Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Historical Linguistics and Evolutionary Genetics. Based on Symbol Frequencies in Tamil Texts and DNA Sequences

Abstract We have studied the rank frequency distribution (RFD) of letters of the alphabet in Tamil language texts. In a novel application of rank frequencies, we have defined a simple intuitive distance parameter between a pair of strings (text or DNA sequence of codons). This distance correlates well with age difference in historical linguistics and evolutionary genetics. Using a distance matrix of a set of strings, we derive evolutionary trees that are broadly in agreement with historical evidence. The method has potential for refinement and application in evolutionary studies to complement other approaches to evolution. The RFD in a single string conforms to a law called the CMPL (Cumulative Modified Power Law), which we had formulated and applied to RFD's of diverse symbol sets.
Low-complexity affine projection subband algorithm for robust adaptive filtering in impulsive noise

In this paper, a new subband affine projection algorithm is proposed, which is robust against impulsive noise and presents reduced computational complexity. A subband structure composed of sparse filters in a closed-loop error configuration is used, and the update equation is derived by means of a minimum-disturbance approach with a posteriori subband error constraints, employing a cost function that considered simultaneously all adaptive coefficients and the subband error components that are below adaptive thresholds. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in acoustic echo cancellation scenarios with impulsive noise.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF NEW RNA SYNTHESIS IN HYPERTROPHYING SKELETAL MUSCLE

Work-induced growth of rat soleus muscle is accompanied by an early increase in new RNA synthesis. To determine the cell type(s) responsible for the increased RNA synthesis, we compared light autoradiographs of control and hypertrophying muscles from rats injected with tritiated uridine 12, 24, and 48 h after inducing hypertrophy. There was an increased number of silver grains over autoradiographs of hypertrophied muscle. This increase occurred over connective tissue cells; there was no increase in the number of silver grains over the muscle fibers. Quantitative studies demonstrated that between 70 and 80% of the radioactivity in the muscle that survived fixation and washing was in RNA. Pretreatment of the animals with actinomycin D reduced in parallel both the radioactivity in RNA and the number of silver grains over autoradiographs. Proliferation of the connective tissue in hypertrophying muscle was evident in light micrographs, and electron micrographs identified the proliferating cells as enlarged fibroblasts and macrophages; the connective tissue cells remained after hypertrophy was completed. Thus, proliferating connective tissue cells are the major site of the increase in new RNA synthesis during acute work-induced growth of skeletal muscle. It is suggested that in the analysis of physiological adaptations of muscle, the connective tissue cells deserve consideration as a site of significant molecular activity.
HIV Care & PMTCT in Resource-Limited Settings Monthly Intelligence Report 2008

edited. This study aimed to describe the frequency and severity of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected children during anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and the impact of concomitant use of isoniazid preventive therapy. It is a retrospective cohort analysis of HIV-infected children who commenced ART or were followed up between September 1998 and November 2005. Alanine transferase levels were measured at baseline, at 1, 3 and 6 months and then 6 monthly thereafter. A mixed-effects logistic regression model of toxicity grade coded as a binary outcome (normal: grade 0, abnormal: grade 1–4) on the risk factors time, ARV treatment status, CD4%, INH status, gender, baseline weight and age was fitted with patients as a random-effect. Of the 598 children included in the study, 425 were taking ART alone, 73 ART and isoniazid, 39 isoniazid alone and 61 neither isoniazid nor ART. The median interquartile range (IQR) age of children was 22 (10–53) months. There was no increased risk of hepatotoxicity with ART with or without isoniazid compared to the control group over a 2-year period. Grade 3 or 4 ALT elevations occurred in 19 (3.4%) children, with no cases of fulminant hepatic failure. Severe hepatic events are uncommon in children on ART or isoniazid. There is no increased risk of hepatotoxicity with ART and concurrent isoniazid preventive therapy. Address: Groote Schuur Hosp, Paediat HIV Serv, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. diane@kidzpositive.org HATIP 2010 (163). Special Issue on International AIDS Conference, Vienna 2010: Maternal and child health issues. Free Full Text: http://www.aidsmap. com/resources/HATIP-163-July-29th-2010/page/1501101
A standard-driven communication protocol for disconnected clinics in rural areas

The importance of the Electronic Health Record (EHR), which stores all healthcare-related data belonging to a patient, has been recognized in recent years by governments, institutions, and industry. Initiatives like Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) have been developed for the definition of standard methodologies for secure and interoperable EHR exchanges among clinics and hospitals. Using the requisites specified by these initiatives, many large-scale projects have been set up to enable healthcare professionals to handle patients' EHRs. Applications deployed in these settings are often considered safety-critical, thus ensuring such security properties as confidentiality, authentication, and authorization is crucial for their success. In this paper, we propose a communication protocol, based on the IHE specifications, for authenticating healthcare professionals and assuring patients' safety in settings where no network connection is available, such as in rural areas of some developing countries. We define a specific threat model, driven by the experience of use cases covered by international projects, and prove that an intruder cannot cause damages to the safety of patients and their data by performing any of the attacks falling within this threat model. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our protocol, we have fully implemented it.
Automatic Speech Recognition : From the Beginning to the Portuguese Language

