Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 3MI mission: multi-viewing-channel-polarisation imager of the EUMETSAT polar system: second generation (EPS-SG) dedicated to aerosol and cloud monitoring

The Multi-Viewing-Channel-Polarisation Imager (3MI), planned to fly on the EPS-SG platform in the time-frame 2020–2040, is a 2D wide field of view radiometer dedicated to aerosol and cloud characterisation for climate monitoring, atmospheric composition, air quality and numerical weather prediction. The role of clouds in determining climate sensitivity to change is highly uncertain, in particular due to their multiple and complex interactions with aerosols. Hence new cloud observation systems (ground-based and space-borne) are needed for cloud monitoring. The purpose of the 3MI is to provide multi-spectral (from 410 to 2130 nm), multi-polarisation (-60°, 0°, and +60°), and multi-angular (10 to 14 views) images of the Earth top of atmosphere (TOA) outgoing radiances. First results from the 3MI synthetic data simulator will be presented. Although aerosol and cloud characterisation is the primary application, 3MI will further support observation of landsurface characteristics which will benefit from the enhanced directional and polarisation measurements and provide a better understanding of the Earth radiation budget. 3MI will also benefit from the synergy of other instruments flying onboard EPS-SG. Measurements from thermal infrared channels will be available from the METimage and IASI-NG instruments. Furthermore, the Sentinel-5 will provide information from the ultra-violet to the shortwave infrared, at a coarser horizontal sampling. The synergy with these instruments will also support 3MI with beneficial cross-calibration as 3MI will not have an onboard calibration and its radiometric performance will rely on vicarious calibration.
Aspects of Cubical Higher Category Theory

In this article we show how to build main aspects of our paper on globular weak $(\infty,n)$-categories, but now for the cubical geometry. Thus we define a monad on the category $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{S}ets$ of cubical sets which algebras are models of cubical weak $\infty$-categories. Also for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$ we define a monad on $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{S}ets$ which algebras are models of cubical weak $(\infty,n)$-categories. And finally we define a monad on the category $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{S}ets^2$ which algebras are models of cubical weak $\infty$-functors, and a monad on the category $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{S}ets^4$ which algebras are models of cubical weak natural $\infty$-transformations.
A Genome-Wide Association Study into the Aetiology of Congenital Solitary Functioning Kidney

Congenital solitary functioning kidney (CSFK) is a birth defect that occurs in 1:1500 children and predisposes them to kidney injury. Its aetiology is likely multifactorial. In addition to known monogenic causes and environmental risk factors, common genetic variation may contribute to susceptibility to CSFK. We performed a genome-wide association study among 452 patients with CSFK and two control groups of 669 healthy children and 5363 unaffected adults. Variants in two loci reached the genome-wide significance threshold of 5 × 10−8, and variants in 30 loci reached the suggestive significance threshold of 1 × 10−5. Of these, an identified locus with lead single nucleotide variant (SNV) rs140804918 (odds ratio 3.1, p-value = 1.4 × 10−8) on chromosome 7 was most promising due to its close proximity to HGF, a gene known to be involved in kidney development. Based on their known molecular functions, both KCTD20 and STK38 could explain the suggestive significant association with lead SNV rs148413365 on chromosome 6. Our findings need replication in an independent cohort of CSFK patients before they can be established definitively. However, our analysis suggests that common variants play a role in CSFK aetiology. Future research could enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved.
Quantum Teleportation Error Suppression Algorithm Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Quantum Topological Semion Codes

