Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using humans to build mid-level features

Identifying the distinctive parts of an image is a challenging task for computer vision. In contrast to previous methods, we use human participants to discover mid-level discriminative features. Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) workers filter groups of patches to identify clusters that have strong visual and semantic similarity. We show that SVMs trained from human-defined discriminative patches outperform the patch classifiers discovered by Singh et al. and Doersch et al. [7, 2] when used as features for classification on the 15 scene dataset [6].
Distribution, Targeting, and Internalization of the sst4 Somatostatin Receptor in Rat Brain

Somatostatin mediates its diverse physiological effects through a family of five G-protein-coupled receptors (sst1–sst5); however, knowledge about the distribution of individual somatostatin receptor proteins in mammalian brain is incomplete. In the present study, we have examined the regional and subcellular distribution of the somatostatin receptor sst4 in the rat CNS by raising anti-peptide antisera to the C-terminal tail of sst4. The specificity of affinity-purified antibodies was demonstrated using immunofluorescent staining of HEK 293 cells stably transfected with an epitope-tagged sst4 receptor. In Western blotting, the antiserum reacted specifically with a broad band in rat brain, which migrated at ∼70 kDa before and ∼50 kDa after enzymatic deglycosylation. sst4-Like immunoreactivity was most prominent in many forebrain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Analysis at the electron microscopic level revealed that sst4-expressing neurons target this receptor preferentially to their somatodendritic domain. Like the sst2A receptor, sst4-immunoreactive dendrites were often closely apposed by somatostatin-14-containing fibers and terminals. However, unlike the sst2A receptor, sst4 was not internalized in response to intracerebroventricular administration of somatostatin-14. After percussion trauma of the cortex, neuronal sst4 receptors progressively declined at the sites of damage. This decline coincided with an induction of sst4 expression in cells with a glial-like morphology. Together, this study provides the first description of the distribution of immunoreactive sst4receptor proteins in rat brain. We show that sst4 is strictly somatodendritic and most likely functions in a postsynaptic manner. In addition, the sst4 receptor may have a previously unappreciated function during the neuronal degeneration–regeneration process.
Promoter DNA Methylation of Oncostatin M receptor-β as a Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Marker in Colon Cancer

In addition to genetic changes, the occurrence of epigenetic alterations is associated with accumulation of both genetic and epigenetic events that promote the development and progression of human cancer. Previously, we reported a set of candidate genes that comprise part of the emerging “cancer methylome”. In the present study, we first tested 23 candidate genes for promoter methylation in a small number of primary colon tumor tissues and controls. Based on these results, we then examined the methylation frequency of Oncostatin M receptor-β (OSMR) in a larger number of tissue and stool DNA samples collected from colon cancer patients and controls. We found that OSMR was frequently methylated in primary colon cancer tissues (80%, 80/100), but not in normal tissues (4%, 4/100). Methylation of OSMR was also detected in stool DNA from colorectal cancer patients (38%, 26/69) (cut-off in TaqMan-MSP, 4). Detection of other methylated markers in stool DNA improved sensitivity with little effect on specificity. Promoter methylation mediated silencing of OSMR in cell lines, and CRC cells with low OSMR expression were resistant to growth inhibition by Oncostatin M. Our data provide a biologic rationale for silencing of OSMR in colon cancer progression and highlight a new therapeutic target in this disease. Moreover, detection and quantification of OSMR promoter methylation in fecal DNA is a highly specific diagnostic biomarker for CRC.
Do electrode properties create a problem in interpreting local field potential recordings?

Local field potential (LFP) recordings within the brain have become an important tool used by neuroscientists to make inferences about the activity of a population of cells near an electrode. Each passing year analysis of LFPs in neuroscience seems to bring important new insights on the possible workings of networks in the brain to produce behavior (Buschman and Miller 2007; Canolty et al. 2006; Gregoriou et al. 2009; Liu and Newsome 2006; Lubenov and Siapas 2009; Pesaran et al. 2008; Womelsdorf et al. 2006). Indeed LFPs have become a near-ubiquitous tool in neurophysiology seemingly in use anywhere extracellular spikes are also recorded.
Efficiently Eliminate Temporal Conflicts in Operation Plan

Time is critical to military operations and it is of great importance to guarantee temporal consistence of the operational plans. However, there always exist lots of temporal conflicts in a plan. To manage these temporal conflicts manually is irritated, especially when the size of a plan is large and many kinds of complex temporal constraints are involved. This paper presents a method to check and restore the temporal consistency of plan automatically. The STN is used to represent and reason temporal constraints and a conflict resolution method based on constraint relaxation is presented. We prove that the proposed method can eliminate all of temporal conflicts in polynomial time. Results of the experiment demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
All-electric wave energy converter connected in array with common DC-link for improved power quality

