Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Full Image of the Wormhole Attacks - Towards Introducing Complex Wormhole Attacks in wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract — In this paper, we are concerned of a particularly severe security attack that affects the ad hoc networks routing protocols, it is called the wormhole attack. We can think of wormhole attack as a two phase process launched by one or several malicious nodes. In the first phase, these malicious nodes, called wormhole nodes, try to lure legitimate nodes to send data to other nodes via them. In the second phase, wormhole nodes could exploit the data in variety of ways. We will introduce the wormhole attack modes and classes, and point to its impact and threat on ad hoc networks. We also analyze the wormhole attack modes from an attacker’s perspective and suggest new improvements to this type of attacks. We finally summarize and conclude this paper. Keywords-attacks; ad hoc network; security; tunneling; wormhole I. I NTRODUCTION With the rapid development in wireless technology, ad hoc networks have emerged in many forms. These networks operate in the license free frequency band and do not require any investment in infrastructure, making them attractive for military and selected commercial applications. However, there are many unsolved problems in ad hoc networks; securing the network being one of the major concerns. Ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks due to many reasons; amongst them are the absence of infrastructure, wireless links between nodes, limited physical Protection, and the Lack of a centralized monitoring or management, and the resource constraints. A particularly severe security attack, called the wormhole attack, has been introduced in the context of ad-hoc networks [1], [2], [3]. During the attack [4] a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally, this is illustrated in Figure 1. The tunnel can be established in many different ways, such as through an out-of-band hidden channel (e.g., a wired link), packet encapsulation, or high powered transmission. This tunnel makes the tunneled packet arrive either sooner or with less number of hops compared to the packets transmitted over normal multihop routes. This creates the illusion that the two end points of the tunnel are very close to each other. In this paper, we explain the attack modes and point to the impact of this attack and its threats. From an attacker’s perspective, we analyze each of the attack’s modes’ benefits and suitable conditions and think how to improve the wormhole attack by introducing the concept of “complex wormhole attacks”. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces the wormhole attack modes, threats, impact on the ad hoc networks applications and routing, and solutions that have been proposed in the literature as a countermeasure for this attack. In section III, we analyze the different attack modes in details, while in section IV we suggest complex wormhole attacks to improve the regular wormhole attacks. Finally, conclusions and future directions are given in section V.
Tracing the conveyor belt in the Hamburg large-scale geostrophic ocean general circulation model

The flow which constitutes the conveyor belt in the Hamburg large-scale geostrophic ocean general circulation model has been investigated with the help of a particle tracking method. In the region of North Atlantic Deep Water formation a thousand trajectories were calculated backward in time to the point where they upwell from the deep ocean. Both the three-dimensional velocity field and convective overturning have been used for this calculation. Together, the trajectories form a representative picture of the upper branch of the conveyor belt in the model. In the Atlantic Ocean the path and strength (17 Sv) of the conveyor belt in the model are found to be consistent with observations. All trajectories enter the South Atlantic via Drake Passage, as the model does not simulate any Agulhas leakage. Large changes in water masses occur in the South Atlantic midlatitudes and subtropical North Atlantic. Along its path in the Atlantic the water in the conveyor belt is transformed from Antarctic Intermediate Water to Central North Atlantic Water. On the average the timescale on which the water mass characteristics are approximately conserved is only a few years compared to the timescale of 70 years for the conveyor belt to cross the Atlantic. The ventilation of thermocline waters in the South Atlantic midlatitudes is overestimated in the model due to too much convective deepening of the winter mixed layer. As a result the fraction of the conveyor belt water flowing in the surface layer is also overestimated, along with integrated effects of atmospheric forcing. The abnormally strong water mass transformation in the South Atlantic might be related to the absence of Agulhas leakage in the model.
Toward the Study of Aesthetics in Information Technology

This paper argues that an increasingly important dimension of the human-computer interaction is missing from the MIS and the HCI research agenda. This dimension—esthetics—plays a major role in our private, social, and business lives. It is argued that aesthetics is relevant to information technology research and practice for three theoretical reasons. (1) For many users, other aspects of the interaction hardly matter anymore. (2) Our evaluations of the environment are primarily visual, and the environment becomes increasingly replete with information technology. (3) Aesthetics satisfies basic human needs, and human needs are increasingly supplied by information technology. Aesthetics matters for a practical reason as well: it is here to stay. We propose a general framework for the study of aesthetics in information technology and provide some examples of research questions to illustrate the viability of this topic.
SKA Key science project: Radio observations of cosmic reionization and first light