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a key technique for building scalable quantum computers that can be used to mitigate the effects of errors on physical quantum bits. Since quantum states are more or less affected by noise, errors are inevitable. Traditional QEC codes face huge challenges. Therefore, designing an error suppression algorithm based on neural networks (NN) and quantum topological error correction (QTEC) codes is particularly important for quantum teleportation. In this paper, QTEC codes: semion codes—a greater than 2 dimensional (2D) error correction code based on the double semion model—are used to suppress errors during quantum teleportation, using a NN to build a decoder based on semion codes and to simulate the quantum information error suppression process and the suppression effect. The proposed convolutional neural network (CNN) decoder is suitable for small distance topological semion codes. The aim is to optimize the NN for better decoder performance while deriving the relationship between decoder performance and slope and pseudothreshold during training and calculate the thresholds for different noise areas when the code distances are the same, P t h r e s h o l d = 0.082 for A r e a < 0.007 d B and P t h r e s h o l d = 0.096 for A r e a < 0.01 d B . This paper demonstrates the ability of CNNs to suppress errors in quantum transmission information and the great potential of NNs in the field of quantum computing.
Matrix product representation and synthesis for random vectors: Insight from statistical physics

Inspired from modern out-of-equilibrium statistical physics models, a matrix product based framework permits the formal definition of random vectors (and random time series) whose desired joint distributions are a priori prescribed. Its key feature consists of preserving the writing of the joint distribution as the simple product structure it has under independence, while inputing controlled dependencies amongst components: This is obtained by replacing the product of distributions by a product of matrices of distributions. The statistical properties stemming from this construction are studied theoretically: The landscape of the attainable dependence structure is thoroughly depicted and a stationarity condition for time series is notably obtained. The remapping of this framework onto that of Hidden Markov Models enables us to devise an efficient and accurate practical synthesis procedure. A design procedure is also described permitting the tuning of model parameters to attain targeted properties. Pedagogical well-chosen examples of times series and multivariate vectors aim at illustrating the power and versatility of the proposed approach and at showing how targeted statistical properties can be actually prescribed.
New Public Management in the Era of Cutback: Research Performance with Declining Financial Incentives

Abstract To examine empirically whether the effect of the incentives on individual performance lasts even after the incentive cutbacks, this study analyzed the change in journal publications associated with the pay-for-performance incentives in a Korean university in which the trend of performance-based financial incentives took a reversed U-shape. The panel data on the research performance of 310 professors from the humanities and social sciences field collected over 14 years showed that increased financial incentives had a lasting effect on increasing publications in domestic journals, even when the incentives were shrinking. By contrast, following the curtailed incentives, the publications in international journals (SSCI- and A&HCI-listed journals) were reduced at the same rate as they surged when the incentives had increased. In interpreting the different responses resulting from diverse skills required for publications in each type of journal, we proposed that the right combination of performance-based incentives, autonomy-supportive atmosphere, and perceived likelihood of achieving the desired goals would result in longstanding behavioral changes and improved research performance. This study also suggested that a theory of sustainable behavioral change should consider the role of skill development in linking internalizing values and sustaining changing behaviors.
A preliminary study on multiscale ELLAM schemes for transient advection‐diffusion equations

We study multiscale Eulerian–Lagrangian localized adjoint methods (MsELLAMs) for transient linear advection‐diffusion equations with oscillatory coefficients, which arise in mathematical models for describing flow and transport through heterogeneous porous media, composite material design, and other applications. Several MsELLAM schemes are presented and studied. Numerical experiments are presented to observe the numerical performance of these MsELLAM schemes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Blowing up linear categories, refinements, and homological projective duality with base locus

In this paper, we first introduce certain geometric operations -- especially blowing ups and generalized universal hyperplanes -- for linear categories, and as a consequence generalize Orlov's formula [O04] to blowing up of regular schemes along possibly singular local complete intersection centers. Second, for a $\mathbb{P}(V)$-linear Lefschetz category $\mathcal{A}$ and a linear system $L \subset V^\vee$, we introduce the refined blowing up category of $\mathcal{A}$ along its base locus, and show that this category is homological projective dual (HPD) to the linear section of the HPD of $\mathcal{A}$. This generalizes Carocci-Turcinovic's results in [CT] and completes the answer to the question "what is the HPD for linear sections of a given HPD pair".
Comparative analysis of floc characteristics and microbial communities in anoxic and aerobic suspended growth processes