This tutorial presents an overview of automatic speech recognition systems. First, a mathematical formulation and related aspects are described. Then, some background on speech production/perception is presented. An historical review of the efforts in developing automatic recognition systems is presented. The main algorithms of each component of a speech recognizer and current techniques for improving speech recognition performance are explained. The current development of speech recognizers for Portuguese and English languages is discussed. Some campaigns to evaluate and assess speech recognition systems are described. Finally, this tutorial concludes by discussing some research trends in automatic speech recognition.
Deformation Behaviour and Microstructural Evolution During Hot Compression of AISI 904L

The hot deformation behaviour and microstructural evolution of AISI 904L super‐austenitic steel has been investigated by means of hot compression tests. The tests were carried out on a Gleeble 1500D thermo‐mechanical simulator in the temperature range from 850 °C to 1150 °C and at strain rates range from 0.001 s−1 to 5 s−1. The microstructure evolution was examined by means of light optical microscopy (LOM). The results show that after an initial deformation hardening, softening mechanisms occur. The peak stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener–Hollomon parameter in the hyperbolic‐sine equation with the activation energy for deformation of 463 kJ/mol. The steady state was achieved at maximum strain of 0.9 only at the lower strain rates (under 1 s−1) and the higher temperatures (above 1100 °C). Microstructural analyses showed a gradual increase in the dynamically recrystallized area with an increase of the temperature and a decrease of the strain rate. The grain size did change, as expected, correlating to the deformation conditions.
Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

STUDY OBJECTIVE In these days, it was reported that bone marrow (BM) cells might take part in the remodeling of some systemic vascular diseases; however, it remains unknown whether the BM cells were involved in the vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries and the progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BM-derived cells contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced PH. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the role of BM-derived cells, we transplanted the whole BM of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice to the lethally irradiated syngeneic mice (n = 30). After 8 weeks, chimera mice were exposed to consistent hypoxia using a hypoxic chamber (10% O(2)) for up to 4 or 8 weeks (10 mice per group). After hemodynamics and the ratio of right ventricular (RV) weight to left ventricle (LV) weight, RV/(LV + septum [S]), were measured, histologic and immunofluorescent staining were performed. RESULTS BM-transplanted mice showed a high chimerism (mean [+/- SEM], 91 +/- 2.3%). RV systolic pressure and the RV/(LV + S) ratio increased significantly with time in PH mice, indicating RV hypertrophy. Marked vascular remodeling including medial hypertrophy and adventitial proliferation was observed in the pulmonary arteries of PH mice. Strikingly, a number of GFP(+) cells were observed at the pulmonary arterial wall, including the adventitia, in hypoxia-induced PH mice, while very few cells were observed in the control mice. Metaspectrometer measurements using confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that this green fluorescence was produced by GFP, suggesting that these GFP(+) cells were mobilized from the BM. Most of them expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin, a smooth muscle cell, or myofibroblast phenotype, and contributed to the pulmonary vascular remodeling. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction of the GFP gene revealed that the BM-derived GFP-positive cells in the PH group were observed more than eightfold as often compared with the control mice. CONCLUSION The BM-derived cells mobilize to the hypertensive pulmonary arteries and contribute to the pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced PH mice.
Capturing Relational Schemas and Functional Dependencies in RDFS

Mapping relational data to RDF is an important task for the development of the Semantic Web. To this end, the W3C has recently released a Recommendation for the so-called direct mapping of relational data to RDF. In this work, we propose an enrichment of the direct mapping to make it more faithful by transferring also semantic information present in the relational schema from the relational world to the RDF world. We thus introduce expressive identification constraints to capture functional dependencies and define an RDF Normal Form, which precisely captures the classical Boyce-Codd Normal Form of relational schemas.
SUNLAB: A functional-structural model for genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the sunflower crop

A new functional-structural model SUNLAB for the crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is developed. It is dedicated to simulate the organogenesis, morphogenesis, biomass accumulation and biomass partitioning to organs in sunflower growth. It is adapted to model phenotypic response to diverse environment factors including temperature stress and water deficiency, and adapted to different genotypic variants. The model is confronted to experimental data and estimated parameter values of two genotypes “Melody” and “Prodisol” are presented. Statistical tests on estimated parameter values suggest that some parameters are common between genotypes and others are genotypic specific. Since SUNLAB parameters seem to show genotypic variability, it potentially makes the model an interesting intermediate to discriminate between genotypes. SUNLAB simulates individual leaf area and biomass as two state variables, an interesting corollary is that it also simulates dynamically the specific leaf area (SLA) variable. Further studies are performed to evaluate model performances with more genotypes and more discriminating environments to test and expand model's adaptability and usability.
Real-time scheduling of a tertiary-storage jukebox Cache Manager New Request Starting Time Jukebox Controller Command Jukebox Scheduler DispatcherSchedule Constructor Active Schedule Unscheduled Requests

We present a jukebox scheduler for real-time data. The scheduler is part of a hierarchical real-time file system to be used over a network. A jukebox is a large tertiary storage device whose removable media (e.g. cd-rom, dvd-rom) are loaded and unloaded from one or more drives by a robot. The problem with tertiary storage is that media exchange times are high and the number of drives is limited. This makes scheduling tertiary storage complicated. The storage media switching time in a jukebox is in the order of tens of seconds. Therefore multiplexing between two files stored in different media is many orders of magnitude slower than doing the same in secondary storage. The goal of the scheduler is to schedule the use of the jukebox devices (arm and drives) in such a way that the system can guarantee the deadlines while minimizing the response time. The problem is similar to that of scheduling multiple processors with the additional difficulty of having to deal with the high switching times and the use of a shared resource (the arm). Finding an optimal schedule is an NP-hard problem. We provide a near-optimal polynomial solution by using heuristics to prune the tree of solutions. The scheduling time is in average less than 100 ms. The incoming requests are scheduled on-line. Keywords—scheduling, real-time, tertiary-storage, multimedia file system
From Image Statistics to Scene Gist: Evoked Neural Activity Reveals Transition from Low-Level Natural Image Structure to Scene Category

The visual system processes natural scenes in a split second. Part of this process is the extraction of “gist,” a global first impression. It is unclear, however, how the human visual system computes this information. Here, we show that, when human observers categorize global information in real-world scenes, the brain exhibits strong sensitivity to low-level summary statistics. Subjects rated a specific instance of a global scene property, naturalness, for a large set of natural scenes while EEG was recorded. For each individual scene, we derived two physiologically plausible summary statistics by spatially pooling local contrast filter outputs: contrast energy (CE), indexing contrast strength, and spatial coherence (SC), indexing scene fragmentation. We show that behavioral performance is directly related to these statistics, with naturalness rating being influenced in particular by SC. At the neural level, both statistics parametrically modulated single-trial event-related potential amplitudes during an early, transient window (100–150 ms), but SC continued to influence activity levels later in time (up to 250 ms). In addition, the magnitude of neural activity that discriminated between man-made versus natural ratings of individual trials was related to SC, but not CE. These results suggest that global scene information may be computed by spatial pooling of responses from early visual areas (e.g., LGN or V1). The increased sensitivity over time to SC in particular, which reflects scene fragmentation, suggests that this statistic is actively exploited to estimate scene naturalness.
An area-efficient consolidated configurable error correction for approximate hardware accelerators

Approximate adders are widely being advocated for developing hardware accelerators to perform complex arithmetic operations. Most of the state-of-the-art accuracy configurable approximate adders utilize some integrated Error Detection and Correction (EDC) circuitry. Consequently, the accumulated area overhead due to the EDC (integrated within individual adders) is significant. In this paper, we propose a low-cost Consolidated Error Correction (CEC) unit, that essentially corrects the accumulated error at the accelerator output. The proposed CEC is based on a mathematical model of approximation error. We integrate our CEC unit in approximate hardware accelerators deployed in different applications to demonstrate its area savings and speed enhancement compared to state-of-the-art.
Collaboration System using Agent based on MRA in Cloud

This paper proposes a collaborative system using a mobile agent based on hybrid concept consisting of MRA (Metadata Registry Access) based mobile agent. The system aims to ensure that data is accessed and validated for interoperability in a database environment that independently operated locallybased. It is also a platform to support interoperability of local systems in existing cloud environment. It consists of mobile agent manager of hybrid concept for data virtual community formation and MRA based agent system which provides environment for independently executing interoperable services required for data access. The MRA-based agent system provides the service environment of the mobile agent on the cloud. The MRA-based mobile agent consists of a static agent on the local system and a dynamic agent that performs the service by migrating to the agent system that forms the cloud community.
The Kinase Inhibitor Sorafenib Induces Cell Death through a Process Involving Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

