Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Homeland Security: Global Lessons

Preface ix INTRODUCTION: STUDYING INTERNATIONAL HOMELAND SECURITY POLICIES 1 1 COUNTRY OVERVIEW 15 2 COUNTERTERRORISM STRATEGIES, LAWS, AND INSTITUTIONS 63 3 LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS AND STRATEGIES 147 4 INTEGRATION AND COUNTER-RADICALIZATION 175 5 THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN SECURITY AND SUPPORT FOR CIVIL AUTHORITIES 207 6 BORDER SECURITY AND IMMIGRATION POLICIES 239 7 SECURITY POLICIES: CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION, PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, AND AVIATION, MARITIME, AND SURFACE-TRANSPORT SECURITY 261 8 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND MANAGEMENT 291 9 PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES AND INSTITUTIONS 335 CONCLUSION: INTERNATIONAL HOMELAND SECURITY 359 References 363 Index 383
Realtime Multiple Pitch Observation using Sparse Non-negative Constraints

In this paper we introduce a new approach for realtime multiple pitch observation of musical instruments. The proposed algorithm is quite different from others in the literature both in its purpose and approach. It is destined not for continuous multiple f0recognition but rather for projection of the ongoing spectrum to learned pitch templates. The decomposition algorithm on the otherhand, does not compromise signal processing models for pitches and consists of an algorithm for efficient decomposition of a spectrum using known pitch structures and based on sparse non-negative constraints. After introducing the algorithm along with evaluations,a real-time implementation of the algorithm is provided for free download on the MaxMSP realtime programming environment.
A Contract-oriented Approach to CBP

This paper introduces a component calculus, whereby a system can be divided into interconnected components. We model the behaviour of individual service by a design, which enables one to separate the responsibilities of a client from the commitment made by the system. We adopt the notion of refinement to formalise the replaceability of components. This allows developers to improve the system performance by reorganising its data components.
Glandular and extraglandular expression of costimulatory molecules in patients with Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression and regulation of CD80, CD86, and CD28 costimulatory molecules in sialoadenitis and interstitial nephritis in patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Expression of CD80, CD86, and CD28 molecules was studied by immunohistochemical staining of lip biopsy specimens obtained from patients who had sialoadenitis associated with SS, and renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients who had interstitial nephritis associated with SS. To elucidate the mechanism of de novo expression of CD80 and CD86 antigens, their induction by cytokines in human salivary duct cell line (HSG) and renal cortical epithelial cells (HRCE) by cell enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was quantitatively investigated. RESULTS In patients with severe sialoadenitis, CD80 and CD86 were strongly expressed on ductal epithelial cells. In contrast, these antigens were not found in the minor salivary glands of normal subjects or of patients with mild sialoadenitis. Some infiltrating cells expressed CD28. In patients who had interstitial nephritis associated with SS, some tubular epithelial cells expressed CD86 but not the CD80 antigen. Unstimulated HSG cells did not express CD80 or CD86. Interferon γ (IFNγ) consistently up regulated levels of CD80 and CD86. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL2, and IL4 had no effect on either CD80 or CD86 levels. Unstimulated HRCE did not express CD80 or CD86. IFNγ consistently up regulated CD86 expression. No CD80 expression was found on tubular cells. TNFα, IL1β, IL2, and IL4 had no discernible effects. CONCLUSIONS Salivary ductal cells in patients with SS can express CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules in response to IFNγ. Tubular epithelial cells in patients who have interstitial nephritis associated with SS express only CD86 molecules. In patients with SS, salivary ductal cells and tubular epithelial cells may activate infiltrating CD28 positive T lymphocytes by presenting antigens to T cells, potentially leading to tissue destruction.
Algorithm aspects of dynamic coordination of beacons in localization of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) consists of hundreds of nodes which are of low power, low cost, and tiny devices. The main functionality of these nodes is to sense the environment and send the sensed data to the observer. In order to validate and get the significance of sensing data, location information of the sensor node needs to be combined with the sensed data. In addition to this, there are many other issues of WSN such as routing, coverage, etc. which also need the location information of sensor nodes. Several approaches, including range-based and range-free, have been proposed to calculate positions for randomly deployed sensor nodes. In this paper, we proposed a distributed technique for localization of sensor nodes using few mobile anchor nodes. These mobile anchor nodes move in the network space and periodically broadcast beacon messages about their location. Static sensor nodes receive these messages as soon as they come under the communication range of any mobile anchor node and compute their position based on the range based technique. Another contribution of this paper is to identify the importance of mobile anchor node over static anchor node in localization. The performance of the proposed algorithm is carried out using the Castalia simulator. The simulation result shows that mobile anchor node provide better accuracy as compared to static anchor node for sensor node localization.
Cerebellum of the Premature Infant: Rapidly Developing, Vulnerable, Clinically Important