I update the SKA key science program (KSP) on first light and co smic reionization. The KSP has two themes: (i) Using the 21cm line of neutral hydrogen as the most direct probe into the evolution of the neutral intergalactic medium during cosmic reionization. Such HI 21cm studies are potentially the most important new window on cosmology since the discovery of the CMB. (ii) Observing the gas, dust, star formation, and dynamics, of th e first galaxies and AGN. Observations at cm and mm wavelengths, provide an unobscured view of galaxy formation within 1 Gyr of the Big Bang, and are an ideal complement to the study of stars, ionized gas, and AGN done using near-IR telescopes. I summarize HI 21cm signals, challenges, and telescopes under construction. I also discuss the prospects for studying the pre-galactic m edium, prior to first light, using a low frequency telescope on the Moon. I then review the current status of mm and cm observations of the most known distant galaxies (z � 6). I make the simple argument that even a 10% SKAhigh demonstrator will have a profound impact on the study of the first galaxies. In particular, extending the SKA to the ’natural’ atmospheric limit (set by the O2 line) of � 45GHz, increases the effective sensitivity to thermal emission by another fa ctor four.
Investigating CTL Mediated Killing with a 3D Cellular Automaton

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important immune effectors against intra-cellular pathogens. These cells search for infected cells and kill them. Recently developed experimental methods in combination with mathematical models allow for the quantification of the efficacy of CTL killing in vivo and, hence, for the estimation of parameters that characterize the effect of CTL killing on the target cell populations. It is not known how these population-level parameters relate to single-cell properties. To address this question, we developed a three-dimensional cellular automaton model of the region of the spleen where CTL killing takes place. The cellular automaton model describes the movement of different cell populations and their interactions. Cell movement patterns in our cellular automaton model agree with observations from two-photon microscopy. We find that, despite the strong spatial nature of the kinetics in our cellular automaton model, the killing of target cells by CTLs can be described by a term which is linear in the target cell frequency and saturates with respect to the CTL levels. Further, we find that the parameters describing CTL killing on the population level are most strongly impacted by the time a CTL needs to kill a target cell. This suggests that the killing of target cells, rather than their localization, is the limiting step in CTL killing dynamics given reasonable frequencies of CTL. Our analysis identifies additional experimental directions which are of particular importance to interpret estimates of killing rates and could advance our quantitative understanding of CTL killing.
A novel approach to phonetic segmentation through local singularity analysis of speech

This paper presents the application of a radically novel approach, called the Microcanonical Multiscale Formalism (MMF) to speech analysis. MMF provides efficient means for studying local non-linear dynamics of complex signals. The formalism is based on precise estimation of local scaling parameters that describe the inter-scale correlations at each point in the signal domain. In this paper we introduce an efficient way of estimating these local parameters and then, we show that they convey instructive information about local dynamics of the speech signal that can be used for determination of phoneme boundaries. We thus develop a two-stage phonetic segmentation algorithm that uses these parameters to automatically detect the boundaries between phonemes. For the first step, we introduce a new dynamic programming technique to efficiently generate a list of phoneme boundary candidates from a piece-wise linear functional. In the second step, we use hypothesis testing to make the final decision. We present extensive experiments on the full TIMIT database. The results show that our algorithm is significantly more accurate than state-of-the-art ones.
Title : Semantic Annotation for Knowledge Management : Requirements and a Survey of the State of the Art Corresponding

While much of a company’s knowledge can be found in text repositories, current content management systems have limited capabilities for structuring and interpreting documents. In the emerging Semantic Web, search, interpretation and aggregation can be addressed by ontology-based semantic markup. In this paper, we examine semantic annotation, identify a number of requirements, and review the current generation of semantic annotation systems. This analysis shows that, while there is still some way to go before semantic annotation tools will be able to address fully all the knowledge management needs, research in the area is active and making good progress.
Existence of Competitive Equilibria in Combinatorial Auctions

