protecting primates against malaria. We immunized 9 rhesus monkeys with radiation attenuated Plasmodium knowlesi sporozoites, and found that 5 did not develop blood stage infections after challenge with live sporozoites. We then injected 4 of these protected monkeys with cM-T807, a monoclonal antibody to the CD8 molecule which depletes T cells. The fifth monkey received equivalent doses of normal IgG. In 3 of the 4 monkeys receiving cM-T807 circulating CD8+ T cells were profoundly depleted. When re-challenged with live sporozoites all 3 of these depleted animals developed blood stage malaria. The fourth monkey receiving cM-T807 retained many circulating CD8+ T cells. This monkey, and the vaccinated monkey receiving normal IgG, did not develop blood stage malaria at re-challenge with live sporozoites. Animals were treated with antimalarial drugs and rested for 4 months. During this interval CD8+ T cells re-appeared in the circulation of the depleted monkeys. When all vaccinated animals received a third challenge with live sporozoites, all 5 monkeys were once again protected and did not develop blood stage malaria infections. These data indicate that CD8+ T cells are important effector cells protecting monkeys against malaria sporozoite infection. We believe that malaria vaccines which induce effector CD8+ T cells in humans will have the best chance of protecting against malaria.
A colaboração intersectorial e multiprofissional na intervenção com crianças com necessidades especiais

O artigo descreve como a comunicacao incide sobre alguns dos aspectos mais salientes da colaboracao intersectorial e multiprofissional, no que se refere a crian-cas com Necessidades Especiais (Necessidades em Saude Especiais e/ou Necessidades Educativas Especiais), bem como pretende compreender e analisar a forma como esta situacao e vivenciada pelos profissionais intervenientes. Descritores – Colaboracao; escola; saude escolar; necessidades especiais; inclusao. ABSTRACT – The main goal of this study is to describe some of the most evident as-pects of inter-sectorial and multi-professional collaboration concerning children with Special Needs related with Health or Education), as well as try to understand the way how this situation is experimented by the professionals involved. Key-words – Collaboration; school; school health; special needs; full inclusion.
The Development of Day-Night Differences in Sleep and Wakefulness in Norway Rats and the Effect of Bilateral Enucleation

The suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibits circadian rhythmicity in fetal and infant rats, but little is known about the consequences of this rhythmicity for infant behavior. Here, in experiment 1, the authors measured sleep and wakefulness in rats during the day and night in postnatal day (P)2, P8, P15, and P21 subjects. As early as P2, day-night differences in sleep-wake activity were detected. Nocturnal wakefulness began to emerge around P15 and was reliably expressed by P21. The authors hypothesized that the process of photic entrainment over the 1st postnatal week, which depends on the development of connectivity between the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and the SCN, influences the later emergence of nocturnal wakefulness. To test this hypothesis, in experiment 2 infant rats were enucleated bilaterally at P3 and P11, that is, before and after photic entrainment. Whereas pups enucleated at P11 and tested at P21 exhibited increased wakefulness at night, identical to sham controls, pups enucleated at P3 and tested at P21 exhibited the opposite pattern of increased wakefulness during the day. Pups tested at P28 and P35 exhibited this same pattern of increased daytime wakefulness. All together, these results suggest that prenatal and postnatal experience modulates the development of species-typical circadian sleep-wake patterns. Moreover, the authors suggest that visual system stimulation, via the RHT's connections with the SCN, exerts an organizational influence on the developing circadian system and, consequently, contributes to the emergence of nocturnality in this species.
Automated scoring of multiprobe FISH in human spermatozoa

In the case of chromosomal aneuploidy in sperm wherein the incident rate is low and a large number of cells require scoring, automated methods that rely on computer software to segment and to count fluorescence signals are particularly necessary due to countless hours spent in reading slides and to the potential for interoperator differences. The purpose of this pilot experiment was to determine whether there were significant differences in the estimates of disomy frequency produced by automated versus manual scoring of signals for chromosome X, Y, and 18 in human sperm. The frequency of X18, Y18, XX18, YY18, and XY18 were determined in four separate normozoospermic samples. Slides were hybridized using a standard sperm FISH protocol for centromere‐specific probes. Between 500 and 564, DAPI positive nuclei were captured from each sample and scored using the automated system, and the same slides were scored by a trained cytogeneticist, who was blind to the purpose of the study and the automated system results. None of the estimated frequencies was significantly different between manual and automated methods, regardless of whether individual slides or pooled results across all samples were compared. To our knowledge, this is the first report examining the validity of automated cell scoring in human spermatozoa. The results from this pilot exploration of sperm FISH suggest the comparability between automated and manual methods for estimating sex chromosome disomy and provide evidence that automated laser scanning of multiprobe sperm FISH should be explored further. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
The paleosymbiosis hypothesis: host plants can be colonised by root symbionts that have been inactive for centuries to millenia

