Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generating social stratification : toward a new research agenda

Conceptualizing Careers And Stratification Processes Introduction to Part One (Alan C. Kerckhoff.) Structuration and Individualization: The Life Course as a Continuous, Multilevel Process (Angela M. ORand.) Social Psychological Aspects of Achievement (Jeylan T. Mortimer.) Building Conceptual and Empirical Bridges between Studies of Educational and Labor Force Careers (A. C. Kerckhoff.) Educational Contexts And Processes Introduction to Part Two (A. C. Kerckhoff.) Educational Stratification and Individual Careers (Adam Gamoran.) Educational Tracking during the Early Years: First Grade Placements and Middle School Constraints (Karl L. Alexander and Doris R. Entwisle.) Peer Social Networks and Adolescent Career Development (Charles E. Bidwell, Stephen Plank, and Chandra Muller.) School Choice and Community Segregation: Findings from Scotland (J. Douglas Willms.) Educational Processes and School Reform (Maureen T. Hallinan.) Education And Labor Force Linkages Introduction to Part Three (A. C. Kerckhoff.) Educational Credentials and the Labor Market: An Inter-Industry Comparison (W. P. Bridges.) Education, Earnings Gain, and Earnings Loss in Loosely and Tightly Structured Labor Markets: A Comparison between the United States and Germany (Thomas A. DiPrete and Patricia A. McManus.) Education and Credentialing Systems, Labor Market Structure and the Work of Allied Health Occupations (Robert Althauser and Toby Appel.) Creating Capitalists: The Social Origins of Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Poland (Barbara Heyns.) Social System Contexts Introduction to Part Four (A. C. Kerckhoff.) The Politics of Mobility (Michael Hout.) Stratification and Attainment in a Large Japanese Firm (Seymour Spilerman and Hiroshi Ishida.) Changing Contexts of Careers: Trends in Labor Market Structures and Some Implications for Labor Force Outcomes (Arne L. Kalleberg.).
SlideOR: Online Opportunistic Network Coding in Wireless Mesh Networks

Opportunistic routing significantly increases unicast throughput in wireless mesh networks by effectively utilizing the wireless broadcast medium. With network coding, opportunistic routing can be implemented in a simple and practical way without resorting to a complicated scheduling protocol. Traditionally, due to the constraints of computational complexity, a protocol utilizing network coding needs to partition the data into multiple segments and encode only packets in the same segment. However, it is extremely challenging to decide the optimal time to move to the transmissions of the next segment, and existing designs all resort to different heuristic ideas that might harm network throughput. To address this problem, we propose \emph{SlideOR}, a new protocol to encode source packets in overlapping sliding windows such that coded packets from one window position may be useful towards decoding the source packets inside another window position. Through extensive simulations, we show that \emph{SlideOR} outperforms the existing solutions and is amenable to much simpler implementation than solutions with complicated scheduling among multiple segments.
Is This a Metaphor? On the Difficult Task of Identifying Metaphors in Scientific Discourse

This article focuses on the problem of metaphor identification in scientific language. In Conceptual Metaphor Theory, metaphors are often observed on the conceptual level. As in this framework there is no genuine linguistic definition of metaphor, problems occur in empirical work where metaphor identification in texts is required. Although there seems to be considerable agreement in intuitive judgements, most empirical work lacks a method which produces transparent and repeatable data. I will argue that a mixture of two possible identification strategies is often used intuitively: the “truth approach”, which marks as metaphorical expressions that are not actually true, and the “meaning approach” that takes the difference between primary and secondary meaning into account. While these intuitive identification strategies might be useful in some discourses, serious problems occur when metaphors have to be identified in scientific language. This is because in scientific theories “truth” is not easily identified and the meaning of a scientific term is sometimes not obvious. I argue for a methodological clear-cut distinction of the two possible approaches to metaphor identification, and for a careful reflection of the possible consequences of the different identification strategies.
A Novel EPAC-Specific Inhibitor Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion

Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are two intracellular receptors that mediate the effects of the prototypic second messenger cAMP. Identifying pharmacological probes for selectively modulating EPAC activity represents a significant unmet need within the research field. Herein, we report the identification and characterization of 3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-2-[(3-chloro-phenyl)-hydrazono]-3-oxo-propionitrile (ESI-09), a novel noncyclic nucleotide EPAC antagonist that is capable of specifically blocking intracellular EPAC-mediated Rap1 activation and Akt phosphorylation, as well as EPAC-mediated insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Using this novel EPAC-specific inhibitor, we have probed the functional roles of overexpression of EPAC1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Our studies show that EPAC1 plays an important role in pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion, and thus represents a potential target for developing novel therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer.
Unreachable procedures in object-oriented programming

