Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly detection based-on the regularity of normal behaviors

This paper proposes an entropy-based method to measure the regularity of normal behaviors in anomaly detection. This measure is defined as the ratio of the entropy of normal behavior to the entropy of totally random behavior. Then we use one case study on Unix system call data to illustrate the accuracy of this method. We also advanced a new algorithm to detect intrusions using system calls. This algorithm use a data structure called weight tree, first we use normal system call trace build weight tree forest, then scan abnormal trace using these trees and get corresponding weight sequence. These weight sequences can tell us something abnormal has happened or not
One size that didn’t fit all? Electoral franchise, fiscal capacity and the rise of mass schooling across Italy’s provinces, 1870–1911

Abstract Italy’s regions experienced different rates of human capital accumulation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although southern regions were very disadvantaged when the unification of the country took place in 1861, they caught up at a very slow pace—and a remarkable regional divide in education persisted until the interwar period. While previous hypotheses have focused on the role played by fiscal capacity, this paper sheds new light on the effect that enfranchisement had on the growth of schooling. The presence of large regional disparities in local electoral franchise is confirmed by the data; however, the relationship between voting rights, the intensity of local direct taxation and municipal fiscal capacity is weak at best. Furthermore, if the impact of these factors is analysed separately through a number of econometric models, fiscal capacity stands out as the most significant determinant of education across Italy’s provinces. Against recent hypotheses, these results show that the different distribution of political voice within Italy’s municipalities did not determine the persistence of regional inequalities in schooling in the long run: it was Italy’s national education system, together with remarkable and pre-existent regional disparities, that slowed down the development of human capital in rural and southern regions, with immense costs in terms of future prospects for economic growth and human development.
The Impact of Exchange Rate Regimes on Real Exchange Rates: ABC and Mexico in the 1990s

This paper analyses the impact of exchange rate regimes on real exchange rates, as defined by the relative price of nontradables to tradables in Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC) and Mexico from 1990 to 2002. As identified by the empirical literature, the real exchange rate is determined in the long-run by the well-known Balassa-Samuelson effect, and in the medium and short run by government expenditure and terms of trade. Another, little discussed, explanatory factor that may cause real exchange rates to deviate from their trend is fixed exchange rate regimes. In countries that are international price-takers and adopt such a regime, exporters are forced to adjust their local price of tradables. This regime also affects the price of nontradables in countries with liberalised capital accounts, via portfolio inflows that increase demand for a â€œgivenâ€ supply of nontradables in the short run. The econometric results of the paper confirm the impact of exchange rate regimes on relative prices in all countries except Chile which managed with flexibility the exchange rate and adopted capital controls. In the other three countries, relative prices deviated strongly from their trends due to the fixed regimes. In turn this caused the share of the nontradable sector to increase disproportionally relative to the tradable sector.
Increased frequency of N-region insertion in a murine pre-B-cell line infected with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase retroviral expression vector

The role of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the insertion of N regions into the junctional sites of immunoglobulin genes was investigated. Pre-B-cell lines capable of continuous rearrangement of immunoglobulin light-chain genes and differing only in the presence or apparent absence of TdT were derived by infecting cells with a TdT retroviral expression vector or a control vector. The cell lines were then superinfected with a retrovirus-based artificial immunoglobulin gene rearrangement substrate. The substrate was allowed to rearrange in the cell lines and the rearranged proviruses were rescued from the cell lines. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the V-J junctions of the proviral rearranged genes showed a fivefold greater frequency of N-region insertion in proviruses rescued from the TdT+ cell lines than in those rescued from the TdT- cell lines, so that at least 50% of the rearrangements that occurred in the presence of TdT had N regions. It is thus evident that TdT can stimulate N-region insertion, and the enzyme is presumably directly responsible for adding nucleotides at V-J and other immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene junctions.
Toward a Systems Level Understanding of Organic Anion and Other Multispecific Drug Transporters: A Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis

Organic anion transporters (Oats) are located in the barrier epithelia of diverse organs, where they mediate the absorption and excretion of a wide range of metabolites, signaling molecules, and xenobiotics. Although their interactions with a broad group of substrates have been extensively studied and described, the primary physiological role of Oats remains elusive. The presence of overlapping substrate specificities among the different Oat isoforms, together with recent metabolomic data from the Oat1, Oat3, and renal-specific transporter (RST/URAT1) knockout mice, suggests a possible role in remote signaling wherein substrates excreted through one Oat isoform in one organ are taken up by another Oat isoform located in a different organ, thereby mediating communication between different organ systems, or even between different organisms. Here we further develop this “remote sensing and signaling hypothesis” and suggest how the regulation of SLC22 subfamily members (including those of the organic cation, organic carnitine, and unknown substrate transporter subfamilies) can be better understood by considering the organism's broader need to communicate between epithelial and other tissues by simultaneous regulation of transport of metabolites, signaling molecules, drugs, and toxins. This systems biology perspective of remote signaling (sensing) could help reconcile an enormous array of tissue-specific data for various SLC22 family genes and, possibly, other multispecific transporters, such as those of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP, SLC21) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) families.
Learning Bayesian networks structures based on extending evolutionary programming

This paper describes a new data mining algorithm to learn Bayesian networks structures based on an extending evolutionary programming (EP) method and the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Aiming at preventing and overcoming the premature convergence, the algorithm combines the niche technology into the selection mechanism of EP. In addition, our algorithm, like some previous work, does not need to have a complete variable ordering as input. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we conduct a series of experiments and compare them with the previous work based on genetic algorithms (GA). The experimental results illustrate that both the quality of the solutions and computational time of our algorithm are superior.
Corporate Governance Codes: A Review and Research Agenda

Manuscript Type Review Research Question/Issue This study reviews previous country-level and firm-level studies on corporate governance codes up to 2014 in order to highlight recent trends and indicate future avenues of research. Research Findings/Results Our data show that research on codes increases over time consistently with the diffusion and the relevance of the empirical phenomenon. Despite previous studies substantially enriching our knowledge of the antecedents and consequences of governance codes, our study shows there are still several opportunities to make significant contributions in this area. Theoretical Implications Agency theory is the dominant theoretical framework, although other theoretical perspectives (especially the institutional one) are increasingly adopted. Future studies should be aimed at widening and combining various theoretical lenses so as to develop new interpretations and a better understanding of governance codes. Practical Implications Legislators and policymakers should continue to develop and update the recommendations of national governance codes in order to address the potential failures of corporate governance mechanisms in place.
Adaptation of H+-Pumping and Plasma Membrane H+ ATPase Activity in Proteoid Roots of White Lupin under Phosphate Deficiency1

White lupin (Lupinus albus) is able to adapt to phosphorus deficiency by producing proteoid roots that release a huge amount of organic acids, resulting in mobilization of sparingly soluble soil phosphate in rhizosphere. The mechanisms responsible for the release of organic acids by proteoid root cells, especially the trans-membrane transport processes, have not been elucidated. Because of high cytosolic pH, the release of undissociated organic acids is not probable. In the present study, we focused on H+ export by plasma membrane H+ ATPase in active proteoid roots. In vivo, rhizosphere acidification of active proteoid roots was vanadate sensitive. Plasma membranes were isolated from proteoid roots and lateral roots from P-deficient and -sufficient plants. In vitro, in comparison with two types of lateral roots and proteoid roots of P-sufficient plants, the following increase of the various parameters was induced in active proteoid roots of P-deficient plants: (a) hydrolytic ATPase activity, (b) V max andK m, (c) H+ ATPase enzyme concentration of plasma membrane, (d) H+-pumping activity, (e) pH gradient across the membrane of plasmalemma vesicles, and (f) passive H+ permeability of plasma membrane. In addition, lower vanadate sensitivity and more acidic pH optimum were determined for plasma membrane ATPase of active proteoid roots. Our data support the hypothesis that in active proteoid root cells, H+ and organic anions are exported separately, and that modification of plasma membrane H+ ATPase is essential for enhanced rhizosphere acidification by active proteoid roots.
Dynamic Lateral Patellar Tilt in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee

An open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging scanner was used to document patellar tracking abnormalities in 11 anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees. The contralateral normal knees were used as controls. Images were obtained with the quadriceps muscles at rest (knee flexion at 40°, 25°, and 10°) and with the quadriceps muscles contracted (knee flexion at 40° and 25°). When the quadriceps muscles were at rest there were no differences in patellar alignment between the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees and the contralateral normal knees. When the quadriceps muscles were maximally contracted at 40° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees tilted laterally 3.6° relative to the resting state. When the quadriceps muscles were contracted at 25° of flexion, the patellae of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees tilted laterally approximately 4° relative to the resting state. Quadriceps-active lateral patellar tilt at 25° of flexion was greater in the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees than in the contralateral normal knees, and it correlated with instrumented measurements of anterior tibial translation. Dynamic lateral patellar tilt during open kinetic chain exercises and during other activities that produce anterior tibial translation may contribute to extensor mechanism dysfunction in the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee.
Subgroups at high risk for ischaemic heart disease:identification and validation in 67 000 individuals from the general population.

