Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OWL: Yet to arrive on the Web of Data?

Seven years on from OWL becoming a W3C recommendation, and two years on from the more recent OWL 2 W3C recommendation, OWL has still experienced only patchy uptake on the Web. Although certain OWL features (like owl:sameAs) are very popular, other features of OWL are largely neglected by publishers in the Linked Data world. This may suggest that despite the promise of easy implementations and the proposal of tractable profiles suggested in OWL’s second version, there is still no “right” standard fragment for the Linked Data community. In this paper, we (1) analyse uptake of OWL on the Web of Data, (2) gain insights into the OWL fragment that is actually used/usable on the Web, where we arrive at the conclusion that this fragment is likely to be a simplified profile based on OWL RL, (3) propose and discuss such a new fragment, which we call OWL LD (for Linked Data).
Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa.

BACKGROUND Inappropriate use of antibiotics for non-severe upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), most of which are viral, significantly adds to the burden of antibiotic resistance. Since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in 2009 in South Africa, the relative frequency of the major bacterial pathogens causing acute otitis media (AOM) and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) has changed. RECOMMENDATIONS Since URTIs are mostly viral in aetiology and bacterial AOM and ABRS frequently resolve spontaneously, the guideline includes diagnostic criteria to separate viral from bacterial causes and hence, those patients not requiring antibiotics. Penicillin remains the drug of choice for tonsillopharyngitis. Amoxicillin remains the drug of choice for both AOM and ABRS. A dose of 90 mg/kg/day is recommended for children, which should be effective for pneumococci with high-level penicillin resistance and will also cover most infections with H. influenzae. Amoxicillin-clavulanate (in high-dose amoxicillin formulations available for both children and adults) should be considered initial treatment of choice in patients with recent antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin (previous 30 days) and with resistant H.influenzae infections pending the results of studies of local epidemiology (β-lactamase production ≥15%). The macrolide/azalide class of antibiotics are not recommended routinely for URTIs and are reserved for β-lactam allergic patients. CONCLUSION The guideline should facilitate rational antibiotic prescribing for URTIs as a component of antibiotic stewardship. However, it requires updating when new information becomes available particularly from randomised controlled trials and surveillance studies of local etiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns.
(Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oxyinae)

Oxya j. japonica is a common species of grasshopper in Peninsula Malaysia, found all year round in grassland close to streams, ponds, and irrigation canals. As it can also be bred in captivity, it is suitable for population and genetic studies. We report here an electrophoretic study of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in Oxyaj. japonica. PGM has been studied as one of the markers in multilocus investigations of a number of other species of grasshoppers. Thus PGM has been shown to be polymorphic in the Australian grasshopper Caledia captiva (Morgan et al., 1980; Daly et al., 1981), in Podisma pedestris (Halliday et al., 1983), in Chorthippus brunneus and six other species of British grasshoppers (Gill, 1981a-c), in Warramba virgo (Honeycutt, 1989), and in Aeropedellus clavatus (Hamrick and Hamrick, 1989). In all these studies, polymorphism of PGM was attributed to alleles at an autosomal locus. However, evidence is presented here from electrophoretic, genetic, and population studies that in Oxya j. japonica, variation at the PGM locus is, in fact, sex linked in accordance with the XO male and XX female mechanism of sex determination in grasshoppers.
COMPARISON OF MODEL AND CLOUD RADAR DERIVED CLOUD OVERLAP

The vertical distribution of clouds has a large impact on the radiative heating and cooling rates of the atmosphere and the surface. Assumptions regarding the vertical cloud overlap in a grid column are required in climate models for the radiative transfer calculations. These various assumptions can lead to large differences in subsequent radiative heating rates of the atmosphere and the surface. The cloud overlap assumption can be validated comparing the model output with ground based cloud profiling radar data. In this study, data from the EU Cloud Liquid Water Network project (CLIWA-NET) is used. CLIWA-NET focuses on observations of cloud liquid water and cloud vertical structures, and on the evaluation and improvements of model parameterizations. Three two-month long observational campaigns have taken place during 2000 and 2001. In the BALTEX BRIDGE Campaign (BBC) of August and September 2001, all ground based instruments, such as microwave radiometers, cloud radars and lidar celiometers were brought together in a 100*100 km area centered around Cabauw in the Netherlands. Satellite based measurements and regular rawinsonde soundings were also made. A full description of the project can be found at www.knmi. nl/samenw/cliwa-net and more results for the cloud liquid water evaluation are presented in paper 2.1 at this conference. In CLIWA-NET we will evaluate different overlap assumptions and assess their radiative impact. We will use the observed 3D cloud fields derived from cloud radars, in an attempt to verify cloud overlap assumptions and investigate alternative overlap methods that might be more generally applicable and sensitive to the thermodynamic and dynamical setting the clouds are embedded in. The model overlap is dependent on the horizontal and vertical resolution of the model and the radar-derived overlap is dependent on the vertical and temporal averaging of the data. The sensitivity of the results to different spatial and temporal resolutions will therefore be presented and the impact on the temperature and the longwave and shortwave heating rates and surface fluxes will be discussed.
Evolution of Olivine Crystallographic Preferred Orientation in the Upper Mantle -- Implications for the Interpretation of Seismic Anisotropy

Olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) is the primary cause of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. In tectonic environments with complex flow patterns, for example corner flow near mid-ocean ridges or subducting slabs, the interpretation of seismic anisotropy may be complicated by evolving thermochemical deformation conditions and the integrated deformation history. To understand how deformation history influences CPO evolution, deformation experiments were conducted on samples of Åheim dunite, which has a strong pre-existing texture. Experiments were performed in a triaxial geometry using a Griggs apparatus at P = 1 GPa, T = 1473 K, up to a maximum strain of ~0.7. To simulate different deformation histories, samples were deformed in three different configurations, with the preexisting foliation perpendicular, oblique, and parallel to the shortening axis of deformation. Distinct patterns of CPO development are observed for each experimental configuration. Likewise, texture strength, symmetry, and orientation evolved differently in each set of experiments. These data are interpreted as evidence that CPO did not reach steady state and that achieving steady state texture requires larger strains than previously thought. It is concluded that the integrated deformation history plays a significant role in CPO evolution and the consequent interpretation of seismic anisotropy in Earth's mantle.
ResearchArticle Experimental Study on Bioluminescence Tomography with Multimodality Fusion

Received 12 March 2007; Accepted 1 August 2007Recommended by Ming JiangTo verify the inﬂuence of a priori information on the nonuniqueness problem of bioluminescence tomography (BLT), the mul-timodality imaging fusion based BLT experiment is performed by multiview noncontact detection mode, which incorporates theanatomical information obtained by the microCT scanner and the background optical properties based on diﬀuse reﬂectancemeasurements. In the reconstruction procedure, the utilization of adaptive ﬁnite element methods (FEMs) and a priori permis-sible source region reﬁnes the reconstructed results and improves numerical robustness and eﬃciency. The comparison betweenthe absence and employment of a priori information shows that multimodality imaging fusion is essential to quantitative BLTreconstruction.Copyright © 2007 Yujie Lv et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Improvement of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Total Electron Content Maps: Image Completion

Observations with a global coverage are very important for space physics research and space weather monitoring. However, due to the technical limitations, it would be very expensive or even impossible to achieve a seamless global coverage even with advanced observational devices. It would be useful to fill missing data gaps to create a global map from the available data, but up until now this has been very challenging. Fortunately, the deep learning method, a recent breakthrough in artificial intelligence, may provide an effective way to solve this problem by making full use of data from reliable observations. In this paper, a promising deep learning algorithm, deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN), is investigated to fill the missing data of total electron content (TEC) map images. The direct use of DCGAN fails to fill missing data for the completion of TEC maps because there are always missing TEC data in some regions, such as oceans, where the features vary with time and geophysical conditions. Thus, no useful information can be utilized by DCGAN to achieve a meaningful image completion. In order to overcome this shortcoming of the original DCGAN method, a novel regularized DCGAN (R‐DCGAN) is proposed by adding an extra discriminator and some widely used reference TEC maps from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service Ionosphere Working Group. The proposed R‐DCGAN method generates satisfactory ionospheric peak structures at different times and geomagnetic conditions, which demonstrate its effectiveness on filling the missing data in TEC maps. The proposed R‐DCGAN framework can be readily extended to a broad application in other fields of space sciences, particularly for addressing the missing observation data issues.
Binding and Normalization of Binary Sparse Distributed Representations by Context-Dependent Thinning

Distributed representations were often criticized as inappropriate for encoding of data with a complex structure. However Plate's holographic reduced representations and Kanerva's binary spatter codes are recent schemes that allow on-the-fly encoding of nested compositional structures by real-valued or dense binary vectors of fixed dimensionality. In this article we consider procedures of the context-dependent thinning developed for representation of complex hierarchical items in the architecture of associative-projective neural networks. These procedures provide binding of items represented by sparse binary codevectors (with low probability of 1s). Such an encoding is biologically plausible and allows a high storage capacity of distributed associative memory where the codevectors may be stored. In contrast to known binding procedures, context-dependent thinning preserves the same low density (or sparseness) of the bound codevector for a varied number of component codevectors. Besides, a bound codevector is similar not only to another one with similar component codevectors (as in other schemes) but also to the component codevectors themselves. This allows the similarity of structures to be estimated by the overlap of their codevectors, without retrieval of the component codevectors. This also allows easy retrieval of the component codevectors. Examples of algorithmic and neural network implementations of the thinning procedures are considered. We also present representation examples for various types of nested structured data (propositions using role filler and predicate arguments schemes, trees, and directed acyclic graphs) using sparse codevectors of fixed dimension. Such representations may provide a fruitful alternative to the symbolic representations of traditional artificial intelligence as well as to the localist and microfeature-based connectionist representations.
Distributed Processing for Modelling Real-Time Multimodal Perception in a Virtual Robot

