Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, Management, and Outcome of Sport-Related Ankle Fractures in a Standard UK Population

Background: The literature on the outcome of sport-related ankle fractures has focused on operatively managed fractures, despite a large proportion being treated nonoperatively. We describe the epidemiology, management, and outcome of acute sport-related ankle fractures in a UK population. Methods: All sport-related ankle fractures sustained during 2007 to 2008 in the Lothian Population were prospectively collected when patients attended the only adult orthopaedic service in Lothian. Fractures were classified using the Lauge Hansen and the Pott’s Classification. The presence of fracture displacement was also recorded. Patients were contacted in February 2011 to ascertain their progress in return to sport. Results: Ninety-six sport-related ankle fractures were recorded in 96 patients. Eighty-four fractures (88%) were followed up at a mean interval of 36 months (range, 30-42). Most common associated sports were soccer (n = 49), rugby (n = 15), running (n = 5), and ice skating (n = 3). The mean time for return to sport was 26 weeks (range, 4-104), the return rate to sport 94%, and the persisting symptom rate 42%. Fifty-two fractures (all nondisplaced) were managed nonoperatively—43 isolated lateral malleolar (30 Weber B, 13 Weber A), 2 isolated medial malleolar, 7 bimalleolar. Forty-four fractures were managed operatively—42 were displaced (2 isolated lateral malleolar, 3 isolated medial malleolar, 18 bimalleolar equivalent, 9 bimalleolar, 3 trimalleolar equivalent, 7 trimalleolar), 2 were un-displaced (2 trimalleolar). The mean times for return to sport were 20 weeks (range, 4-52) for the nonoperative cohort (NOC) and 35 weeks (range, 8-104) for the operative cohort (OC) (P < .001), the return rates to sport were 100% for NOC and 87% for OC (P < .016), and the persisting symptom rates were 17% for NOC and 71% for OC (P < .001). Conclusions: Nondisplaced ankle fractures in athletes were successfully managed with nonoperative care. They had greater return rates to sport, quicker return times, and lower persisting symptom rates but had less severe injuries. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Evaluation of eight methods for identification of pathogenic Neisseria species: Neisseria-Kwik, RIM-N, Gonobio-Test, Minitek, Gonochek II, GonoGen, Phadebact Monoclonal GC OMNI Test, and Syva MicroTrak Test

The performance of eight methods in identifying Neisseria species, particularly N. gonorrhoeae, was evaluated. These methods included four rapid carbohydrate utilization tests (Gonobio-Test, Neisseria-Kwik, RIM-N, and Minitek); the Gonochek II, a test which is based on the utilization of chromogenic substrates; and three monoclonal antibody tests (Syva MicroTrak, GonoGen, and Phadebact Monoclonal GC OMNI Test). In all, 182 isolates comprised in six species of Neisseria as well as Branhamella catarrhalis and Moraxella sp. were tested. Cystine-tryptic digest agar supplemented with sugars was included for reference purposes. In the carbohydrate utilization tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the Neisseria-Kwik and Minitek tests for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae were 100%. This compared with sensitivities and specificities, respectively, of 100 and 99.1% for the Gonobio-Test and 99.1 and 100% for cystine-tryptic digest agar sugars and the RIM-N test. The sensitivity and specificity of the Gonochek II test were 99.0 and 86.7%, respectively. Although most test kits did not claim to identify all Neisseria species, in several cases isolates of N. subflava were misidentified or could be misinterpreted as N. gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis. With the monoclonal reagents, the Syva MicroTrak system was 100% sensitive and 100% specific. The GonoGen test was both 99.1% sensitive and specific, while the Phadebact Monoclonal GC OMNI Test was 99.1% sensitive but 91.2% specific. With this latter test, cross-reactions were observed with strains of B. catarrhalis, N. cinerea, and N. lactamica.
Simplified X-ray film method for detection of bacterial volatilization of mercury chloride by Escherichia coli

