Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the lowermost mantle using migrations of long-period S–ScS data

SUMMARY The lowermost mantle is investigated using a data set of high-quality waveforms and a phase stripping technique, which removes the S and ScS phases in order to isolate more subtle arrivals. Two migration methods were applied to locate scattering bodies in the lower mantle. The first, a simple backprojection, is useful for identifying regions of strong scattering. The second migration scheme uses weights based on the generalized Radon transform. We present results for a region of lower mantle beneath Alaska and western Canada, and test the influence of experimental geometry on the migration results by migrating synthetic data sets generated for various distributions of point scatterers. We show that, although the exact geometry of scattering bodies is poorly constrained, the majority of the features in the data can be recreated with a few simple structures. The results show the presence of a D �� discontinuity, which can be simulated using a flat scattering body ∼250 km above the core‐mantle boundary near the Alaska‐Canada border. We also present evidence for positive velocity anomalies in the bottom 100 km of the mantle, beneath the D �� reflector and near the Aleutians. The association of these scattering structures with a region of high velocity is consistent with a cause related to lower mantle heterogeneity introduced by a subducting slab.
Implicit prejudice against Arab immigrants

This thesis tests competing models on the relationship between implicit-explicit attitudes and nonverbal signs while being informed about, and decision time when being asked to support an Arab youth organization. Implicit attitudes are automatic and unintentional evaluations compared to explicit attitudes that are intentional and cognitively demanding (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). The research uses data from an experiment already done (Gabriel & Banse, 2008). After assessing implicit and explicit attitudes, 40 male and 41 female students were informed about an Arab youth organization (voay) and asked to support the group by signing a petition list. Change in self-touching and blinking rates and decision times were coded from videotapes of the experiment. When implicit and explicit attitudes were congruent, participants had a higher increase in self-touching rate and decided faster to support the Arab organization. In addition, making the decision in public facilitated faster decision making. This is interpreted as indicating that convergent attitudes are related to comfort (increased self-touching) and attitude clarity (faster decision making). Blinking rate increased with increasing positive explicit attitudes, which is interpreted as indicating increased attention.
A Simple Role for BDNF in Learning and Memory?

Since its discovery almost three decades ago, the secreted neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been firmly implicated in the differentiation and survival of neurons of the CNS. More recently, BDNF has also emerged as an important regulator of synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying learning and memory in the adult CNS. In this review we will discuss our knowledge about the multiple intracellular signalling pathways activated by BDNF, and the role of this neurotrophin in long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation as well as in synaptogenesis. We will show that maturation of BDNF, its cellular localization and its ability to regulate both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the CNS may result in conflicting alterations in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Lack of a precise knowledge about the mechanisms by which BDNF influences higher cognitive functions and complex behaviours may constitute a severe limitation in the possibility to devise BDNF-based therapeutics for human disorders of the CNS.
Salinity Variation of Euphrates River between Ashshinnafiyah and Assamawa Cities

AshShinnafiyah and AsSamawa cities suffer from significant increase in salinity of Euphrates River water compared with their counterpart's north AshShinnafiyah city which is reflected adversely on the quality of water within the study area. The study aims to find possible solutions to avoid the deterioration of Euphrates River northern AshShinnafiyah city until AsSamawa city that were presented by total dissolved solid TDS. Twelve main hydrological and fifteen salinity measurement stations were selected to cover 117 km of the river reach within the study area during July-2011. Additional twenty three hydrological and salinity stations were adopted during March-2012, winter season to the river within the study area. After conducting the field and laboratory measurements, mathematical model using HEC-RAS v.4. 1 software were implemented, using the available geometric and recorded and measured hydrological data. Eleven scenarios were adopted, by canceled one or more of the drains that cause the deterioration in the river, to find the best scenario using various discharges of Al Ya’uo Regulator (Upstream of study area), where the criteria are the water level at AsSamawa city (downstream boundary) is not less than 6 m.a.m.s. l. and the maximum acceptable salinity for agricultural purposes is 1500 mg/l according to Specification of Iraq No. 417 for maintenance of river pollution, 1967. It was concluded from both models that the problem of salinity in the study area cannot be avoided without diverting one or more of the drains that outfall in the river. The minimum instream flow MIF was found for each scenario. Euphrates River without Eastern Al-Jarah, Al-Khassf, AnNagara, and Al-Haffar Drains, and outfalls Between AshShinnafiyah and Garrb Villages, Scenario 9, is the best one, where it gave the minimum required discharge from Al-Ya’uo Regulator of 82m 3 /s and 165m 3 /s during summer and winter seasons respectively.
Appendix A Description of the Plants A . 1