Built from a need for modelling cognitive processes, a modular neural network is designed as the "brain" of a virtual robot moving in a prey-predator environment. The robot decides its path from the animals it identifies around. Both a parallel implementation of distributed processes and a temporal coding of spiking neurons allow the robot to develop multimodal perception with attentional mechanisms and to react in real-time to its dynamic environment.
A tensor-based method for large-scale blind system identification using segmentation

A new method for the blind identification of large-scale finite impulse response (FIR) systems is presented. It exploits the fact that the system coefficients in large-scale problems often depend on much fewer parameters than the total number of entries in the coefficient vectors. We use low-rank models to compactly represent matricized versions of these compressible system coefficients. We show that blind system identification (BSI) then reduces to the computation of a structured tensor decomposition by using a deterministic tensorization technique called segmentation on the observed outputs. This careful exploitation of the low-rank structure enables the unique identification of both the system coefficients and the inputs. The approach does not require the input signals to be statistically independent.
Intraventricular Fibrinolysis and Lumbar Drainage for Ventricular Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Both intraventricular fibrinolysis (IVF) and lumbar drainage (LD) may reduce the need for exchange of external ventricular drainage (EVD) and shunt surgery in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and severe intraventricular hemorrhage. We investigated the feasibility and safety of IVF followed by early LD for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Methods— This prospective study included patients with spontaneous ganglionic intracerebral hemorrhage and severe intraventricular hemorrhage with acute obstructive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus who received an EVD (n=32). The treatment algorithm started with IVF (4 mg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator every 12 hours) until clearance of the third and fourth ventricles from blood. Thereupon, EVD was clamped and if clamping was unsuccessful, communicating posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was assumed and LD placed. EVD was removed if there was neither an increase of intracranial pressure nor ventricle enlargement on CT. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was indicated if “LD weaning” was unsuccessful for >10 days. Outcome was assessed at 90 and 180 days using the modified Rankin Scale. Results— IVF resulted in fast clearance of the third and fourth ventricles (73±50 hours). However, early EVD removal was only possible in 4 patients. The remaining 28 patients developed communicating posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. In all of these patients, early LD was capable to replace EVD. EVD exchange was not necessary and EVD duration was 105±59 hours. Only one patient required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. At 180 days, 20 (62.5%) patients had a good (modified Rankin Scale 0 to 3) outcome and 5 (15.6%) patients had died. One patient had asymptomatic ventricular rebleeding. Conclusions— In patients with secondary intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, the combined treatment approach of IVF and early LD is safe and feasible, avoids EVD exchange, and may markedly reduce the need for shunt surgery.
Transcriptome Response Mediated by Cold Stress in Lotus japonicus

Members of the Lotus genus are important as agricultural forage sources under marginal environmental conditions given their high nutritional value and tolerance of various abiotic stresses. However, their dry matter production is drastically reduced in cooler seasons, while their response to such conditions is not well studied. This paper analyzes cold acclimation of the genus by studying Lotus japonicus over a stress period of 24 h. High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to identify and classify 1077 differentially expressed genes, of which 713 were up-regulated and 364 were down-regulated. Up-regulated genes were principally related to lipid, cell wall, phenylpropanoid, sugar, and proline regulation, while down-regulated genes affected the photosynthetic process and chloroplast development. Together, a total of 41 cold-inducible transcription factors were identified, including members of the AP2/ERF, NAC, MYB, and WRKY families; two of them were described as putative novel transcription factors. Finally, DREB1/CBFs were described with respect to their cold stress expression profiles. This is the first transcriptome profiling of the model legume L. japonicus under cold stress. Data obtained may be useful in identifying candidate genes for breeding modified species of forage legumes that more readily acclimate to low temperatures.
The role of speaker factors in the NIST extended data task

