Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Prevention of Sport Injury: An Analysis of 12 000 Published Manuscripts

Objective:To identify the nature and extent of research in sport injury prevention with respect to 3 main categories: (1) training, (2) equipment, and (3) rules and regulations. Data Sources:We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, and SPORTDiscus to retrieve all sports injury prevention publications. Articles were categorized according to the translating research into injury prevention practice model. Results:We retrieved 11 859 articles published since 1938. Fifty-six percent (n = 6641) of publications were nonresearch (review articles and editorials). Publications documenting incidence (n = 1354) and etiology (n = 2558) were the most common original research articles (33% of total). Articles reporting preventive measures (n = 708) and efficacy (n = 460) were less common (10% of the total), and those investigating implementation (n = 162) and effectiveness (n = 32) were rare (1% of total). Six hundred seventy-seven studies focused on equipment and devices to protect against injury, whereas 551 investigated various forms of physical training related to injury prevention. Surprisingly, publications studying changes in rules and regulations aimed at increasing safety and reducing injuries were rare (<1%; n = 63) with a peak of only 20 articles over the most recent 5-year period and an average of 10 articles over the preceding 5-year blocks of time. Conclusions:Only 492 of 11 859 publications actually assessed the effectiveness of sports injury prevention interventions or their implementation. Research in the area of regulatory change is underrepresented and might represent one of the greatest opportunities to prevent injury.
Morphological abnormalities in Cladocera (Branchiopoda) in a cascade of reservoirs in the middle and lower Tietê river (São Paulo, Brazil).

Núcleo de Estudos de Ecossistemas Aquáticos, Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada, SHS, EESC, Universidade de São Paulo – USP Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, CP 292, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil Centro Universitário de Aquidauana, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMT, CEP 79200-000, Aquidauana, MS, Brazil
Effect of eplerenone on hypertension-associated renal damage in rats: potential role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ).

UNLABELLED Several factors, including mineralocorticoids, have been implicated in the renal damage associated with hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists improve renal damage associated with different pathologies. Therefore, our hypothesis was that mineralocorticoid receptor blockade ameliorates renal damage associated with hypertension and that this improvement may be mediated by PPAR-γ. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with either vehicle or eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, at two different doses: 30 and 100 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks. Age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used as a normotensive reference group. SHR showed tubulointersticial fibrosis and mild tubular atrophy. These alterations were accompanied by increases in renal cortex gene expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and phosphorylated Smad2 protein levels, factors involved in the fibrotic response. Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene expression were also increased. By contrast, lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression and PPAR-γ protein levels were decreased in SHR as compared with normotensive animals. Only the high dose of eplerenone was able to reduce blood pressure and partially prevent LOX down-regulation in SHR. Both eplerenone doses significantly ameliorated interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, reduced TGF-β, CTGF and cytokine gene expression, and decreased Smad2 activation, while normalizing PPAR-γ protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Mineralocorticoid receptor activation participates in hypertension-associated renal damage. This effect seems to involve stimulation of both fibrotic and inflammatory processes mediated (at least in part) by a down-regulation of PPAR-γ that can favour an up-regulation of the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway.
Looking at or through?: using eye tracking to infer attention location for wearable transparent displays

Wearable near-eye displays pose interesting challenges for interface design. These devices present the user with a duality of visual worlds, with a virtual window of information overlaid onto the physical world. Because of this duality, we suggest that the wearable interface would benefit from understanding where the user's visual attention is directed. We explore the potential of eye tracking to address this problem, and describe four eye tracking techniques designed to provide data about where the user's attention is directed. We also propose some attention-aware user interface techniques demonstrating the potential of the eyes for wearable displays user interface management.
Cloning, Expression, and Nutritional Regulation of the Mammalian Δ-6 Desaturase*

Arachidonic acid (20:4(n-6)) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) have a variety of physiological functions that include being the major component of membrane phospholipid in brain and retina, substrates for eicosanoid production, and regulators of nuclear transcription factors. The rate-limiting step in the production of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) is the desaturation of 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) by Δ-6 desaturase. In this report, we describe the cloning, characterization, and expression of a mammalian Δ-6 desaturase. The open reading frames for mouse and human Δ-6 desaturase each encode a 444-amino acid peptide, and the two peptides share an 87% amino acid homology. The amino acid sequence predicts that the peptide contains two membrane-spanning domains as well as a cytochrome b 5-like domain that is characteristic of nonmammalian Δ-6 desaturases. Expression of the open reading frame in rat hepatocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells instilled in these cells the ability to convert 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) to their respective products, 18:3(n-6) and 18:4(n-3). When mice were fed a diet containing 10% fat, hepatic enzymatic activity and mRNA abundance for hepatic Δ-6 desaturase in mice fed corn oil were 70 and 50% lower than in mice fed triolein. Finally, Northern analysis revealed that the brain contained an amount of Δ-6 desaturase mRNA that was several times greater than that found in other tissues including the liver, lung, heart, and skeletal muscle. The RNA abundance data indicate that prior conclusions regarding the low level of Δ-6 desaturase expression in nonhepatic tissues may need to be reevaluated.
Moving Voxel Method for Estimating Canopy Base Height from Airborne Laser Scanner Data