In this Appendix, real processes used as case studies in the various book chapters are described in some detail. Nevertheless, the tags of the variables involved in the following descriptions will be omitted for reasons of confidentiality. Care has been taken to keep to descriptions that will be as useful as possible for the reader to follow. One set of processes described concerns a large refinery where soft sensors were required to monitor and control routine production. The final two case studies refer to two experimental nuclear fusion plants, where model-based sensor validation strategies were required to assess the quality of experimental observations made during research experiments.
University of Birmingham Metric learning for sequences in relational LVQ

Metric learning constitutes a well-investigated ﬁeld for vectorial data with successful applications, e.g. in computer vision, information retrieval, or bioinformatics. One particularly promising approach is oﬀered by low-rank metric adaptation integrated into modern variants of learning vector quantization (LVQ). This technique is scalable with respect to both, data dimensionality and the number of data points, and it can be accompanied by strong guarantees of learning theory. Recent extensions of LVQ to general (dis-)similarity data have paved the way towards LVQ classiﬁers for non-vectorial, possibly discrete, structured objects such as sequences, which are addressed by classical alignment in bioinformatics applications. In this context, the choice of metric parameters plays a crucial role for the result, just as it does in the vectorial setting. In this contribution, we propose a metric learning scheme which allows for an autonomous learning of parameters (such as the underlying scoring matrix in sequence alignments) according to a given discriminative task in relational LVQ. Besides facilitating the often crucial and problematic choice of the scoring parameters in applications, this extension oﬀers an increased interpretability of the results by pointing out structural invariances for the given task.
Spatial, Environmental, and Biotic Determinants of Zooplankton Community Composition in Subarctic Lakes and Ponds in Wapusk National Park, Canada

Abstract Northern regions are expected to experience large environmental change over the next few decades. The response of biota will depend on changes in the local environment, regional processes that influence lake connectivity, and species interactions. In 2008, we surveyed 92 lakes and ponds across Wapusk National Park, located on the southwestern shore of Hudson Bay. At each site we assessed water chemistry and zooplankton community composition. In an effort to understand how the aquatic ecosystems will respond to future environmental change, we determined local characteristics (e.g., water chemistry), regional spatial factors (e.g., dispersal), and biotic interactions (e.g., species associations) influencing community composition. Important environmental variables included lake area, pH, ionic composition, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a; however, spatial variables explained more variation than environmental variables, suggesting that dispersal is an important driver of zooplankton composition in this region. Additionally, species exhibited negative co-occurrence patterns, suggesting biotic interactions are important in structuring the zooplankton communities. As environmental conditions change and the distribution of habitat (i.e., coastal fen, interior peatland, and spruce forest) shifts, evidence that the park's zooplankton community is spatially structured coupled with our suspicion that zooplankton are likely to experience high dispersal levels in Wapusk leads us to suggest zooplankton may indeed be able to track changing environmental conditions within the park, although it remains unclear how species interactions will modify this expectation.
Structural and geochronological constraints on the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Longmen Shan thrust belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Longmen Shan thrust belt in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau underwent deformation of D1 associated with the Late Triassic collision between the North and South China Blocks, followed by deformation of D2 and D3 related to the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. The D1 is marked by moderately tight folds (f1), spaced cleavage (S1), mineral lineation (L1), multistage reactivated faults, and top‐to‐the south thrusting. This deformation initiated before 237 Ma and ended at 208 Ma. The 193–159 Ma D2 deformation is top‐to‐the‐southeast directed and normal ductile in nature and was associated with the formation of half‐graben basins. The Mesozoic deformation of the Longmen Shan belt was related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere, followed by the South China Block underneath the Songpan‐Ganze Terrane. The D1 was produced in the pro‐side of the overriding Songpan‐Ganze plate, most probably driven by slab corner flow above the retreating South China Block. The D2 and extensional Songpan‐Ganze turbidite basin were produced by roll‐back and migration of the overriding plate above the retreating subduction zone. This model for the deformation from D1 to D2 is similar to a Mediterranean‐style model. The D3 is characterized by SE‐ward thrusting with stepwise migration of rapid denudation and dextral strike‐slip faulting during the Late Cretaceous to present. Therefore, the Longmen Shan thrust belt involved Mesozoic compressional and extensional events that were overprinted by the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic compressional event.
Application of Exogenous Polyols, Amino Acids and Girdling to Improve ( Vitis vinifera L.) Crimson Seedless cv. Berries Coloration, and Postharvest Quality