Unreachable procedures are procedures that can never be invoked. Their existence may adversely affect the performance of a program. Unfortunately, their detection requires the entire program to be present. Using a long-time code modification system, we analyze large, linked, program modules of C++, C, and Fortran. We find that C++ programs using object-oriented programming style contain a large fraction of unreachable procedure code. In contrast, C and Fortran programs have a low and essentially constant fraction of unreachable code. In this article, we present our analysis of C++, C, and Fortran programs, and we discuss how object-oriented programming style generates unreachable procedures.
Fast and Flexible Selection with a Single Switch

Selection methods that require only a single-switch input, such as a button click or blink, are potentially useful for individuals with motor impairments, mobile technology users, and individuals wishing to transmit information securely. We present a single-switch selection method, “Nomon,” that is general and efficient. Existing single-switch selection methods require selectable options to be arranged in ways that limit potential applications. By contrast, traditional operating systems, web browsers, and free-form applications (such as drawing) place options at arbitrary points on the screen. Nomon, however, has the flexibility to select any point on a screen. Nomon adapts automatically to an individual's clicking ability; it allows a person who clicks precisely to make a selection quickly and allows a person who clicks imprecisely more time to make a selection without error. Nomon reaps gains in information rate by allowing the specification of beliefs (priors) about option selection probabilities and by avoiding tree-based selection schemes in favor of direct (posterior) inference. We have developed both a Nomon-based writing application and a drawing application. To evaluate Nomon's performance, we compared the writing application with a popular existing method for single-switch writing (row-column scanning). Novice users wrote 35% faster with the Nomon interface than with the scanning interface. An experienced user (author TB, with 10 hours practice) wrote at speeds of 9.3 words per minute with Nomon, using 1.2 clicks per character and making no errors in the final text.
Trophoblastic injury: new etiological and pathological concept of preeclampsia.

AIM To analyze published data related to modern insight in the etiology of preeclampsia. METHODS We analyzed 38 published articles on the etiology of preeclampsia. The articles were identified by a combined search of PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine, USA, by using the key words "preeclampsia" and "cause/etiology". Full-text articles were retrieved from the library of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine and Japan's library network. RESULTS According to the reports, vasospasm and vascular endothelial injury were two major pathological conditions of preeclampsia. They could be classified into 4 types of uteroplacental circulation failure: 1) disturbance in the circulation from the aorta to the uterine artery, 2) disturbance in the circulation of the spiral artery, 3) disturbance in the circulation of the intervillous space, and 4) disturbance in the circulation of the uterine vein reflux disorder. Major vessel bed of the uteroplacental unit consists of trophoblast, not of endothelial cells. Moreover, the trophoblast has many cellular functions, such as endothelial, immune, neural, and hormonal, resulting in production of various vasoactive substances. Thus, trophoblastic injury induced by uteroplacental circulation failure could affect and deteriorate the systemic circulation of the mother, resulting in preeclamptic symptoms. CONCLUSION The development of preeclampsia could be envisioned as a series of events from uteroplacental circulation failure to trophoblastic injury to vascular endothelial injury or vasospasm. The concept of "trophoblastic injury attributable to the uteroplacental circulation failure" can be a signpost for further investigations into the etiology of preeclampsia and type-specific treatment of preeclampsia.
Integral sliding mode backstepping control of quadrotors for robust position tracking

A backstepping-based controller that induces integral sliding modes for underactuated lightweight quadrotors is presented for the Newton-Euler dynamic model subject to smooth bounded disturbances, including wind gust and sideslip aerodynamics, as well as dissipative drag in position and orientation dynamics. The chattering-free sliding mode compensates for persistent or intermittent, and possible time-varying, state dependant disturbances. The closed-loop dynamics rejects such disturbances with a chattering-free control effort showing a robust position tracking, possibly with reduced information of the dynamic model. Representative simulations are presented and discussed.
Molecular mechanisms underlying increased PDYN and dynorphin expression in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic men

