Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Towards a human self-regulation system: Common and distinct neural signatures of emotional and behavioural control

Self-regulation refers to controlling our emotions and actions in the pursuit of higher-order goals. Although research suggests commonalities in the cognitive control of emotion and action, evidence for a shared neural substrate is scant and largely circumstantial. Here we report on two large-scale meta-analyses of human neu- roimaging studies on emotion or action control, yielding two fronto-parieto-insular networks. The networks ’ overlap, however, was restricted to four brain regions: posteromedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral anterior insula, and right temporo-parietal junction. Conversely, meta-analytic contrasts revealed major between-network dif-ferences, which were independently corroborated by clustering domain-speci ﬁ c regions based on their intrinsic functional connectivity, as well as by functionally characterizing network sub-clusters using the BrainMap database for quantitative forward and reverse inference. Collectively, our analyses identi ﬁ ed a core system for implementing self-control across emotion and action, beyond which, however, either regulation facet appears to rely on broadly similar yet distinct subnetworks. These insights into the neurocircuitry subserving a ﬀ ective and executive facets of self-control suggest both processing commonalities and di ﬀ erences between the two aspects of human self-regulation.
Using the term ‘essential hypertension’

T he word essential in the term essential hypertension is used to indicate the fact that high blood pressure is the defining characteristic of this entity. Similarly, the word essential in essential tremor means that the tremor is the identifying feature of this entity, not that the individual who develops a tremor benefits from it. In my experience, I have encountered learned colleagues in the health care profession who believe that the term essential hypertension implies that high blood pressure is essential (for survival). That being the case, it is only more likely that the term ‘essential hypertension’ might mislead laypersons and patients into believing that high blood pressure is somehow essential (and therefore a good thing), and indeed I’ve had some patients come back to ask me why the diagnosis on their health record read essential hypertension rather than hypertension – these moments indicate to me that I’ve failed in my duty to communicate clearly with them about their diagnosis. The issue of whether primary hypertension, essential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension is the most appropriate label has been debated, but I am less concerned about harmonising the terminology used in scholarly literature. What is more important is that I (and we) take the time to explain in plain, non-technical language what we mean when I (we) use a technical term in communication with patients and the general public, whatever that term might be, and make an effort where feasible to determine if it has been correctly understood. Not every patient can be expected to Google or browse a medical dictionary to determine what a diagnosis on their health record means. Specifically, as the term essential hypertension is firmly entrenched in literature as well as in day-to-day usage, and because more than a billion people have been diagnosed worldwide to have this risk factor, it serves as a very good example illustrating (and reinforcing) a key principle for effective communication with patients and the general public.
Collagen VI in healthy and diseased nervous system

ABSTRACT Collagen VI is a major extracellular matrix protein exerting a number of functions in different tissues, spanning from biomechanical to regulatory signals in the cell survival processes, and playing key roles in maintaining the stemness or determining the differentiation of several types of cells. In the last couple of years, emerging findings on collagen VI have led to increased interest in its role in the nervous system. The role of this protein in the peripheral nervous system was intensely studied and characterized in detail. Collagen VI acts as a regulator of Schwann cell differentiation and is required for preserving peripheral nerve myelination, function and structure, as well as for orchestrating nerve regeneration after injury. Although the role and distribution of collagen VI in the peripheral nervous system is now well established, the role of this distinctive extracellular matrix component in the central nervous system, along with its links to human neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, remains an open field of investigation. In this Review, we summarize and discuss a number of recent findings related to collagen VI in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We further link these findings to different aspects of the protein that are relevant to human diseases in these compartments in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of this key matrix component in the nervous system. Summary: Although collagen VI was so far known to be mostly involved in skeletal muscle homeostasis, this Review summarizes a number of recent studies that highlight its key role in the peripheral and central nervous systems, pointing at a link with human neurological disorders.
Chloroplast SecY Is Complexed to SecE and Involved in the Translocation of the 33-kDa but Not the 23-kDa Subunit of the Oxygen-evolving Complex*

