Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Long Haul Fiber Networks 1.2 Historical Development of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 1.3 From Glass to Systems 2 OPTICAL FIBER FABRICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conventional Communication Fiber 2.3 Rare Earth Doped Fibers 2.4 Pump-Signal Interaction Methods 2.5 Compositions 2.6 Physical Properties 3 COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATION 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fiber Connectors 3.3 Fusion Splicing 3.4 Pump and Signal Combiners 3.5 Isolators 3.6 Circulators 3.7 Filters 3.8 Fiber Gratings 3.9 Signal Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 3.10 Signal Add/Drop Components 3.11 Dispersion Compensation Components 3.12 Integrated Components 3.13 Pump Lasers 4 RARE EARTH IONS--INTRODUCTORY SURVEY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Atomic Physics of the Rare Earths 4.3 Optical Spectra of Rare Earth Ions 4.4 Fundamental Properties 4.5 Spectroscopy of the Er3 Ion 4.6 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects 5 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS--AMPLIFIER BASICS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Amplification in Three-Level Systems 5.3 Reduction of the Three-Level System to the Two-Level System 5.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 5.5 Analytical Solutions to the Two-Level System 6 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS--MODELING AND COMPLEX EFFECTS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Absorption and Emission Cross Sections 6.3 Gain and ASE Modeling 6.4 Amplifier Simulations 6.5 Transverse Mode Models--Erbium Confinement Effect 6.6 Excited State Absorption Effects 6.7 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects 7 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS--THEORY 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Optical Noise: Device Aspects 7.3 Optical Noise: System Aspects 8 AMPLIFIER CHARACTERIZATION AND DESIGN ISSUES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic Amplifier Measurement Techniques 8.3 Amplifier Design Issues 9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONS OF AMPLIFIERS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 System Demonstrations and Issues 9.3 Soliton Systems 10 FOUR LEVEL FIBER AMPLIFIERS FOR 13 MM AMPLIFICATION 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Pr3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers 10.3 Nd3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers Appendix Subject Index
Effect of long term humid aging on plastics

The warm humidity resistance of more than thirty plastic formulations has been evaluated in a program which aged specimens for periods ranging from 10 months to 3 years. Both thermoset and thermoplastic products were included in this study. All of these materials can be used in high humidity at moderate temperatures for short periods of time except where water absorption lowers the glass transition temperature enough to cause distortion. Several of these commercial products exhibit good long term resistance to humidity at temperatures approaching 100°C. However, some are degraded by long term exposure to warm humidity. This hydrolysis effect can result in useful lifetimes which are considerably shorter than would be expected from projections which are based on conventional dry oven aging tests. This broad data base provides a basis for selecting plastics for use in warm, humid environments.
Stepwise randomized combinatorial auctions achieve revenue monotonicity

In combinatorial auctions that use VCG, a seller can sometimes increase revenue by dropping bidders (see e.g. [5]). In our previous work [26], we showed that such failures of "revenue monotonicity" occur under an extremely broad range of deterministic strategyproof combinatorial auction mechanisms, even when bidders have "known single-minded" valuations. In this work we consider the question of whether revenue monotonic, strategyproof mechanisms for such bidders can be found in the broader class of randomized mechanisms. We demonstrate that---surprisingly- such mechanisms do exist, show how they can be constructed, and consider algorithmic techniques for implementing them in polynomial time. More formally, we characterize a class of randomized mechanisms defined for known single-minded bidders that are strategyproof and revenue monotonic, and furthermore satisfy some other desirable properties, namely participation, consumer sovereignty and maximality, representing the mechanism as a solution to a quadratically constrained linear program (QCLP). We prove that the QCLP is always feasible (i.e., for all bidder valuations) and give its solution analytically. Furthermore, we give an algorithm for running such a mechanism in time polynomial in the number of bidders and goods; this is interesting because constructing an instance of such mechanisms from our QCLP formulation in a naive way can require exponential time.
Resource allocation for MU-MIMO non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with interference alignment

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has attracted a lot of attention recently due to its superior spectral efficiency and could play a vital role in improving the capacity of future networks. This paper considers resource allocation for a downlink, multi-user (MU) MIMO-NOMA system that aims at maximizing the sum rate with interference alignment (IA) technique. Using singular decomposition value (SVD) based IA, we propose IA based NOMA system in which a number of users are grouped together while the others are aligned to the null space as interference. The targeted group of users employ NOMA with a low complexity hierarchical power allocation scheme for sum rate maximization. In addition, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the sum rate under the total power and proportional fairness constraints. A low complexity sub-optimal solution for two-user scenario is obtained and then extended to the multi-user case by a hierarchical pairing scheme. Another approach is proposed to allocate the transmission power of each user using an iterative subgradient method. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes provide better performance than an existing scheme and perform close to the optimal one. In addition, the simulation scenario considers the case where two users share the data streams while performing IA as compared to the case where all users are sharing it without IA. Simulation results verify that applying IA with NOMA could improve the achievable sum rate and offers simplicity in terms of successive interference cancellation (SIC) application.
The Nuclear Receptor FXR Uncouples the Actions of miR-33 From SREBP-2

