Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Can Create Alternative Polyadenylation Signals and Affect Gene Expression through Loss of MicroRNA-Regulation

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) can for example occur when a protein-coding gene has several polyadenylation (polyA) signals in its last exon, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) with different 3′ untranslated region (UTR) lengths. Different 3′UTR lengths can give different microRNA (miRNA) regulation such that shortened transcripts have increased expression. The APA process is part of human cells' natural regulatory processes, but APA also seems to play an important role in many human diseases. Although altered APA in disease can have many causes, we reasoned that mutations in DNA elements that are important for the polyA process, such as the polyA signal and the downstream GU-rich region, can be one important mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can create or disrupt APA signals (APA-SNPs). By using a data-integrative approach, we show that APA-SNPs can affect 3′UTR length, miRNA regulation, and mRNA expression—both between homozygote individuals and within heterozygote individuals. Furthermore, we show that a significant fraction of the alleles that cause APA are strongly and positively linked with alleles found by genome-wide studies to be associated with disease. Our results confirm that APA-SNPs can give altered gene regulation and that APA alleles that give shortened transcripts and increased gene expression can be important hereditary causes for disease.
The Relationship of Maternal Characteristics and Perceptions of Children to Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationships among maternal depressive symptoms, parenting stress, perceptions of children, and ratings of children's behavioral problems. Forty-six mothers (mean age = 31.07 years) provided ratings of these variables. Mothers were diverse in their cultural backgrounds and marital status but had a high level of educational achievement on average. Regression analyses supported the hypothesis that mothers' negative perceptions of their children mediate the relationship between maternal characteristics and maternal ratings of children's behavioral problems. Further, mothers' positive perceptions served as a moderator in the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and maternal ratings of children's externalizing behavioral problems. The results of this study suggest that mothers' perceptions, rather than their characteristics, are related directly to ratings of children's behavioral problems, Given these findings, interventions should target mothers' perceptions of their children in addition to mothers' psychological symptoms and children's emotional and behavioral problems.
Sensory and Association Cortex in Time Perception

The recent upsurge of interest in brain mechanisms of time perception is beginning to converge on some new starting points for investigating this long under studied aspect of our experience. In four experiments, we asked whether disruption of normal activity in human MT/V5 would interfere with temporal discrimination. Although clearly associated with both spatial and motion processing, MT/V5 has not yet been implicated in temporal processes. Following predictions from brain imaging studies that have shown the parietal cortex to be important in human time perception, we also asked whether disruption of either the left or right parietal cortex would interfere with time perception preferentially in the auditory or visual domain. The results show that the right posterior parietal cortex is important for timing of auditory and visual stimuli and that MT/V5 is necessary for timing only of visual events.
Determinants of Competitive Antagonist Sensitivity on Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor β Subunits

We constructed a series of chimeric and mutant neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β subunits to map amino acid residues that determine sensitivity to competitive antagonists. The β2 and β4 subunits form pharmacologically distinct receptors when expressed in combination with the α3 subunit in Xenopus oocytes. At equipotent acetylcholine concentrations, α3β2 is 56-fold more sensitive to blockade by dihydro-β-erythroidine than is α3β4. The α3β2 combination is also sensitive to long-term blockade by neuronal bungarotoxin, whereas α3β4 is not. Pharmacological analysis of receptors formed by chimeric β subunits reveals that amino acid residues that determine both dihydro-β-erythroidine and neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity are located within several sequence segments. The major determinant of sensitivity to both competitive antagonists is located between residues 54 and 63. A minor determinant of sensitivity to both antagonists lies between residues 1 and 54, whereas a minor determinant of NBT sensitivity lies between residues 74 and 80. Within region 54–63 of β2, mutant β2 subunits were used to identify threonine 59 as a residue critical in determining competitive antagonist sensitivity. Changing threonine 59 to lysine, as occurs in β4, causes a 9-fold decrease in dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity and a 71-fold decrease in neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity. Changing polar threonine 59 to negatively charged aspartate causes a 2.5-fold increase in neuronal bungarotoxin sensitivity and has no effect on dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity.
A Perspective on the Flame Spray Synthesis of Photocatalyst Nanoparticles

The synthesis of functional nanoparticles via one-step flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), especially those of catalytic nature, has attracted the interests of scientists and engineers, as well as industries. The rapid and high temperature continuous synthesis yields nanoparticles with intrinsic features of active catalysts, that is, high surface area and surface energetics. For these reasons, FSP finds applications in various thermally inducible catalytic reactions. However, the design and synthesis of photocatalysts by FSP requires a knowledge set which is different from that established for thermal catalysts. Unknown to many, this has resulted in frustrations to those entering the field unprepared, especially since FSP appears to be an elegant tool in synthesising oxide nanoparticles of any elemental construct. From simple oxide to doped-oxide, and mixed metal oxide to the in situ deposition of noble metals, this Perspective gives an overview on the development of photocatalysts made by FSP in the last decade that led to a better understanding of the design criteria. Various challenges and opportunities are also highlighted, especially those beyond simple metal oxides, which perhaps contain the greatest potential for the exploitation of photocatalysts design by FSP.
A randomized clinical trial of family therapy in juvenile drug court.

