Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis and solutions of the three point perspective pose estimation problem

The major direct solutions to the three-point perspective pose estimation problems are reviewed from a unified perspective. The numerical stability of these three-point perspective solutions are discussed. It is shown that even in cases where the solution is not near the geometric unstable region considerable care must be exercised in the calculation. Depending on the order of the substitutions utilized, the relative error can change over a thousand to one. This difference is due entirely to the way the calculations are performed and not to any geometric structural instability of any problem instance. An analytical method is presented which produces a numerically stable calculation. <<ETX>>
New Opportunistic Interference Alignment Schemes in MIMO Interfering Broadcast Channels

In this paper, we propose two new opportunistic interference alignment (OIA) algorithms which combines OIA technique with opportunistic beamforming for three-transmitter multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) Interfering Broadcast channels (IFBCs). Based on the existing OIA scheme, the signal-to-leakage of interference ratio (SLIR) user selection (US) scheme is proposed first which takes both the maximization of the desired signal power and minimization of the received leakage of interference that decides the achievable sum rate and bit error rate (BER) performance directly into consideration while the existing OIA does not care. In order to further improve the BER performance of the system, mean square error based OIA (MSE-OIA) is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed two schemes outperform the existing OIA scheme significantly in terms of both sum rate and BER performance.
Comprehensive search for cysteine cathepsins in the human genome

Abstract Our study was aimed at examinating whether or not the human genome encodes for previously unreported cysteine cathepsins. To this end, we used analyses of the genome sequence and mRNA expression levels. The program TBLASTN was employed to scan the draft sequence of the human genome for the 11 known cysteine cathepsins. The cathepsin-like segments in the genome were inspected, filtered, and annotated. In addition to the known cysteine cathepsins, the scan identified three pseudogenes, closely related to cathepsin L, on chromosome 10, as well as two remote homologs, tubulointerstitial protein antigen and tubulointerstitial protein antigen-related protein. No new members of the family were identified. mRNA expression profiles for 10 known human cysteine cathepsins showed varying expression levels in 46 different human tissues and cell lines. No expression of any of the three cathepsin L-like pseudogenes was found. Based on these results, it is likely that to date all human cysteine cathepsins are known.
Cohort of LSTM and lexicon verification for handwriting recognition with gigantic lexicon

Handwriting recognition state of the art methods are based on Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNN) coupled with the use of linguistic knowledge. LSTM RNN presents high raw performance and interesting training properties that allow us to break with the standard method at the state of the art. We present a simple and efficient way to extract from a single training a large number of complementary LSTM RNN, called cohort, combined in a cascade architecture with a lexical verification. This process does not require fine tuning, making it easy to use. Our verification allow to deal quickly and efficiently with gigantic lexicon (over 3 million words). We achieve state of the art results for isolated word recognition with very large lexicon and present novel results for an unprecedented gigantic lexicon.
Diaphragmatic nitric oxide synthase is not induced during mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is associated with diaphragmatic oxidative stress that contributes to both diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction. However, the pathways responsible for oxidant production in the diaphragm during MV remain unknown. To address this issue, we tested the hypothesis that diaphragmatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is elevated during MV resulting in nitration of diaphragmatic proteins. Rats were mechanically ventilated for 18 hours and time matched, anesthetized, but spontaneously breathing animals served as controls. Diaphragmatic NOS activity, protein levels of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS were measured and 3‐nitrotyrosine levels were also determined as an index of protein nitration. MV did not promote an increase in diaphragmatic protein levels of eNOS, nNOS or total NOS activity. Moreover, iNOS was not detected in the diaphragms of either experimental group. Consistent with these findings, MV did not elevate diaphragmatic 3‐nitrotyrosine levels in any sub‐cellular fraction of the diaphragm including the cytosolic, mitochondrial, membrane, and insoluble protein fractions. Collectively, these data indicate that MV‐induced oxidative stress in the diaphragm is not due to increases in nitric oxide production by NOS.
Interactions between ICAM-5 and &bgr;1 integrins regulate neuronal synapse formation