Canopy base height (CBH) is a key parameter used in forest-fire modeling, particularly crown fires. However, estimating CBH is a challenging task, because normally, it is difficult to measure it in the field. This has led to the use of simple estimators (e.g., the average of individual trees in a plot) for modeling CBH. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating CBH from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. We also compare the performance of several estimators (Lorey’s mean, the arithmetic mean and the 40th and 50th percentiles) used to estimate CBH at the plot level. The method we propose uses a moving voxel to estimate the height of the gaps (in the LiDAR point cloud) below tree crowns and uses this information for modeling CBH. The advantage of this approach is that it is more tolerant to variations in LiDAR data (e.g., due to season) and tree species, because it works directly with the height information in the data. Our approach gave better results when compared to standard percentile-based LiDAR metrics commonly used in modeling CBH. Using Lorey’s mean, the arithmetic mean and the 40th and 50th percentiles as CBH estimators at the plot level, the highest and lowest values for root mean square error (RMSE) and root mean square error for cross-validation (RMSEcv) and R2 for our method were 1.74/2.40, 2.69/3.90 and 0.46/0.71, respectively, while with traditional LiDAR-based metrics, the results were 1.92/2.48, 3.34/5.51 and 0.44/0.65. Moreover, the use of Lorey’s mean as a CBH estimator at the plot level resulted in models with better predictive value based on the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) results used to compute the RMSEcv values.
Nationalism in the Age of Extremes: Taking Danish Gymnastics to the World

The inter-war period was characterized by the intense struggle for supremacy between communism and fascism with the seemingly fragile democratic states being increasingly involved in the confrontation. In 1931 at a ‘world tour’ of Danish gymnastics the great globetrotter Niels Bukh landed right in the middle of these political antagonisms. In the Soviet Union, around 1931, the authorities initially showed an interest in Bukh's rural gymnasts, who resembled the powerful, dynamic ideal workers of agitprop art rather than the worn-out, starving Soviet rural class-comrades that Bukh and his young lads and girls met during their tour of the USSR and who suffered the brutal consequences of forced collectivization. The extensive differences of opinion between Bukh and the Soviet authorities may have had an influence on his gymnastics' achieving only a relatively limited currency in the Soviet Union. On the other hand, Bukh and his gymnasts applauded a Japan which at the time was in the process of invading Manchuria. He allowed his troupe to be used in the Japanese military's propaganda offensive both in Manchuria and Korea, which had been under Japanese control from 1910.
Sublobar Resection: A Movement from the Lung Cancer Study Group

The 1995 Lung Cancer Study Group consensus recommending lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has directed lung cancer resections since its publication. However, enhancements in imaging technology over the last decade have produced larger cohorts of patients presenting with localized, early-stage disease. Today, multislice computer tomography is widely available, capable of detecting NSCLC at smaller sizes, with improved spatial resolution, and is used in screening programs for high-risk individuals. Furthermore, the maturation of minimally invasive surgical resection (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) has reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality, improved postoperative lung function, and demonstrated equivalent oncologic effectiveness to open surgery. The mandatory use of lobectomy for patients with small stage IA NSCLC is now being challenged. Numerous single-institution trials have demonstrated that well-selected use of sublobar resection can afford comparable survival and recurrence rates to lobectomy, particularly in high-risk patients. Currently, a prospective, randomized multi-institutional phase III trial is being conducted by the Cancer and Lymphoma Group B (CALGB 140503) to determine whether patients with small (≤2 cm) peripheral NSCLC tumors can safely undergo sublobar resection while maintaining rates of survival and recurrence that are comparable to lobectomy. This review summarizes the literature from the past 15 years to assist in applying those conclusions to future research innovation.
BOUNDED HYBRID SUPERIORITY IN AN AVIAN HYBRID ZONE: EFFECTS OF MATE, DIET, AND HABITAT CHOICE