A fully anoxic suspended growth process is an appealing alternative to conventional activated sludge (AS) due to considerable aeration reduction and improved carbon processing efficiency for biological nutrient removal (BNR). With development of the hybrid membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) technology, implementation of a fully anoxic suspended growth community in BNR facilities became practical. To better understand potential limitations with the elimination of aeration, we carried out microscopic examination and 16S rRNA gene‐based microbial community profiling to determine how an anoxic suspended growth would differ from the conventional aerobic process in floc characteristics, microbial diversity, microbial temporal dynamics, and community assembly pattern. Fewer filamentous populations were found in the anoxic mixed liquor, suggesting easily sheared flocs. The anoxic microbial community had distinct composition and structure, but its diversity and temporal dynamics were similar to the conventional aerobic community. A variety of well‐studied functional guilds were also identified in the anoxic community. The anoxic microbial community assembly was more stochastic than the conventional aerobic community, but deterministic assembly was still significant with a large core microbiome adapted to the anoxic condition.
Magnetohydrodynamic waves with relativistic electrons and positrons in degenerate spin-1/2 astrophysical plasmas

Linear properties of high and low frequency waves are studied in an electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) dense plasma with spin and relativity effects. In a low frequency regime, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves, namely, the magnetoacoustic and Alfven waves are presented in a magnetized plasma, in which the inertial ions are taken as spinless and non-degenerate, whereas the electrons and positrons are treated quantum mechanically due to their smaller mass. Quantum corrections associated with the spin magnetization and density correlations for electrons and positrons are re-considered and a generalized dispersion relation for the low frequency MHD waves is derived to account for relativistic degeneracy effects. On the basis of angles of propagation, the dispersion relations of different modes are discussed analytically in a degenerate relativistic plasma. Numerical results reveal that electron and positron relativistic degeneracy effects significantly modify the dispersive properties of MHD waves. Our present analysis should be useful for understanding the collective interactions in dense astrophysical compact objects, like, the white dwarfs and in atmosphere of neutron stars.
Magnetosonic Waves Above the Lower Hybrid Frequency in Cyclotron Resonance With the Van Allen Radiation Belt Electrons

Cyclotron resonance with magnetosonic waves was usually considered unimportant for the Van Allen radiation belt electron dynamics because it occurs at energies that are too high. Here, we show that for magnetosonic waves with frequencies above the lower hybrid frequency and normal angles below 87° in the high‐density plasmasphere, the electron cyclotron resonances of ±1, ±2, and ±3 orders can extend down to energies of 10–100s keV. These high‐frequency, non‐quasi‐perpendicular magnetosonic waves are found to occur predominantly in the duskside outer plasmasphere, with an amplitude on the order of 10 pT following strong substorms. They probably originate from midlatitudes of the outer plasmasphere, different from the commonly known magnetosonic waves generated near the equator.
Common and lifestyle‐specific traits of mycorrhizal root metabolome reflect ecological strategies of plant–mycorrhizal interactions