Competitive equilibrium provides a natural steady state for iterative combinatorial auctions that maximize social welfare, and therefore the first step in auction design is to establish its existence. Recent work by Baldwin and Klemperer (2012) has proved that the "demand type" of valuations being "unimodular" is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a competitive equilibrium, but under the general setting where both buyers and sellers as well as multiple copies of items may exist, and the supply could be any combination of items available. In this work, we investigate the same condition under the more restrictive but standard setting for combinatorial auctions, where only buyers and a single copy of each distinct item are allowed and the supply is fixed to be the set of all available items. First, we provide an alternative proof of the sufficiency result for unimodular "complements" demand type, which defines a subclass of valuations for which a competitive equilibrium exists according to Baldwin and Klemperer (2012). While their original proof and analysis use tools from tropical geometry, our approach is based on linear programming. Relying on a result from Bikhchandani and Mamer (1999) that a competitive equilibrium exists if and only if a related linear program has an integral optimal solution, we provide a direct proof that the linear program has an integral optimal solution. Our analysis provides a fundamental understanding of the structure of the linear program and leads to various properties which may be helpful in auction design. Second, we provide an algorithm to determine the demand types of sign-consistent tree graphical valuations, for which competitive equilibria are known to exist due to Candogan et al. (2013). We then analyze the relationship between the set of the demand types of sign-consistent tree graphical valuations and the set of unimodular demand types. Our analysis implies that the unimodularity of demand type is not necessary for the existence of a competitive equilibrium in combinatorial auctions. Thesis Supervisor: Asu Ozdaglar Title: Professor, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Thesis Supervisor: Pablo Parrilo Title: Professor, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems
Collaborative personalized top-k processing

This article presents P4Q, a fully decentralized gossip-based protocol to personalize query processing in social tagging systems. P4Q dynamically associates each user with social acquaintances sharing similar tagging behaviors. Queries are gossiped among such acquaintances, computed on-the-fly in a collaborative, yet partitioned manner, and results are iteratively refined and returned to the querier. Analytical and experimental evaluations convey the scalability of P4Q for top-k query processing, as well its inherent ability to cope with users updating profiles and departing.
Parallel performance evaluation and profiling of multiple sequence nucleotide alignment on the supercomputer BlueGene/P

Biological sequence processing is a key of information technology for molecular biology. This scientific area requires powerful computing resources for exploring large sets of biological data. Multiple sequence alignment is an important method in the DNA and protein analysis. ClustalW has become the most popular tool and implements a progressive method for multiple sequence alignment. The goal of this paper is to propose the performance evaluation of the efficiency of parallel multiple alignment on the supercomputer BlueGene/P for the case study of investigating viral nucleotide sequences and finding out consensus motifs and variable domains in the different segments of influenza virus A genome. Parallel performance evaluation and profiling of multiple sequence alignment have been performed on the basis of parallel program implementation based on ClustalW method and a local mirror database of all available isolates of the 8 segments of the influenza virus A. The molecular biology outcome of the experiments is that the consensus and the variable domains in Influenza virus A under investigation have been determined and output by utilizing the biological sequence alignment editor UGENE UniPro.
The Economics of Warm Glow: A Note on Consumer's Behaviour and Public Policy Implications

The paper focuses on the ongoing debate on non-market valuation, including the valuation environmental goods, and the opportunity to use contingent valuation for policy guidance. In fact, contingent valuation critics argue that reported willingness to pay answers do not reflect real economic preferences and, for this reason, should not be used in cost-benefit analysis The attempt to contravene such critique finds many supporters. This paper starts from the latter stream of research and adds two original contributions. First, it sheds light on the individual warm glow motivational profile, exploring the empirical relationship between individual's socio-economic characteristics and warm glow. Second, it discusses some implications of the presence of warm glow for public policy.
L-algebras, triplicial-algebras, within an equivalence of categories motivated by graphs

In a previous work, we gave a coalgebraic framework of directed graphs equipped with weights (or probability vectors) in terms of (Markov) L-coalgebras. They are K-vector spaces equipped with two co-operations, \Delta_M, \tilde{\Delta}_M verifying, (\tilde{\Delta}_M \otimes id)\Delta_M =(id \otimes \Delta_M)\tilde{\Delta}_M. In this paper, we study the category of L-algebras (dual of L-coalgebras), prove that the free L-algebra on one generator is constructed over rooted planar symmetric ternary trees with odd numbers of nodes and the L-operad is Koszul. We then introduce triplicial-algebras: vector spaces equipped with three associative operations verifying three entanglement relations. The free triplicial-algebra is computed and turns out to be related to even trees. Via a general structure theorem (\`a la Cartier-Milnor-Moore), we obtain that the category of L-algebras is equivalent to a much more structured category called connected coassociative triplicial-bialgebras (coproduct linked to operations via infinitesimal relations), that is the triple of operads (As, Trip, L) is good. Bidirected graphs, related to NAP-algebras, are briefly evoked and postponed to another paper.
Shaping Corporate Social Responsibility in the Conditions of Cultural Differences Between the Cooperating Institutions