Alcohol dependence is a chronic relapsing disorder caused by drug x gene x environment interactions for which pharmacotherapy is but moderately effective. The prefrontal cortex is a brain region important for cognitive control / behavioral flexibility which function is impaired in alcoholics. Although the exact role of the dynorphin / κopioid receptor system in alcohol dependence is unknown, it has been suggested to contribute to the psychopathology of this disorder. Consistently, prodynorphin gene and dynorphin peptide expression is increased in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic men. The aim of this thesis was to identify molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations. In line with this aim, we have shown that prodynorphin is regulated by the transcriptional control protein repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor in vitro and that repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor target gene and protein expression is altered in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic men. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I. Richard Henriksson, Alexander Kuzmin, Anna Ökvist II. , Clive Harper, Donna Sheedy, Therese Garrick, Tatjana Yakovleva, Georgy Bakalkin. Elevated synaptophysin I in the prefrontal cortex of human chronic alcoholics. Synapse. 2008; 62(11):829-33. Hiroyuki Watanabe, Richard Henriksson III. , Yoshinori N. Ohnishi, Yoko H. Ohnishi, Clive Harper, Donna Sheedy, Therese Garrick, Fred Nyberg, Eric J. Nestler, Georgy Bakalkin, Tatjana Yakovleva. FOSB proteins in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of human alcoholics. Addict Biol. 2009; 14(3):294-7. Richard Henriksson, Cristina M. B äckman, Brandon K. Harvey, Ranjan Sen, Toni S. Shippenberg. REST regulates PDYN and REST target gene and protein expression is altered in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic men. Manuscript in preparation.
Mechanics Based Statistical Prediction of Structure Size and Geometry Effects on Safety Factors for Composites and Other Quasibrittle Materials

The objective of this paper1 is a rational determination of safety factors of quasibrittle structures, taking into account their size and shape. To this end, it is necessary to establish the probability density distribution function (pdf) of the structural strength. For perfectly ductile and perfectly brittle materials, the proper pdf’s of the nominal strength of structure are known to be Gaussian and Weibullian, respectively, and are invariable with structure size and geometry. However, for quasibrittle materials, many of which came recently to the forefront of attention, the pdf has recently been shown to depend on structure size and geometry, varying gradually from Gaussian pdf with a remote Weibull tail at small sizes to a fully Weibull pdf at large sizes. This recent result is reviewed, and then mathematically extended in two ways: 1) to a mathematical description of structural lifetime as a function of applied (time-invariable) nominal stress, and 2) to a mathematical description of ∗McCormick Institute Professor and W.P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Materials Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, CEE/A135, Evanston, Illinois 60208; z-bazant@northwestern.edu. Authorized republication, with minor modifications, of a paper that was presented at the 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASE Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, and appeared in the CD of conference proceedings, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, pp. 1–15.
Spliceosome activation by PRP2 ATPase prior to the first transesterification reaction of pre-mRNA splicing

In addition to small nuclear RNAs and spliceosomal proteins, ATP hydrolysis is needed for nuclear pre-mRNA splicing. A number of RNA-dependent ATPases which are involved in several distinct ATP-dependent steps in splicing have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. These so-called DEAD/H ATPases contain conserved RNA helicase motifs, although RNA unwinding activity has not been demonstrated in purified proteins. Here we report the role of one such DEAH protein, PRP2 of S. cerevisiae, in spliceosome activation. PRP2 bound to a precatalytic spliceosome prior to the first step of splicing. By blocking the activity of a novel splicing factor(s), HP, which was involved in a post-PRP2 step, we found that PRP2 hydrolyzed ATP to cause a change in the spliceosome without the occurrence of splicing. The change was quite dramatic and could account for the previously reported differences between the precatalytic, pre-mRNA-containing spliceosome and the "active," intermediate-containing spliceosome. The post-PRP2-ATP spliceosome was further isolated and could carry out the subsequent reaction apparently in the absence of PRP2 and ATP. We hypothesize that PRP2 functions as a molecular motor, similar to some DExH ATPases in transcription, in the activation of the precatalytic spliceosome for the transesterification reaction.
Embodying the Map: Tourism Practices in Berlin

Maps are often considered by tourism scholars as superimposed representations that reduce visitors to passive executors of pre-designed routes. Combining new post-representational perspectives in map studies with a concept of tourism as a corporeal, vividly lived and active experience, this article highlights the tensions between representation/power and practice/resistance within tourism cartography. The case study of the German capital is used to illustrate the concept that tourists can experience a ‘flirtatious’, intentional and enriching encounter with their destinations ‘dwelling in’, rather than passively enacting or subverting cartographic representations. Through an autoethnographical account and a cinematic-cartographical reading, the author explores the role of actual and virtual embodiment in the experiencing of map spaces, suggesting that Berlin’s ‘cartographic anxiety’ need not be understood as a form of tourism’s power of seduction.
Debate: Fiction in the archives: the York cause papers as a source for later medieval social history

