Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The detection of dust grains by a wire dipole antenna: The Radio Dust Analyzer

The possibility of a wire dipole antenna to study the characteristics of dust grains is examined. Charged dust grains passing by the antenna induce an electric potential change for the time of the flyby. These “waveforms” are studied as a function of the characteristics of the dust grain (its charge and velocity vector) and the plasma parameters. The thermal noise level due to flyby, emission, and impacts of the ambient plasma electrons is calculated and compared with the magnitude of the dust signal. Qualitative analysis yields a minimum detectable grain size, the minimum antenna sensitivity required, and the number of detectable events per time unit for cometary, planetary, and interplanetary environments. We call this recently proposed dust-detection technique Radio Dust Analyzer (RDA).
Factors associated with success of trial spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic pain

Objective: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a widely employed technique in treating chronic pain, however, it still fails in significantly reducing pain in one-out-of-three cases. Poor consensus exists on the most predictive factors of SCS outcomes. Although psychological criteria such as emotional stability are recommended for this treatment, it is not well understood if the perception of patients’ own health may impact the SCS success. Therefore, we retrospectively examine factors associated with the patient's subjective conditions, to investigate their relationship with SCS success. Methods: Before the implantation of an SCS trial per routine clinical decision-making, and independently from the implanted devices, patients treated in our clinical practice underwent an extensive evaluation of pain, disability, depression and the overall quality of life. In those patients with successful SCS trials, the pain level was also evaluated at the end of the trial period. Regression analyses were performed to investigate factors predicting successful trial stimulation. Results: Successful trial stimulation was effective in 15 patients (75%). Perceived disability, pain and general health resulted as independent predictive factors on SCS trial outcome. Further investigation showed perceived disability (i.e. Oswestry Disability Index) as a crucial factor, and ROC curve analysis identifies a cut-off of 38 as a predictive score of success. Conclusions: Although preliminary, these findings suggest that standardized scales examining the overall patients’ perceived health status, particularly the disability index may help shed light on predicting SCS trial success. Thus, it is argued the potential application of self-administered scales in SCS patients’ selection in routine clinical practice.
An effective representation for action recognition with human skeleton joints

In this paper, we propose a novel method to recognize human actions using 3D human skeleton joint points. First, we represent a skeleton pose by a feature vector with three descriptors: limb orientation, joint motion orientation and body part relation. Then, we mine discriminative local basic motions based on the sequences of feature vectors. These local basic motions contain the discriminative motions of key joints and can well represent human actions. Experiments conducted on MSR Action3D Dataset and MSR Daily Activity3D Dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and a superior performance over the state-of-the-art techniques.
Regional and hemispheric circulation patterns in the northern hemisphere winter, or the NAO and the AO

Two different scales of teleconnection patterns are found over the Euro‐Atlantic region during the winter. One is a regional seesaw between Iceland and the Azores, and the other is a hemispheric seesaw between the Mediterranean and the polar‐Siberia region. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) indices are sensitive to both modes, although the NAO index reflects the more regional one. The principal process producing a hemispheric seesaw pattern in the surface pressure is changing in vertical winds in the polar troposphere driven by wave forcings. Upward motion in the polar region induces meridional flows near the surface, especially around the Norwegian Sea and Bering Strait, which induce wavy patterns in the surface pressure. The importance of distinguishing the two modes in understanding recent trends is also addressed.
Yak-Derived CXCL14 Activates the Pro-Inflammatory Response of Macrophages and Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of HepG2