We tested factor analysis models having various numbers of speaker factors on the core condition and the extended data condition of the 2006 NIST speaker recognition evaluation. In order to ensure strict disjointness between training and test sets, the factor analysis models were trained without using any of the data made available for the 2005 evaluation. The factor analysis training set consisted primarily of Switchboard data and so was to some degree mismatched with the 2006 test data (drawn from the Mixer collection). Consequently, our initial results were not as good as those submitted for the 2006 evaluation. However we found that we could compensate for this by a simple modification to our score normalization strategy, namely by using 1000 z-norm utterances in zt-norm. Our purpose in varying the number of speaker factors was to evaluate the eigenvoice MAP and classical MAP components of the inter-speaker variability model in factor analysis. We found that on the core condition (i.e. 2–3 minutes of enrollment data), only the eigenvoice MAP component plays a useful role. On the other hand, on the extended data condition (i.e. 15–20 minutes of enrollment data) both the classical MAP component and the eigenvoice component proved to be useful provided that the number of speaker factors was limited. Our best result on the extended data condition (all trials) was an equal error rate of 2.2% and a detection cost of 0.011.
Bioremediation and Tolerance of Humans to Heavy Metals through Microbial Processes: a Potential Role for Probiotics?

ABSTRACT The food and water we consume are often contaminated with a range of chemicals and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury, that are associated with numerous diseases. Although heavy-metal exposure and contamination are not a recent phenomenon, the concentration of metals and the exposure to populations remain major issues despite efforts at remediation. The ability to prevent and manage this problem is still a subject of much debate, with many technologies ineffective and others too expensive for practical large-scale use, especially for developing nations where major pollution occurs. This has led researchers to seek alternative solutions for decontaminating environmental sites and humans themselves. A number of environmental microorganisms have long been known for their ability to bind metals, but less well appreciated are human gastrointestinal bacteria. Species such as Lactobacillus, present in the human mouth, gut, and vagina and in fermented foods, have the ability to bind and detoxify some of these substances. This review examines the current understanding of detoxication mechanisms of lactobacilli and how, in the future, humans and animals might benefit from these organisms in remediating environmental contamination of food.
Winning and losing: differences in reward and punishment sensitivity between smokers and nonsmokers

Smokers show increased brain activation in reward processing regions in response to smoking‐related cues, yet few studies have examined secondary rewards not associated with smoking (i.e., money). Inconsistencies exist in the studies that do examine secondary rewards with some studies showing increased brain activation in reward processing brain regions, while others show decreased activation or no difference in activation between smokers and nonsmokers.
A ubiquitous warning system for asthma-inducement

In this paper, we introduce a medical application of the Global Positioning System (GPS). For an asthmatic patient, he or she can carry a portable GPS device to prevent possible morbidity of asthma during his or her outdoor activities of daily livings. To reduce possible allergy asthma, the GPS-enable device continuously consults a remote server with sending user's position to decide whether current ambient air quality will threaten user's health. The server of the detecting system collects real-time data from the network of national air quality monitoring stations. For the response to a remote query, the server makes decision of warning messages according to a proposed asthma neural network model. The proposed system is hopeful for asthmatic patients
Predicting the Antigenic Structure of the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

The pandemic influenza virus (2009 H1N1) was recently introduced into the human population. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of 2009 H1N1 is derived from “classical swine H1N1” virus, which likely shares a common ancestor with the human H1N1 virus that caused the pandemic in 1918, whose descendant viruses are still circulating in the human population with highly altered antigenicity of HA. However, information on the structural basis to compare the HA antigenicity among 2009 H1N1, the 1918 pandemic, and seasonal human H1N1 viruses has been lacking. By homology modeling of the HA structure, here we show that HAs of 2009 H1N1 and the 1918 pandemic virus share a significant number of amino acid residues in known antigenic sites, suggesting the existence of common epitopes for neutralizing antibodies cross-reactive to both HAs. It was noted that the early human H1N1 viruses isolated in the 1930s–1940s still harbored some of the original epitopes that are also found in 2009 H1N1. Interestingly, while 2009 H1N1 HA lacks the multiple N-glycosylations that have been found to be associated with an antigenic change of the human H1N1 virus during the early epidemic of this virus, 2009 H1N1 HA still retains unique three-codon motifs, some of which became N-glycosylation sites via a single nucleotide mutation in the human H1N1 virus. We thus hypothesize that the 2009 H1N1 HA antigenic sites involving the conserved amino acids will soon be targeted by antibody-mediated selection pressure in humans. Indeed, amino acid substitutions predicted here are occurring in the recent 2009 H1N1 variants. The present study suggests that antibodies elicited by natural infection with the 1918 pandemic or its early descendant viruses play a role in specific immunity against 2009 H1N1, and provides an insight into future likely antigenic changes in the evolutionary process of 2009 H1N1 in the human population.