Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CS364A: Algorithmic Game Theory Lecture #15: Best-Case and Strong Nash Equilibria

The externality caused by a player in a game is the difference between its own objective function value and its contribution to the social objective function value. The models we’ve looked at thus far have negative externalities, meaning that players cause more harm to the system then they realize (or choose to care about). In a routing game, for example, a player does not take into account the additional cost its presence causes for the other players using the edges in its path. There are also important applications that exhibit positive externalities. You usually join a campus organization or a social network to derive personal benefit from it, but your presence (hopefully) also enriches the experience of other people in the same group. As a player, you’re generally bummed to see new players show up in a game with negative externalities, and excited for the windfalls of new players in a game with positive externalities. The first theme of this lecture is the study of positive externalities, in a concrete model of network formation. In the model we study, there will generally be multiple pure Nash equilibria. We’re used to that, from routing and location games, but here different equilibria can have wildly different costs. This motivates confining attention to a subset of “reasonable” Nash equilibria that hopefully possesses two properties: first, better worst-case inefficiency bounds should hold for the subset than for all equilibria; second, there should be a plausible narrative as to why equilibria in the subset are more worthy of study than the others. No fully satisfactory approach to this problem is known in the model we study, but we’ll cover two partially successful approaches.
From motor babbling to hierarchical learning by imitation: a robot developmental pathway

How does an individual use the knowledge acquired through self exploration as a manipulable model through which to understand others and benefit from their knowledge? How can developmental and social learning be combined for their mutual benefit? In this paper we review a hierarchical architecture (HAMMER) which allows a principled way for combining knowledge through exploration and knowledge from others, through the creation and use of multiple inverse and forward models. We describe how Bayesian Belief Networks can be used to learn the association between a robot’s motor commands and sensory consequences (forward models), and how the inverse association can be used for imitation. Inverse models created through self exploration, as well as those from observing others can coexist and compete in a principled unified framework, that utilises the simulation theory of mind approach to mentally rehearse and understand the actions of others.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SENSORY-BASED ALTERATIVE SEATING FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

OF THESIS A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SENSORY-BASED ALTERATIVE SEATING FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES The purpose of this review was to determine whether the use of sensory-based alternative seating to increase the appropriate behaviors of individuals with disabilities is an evidence-based practice (EBP). Articles located on this topic were descriptively analyzed, and What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) guidelines were applied to determine each study’s methodological rigor, level of evidence, and whether, taken together, there is enough research to support alternative seating as an EBP. A total of 37 studies of the effects of sensory-based alternative seating on individuals with disabilities were found. These studies included a total of 44 participants, between 3 to 9 years of age. Based on WWC guidelines, six of the 37 studies, or 16%, met standards for rigor, and of those, only one study showed evidence of a positive effect on the target behavior. The results and their implications for teachers/practitioners, and future research are discussed.
Coarse-Graining of a Fluid and its Relation with Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Smoothed Particle Dynamic

We propose a coarse-graining procedure for a fluid system that allows us to discuss from a conceptual point of view different "mesoscopic" approaches to hydrodynamic problems. Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) and Smoothed Particle Dynamics (SPS) are discussed simultaneously within this framework. In particular, we give physical meaning to the weight function used in SPD. The close analogy between DPD and SPD suggests a synthesis of both approaches that overcomes the conceptual shortcomings of both.
A large, prospective, randomized, open-label, multicentre study of corticosteroid withdrawal in SPK transplantation: a 3-year report.

BACKGROUND Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation is the treatment of choice for selected diabetic patients. Corticosteroids are an important element of immunosuppressive protocols, but their long-term use has detrimental effects on patients' health, necessitating eventual discontinuation. METHODS This prospective study evaluated the safety and feasibility of corticosteroid withdrawal in 205 SPK transplant recipients randomized to immunosuppressive treatment with either tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (n = 103) or cyclosporin microemulsion (ME) and MMF (n = 102). RESULTS Corticosteroid withdrawal was successful in the majority of in-study patients (66% tacrolimus, 73% cyclosporin-ME). Compared with out-of-study patients or those continuing corticosteroid therapy, in-study patients withdrawn from corticosteroids experienced fewer pancreas or kidney graft losses, fewer episodes of acute rejection and were less likely to be withdrawn from the study. Acute rejection occurred after corticosteroid withdrawal in two patients who had a previous rejection and in five patients who were rejection-free before corticosteroid withdrawal. No rejection episodes were associated with graft loss or immediate serious consequences. Overall, corticosteroid withdrawal was achieved with an increase in the dose of both MMF and tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS A long-term survey of corticosteroid withdrawal in SPK transplantation with multifactorial analyses is necessary to confirm these early results and to evaluate the positive effects on glucose metabolism and hypertension.
View-Synchronized Robotic Image-Guided Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Experimental Validation and Clinical Feasibility