Mycorrhizas are widespread below‐ground symbioses formed between plant roots and soil fungi. This plant–fungal partnership impacts terrestrial ecosystems by mediating plant performance and biogeochemical processes. The influence of mycorrhizas on plant and ecosystem functioning is ultimately driven by the biological processes that regulate plant–mycorrhizal interactions. Although convergent patterns in morphological and genetic traits of mycorrhizas have been well‐documented and reflect key selection forces that shape the biology of mycorrhizas, generalizable traits of mycorrhizal‐associated root metabolome, which are more intimately linked to plant and ecosystem functioning, remain unexplored. Here, we compared mycorrhizal‐associated metabolome alterations across multiple plant–mycorrhizal fungus combinations. Specifically, we inoculated a phylogenetically diverse set of temperate tree species with either arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi (the two major mycorrhizal lifestyles). Using comprehensive metabolomics approaches, we then assessed the metabolome in mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal roots and the corresponding leaves. Comparing across multiple plant–mycorrhizal fungus combinations, our data revealed metabolite alterations unique to mycorrhizal lifestyle as well as those common across plant–fungus combinations irrespective of lifestyles. Roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated different sets of carbohydrates, reflecting unique carbon allocation strategies for mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal roots accumulated cyclic polyols (e.g. inositols) inaccessible to their fungal partners, suggesting tight regulation of carbon partitioning. Such accumulation did not occur in ectomycorrhizal‐colonized roots, which instead accrued acyclic polyols (e.g. mannitol and arabitol) that were undetected in non‐mycorrhizal roots and likely of fungal origin. Mycorrhizas also altered specialized metabolism, featuring frequent increases in flavan‐3‐ols (e.g. catechins, gallocatechins, and their oligomers) but decreases in flavanols irrespective of mycorrhizal lifestyles, suggesting tactical reconfiguration of specialized metabolites to both facilitate and restrain the symbiont. These characteristic metabolite alterations were largely root specific and were not mirrored in leaves. Synthesis. Using multiple plant–mycorrhizal systems and metabolomics approaches, our study demonstrates that part of the metabolite alterations occurring during root–mycorrhizal interactions were relatively common across plant–mycorrhizal systems, with implications for both carbon partitioning and tissue protection strategies important for successful symbiosis. These generalizable patterns appear robust to the phylogenetic history of host plants and thus may be widespread in land plants.
Bounding the smallest singular value of a random matrix without concentration

Given $X$ a random vector in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$, set $X_1,. ,X_N$ to be independent copies of $X$ and let $\Gamma=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum_{i=1}^N e_i$ be the matrix whose rows are $\frac{X_1}{\sqrt{N}},\dots, \frac{X_N}{\sqrt{N}}$. We obtain sharp probabilistic lower bounds on the smallest singular value $\lambda_{\min}(\Gamma)$ in a rather general situation, and in particular, under the assumption that $X$ is an isotropic random vector for which $\sup_{t\in S^{n-1}}{\mathbb{E}}| |^{2+\eta} \leq L$ for some $L,\eta>0$. Our results imply that a Bai-Yin type lower bound holds for $\eta>2$, and, up to a log-factor, for $\eta=2$ as well. The bounds hold without any additional assumptions on the Euclidean norm $\|X\|_{\ell_2^n}$. Moreover, we establish a nontrivial lower bound even without any higher moment assumptions (corresponding to the case $\eta=0$), if the linear forms satisfy a weak `small ball' property.
Four-loop collinear anomalous dimension in N = 4 Yang-Mills theory

We report a calculation in N = 4 Yang-Mills of the four-loop term g (4) in the collinear anomalous dimension g(A) which governs the universal subleading infrared structure of gluon scattering amplitudes. Using the method of obstructions to extract this quantity from the 1/e singularity in the four-gluon iterative relation at four loops, we find g (4) = -1240.9 with an estimated numerical uncertainty of 0.02%. We also analyze the implication of our result for the strong coupling behavior of g(A), finding support for the string theory prediction computed recently by Alday and Maldacena using AdS/CFT.
Convolutions of prestarlike functions.

The convolution of two functions f(Z) X a z and n n=0 n n g(z) 7. b z is defined as (f,g) (z) a b zn. For f(z)=z- r a z and n=0 n n=0 n n n=2 n
Triplet order parameters in triangular and honeycomb Ising models

It is shown that the ratios of certain triplet order parameters to magnetisation in honeycomb and diamond lattice Ising models can be easily calculated. Applying the star-triangle transformation reproduces the result obtained by Baxter (see ibid., vol.8, p.1797 (1975)) on the triangular lattice. The new derivation indicates that exact solutions for triplet order parameters are of only limited use as checks on series expansions.
Frequency discrimination of bandlimited harmonic complexes related to vowel formants