SecY is a component of the protein-conducting channel for protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes. It is intimately associated with a second integral membrane protein, SecE, and together with SecA forms the minimal core of the preprotein translocase. A chloroplast homologue of SecY (cpSecY) has previously been identified and determined to be localized to the thylakoid membrane. In the present work, we demonstrate that a SecE homologue is localized to the thylakoid membrane, where it forms a complex with cpSecY. Digitonin solubilization of thylakoid membranes releases the SecY/E complex in a 180-kDa form, indicating that other components are present and/or the complex is a higher order oligomer of the cpSecY/E dimer. To test whether cpSecY forms the protein-conducting channel of the thylakoid membrane, translocation assays were conducted with the SecA-dependent substrate OE33 and the SecA-independent substrate OE23, in the presence and absence of antibodies raised against cpSecY. The antibodies inhibited translocation of OE33 but not OE23, indicating that cpSecY comprises the protein-conducting channel used in the SecA-dependent pathway, whereas a distinct protein conducting channel is used to translocate OE23.
European stock market dynamics: implications of overconfidence and the disposition effect for turnover

The main objective of this study is to determine whether the effects of overconfidence bias and the disposition effect continue to exist on the European market. This implies focusing more on the analysis of the possible implications of these biases on the transaction volume. The effects of overconfidence bias will be examined in the interaction of stock returns and trading volume. Vector autoregression (VAR) models and impulse-response functions are used to detect the effects of overconfidence bias. However, distinguishing the effects of overconfidence from the disposition effect is achieved in a more robust dynamic panel data approach. The main rediscovery of our analysis shows that excessive trading volume is attributed to the overconfidence bias more than to the disposition effect. Nevertheless, the effects of these two anomalies on the movements of trading volume are different depending on whether a situation is characterised by a high or low volatility.
In vivo expansion of functionally integrated GABAergic interneurons by targeted increase in neural progenitors

A central hypothesis for brain evolution is that it might occur via expansion of progenitor cells and subsequent lineage‐dependent formation of neural circuits. Here, we report in vivo amplification and functional integration of lineage‐specific circuitry in Drosophila. Levels of the cell fate determinant Prospero were attenuated in specific brain lineages within a range that expanded not only progenitors but also neuronal progeny, without tumor formation. Resulting supernumerary neural stem cells underwent normal functional transitions, progressed through the temporal patterning cascade, and generated progeny with molecular signatures matching source lineages. Fully differentiated supernumerary gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA)‐ergic interneurons formed functional connections in the central complex of the adult brain, as revealed by in vivo calcium imaging and open‐field behavioral analysis. Our results show that quantitative control of a single transcription factor is sufficient to tune neuron numbers and clonal circuitry, and provide molecular insight into a likely mechanism of brain evolution.
An Empirical Study of the Impact of Tort Reforms on Medical Malpractice Settlement Payments

This paper evaluates the impact of six different types of tort reforms on the frequency, size, and number of total annual settlements in medical malpractice cases between 1991 and 1998. Medical malpractice data come from the National Practitioner Data Bank, which contains more than 100,000 malpractice settlement payments in the study time frame. Of the six tort reforms examined, two reforms (caps on pain and suffering damages and limitations on joint and several liability) reduced the number of annual payments, and two reforms (caps on pain and suffering damages and the periodic‐payment reform) reduced average awards. Caps on noneconomic damages had an effect on total annual payments, although the statistical significance of that effect was weak. The joint effect of enacting all six reforms was statistically significant for reducing the number of cases but not the state‐level average award or total payments.
Oestradiol Modulation of Serotonin Reuptake Transporter and Serotonin Metabolism in the Brain of Monkeys

Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT) is an important brain neurotransmitter that is implicated in mental and neurodegenerative diseases and is modulated by ovarian hormones. Nevertheless, the effect of oestrogens on 5‐HT neurotransmission in the primate caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens, which are major components of the basal ganglia, and the anterior cerebral cortex, mainly the frontal and cingulate gyrus, is not well documented. The present study evaluated 5‐HT reuptake transporter (SERT) and 5‐HT metabolism in these brain regions in response to 1‐month treatment with 17β‐oestradiol in short‐term (1 month) ovariectomised (OVX) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). SERT‐specific binding was measured by autoradiography using the radioligand [3H]citalopram. Biogenic amine concentrations were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography. 17β‐Oestradiol increased SERT in the superior frontal cortex and in the anterior cingulate cortex, in the nucleus accumbens, and in subregions of the caudate nucleus of OVX monkeys. 17β‐Oestradiol left [3H]citalopram‐specific binding unchanged in the putamen, as well as the dorsal and medial raphe nucleus. 17β‐Oestradiol treatment decreased striatal concentrations of the precursor of 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptophan, and increased 5‐HT, dopamine and 3‐methoxytyramine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and putamen, whereas the concentrations of the metabolites 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid remained unchanged. No effect of 17β‐oestradiol treatment was observed for biogenic amine concentrations in the cortical regions. A significant positive correlation was observed between [3H]citalopram‐specific binding and 5‐HT concentrations in the caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens, suggesting their link. These results have translational value for women with low oestrogen, such as those in surgical menopause or perimenopause.
A New Choice of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Striatocapsular Regions Based on Computed Tomography Scans

