Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
10Be exposure age constraints on the Late Weichselian ice‐sheet geometry and dynamics in inter‐ice‐stream areas, western Svalbard

The Late Weichselian ice sheet of western Svalbard was characterized by ice streams and inter‐ice‐stream areas. To reconstruct its geometry and dynamics we investigated the glacial geology of two areas on the island of Prins Karls Forland and the Mitrahalvøya peninsula. Cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure dating of glacial erratics and bedrock was used to constrain past ice thickness, providing minimum estimates in both areas. Contrary to previous studies, we found that Prins Karls Forland experienced a westward ice flux from Spitsbergen. Ice thickness reached >470 m a.s. l. , and warm‐based conditions occurred periodically. Local deglaciation took place between 16 and 13 ka. At Mitrahalvøya, glacier ice draining the Krossfjorden basin reached >300 m a.s. l. , and local deglaciation occurred at c. 13 ka. We propose the following succession of events for the last deglaciation. After the maximum glacier extent, ice streams in the cross‐shelf troughs and fjords retreated, tributary ice streams formed in Forlandsundet and Krossfjorden, and, finally, local ice caps were isolated over both Prins Karls Forland and Mitrahalvøya and their adjacent shelves.
Development of an atmosphere-ocean coupled model and its application over the Adriatic Sea during a severe weather event of Bora wind

[1] This study presents the results of an application to a Bora severe weather episode (January 1995) in the northern Adriatic Sea of the regional two-way atmosphere-ocean coupled model (RAMS-DieCAST), developed jointly by the Universita di Torino and the Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico del CNR, Trieste. RAMS-DieCAST showed significantly better ability to predict the sea surface temperature (SST) and its time evolution during the above mentioned episode using a full two-way coupling as opposed to simpler one-way forcing of the ocean. In this context, we found out that even in the high-frequency variability conditions that are typical of Bora events, heat fluxes from the sea must be taken into account for a better description of air-sea interaction processes in a dynamical framework. The SST evolution has been chosen as a validation parameter, owing to its availability and relevance for the characterization of the marine environment and local weather and climate studies. The simulations carried out with RAMS-DieCAST present a small systematic error in calculating the SST evolution; however, a sensitivity analysis of the model to the preparation of initial conditions of the simulation suggested that climatological initialization could be partly responsible for this error, which might be reduced by assimilating satellite-derived SSTs into the preparation of the initial conditions of the model.
Morphology and mixing state of aged soot particles at a remote marine free troposphere site: Implications for optical properties

The radiative properties of soot particles depend on their morphology and mixing state, but their evolution during transport is still elusive. Here we report observations from an electron microscopy analysis of individual particles transported in the free troposphere over long distances to the remote Pico Mountain Observatory in the Azores in the North Atlantic. Approximately 70% of the soot particles were highly compact and of those 26% were thinly coated. Discrete dipole approximation simulations indicate that this compaction results in an increase in soot single scattering albedo by a factor of ≤2.17. The top of the atmosphere direct radiative forcing is typically smaller for highly compact than mass‐equivalent lacy soot. The forcing estimated using Mie theory is within 12% of the forcing estimated using the discrete dipole approximation for a high surface albedo, implying that Mie calculations may provide a reasonable approximation for compact soot above remote marine clouds.
First ever cross comparison of thermospheric wind measured by narrow‐ and wide‐field optical Doppler spectroscopy

We present the first ever cross comparisons of F region horizontal neutral wind measurements taken using two different types of optical Doppler spectrometer: all‐sky scanning Doppler imagers (SDI) and narrow‐field Fabry‐Perot interferometers (NFPIs). Horizontal neutral winds were inferred using bistatic observations from three NFPIs, together with monostatic and bistatic observations from two SDIs. All instruments were located in Alaska. Cross comparisons were made for a total of seven nights in January and February 2010. The results show a high degree of correlation between the diurnal behaviors of the line‐of‐sight (LOS) winds measured by both instruments. The SDI and NFPI LOS wind time series also often contained high‐frequency fluctuations with similar overall characteristics, strongly suggesting that these fluctuations were geophysical in origin. However, the amplitude of the high‐frequency component was stronger in the NFPI LOS wind than in the SDI data. Even the smallest SDI angular resolution element is much larger than the NFPI field of view, suggesting that its relative insensitivity to high frequencies is because these fluctuations are associated with local‐scale structures whose spatial extent is smaller than ∼40 km spanned by the smallest SDI viewing field. Upon fitting vectors to the LOS wind data, close agreement was found between the wind components estimated by the two types of instrument. Discrepancies that did arise occurred most often when the neutral wind speed was weak, suggesting that conditions capable of driving higher neutral wind speeds also suppressed the development of small‐scale structures in the thermospheric neutral wind fields.
Developing a model for building resilience to climate risks for cultural heritage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for developing climate adaptation strategies to reduce climate risk for cultural heritage. Cultural heritage has an important role in human well-being. This paper posits that cultural heritage requires an approach that recognises the uniqueness of cultural heritage. The paper draws from the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Making My City Resilient campaign and the Heart of the City Partnership in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and proposes a Cultural Heritage Adaptation Forum. The role of the forum is to develop adaptation strategies in a sustainable development context. This is an original attempt to link cultural heritage to climate risk. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws from two initiatives and uses good practice established from the disaster management and climate communities and proposes a Cultural Heritage Adaptation Forum that can be used to formulate adaptation interventions for cultural heritage.
Atmospheric Dry Deposition Of Total Phosphorous Prediction Using Neural Network