Wave Energy Converters (WECs) with direct electric Power Take Off systems have large fluctuations in output power, and have a peak to average power ratio far above most other energy producers. Moreover, the typical average power production from a WEC is lower than that of other power plants, typically less than 1 MW. Array connection of several WECs can mitigate these shortcomings by increasing both the power output and quality. The focus of this paper is to analyze Fred. Olsen designed WEC system Bolt 2 Wavehub and the effect of expanding to a small array. The required specifications for the array geometry, the electrical configuration and the overall system are discussed and a specific array design consisting of 7 WECs is suggested as a solution and analyzed in detail. The results show that the peak to average power ratio can be reduced by a factor of 4 if the array covers a full wave length.
A review of the key demands for a football goalkeeper

This review evaluates previously published findings relating to the needs of a football goalkeeper during match performance. Whilst there has been much interest in some aspects of goalkeepers training, performance analysis and needs analysis, these have been from closed skill penalty situations or reported as comparisons with outfield players. This paper identifies important demands, assesses the implications for coaching and as a result highlights where the focus for effective future research should be to further enhance the development of goalkeeping performance.
Genome-environment associations in sorghum landraces predict adaptive traits

Genome-environment associations and phenotypic analyses may reveal the basis of environmental adaptation. Improving environmental adaptation in crops is essential for food security under global change, but phenotyping adaptive traits remains a major bottleneck. If associations between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles and environment of origin in crop landraces reflect adaptation, then these could be used to predict phenotypic variation for adaptive traits. We tested this proposition in the global food crop Sorghum bicolor, characterizing 1943 georeferenced landraces at 404,627 SNPs and quantifying allelic associations with bioclimatic and soil gradients. Environment explained a substantial portion of SNP variation, independent of geographical distance, and genic SNPs were enriched for environmental associations. Further, environment-associated SNPs predicted genotype-by-environment interactions under experimental drought stress and aluminum toxicity. Our results suggest that genomic signatures of environmental adaptation may be useful for crop improvement, enhancing germplasm identification and marker-assisted selection. Together, genome-environment associations and phenotypic analyses may reveal the basis of environmental adaptation.
Computational Models of Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions Lead to Improved Efficacy in the Performance of Neural Networks

The importance of astrocytes, one part of the glial system, for information processing in the brain has recently been demonstrated. Regarding information processing in multilayer connectionist systems, it has been shown that systems which include artificial neurons and astrocytes (Artificial Neuron-Glia Networks) have well-known advantages over identical systems including only artificial neurons. Since the actual impact of astrocytes in neural network function is unknown, we have investigated, using computational models, different astrocyte-neuron interactions for information processing; different neuron-glia algorithms have been implemented for training and validation of multilayer Artificial Neuron-Glia Networks oriented toward classification problem resolution. The results of the tests performed suggest that all the algorithms modelling astrocyte-induced synaptic potentiation improved artificial neural network performance, but their efficacy depended on the complexity of the problem.
A Cross-Organizational Process Mining Framework for Obtaining Insights from Software Products: Accurate Comparison Challenges

Software vendors offer various software products to large numbers of enterprises to support their organization, in particular Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software. Each of these enterprises use the same product for similar goals, albeit with different processes and configurations. Therefore, software vendors want to obtain insights into how the enterprises use the software product, what the differences are in usage between enterprises, and the reasons behind these differences. Cross-organizational process mining is a possible solution to address these needs, as it aims at comparing enterprises based on their usage. In this paper, we present a novel Cross-Organizational Process Mining Framework which takes as input, besides event log, semantics (meaning of terms in an enterprise) and organizational context (characteristics of an enterprise). The framework provides reasoning capabilities to determine what to compare and how. Besides, the framework enables one to create a catalog of metrics by deducing diagnostics from the usage. By using this catalog, the framework can monitor the (positive) effects of changes on processes. An enterprise operating in a similar context might also benefit from the same changes. To accommodate these improvement suggestions, the framework creates an improvement catalog of observed changes. Later, we provide a set of challenges which have to be met in order to obtain the inputs from current products to show the feasibility of the framework. Next to this, we provide preliminary results showing they can be met and illustrate an example application of the framework in cooperation with an ERP software vendor.
Large Fine‐Scale Spatiotemporal Variations of CH4 Diffusive Fluxes From Shrimp Aquaculture Ponds Affected by Organic Matter Supply and Aeration in Southeast China