Objective— To determine whether activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) alters cellular and plasma cholesterol homeostasis as a result of regulation of Srebp-2 and miR-33. Approach and Results— Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data identified an FXR response element within intron 10 of the Srebp-2 gene. Consistent with this observation, treatment of mice with FXR-specific agonists (GSK2324 or GW4064) rapidly increased hepatic levels of Srebp-2 mRNA, precursor sterol response element binding protein 2 (pSREBP-2) protein, and miR-33. Furthermore, miR-33 targets, that include ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette transporter A1), NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor), and CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1), were all reduced in GSK2324-treated mice. In contrast, neither nuclear SREBP-2 protein (nSREBP-2) nor SREBP-2 target genes were induced after FXR activation. The inability to process pSREBP-2 to nSREBP-2 is likely a consequence of the induction of insulin INSIG-2A (induced gene 2A) by FXR agonists. Finally, we show that FXR-dependent induction of both Srebp-2 and miR-33 is ablated in Scap –/– mice that lack nuclear SREBP-2. Conclusions— We demonstrate that the activation of FXR uncouples the expression of nuclear SREBP-2 and miR-33, and the regulation of their respective target genes. Further, we conclude that the FXR agonist-dependent increase in miR-33 requires transcription of the Srebp-2 gene.
The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries.

OBJECTIVE To present a clinical understanding of the role the scapula plays in the mechanics of shoulder function and specialized techniques for the rehabilitation of injuries around the shoulder girdle. BACKGROUND The scapular musculature is often neglected in the evaluation and treatment of shoulder injuries. This lack of attention often degenerates into the incomplete evaluation and rehabilitation of scapular dysfunction. Dysfunction or weakness of the scapular stabilizers often results in altered biomechanics of the shoulder girdle. The altered biomechanics can result in (1) abnormal stresses to the anterior capsular structures, (2) the increased possibility of rotator cuff compression, and (3) decreased performance. DESCRIPTION We review the anatomy and role of the scapula, the pathomechanics of injury and dysfunction, and the evaluation and rehabilitation of the scapula. CLINICAL ADVANTAGE: Knowledge of how the scapular muscles influence function at the shoulder builds a strong foundation for the clinician to develop rehabilitation programs for the shoulder.
Flavonoids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestine that compromises the patients’ life quality and requires sustained pharmacological and surgical treatments. Since their etiology is not completely understood, non-fully-efficient drugs have been developed and those that have shown effectiveness are not devoid of quite important adverse effects that impair their long-term use. In this regard, a growing body of evidence confirms the health benefits of flavonoids. Flavonoids are compounds with low molecular weight that are widely distributed throughout the vegetable kingdom, including in edible plants. They may be of great utility in conditions of acute or chronic intestinal inflammation through different mechanisms including protection against oxidative stress, and preservation of epithelial barrier function and immunomodulatory properties in the gut. In this review we have revised the main flavonoid classes that have been assessed in different experimental models of colitis as well as the proposed mechanisms that support their beneficial effects.
Immune Response Modulation by Vitamin D: Role in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Vitamin D plays key roles as a natural immune modulator and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review presents a summary and analysis of the recent literature regarding immunoregulatory effects of vitamin D as well as its importance in SLE development, clinical severity, and possible effects of supplementation in disease treatment.
Thermoelastic instabilities in the sliding of conforming solids

If two sliding solids are nominally in contact over a large area, the inevitable irregularities in the surfaces will cause the pressure distribution to be non-uniform. The generation of heat due to friction at the interface will also be non-uniform and the solids will be distorted by thermal expansion. The highest parts of the surface will carry the greatest pressure, reach the highest temperature and consequently expand more than the surroundings. Thus the thermal distortion tends to exaggerate the initial irregularity of the surface. The wear at the interface has the opposite effect, but under suitable conditions the process can be unstable. Experiments are described in which the effects of this instability are observed: the load is concentrated into a few small parts of the surface causing high local temperatures. After a few seconds, the load is transferred to a new part of the surface and, when the original contact area has returned to the temperature of the surroundings, it contracts leaving an observable depression in the surface. The scale of this process is large in comparison with the size of the surface asperities. An experimental model has been produced which demonstrates the characteristics of the instability in a simplified form. The thermal expansion drives the surfaces apart at the beginning of the cycle and this movement has been observed experimentally. An analysis of the instability is produced and a good correlation is obtained with experiment.
Molecular Systems Biology Peer Review Process File Alternative Polyadenylation Diversifies Post-transcriptional Regulation by Selective Rna-protein Interactions Transaction Report: Thank You Again for Submitting Your Work to Molecular Systems Biology