Surface waters are threatened by pollutants of atmospheric origin. Atmospheric deposition in Singapore and surrounding countries appears to provide significant fluxes of nutrients (Nitrogen species and Phosphorous species) of environmental concern and to play an important role in the eutrophication of surface water. The quantitative assessment of atmospheric nutrient depositions are essential for understanding regional variations, time at which critical loads exceed, and the air/water quality management on the regional scale. This paper presents a data-driven approach, artificial neural networks (ANNs), for effective and efficient prediction of total phosphorous (TP) from dry atmospheric deposition. Dry atmospheric nutrient deposition data were obtained from laboratory analysis of aerosol samples collected using a high volume air sampler every 48 hours continuously during 2006 haze period in the field monitoring, Singapore. The results of the best ANN model was rather satisfactory, with values of the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency
Coeffcient of consolidation by the velocity method

The velocity method described is based on reducing the curve representing the Terzaghi consolidation rate and an exponential settlement-time curve from oedometer tests to a form in which they are geometrically identical. The classical solution of the consolidation equation is given as a velocity plot and all experimental behaviour must be geometrically similar except for secondary compression. This curve may thus be used as an overlay for any experimental curve. Both curves are plotted to a double logarithmic scale and relationships can then be established by direct super-position of the two curves. The velocity method described thus overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional log t and t 90 methods that require graphical constructions that are not amenable to automatic processing. (TRRL)
Experiments on the formation of beach cusps

Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.
An Aspect-Oriented Approach to Time-Constrained Strategies in Smart City IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly in various domains, including smart city applications. In many cases, IoT data in smart city applications have time constraints in which they are relevant and acceptable to the task at hand—a window of validity (WoV). Existing algorithms, such as ex post facto adjustment, data offloading, fog computing, and blockchain applications, generally focus on managing the time-validity of data. In this paper, we consider that the functional components of the IoT devices’ decision-making strategies themselves may also be defined in terms of a WoV. We propose an aspect-oriented mechanism to supervise the execution of the IoT device’s strategy, manage the WoV constraints, and resolve invalidated functional components through communication in the multi-agent system. The applicability of our proposed approach is considered with respect to the improved cost, service life, and environmental outcomes for IoT devices in a smart cities context.
Free surface displacements in the near field of a tensile crack expanding in three dimensions

The discrete wave number method is applied to the study of the elastic motions due to an arbitrary three-dimensional tensile source. The source elastic field is formulated as a superposition of plane waves propagating in discrete directions. The discretization stems from an assumption of two-dimensional periodicity in the description of the source. Examples of the free surface motion induced in the near field of circular and rectangular dislocation sources expanding in a homogeneous half space are discussed.
Long‐term suspended sediment transport in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed and Salt River Basin, Missouri, USA

Since 1992, efforts have been conducted in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed to assess suspended sediment transport from this 73 km2 watershed located in the Salt River Basin, Missouri, USA. This effort was complemented by assessment of field‐scale sediment loss and of suspended sediment transport at 12 watersheds in the Salt River Basin. The database includes 10 to 20 years of data from 3 fields ranging from 7 to 35 ha, and 5 to 20 years of data from 15 stream sites ranging from 10 to 6200 km2. Sampling techniques, analytical methods, site locations, and equipment infrastructure are described in this paper.
Evaluative Attitudinal Presence in Primetime TV News Presentations in Ghana