: The present study was conducted for two successive seasons 2017 and 2018 in a private vineyard located at Cairo-Alexandria desert road. Ten-year-old ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevines were used to examine the effect of polyols (Sorbitol and Mannitol) at 10 and 20 mM, Amino acids (phenylalanine and methionine) at 250 and 500 ppm along with Ethrel (Ethephon) at 480 ppm, with or without girdling on berry characteristics and storability. At harvest the clusters were stored for 21 days, and postharvest measurements were recorded. Results showed significant effects of girdling on the physical and chemical characteristics of berries, besides improving the berry anthocyanin, coloration, and storage characteristics enhancement. Generally, Phenylalanine 250 and 500 ppm showed the best results were obtained from treating the vines at the harvest and after the storage period
Edinburgh Research Explorer Livestock breeding for the twenty-first century: the promise of the editing revolution

In recent years there has been a veritable explosion in the use of genome editors to create site-speci ﬁ c changes, both in vitro and in vivo , to the genomes of a multitude of species for both basic research and biotechnology. Livestock, which form a vital component of most societies, are no exception. While selective breeding has been hugely successful at enhancing some production traits, the rate of progress is often slow and is limited to variants that exist within the breeding population. Genome editing provides the potential to move traits between breeds, in a single generation, with no impact on existing productivity or to develop de novo phenotypes that tackle intractable issues such as disease. As such, genome editors provide huge potential for ongoing live-stock development programs in light of increased demand and disease challenge. This review will highlight some of the more notable agricultural applications of this technology in livestock.
Mid-Infrared Interferometry on Spectral Lines. III. Ammonia and Silane around IRC +10216 and VY Canis Majoris

Using the University of California Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer with a radio frequency (RF) filter bank, the first interferometric observations of mid-infrared molecular absorption features of ammonia (NH3) and silane (SiH4) with very high spectral resolution (λ/Δλ ~ 105) were made. Under the assumptions of spherical symmetry and uniform outflow, these new data permitted the molecular stratification around carbon star IRC +10216 and red supergiant VY CMa to be investigated. For IRC +10216, both ammonia and silane were found to form in the dusty outflow significantly beyond both the dust formation and gas acceleration zones. Specifically, ammonia was found to form before silane in a region of decaying gas turbulence (≳20R*), while the silane is produced in a region of relatively smooth gas flow much farther from the star (≳80R*). The depletion of gas-phase SiS onto grains soon after dust formation may fuel silane-producing reactions on the grain surfaces. For VY CMa, a combination of interferometric and spectral observations suggest that NH3 is forming near the termination of the gas acceleration phase in a region of high gas turbulence (~40R*).
Annotation upon Annotation : Adding Signalling Information to a Corpus of Discourse Relations

We present an annotation effort that involves adding a new layer of annotation to an existing corpus. We are interested in how rhetorical relations are signalled in discourse, and thus begin with a corpus already annotated for rhetorical relations, to which we add signalling information. We show that a very large number of relations carry signals that can help identify them as such. The detailed, extensive analysis of signals in the corpus can aid research in the automatic parsing of discourse relations.
Do spatial effects play a role in the spatial distribution of desert-dwelling Acacia raddiana?

We investigated the spatial pattern of A. raddiana in the Negev desert of Israel in order to gain insights into the factors and processes driving the dynamics of this species. Using a scale-dependent measure, the ring statistic, we ana- lysed both patterns observed in the field and time series of spatial tree distributions produced by a simulation model. In the field, random spacing was the predominant pattern observed. However seedlings were clumped on small scales. We ran the model under two contrasting scenarios representing hypotheses that explain the clumping of seedlings and the random distribu- tion of trees. One hypothesis is that there is spatial heterogeneity in seed distribution, germination and seedling mortality, but that these heterogeneities are not correlated with each other in space. The second hypothesis assumes a correlation between these heterogeneities leading to areas suitable for establishment. How- ever, the suitability of the sites is temporally variable. Further- more, the second hypothesis assumes density-dependent tree mortality due to competition. Both hypotheses lead to spatial distributions that are in qualitative agreement with the patterns observed in the field. Therefore, the classical view that a clumped seedling distribution and a random pattern of older trees is due to clumped regeneration and density-dependent mortality may not hold for Acacia trees in the Negev.
Cost-effective imaging of CO2 injection with borehole seismic methods

Currently there is a critical need to increase oil and gas recovery from existing and new reservoirs. In addition, the ever-increasing need to sequester CO2 in the subsurface places further emphasis on accurate imaging methods to validate CO2 injection strategies. Two obstacles to increased efficiency are (1) a thorough understanding of the geologic complexity and fluid distribution and (2) the scaling relationships between fine scale/point measurements and larger scale/volumetric measurements. Although initially expensive, borehole methods may offer a cost-effective solution when integrated into a drilling and development program. New technology such as fiber-optic sensors emplaced during drilling and completion, microhole drilling, and other advances in sensors will make borehole technology much more cost effective when used over the long run. If deployed in a multicomponent and time-lapse fashion, seismic methods also offer the ability to define contrasts in properties, detecting subtle changes in prop.
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences Self-compassion as a Moderator of the Relationship between Rumination, Self-reflection and Stress