Mariculture shrimp ponds are important CH4 sources to the atmosphere. However, the spatiotemporal variations of CH4 concentration and flux at fine spatial scales in mariculture ponds are poorly known, particularly in China, worlds largest aquaculture producer. In this study, the plot‐scale spatiotemporal variations of water CH4 concentration and flux, both within and among ponds, were researched in shrimp ponds in Shanyutan wetland, Min River Estuary, Southeast China. The average water CH4 concentration and diffusion flux across the water‐air interface in the shrimp ponds over the shrimp aquaculture period varied from 2.29 ± 0.29 to 50.48 ± 20.91 μM and from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 2.32 ± 0.95 mmol·m−2·hr−1, respectively. The CH4 emissions from the estuarine ponds varied greatly between seasons, with peaks in August and September, which was similar to the trend of water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations. There was no remarkable difference in CH4 concentration and flux between shrimp ponds but significantly spatiotemporal differences in CH4 concentration and flux within the ponds. Significantly higher emissions occurred in the feeding zone, accounting for approximately 60% of total CH4 emission flux, while much lower CH4 emissions appeared in aeration zone, contributing 14% to total flux. This study suggests the importance of considering spatiotemporal variation in the whole‐pond estimates of CH4 concentration and flux. In light of such high spatial variation within ponds, improving aeration and feed utilization efficiency would help to mitigate CH4 emissions from mariculture ponds.
Recent progress in gauge theories of the weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions

~ Note: This review is based in part on a talk given at the II' Conference Internationale d'Mix-en-Provence sur les Particules Elementaires, September 6, 1973. A preliminary version of this review is included in the conference proceedings, published by the Journal de Physique, Comptes-Rendus des Colloques no. 1 (1973). Permission to reprint parts of the preliminary version is gratefully acknowledged. Renormalizable gauge theories of the weak and electromagnetic interactions have been with us for six years or so, and have been popular at least since mid 1971. There are by now a number of excellent surveys of the subject, including Ben Lee's comprehensive report (1972a) at NAL and the more recent articles by Bernstein (1974), Seghal (1978b), Abers and Lee (1978), and Llewellyn Smith (1978a). I intend in the body of this review to concentrate on the exciting new developments which have occurred since the preparation of Lee' s report, some of which are only a few months old. However, before getting into this new material, which is the real subject of this article, it may be well to take a brief look in this Introduction at the history and the fundamentals of gauge theories. The history of attempts to unify weak and electromagnetic interactions goes back to Fermi's (1934) proposal of a four-vector lepton —hadron beta decay interaction, analogous to the vector interaction of electrons with the electromagnetic field. Shortly thereafter Yukawa (1935) suggested that the beta decay interaction was carried by a spin-one boson, analogous to the photon, but with a large mass. (Yukawa intended this vector boson to explain nuclear forces as well as beta decay, so he gave it what in modern terms would be called a strong interaction with hadrons and a superweak interaction with leptons, and a mass of order 100 MeV. ) The subsequent discovery of a change in nuclear spin in beta decays of such nuclei as He', F", and Al" made it clear that the beta decay interaction was not pure vector, and for many years the favored combination was S, T, P, which of course would quite destroy the analogy with electromagnetism. The idea of a unified theory was revived in the late 1950's, after the form of the beta decay interaction finally settled down to a combination of vector and axial vector. Specific models were proposed by several authors, notably Schwinger (1957), Bludman (1958), Glashow (1961), and Salam and Ward (1964). However, two great obstacles stood in the way of a synthesis. One was the obvious discrepancy in mass between the photon and the intermediate vector boson W; if the 8'couplings are comparable with the electronic charge e, then its mass is determined by the. condition that e'/ma should be of the order of the Fermi coupling constant GF, so that mw = (137 X 10 'm, ') ' ' = 30 GeV . (1.1)
A Dynamic SQL Injection Vulnerability Test Case Generation Model Based on the Multiple Phases Detection Approach

SQL Injection Vulnerability (SQLIV) is one of the topmost serious threats to web applications. Penetration test is one of the most important approaches to detect SQLIV. The test case generation issue critically affects the effectiveness of penetration test. Thus, research on the approaches to improve coverage and efficiency of test case generation process in SQLIV penetration test is of great importance. This paper proposes a formalized SQLIV test case generation model. i) We propose Global Test Rule (GTR), which is used to generate test cases in the process of SQLIV detection. ii) We present SQL injection vulnerability Test Matrix (SQLTM) model, which is a three dimensional matrix, to generate the set of GTR. iii) Based on the GTR generated by the above steps, we propose a Multiple Phases Detection Approach (MPDA) to implement the dynamic generation of test cases and detection procedure control, and then we give its algorithms in detail. Experiment results show that our approach can improve the coverage, precision and efficiency of SQLIV detection by a comparison with two real products for enterprise projects. Keywords-web application testing; test case generation; formalized model; SQL injection; vulnerability;
On the Veri cation of Broadcast

We analyze the model-checking problems for safety and liveness properties in parameterized broadcast protocols, a model introduced in 5]. We show that the procedure suggested in 5] for safety properties may not terminate, whereas termination is guaranteed for the procedure of 1] based on upward closed sets. We show that the model-checking problem for liveness properties is undecidable. In fact, even the problem of deciding if a broadcast protocol may exhibit an innnite behavior is undecidable.
Union-Wide Aggregates Versus National Data Based Monetary Policies: Does it Matter for the Eurosystem?

