Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of seismicity near the southernmost terminus of the San Andreas Fault: Implications of recent earthquake clusters for earthquake risk in southern California

Three earthquake clusters that occurred in the direct vicinity of the southern terminus of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) in 2001, 2009, and 2016 raised significant concern regarding possible triggering of a major earthquake on the southern SAF, which has not ruptured in more than 320 years. These clusters of small and moderate earthquakes with M ≤ 4.8 added to an increase in seismicity rate in the northern Brawley seismic zone that began after the 1979 Mw 6.5 Imperial Valley earthquake, in contrast to the quiet from 1932 to 1979. The clusters so far triggered neither small nor large events on the SAF. The mostly negative Coulomb stress changes they imparted on the SAF may have reduced the likelihood that the events would initiate rupture on the SAF, although large magnitude earthquake triggering is poorly understood. The relatively rapid spatial and temporal migration rates within the clusters imply aseismic creep as a possible driver rather than fluid migration.
Megaphone Diplomacy in the Northern Irish Peace Process

In early 1994, British and Irish mainstream media were instrumental in facilitating an indirect dialogue between their governments and the Irish Republican movement about the terms on which Sinn Fein, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army, could be admitted into political talks. This article provides evidence of this practice (labeled “megaphone diplomacy”), shows how it works, and discusses the advantages of using such a channel during delicate negotiations. Interviews with journalists working in Northern Ireland show that the channel can work without the active awareness of journalists, but also that it is possible for journalists to strengthen the process and yet stay within the journalistic paradigm. The article concludes with an assessment of the contributions of the media dialogue to the wider peace process.
Persistence and Decline: Slave Labour and Sugar Production in the Bahian Recôncavo, 1850–1888

Abstract Focusing on the last decades before abolition (1888), this study examines slave labour and sugar production in the Bahian Recôncavo in Northeastern Brazil, one of the oldest slaveholding regions in the Americas. It demonstrates the marked contrast between the Recôncavo and the other main sugar-producing areas of Northeastern Brazil. In Bahia, the years 1850–88 did not witness an increase in sugar exports; on the contrary, exports stagnated and then, with abolition, suffered a nearly complete collapse. Furthermore, sugar planters in the Recôncavo, unlike other Northeastern planters, relied overwhelmingly on slave labour until the very eve of abolition. The study suggests that the explanation for the contrast between the Recôncavo and other Northeastern sugar regions lies in alternatives to sugar production for a significant segment of the planter class and in alternatives to work on sugar plantations for a substantial part of the poor free population in the Recôncavo.
To Type or Not to Type: Quantifying Detectable Bugs in JavaScript

JavaScript is growing explosively and is now used in large mature projects even outside the web domain. JavaScript is also a dynamically typed language for which static type systems, notably Facebook's Flow and Microsoft's TypeScript, have been written. What benefits do these static type systems provide? Leveraging JavaScript project histories, we select a fixed bug and check out the code just prior to the fix. We manually add type annotations to the buggy code and test whether Flow and TypeScript report an error on the buggy code, thereby possibly prompting a developer to fix the bug before its public release. We then report the proportion of bugs on which these type systems reported an error. Evaluating static type systems against public bugs, which have survived testing and review, is conservative: it understates their effectiveness at detecting bugs during private development, not to mention their other benefits such as facilitating code search/completion and serving as documentation. Despite this uneven playing field, our central finding is that both static type systems find an important percentage of public bugs: both Flow 0.30 and TypeScript 2.0 successfully detect 15%!
Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Molecular and Biological Evidence of Cryptic Species within Gastric Cryptosporidium of Mammals

The morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium muris strain TS03 are described, and the species name Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. is proposed. Cryptosporidium proliferans obtained from a naturally infected East African mole rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) in Kenya was propagated under laboratory conditions in rodents (SCID mice and southern multimammate mice, Mastomys coucha) and used in experiments to examine oocyst morphology and transmission. DNA from the propagated C. proliferans isolate, and C. proliferans DNA isolated from the feces of an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Central African Republic, a donkey (Equus africanus) in Algeria, and a domestic horse (Equus caballus) in the Czech Republic were used for phylogenetic analyses. Oocysts of C. proliferans are morphologically distinguishable from C. parvum and C. muris HZ206, measuring 6.8–8.8 (mean = 7.7 μm) × 4.8–6.2 μm (mean = 5.3) with a length to width ratio of 1.48 (n = 100). Experimental studies using an isolate originated from T. splendens have shown that the course of C. proliferans infection in rodent hosts differs from that of C. muris and C. andersoni. The prepatent period of 18–21 days post infection (DPI) for C. proliferans in southern multimammate mice (Mastomys coucha) was similar to that of C. andersoni and longer than the 6–8 DPI prepatent period for C. muris RN66 and HZ206 in the same host. Histopatologicaly, stomach glands of southern multimammate mice infected with C. proliferans were markedly dilated and filled with necrotic material, mucus, and numerous Cryptosporidium developmental stages. Epithelial cells of infected glands were atrophic, exhibited cuboidal or squamous metaplasia, and significantly proliferated into the lumen of the stomach, forming papillary structures. The epithelial height and stomach weight were six-fold greater than in non-infected controls. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium-1, heat shock protein 70, actin, heat shock protein 90 (MS2), MS1, MS3, and M16 gene sequences revealed that C. proliferans is genetically distinct from C. muris and other previously described Cryptosporidium species.
Equalization in faded wireless channels using ANN and coding