A simplified X-ray film method for detecting bacterial production of Hgo by Escherichia coli was developed. There was excellent agreement of results between this X-ray film method and radioactive mercury volatilization assays. Although not quantitative, the X-ray film method has the advantages of being rapid, simple to perform, and inexpensive.
Experimental fatigue crack growth analysis and modelling in part-through circumferentially pre-cracked pipes under pure bending load

In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the fatigue crack growth in a part-through circumferentially notched pipe specimen. It has been observed that under four-point bend cyclic load, the crack propagates in a transverse plane in the radial direction initially followed by propagation in the circumferential direction. The crack extension in the circumferential direction resulted crack growth retardation in the radial direction. This behaviour of the fatigue crack growth has been modelled, and a fatigue life prediction methodology based on an exponential model has been applied for prediction of fatigue crack growth.
BOLD Signal Change and Contrast Reversing Frequency: An Event-Related fMRI Study in Human Primary Visual Cortex

It is believed that human primary visual cortex (V1) increases activity with increasing temporal frequency of a visual stimulus. Two kinds of visual stimulus were used in the previous studies, one is patterned-flash stimulus with a fixed onset period and an increasing average luminance with the increase of temporal frequency, the other is contrast reversing flickering checkerboard or grating with a constant average luminance across different temporal frequencies. That hemodynamic responses change as a function of reversal frequency of contrast reversing checkerboard is at odds with neurophysiological studies in animals and neuroimaging studies in humans. In the present study, we addressed the relationship between reversal frequency of contrast reversing checkerboard and hemodynamic response in human V1 using an event-related experimental paradigm and found that the transient characteristics of blood oxygenation level dependent response in human V1 depended very little on the reversal frequency of a contrast reversing checkerboard.
Bmi1 promotes hepatic stem cell expansion and tumorigenicity in both Ink4a/Arf‐dependent and ‐independent manners in Mice

We previously reported that forced expression of Bmi1 (B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 homolog) in murine hepatic stem/progenitor cells purified from fetal liver enhances their self‐renewal and drives cancer initiation. In the present study, we examined the contribution of the Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressor gene locus, one of the major targets of Bmi1, to stem cell expansion and cancer initiation. Bmi1−/− Delta‐like protein (Dlk)+ hepatic stem/progenitor cells showed de‐repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus and displayed impaired growth activity. In contrast, Ink4a/Arf−/− Dlk+ cells gave rise to considerably larger colonies containing a greater number of bipotent cells than wild‐type Dlk+ cells. Although Ink4a/Arf−/− Dlk+ cells did not initiate tumors in recipient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, enforced expression of Bmi1 in Ink4a/Arf−/− Dlk+ cells further augmented their self‐renewal capacity and resulted in tumor formation in vivo. Microarray analyses successfully identified five down‐regulated genes as candidate downstream targets for Bmi1 in hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Of these genes, enforced expression of sex determining region Y‐box 17 (Sox17) in Dlk+ cells strongly suppressed colony propagation and tumor growth. Conclusion: These results indicate that repression of targets of Bmi1 other than the Ink4a/Arf locus plays a crucial role in the oncogenic transformation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Functional analyses of Bmi1 target genes would be of importance to elucidate the molecular machinery underlying hepatic stem cell system and explore therapeutic approaches for the eradication of liver cancer stem cells. (Hepatology 2010)
Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clinicopathological Risk Factors according to Age and Gender: A Population-based Study.