(Note: With the exception of the correction of typographical or spelling errors that could be a source of ambiguity, letters and reports are not edited. The original formatting of letters and referee reports may not be reflected in this compilation.) We have now heard back from two of the three referees who accepted to evaluate the study. Given that their recommendations are very similar and in the interest of time, I prefer to make a decision now with the available reports. As you will see, the referees find the topic of your study of potential interest and are supportive. They raise however a series of concerns and make suggestions for modifications, which we would ask you to carefully address in a revision of the present work. The methodology used in your study should thus be carefully discussed in the light of the alternative method of metabolic labeling. One point that was not raised by these reviewers but that seems of importance is to provide information and discuss the abundance ratios of isoforms with different turnover rates. Please include a 'Data availability' subsection to Materials & Methods where you list the accession number of the datasets produced and analyzed in this study. It is a great idea to include a Sweave . rnw document. Please include it within a zipped folder together with a README text file explaining how to compile it, list possible dependencies (R libraries) and what needs to be modified. If there is a way to make it generic (eg without reference to local directories and files), that would be great.
Glutamate-induced long-term potentiation enhances spontaneous EPSC amplitude but not frequency.

1. Many examples of long-term potentiation (LPT) are induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of presynaptic axons. LTP also is induced by direct glutamate iontophoresis (1 M, 1-2 microA, 10 s) onto postsynaptic neurons in hippocampal slices without evoked presynaptic stimulation; this form of LTP is called "ionto-LTP". The studies herein test the hypothesis that ionto-LTP is expressed primarily through postsynaptic mechanisms. 2. Whole cell recordings were used to examine the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons. sEPSCs were composed of an equal mixture of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-insensitive miniature EPSCs and EPSCs that appeared to result from spontaneous action potentials (i.e., TTX-sensitive EPSCs). The detection of all sEPSCs was virtually eliminated by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (20 microM), suggesting that sEPSCs were glutamate-mediated synaptic events. 3. Changes in the amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs were examined during the expression of ionto-LTP to obtain new information about the cellular location of mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity. Our findings show that ionto-LTP expression results in increased sEPSC amplitude in the absence of lasting increases in sEPSC frequency. 4. Potentiation of sEPSC amplitude without changes in sEPSC frequency has been previously interpreted to be due to postsynaptic mechanisms. Although this interpretation is supported by findings from peripheral synapses, its application to the central nervous system is unclear. We have considered alternative mechanisms. Models based on increased release probability for action potential dependent transmitter release appeared insufficient to explain our results. The most straightforward interpretation of our results is that LTP induced by glutamate iontophoresis on dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons is mediated largely by postsynaptic changes.
Bandwidth and Latency Guarantees in Low-Cost, High-Performance Networks

Network service guarantees not only provide significant performance benefits to distributed computing systems (more balanced resource utilization, fast fault recovery, and fair network access), but they are also essential for many new applications requiring real-time communications with continuous data types (audio/video). Unfortunately, existing multicomputer network routers, which use simple arbitration techniques such as first-come-first-serve or round-robin, have fundamental limitations in supporting these needs. Most algorithms that have been suggested for network service guarantees in long-haul, real-time communication networks are too complicated to be feasible in high-speed, low-cost switches for multicomputer networks. The simpler algorithms proposed, so far, provide only limited service guarantees or waste significant network resources. In this dissertation, we show that a variety of traffic types, both real-time communications as well as best-effort communications, can be supported efficiently in fast and inexpensive switches. After analyzing limitations of existing solutions, we present a novel, cost-effective resource control algorithm for service guarantees. Such cost-effective service guarantees not only provide substantial benefits to overall system performance, but can also further expand the domain of multicomputer applications to encompass distributed multimedia applications requiring guaranteed services. We first evaluate a novel network resource control algorithm called ALU-biasing arbitration, which has been implemented in the Tandem ServerNet multicomputer network. The ALU-biasing arbitration proportionally distributes the output link bandwidth of a router to the input links according to programmed parameters. The algorithm has been implemented in the Tandem ServerNet router at a cost of less than 10% of overall gate counts. The ALU-biased network can reserve virtually arbitrary amounts of bandwidth to communication paths and actually guarantee the reserved bandwidth, potentially supporting many new applications that require such services. The ALU biasing arbitration also improves average network performance by evenly utilizing network resources. However, it also has limitations such as traffic coupling via shared physical links and difficulty in guaranteeing delay bounds. We examine the problems that this approach solves and discuss remaining issues. Based on the lessons learned from the analysis of ALU-biasing arbitration, we present a novel, cost-effective queueing and scheduling algorithm, called Rotating Combined Queueing (RCQ), which can efficiently support a range of service guarantees including deterministic delay bounds and bandwidth guarantees in multicomputer networks. By allowing bursty traffic to utilize unused network resources efficiently, RCQ can also provide competitive performance to best-effort data communications. We analyze and simulate the quality of service that RCQ networks can provide fo
R FMEMS circuit for space communications systems