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based equalization and channel coding has been performed jointly to minimize Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and noise over multipath faded channel. Further ANN equalization has been compared with a non-ANN MMSE equalizer to compare its performance and along with them (7, 4) Hamming coding is used for more minimization of the noise disturbances so as to achieve a superior BER values for the system. The designed ANN-based equalizer is tested over fading channel with a BPSK signal.
Suppression of dendritic cell maturation by Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory products

Evidence from experimental studies indicates that during chronic infections with certain helminth species a regulatory network is induced that can down‐modulate not only parasite‐induced inflammation but also reduce other immunopathologies such as allergies and autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms however, and the molecules involved in this immunomodulation are unknown. Here, we focus on the effect of Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory antigens (TspES) on the innate immune response by studying the effect of TspES on DC maturation in vitro. Bone marrow‐derived DC from BALB/c mice were incubated with TspES either alone or in combination with LPS derived from two different bacteria. As indicators of DC maturation, the cytokine production (IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12p70 and TNF‐α) and the expression of various surface molecules (MHC‐II, CD40, CD80 and CD86) were measured. Results indicate that while TspES alone did not change the expression of the different surface molecules or the cytokine production, it completely inhibited DC maturation induced by Escherichia coli LPS (E. coli LPS). In contrast, DC maturation induced by LPS from another bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, was not affected by TspES. These results were confirmed using TLR4/MD2/CD14 transfected HEK 293 cells. In conclusion, T. spiralis ES antigens lead to suppression of DC maturation but this effect depends on the type of LPS used to activate these cells.
Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococci and Fecal Indicators in Surface Water and Groundwater Impacted by a Concentrated Swine Feeding Operation

Background The nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in swine feed can select for antibiotic resistance in swine enteric bacteria. Leaking swine waste storage pits and the land-application of swine manure can result in the dispersion of resistant bacteria to water sources. However, there are few data comparing levels of resistant bacteria in swine manure–impacted water sources versus unaffected sources. Objectives The goal of this study was to analyze surface water and groundwater situated up and down gradient from a swine facility for antibiotic-resistant enterococci and other fecal indicators. Methods Surface water and groundwater samples (n = 28) were collected up and down gradient from a swine facility from 2002 to 2004. Fecal indicators were isolated by membrane filtration, and enterococci (n = 200) were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, virginiamycin, and vancomycin. Results Median concentrations of enterococci, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were 4- to 33-fold higher in down-gradient versus up-gradient surface water and groundwater. We observed higher minimal inhibitory concentrations for four antibiotics in enterococci isolated from down-gradient versus up-gradient surface water and groundwater. Elevated percentages of erythromycin- (p = 0.02) and tetracycline-resistant (p = 0.06) enterococci were detected in down-gradient surface waters, and higher percentages of tetracycline- (p = 0.07) and clindamycin-resistant (p < 0.001) enterococci were detected in down-gradient groundwater. Conclusions We detected elevated levels of fecal indicators and antibiotic-resistant enterococci in water sources situated down gradient from a swine facility compared with up-gradient sources. These findings provide additional evidence that water contaminated with swine manure could contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Projection-based performance modeling for inter/intra-die variations

Large-scale process fluctuations in nano-scale IC technologies suggest applying high-order (e.g., quadratic) response surface models to capture the circuit performance variations. Fitting such models requires significantly more simulation samples and solving much larger linear equations. In this paper, we propose a novel projection-based extraction approach, PROBE, to efficiently create quadratic response surface models and capture both inter-die and intra-die variations with affordable computation cost. PROBE applies a novel projection scheme to reduce the response surface modeling cost (i.e., both the required number of samples and the linear equation size) and make the modeling problem tractable even for large problem sizes. In addition, a new implicit power iteration algorithm is developed to find the optimal projection space and solve for the unknown model coefficients. Several circuit examples from both digital and analog circuit modeling applications demonstrate that PROBE can generate accurate response surface models while achieving up to 12/spl times/ speedup compared with the traditional methods.
'They came, shot everyone, and that's the end of it': Local Memory, Amateur Photography, and the Legacy of State Violence in Novocherkassk