ABSTRACT Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that induces apoptosis in human leukemia and other malignant cells. Recently, we demonstrated that sorafenib diminishes Mcl-1 protein expression by inhibiting translation through a MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling-independent mechanism and that this phenomenon plays a key functional role in sorafenib-mediated lethality. Here, we report that inducible expression of constitutively active MEK1 fails to protect cells from sorafenib-mediated lethality, indicating that sorafenib-induced cell death is unrelated to MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway inactivation. Notably, treatment with sorafenib induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human leukemia cells (U937) manifested by immediate cytosolic-calcium mobilization, GADD153 and GADD34 protein induction, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, XBP1 splicing, and a general reduction in protein synthesis as assessed by [35S]methionine incorporation. These events were accompanied by pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species through a mechanism dependent upon cytosolic-calcium mobilization and a significant decline in GRP78/Bip protein levels. Interestingly, enforced expression of IRE1α markedly reduced sorafenib-mediated apoptosis, whereas knockdown of IRE1α or XBP1, disruption of PERK activity, or inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation enhanced sorafenib-mediated lethality. Finally, downregulation of caspase-2 or caspase-4 by small interfering RNA significantly diminished apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Together, these findings demonstrate that ER stress represents a central component of a MEK1/2-ERK1/2-independent cell death program triggered by sorafenib.
The microstructure, biogeochemistry and aggregation of Arctic cryoconite granules

Cryoconite granules are hydrous microaggregates, principally composed of microorganisms, organic matter and mineral particles, that reside upon glacier surfaces. Whilst recent research has highlighted the diverse microbial community within cryoconite granules and their role as biogeochemical reactors, little is known about their microstructure, the cell–mineral interaction within them, or their aggregation mechanisms. Knowledge of these is crucial for the understanding of autotrophic organic matter production and cycling, the entrainment of particulate matter and its consequential effect on glacier melt, and the life cycle of cryoconite granules and its impact on proglacial soil development. These studies find that cryoconite granules are heterogeneous, demonstrating spatially variable microorganism and organic matter contents, containing significant quantities of filamentous cyanobacteria and exhibiting a fine groundmass of clay-sized particles enmeshed within various extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The importance of photoautotrophy, EPS production and cation-bridged EPS–mineral interactions as biological ‘forming factors’ is demonstrated. The cyanobacterial filament and carbohydrate contents of cryoconite material explain 83% of the measured variability in aggregate size and stability upon Longyearbreen glacier. Geospatial investigations of these ‘forming factors’ reveal spatial patterns, with a zone of excess EPS production evident towards the snowline and increased pigment production evident in stable, down-glacier locations. A variety of mineral particles can co-aggregate with EPS-producing cyanobacteria, with ionic strength, temperature and growth phase all affecting efficiency. Spectroscopic studies reveal evidence for chiefly polymer-based modes of attachment within cyanobacteria–EPS–mineral aggregates, with complex EPS able to overcome surface charge and interact with mineral surfaces in a variety of ways. This thesis presents the first detailed study of cryoconite granule microstructure and aggregation, finding that photoautotrophy and EPS production are vital to the development of stable aggregates, providing a matrix that attracts aeolian particulates, stabilises granules and promotes biogeochemical interaction and the development of microenvironments.
Image webs: Computing and exploiting connectivity in image collections

The widespread availability of digital cameras and ubiquitous Internet access have facilitated the creation of massive image collections. These collections can be highly interconnected through implicit links between image pairs viewing the same or similar objects. We propose building graphs called Image Webs to represent such connections. While earlier efforts studied local neighborhoods of such graphs, we are interested in understanding global structure and exploiting connectivity at larger scales. We show how to efficiently construct Image Webs that capture the connectivity in an image collection using spectral graph theory. Our technique can link together tens of thousands of images in a few minutes using a computer cluster. We also demonstrate applications for exploring collections based on global topological analysis.
Impact of Multihop Wireless Channel on TCP-AP with LRED

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was designed to provide reliable end-to-end delivery of data over unreliable networks. In practice, most TCP deployments have been carefully designed in the context of wired networks. Ignoring the properties of wireless Ad-hoc Networks can lead to TCP implementations with poor performance. In a wireless network, however packet losses will occur more often due to unreliable wireless links than due to congestion. When using TCP over wireless links, each packet loss on the wireless link results in congestion control measures being invoked at the source. This causes severe performance degradation. If there is any packet loss in wireless networks, then the reason for that has to be found out and then only congestion control mechanism has to be applied. This work shows the performance of TCP with Adaptive Pacing (TCP-AP) and Link Random Early Discard (LRED) as queuing model over multihop transmission than the single hop transmission when the source and destination nodes are in mobile nature. The adaptive pacing technique seeks to improve spatial reuse. The LRED technique seeks to react earlier to link overload. This paper consists of simulated environment results under two different network scenarios.