Summary Intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5) is a dendrite-specific adhesion molecule, which functions in both the immune and nervous systems. ICAM-5 is the only negative regulator that has been identified for maturation of dendritic spines so far. Shedding of the ICAM-5 ectodomain promotes spine maturation and enhances synaptic activity. However, the mechanism by which ICAM-5 regulates spine development remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that ablation of ICAM5 expression resulted in a significant increase in the formation of synaptic contacts and the frequency of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents, an indicator of pre-synaptic release probability. Antibodies against ICAM-5 and &bgr;1 integrins altered spine maturation. Furthermore, we found that &bgr;1 integrins serve as binding partners for ICAM-5. &bgr;1 integrins were immunoprecipitated with ICAM-5 from mouse brain and the binding region in ICAM-5 was localized to the two first Ig domains. &bgr;1 integrins were juxtaposed to filopodia tips at the early stage of synaptic formation, but as synapses matured, &bgr;1 integrins covered the mushroom spines. Loss of &bgr;1 integrins from the pre-synaptic sites affected the morphology of the post-synaptic structures. ICAM-5 ectodomain cleavage decreased or increased when the interaction between ICAM-5 and &bgr;1 integrins was potentiated or weakened, respectively, using antibodies. These results suggest that the interaction between ICAM-5 and &bgr;1 integrins is important in formation of functional synapses.
Transcriptional Factor DLX3 Promotes the Gene Expression of Enamel Matrix Proteins during Amelogenesis

Mutation of distal-less homeobox 3 (DLX3) is responsible for human tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO) with amelogenesis imperfecta, indicating a crucial role of DLX3 in amelogenesis. However, the expression pattern of DLX3 and its specific function in amelogenesis remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DLX3 on enamel matrix protein (EMP) genes. By immunohistochemistry assays of mouse tooth germs, stronger immunostaining of DLX3 protein was identified in ameloblasts in the secretory stage than in the pre-secretory and maturation stages, and the same pattern was found for Dlx3 mRNA using Realtime PCR. In a mouse ameloblast cell lineage, forced expression of DLX3 up-regulated the expression of the EMP genes Amelx, Enam, Klk4, and Odam, whereas knockdown of DLX3 down-regulated these four EMP genes. Further, bioinformatics, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays revealed that DLX3 transactivated Enam, Amelx, and Odam through direct binding to their enhancer regions. Particularly, over-expression of mutant-DLX3 (c.571_574delGGGG, responsible for TDO) inhibited the activation function of DLX3 on expression levels and promoter activities of the Enam, Amelx, and Odam genes. Together, our data show that DLX3 promotes the expression of the EMP genes Amelx, Enam, Klk4, and Odam in amelogenesis, while mutant-DLX3 disrupts this regulatory function, thus providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the enamel defects of TDO disease.
Assessing Motivation of Contribution in Online Communities: An Empirical Investigation of an Online Travel Community

This study contributes to the understanding of online communities by examining why community members are willing to make active contributions to their community. A model of motivation for such contributions was developed and tested within the context of an online travel community. The results of a factor analysis and a series of reliability tests indicate that the motivation model is valid and can serve as a basis for the understanding of online community members' motivation of contribution. The results of the path analyses show that motivations of efficacy, instrumental, and expectancy have positive effects on level of contribution. In addition, ease of communication, members' personality as well as their level of general involvement in the community are found to have positive relationships with level of active contribution. Discussion and implications are provided based on the study results.
Occult hepatitis B virus infection: A major concern in HIV-infected patients

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients are at risk of acquiring viral hepatitis, due to common routes of transmission. As the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduced the frequency of opportunistic infections and improved survival, viral hepatitis emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected cases. Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by presence of HBV infection without detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). There are conflicting reports on the impact of occult HBV infection on the natural history of HIV disease. In this review, we described the findings of studies on HIV and hepatitis B co-infection with focus on the prevalence of occult HBV infection. The results of this review demonstrated the importance of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of occult HBV infection in HIV-positive patients.
Exploitation of High Performance Computing in the FLAME Agent-Based Simulation Framework

This paper describes the design of an agent-based modelling framework for high performance computing. Rather than a collection of methods that require parallel programming expertise the framework presented allows modellers to concentrate on the model while the framework handles the efficient execution of simulations. The framework uses a state machine based representation of agents that allows a statically calculated optimal ordering of agent execution and parallel communication routines. Some experiments with the current implementation and the results of using a simple communication dominant model for benchmarking performance are reported. The model with half a million agents is used to show that a parallel efficiency of above 80% is achievable when distributed over 432 processors. Future improvements are discussed including data dependency analysis, vector operations over agents, and dynamic task scheduling.
Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence

Objectives To reanalyse SmithKline Beecham’s Study 329 (published by Keller and colleagues in 2001), the primary objective of which was to compare the efficacy and safety of paroxetine and imipramine with placebo in the treatment of adolescents with unipolar major depression. The reanalysis under the restoring invisible and abandoned trials (RIAT) initiative was done to see whether access to and reanalysis of a full dataset from a randomised controlled trial would have clinically relevant implications for evidence based medicine. Design Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. Setting 12 North American academic psychiatry centres, from 20 April 1994 to 15 February 1998. Participants 275 adolescents with major depression of at least eight weeks in duration. Exclusion criteria included a range of comorbid psychiatric and medical disorders and suicidality. Interventions Participants were randomised to eight weeks double blind treatment with paroxetine (20-40 mg), imipramine (200-300 mg), or placebo. Main outcome measures The prespecified primary efficacy variables were change from baseline to the end of the eight week acute treatment phase in total Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D) score and the proportion of responders (HAM-D score ≤8 or ≥50% reduction in baseline HAM-D) at acute endpoint. Prespecified secondary outcomes were changes from baseline to endpoint in depression items in K-SADS-L, clinical global impression, autonomous functioning checklist, self-perception profile, and sickness impact scale; predictors of response; and number of patients who relapse during the maintenance phase. Adverse experiences were to be compared primarily by using descriptive statistics. No coding dictionary was prespecified. Results The efficacy of paroxetine and imipramine was not statistically or clinically significantly different from placebo for any prespecified primary or secondary efficacy outcome. HAM-D scores decreased by 10.7 (least squares mean) (95% confidence interval 9.1 to 12.3), 9.0 (7.4 to 10.5), and 9.1 (7.5 to 10.7) points, respectively, for the paroxetine, imipramine and placebo groups (P=0.20). There were clinically significant increases in harms, including suicidal ideation and behaviour and other serious adverse events in the paroxetine group and cardiovascular problems in the imipramine group. Conclusions Neither paroxetine nor high dose imipramine showed efficacy for major depression in adolescents, and there was an increase in harms with both drugs. Access to primary data from trials has important implications for both clinical practice and research, including that published conclusions about efficacy and safety should not be read as authoritative. The reanalysis of Study 329 illustrates the necessity of making primary trial data and protocols available to increase the rigour of the evidence base.
Cohesin Is Dispensable for Centromere Cohesion in Human Cells

Background Proper regulation of the cohesion at the centromeres of human chromosomes is essential for accurate genome transmission. Exactly how cohesion is maintained and is then dissolved in anaphase is not understood. Principal Findings We have investigated the role of the cohesin complex at centromeres in human cells both by depleting cohesin subunits using RNA interference and also by expressing a non-cleavable version of the Rad21 cohesin protein. Rad21 depletion results in aberrant anaphase, during which the sister chromatids separate and segregate in an asynchronous fashion. However, centromere cohesion was maintained before anaphase in Rad21-depleted cells, and the primary constrictions at centromeres were indistinguishable from those in control cells. Expression of non-cleavable Rad21 (NC-Rad21), in which the sites normally cleaved by separase are mutated, resulted in delayed sister chromatid resolution in prophase and prometaphase, and a blockage of chromosome arm separation in anaphase, but did not impede centromere separation. Conclusions These data indicate that cohesin complexes are dispensable for sister cohesion in early mitosis, yet play an important part in the fidelity of sister separation and segregation during anaphase. Cleavage at the separase-sensitive sites of Rad21 is important for arm separation, but not for centromere separation.
Cross-Lingual Dataless Classification for Many Languages

Dataless text classification [Chang et al., 2008] is a classification paradigm which maps documents into a given label space without requiring any annotated training data. This paper explores a crosslingual variant of this paradigm, where documents in multiple languages are classified into an English label space. We use CLESA (cross-lingual explicit semantic analysis) to embed both foreign language documents and an English label space into a shared semantic space, and select the best label(s) for a document using the similarity between the corresponding semantic representations. We illustrate our approach by experimenting with classifying documents in 88 different languages into the same English label space. In particular, we show that CLESA is better than using a monolingual ESA on the target foreign language and translating the English labels into that language. Moreover, the evaluation on two benchmarks, TED and RCV2, showed that cross-lingual dataless classification outperforms supervised learning methods when a large collection of annotated documents is not available.
Enticing Casual Nature Preserve Visitors into Citizen Science via Photos

While scientists need the contributions of members of the public if they are to document biological diversity across large spaces and over long periods of time, it is challenging to recruit enough volunteers. Since many people use their smartphones to take pictures when they are in nature, it may be beneficial to understand what they gravitate toward as a first step in understanding how they might be engaged in citizen science. We examined photographs taken by casual visitors to a Colorado nature preserve to look for clues about what attracts them. A thematic analysis revealed that the majority of their pictures were of plants, birds, and landscapes, and three-quarters chose to annotate some photos with comments or questions. Based on these findings, we propose ways to entice such visitors toward participating in biodiversity-oriented citizen science projects.
Recent advances in management of cerebrovascular diseases