Abstract What is the role of photography in creating, preserving and transforming memory of state violence? The events surrounding the 'Novocherkassk massacre', the brutal suppression of a workers' demonstration in the Russian town of Novocherkassk in 1962, have been shrouded in secrecy until the fall of the USSR. Subsequent attempts by local activists to investigate the state's crimes and commemorate the victims have been only partially successful. In the meantime, numerous snapshots preserved in family archives reference the events of 1962, and create frameworks for remembering that can be actualized during a conversation over the family album. The nature of the photographic 'evidence', however, is such that it enables not only remembering and identification, but also a partial reinvention of the past.
Group Versus Individual Training and Group Performance: The Mediating Role of Transactive Memory

The task performance of laboratory work groups whose members were trained together or alone was investigated. At an initial training session, subjects were taught to assemble transistor radios. Some were trained in groups, others individually. A week later, subjects were asked to recall the assembly procedure and actually assemble a radio. Everyone performed these tasks in small work groups, each containing three persons of the same gender. Subjects in the group training condition worked in the same groups where they were trained, whereas subjects in the individual training condition worked in newly formed groups. Groups whose members were trained together recalled more about the assembly procedure and produced better-quality radios than groups whose members were trained alone. Through an analysis of videotape data, the mediating effects of various cognitive and social factors on the relationship between group training and performance were explored. The results indicated that group training improved group performance primarily by fostering the development of transactive memory systems among group members.
Artifacts, Tools, and Classrooms

Although schools contain many material artifacts, studies in classrooms have tended to focus on discourse and quality of social interaction even when artifacts are being used. Responding to Engstrom's (1999) invitation to take artifacts seriously, three studies are described in which a material object was essential to a classroom activity. The first artifact was an enlarged text which had been transferred to a flip chart for the purpose of shared reading. The second was a jigsaw used in a mathematics session. The third was a textbook used by Vietnamese university students who were learning English. The three material objects central to the events are explored from the viewpoint of human functioning and in relation to Wartofsky's (1979) three categories of artifact.
Speaker idiosyncratic variability of intensity across syllables

This study explored speaker idiosyncrasy by measuring the syllabic intensity variability in the speech signal. Sixteen speakers of the TEVOID corpus, each producing 256 read sentences, were analyzed. Characteristics of intensity variability (average or peak) between syllables were measured either holistically (standard deviation of intensity changes between syllables) or locally (pairwise variability indices of intensity changes between syllables). The results indicated significant effects of the speakers in all the metrics, suggesting a potential application of the methods for speaker recognition, and in particular for forensic speaker comparison.
Poetic Incommunicability: An 'Efficient' Creative Force

Amidst the hysteria for constant connectivity, transparency and 'efficient' creativity which belies the current crisis of creativity, this paper asserts the value of poetic incommunicability —to creativity and to society. The role of the poet-artist-designer is vital in constructing structures of multivocality which activate the dynamic relations between communicability and incommunicability. The paradoxically ‘efficient’ mechanisms of these structures can be understood through theories of poetry depicted by Viktor Shklovsky and Andre Breton. The 'black box', a figure of incommunicability borrowed from science, represents the possibility of temporary disconnection , a critical precondition of creativity. Conceptualizing and valuing such spaces while designing the interruptibility of their reciprocal relations with communicability—the architecture of their porosity—becomes the primary task of 'dialogical design'. These themes are explored, conveyed, delayed and complicated through the device of the metalogue, which collages and connects, often in a more physical narrative sense.
One Size Does Not Fit All

Purpose: Many of the predominant leadership models acknowledge the need to support teachers’ work, but these models rarely specify how to support teachers’ implementation process. This article studies the relationship between leadership support and teachers’ sensemaking processes. It brings together three divergent bodies of literature on educational leadership, teachers’ sensemaking and implementation of reforms to conceptualize leadership that specifically addresses how leaders can provide teachers differentiated support. Research Design: This article uses case descriptions to illuminate the relationship between leadership support and three teachers’ sensemaking processes of implementing a new initiative. The empirical data consists of observations and interviews with teachers and principal in an U.S. elementary school. Findings: The findings present the need for developing a concept of leadership that increases support of teachers’ implementation work by focusing on school leaders’ understanding of individual teachers’ views and philosophy, their enabling of flexibility of a reform, their encouraging of horizontal support structures, including teacher social networks. It also considers how leaders’ influence the school’s setting and the delivery of information around new reforms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that providing teachers with differentiated support improves teachers’ understanding of the reform and supplies teachers the necessary tools to implement the new idea, facilitate teacher voice and participation in the process.
Intelligent Virtual Patients for Training Clinical Skills