Abstract There has been considerable debate in the study of hybrid zones as to whether hybrids may be superior to parental types within the area of contact (bounded hybrid superiority). In birds, naturally occurring hybridization is relatively common, and hybridization within this group always involves mate choice. If hybrids are superior, females choosing heterospecific mates should be expected to show higher fitness under the conditions prevalent in the hybrid zone. Hybrid superiority under these circumstances would reduce reinforcement and thereby help to maintain the hybrid zone. To examine this issue, we studied reproductive performances of hybrids and parental species of gulls (Larus occidentalis and Larus glaucescens) at two colonies within a linear hybrid zone along the west coast of the United States. This hybrid zone contains predominantly gulls of intermediate phenotype. Previous studies indicated that hybrids were superior to one or both parental types, but provided no data on possible mechanisms that underlie this hybrid superiority. Using a hybrid index designed specifically for these species, we identified to phenotype more than 300 individuals associated with nests, including both individual males and females within 73 pairs in the central portion of the hybrid zone and 74 pairs in the northern portion of the hybrid zone. There was little evidence of assortative mating, and what little there was resulted solely because of pairings within intergrades. In the central hybrid zone, females paired with hybrid males produced larger clutches and hatched and fledged more chicks compared with females paired to western gull males. This was a result of heavy predation on eggs in sand habitat, where male western gulls established territories. In contrast, many hybrid males established territories in vegetated cover that was less vulnerable to predation. In the northern part of the hybrid zone, clutch size did not differ among pair categories, however, there were differences in hatching and fledging success, with females paired to hybrid males showing better success compared to females paired to glaucous-winged gull males. Hybrids showed better hatching and fledging success in the north because hybrids are more like western gulls than glaucous-winged gulls in foraging behavior, taking a higher percentage of fish in their diet, which enhances chick growth and survival. This is believed to be the first documentation of bounded hybrid superiority that delineates the mechanisms that underlie hybrid superiority. Corresponding Editor: S. Edwards
A 0.6V 200kHz silicon oscillator with temperature compensation for wireless sensing applications

This paper presents a silicon oscillator suitable for low-cost and low-power wireless sensing applications. With the comparisons of ring oscillators in different temperature coefficients, the frequency of an internal ring oscillator is estimated and parameterized by a second-order polynomial. Accordingly, the output clock is compensated in a frequency division fashion. The oscillator is implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology with an area of 0.04mm2. Operating at 0.6V, the output frequency is within 200±1kHz over the temperature range of Ȓ25°C to 125°C with power consumption of 48µW.
Muscle wasting in animal models of severe illness

Muscle wasting is a serious complication of various clinical conditions that significantly worsens the prognosis of the illnesses. Clinically relevant models of muscle wasting are essential for understanding its pathogenesis and for selective preclinical testing of potential therapeutic agents. The data presented here indicate that muscle wasting has been well characterized in rat models of sepsis (endotoxaemia, and caecal ligation and puncture), in rat models of chronic renal failure (partial nephrectomy), in animal models of intensive care unit patients (corticosteroid treatment combined with peripheral denervation or with administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs) and in murine and rat models of cancer (tumour cell transplantation). There is a need to explore genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. The degree of protein degradation in skeletal muscle is not well characterized in animal models of liver cirrhosis, chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The major difficulties with all models are standardization and high variation in disease progression and a lack of reflection of clinical reality in some of the models. The translation of the information obtained by using these models to clinical practice may be problematic.
Stoichiometric binding of diacylglycerol to the phorbol ester receptor

The major phorbol ester receptor is the Ca++‐activated, phospholipid‐dependent protein kinase C. Diacylglycerol stimulates protein kinase C in a fashion similar to the phorbol esters. Likewise, it inhibits phorbol ester binding competitively. Both results suggest that diacylglycerol is the/an endogenous phorbol ester analogue. Alternatively, the diacylglycerol might simply be acting to modify the phospholipid environment of the protein. If diacylglycerol were indeed functioning as an analogue, it should interact with the receptor stoichiometrically. This interaction can be quantitated by measuring the perturbation in apparent diacylglycerol binding affinity as a function of the ratio of diacylglycerol to receptor. We report here that 1,2‐dioleoylglycerol interacts with the receptor with the predicted stoichiometry.
Rewriting executable files to measure program behavior

Inserting instrumentation code in a program is an effective technique for detecting, recording, and measuring many aspects of a program's performance. Instrumentation code can be added at any stage of the compilation process by specially‐modified system tools such as a compiler or linker or by new tools from a measurement system. For several reasons, adding instrumentation code after the compilation process—by rewriting the executable file—presents fewer complications and leads to more complete measurements.
ATRX represses alternative lengthening of telomeres