This article explored the presence of evaluative attitudinal resources in primetime TV news presentations in Ghana and linguistically shed light on professional practices in news presentations for the purpose of meaning in the news. An inquiry into attitudinal resources in news presentations is useful for understanding how subjects of primetime news bulletins manage and send reports on local and international happenings using evaluative attitudinal resources. The focus is on the linguistic resources that are attitudinal in nature. In doing this, I situate the analysis within the sub-systems of Appraisal theory, developed by Martin and White (2005) in discussing the presence of attitudinal resources employed in the news and their relevance. The data presents reasons to prove the use of evaluative attitudinal resources to construe different forms of emotions in the news reportage. It was also observed that the emotions are attributive and not subjective.
The EU floods directive in Sweden: opportunities for integrated and participatory flood risk planning

This study analyses the implementation of the EU Floods Directive in Sweden. The question here centres on the possibilities promoted by the directive for sustainable flood risk management, with an emphasis on integrated and participatory management forms. Key persons are interviewed, using a set of criteria for sustainable river basin management as a theoretical framework. The study shows that work in this area is guided by a wide array of values, and that the involved experts provide a broad knowledge basis for this work. The need for better coordination between authorities, pieces of legislation and policy fields however remains critical while the merits of participatory planning approaches are not yet sufficiently utilised. One of the primary tasks here is to develop a shared understanding of the formal context and roles of the process while also developing forms for effective collaboration both within the new administration and between the administration and other key actors, most importantly the municipalities. The case of Sweden can provide useful insights into this process for other member states.
Stability and Variability of the Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract The stability and internal variability of the ocean's thermohaline circulation is investigated using a coarse-resolution general circulation model of an idealized ocean basin, in one hemisphere. The model circulation is driven, in addition to wind forcing, by restoring the surface temperature to prescribed values, and by specifying freshwater fluxes in the surface salinity budget (mixed boundary conditions). All forcing functions are constant in time. The surface freshwater forcing is the dominant factor in determining the model's stability and internal variability. Increasing the relative importance of freshwater flux versus thermal forcing, in turn, one stable steady state of the model, two stable ones, one stable, and one unstable equilibrium, or no stable steady states at all are found. If the freshwater forcing is sufficiently strong, self-sustained oscillations exist in the deep-water formation rate, which last thousands of years. One type of oscillation occurs on the time scale of decades .
Category classification method using a self-organizing neural network

Abstract We apply a new category classification method to remote sensing data. This is a supervised and non-parametric method and employs both a selforganizing neural network and a k -nearest neighbour method. One of the features of the category is represented by the neuron weights after training the neural network based on a competitive learning role. From experimental results, we can see that the proposed method obtains superior classification results compared to other methods.
Joint rectification of image series classification results based on trajectory analysis

There has been a common method to study land use changes based on series of remote sensing data. However, data on time nodes in the time series are almost the historical data, which is difficult in acquiring sample mark data for classification and result verification. Thus, the classification accuracy is severely limited. Taking a series of 4 remote sensing imageries of Xihe watershed, Gansu Province, Northwestern China as an example, the authors proposed a new method to jointly rectify image series classification results based on trajectory analysis. The object-oriented classification method was used to classify the remote sensing images, and results were output as vector data, which were then utilized to take trajectory analysis on the change process of every specific point in the study area. The olassification results were rectified by further investigation or expert querying on those patches with unreasonable trajectories. After joint rectification, compared with those with no joint rectification, the classification accuracy for the former three time node improved about 3%-8%, especially for the middle two periods of historical data, the classification accuracy improved up to 7% -8%.
Detection of buried ancient walls using airborne thermal video radiometry

This study examined the feasibility of using a very sensitive thermal video radiometer to derive information about subsoil objects from the air. In this study we mounted a thermal sensor onboard a helicopter and acquired digital data from an altitude of 1333 m over an archaeological site on the Golan Heights, Israel. The site, namely, Leviah Enclosure, is an Early Bronze Age settlement that is covered by a thin layer of soil. The buried structures, made from basalt, could not be observed from the ground or in aerial photos. However, in the thermal images, the buried basalt structures were significantly enhanced because they have different thermal characteristics than the ground's surface. Based on the thermal images, it was possible to generate a map to use for future excavation activity. Referring to the thermal maps, a selected area was excavated, and verification on the ground, using traditional archaeological methods revealed a positive agreement between the thermal-based map and the actual location of the buried structures. The research highlights the fact that this technology can contribute additional and useful information to the field of archaeology. Based on these results, further study is planned in order to examine the capability of the sensor under different conditions and to further excavate the entire Leviah Enclosure.
Globalization and Health: Impact Pathways and Recent Evidence