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is not only a philosophy of acting for many companies, but a basic strategy for building a competitive advantage. Unfortunately, in the conditions when as a result of globalization the bonds of international cooperation are becoming stronger and stronger, it is increasingly difficult to shape. The factor of significant influence here is the partners’ cultural diversity. Understanding the foundations of this diversity provides an opportunity to make more conscious decisions concerning the choice of partners and forms of cooperation. It also facilitates project-making and implementing CSR tools. The key issue here is the identification and evaluation of pro-social features of the partners’ culture. Choosing the partners from the culture suitable for implementing CSR allows to maximize its benefits. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the influence of national and organizational culture on the way of shaping CSR. In order to study the issue, the foundations of the topic, the nature of national and organizational culture, have been characterized. In addition, the underlying cultural differences and basic problems of shaping CSR have been signalled. The empirical demonstration of the issue are the results of CSR research in selected companies from different EU countries, but belonging to the same capital groups.
Phosphorylation of myosin-II regulatory light chain by cyclin-p34cdc2: a mechanism for the timing of cytokinesis

To understand how cytokinesis is regulated during mitosis, we tested cyclin-p34cdc2 for myosin-II kinase activity, and investigated the mitotic-specific phosphorylation of myosin-II in lysates of Xenopus eggs. Purified cyclin-p34cdc2 phosphorylated the regulatory light chain of cytoplasmic and smooth muscle myosin-II in vitro on serine-1 or serine-2 and threonine-9, sites known to inhibit the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin (Nishikawa, M., J. R. Sellers, R. S. Adelstein, and H. Hidaka. 1984. J. Biol. Chem. 259:8808-8814; Bengur, A. R., A. E. Robinson, E. Appella, and J. R. Sellers. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:7613-7617; Ikebe, M., and S. Reardon. 1990. Biochemistry. 29:2713-2720). Serine-1 or -2 of the regulatory light chain of Xenopus cytoplasmic myosin-II was also phosphorylated in Xenopus egg lysates stabilized in metaphase, but not in interphase. Inhibition of myosin-II by cyclin-p34cdc2 during prophase and metaphase could delay cytokinesis until chromosome segregation is initiated and thus determine the timing of cytokinesis relative to earlier events in mitosis.
Real-time occupancy estimation using environmental parameters

An integral part of visualizing an air-conditioned space is to know its occupancy in real-time, in order to make intelligent control decisions about the operation of its Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) system. The sensing mechanisms used in occupancy estimation such as cameras and wearable sensors are generally intrusive and expensive. Alternatively, the effect that occupants have on environmental parameters such as CO2, temperature, humidity and pressure can be utilized to extract information about the occupancy levels. Environmental sensors are relatively inexpensive and are non-intrusive. From these sensor data, we need to extract and select relevant features that may yield occupancy information. The filter model feature selection approach used in previous works compromises on the classification accuracy in order to limit the computational burden. An alternative is the wrapper model of feature selection, which uses the inference algorithm itself to search for the best features. It guarantees better classification accuracy but is computationally expensive, especially with slow iterative machine learning techniques such as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) used in previous works. To address this problem, this work capitalizes on the fast learning speed of Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) to implement a wrapper model of feature selection. To the best of our knowledge, the use of the wrapper model in an occupancy estimation problem has not been documented. A comparison between the filter and wrapper model feature selection is made. The tracking accuracy was seen to have notably improved with the wrapper model. Also, it was demonstrated that the pressure data, which has not been used for occupancy estimation in previous works, is useful.
Program Optimization Study on a 128-Core GPU

The newest generations of graphics processing unit (GPU) architecture, such as the NVIDIA GeForce 8-series, feature new interfaces that improve programmability and generality over previous GPU generations. Using NVIDIA’s Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), the GPU is presented to developers as a flexible parallel architecture. This flexibility introduces the opportunity to perform a wide variety of parallelization optimizations on applications, but it can be difficult to choose and control optimizations to give reliable performance benefit. This work presents a study that examines a broad space of optimization combinations performed on several applications ported to the GeForce 8800 GTX. By doing an exhaustive search of the optimization space, we find configurations that are up to 74% faster than those previously thought optimal. We explain the effects that optimizations can have on this architecture and how they differ from those on more traditional processors. For some optimizations, small changes in resource usage per thread can have very significant performance ramifications due to the thread assignment granularity of the platform and the lack of control over scheduling and allocation behavior of the runtime. We conclude with suggestions for better controlling resource usage and performance on this platform.