Background— A robotic catheter navigation system has been developed that provides a significant degree of freedom of catheter movement. This study examines the feasibility of synchronizing this robotic navigation system with electroanatomic mapping and 3-dimensional computed tomography imaging to perform view-synchronized left atrial (LA) ablation. Methods and Results— This study consisted of a porcine experimental validation phase (9 animals) and a clinical feasibility phase (9 atrial fibrillation patients). Preprocedural computed tomography images were reconstructed to provide 3-dimensional surface models of the LA pulmonary veins and aorta. Aortic electroanatomic mapping was performed manually, followed by registration with the corresponding computed tomography aorta image using custom software. The mapping catheter was remotely manipulated with the robotic navigation system within the registered computed tomography image of the LA pulmonary veins. The point-to-surface error between the LA electroanatomic mapping data and the computed tomography image was 2.1±0.7 and 1.6±0.1 mm in the preclinical and clinical studies, respectively. The catheter was remotely navigated into all pulmonary veins, the LA appendage, and circumferentially along the mitral valve annulus. In 7 of 9 animals, circumferential radiofrequency ablation lesions were applied periostially to ablate 11 pulmonary veins. In patients, all of the pulmonary veins were remotely electrically isolated in an extraostial fashion. Adjunctive ablation included superior vena cava isolation in 6 patients, cavotricuspid isthmus ablation in 5 patients, and ablation of sites of complex fractionated activity and atypical LA flutters in 3 patients. Conclusions— This study demonstrates the safety and feasibility of an emerging paradigm for atrial fibrillation ablation involving the confluence of 3 technologies: 3-dimensional imaging, electroanatomic mapping, and remote robotic navigation.
Integrating Research and Practice: Looking Forward

The Problem The diversity of issues illuminated in this collection of six articles is just another reminder that we still have a long way to go in our endeavor to cross between the worlds of research and practice. Recognizing why the research–practice tension persists is critical, yet awareness without action will lead us to nowhere. The Solution To move us from the stage of knowing to the next level of doing calls for a carefully crafted action plan. This article synthesizes actionable strategies recommended by the issue contributors. It is hoped that multilevel stakeholders will be inspired to take some of the suggested actions to innovate their professional practices. The Stakeholders Multiple stakeholders will benefit from the knowledge created in this issue. They include academic researchers, practitioners, scholar–practitioners, organizations, and intermediaries who desire to make a meaningful impact on bridging the great divide between research and practice.
The Interstellar Medium of IRAS 08572+3915 NW: H3+ and Warm High-Velocity CO

We confirm the first detection of the molecular ion H in an extragalactic object, the highly obscured ultraluminous galaxy IRAS 08572+3915 NW. We also have detected absorption lines of the fundamental band of CO in this galaxy. The CO absorption consists of a cold component close to the systemic velocity and warm, highly blueshifted and redshifted components. The warm blueshifted component is remarkably strong and broad and extends at least to -350 km s-1. Some analogies can be drawn between the H and cold CO in IRAS 08572+3915 NW and the same species seen toward the Galactic center. The profiles of the warm CO components are not those expected from a dusty torus of the type thought to obscure active galactic nuclei. They are probably formed close to the dust continuum surface near the buried and active nucleus and are probably associated with an unusual and energetic event there.
Early Pointing Gestures in Zincantán

Starting with naturally occurring (proto–) pointing gestures of two infants, I examine the role and nature of early gesture in language acquisition and socialization in the Tzotzil-speaking community of Zinacantan, in Chiapas, Mexico. Early "words" are, not surprisingly, only part of the story, since verbalizations are embedded in wider communicative routines that characteristically involve gesture. Although the precursors to gesture have been linked to "practical actions," I argue that considerable conceptual complexity must be involved in emancipating, for example, pointing from grabbing or reaching. I suggest that the developments—both cognitive and sociointeractive— that accompany emerging gesture are consistent with the interactive and conceptual bases for later language development, despite doubts in Western psycholinguistics about both infants' communicative intentions and about the continuity or lack thereof between specifically linguistic and other cognitive attainments. Attention to metalinguistic theorizing in communicative traditions, like that of Zinacantdn, which posit no radical discontinuity between gesture and the rest of language, and which conceive of even small infants as emerging interactive participants, may provide a useful theoretical corrective.
Surveyor's Forum: Is Software Science Hard?