Simple Summary In this study, the yak CXCL14 protein was successfully obtained through prokaryotic expression. In vitro experiments proved that the CXCL14 protein can not only significantly increase the activity of spleen macrophages and promote the expression of pro-inflammatory cell-related factors but also inhibit the activity, clone formation and migration of HepG2. This study aims to further understand the function of the CXCL14 protein in yaks. Abstract CXCL14 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) is an important chemokine involved in infection and immunity and plays an important role in a variety of immune-related diseases. The 446 bp cDNA sequence of the CXCL14 gene in yaks was obtained. Additionally, the prokaryotic expression vector of the CXCL14 protein with a molecular weight of 27 kDa was successfully constructed and expressed. The proliferation activities and migration abilities of spleen macrophages were significantly inhibited after treatment with the CXCL14 protein at different concentrations (1, 10 and 20 μg/mL) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 8 (IL8) and interferon-α (TNF-α) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), but the expression of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10 (IL10) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The contents of inflammatory factors in the supernatant of cells were detected using ELISA, and it was also found that the contents of TNF-α, IL6 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) were significantly increased under different CXCL14 protein concentrations (p < 0.05). Finally, the exogenous addition of CXCL14 inhibited the activity, clonal formation and migration of hepatoma cells (HepG2). Additionally, after HepG2 cells were treated with 20 μg/mL CXCL14 protein for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h, the expression levels of BCL2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) and the BCL2-associated X apoptosis regulator (BAX) were increased to varying degrees, while the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A), the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) genes decreased compared to the control group. In conclusion, the CXCL14 protein can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells by inducing the expression of macrophage pro-inflammatory factors and activating apoptosis-related genes to exert innate immunity. These results are helpful to further study the function of the CXCL14 protein and provide research data for the innate immune mechanism of yaks under harsh plateau environments.
Mathematical Theory of Finite Elements

variational formulation reads as follows. { u ∈ U b(u, v) = l(v) ∀v ∈ V . (1.10) Here U is a trial space, and V is a test space. In this monograph, we shall restrict to Hilbert spaces only. The two spaces come with inner products and the corresponding (Eucklidean) norms, ‖u‖U = (u, u)U , ‖v‖V = (v, v)V . On the left we have a bilinear (or sesquilinear) form b : U × V → R(C) defining the operator, and on the right, we have a linear (antilinear) form l : V → R(C) specifying the load. It goes without saying that both forms must be continuous. It is easy to show (see Exercise 1.2.1 and Exercise 1.2.2) that the continuity of forms b and l is equivalent to their boundedness, i.e., |b(u, v)| ≤M‖u‖U ‖v‖V ∀u ∈ U, v ∈ V , (1.11) and, |l(v)| ≤ C‖v‖V ∀v ∈ V , (1.12) for some M,C > 0. Make sure that, for each variational formulation discussed in the next section, you are able to specify energy spaces U, V , and the forms b(u, v), l(v). Accounting for non-homogeneous BCs. In the case of non-homogeneous essential BCs, we may have to consider a more general abstract variatonal problem: { u ∈ ũ0 + U b(u, v) = l(v) ∀v ∈ V . (1.13) Here U is a subspace of a larger energy space X , and ũ0 is an element of X . Symbol ũ0 + U denotes the algebraic sum of ũ0 and U , known also as an affine subspace or affine submanifold of X , ũ0 + U := {ũ0 + w : w ∈ U} . In practice the non-homogeneous boundary data u0 is known only on the boundary of the domain. The tilde over u0 denotes a finite energy lift of u0, i.e. an extension of u0 to the whole domain that lives in the energy
Fractal dimension of the cortical gray matter outweighs other brain MRI features as a predictor of transition to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment and leukoaraiosis