BACKGROUND Clinicopathological risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CSCCHN) are associated with local recurrence and metastasis. OBJECTIVES To compare the incidence and risk factors of CSCCHN by age and gender in order to help refine the clinical evaluation and treatment process. METHODS Clinical and pathological data of all patients diagnosed with CSCCHN during 2009-2011 were obtained from a central pathology laboratory in Israel. Estimated incidence rate calculation was standardized to the 2010 Israeli population. Independent risk factors for poorly differentiated CSCCHN were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS CSCCHN was diagnosed in 621 patients. Mean age was 75.2 years; mean tumor horizontal diameter was 11.1 ± 6.8 mm. The overall estimated incidence rate in males was higher than in females (106.2 vs. 54.3 per 1,000,000, P 0.001). Twenty cases (3.2%) had poorly differentiated CSCCHN. Scalp and ear anatomic locations were observed more often in males than in females (22.1% vs. 6.1% and 20.3% vs. 3.3%, respectively, P < 0.001). Per 1 mm increment, tumor horizontal diameter increased the risk for poorly differentiated CSCCHN by 6.7% (95% CI 1.3-12.4%, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS CSCCHN clinicopathological risk factors are not distributed evenly among different age and gender groups.
Different relevance feedback techniques in CBIR: A survey and comparative study

In Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), there is semantic gap between the low level features and high level concepts. Advent of different relevance feedback techniques bridges the gap. Different techniques use different assumption. Yet there are some performance metrics which quantitatively measure and compare different relevance feedback algorithms. This is necessary to make the CBIR system work consistently. In this paper we analyze different relevance feedback algorithm starting from conventional to recent technique.
Multipurpose open system architecture model of wide area monitoring

This paper elaborates developed custom open system architecture for processing, archiving and visualization of phasor data with the extended archiving capabilities and managing such data. Presented multi-purpose and open system architecture is able to communicate and collect synchronized measurements from different sources such as the phasor data concentrator, virtual PMUs, SCADA and synchrophasor vector processor. Collected data are filtered and processed with the originally developed algorithm for power system real time monitoring purpose.
Proof-aided design of verified hardware

A novel transformational technique for designin hardware by theorem-proving is presented. '-Jq sign aspects like parameterized retiming of sync ronous sy tems and constrained refinement are formalized in a unifor framework. We create a space of valid solutions from an abstract specification rather than a specific implementation. Our methodology has been applied to a complex VLSI design of 250,000 transistors.
EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS

The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. The biomedical sciences also provide unparalleled examples for evolutionary biologists to explore. However, gaps persist between evolution and medicine, for historical reasons and because they are often perceived as having disparate goals. Evolutionary biologists have a role in building a bridge between the disciplines by presenting evolutionary biology in the context of human health and medical practice to undergraduates, including premedical and preprofessional students. We suggest that students will find medical examples of evolution engaging. By making the connections between evolution and medicine clear at the undergraduate level, the stage is set for future health providers and biomedical scientists to work productively in this synthetic area. Here, we frame key evolutionary concepts in terms of human health, so that biomedical examples may be more easily incorporated into evolution courses or more specialized courses on evolutionary medicine. Our goal is to aid in building the scientific foundation in evolutionary biology for all students, and to encourage evolutionary biologists to join in the integration of evolution and medicine.
SNR penalty of hybrid diversity combining in Rayleigh fading

In hybrid selection/maximal ratio combining the receiver selects the L branches with the largest signal-to-noise ratios from N available diversity branches and performs maximal ratio from N available diversity branches and performs maximal ratio combining. A penalty is incurred with respect to maximal ratio combining which can be defined as the increase in signal-to-noise ratio required for hybrid combining to achieve the same symbol error probability as maximal ratio combining. In this paper, we derive the asymptotic signal-to-noise ratio penalties for small and large values of signal-to-noise ratio for arbitrary signaling constellations in Rayleigh fading. We also present new analytical expressions for the symbol error probabilities of 4-ary orthogonal signaling and 8-ary biorthogonal signaling with hybrid diversity combining in Rayleigh fading.
Differential plasticity of epiblast and primitive endoderm precursors within the ICM of the early mouse embryo