One of the most important considerations in designing a spacecraft is weight. By reducing the weight of a spacecraft, it is possible to increase the payload, which improves agility and also reduces the launch cost [1]. Missions costs are directly proportional to its total weight, thus, the trend will be to replace bulky and heavy components of space carriers, communication and navigation platforms and of scientific payloads. RF-MEMS technology has the potential of replacing many of the mechanical and semiconductor switches used in mobile and satellite communication systems. In many cases, such RF-MEMS switches would not only reduce substantially the size and power consumption, but also promise superior performance. The paper reviews the recent development of RF MEMS switches and switch matrices. Several configurations are presented for multi-port RF-MEMS switches.
A study of blow-ups in the Keller–Segel model of chemotaxis

We study the Keller–Segel model of chemotaxis and develop a composite particle-grid numerical method with adaptive time stepping which allows us to resolve and propagate singular solutions. We compare the numerical findings (in two dimensions) with analytical predictions regarding formation and interaction of singularities obtained through analysis of the stochastic differential equations associated with the model.
DC Impedance-Model-Based Resonance Analysis of a VSC–HVDC System

Resonances can have a negative impact on a voltage-source converter-high voltage dc (VSC-HVDC) system. This paper develops dc impedance models for the rectifier and inverter stations for a VSC-HVDC system when they are viewed from a dc terminal. The impedance models take converter controllers into account. The derived impedance models are validated by comparing frequency responses of the analytical model and the impedance measured at the dc terminal from a detailed VSC-HVDC model simulated in a real-time digital simulator. Resonances are examined in the frequency domain (e.g., Bode plots and Nyquist plots) using the derived analytical impedance models. The analysis is verified by time-domain simulations. Real-time digital simulation in RT-Lab demonstrates that the dc capacitor has a significant impact on resonances while the power transfer level has an insignificant impact on resonances.
Vaginal birth after caesarean section: why is uptake so low? Insights from a meta-ethnographic synthesis of women's accounts of their birth choices

Objective To identify what women report influences their preferred mode of birth after caesarean section. Design Systematic review of qualitative literature using meta-ethnography. Data sources Medline, EMBASE, ASSIA, CINAHL and PsycINFO (1996 until April 2013; updated September 2015). Hand-searched journals, reference lists and abstract authors. Study selection Primary qualitative studies reporting women's accounts of what influenced their preferred mode of birth after caesarean section. Data extraction and synthesis Primary data (quotations from study participants) and authors’ interpretations of these were extracted, compared and contrasted between studies, and grouped into themes to support the development of a ‘line of argument’ synthesis. Results 20 papers reporting the views of 507 women from four countries were included. Distinctive clusters of influences were identified for each of three groups of women. Women who confidently sought vaginal birth after a caesarean section were typically driven by a long-standing anticipation of vaginal birth. Women who sought a repeat caesarean section were strongly influenced by distressing previous birth experiences, and at times, by encouragement from social contacts. Women who were more open to information and professional guidance had fewer strong preconceptions and concerns, and viewed a range of considerations as potentially important. Conclusions Women's attitudes towards birth after caesarean section appear to be shaped by distinct clusters of influences, suggesting that opportunities exist for clinicians to stratify and personalise decision support by addressing relevant ideas, concerns and experiences from the first caesarean section birth onwards.
PHOTON EMISSION DURING CLEAVAGE OF FROG EGGS

Emission of light was detected from the surface of embryos of the frog, Rana japonica, during early cleavage by a photon counting and an “analog separation (integrated photons) method”. The light‐emission from an egg was more than 5.6 times 10−‐19 W at the beginning of the first cleavage.
Iterative Widening

We propose a method to gradually expand the moves to consider at the nodes of game search trees. The algorithm is an extension of Abstract Proof Search, an algorithm that solves more problem than basic Alpha-Beta search in less time and which is more reliable. Unlike other related algorithms, iterative winding adapts to the game via genearal game definition functions. In the game of Go, it can solve more problems than the original non windening algorithm in approximately half of the time, as shown by the experimental results.