Background The relative contribution of changes in the cerebral white matter (WM) and cortical gray matter (GM) to the transition to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is not yet established. In this longitudinal study, we aimed to analyze MRI features that may predict the transition to dementia in patients with MCI and T2 hyperintensities in the cerebral WM, also known as leukoaraiosis. Methods Sixty-four participants with MCI and moderate to severe leukoaraiosis underwent baseline MRI examinations and annual neuropsychological testing over a 2 year period. The diagnosis of dementia was based on established criteria. We evaluated demographic, neuropsychological, and several MRI features at baseline as predictors of the clinical transition. The MRI features included visually assessed MRI features, such as the number of lacunes, microbleeds, and dilated perivascular spaces, and quantitative MRI features, such as volumes of the cortical GM, hippocampus, T2 hyperintensities, and diffusion indices of the cerebral WM. Additionally, we examined advanced quantitative features such as the fractal dimension (FD) of cortical GM and WM, which represents an index of tissue structural complexity derived from 3D-T1 weighted images. To assess the prediction of transition to dementia, we employed an XGBoost-based machine learning system using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values to provide explainability to the machine learning model. Results After 2 years, 18 (28.1%) participants had transitioned from MCI to dementia. The area under the receiving operator characteristic curve was 0.69 (0.53, 0.85) [mean (90% confidence interval)]. The cortical GM-FD emerged as the top-ranking predictive feature of transition. Furthermore, aggregated quantitative neuroimaging features outperformed visually assessed MRI features in predicting conversion to dementia. Discussion Our findings confirm the complementary roles of cortical GM and WM changes as underlying factors in the development of dementia in subjects with MCI and leukoaraiosis. FD appears to be a biomarker potentially more sensitive than other brain features.
Multi-Sensor Fusion Technology for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Review

With the development of society, technological progress, and new needs, autonomous driving has become a trendy topic in smart cities. Due to technological limitations, autonomous driving is used mainly in limited and low-speed scenarios such as logistics and distribution, shared transport, unmanned retail, and other systems. On the other hand, the natural driving environment is complicated and unpredictable. As a result, to achieve all-weather and robust autonomous driving, the vehicle must precisely understand its environment. The self-driving cars are outfitted with a plethora of sensors to detect their environment. In order to provide researchers with a better understanding of the technical solutions for multi-sensor fusion, this paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-sensor fusion 3D object detection networks according to the fusion location, focusing on the most popular LiDAR and cameras currently in use. Furthermore, we describe the popular datasets and assessment metrics used for 3D object detection, as well as the problems and future prospects of 3D object detection in autonomous driving.
Frost heave and pipeline upheaval buckling

Frost heave of soils varies greatly with the type of soil and the moisture and thermal conditions of the ground. Consequently, the initially level trench-bottom profile of a pipeline can become uneven. Upheaval buckling is a well-known phenomenon in buried pipelines: it can lead to large upward movements of a pipeline and is caused by the interaction between the longitudinal compressive force present during operation and overbend irregularities in the profile. This paper examines the possibility that frost heave and upheaval buckling can interact adversely and threaten the security of Arctic pipelines.Key words: Arctic, buckling, frost heave, permafrost, pipelines.
Combinatorial knowledge dynamics and proximity analysis in the Shanghai high-end medical device industry

Abstract Combinatorial knowledge dynamics and recombinant innovation have received increasing attention. So far, however, empirical studies have insufficiently focused on how firms utilize multi-scalar sources to facilitate the combination of analytical and synthetic knowledge, which is a gap we would like to fill with the help of this paper. Through interviews with high-end medical device companies from Shanghai, this paper analyzes the role of proximity in firms’ combinatorial knowledge base (CKB) creation from a multi-scalar perspective, offering insights into the geography of knowledge. Moreover, cutting-edge technologies and complex innovation in the manufacturing field are often observed in the high-end medical device industry. Unravelling the creation of CKB in such an industry in Shanghai could help us better understand emerging economies.
Basset force in numerical models of saltation / Bassetova síla v numerických modelech saltace částic