A comprehensive approach to managing the vascular risk factors in both primary and secondary stroke prevention settings can lower the risk of first and recurrent stroke. Recent studies highlight the benefits of blood pressure treatment in the elderly, use of statins in healthy subjects with normal low-density lipoprotein levels, and comparison of various anti-platelet agents. For acute stroke the efficacy of thrombolysis beyond 3 hours has recently been shown.
Inferring Loss Causes to Improve Link Rate Adaptation in Wireless Networks

Most of the link rate adaptation algorithms reduce transmission rate on a failed transmission assuming the cause of the loss to be due to radio channel impairment. However, if this failure is due to collision, then lowering the transmission rate in response is unnecessary. This paper proposes a solution to address this problem by augmenting the rate adaptation algorithm with a loss classification component. The main idea underlying this approach is to determine if channel condition is improving or deteriorating by identifying trends in the signal strength. On encountering frame loss, the estimated value of signal strength is used to infer the cause of loss. If estimation indicates a deteriorating channel condition, then the loss is classified as a likely 'channel loss'. Otherwise, the loss is classified as a likely 'non-channel loss'. Thus, in the former case, the rate adaptation algorithm lowers the transmission rate whereas in the latter case, it continues using existing transmission rate. Simulation based evaluation reveals that the use of such a simple heuristic significantly improves performance compared to the case of not using any loss classification mechanism. This was further confirmed by measurements conducted in an experimental test-bed.
Interhemispheric Cerebral Blood Flow Balance during Recovery of Motor Hand Function after Ischemic Stroke—A Longitudinal MRI Study Using Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion

Background Unilateral ischemic stroke disrupts the well balanced interactions within bilateral cortical networks. Restitution of interhemispheric balance is thought to contribute to post-stroke recovery. Longitudinal measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes might act as surrogate marker for this process. Objective To quantify longitudinal CBF changes using arterial spin labeling MRI (ASL) and interhemispheric balance within the cortical sensorimotor network and to assess their relationship with motor hand function recovery. Methods Longitudinal CBF data were acquired in 23 patients at 3 and 9 months after cortical sensorimotor stroke and in 20 healthy controls using pulsed ASL. Recovery of grip force and manual dexterity was assessed with tasks requiring power and precision grips. Voxel-based analysis was performed to identify areas of significant CBF change. Region-of-interest analyses were used to quantify the interhemispheric balance across nodes of the cortical sensorimotor network. Results Dexterity was more affected, and recovered at a slower pace than grip force. In patients with successful recovery of dexterous hand function, CBF decreased over time in the contralesional supplementary motor area, paralimbic anterior cingulate cortex and superior precuneus, and interhemispheric balance returned to healthy control levels. In contrast, patients with poor recovery presented with sustained hypoperfusion in the sensorimotor cortices encompassing the ischemic tissue, and CBF remained lateralized to the contralesional hemisphere. Conclusions Sustained perfusion imbalance within the cortical sensorimotor network, as measured with task-unrelated ASL, is associated with poor recovery of dexterous hand function after stroke. CBF at rest might be used to monitor recovery and gain prognostic information.
Allergies and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

A history of allergy or allergic condition has been reported to be associated with reduced risk of some types of malignancies. However, the understanding of this association for colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis of CRC risk in individuals who had history of allergy compared to those without the history of allergic condition. Pumbed and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies. The adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using the random-effects model. Nine studies, including 775, 178 individuals, were eligible for inclusion. The pooled estimate showed no significant association between history of allergy and CRC risk (adjusted RR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.88–1.17). Subgroup analyses confirmed the neutral association stratified by tumor location (colon: n = 6 studies; adjusted RR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.81–1.25; rectum: n = 6 studies; adjusted RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.77–1.15; colorectum: n = 3 studies; adjusted RR 0.92, 95 % CI 0.70 to 1.21), sex (male: n = 4 studies; adjusted RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.81–1.07; female: n = 6 studies; adjusted RR 0.94, 95 % CI 0.80–1.09) or by allery type (asthma: n = 5 studies; adjusted RR 1.16, 95 % CI 0.96–1.42; hay fever: n = 4 studies; adjusted RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.86–1.03). Meta-analysis of existing evidence provides a neutral association between allergies and CRC risk. Future well-designed prospective cohort studies should be conducted to better understand this association.
Social interaction in games

Due to the popularity of social media networks and the games played on those platforms interest in the so-called social games has piqued. This article looks at those games in the context of general social aspects of game play. By approaching game play as an activity, it is possible to distinguish between different kinds of social interaction: the sociability players engage in around the game and the social play contained and mediated by the game. In charting the social space of playing, this article shows the inherent social aspects of singleplayer games – and the solitary aspects of social games.