BACKGROUND The aetiology of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is complex and is influenced by a spectrum of environmental factors and susceptibility genes. Traditional statistical modelling considers such factors to act independently in an additive manner. The Patient Rule-Induction Method (PRIM) is a multi-model building strategy for evaluating risk attributable to context-dependent gene and environmental effects. METHODS PRIM was applied to 9073 participants from the prospective Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS). Gender-specific cumulative incidences were estimated for subgroups defined by categories of age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and by 94 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Cumulative incidences for subgroups were validated using an independently ascertained sample of 58 240 participants from the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS). RESULTS In the CCHS the overall cumulative incidences were 0.17 in women and 0.21 in men. PRIM identified six and four mutually exclusive subgroups in women and men, respectively, with cumulative incidences of IHD ranging from 0.02 to 0.34. Cumulative incidences of IHD generated by PRIM in the CCHS were validated in four of the six subgroups of women and two of the four subgroups of men in the CGPS. CONCLUSIONS PRIM identified high-risk subgroups characterized by specific contexts of selected values of traditional risk factors and genetic variants. These subgroups were validated in an independently ascertained cohort study. Thus, a multi-model strategy may identify groups of individuals with substantially higher risk of IHD than the overall risk for the general population.
‘US Intelligence and Vietnam’: The Official Version(s)

Abstract Recent declassifications of the official histories of Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency activities in the Vietnam War give historians a sharper outline of the overall American intelligence effort in that conflict and a trove of supporting details. While scholars will have to use the new releases with caution, the histories (when combined with appraisals from the Armed Services) offer glimpses of the scale of the US intelligence program and some of the complications that hindered its effectiveness. Two particular features stand out when these materials are viewed in conjunction: the disconnectedness of the various agencies' and Services' efforts from each other (and from decision makers in Washington); and the difficulties that all of them had in working with America's South Vietnamese allies. The picture emerging is thus one of a congeries of largely independent intelligence campaigns working simultaneously against the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong targets. Intelligence miscues did not lose the Vietnam War for the Americans and South Vietnamese, but it now seems clearer that they made victory less likely.
Supporting the EU’s Approach to Climate Change: The Discourse of the Transnational Media Within the ‘Brussels Bubble’

Abstract The Union’s global climate change policy has been widely seen as an expression of its normative power, where it is committed to act through multilateral frameworks in order to tackle the effects of changes in the climate and safeguard the future of people around the world. Internally, the EU’s approach to climate change is complemented by high levels of support from citizens. This article explores another internal source of support for the EU’s leadership in global climate change policy, namely the media. The focus here is on the transnational media’s reporting and coverage of the Copenhagen summit, which is widely considered to be one of the key points in the development of global climate change policy. The article shows that within the ‘Brussels bubble,’ the transnational media supported through its reporting the EU’s ambitious agenda in global climate change policy around the time of the Copenhagen summit.
Modelling economic high-frequency time series with STAR-STGARCH models

In this paper we introduce the STAR-STGARCH model that can characterize nonlinear behaviour both in the conditional mean and the conditional variance. A modelling cycle for this family of models, consisting of specification, estimation, and evaluation stages is constructed. Misspecification tests for the estimated model are obtained using standard asymptotic distribution theory. We illustrate the actual modelling by applying the STAR-STGARCH model family to two series of daily observations, the Swedish OMX index and the exchange rate JPY-USD.
Fox(y) regulators of VEGF receptors.

Vascular development is a multistep process that initially involves vasculogenesis, the process of de novo formation of the primitive vasculature from mesodermal precursors, and angiogenesis, that involves sprouting and remodeling of the primitive vasculature.1 This is followed by vascular fate specification steps that define formation of arterial, venous, and lymphatic vasculatures.2 This complex series of steps is regulated by several growth factors and their receptors. Among them are vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), angiopoietins, and Notch receptors and their ligands, Dll4 and jagged-1. Any abnormalities in this sequence of events lead to either an outright failure of vascular development or formation of abnormally patterned vasculature. The later includes arterio-venous malformations, cranial cerebral malformations, and aneurysms among others.3 Article, see p 709 Among the numerous growth factors that are involved in these phenomena, VEGF-A plays a particularly critical role and is involved both in formation of the initial primitive vascular plexus and in subsequent sprouting, remodeling, and fate specification steps.4 VEGF-A signaling input is tightly controlled so much that deletion of even a single Vegfa allele results in embryonic lethality.5,6 VEGF-A signals via its 2 tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFRs), Flt1 (VEGFR1) and Flk1 (VEGFR2), as well as a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Deletion of VEGFR2 is embryonically lethal because of almost complete failure of vasculogenesis,7 whereas endothelial deletion of Nrp1 leads to multiple vascular abnormalities at a later stage of development.8 VEGFR1 in this context is seen mainly as a negative regulator of VEGF-A signaling. Its knockout leads to embryonic lethality because of excessive vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.9 Given the critical role that VEGF-A plays in vascular development and the tight control of its effective concentration range, much effort has been expanded to understand the mechanisms that regulate its expression. Several …
ESPVR and the Mechanics of Ventricular Contraction