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between rumination, self-reflection and stress and to investigate the role of self-compassion as a moderator of this relationship.Methods: A sample of 275 undergraduate students completed a set of reliable and valid questionnaires including measures of rumination and self-reflection (RRQ), stress (DASS) and self-compassion (SCS). Results: Using a co-relational design, the study found that rumination had a significant positive association with stress (p = 0.001, r = 0.31) and self-reflection had a significant negative association with stress (p = 0.001, r =-0.47). Moderated multiple regression analysis indicated that self-compassion significantly moderated the link between rumination and stress (∆R 2 = 0.032, p = 0.001) and it also significantly moderated the relationship between self-reflection and stress (∆R 2 =0.041, p = 0.001). The results indicated that sequentially 3.2 % and 4.1 % of the variance in stress could be attributable to moderating role of self-compassion in this relationship.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate an association of rumination and self-reflection with stress and suggest that the association between rumination and self-reflection with stress might be moderated by self-compassion. Overall, the present findings suggest that high levels of self-compassion function to attenuate the link between rumination and stress and also it functions to amplify the relationship between self-reflection and stress.
Overexpression of sucrose : sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase gene in chicory to produce high DP inulin

Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is cultivated mainly for inulin production. Inulin is added to a variety of products as a food additive. Genetic manipulation of inulin biosynthesis is an important molecular breeding strategy for chicory improvement. sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) is involved in the first step of the synthetic pathway of inulin in chicory plants. In this study, to investigate the possibility of long chain inulin production via genetic engineering, 1-SST gene was initially isolated from Taraxacum officinale, and it was overexpressed in chicory. First an expression vector harbouring dandelion 1-SST was constructed. Transgenic chicory plants were made using an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Quantification of transcript levels of 1-SST in transgenic and nontransgenic plants showed higher level of 1-SST transcript in the
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Performance of the ECMWF Operational Analyses over the Tropical Indian Ocean

The quality of the ECMWF operational analyses is evaluated against independent upper-air sounding data collected during the Joint Air‐Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment (JASMINE; April‐May 1999) and the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX; February‐March 1999). Statistics of the difference between observations and analyses are compiled for temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The results show that the analyzed temperature has a cold bias between 1000 and 750 hPa. However, in the upper troposphere, a warm bias occurs between 350 and 150 hPa, while a cold bias is seen above 150 hPa. Compared to the observations, the analyzed humidity is lower between 1000 and 950 hPa and higher between 950 and 750 hPa. The analyzed wind speeds are close to observations over much of the troposphere, except near the tropopause, where they are overestimated by 1‐2 m s21 in the analyses. The low-level (1000‐ 750 hPa) biases in moisture and temperature in the ECMWF analyses over the Indian Ocean are similar to those reported for the tropical Pacific Ocean in past studies. The occurrence of a cold and dry bias in the lowest 50 hPa indicates reduced convective available potential energy, which will render difficult the initiation and development of convection in numerical models initialized with these analyses. The moisture biases arise most likely because of the poor fit to humidity observations by the four-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme. This suggests that a better fit to humidity observations will yield an improved water vapor climatology over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.
Prevalence and associated factors of multiple sexual partnerships, Gert Sibande District, South Africa, 2010

ii Background . ii Objectives . ii Methods. ii Results . ii Conclusion . iii DECLARATION . v DEDICATION . vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . viii LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xii ABBREVIATIONS . xiii DEFINITION OF TERMS . xiv CHAPTER ONE .
Behavioral Neuroscience

Animal models of depression have increasingly focused on the use of psychosocial stressors, such as disruption of social hierarchies or experience with social conflicts (Kudryavtseva et al. This focus has evolved as social disturbances represent a common and unavoidable threat in most mammalian species, are ethologically relevant in social ordered species, and socially based stressors influence depressive illness in humans. To a considerable extent, social conflict studies related to depression have assessed the changes that occur following social defeat (Rygula et al., 2005; Berton et al., 2006; Becker et al., 2008). In line with the characteristics of depressive illness, social defeat was accompanied by pronounced glucocorti-coid elevations (Koolhaas et al., as well as gene regulatory changes within the nucleus accumbens, including alterations of repressive histone methylation and of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), coupled with a reduction of histone deacetylase 2 (Covington III et al.