In numerical models of fluid flow with particles moving close to solid boundaries, the Basset force is usually calculated for the particle motion between particle-boundary collisions. The present study shows that the history force must also be taken into account regarding particle collisions with boundaries or with other particles. For saltation - the main mode of bed load transport - it is shown using calculations that two parts of the history force due to both particle motion in the fluid and to particle-bed collisions are comparable and substantially compensate one another. The calculations and comparison of the Basset force with other forces acting on a sand particle saltating in water flow are carried out for the different values of the transport stage. The conditions under which the Basset force can be neglected in numerical models of saltation are studied. V numerických modelech proudění tekutin s pevnými částicemi v blízkosti pevné stěny je Bassetova historická síla obvykle počítána pro pohyb částice mezi jejími jednotlivými kolisemi se dnem. Předložená studie ukazuje, že při výpočtu Bassetovy historické síly je nutné brát v úvahu kolisi částice s pevným dnem nebo s jinými částicemi. Pro saltaci, hlavní typ pohybu splavenin u dna koryta, je na základě použitých výpočtů ukázáno, že dvě části Bassetovy historické síly, tj. síly způsobené pohybem částice v tekutině a kolisí částice se dnem, jsou srovnatelné a mohou se vzájemně významně kompensovat. Výpočet Bassetovy historické síly a její srovnání s ostatními silami působícími na písčitou částici při jejím saltačním pohybu ve vodě je uskutečněn pro různé hodnoty tzv. transport stage (poměr aktuálního a kritického smykového napětí na dně). Zároveň byly studovány podmínky, za nichž může být Bassetova historická síla v numerických modelech zanedbána.
Seasonal Tropospheric Distribution and Air‐Sea Fluxes of Atmospheric Potential Oxygen From Global Airborne Observations

Seasonal change of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO ∼ O2 + CO2) is a tracer for air‐sea O2 flux with little sensitivity to the terrestrial exchange of O2 and CO2. In this study, we present the tropospheric distribution and inventory of APO in each hemisphere with seasonal resolution, using O2 and CO2 measurements from discrete airborne campaigns between 2009 and 2018. The airborne data are represented on a mass‐weighted isentropic coordinate (Mθe) as an alternative to latitude, which reduces the noise from synoptic variability in the APO cycles. We find a larger seasonal amplitude of APO inventory in the Southern Hemisphere relative to the Northern Hemisphere, and a larger amplitude in high latitudes (low Mθe) relative to low latitudes (high Mθe) within each hemisphere. With a box model, we invert the seasonal changes in APO inventory to yield estimates of air‐sea flux cycles at the hemispheric scale. We found a larger seasonal net outgassing of APO in the Southern Hemisphere (518 ± 52.6 Tmol) than in the Northern Hemisphere (342 ± 52.1 Tmol). Differences in APO phasing and amplitude between the hemispheres suggest distinct physical and biogeochemical mechanisms driving the air‐sea O2 fluxes, such as fall outgassing of photosynthetic O2 in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly associated with the formation of the seasonal subsurface shallow oxygen maximum. We compare our estimates with four model‐ and observation‐based products, identifying key limitations in these products or in the tools used to create them.
Optimal estimation applied to the retrieval of aerosol load using MSG/SEVIRI observations

Using the principle of reciprocity, observations acquired by the SEVIRI radiometer on-board the Meteosat Second Generation satellites provide multi-angular and multi-spectral measurements that can be used for retrieving information on both the atmospheric aerosol load, and the Earth surface. The purpose of the presented new Land Daily Aerosol algorithm developed at EUMETSAT is to derive simultaneously the mean daily tropospheric aerosol load and the land surface properties from the SEVIRI observations. The algorithm is based on the Optimal Estimation theory. The aerosol load is calculated through the optical depth parameter, for various classes of aerosols over land surfaces, and is inferred from the inversion of a forward radiative transfer model against daily-accumulated observations in the 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6 SEVIRI bands. These daily time series provide the angular sampling used to discriminate the radiative effects that result from the surface anisotropy, from those caused by the aerosol scattering. Results of comparisons with AERONET data are presented to validate the modelling approach and the algorithm that resolves the inversion problem. The retrieval error is analysed, together with the effects on the retrieval quality of updating in time the prior information.
Exploring the Parents’ Disciplinary Strategies to Promote Children’s Learning Interest