Background Currently, minimally invasive surgery is considered as a beneficial treatment of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH). A new choice of minimally invasive surgery, translower-Rolandic-point approach (TLRPA) with modified craniotomy, is described in this study. A modified classification of striatocapsular SICH based on the computed tomography scans is also described. The surgical strategy of striatocapsular SICH based on the neuroimaging evaluation is proposed. Methods Clinical data from 60 patients with striatocapsular SICH were used in the study. On the basis of the preoperative computed tomography scans, the hematomas were divided into 4 types and 3 subtypes in the axial slices. The surgical approach was used according to the classification. Effect of surgical treatment was evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale score. Results The mixed type was the most common (31.7%) and was followed by posteromiddle (21.7%), middle (20.0%), posterolateral (11.7%), posteromedial (8.3%), and anterior (6.6%) types in decreasing order of frequency. The transanterior-Sylvian-point approach was used in 25 patients (41.7%), and TLRPA was used in 35 patients (58.3%). Forty-six patients (76.7%) made a relatively good recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 and 5), and two (3.3%) were dead. Conclusions The modified classification would help to decide the optimal surgical strategy. The TLRPA with modified craniotomy is a minimally invasive, effective, and safe method to remove the hematoma. The choice of the surgical approach should be tailored for each patient based on preoperative neuroimaging evaluation.
Optimal Portfolios with Stochastic Short Rate: Pitfalls When the Short Rate is Non-Gaussian or the Market Price of Risk is Unbounded

The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of some of the problems occurring in portfolio problems with power utility, Non-Gaussian interest rates, and/or unbounded market price of risk. Using stochastic control theory, we solve several portfolio problems for different specifications of the short rate and the market price of risk. In particular, we consider a Gaussian model, the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model, and squared Gaussian as well as lognormal specifications of the short rate. We find that even in a Gaussian framework the canonical candidate for the value function may not be finite if the market price of risk is unbounded. It is thus not straightforward to generalize results on continuous-time portfolio problems with power utility, Gaussian interest rates, and bounded market price of risk to situations where the short rate is Non-Gaussian or the market price of risk is unbounded.
Minocycline attenuates hypoxia–ischemia‐induced neurological dysfunction and brain injury in the juvenile rat

To investigate whether minocycline provides long‐lasting protection against neonatal hypoxia–ischemia‐induced brain injury and neurobehavioral deficits, minocycline was administered intraperitoneally in postnatal day 4 Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by exposure to hypoxia (8% oxygen for 15 min). Brain injury and myelination were examined on postnatal day 21 (P21) and tests for neurobehavioral toxicity were performed from P3 to P21. Hypoxic–ischemic insults resulted in severe white matter injury, enlarged ventricles, deficits in the hippocampus, reduction in numbers of mature oligodendrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons, damage to axons and dendrites, and impaired myelination, as indicated by the decrease in myelin basic protein immunostaining in the P21 rat brain. Hypoxic–ischemic insult also significantly affected physical development (body weight gain and eye opening) and neurobehavioral performance, including sensorimotor and locomotor function, anxiety and cognitive ability in the P21 rat. Treatments with minocycline significantly attenuated the hypoxia–ischemia‐induced brain injury and improved neurobehavioral performance. The protection of minocycline was associated with its ability to reduce microglial activation. The present results show that minocycline has long‐lasting protective effects in the neonatal rat brain in terms of both hypoxia–ischemia‐induced brain injury and the associated neurological dysfunction.
Wearable device localisation using machine learning techniques