The effectiveness of alternative loss functions assigned to the common central bank of a monetary union is studied. The alternative policy objectives are a function of the degree of aggregation of decision variables. We consider, respectively, the policy based on the union-wide aggregates and the policy based on the national data of the member states. To assess the performance of two alternative policy objectives in the environment of Euroland, we derive the implied optimal linear feedback rules using the framework similar to those proposed by Rudebusch and Svensson (1999). The dynamic simulations within the calibrated model of EMU indicate that the policy based on the union-wide aggregates yields stabilization performances that are close to the policy based on the national data of the member states. The main implication of the Paper is that the announced monetary policy strategy of the ECB based on the union-wide aggregates may be a reasonable proxy of the optimal policy rule based on the national data of the member states.
ISOLATION OF WHEAT MICROSATELLITE DNA FRAGMENTS BY HYBRIDIZATION SELECTION

Summary. A procedure for selection of wheat genomic fragments containing various microsatellites is described. The procedure is based on the hybridization of single-stranded DNA fragments either to filter bound microsatellite DNA or to biotinylated oligonucleotides in solution. Hybridized strands are isolated, amplified and cloned. Results presented show that enrichment for (CA) n /(TG) n microsatellites depends on hybridization conditions and on amplification protocol. Enrichment can be significantly improved by performing several hybridization selection rounds. The sequences of two wheat microsatellite clones are presented. The method is simple, saves time and may be used for microsatellite fragment isolation from plant DNA for genetic, evolutionary or population studies.
Linkage of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene to LDL particle size: use of a novel tetranucleotide repeat within the CETP promoter.

BACKGROUND A preponderance of small, dense LDL particles, elevated levels of plasma triglycerides (TG), and low levels of HDL characterize the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, which is associated with increased coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Genetic and environmental factors influence LDL size, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) being one of the candidate genes. CETP mediates the transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins in exchange for TG, promoting reverse cholesterol transfer and remodeling of lipoprotein particles. METHODS AND RESULTS We have identified a tetranucleotide repeat (fragment sizes from 324 to 464 bp; heterozygosity index = 0.74) within the CETP promoter and used it in quantitative sib-pair linkage analysis in 119 female dizygotic (DZ) twins. Linkage was found to LDL size (P<0.001), TG (P<0.005), and plasma apoB (P = 0.02). The distribution of the tetranucleotide repeats was bimodal, and there was strong allelic association of the "short" alleles with the B2 allele of CETP TaqIB polymorphic site (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This report of linkage of the CETP gene to LDL particle size adds to the list of candidate genes linked to LDL size, supporting the hypothesis of multigenic determination of LDL size heterogeneity. Whether this promoter variation is itself functional or is a marker for a functional site in the CETP gene remains to be determined.
Toll-like receptor 4 variant D 299 G is associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a genetically heterogeneous disease that leads to progressive and irreversible vision loss among the elderly. Inflammation, oxidative damage, cholesterol metabolism and/or impaired function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. We examined toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a candidate gene for AMD susceptibility because: (i) the TLR4 gene is located on chromosome 9q32–33, a region exhibiting evidence of linkage to AMD in three independent reports; (ii) the TLR4-D299G variant is associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease with subendothelial accumulation; (iii) the TLR4 is not only a key mediator of proinflammatory signaling pathways but also linked to regulation of cholesterol efflux and (iv) the TLR4 participates in phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by the RPE. We examined D299G and T399I variants of TLR4 in a sample of 667 unrelated AMD patients and 439 unrelated controls, all of Caucasian ancestry. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated an increased risk of AMD in carriers of the G allele at TLR4 residue 299 (odds ratio 5 2.65, P 5 0.025), but lack of an independent effect by T399I variant. TLR4-D299G showed an additive effect on AMD risk (odds ratio 5 4.13, P 5 0.002) with allelic variants of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA1), two genes involved in cholesterol efflux. Interestingly, the effect of TLR4, APOE and ABCA1 variants on AMD susceptibility was opposite to that of association with atherosclerosis risk. Our data provide evidence of a link between multiple diverse mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis.