Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty

Geoengineering, or the deliberate large-scale manipulation of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change, has been suggested as a new potential tool for addressing climate change. Efforts to address climate change have primarily focused on mitigation, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and more recently on addressing the impacts of climate change—adaptation. However, international political consensus on the need to reduce emissions has been very slow in coming, and there is as yet no agreement on the emissions reductions needed beyond 2012. As a result global emissions have continued to increase by about 3% per year (Raupach et al. 2007), a faster rate than that projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (IPCC 2001)7 even under its most fossil fuel intensive scenario (A1FI8) in which an increase in global mean temperature of about 4°C (2.4 to 6.4°C) by 2100 is projected (Rahmstorf et al. 2007). The scientifi c community is now becoming increasingly concerned that emissions will not be reduced at the rate and magnitude required to keep the increase in global average temperature below 2°C (above pre-industrial levels) by 2100. Concerns with the lack of progress of the political processes have led to increasing interest in geoengineering approaches. This Royal Society report presents an independent scientifi c review of the range of methods proposed with the aim of providing an objective view on whether geoengineering could, and should, play a role in addressing climate change, and under w
Evaluation of measurement sensitivity and design improvement for time domain reflectometry penetrometers

The time domain reflectometry (TDR) penetrometer, which can measure both the apparent dielectric permittivity and the bulk electrical conductivity of soils, is an important tool for the site investigation of contaminated land. This paper presents a theoretical method for evaluating the measurement sensitivity and an improved design of the TDR penetrometer. The sensitivity evaluation method is based on a spatial weighting analysis of the electromagnetic field using a seepage analysis software. This method is used to quantify the measurement sensitivity for the three types of TDR penetrometers reported in literature as well as guide the design improvement of the TDR penetrometer. The improved design includes the use of semicircle‐shaped conductors and the optimization of the conductor diameter. The measurement sensitivity to the targeted medium for the improved TDR penetrometer is evaluated to be greater than those of the three types of TDR penetrometers reported in literature. The performance of the improved TDR penetrometer was demonstrated by conducting an experimental calibration of the probe and penetration tests in a chamber containing a silty soil column. The experimental results demonstrate that the measurements from the improved TDR penetrometer are able to capture the variation in the water content profiles as well as the leachate contaminated soil.
Glacial Transport of Human Waste and Survival of Fecal Bacteria on Mt. McKinley's Kahiltna Glacier, Denali National Park, Alaska

Abstract Each year, over 1000 climbers attempt an ascent of Mt. McKinley via the West Buttress, located on the 77-km-long Kahiltna Glacier in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Climbers generate over two metric tons of human waste annually, the majority of which is disposed of in crevasses. To assess potential health impacts of this management practice, we conducted field studies and a laboratory experiment to document the persistence of fecal bacteria in a variety of glacial microclimates. Low concentrations of fecal bacteria found in water samples collected over two melt seasons from the Kahiltna River support the argument that bacteria can survive in a glacial environment for an extended period of time. We documented Kahiltna Glacier surface velocities and used a simple flow model to predict the time and place that human waste will emerge in the ablation zone. Based on surface velocities we predict that waste buried in major camps will emerge at the glacier surface in as little as 71 years after traveling 28 km downstream. Our results show fecal microorganisms are persistent in a glacial environment, these pathogens pose a minor threat to human health, and buried human waste can be expected to emerge at the glacier surface within decades.
The role of sea ice in 2 x CO2 climate model sensitivity. Part 1: The total influence of sea ice thickness and extent

Abstract As a first step in investigating the effects of sea ice changes on the climate sensitivity to doubled atmospheric CO2, the authors use a standard simple sea ice model while varying the sea ice distributions and thicknesses in the control run. Thinner ice amplifies the atmospheric temperature sensitivity in these experiments by about 15% (to a warming of 4.8°C), because it is easier for the thinner ice to be removed as the climate warms. Thus, its impact on sensitivity is similar to that of greater sea ice extent in the control run, which provides more opportunity for sea ice reduction. An experiment with sea ice not allowed to change between the control and doubled CO2 simulations illustrates that the total effect of sea ice on surface air temperature changes, including cloud cover and water vapor feedbacks that arise in response to sea ice variations, amounts to 37% of the temperature sensitivity to the CO2 doubling, accounting for 1.56°C of the 4.17°C global warming. This is about four times la.
Organic carbon and metal accumulation rates in Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sediments: palaeoceanographic significance

Summary The proportion of the organic carbon produced in oceanic surface waters that is buried in the underlying sediments is highly variable. The organic-carbon preservation factor, the proportion of preserved to produced organic carbon, is much higher in anoxic than in oxic deep waters. Predictability of organic-carbon preservation factors from sedimentary evidence would enable estimation of past primary production rates from measurable accumulation rates of organic carbon in ancient sediments. Accumulation rate patterns of organic carbon, transition metals, and excess transition metals in Holocene and mid-Cretaceous sediments are evaluated as predictors of organic-carbon preservation factors. Holocene transition-metal accumulation rates are controlled dominantly by bulk accumulation rates. Euxinic deep water environments, characterized by high organic-carbon preservation factors, are more successfully identified by sedimentological than by geochemical criteria. Sedimentological evidence from several mid-Cretaceous intervals implies widespread deep-water anoxia, high organic-carbon preservation factors, and correspondingly low primary productivity for large parts of the mid-Cretaceous oceans.
LONG PERIOD SEA-FLOOR MULTIPLES AND THEIR SUPPRESSION*

Multiple sea-floor reflections in deep water often are not effectively suppressed by either CDP stacking nor standard predictive deconvolution methods. These methods fail because the reflection coefficient varies markedly with angle of incidence and also because of the variation of arrival time with offset and because of dip. For a reasonablly flat sea-floor, multiples of various orders and the primary sea-floor reflection which have all been reflected at nearly the same angle lie along a straight line through the origin in time-offset space. This line is called the “radial direction. ” The multiples which lie along this line show a systematic relationship because they all experience the same water-bottom reflection effect. In other words, multiples behave in a stationary manner along the radial directions on multi-trace seismic records. A technique of multi-channel predictive deconvolution, called “Radial Multiple Suppression,” utilizes this aspect to design Wiener operators for the prediciton and suppression of water bottom multiples. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by the study of field records, autocorrelations, velocity analyses, and stacked sections before and after Radial Multiple Suppression processing.
Cavities and cryptic faunas beneath non‐reef stromatoporoids

Kershaw, Stephen 1980 10 15: Cavities and cryptic faunas beneath non-reef stromatoporoids. Lethaia, Vol. 13, pp. 327–338. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1161. Stromatoporoids from level-bottom shales and argillaceous limestones in the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden, form substrates for a variety of encrusting and boring organisms. Overturned stromatoporoids have encrusters and borers on both upper and lower surfaces, while coenostea preserved in situ have encrusters on both surfaces but borings on upper surfaces only. This suggests that cavities, now infilled, existed below coenostea. The stromatoporoids are isolated and not part of a reef framework where growth alone could have created overhangs and cavities. The scouring activity of currents removing sediment from around and beneath the edges of coenostea, and small current-controlled movements leaving stromatoporoids imperfectly settled on the uneven substrate or partly overlying skeletal debris, are invoked to explain the presence of cavities and hence encrusters on stromatoporoid lower surfaces. Both processes probably operated on many specimens. The lower surfaces of these stromatoporoids also show basal concavities which range from shallow to deep and reflect the topography of the substrate and the success of stromatoporoids growing on positive features from which they could shed sediment easily. Overturned stromatoporoids and coenostea with deep, encrusted, basal concavities, point to violent environmental events, such as storms, more powerful than currents producing scour and small movements of coenostea.
C ENTRE FOR A PPLIED M ACROECONOMIC A NALYSIS The Australian National University T HE I DENTIFICATION OF F ISCAL AND M ONETARY P OLICY IN A S TRUCTURAL VAR

Jointly identifying the e ﬀ ects of both ﬁ scal and monetary policy shocks in an open economy structural VAR poses identi ﬁ cation challenges. The innovations in this paper are to combine the methods of identi ﬁ cation via sign restrictions, cointegration and traditional exclusion restrictions within a system which explicitly accounts for both stationary and non-stationary variables. This incorporates the recent identi ﬁ cation of permanent and temporary shocks by Pagan and Pesaran (2007). We show how to produce impulse responses and historical decompositions under these circumstances. The application is to the small open economy of New Zealand, where policy makers are actively considering the interaction between monetary and ﬁ scal policies. The results show that over the last 20 years the in ﬂ uence of the ﬁ scal policy stance on output has sometimes been substantial, and generally outweighs the contribution of monetary policy shocks. test. On the basis of the eigen value test we tested for a cointegrating relationship between the I (1) variables using the Engle Granger 2 step method and found evidence of the cointegrating relationships given in the text. One of the possible reasons for di ﬃ culties in establishing the relationships in the New Zealand framework between the variables is a potential structural break associated with the Fiscal Responsbility Act (1994) a ﬀ ecting the behaviour of the ﬁ scal variables from 1994 onwards. We experimented with including a dummy variable in the cointegrating relationships involving government expenditure and tax to represent this change but it made no qualitative di ﬀ erence to the results presented here.
A novel super-resolution image fusion algorithm based on improved PCNN and wavelet transform