Wireless Body Area Networks is a research field expanding quickly due to increased global demand for body worn electronics. In some cases measurements taken by these devices may seem odd, due to the unknown context in which they are taken. Localisation is a step towards greater context awareness about devices being worn, and an alternate solution to localisation using inertial measurements is used. The implementation makes use of MEMS technology to measure motion and determine the device location based on the measured signal. This approach is capable of determining the device location with up to 97% accuracy even when differentiating between left and right body parts.
INCREASING STREAMFLOW TO SUSTAIN SALMON AND OTHER NATIVE FISH IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

According to biologists, increasing streamflows is among the measures necessary to protect salmon and other native fish in the Pacific Northwest. Yet our understanding of the costs and most cost-effective approaches is hampered by lack of comparative experience. This article attempts to address both of these issues. The analysis finds that the costs of streamflow augmentation may be modest, between $1 and $10 per capita per year for the region. Apart from largE-scale actions on the Snake and Columbia Rivers, we find that streamflow augmentation will require decentralized approaches, and their cost-effective implementation will require localized scientific information, constant monitoring, and hands-on management to acquire water through purchases, leases, and contingent contracts when and where appropriate. Copyright 2002 Western Economic Association International.
Fused CT and angiography image guided surgery for endoscopic skull base procedures: how we do it

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Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation in humans

Magnetic stimulation of the human brain is performed in clinical and research settings, but the site of activation has not been clearly localized in humans or other species. We used a set of magnetic stimulus coils with different field profiles to isolate movement of single digits at motor threshold and to calculate corresponding electric field strengths at various distances beneath the scalp. Two coils could produce the same electric field intensity at only 1 point. Thus, we could estimate the depth of stimulation by finding the intersection of the electric field plots, which were then superimposed on MRIs of the underlying brain. In each of 3 subjects the field plots intersected at the crown of a gyrus, in the region of the central sulcus, and near the level of the gray-white junction. This position and the electric field orientation support localization to layer VI of cerebral cortex.
How Many Properties Do We Need for Gradual Argumentation?

The study of properties of gradual evaluation methods in argumentation has received increasing attention in recent years, with studies devoted to various classes of frameworks/methods leading to conceptually similar but formally distinct properties in different contexts. In this paper we provide a systematic analysis for this research landscape by making three main contributions. First, we identify groups of conceptually related properties in the literature, which can be regarded as based on common patterns and, using these patterns, we evidence that many further properties can be considered. Then, we provide a simplifying and unifying perspective for these properties by showing that they are all implied by the parametric principles of (either strict or non-strict) balance and monotonicity. Finally, we show that (instances of) these principles are satisfied by several quantitative argumentation formalisms in the literature, thus confirming their general validity and their utility to support a compact, yet comprehensive, analysis of properties of gradual argumentation.
Does Malaria Cause Hypertension?

Is malaria a potential cause of hypertension? In this issue of the Circulation Research , Etyang et al1 offer a concise review of the epidemiological data and pathogenetic mechanisms that, according to the current status of knowledge, are thought to link Plasmodium infection to the growing burden of hypertension in the sub-Saharan Africa, some part of Asia and other low-income countries.1,2 They also suggest some research approaches to further explore this emerging issue.1 Article, see p 36 Malaria, a devastating disease that is currently widespread in the tropics, is caused by at least 10 species, pathogen for humans, of the genus Plasmodium , large parasitic protozoa first described in 1885. The infection begins with inoculation of parasite sporozoite by infected mosquitos. The sporozoites rapidly enter the hepatocytes (hepatic stage). In a few days, each sporozoite generates ≈40 000 merozoites per each infected liver cell. The sporozoites of some Plasmodium species may generate hypnozoites, which may remain silent in the hepatocyte for months or years before generating merozoites. The blood stage of malaria starts when merozoites generated in the hepatocytes invade red blood cells (RBCs) and digest hemoglobin. Here, some derivative products of hemoglobin, including hematin, are lethal for the parasite. However, the parasite may convert hematin into the less toxic hemozoin, and this reaction is inhibited by chloroquine. The artemisinins, antimalarial drugs developed from the Chinese herbal remedy qinghaosu, are activated by intraparasitic heme iron, which catalyzes the cleavage of an endoperoxide bridge present in the drug, with resulting production of free radical intermediates that may kill the parasite by alkylating and poisoning essential malarial proteins. …