This study is written in a way to stress the importance of introducing the active force generated by the myocardium in the formalism describing the pressure-volume relation (PVR) in the left ventricle. Various clinical applications of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR) are also discussed. Attention is given to the calculation of the ejection fraction (EF) and the myocardial longitudinal axis shortening, a subject that is gaining importance in the study of heart disease and heart failure. Key-Words: Pressure-volume relation in the left ventricle, end-systolic pressure-volume relation, active force of the myocardium, isovolumic pressure, ejection fraction, myocardial longitudinal axis shortening, cardiac mechanics.
Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide.

BACKGROUND Few psychosocial risk factors for completed suicide in children and adolescents have been studied systematically. The present study was designed to examine the environmental, social, and familial characteristics of a large representative sample of child and adolescent suicides. METHODS A case-control, psychological autopsy of 120 of 170 consecutive suicides younger than 20 years and 147 community age-, sex-, and ethnically matched control participants in the greater New York, NY, area. RESULTS There was a significant independent impact of the psychosocial factors on increasing suicide risk among children and adolescents, beyond that risk attributable to psychiatric illness. The most notable risks were derived from school problems, a family history of suicidal behavior, poor parent-child communication, and stressful life events. Sex, ethnicity, and age modified the relationships of a few of the psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS Socioenvironmental circumstances add significantly to a teenager's risk of suicide. The overall effect size on increasing suicide risk of the psychosocial factors is comparable with that for diagnostic factors, highlighting the importance of considering socioenvironmental factors when assessing suicide risk.
Determinants of the Household Saving Rate in Austria

The last few decades have seen a decline in the household saving rate in Austria and other industrial countries. Using an error correction model, this paper shows that in Austria personal saving decisions are influenced by income growth, real interest rates, inflation, social security expenditure and the general government budget balance. These findings are becoming increasingly important for economic policy, given the aging of society and the concomitant need for pension system reform. In future, households will be required to make greater provision for themselves and step up their saving efforts. As the results show, this can be achieved by productivity-boosting measures that generate income growth and promote personal saving.
Parametric analysis of an EMC patch surrounded by parasitic elements

In this study a single central patch with two or four peripheral parasitic patches was studied. They were identified as the 3CP and SCP antennas. It was found that the 3CP antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth, within which its radiation pattern remained practically constant. Its cross polar radiation was very low. Also, its size could be made small by compacting the configuration. This investigation shows that splitting a patch into three dipoles like narrow patches results in an antenna with a far more attractive performances. It also showed that adding two more dipoles to form the SCP antenna did not improve its performance and resulted in an inferior antenna.
Influence of eye movements on geniculo‐striate excitability in the cat

1. The excitability of the geniculo‐striate pathway during a saccadic eye movement was studied in alert cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Excitability was assessed by the amplitude of post‐synaptic components of field responses in both lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. Modifications in amplitude were evaluated during the period following eye movements, by triggering a stimulator from potential shifts in the electrooculograms and altering delays in the stimulus pulse.
Knowledge and Technology Transfer Activities between Firms and Universities in Switzerland: An Analysis Based on Firm Data

This study explores the factors determining the propensity of Swiss firms to get involved in knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) activities with universities and other research institutions in order to gain new scientific knowledge in research fields which are relevant for their own innovation activities. The data used in this study were collected by a postal survey among Swiss enterprises. We found that the propensity to KTT activities is positively correlated with the share of employees with tertiary-level education, the existence of R&D activities, firm age and firm size. Further, it is negatively correlated with obstacles of KTT activities related to the functioning of the interface between firms and universities. The analysis of five specific forms of KTT activities showed that there are differences among these forms as to the explanatory factors identified for the variable for overall KTT activities, particularly with respect to human capital intensity, some obstacles and firm size.