Cell differentiation during pre-implantation mammalian development involves the formation of two extra-embryonic lineages: trophoblast and primitive endoderm (PrE). A subset of cells within the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst does not respond to differentiation signals and forms the pluripotent epiblast, which gives rise to all of the tissues in the adult body. How this group of cells is set aside remains unknown. Recent studies documented distinct sequential phases of marker expression during the segregation of epiblast and PrE within the ICM. However, the connection between marker expression and lineage commitment remains unclear. Using a fluorescent reporter for PrE, we investigated the plasticity of epiblast and PrE precursors. Our observations reveal that loss of plasticity does not coincide directly with lineage restriction of epiblast and PrE markers, but rather with exclusion of the pluripotency marker Oct4 from the PrE. We note that individual ICM cells can contribute to all three lineages of the blastocyst until peri-implantation. However, epiblast precursors exhibit less plasticity than precursors of PrE, probably owing to differences in responsiveness to extracellular signalling. We therefore propose that the early embryo environment restricts the fate choice of epiblast but not PrE precursors, thus ensuring the formation and preservation of the pluripotent foetal lineage.
The Effects of Mitral Regurgitation Alone Are Sufficient for Leaflet Remodeling

Background— Although chronic mitral regurgitation results in adverse left ventricular remodeling, its effect on the mitral valve leaflets per se is unknown. In a chronic ovine model, we tested whether isolated mitral regurgitation alone was sufficient to remodel the anterior mitral leaflet. Methods and Results— Twenty-nine sheep were randomized to either control (CTRL, n=11) or experimental (HOLE, n=18) groups. In HOLE, a 2.8- to 4.8-mm diameter hole was punched in the middle scallop of the posterior mitral leaflet to create “pure” mitral regurgitation. At 12 weeks, the anterior mitral leaflet was analyzed immunohistochemically to assess markers of collagen and elastin synthesis as well as matrix metalloproteinases and proteoglycans. A semiquantitative grading scale for characteristics such as intensity and delineation of stain between layers was used to quantify differences between HOLE and CTRL specimens across the heterogeneous leaflet structure. At 12 weeks, mitral regurgitation grade was greater in HOLE versus CTRL (3.0±0.8 versus 0.4±0.4, P<0.001). In HOLE anterior mitral leaflet, saffron-staining collagen (Movat) decreased, consistent with an increase in matrix metalloproteases throughout the leaflet. Type III collagen expression was increased in the midleaflet and free edge and expression of prolyl-4-hydroxylase (indicating collagen synthesis) was increased in the spongiosa layer. The proteoglycan decorin, also involved in collagen fibrillogenesis, was increased compared with CTRL (all P≤0.05). Conclusions— In HOLE anterior mitral leaflet, the increased expression of proteins related to collagen synthesis and matrix degradation suggests active matrix turnover. These are the first observations showing that regurgitation alone can stimulate mitral leaflet remodeling. Such leaflet remodeling needs to be considered in reparative surgical techniques.
Value Judgment in the Oregon Medicaid Experiment

Oregon proposed a unique social experiment in which combinations of medical conditions and treatments were prioritized. Under the proposed program, providers would not be reimbursed for services relevant to 17% of the condition-treatment pairs. The program was designed to expand access and allow significantly more residents to qualify for Medicaid. The original Oregon proposal used four levels of human judgment: community values assessed in town meetings; ratings of the desirability of health states; medical judgment of treatment efficacy; and subjective reordering of the list by Oregon Health Services Commissioners. In August 1992, the Department of Health and Human Services rejected Oregon's application to proceed with the experiment, objecting to the use of one of the four types of subjective data: ratings of the desirability of health states. A revised application that eliminated this one subjective component was approved in March 1993. This paper demonstrates that among the four levels of judgment, the ratings of health states were supported by the most evidence of reliability and validity. Implications for future prioritization experiments are discussed.
Prevalence of Overweight Among Elementary and Middle School Students in Mississippi Compared With Prevalence Data From the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

Introduction The purpose of the Child and Youth Prevalence of Overweight Survey was to estimate the prevalence of overweight and at risk for becoming overweight among children in Mississippi (grades 1–8) using height and weight measures instead of self-report and to compare the findings for grades 6 through 8 with data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System for middle school students (grades 6–8). Methods Students in randomly selected classes from 37 sampled elementary and middle schools throughout Mississippi participated in the study. School staff were trained to collect height and weight data using a standardized procedure. Results Overall, 24.0% of students in grades 1 through 8 were found to be overweight, and another 14.7% were at risk for becoming overweight. With the exception of sixth grade, there was a trend of increasing prevalence of overweight by grade (17.5% in grade 1 compared with 31.3% in grade 8). In the Child and Youth Prevalence of Overweight Survey, 25.2% of students in grades 6 through 8 were found to be overweight, compared with 18.5% in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Conclusion A high percentage of students in Mississippi are already overweight in first grade, and the prevalence tends to increase by grade. Data collected from middle school students through measured heights and weights in the Child and Youth Prevalence of Overweight Survey were higher than self-reported data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Our data suggest that self-reported data underestimate the prevalence of overweight among middle school students. Efforts to monitor students' body mass index and assess effectiveness of interventions should include all grades and use measured heights and weights rather than self-reports.
Enhanced dual Bloom filter based on SSD for efficient directory parsing in cloud storage system

In a file system used for big data analytics, hundreds of thousands of files exist. In such huge storage system, getting the metadata of a file takes long time. In this paper we propose an enhanced Bloom filter to accelerate the directory parsing process in large-scale file systems. Here a cache implemented on SSD keeps the metadata of directories and files accessed frequently or recently. When a file is requested, the system attempts to get the metadata from the SSD. If the metadata is not found, the access to the SSD becomes a waste of time. To avoid unnecessary SSD accesses, the flag-augmented Bloom filter (FABF) is proposed with which the existence of metadata of the requested file in the cache is predicted. Analytical modeling demonstrates that the false positive rate and false negative rate are reduced compared to the existing scheme. In addition, the implementation overhead of the proposed scheme is small.
Molecularly targeted therapies for recurrent glioblastoma: current and future targets.

OBJECT Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and diffusely infiltrative primary brain tumor. Recurrence is expected and is extremely difficult to treat. Over the past decade, the accumulation of knowledge regarding the molecular and genetic profile of glioblastoma has led to numerous molecularly targeted therapies. This article aims to review the literature and highlight the mechanisms and efficacies of molecularly targeted therapies for recurrent glioblastoma. METHODS A systematic search was performed with the phrase "(name of particular agent) and glioblastoma" as a search term in PubMed to identify all articles published up until 2014 that included this phrase in the title and/or abstract. The references of systematic reviews were also reviewed for additional sources. The review included clinical studies that comprised at least 20 patients and reported results for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma with molecular targeted therapies. RESULTS A total of 42 articles were included in this review. In the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma, various targeted therapies have been tested over the past 10-15 years. The targets of interest include epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, Ras pathway, protein kinase C, mammalian target of rapamycin, histone acetylation, and integrins. Unfortunately, the clinical responses to most available targeted therapies are modest at best. Radiographic responses generally range in the realm of 5%-20%. Progression-free survival at 6 months and overall survival were also modest with the majority of studies reporting a 10%-20% 6-month progression-free survival and 5- to 8-month overall survival. There have been several clinical trials evaluating the use of combination therapy for molecularly targeted treatments. In general, the outcomes for combination therapy tend to be superior to single-agent therapy, regardless of the specific agent studied. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent glioblastoma remains very difficult to treat, even with molecular targeted therapies and anticancer agents. The currently available targeted therapy regimens have poor to modest activity against recurrent glioblastoma. As newer agents are actively being developed, combination regimens have provided the most promising results for improving outcomes. Targeted therapies matched to molecular profiles of individual tumors are predicted to be a critical component necessary for improving efficacy in future trials.