Discipline and interest are aspects of parenting that affect children’s behavior and academic performance. This study explores the parents’ disciplinary strategies to promote children’s learning interests. The researchers conducted this study due to society’s issue and observation that elementary pupils have a low interest in learning and manifested inappropriate behaviors inside and outside the classroom. The participants were the ten selected parents with children enrolled in 5th Grade in one of the private Catholic elementary schools in Pagadian City, Philippines. A single case study was utilized. It was found that parents experienced challenges in disciplining their children to promote learning interests due to different kinds of behaviors that the children manifest. The participants identified the following behaviors: Too Much Screen Time in Playing Mobile Games and Being Disrespectful. Despite the challenges they have encountered, they were able to overcome those by implementing positive discipline, offering the problem to God, and effective communication to build good relationships with their children. It is important to be gentle and firm in implementing discipline to promote the learning interest of the pupils. Positive discipline inside the classroom allows the pupils to develop skills of responsibility, resiliency, and proper behavior with the use of positive and negative reinforcements that will motivate them to be interested in learning and excel academically.
Determining the Ratio of Horizontal to Vertical Permeability by Aquifer‐Test Analysis

The ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability may be determined by analysis of drawdown data from piezometers or partially penetrating observation wells near a partially penetrating production well. The analyses are made by comparing measured drawdowns in the piezometers to those predicted if the production well fully penetrated the aquifer. The differences between the measured and predicted drawdowns are determined, and the distances from the pumped well at which these differences would occur in an isotropic aquifer are determined from an equation. The permeability ratio is computed as the square of the ratio of actual distances to computed distances. The ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability in glacial outwash in central Wisconsin was determined from 5 aquifer tests to range from about 2 to about 20.
Volcanic perturbation of the atmosphere in both polar regions: 1991–1994

Long-term measurements by sunphotometers of the spectral dependence of aerosol optical depth are reported for several sites in the Arctic and Antarctic for the period January 1991 through December 1994. In the Antarctic a pronounced increase of atmospheric turbidity was observed at the end of September 1991. The observed wavelength dependence in aerosol optical depth indicated that the increase was due to the presence of fresh and therefore small stratospheric aerosol particles associated with the eruption of Cerro Hudson in August 1991. After the breakdown of the polar vortex in mid-November 1991 we measured a second significant increase of the aerosol optical depth. At this time the 1.0-μm aerosol optical depth was approximately 0.12 or about 10 times background levels. This second incrcase is shown to be the result of the influx of Mount Pinatubo aerosols. A similar perturbation of the aerosol optical depth was observed in the Arctic with the return of sunlight in March 1992. However, the increased loading of the Arctic stratosphere by the Pinatubo aerosols was already evident at high northern latitudes in satellite measurements at the end of 1991. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II stratospheric 1.0-μm optical depth measurements show that meridional transport of Pinatubo aerosol from equatorial to middle and higher latitudes is greatest in the winter/spring hemisphere. This observation explains the observed seasonal trend of aerosol optical depth during the posteruption. A significant decrease of the perturbation by Mount Pinatubo aerosol was observed in both polar regions by the end of 1994. The measured 1.0-μm aerosol optical depths at this time were only 0.04 ; these values exceed the background level by about 0.01-0.02. Therefore the aerosol optical depth values are still slightly higher than during undisturbed conditions. In addition, we show that the occurrence of volcanic aerosols caused changes in the spectral dependence of the aerosol optical depth in the Arctic and the Antarctic. These variations, including the changes in the aerosol size distribution, derived from the aerosol optical depth, are discussed in comparison to undisturbed conditions.
Radar Altimetry Methods for Solid Earth Geodynamics Studies

This research is partially supported by grants from NOAA/NEDIS NA06NES400007, NASA Earth Science program: NNX08AT52G, NNG04GN19G, NNG04GN19G, JPL 1265252, 1283220, NSF's CMG Program (EAR0327633, and OCE- 0620885), Hydrology Program (EAR-044007), and by NGA NURI Program HM1582- 07-1-2024.