UNLABELLED The objective of this article is to examine the effectiveness of 2 theoretically different treatments delivered in juvenile drug court--family therapy represented by multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) and group-based treatment represented by adolescent group therapy (AGT)--on offending and substance use. Intent-to-treat sample included 112 youth enrolled in juvenile drug court (primarily male [88%], and Hispanic [59%] or African American [35%]), average age 16.1 years, randomly assigned to either family therapy (n = 55) or group therapy (n = 57). Participants were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, 18 and 24 months following baseline. During the drug court phase, youth in both treatments showed significant reduction in delinquency (average d = .51), externalizing symptoms (average d = 2.32), rearrests (average d = 1.22), and substance use (average d = 4.42). During the 24-month follow-up, family therapy evidenced greater maintenance of treatment gains than group-based treatment for externalizing symptoms (d = 0.39), commission of serious crimes (d = .38), and felony arrests (d = .96). There was no significant difference between the treatments with respect to substance use or misdemeanor arrests. The results suggest that family therapy enhances juvenile drug court outcomes beyond what can be achieved with a nonfamily based treatment, especially with respect to what is arguably the primary objective of juvenile drug courts: reducing criminal behavior and rearrests. More research is needed on the effectiveness of juvenile drug courts generally and on whether treatment type and family involvement influence outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRY NAME Clinical Trials.gov, Identified NCT01668303.
The Human Gene SLC25A29, of Solute Carrier Family 25, Encodes a Mitochondrial Transporter of Basic Amino Acids*

Background: SLC25A29 encoded by the human SLC25A29 gene was suggested to be a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine- or ornithine-like transporter. Results: The recombinant, purified SLC25A29 transports arginine, lysine, and to a lesser extent ornithine and histidine but not carnitine and acylcarnitines. Conclusion: SLC25A29 is a mitochondrial transporter for basic amino acids. Significance: Another member of the mitochondrial carrier superfamily responsible for 12 monogenic diseases has been thoroughly characterized. The human genome encodes 53 members of the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), also called the mitochondrial carrier family, many of which have been shown to transport carboxylates, amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby connecting cytosolic and matrix functions. In this work, a member of this family, SLC25A29, previously reported to be a mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine- or ornithine-like carrier, has been thoroughly characterized biochemically. The SLC25A29 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product was purified and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Its transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that SLC25A29 transports arginine, lysine, homoarginine, methylarginine and, to a much lesser extent, ornithine and histidine. Carnitine and acylcarnitines were not transported by SLC25A29. This carrier catalyzed substantial uniport besides a counter-exchange transport, exhibited a high transport affinity for arginine and lysine, and was saturable and inhibited by mercurial compounds and other inhibitors of mitochondrial carriers to various degrees. The main physiological role of SLC25A29 is to import basic amino acids into mitochondria for mitochondrial protein synthesis and amino acid degradation.
Oral fiberoptic intubation over a retrograde guidewire.

Tracheal intubation in patients with anatomical abnormalities of the head and neck requires superior skill and implementation of special intubation techniques. One of these special techniques is retrograde intubation. Retrograde intubation, first described by Butler and Cirillo in 1960, is often used effectively in the most difficult of intubations (1). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and intubation, described by Mulder et al., in 1975 (2) , is also effective for intubation but requires skill, training and proficiency (3-5). Retrograde intubation combined with fiberoptic bronchoscopic guidance can also facilitate intubation in patients with airway pathology. Retrograde fiberoptic intubation (RFI) is described sparingly in the literature. Our review of the literature revealed only one report of the clinical use of this technique (6). We describe use of RFI in several instances that represent challenging problems in airway management.
What Is Multiple Myeloma?

What Is Multiple Myeloma? Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer? 1 Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other
Subunit exchange between smooth muscle myosin filaments

Filaments formed from phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin are stable in the presence of MgATP, whereas dephosphorylated filaments are disassembled to a mixture of folded monomers and dimers. The stability of copolymers of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated myosin was, however, unknown. Gel filtration, sedimentation velocity, and pelleting assays were used to show that MgATP could dissociate dephosphorylated myosin from copolymers containing either rod and myosin or dephosphorylated and phosphorylated myosin. Copolymers were typically formed by dialyzing monomeric mixtures into filament-forming buffer but, unexpectedly, could also be formed within minutes of mixing preformed rod and myosin minifilaments. This result suggested that molecules can rapidly and extensively exchange between filaments, presumably via the monomeric pool of myosin in equilibrium with polymer. An exchange of molecules between filaments was demonstrated directly by electron microscopy using gold-labeled streptavidin or antibody to detect the exchanged species. By this approach it was shown that smooth muscle myosin filaments, like other macromolecular assemblies, are dynamic structures that can readily alter their composition in response to changing solvent conditions. Moreover, because folded monomeric myosin is unable to polymerize, these experiments suggest a mechanism for the disassembly of the filament by MgATP.
Quantitative Profiling of Drosophila melanogaster Dscam1 Isoforms Reveals No Changes in Splicing after Bacterial Exposure

The hypervariable Dscam1 (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1) gene can produce thousands of different ectodomain isoforms via mutually exclusive alternative splicing. Dscam1 appears to be involved in the immune response of some insects and crustaceans. It has been proposed that the diverse isoforms may be involved in the recognition of, or the defence against, diverse parasite epitopes, although evidence to support this is sparse. A prediction that can be generated from this hypothesis is that the gene expression of specific exons and/or isoforms is influenced by exposure to an immune elicitor. To test this hypothesis, we for the first time, use a long read RNA sequencing method to directly investigate the Dscam1 splicing pattern after exposing adult Drosophila melanogaster and a S2 cell line to live Escherichia coli. After bacterial exposure both models showed increased expression of immune-related genes, indicating that the immune system had been activated. However there were no changes in total Dscam1 mRNA expression. RNA sequencing further showed that there were no significant changes in individual exon expression and no changes in isoform splicing patterns in response to bacterial exposure. Therefore our studies do not support a change of D. melanogaster Dscam1 isoform diversity in response to live E. coli. Nevertheless, in future this approach could be used to identify potentially immune-related Dscam1 splicing regulation in other host species or in response to other pathogens.
Education and Social Stratification Processes in Comparative Perspective.

This article describes three characteristics of educational systems that have been used to explain social stratification processes: stratification, standardization, and vocational specificity. These characteristics have been viewed as the basis for educational systems' varied capacity to structure students' entry into the labor force. Another important characteristic that has received less systematic attention is also suggested: student choice. The ways in which these characteristics affect the movement of students through school and into the labor force are described for France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, The discussion emphasizes the need to examine the trajectories that young people follow during a full transition period, rather than a single move from school to work. The author suggests that more information is needed about the ways in which both formal institutional structures and informal social processes generate regularities in the trajectories followed during the transition period
Head movement-based driver drowsiness detection: A review of state-of-art techniques

Driver fatigue is one of the most common reasons for deadly road accidents around the world. Continuous monotonous driving for long hours without rest causes drowsiness and consequently fatal road accidents. Automatic driver drowsiness detection can prevent a vast number of sleep persuaded road accidents, and hence can save precious lives. Number of techniques for driver drowsiness detection has been examined in the recent past. This paper presents a survey of these techniques. These techniques detect the driver drowsiness by observing the driving pattern. Abnormalities in driving pattern is hypothesized as a drowsiness state of driver. Various measures such as subjective, behavioral, physiological, and vehicular have been used for this purpose. The comparative analysis of these techniques indicates that behavioral measures are easy to acquire and does not disturb the driver as they are non-invasive. Among various behavioral measures, head movement measure is found to be most precise and effective.
The Effects of Self-generated Cues on Recall of the Paragraphs of a Text

Abstract A self-generated list of short indications of the paragraphs of a text was shown to subjects to facilitate the retrieval of the text's contents during recall. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that a substantial number of potentially accessible paragraphs failed to be retrieved under ordinary conditions of free recall. Access to some paragraphs appears to have been inhibited progressively by previous, more or less complete, retrieval of the contents of other paragraphs. In Experiment 2, repetition of recall provided access to a significant number of supplementary paragraphs. A significant number of paragraphs initially reproduced, however, was omitted during secondary recall. In both experiments, the completeness of recalled paragraphs was a negative function of their serial position of output. In Experiment 3, inspection of a self-generated list of short indications of paragraphs and experimenter-provided verbal embellishment of half of the paragraphs affected recall independently.
A Shrink Wrapping Approach to Remeshing Polygonal Surfaces