data in the authors' Figure 1 would clearly have a high mean-squared error in a regression analysis; yet the authors claim that the correlation coefficient for these data shows that the results of software science are "amazingly accurate. " For these reasons I find "software sci-ence" to be an unconvincing theory. I have serious reservations about the statement that "the theory gives objective measures of complexity. " I was disturbed by the seemingly uncrit-ical nature of the evaluation given "soft-ware science" by Fitzsimmons and Love. When combined with the definition of "ef-fort," the definition of "language level" (~) leads to an inconsistency. Let us consider the case of programs that compute functions of one argument. These can all be written as "x-f(y)" in Halstead's "potential language," so that V* = 8. It follows that E = 512/(X) 2. Thus, for a fixed language, the effort of programming should be the same for all functions. (I do not think anyone believes that.) This trouble probably comes from the assumption that "language level," k, is constant over all programs for a fixed language, whereas, in fact, k may be arbitrarily small. (For programs that compute functions of one argument, this can be seen easily, since = LV* ffi 64/V, and V m a y be arbitrarily large.) Reply to Paul B. Moranda by A. Fitzsimons and T. Love Whether a complexity measure should be "intensive" or "extensive" is an interesting philosophical question. There are many good and valid reasons for the intuitive appeal of intensive measures. However, it was not the purpose of our paper to evaluate the intuitive appeal of one complexity measure or another. Rather, we were simply saying: "Here's a theory of software complexity that's been applied to several large real-world databases and subjected to carefully controlled experiments, and it still holds up. We think the theory is worthy of more careful scrutiny and analysis. " We leave to some other ambitious author the task of answering "why" one theory works and another does not. It is true that there are many ways to compute the effort measure E. We used Halstead's method of counting operands and operators, as described precisely in Bu-lut, Halstead, and Bayer, "Experimental Validation of a Structural Property of For-tran Algorithms," Purdue University, CSD T R 115, April 1974. Other people have attempted various ways of computing E in order to refine the theory-just as other people have …
Access Point Location and Trajectory Tracking Method based on the Weight Update

Journal of Networking Technology Volume 5 Number 3 September 2014 ABSTRACT: In recent years, wireless access technology is quite popular for its convenience, fast and flexible. However, due to the openness of wireless network, this technology also faces with a number of secure challenges, one of which is how to deal with the unauthorized access point effectively. As we all know, the unauthorized access point leads to not only increasing interference between signals induced by the fierce competition of wireless channel resources, but also data leakage resulting in “wireless phishing”. In response to these security threats, much importance has been put on the research of unauthorized access point location and trajectory tracking. This paper firstly proposes an optimization model of wireless signal propagation. Then an access point location and tracking method called APL_T is put forward, which supports three-dimensional location based on the weight update improving the location accuracy effectively and raises the trajectory tracking of the access point in the light of the three-dimensional location. Finally, the experimental results show that APL_T has a high accuracy and can meet practical requirements.
Password Portfolios and the Finite-Effort User: Sustainably Managing Large Numbers of Accounts

We explore how to manage a portfolio of passwords. We review why mandating exclusively strong passwords with no re-use gives users an impossible task as portfolio size grows. We find that approaches justified by loss-minimization alone, and those that ignore important attack vectors (e.g., vectors exploiting re-use), are amenable to analysis but unrealistic. In contrast, we propose, model and analyze portfolio management under a realistic attack suite, with an objective function costing both loss and user effort. Our findings directly challenge accepted wisdom and conventional advice. We find, for example, that a portfolio strategy ruling out weak passwords or password re-use is sub-optimal. We give an optimal solution for how to group accounts for re-use, and model-based principles for portfolio management.
Thick-Market Effects in Real Asset Markets

Almost all real assets trade in decentralized markets, where trading frictions could inhibit the efficiency of asset allocations and depress asset prices. In this paper, I investigate how trading frictions vary as asset markets get thicker, and what implications market thickness has for asset allocations and prices. Intuitively, it is easier to sell assets that have a thicker market. As a result, firms find it optimal to hold on longer to assets with a thinner market in case their profitability rises in the future. Thus, firms’ average productivity is higher and productivity dispersion is lower when markets for firms’ assets are thicker. In turn, asset prices are on average higher and have a lower dispersion of transaction prices in thicker asset markets, since prices depend on firms’ profitabilities. I formalize this intuition in a model of trading in decentralized markets with twosided search and bilateral bargaining. I then use data on commercial aircraft markets to test the implications of the model. As predicted by the theory, the empirical analysis shows that aircraft with a thicker market have: 1) higher turnover; 2) higher capacity utilization; 3) lower dispersion of utilization levels; 4) higher mean prices; and 5) lower dispersion of transaction prices. School of Management and Cowles Foundation, Yale University, P.O. Box 208200, New Haven, CT 06520-8200. Email: alessandro.gavazza@yale.edu. A previous version of the paper was distributed under the title “Liquidity in Real Asset Markets”. I am grateful to Pierre-Olivier Weill and to my colleagues at Yale for comments and suggestions, to Todd Pulvino for providing some of the data used in this paper, and to Jessica Jiang, Alistair Wilson and Jihye Jeon for help with the research.
Quantifying E. coli Proteome and Transcriptome with Single-Molecule Sensitivity in Single Cells