The unlimited proliferation of cancer cells requires a mechanism to prevent telomere shortening. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) is an homologous recombination-mediated mechanism of telomere elongation used in tumors, including osteosarcomas, soft tissue sarcoma subtypes, and glial brain tumors. Mutations in the ATRX/DAXX chromatin remodeling complex have been reported in tumors and cell lines that use the ALT mechanism, suggesting that ATRX may be an ALT repressor. We show here that knockout or knockdown of ATRX in mortal cells or immortal telomerase-positive cells is insufficient to activate ALT. Notably, however, in SV40-transformed mortal fibroblasts ATRX loss results in either a significant increase in the proportion of cell lines activating ALT (instead of telomerase) or in a significant decrease in the time prior to ALT activation. These data indicate that loss of ATRX function cooperates with one or more as-yet unidentified genetic or epigenetic alterations to activate ALT. Moreover, transient ATRX expression in ALT-positive/ATRX-negative cells represses ALT activity. These data provide the first direct, functional evidence that ATRX represses ALT.
Implicit Cognitive Processes as Aptitudes for Learning

Following the research traditions of Richard Snow, several constructs from cognitive theory and research are considered with respect to their potential as meaningful aptitudes for learning. Recent research has suggested that implicit learning and memory processes are relatively distinct in character from explicit, declarative memory processes that have been the primary focus of learning theories for most of the past century. Two forms of implicit cognitive processes are considered for their utility as aptitude constructs that help to explain learner differences in complex forms of learning. Evidence of individual differences in repetition priming suggests that these implicit processes may represent basic operations underlying cognitive skill acquisition. Evidence of individual differences in semantic priming suggests that these implicit processes may represent important cognitive constraints in complex language tasks. These ideas are considered in the context of Richard Snow's views on aptitude theory and the importance of advancing our understanding of learner differences in aptitude processes.
Selfish users in Aloha: a game-theoretic approach

Past studies of Aloha have emphasized system-wide goals such as achieving maximum throughput or minimum delay. We use game theory to analyze Aloha from the perspective of a selfish user. we construct an Aloha game and examine the optimal behavior of individual users. We show that the Aloha game has an equilibrium and that an Aloha system in which the users are selfish will be stable provided the attempt rate is sufficiently low. We then compare the performance of a selfish Aloha system with the performance of a centrally controlled slotted Aloha system. With some system parameters performance is near the optimum performance obtained by a centrally-controlled system. By utilizing a selfish-user assumption, it is possible to build systems which are robust and scalable.
Tree Regular Model Checking for Lattice-Based Automata

Tree Regular Model Checking (TRMC) is the name of a family of techniques for analyzing infinite-state systems in which states are represented by terms, and sets of states by Tree Automata (TA). The central problem in TRMC is to decide whether a set of bad states is reachable. The problem of computing a TA representing (an over- approximation of) the set of reachable states is undecidable, but efficient solutions based on completion or iteration of tree transducers exist. Unfortunately, the TRMC framework is unable to efficiently capture both the complex structure of a system and of some of its features. As an example, for JAVA programs, the structure of a term is mainly exploited to capture the structure of a state of the system. On the counter part, integers of the java programs have to be encoded with Peano numbers, which means that any algebraic operation is potentially represented by thousands of applications of rewriting rules. In this paper, we propose Lattice Tree Automata (LTAs), an extended version of tree automata whose leaves are equipped with lattices. LTAs allow us to represent possibly infinite sets of interpreted terms. Such terms are capable to represent complex domains and related operations in an efficient manner. We also extend classical Boolean operations to LTAs. Finally, as a major contribution, we introduce a new completion-based algorithm for computing the possibly infinite set of reachable interpreted terms in a finite amount of time.
Factors Associated with the Stages of Change for Strength Training Behavior

Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of muscle strength training (exercises intended mainly for enhancing muscle strength and endurance) in health promotion (“muscle strength training” is shortened to “strength training” hereinafter). For example, strength training has been shown to be effective for reducing risk factors for certain diseases, such as ischemic heart disease (Hurley et al., 1988), osteoporosis (Nelson et al., 1994), and diabetes mellitus (Fluckey et al., 1994). From such evidence, Healthy People 2010, a health promotion plan in the US, set a goal of elevating the percentage of those who perform regular strength training to 30% of the entire US population by 2010 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). In addition, the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association have recommended strength training as one of a desirable physical activity (Haskell et al., 2007). In Japan, the Exercise Guideline 2006 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2006) has cited both aerobic endurance and muscle strength as required for maintaining and enhancing health. This guideline Stages of Change for Strength Training Behavior