JVRB, 8(2011), no. 3. - The article presents the design process of intelligent virtual human patients that are used for the enhancement of clinical skills. The description covers the development from conceptualization and character creation to technical components and the application in clinical research and training. The aim is to create believable social interactions with virtual agents that help the clinician to develop skills in symptom and ability assessment, diagnosis, interview techniques and interpersonal communication. The virtual patient fulfills the requirements of a standardized patient producing consistent, reliable and valid interactions in portraying symptoms and behaviour related to a specific clinical condition.
Bringing care home.

What does a Marie Curie nurse do? Like all nurses, we attend to the patient's practical, physical and medical needs, and also to their emotional, spiritual and psychological wellbeing. We talk to them, listen and advise. While we care for the patient, family members and carers are given respite.
Towards integrity measurement in virtualized environments — A hypervisor based sensory integrity measurement architecture (SIMA)

Today, the security of virtualization is based on the isolation properties provided by the hypervisor. This security-by-isolation concept depends on the high integrity of each virtual system as well as a trustworthy host system. Erroneous implementation or conceptional failure limits this isolation mechanism. Today the strength of the isolation can only be guaranteed after a boot operation. Missing is a permanent surveillance of the separation mechanisms during the system operation. That is the main subject of our proposal. We suggest the integration of a sensory integrity measurement architecture (SIMA) for this purpose. SIMA consists of trusted virtual sensors and an analyzing sink to monitor the integrity of the system permanently during operation.
Intermediates in the assembly of mitotic checkpoint complexes and their role in the regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex

Significance The mitotic checkpoint system has important roles to ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis. This system regulates the activity of the ubiquitin ligase Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) by the formation of inhibitors including the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC). The mode of the assembly of MCC is not sufficiently understood, and it is also not known whether checkpoint complexes different from MCC also inhibit the APC/C. We find that complexes lacking Mad2, a protein component of MCC, have greatly reduced APC/C inhibitory action. On the other hand, a previously unknown species of MCC that contains an additional molecule of Cdc20 is a strong inhibitor of APC/C. These results reveal important molecular mechanisms in the action of the mitotic checkpoint system. The mitotic (or spindle assembly) checkpoint system prevents premature separation of sister chromatids in mitosis and thus ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Kinetochores that are not attached properly to the mitotic spindle produce an inhibitory signal that prevents progression into anaphase. The checkpoint system acts on the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase, which targets for degradation inhibitors of anaphase initiation. APC/C is inhibited by the Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC), which assembles when the checkpoint is activated. MCC is composed of the checkpoint proteins BubR1, Bub3, and Mad2, associated with the APC/C coactivator Cdc20. The intermediary processes in the assembly of MCC are not sufficiently understood. It is also not clear whether or not some subcomplexes of MCC inhibit the APC/C and whether Mad2 is required only for MCC assembly and not for its action on the APC/C. We used purified subcomplexes of mitotic checkpoint proteins to examine these problems. Our results do not support a model in which Mad2 catalytically generates a Mad2-free APC/C inhibitor. We also found that the release of Mad2 from MCC caused a marked (although not complete) decrease in inhibitory action, suggesting a role of Mad2 in MCC for APC/C inhibition. A previously unknown species of MCC, which consists of Mad2, BubR1, and two molecules of Cdc20, contributes to the inhibition of APC/C by the mitotic checkpoint system.
Nanostructured Materials for Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion in Orthopedic Implants: A Minireview

Orthopedic implants may fail owing to different reasons: poor osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface, generation of wear debris, stress and strain imbalance between implant and surrounding tissues, and infections. To ensure success in orthopedics, implant materials must not evoke an undesirable inflammatory response, they must be habitable by bone-forming cells (favoring adhesion of osteoblasts), hinder formation of soft connective tissue (hindering adhesion of fibroblasts), and be anti-infective (discouraging bacterial adhesion). Recent studies have suggested that nanophase materials have a better efficacy as bone implants in favoring osseointegration compared to conventional orthopedic implant materials. This minireview discusses studies on nanophase materials as bone implants, focusing on the effect of these materials in inhibiting bacterial adhesion for the prevention of implant infections. (Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 771–6)