Just‐noticeable differences (jnd’s) in the center frequency of bandlimited harmonic complexes were measured for normal hearing subjects. A triangular and a trapezoidal spectral envelope were used. The center frequency ranged from 2000 to 2100 Hz for the triangular envelope and from 2000 to 2200 Hz for the trapezoidal envelope. For both envelope shapes the values 100, 200, and 400 dB/oct were used for the slope. The fundamental frequency was 100 Hz for all complexes. A three‐interval, three‐alternative forced‐choice task was used. All measurements were performed with and without roving of the signal level. Without roving, the jnd’s were in most cases about a factor of 1.5 smaller than with roving. The bandwidth and the center frequency were factors having the major influence on the jnd’s. For the triangular envelope, the jnd’s were smallest for center frequencies that were halfway between two signal components. For the trapezoidal envelope, the jnd’s were smallest for center frequencies that coincided with.
Single to Double Mill Small Noise Transition via Semi-Lagrangian Finite Volume Methods

We show that double mills are more stable than single mills under stochastic perturbations in swarming dynamic models with basic attraction-repulsion mechanisms. In order to analyse accurately this fact, we will present a numerical technique for solving kinetic mean field equations for swarming dynamics. Numerical solutions of these equations for different sets of parameters will be presented and compared to microscopic and macroscopic results. As a consequence, we numerically observe a phase transition diagram in term of the stochastic noise going from single to double mill for small stochasticity fading gradually to disordered states when the noise strength gets larger. This bifurcation diagram at the inhomogeneous kinetic level is shown by carefully computing the distribution function in velocity space.
The universal abelian variety over A_5

We establish a structure result for the universal abelian variety over the moduli space A_5, in terms of discriminant curves of conic bundles over a del Pezzo surface. In particular, this gives a very simple unirational parametrization of the boundary divisor of the moduli space A_6 of principally polarized abelian varieties of dimension 6. Using this we derive a lower bound on the slope of all effective divisors on A_6.
The Incidence Coefficients in the Novikov Complex are generically rational functions

For a Morse map f : M → S 1 Novikov [11] has introduced an analog of Morse complex, deﬁned over the ring Z [[ t ]][ t − 1 ] of integer Laurent power series. Novikov conjectured, that generically the matrix entries of the diﬀerentials in this complex are of the form P i a i t i , where a i grow at most exponentially in i . We prove that for any given f for a C 0 generic gradient-like vector ﬁeld all the incidence coeﬃcients above are rational functions in t (which implies obviously the exponential growth rate estimate).
Design of an RF output Class JJ−1 Doherty power amplifier using post‐matching varactor diodes for configurable IoT transmitters

In this paper, a Doherty power amplifier (DPA) based on Class‐J power amplifier (PA) and Class‐J−1 PA is proposed for configurable Internet of things (IoT) transmitters. A post‐matching structure is used to achieve wider bandwidth performance, high efficiency, and power gain flatness. Different drain biases on the main and peaking devices are used to perform asymmetric operations. The proposed DPA structure achieves 62.4% power‐added efficiency (PAE) with a maximum output range of 37.38–38.20 dBm for the frequency band of 5.1–5.8 GHz and a power gain range of 13.24–12.24 dB. It has a maximum drain efficiency of 42.7%–51.5% at a back‐off power level of 9 dB. In order to validate the linearity of the proposed design, an analysis of the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) for various gate‐biased voltage operations is performed. The microchip occupies a compact die area of 2.1 mm × 1.2 mm, which is fabricated with GaAs 0.25 μm PHEMT to validate the enhanced broadband characteristics of the proposed configuration. Compared to the existing DPAs, the proposed DPA exhibits higher efficiency, output power, and compact size.
A numerical method to solve a class of linear integro‐differential equations with weakly singular kernel

In this paper, a collocation method based on the Bessel polynomials is introduced for the approximate solution of a class of linear integro‐differential equations with weakly singular kernel under the mixed conditions. The exact solution can be obtained if the exact solution is polynomial. In other cases, increasing number of nodes, a good approximation can be obtained with applicable errors. In addition, the method is presented with error and stability analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.