Super-resolution reconstruction technology is to explore new information between the under-sampling image series obtained from the same scene and to achieve the high-resolution picture through image fusion in sub-pixel level. The traditional super-resolution fusion methods for sub-sampling images need motion estimation and motion interpolation and construct multi-resolution pyramid to obtain high-resolution, yet the function of the human beings' visual features are ignored. In this paper, a novel resolution reconstruction for under-sampling images of static scene based on the human vision model is considered by introducing PCNN (Pulse Coupled Neural Network) model, which simplifies and improves the input model, internal behavior and control parameters selection. The proposed super-resolution image fusion algorithm based on PCNN-wavelet is aimed at the down-sampling image series in a static scene. And on the basis of keeping the original features, we introduce Relief Filter(RF) to the control and judge segment to overcome the effect of random factors(such as noise, etc) effectively to achieve the aim that highlighting interested object though the fusion. Numerical simulations show that the new algorithm has the better performance in retaining more details and keeping high resolution.
Associations et biostratigraphie des Foraminifères benthiques et planctoniques du Bédoulien sommital et du Gargasien inférieur de La Tuilière - St-Saturnin-lès-Apt (aire stratotypique de l'Aptien, Vaucluse, SE France)

Faisant suite aux recherches sur le Bedoulien et le Gargasien du secteur de Cassis-La Bedoule (B. du Rh., SE France), l'etude de quatre coupes en relais dans l'aire stratotypique de l'Aptien, situees dans le secteur du Hameau de la Tuiliere (commune de Saint-Saturnin-les-Apt, Vaucluse, SE France) a permis l'analyse detaillee des associations de foraminiferes benthiques (30 taxons) et planctoniques (15 taxons) du Bedoulien superieur et du Gargasien inferieur. Descriptions, figurations et repartition stratigraphique sont fournies pour les formes les plus significatives, avec individualisation de plusieurs marqueurs, benthiques et surtout planctoniques. L'etude de ces derniers dans le cadre privilegie de coupes dilatees et depourvues de hiatus a permis de conforter la zonation definie anterieurement dans le stratotype de l'Aptien inferieur de Cassis-La Bedoule (succession des zones a cabri, luterbacheri, ferreolensis, barri, algerianus) et meme de l'affiner, par la mise en evidence d'un horizon a Globigerinelloides ferreolensis heptacameratus nov. subsp. , chevauchant la limite entre les zones a luterbacheri et a ferreolensis. Nos resultats montrent egalement la quasi-coincidence temporelle 1) du toit de la zones d'ammonites a Furcata, 2) du changement lithologique dit du "changement de couleur" et 3) d'un triple datum micropaleontologique (FAD de Praehedbergella luterbacheri, LAD de Protocythere bedoulensis et Lenticulina cf. nodosa) dont l'importance avait deja ete signalee dans le stratotype de Cassis-La Bedoule. Ces nouvelles donnees peuvent constituer des elements pour la definition de la limite Bedoulien-Gargasien. Durant le Gargasien inferieur (au sein de la Zone a luterbacheri), un episode probablement d'origine volcanique, que nous sommes tentes d'assimiler au Niveau Van Gogh (initialement detecte dans le domaine vocontien), est marque par une forte crise de diversite affectant les foraminiferes epibenthiques, planctoniques, ainsi que les ostracodes. Sur le plan paleoecologique et paleobiogeographique, la comparaison des associations de foraminiferes benthiques et planctoniques du secteur de La Tuiliere avec celles des regions voisines fait apparaitre des specificites liees a la paleo-profondeur et des affinites paraissant plus marquees avec les microfaunes de certaines regions boreales, comme l'Allemagne du Nord, qu'avec le domaine tethysien.
Swell in the Pacific Ocean observed by SEASAT radar altimeter

Abstract The first synoptic observations of ocean swell generation, propagation, and dissipation have been obtained from SEASAT radar altimeter measurements. The sequential significant wave height and surface wind speed measurements have been deduced from altimeter observations; by assuming that the Pierson and Moskowitz fully developed wave model applies, a model for determining minimum swell is used to generate three‐day average swell maps of the Pacific Ocean for the period June to October 1978, the SEASAT lifetime. The generation of numerous swell events was observed with the altimeter in the high‐latitude regions of the South Pacific Ocean (south of 40°S latitude), which was acting as a continuous swell source. Regional differences in the northward propagation and dissipation patterns of different swell events have been analyzed. In their northward propagation the swell families generated in the Ross Sea neighborhood can impinge the coasts of North America with significantly more energy than the swel.
Integrated Geophysical Exploration in a Frontier Basin - South Omo, Ethiopia

We report on an integrated approach to geophysical exploration in a frontier basin in the eastern branch of the East Africa Rift. A combination of techniques from our ‘geophysical acquisition toolkit’ is employed in order to better understand the area and optimally focus additional ‘big-spend’ exploration activities. Results from magnetic, gravity, full-tensor gravity gradiometry (FTG), magnetotellurics (MT) and passive seismic in addition to the conventional reflection-seismic are presented in this frontier exploration case study.
Modeling and visualizing uncertainty in digital thematic maps