In a recent article Frederik Pedersen used the records of matrimonial litigation from the York consistory, the principal Church court of the province, during the fourteenth century to make a number of observations concerning the relationship of these records to the society from which they were generated. He argued that ‘the medieval court documents do not present a random sample illustrating trends in the surrounding society’ and that litigants tended to be disproportionately drawn on the one hand from the upper echelons of society and on the other hand from locations close to York itself. He has further suggested that the age structures of male and female deponents found within the surviving cause papers do not fit the same model life tables and that this raises ‘further doubts about the representativeness of court documents as evidence of changing patterns of lay behaviour’. In this article, I shall show that his analysis is based upon a flawed methodology, is marred by error, and is ultimately mistaken. Pedersen's essential point in ‘Demography in the archives’, as outlined in the Abstract to the article, is that the people who appear in the court records are unrepresentative of society as a whole, and hence ‘that the court records tell us more about the people who used the courts than about trends in the society in which litigation arose’. My argument is that it is the very unrepresentativeness of the people and their cases that provides us with a window into the society from which the cases arise. I shall suggest ways in which the York cause paper evidence can indeed be used to illuminate broader social trends, but also suggest caveats as to the reading of individual causes.
An active learning methodology in power electronic education

A novel educational methodology applied to power electronics applications is presented in this paper. A project-based learning and a specific scenario for promoting active learning in power electronic education are combined. The proposed scenario is a complete photovoltaic solar generation power system, designed for incorporating all basic power electronic conversions. The project-based learning methodology based on the functional dissection of power converters allows an efficient teamwork activity. The objective is to promote the transfer between theory and its real application. The methodology can be applied to large student groups. The performance of educational tools such as power electronics simulation software is improved.
Drinking Settings and Problems of Intoxication

A random household survey was used as a basis for exploring drinkers' reports regarding their alcohol consumption and experiences of alcohol-related harm at different drinking settings. Licensed drinking settings were chosen because previous research has shown that high risk drinking and resulting harm are more likely to occur there. A total of 321 drinkers who reported their recent heaviest drinking occasion took place on licensed premises were identified from a sample of 1160 adults in Perth, Western Australia. Univariate analyses showed that both high risk consumption and harmful outcomes were more probable for drinkers who were under 25, male, single and had not eaten, and who had been drinking at premises which were either hotels or nightclubs with a predominantly male clientele, where music was the main entertainment and where customers were dancing. Following logistic regression analyses it was found that premises where customers were dancing (and/or listening to music), were predominantly male, an.
Tracking stationary extended objects for road mapping using radar measurements

It is getting more common that premium cars are equipped with a forward looking radar and a forward looking camera. The data is often used to estimate the road geometry, tracking leading vehicles, etc. However, there is valuable information present in the radar concerning stationary objects, that is typically not used. The present work shows how stationary objects, such as guard rails, can be modeled and tracked as extended objects using radar measurements. The problem is cast within a standard sensor fusion framework utilizing the Kalman filter. The approach has been evaluated on real data from highways and rural roads in Sweden.
CONTROLE INTER-ORGANISATIONNEL

Le succes d'une organisation est conditionne par les actions en interne aussi bien que par les actions d'un grand nombre d'acteurs externes. Une problematique cruciale est alors de savoir comment organiser les relations avec ces acteurs externes et comment influencer ces partenaires qui ne repondent pas aux conditions hierarchiques traditionnelles. Il s'agit de comprendre le controle inter-organisationnel. A la suite de l'appel d'Hopwood en 1996 qui mettait l'accent sur l'urgence pour les chercheurs d'investir ce champ de recherche, un certain nombre de travaux ont ete publies. Les relations inter-organisationnelles etant tres heterogenes, l'une des premieres preoccupations des chercheurs a ete de proposer des moyens d'organiser ces types de relations. Leurs travaux prennent principalement appui sur deux corpus theoriques : l'approche transactionnelle d'une part et l'approche relationnelle d'autre part. Ces approches sont souvent integrees dans des typologies exposant trois modes de controle : le marche, la bureaucratie (ou la hierarchie) et un troisieme mode de controle appele controle par la confiance, controle social ou clan. Un certain nombre de facteurs de contingence ont alors ete proposes pour associer des types de relations aux modes de controle.
Anthropometry in Body Composition: An Overview

Abstract: Anthropometry is a simple reliable method for quantifying body size and proportions by measuring body length, width, circumference (C), and skinfold thickness (SF). More than 19 sites for SF, 17 for C, 11 for width, and 9 for length have been included in equations to predict body fat percent with a standard error of estimate (SEE) range of ±3% to ±11% of the mean of the criterion measurement. Recent studies indicate that not only total body fat, but also regional fat and skeletal muscle, can be predicted from anthropometrics. Our Rosetta database supports the thesis that sex, age, ethnicity, and site influence anthropometric predictions; the prediction reliabilities are consistently higher for Whites than for other ethnic groups, and also by axial than by peripheral sites (biceps and calf). The reliability of anthropometrics depends on standardizing the caliper and site of measurement, and upon the measuring skill of the anthropometrist. A reproducibility of ± 2% for C and ± 10% for SF measurements usually is required to certify the anthropometrist.