ABSTRACT Paleoecologists have speculated that post‐glacial migration of tree species could have been facilitated by mycorrhizal symbionts surviving glaciation as resistant propagules belowground. The general premise of this idea, which we call the ‘paleosymbiosis hypothesis’, is that host plants can access and be colonised by fungal root symbionts that have been inactive for millennia. Here, we explore the plausibility of this hypothesis by synthesising relevant findings from a diverse literature. For example, the paleoecology literature provided evidence of modern roots penetrating paleosols containing ancient (>6000 years) fungal propagules, though these were of unknown condition. With respect to propagule longevity, the available evidence is of mixed quality, but includes convincing examples consistent with the paleosymbiosis hypothesis (i.e. >1000 years viable propagules). We describe symbiont traits and environmental conditions that should favour the development and preservation of an ancient propagule bank, and discuss the implications for our understanding of soil symbiont diversity and ecosystem functioning. We conclude that the paleosymbiosis hypothesis is plausible in locations where propagule deposition and preservation conditions are favourable (e.g. permafrost regions). We encourage future belowground research to consider and explore the potential temporal origins of root symbioses. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. The authors assess evidence that certain mycorrhizal fungi may produce resistant propagules that remain viable for hundreds to thousands of years before colonising host plants, this is the ‘paleosymbiosis hypothesis’.
Aminoacyl-tRNA quality control is required for efficient activation of the TOR pathway regulator Gln3p

ABSTRACT The aminoacylation status of the cellular tRNA pool regulates both general amino acid control (GAAC) and target of rapamycin (TOR) stress response pathways in yeast. Consequently, fidelity of translation at the level of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis plays a central role in determining accuracy and sensitivity of stress responses. To investigate effects of translational quality control (QC) on cell physiology under stress conditions, phenotypic microarray analyses were used to identify changes in QC deficient cells. Nitrogen source growth assays showed QC deficient yeast grew differently compared to WT. The QC deficient strain was more tolerant to caffeine treatment than wild type through altered interactions with the TOR and GAAC pathways. Increased caffeine tolerance of the QC deficient strain was consistent with the observation that the activity of Gln3p, a transcription factor controlled by the TOR pathway, is decreased in the QC deficient strain compared to WT. GCN4 translation, which is typically repressed in the absence of nutritional stress, was enhanced in the QC deficient strain through TOR inhibition. QC did not impact cell cycle regulation; however, the chronological lifespan of QC deficient yeast strains decreased compared to wild type, likely due to translational errors and alteration of the TOR-associated regulon. These findings support the idea that changes in translational fidelity provide a mechanism of cellular adaptation by modulating TOR activity. This, in turn, supports a central role for aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis QC in the integrated stress response by maintaining the proper aa-tRNA pools necessary to coordinate the GAAC and TOR.
The Statistic-Based Prosody Model of Mandarin Chinese

The prosodic component imply special information that cannot be expressed by letters, it is thus very important to model the prosody coinciding with context in Mandarin Chinese speech synthesizer. Some useful parameters are summed up to signify the context, and the focus of this paper is accent detecting. Since accents can not be found from text directly, Tone-range Ratio and duration of syllables are combined to detect them according to characters of Mandarin. Experiment has shown that the method introduced in this paper can decrease miss ratio and increase retrieve ratio.
CSF levels of Aβ1-38/Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 and 11C PiB-PET studies in three clinical variants of primary progressive aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a cognitive syndrome characterized by progressive and isolated language impairments due to neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, an international group of experts published a Consensus Classification of the three PPA clinical variants (naPPA, svPPA and lvPPA). We analyzed 24 patients with PPA by cognitive functions, neuroimaging (MRI, 99 mTc ECD-SPECT, 11C PiB-PET and FDG-PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis (ptau-181, Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38), to elucidate relationships between neuroimaging studies and biochemical findings in the three PPA clinical variants. Cognitive and speech functions were measured by mini-mental state examination and standard language test of aphasia. The patients with lvPPA showed significant decreases in CSF Aβ1-42 and ratios of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-38, and significant increases in CSF ptau-181 and ratios of ptau-181/Aβ1-42 and ptau-181/Aβ1-38; these findings were similar to those of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We observed a higher frequency of the ApoE ε4 allele in the lvPPA patients relative to the two other PPA variants. In 11C PiB-PET of lvPPA patients, PiB positive findings were detected in cortices of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes and the posterior cingulate, where massive Aβ may accumulate due to AD. Our results of AD-CSF markers including Aβ1-38 and 11C PiB-PET in the lvPPA patients demonstrate a common pathological mechanism with the occurrence of AD.
The Prevalence and Inaccessibility of Internet References in the Biomedical Literature at the Time of Publication

OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and inaccessibility of Internet references in the bibliography of biomedical publications when first released in PubMed. METHODS During a one-month observational study period (Feb 21 to Mar 21, 2006) the Internet citations from a 20% random sample of all forthcoming publications released in PubMed during the previous day were identified. Attempts to access the referenced Internet citations were completed within one day and inaccessible Internet citations were recorded. RESULTS The study included 4,699 publications from 844 different journals. Among the 141,845 references there were 840 (0.6%) Internet citations. One or more Internet references were cited in 403 (8.6%) articles. From the 840 Internet references, 11.9% were already inaccessible within two days after an article's release to the public. CONCLUSION The prevalence of Internet citations in journals included in PubMed is small (<1%); however, the inaccessibility rate at the time of publication is considered substantial. Authors, editors, and publishers need to take responsibility for providing accurate and accessible Internet references.