The last two decades of the twentieth century recorded a slowdown in health gains and widespread increases in health inequality across and within countries. The paper explores the causes of such trends on the basis of five main mortality models. To do so, it regresses IMR/LEB on 15 determinants of health. The results underscore the negative health effects of the trends observed between 1980-2000, such as rising inequality, greater income volatility, declining health expenditure, increasing migration and so on. Finally, the paper simulates the level of LEB that would have been achieved in ten regions of the world if the determinants of health had continued developing over these decades as they did over 1960-80. The results indicate that in seven of such regions (including China and India) LEB would have been higher than actually observed. In this regard, the paper raises doubts about the way globalization has taken place and the way public policy oriented it.
Dielectric relaxation behavior of Callovo‐Oxfordian clay rock: A hydraulic‐mechanical‐electromagnetic coupling approach

Water content is a key parameter to monitor in nuclear waste repositories such as the planed underground repository in Bure, France, in the Callovo‐Oxfordian (COx) clay formation. High‐frequency electromagnetic (HF‐EM) measurement techniques, i.e., time or frequency domain reflectometry, offer useful tools for quantitative estimation of water content in porous media. However, despite the efficiency of HF‐EM methods, the relationship between water content and dielectric material properties needs to be characterized. Moreover, the high amount of swelling clay in the COx clay leads to dielectric relaxation effects which induce strong dispersion coupled with high absorption of EM waves. Against this background, the dielectric relaxation behavior of the clay rock was studied at frequencies from 1 MHz to 10 GHz with network analyzer technique in combination with coaxial transmission line cells. For this purpose, undisturbed and disturbed clay rock samples were conditioned to achieve a water saturation range from 0.16 to nearly saturation. The relaxation behavior was quantified based on a generalized fractional relaxation model under consideration of an apparent direct current conductivity assuming three relaxation processes: a high‐frequency water process and two interface processes which are related to interactions between the aqueous pore solution and mineral particles (adsorbed/hydrated water relaxation, counter ion relaxation and Maxwell‐Wagner effects). The frequency‐dependent HF‐EM properties were further modeled based on a novel hydraulic‐mechanical‐electromagnetic coupling approach developed for soils. The results show the potential of HF‐EM techniques for quantitative monitoring of the hydraulic state in underground repositories in clay formations.
Thermochronological evidence for the movement of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone: A perspective from Vietnam

In order to explore the timing of strike-slip movement along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, an 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological study of the Day Nui Con Voi metamorphic massif in northern Vietnam was undertaken. The massif, exposed in the southeastern segment of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, reveals a rapid cooling in the early Miocene (25–21 Ma) after a very slow cooling ca. 34–25 Ma. The slow cooling period most likely resulted from a geothermal perturbation in the lithosphere owing to the late Paleogene (40–30 Ma) extension in eastern Tibet and western Yunnan, China. The rapid cooling, consistent with evidence of a wider rapid cooling span from 27 to 17 Ma compiled from the entire Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, constrains the duration of left-lateral shearing, which eventually offset Indochina from South China by about 600 km. The time constraints we have established reinforce the argument that the onset of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone postdates the opening of the South China Sea that began ca. 30 Ma. This result highlights the necessity for reevaluating the Cenozoic tectonic models of Southeast Asia.
SWCF of Forest in Three-Gorges of Yangtze River

In Qinjiagou watershed of Three-Gorge of Yangtze River, 18 indices were selected from canopy layer, litter layer, soil layer and topography to evaluate the soil and water conservation capacities of four common plantation types by ideal point method. Results indicated that the broadleaf plantation of robur (Lithocrpus glabra) and Chinese gugertree (Schima superba) (LS) has the biggest soil and water conservation capacity. The rank of three other plantation types from big to small is the mixed broadleaf plantation of sweetgum (Liguidambar formosana), Chinese gugertree and camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) (LSC), the mixed broadleaf-conifer plantation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and Chinese gugertree (CPS), and the mixed Pine plantation of Chinese fir and Masson pine (CP). Under the same climate and topographical condition, the broadleaf plantation has better soil and water conservation capacity than the conifer plantation. Sensitivity analysis showed that the three most sensitive indices are soil non-capillary porosity, soil aggregation, and soil initial infiltration rate. The litter amount and soil properties are the most important indicators of soil and water conservation capacity of plantations. Therefore, suitable measurements such as deep tillage should be taken to improve the properties of soil under different plantations.