Brain abnormality in surviving premature infants is associated with an enormous amount of neurodevelopmental disability, manifested principally by cognitive, behavioral, attentional, and socialization deficits, most commonly with only relatively modest motor deficits. The most recognized contributing neuropathology is cerebral white matter injury. The thesis of this review is that acquired cerebellar abnormality is a relatively less recognized but likely important cause of neurodevelopmental disability in small premature infants. The cerebellar disease may be primarily destructive (eg, hemorrhage, infarction) or primarily underdevelopment. The latter appears to be especially common and relates to a particular vulnerability of the cerebellum of the small premature infant. Central to this vulnerability are the extraordinarily rapid and complex developmental events occurring in the cerebellum. The disturbance of development can be caused either by direct adverse effects on the cerebellum, especially the distinctive transient external granular layer, or by indirect remote trans-synaptic effects. This review describes the fascinating details of cerebellar development, with an emphasis on events in the premature period, the major types of cerebellar abnormality acquired during the premature period, their likely mechanisms of occurrence, and new insights into the relation of cerebellar disease in early life to subsequent cognitive/behavioral/attentional/socialization deficits.
The potential of data value speculation to boost ILP

Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP) is one of the key issues to boost the performance of future generation processors. Data dependences may become one of the main bottlenecks that limit the performance of such future architectures due to the serialization that they introduce in the execution of programs. Data value speculation is a novel mechanism that may avoid such serialization by predicting the values that flow among dependent instructions. This work presents a study of the limits of the performance potential of data value speculation to boost ILP. Both realistic and probabilistic value predictors are considered in this paper. The interaction with some other critical features of the microarchitecture is researched: instruction window size, branch prediction accuracy and instruction latency. Results show that data value speculation has a significant potential to boost ILP. However, for a relatively small instruction window, like the one that can currently be built with the best branch predictors, the achieved speedup is moderate. The speedup provided by data value speculation is also dependent on the criticality of the correctly predicted instructions. Finally, it is shown that the speedup that data value speculation may achieve in superscalar processors, in the way that it has been used so far, can be approximated by a linear function of the prediction accuracy.
CIP2A protein expression in high-grade, high-stage bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States. Numerous markers have been evaluated for suitability of bladder cancer detection and surveillance. However, few of them are acceptable as a routine tool. Therefore, there exists a continuing need for an assay that detects the presence of bladder cancer in humans. It would be advantageous to develop an assay with a protein that is associated with the development of bladder cancer. We have identified the cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) protein as a novel bladder cancer biomarker. In this study, Western blot analysis was used to assess the expression level of CIP2A protein in bladder cancer cell lines and bladder cancer patient tissues (n = 43). Our studies indicated CIP2A protein was abundantly expressed in bladder cancer cell lines but not in nontumor epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, CIP2A was specifically expressed in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder tumor tissues but not in adjacent nontumor bladder tissue. Our data showed that CIP2A protein detection in high‐grade TCC tissues had a sensitivity of 65%, which is 3.4‐fold higher than that seen in low‐grade TCC tissues (19%). The level of CIP2A protein expression increased with the stage of disease (12%, 27%, 67%, and 100% for pTa, pT1, pT2, and pT3 tumor, respectively). In conclusion, our studies suggest that CIP2A protein is specifically expressed in human bladder tumors. CIP2A is preferentially expressed in high‐grade and high‐stage TCC tumors, which are high‐risk and invasive tumors. Our studies reported here support the role of CIP2A in bladder cancer progression and its usefulness for the surveillance of recurrence or progression of human bladder cancer.
Design and performances evaluation of a high speed induction motor used for the propulsion of an electric vehicle

The paper deals with the study of a high speed induction motor to be used for the propulsion of an electric vehicle. A 40 kW machine, operating at a rated speed of 40500 r/min is designed and analyzed in the paper. After exposing the reasons which determined the choice of the induction motor for such an application, a particular topology is analyzed here. The aspects that arise during the design procedure and operation of such a motor are discussed in detail in the paper. Various choices which are influencing the performances of the machine are analyzed, both by analytical and numerical methods. Given the challenges of such an application, the numerical analysis has a very important role, to validate the choices made in the design process and to proof the capability of the machine to respond to the applications' demands.
One-point calibration gaze tracking method