Due to their simplicity and flexibility, polygonal meshes are about to become the standard representation for surface geometry in computer graphics applications. Some algorithms in the context of multiresolution representation and modeling can be performed much more efficiently and robustly if the underlying surface tesselations have the special subdivision connectivity. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for converting a given unstructured triangle mesh into one having subdivision connectivity. The basic idea is to simulate the shrink wrapping process by adapting the deformable surface technique known from image processing. The resulting algorithm generates subdivision connectivity meshes whose base meshes only have a very small number of triangles. The iterative optimization process that distributes the mesh vertices over the given surface geometry guarantees low local distortion of the triangular faces. We show several examples and applications including the progressive transmission of subdivision surfaces.
Data analysis of blocked road information based on GIS

Based on geographic information system (GIS) technology, a spatial data analysis method for blocked road information data is presented in this paper. First, blocked road information data is introduced. Second, based on GIS technology, the blocked road information data analysis process is proposed. In which, simplify the processing of spatial data, isometric transformation based GIS platform, segment split processing, stake assignment, space matching of blocked road information data, and so on, are included. Finally, the method proposed in the paper is validated by blocked road information data of a province in eastern China from 2010 to 2013. The results show that the method is feasible and effectively, the analysis results can provide support for choosing highway network monitoring sites position, emergency material reserves and management.
An Online Approach for Kernel-level Keylogger Detection and Defense

Keyloggers have been studied for many years, but they still pose a severe threat to information security. Keyloggers can record highly sensitive information, and then transfer it to remote attackers. Previous solutions suffer from limitations in that: 1) Most methods focus on user-level keylogger detection; 2) Some methods need to modify OS kernels; 3) Most methods can be bypassed when the OS kernel is compromised. In this paper, we present LAKEED, an online defense against the kernel-level keylogger by utilizing the hardware assisted virtualization technology. Our system is compatible with the commodity operating system, and it can protect the running OS transparently. The basic idea of our approach is to isolate the target kernel extension that may contain the keylogger from keyboard drivers’ execution environment and then monitor their potential interactions. By comparing the runtime information with the execution baseline that is obtained by the offline analysis, the keylogger can be identified. The evaluation shows that LAKEED can defeat kernel-level keyloggers effectively with low performance overhead.
The highly O-glycosylated glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 is encoded by gene 71

There have been conflicting reports regarding the gene assignment of the high-molecular-mass envelope glycoprotein gp2 (gp300) of equine herpesvirus 1. Here, we provide an unequivocal demonstration that gp2 is encoded by gene 71. gp2 that was purified with a defining monoclonal antibody was cleaved internally to yield a 42-kDa protein encoded by gene 71. Amino acid composition data and N-terminal sequence analysis of a tryptic peptide identified gp2 as the product of equine herpesvirus 1 gene 71 with the SWISS-PROT database. Analysis of gp2's monosaccharide composition and the 42-kDa subunit showed that the high level of O glycosylation occurs on the serine/threonine-rich region upstream of the cleavage site.
User Experiences in ThrowIt: A Natural UI for Sharing Objects between Mobile Devices

The success of context-aware systems depends on intuitive user interface designs which facilitate communication between multiple devices. This paper presents Throw It, a natural user interface for sharing objects between mobile devices using gaze and hand gestures. For enabling gesture control, Throw It includes an off-the-shelf monochrome camera with infrared lights and a hand-held 6 degree of freedom sensor. To share an object, the user first locks their gaze on the object, then selects the object by doing a short 'grab' gesture, and finally, sends the object to another mobile device by doing a 'throwing' gesture. The mobile devices locate each other via a context server. According to the results of our user study, the idea of sharing digital objects using Throw It was found both useful and fascinating. However, sharing objects to many people at the same time raised security concerns.
A critical balance: managing coagulation in patients with glioma

ABSTRACT Cancer-associated thrombosis, including both arterial and venous thromboembolism (VTE), is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in patients with glioma. This risk is highest in the immediate postoperative period and is increased by chemotherapy, radiation, and corticosteroids. Systemic anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin is the treatment of choice in both the therapeutic and prophylactic settings. However, these patients are also at risk of intracranial hemorrhage, a potentially catastrophic complication of anticoagulation, and this risk must be carefully balanced against the risk of VTE. In this review we outline the incidence, pathophysiology and management of thrombosis in patients with glioma, with a focus on clinical considerations including perioperative management, chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, and end-of-life management.