Devil in the Detail Genetically identical cells in the same environment can show variation in gene expression that may cause phenotypic variation at the single-cell level. But how noisy are most genes? Taniguchi et al. (p. 533; see the Perspective by Tyagi) now report single-cell global profiling of both messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteins in Escherichia coli using a yellow fluorescent protein fusion library. As well as a common extrinsic noise in high-abundance proteins, large fluctuations were observed in low-abundance proteins. Remarkably, in single-cell experiments, mRNA and protein levels for the same gene were uncorrelated. Measurement of protein and messenger RNA copy numbers in single Escherichia coli cells gives a system-wide view of stochastic gene expression. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) copy numbers vary from cell to cell in isogenic bacterial populations. However, these molecules often exist in low copy numbers and are difficult to detect in single cells. We carried out quantitative system-wide analyses of protein and mRNA expression in individual cells with single-molecule sensitivity using a newly constructed yellow fluorescent protein fusion library for Escherichia coli. We found that almost all protein number distributions can be described by the gamma distribution with two fitting parameters which, at low expression levels, have clear physical interpretations as the transcription rate and protein burst size. At high expression levels, the distributions are dominated by extrinsic noise. We found that a single cell’s protein and mRNA copy numbers for any given gene are uncorrelated.
Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to victory or defeat in a contest situation. It also explored to what extent postvictory testosterone increases are associated with enhanced implicit learning of behavior instrumental for winning a contest. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed in 66 male adults several times before and after a contest whose outcome (winning or losing against a competitor on an implicit learning task) was varied experimentally. Among participants low in activity inhibition, a measure of impulse control, the power motive was a significant positive predictor of testosterone increases (15 min postcontest; r = 0.71, P = 0.01) and implicit learning (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) after a victory, whereas it was a significant negative predictor of implicit learning (r = -0.58, P = 0.01) but not of testosterone increases (r = -0.08, ns) after a defeat. Moreover, among participants low in activity inhibition testosterone increases were associated with enhanced implicit learning (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and there was statistical evidence that in winners testosterone increases mediated the effect of power motivation on implicit learning. Participants high in activity inhibition did not display this pattern of results.
Toward simulation-based real-time decision-support systems for emergency departments

Emergency Departments (EDs) require advanced support systems for monitoring and controlling their processes: clinical, operational, and financial. A prerequisite for such a system is comprehensive operational information (e.g. queueing times, busy resources,…), reliably portraying and predicting ED status as it evolves in time. To this end, simulation comes to the rescue, through a two-step procedure that is hereby proposed for supporting real-time ED control. In the first step, an ED manager infers the ED's current state, based on historical data and simulation: data is fed into the simulator (e.g. via location-tracking systems, such as RFID tags), and the simulator then completes unobservable state-components. In the second step, and based on the inferred present state, simulation supports control by predicting future ED scenarios. To this end, we estimate time-varying resource requirements via a novel simulation-based technique that utilizes the notion of offered-load.
A Machine Learning Approach for the Integration of miRNA-Target Predictions

Although several computational methods have been developed for predicting interactions between miRNA and target genes, there are substantial differences in the achieved results. For this reason, machine learning approaches are widely used for integrating the predictions obtained from different tools. In this work we adopt a method, called M3GP, which relies on a genetic programming approach, to classify results from three tools: miRanda, TargetScan, and RNAhybrid. Such algorithm is highly parallelizable and its adoption provides great advantages while handling problems involving big datasets, since it is independent from the implementation and from the architecture on which it is executed. More precisely, we apply this technique for the classification of the achieved miRNA target predictions and we compare its results with those obtained with other classifiers.
Presence and emotion in computer game players during 1st person vs. 3rd person playing view: evidence from self-report, eye-tracking, and facial muscle activity data

This paper describes a study on the effects of 1 versus 3 person view in a computer game on presence and emotional responses. Two experiments were conducted and eye-tracking, facial muscle activity and self-reported presence was measured. The results supported our hypothesis on higher presence in 1 person view. However, this observation was not present in the eye-tracking data.