A novel gaze tracking method that requires only one calibration marker for personal calibration is proposed. In general, personal calibration is known to be a troublesome task, which requires the user looks at nine to twenty calibration markers in succession. Unlike traditional methods, the proposed method drastically reduces the cost of personal calibration. This method, which is called the One-Point Calibration method (OPC method), requires only one calibration marker for the personal calibration. While the user looks at the calibration marker, the difference between the user's eyeball shape and the eyeball model used in calculating the user's gaze direction is estimated, and residual error is compensated by the parameters derived by the calibration.
Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling in Wireless Multicarrier Networks

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thesis advisor, Professor Ye (Geoffrey) Li, has my sincerest gratitude for having taught me so much about doing research. It was his insight that helped me to initiate this topic. This thesis has significantly benefited from his valuable guidance and constant encouragement. I also greatly appreciate his care and concern for my intellectual and personal growth. perspective and suggestions have helped me in refining this thesis. I appreciate Professor Raghupathy Sivakumar attending my defense and presenting valuable comments. for being a great office neighbor for four years, Jianxuan Du for sharing views on almost anything, and Ghurumuruhan Ganesan for intensive technical discussions. I am so proud of being a part of the brilliant and fruitful group. I also want to thank Yingqun Yu at the University of Minnesota for many inspiring discussions. His intellectual curiosity is always a source of inspiration for me. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their love, encouragement, and support. This thesis is dedicated to them. SUMMARY Besides avoiding inter-symbol interference and leading to high capacity, wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or other multicarrier systems provide fine granularity for resource allocation since they are capable of dynamically assigning sub-carriers to multiple users and adaptively allocating transmit power. The current dominate layered networking architecture, in which each layer is designed and operated independently, results in inefficient and inflexible resource use in wireless networks due to the nature of the wireless medium, such as time-varying channel fading, mutual interference, and topology variations. Thus, we need an integrated adaptive design across different layers. In this thesis, we focus on resource allocation and scheduling in wireless OFDM networks based on joint physical and medium access control (MAC) layer optimization. To achieve orders of magnitude gains in system performance, we use two major mechanisms in resource management: exploiting the time variance and frequency selectivity of wireless channels through adaptive modulation, coding, as well as packet scheduling and regulating resource allocation through network economics. With the help of utility functions that capture the satisfaction level of users for a given resource assignment, we establish a utility optimization framework for resource allocation in OFDM networks, in which the network utility at the level of applications is maximized subject to the current channel conditions and the modulation and coding techniques employed in the network. Although the nonlinear and combinatorial nature of the cross-layer optimization …
Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Alters Cortical Inhibition

Human cortical excitability can be modified by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), but the cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that the pattern of delivery of theta-burst stimulation (TBS) (continuous versus intermittent) differently modifies electric activity and protein expression in the rat neocortex. Intermittent TBS (iTBS), but not continuous TBS (cTBS), enhanced spontaneous neuronal firing and EEG gamma band power. Sensory evoked cortical inhibition increased only after iTBS, although both TBS protocols increased the first sensory response arising from the resting cortical state. Changes in the cortical expression of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin D-28k (CB) indicate that changes in spontaneous and evoked cortical activity following rTMS are in part related to altered activity of inhibitory systems. By reducing PV expression in the fast-spiking interneurons, iTBS primarily affected the inhibitory control of pyramidal cell output activity, while cTBS, by reducing CB expression, more likely affected the dendritic integration of synaptic inputs controlled by other classes of inhibitory interneurons. Calretinin, the third major calcium-binding protein expressed by another class of interneurons was not affected at all. We conclude that different patterns of TBS modulate the activity of inhibitory cell classes differently, probably depending on the synaptic connectivity and the preferred discharge pattern of these inhibitory neurons.
Cold-Start Recommendation Using Bi-Clustering and Fusion for Large-Scale Social Recommender Systems

Social recommender systems leverage collaborative filtering (CF) to serve users with content that is of potential interesting to active users. A wide spectrum of CF schemes has been proposed. However, most of them cannot deal with the cold-start problem that denotes a situation that social media sites fail to draw recommendation for new items, users or both. In addition, they regard that all ratings equally contribute to the social media recommendation. This supposition is against the fact that low-level ratings contribute little to suggesting items that are likely to be of interest of users. To this end, we propose bi-clustering and fusion (BiFu)-a newly-fashioned scheme for the cold-start problem based on the BiFu techniques under a cloud computing setting. To identify the rating sources for recommendation, it introduces the concepts of popular items and frequent raters. To reduce the dimensionality of the rating matrix, BiFu leverages the bi-clustering technique. To overcome the data sparsity and rating diversity, it employs the smoothing and fusion technique. Finally, BiFu recommends social media contents from both item and user clusters. Experimental results show that BiFu significantly alleviates the cold-start problem in terms of accuracy and scalability.
Biological Effects of Weak Electromagnetic Field on Healthy and Infected Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Trees with Phytoplasma

Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has become an issue of concern for a great many people and is an active area of research. Phytoplasmas, also known as mycoplasma-like organisms, are wall-less prokaryotes that are pathogens of many plant species throughout the world. Effects of electromagnetic fields on the changes of lipid peroxidation, content of H2O2, proline, protein, and carbohydrates were investigated in leaves of two-year-old trees of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) infected by the Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifoliae. The healthy and infected plants were discontinuously exposed to a 10 KHz quadratic EMF with maximum power of 9 W for 5 days, each 5 h, at 25°C. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, content of MDA, proline, and protein increased in both healthy and infected plants under electromagnetic fields, compared with those of the control plants. Electromagnetic fields decreased hydrogen peroxide and carbohydrates content in both healthy and infected plants compared to those of the controls.
Understand Collaborative Authorization Policies: Models and Specifications

Modern distributed systems require collaborations between individual organizations. The collaborations consist of complex relationships and interactions among distinct administrative domains. Different forms of collaboration can be implemented. As a result, different security control requirements emerge. For example, service propagation requires all collaborating partners to have compatible authorization policies. On the other hand, integratable policies are required for organizations who intend to engage in service composition. Therefore, a thorough understanding of different collaboration patterns is a prerequisite for secure inter-organizational collaboration. In this paper, we define basic inter-organizational collaboration patterns and propose Collaboration Policies that outline requirements for collaboration partners in each collaboration pattern in terms of authorization policy consistency.
Analytic-based estimation of query result sizes

In this paper, a method for estimating the size of relational query results is proposed. The approach is based on the estimates of the attribute distinct values. On the basis of our method, a set of parameters, the so-called Canonical Coefficients, can be derived from actual data; they allow us to approximate both the multivariate data distribution and distinct values of attributes. In particular, the capability of analytic method to estimate selectivity factors of relational operations is considered. Some experimental results on real databases are also presented which show the promising performance of our analytic approach.
Optimization of General Statistical Accuracy Measures for Classification Based on Learning Vector Quantization

We propose a framework for classification learning based on generalized learning vector quantization using statistical quality measures as cost function. Statistical measures like the F -measure or the Matthews correlation coefficient reflect better the performance for two-class classification problems than the simple accuracy, in particular if the data classes are imbalanced. For this purpose, we introduce soft approximations of those quantities contained in the confusion matrix, which are the basis for the calculation of the quality measures.
Mass storage system performance prediction using a trace-driven simulator

Performance prediction of mass storage systems can be difficult because of the complexity of the systems and the interdependence of the components. This difficulty can lead to over or under provisioned systems and can limit the ability to identify software algorithms (such as cache management or request ordering algorithms) that scale well and yield high performance. Moreover, as mass storage systems scale to a petabyte and beyond, the ability to predict performance could become increasingly important since errors in capacity planning could also grow. This paper discusses a trace-driven discrete event simulator that we have developed to aid us in ranking design and configuration alternatives. The simulator reads in a configuration file, ingests a workload and estimates multiple metrics, including average user response times, cache hit ratios and device utilization. Simulated components include tape drives, disk systems and software components.
Disintegrins from Snake Venoms and their Applications in Cancer  Research and Therapy

Integrins regulate diverse functions in cancer pathology and in tumor cell development and contribute to important processes such as cell shape, survival, proliferation, transcription, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. A number of snake venom proteins have the ability to interact with integrins. Among these are the disintegrins, a family of small, non-enzymatic, and cysteine-rich proteins found in the venom of numerous snake families. The venom proteins may have a potential role in terms of novel therapeutic leads for cancer treatment. Disintegrin can target specific integrins and as such it is conceivable that they could interfere in important processes involved in carcinogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and migration. Herein we present a survey of studies involving the use of snake venom disintegrins for cancer detection and treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship of integrins with cancer and to present examples as to how certain disintegrins can detect and affect biological processes related to cancer. This in turn will illustrate the great potential of these molecules for cancer research. Furthermore, we also outline several new approaches being created to address problems commonly associated with the clinical application of peptide-based drugs such as instability, immunogenicity, and availability.