Spatial data in the form of thematic maps produced from remote sensing images are widely used in many application areas such as hydrology, geology, disaster management, forestry etc. These maps inherently contain uncertainties due to various reasons. The presence of uncertainty in thematic maps degrades the quality of maps and subsequently affects the decisions based on these data. Traditional way of quantifying quality is to compute the overall accuracy of the map, which however does not depict the spatial distribution of quality of whole map. It would be more expedient to use pixel-wise uncertainty as a means of quality indicator of a thematic map. This can be achieved through a number of mathematical tools based on well known theories of probability, geo-statistics, fuzzy sets and rough sets. Information theory and theory of evidence may also be adopted in this context. Nevertheless, there are several challenges involved in characterizing and providing uncertainty information to the users through these theories. The aim of this paper is to apprise the users of remote sensing about the uncertainties present in the thematic maps and to suggest ways to adequately deal with these uncertainties through proper modeling and visualization. Quantification and proper representation of uncertainty to the users may lead to increase in their confidence in using remote sensing derived products.
Mapping forest successional stages following deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia using multi‐temporal Landsat images

Tropical forest successional stages have been mapped previously with multi‐temporal satellite sensor imagery. The precise identification and classification of such stages, however, has proved difficult. This Letter presents a new method for the classification of forest successional stages following deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. Multi‐temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and derived fraction images and field data were used in a semi‐automatic classification approach. The results were encouraging and signal the application of the method for the entire Brazilian Amazonia.
Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape

The late Early to early Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands fossil sites, spanning ~1000 km northsouth (northeastern Washington State, southern British Columbia) provide an opportunity to reconstruct biotic communities across a broad upland landscape during the warmest part of the Cenozoic. Plant taxa from these fossil sites are characteristic of the modern eastern North American deciduous forest zone, principally the mixed mesophytic forest, but also include extinct taxa, taxa known only from eastern Asian mesothermal forests, and a small number of taxa restricted to the present-day North American west coast coniferous biome. In this preliminary report, paleoclimates and forest types are reconstructed using collections from Republic in Washington State, USA. , and Princeton, Quilchena, Falkland, McAbee, Hat Creek, Horsefly, and Driftwood Canyon in British Columbia, Canada. Both leaf margin analysis (LMA) and quantitative bioclimatic analysis of identified nearest living relatives of megaflora indicated uppe.
Revealing coseismic displacements and the deformation zones of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in the Tsaotung area, central Taiwan, using digital cadastral data

[1] The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (Mw 7.6) was the largest earthquake to strike Taiwan in the twentieth century. This earthquake is associated with a 100 km long surface rupture. In order to reveal the details of displacement near the surface rupture, we use a digital cadastral system to calculate coseismic displacement around the Tsaotung area, central Taiwan. The digital cadastral system was originally conceived to survey land and building boundaries. In the Tsaotung area, Taiwan authorities have taken digital cadastral measurements before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake. The cadastral system affords high-density control points that reach ∼1421 points/km2, a system denser than that of the GPS. Accuracy is to within ±11 cm, a level that is higher than spot imaging and one that allows us to study surface deformation in detail. Coseismic displacement is ∼4.3–4.6 m at distance from the surface rupture and decreases to 3–4 m near the surface rupture. The azimuth of horizontal displacements is ∼310°–315° and rotates to 280°–305° near the surface rupture. This produced a compression, left-lateral deformation zone with ∼10−3 compression strain near the surface rupture. Coseismic displacement of the footwall is 1–1.2 m in 110°, which is similar to that from using GPS data. In the Tsaotung thrust slice, we observed that the azimuth of horizontal displacement rotates from a NW trend to a south trend as a result of slip partitioning and gravity slide effect.
Investigation of the conjugacy between auroral breakup and energetic electron injection

Auroral TV observations at Loparskaya, Kola Peninsula, and CRRES energetic electron and proton measurements during a moderate isolated substorm at 2000–2100 UT on February 13, 1991, are compared. The CRRES was at the apogee of orbit 494 in the outer radiation belt near the magnetic equator. CRRES footprint projection estimated by using a Tsyganenko magnetic field model was situated at the same latitudes several degrees eastward of active aurora during the substorm breakup or the intensification. The intensification consists of several activations of 1-min duration, and this fine spatial and temporal structure is important for the conjugacy investigations. It is shown that injected energetic electrons have been accelerated at the same time as one of the auroral activations at the same latitude and approximately the same azimuthal extended region. The lack of enhanced electrons during other activations suggests that the acceleration region has a sharp equatorial boundary.