Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression : Cellular Sources , Triggers , and Regulatory Mechanisms

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7-like cytokine initially identified in the culture supernatant of a thymic stromal cell line. Highly expressed in the epidermis in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis patients, TSLP was subsequently found to be a critical factor linking responses at interfaces between the body and environment (skin, airway, gut, ocular tissues, and so on) to Th2 responses. Recent studies have revealed that various cell types other than epithelial cells and epidermal keratinocytes (such as mast cells, airway smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, trophoblasts, and cancer or cancer-associated cells) also express TSLP. Environmental factors such as Toll-like receptor ligands, a Nod2 ligand, viruses, microbes, allergen sources, helminths, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and chemicals trigger TSLP production. Proinflammatory cytokines, Th2-related cytokines, and IgE also induce or enhance TSLP production, indicating cycles of amplification. Skin barrier injury, increased epidermal endogenous protease activity, and less epidermal Notch signaling, all of which have been reported in atopic dermatitis, and keratinocyte-specific loss of retinoid X receptors and treatment of skin with agonists for vitamin D receptor in mice induce TSLP production, Th2 response, or atopic dermatitis-like inflammation. The transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, nuclear receptors, single nucleotide polymorphisms, microRNAs, and the peptidyl-proryl isomerase Pin1 regulate TSLP mRNA expression transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally. This review focuses on events upstream of TSLP production, which is critical in allergic diseases and important in other TSLP-related disorders i.e. production sites, cellular sources, environmental and endogenous triggers and regulatory factors, and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression.
ANALYSING GENRE: LANGUAGE USE IN PROFESSIONAL SETTINGS . Vijay K. Bhatia. London: Longman, 1993. Pp. xvi + 246. $26.95 paper.

layperson. It has an excellent introductory second chapter on aphasia etiology, symptomatology, and recovery patterns and an overview of the three basic philosophies underlying rehabilitation: reactivation, reorganization, and substitution. Of course, aphasia therapy is in many ways quite different from teaching a second language. However, for students of second language acquisition, this book may be of use because its explicit and implicit treatment of how theory can stimulate, inform, and shape practice provides a set of models that could be extended to the practice of teaching a second language. Aphasia therapy, of course, is as a rule quite individualized in ways that second language teaching is usually not. Theory and new descriptive methods, the authors argue, can lead us to new approaches in applied work. The greatest similarity between aphasia therapy and foreign language teaching is that both professions have a long history of development of techniques that are effective for many (but not all) individuals, and both have a problematic relationship to a closely linked theoretical field, linguistics. Lesser and Milroy superbly provide a model for ways to mine the theory for useful notions and techniques for assessment/evaluation and instruction, while recognizing the limitations deriving from the ways in which theory, description, and practice must operate at levels of phenomenology that do not fully overlap.
Missiology as a Discipline and What it Includes

This presentation given at the 1987 A PM Annual Meeting seeks to answer the question of “what missiology is” and “what it includes. ” It reflects on the various ways and interdisciplinary perspectives from which missiology can be taught, and supports the notion that missiology in America today must be integrative and complementary, while at the same time defining its own essential norms. The study is not able to come up with a fully agreed definition of what missiology is, due to flux and pluralism.
Release of masking for speech through interaural time delay.

Interference with binaural intelligibility of spondaic words produced by continuous white noise and of monosyllabic words produced by both continuous and modulated white noise as well as connected speech (single talker) was studied under a variety of interaural listening conditions. Performance during homophasic (N0S0) and antiphasic (NπS0) listening was compared with that achieved under conditions involving various interaural time differences of the noise and/or the speech. These time differences ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 msec. Several signal‐to‐masker ratios were employed, but for the conditions involving modulated noise, only two modulation rates (4/sec and 100/sec) and a single magnitude of modulation (14 dB) were used. Transition from homophasic to antiphasic listening produced masking‐level differences (MLD's) of about 7 and 4 dB for spondees and monosyllables, respectively. The MLD's produced by varying the interaural timing of either speech or noise increased systematically as the time differences were increased within the range studied here, but they never exceeded those for antiphasic listening and were usually appreciably smaller. As gauged by performance under 0.4‐ and 0.8‐msec interaural time delay, the MLD for monosyllables was the same regardless of whether the time difference was applied to the masker or the speech. Furthermore, the MLD produced by simultaneous but opposing interaural time differences (masker leading in one ear and speech in the other) did not exceed the antiphasic MLD, even when the aggregate timing discrepancy between the two signals reached 1.6 msec. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
Toward a three-dimensional view of protein networks between species

General principles governing biomolecular interactions between species are expected to differ significantly from known principles governing the interactions within species, yet these principles remain poorly understood at the systems level. A key reason for this knowledge gap is the lack of a detailed three-dimensional (3D), atomistic view of biomolecular interaction networks between species. Recent progress in structural biology, systems biology, and computational biology has enabled accurate and large-scale construction of 3D structural models of nodes and edges for protein–protein interaction networks within and between species. The resulting within- and between-species structural interaction networks have provided new biophysical, functional, and evolutionary insights into species interactions and infectious disease. Here, we review the nascent field of between-species structural systems biology, focusing on interactions between host and pathogens such as viruses.
Discrete-time fuzzy modeling and control & its application

Discrete-time fuzzy modeling and state feedback control are investigated for nonlinear systems. The considered nonlinear system is firstly estimated by a discrete-time T-S fuzzy model. A fuzzy state feedback controller is designed. The sufficient conditions for the existence of controller are derived via a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. The designed controller not only can guarantee that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and but also can get good control performances. The gains of controller are obtained by solving a set of LMIs. The presented approach is applied to control helicopter systems. In contrast to the existing results, the proposed method has several advantages: i). Transient time is short; ii). There is no overshoot; iii). External disturbances can be effectively reduced. A CE150 helicopter system example is given to show the effectiveness of our scheme.
Robust Iris Recognition Baseline for the Grand Challenge

Due to its distinctiveness, the human iris is a popular biometric feature used to identity a person with high accuracy. The “Grand Challenge” in iris recognition is to have an effective algorithm for subject verification or identification under a broad range of image and environmental conditions. This paper presents both baseline performance results and an enhanced version of VASIR (Video-based Automated System for Iris Recognition) as a response the challenge. We describe the details of the VASIR procedure and demonstrate its superiority over the IrisBEE algorithm. Finally, the image quality scores and how they relate to VASIR’s performance are examined.
Ignoring ''brutal'' will make ''numid'' more pleasant but ''uyuvu'' more unpleasant: The role of a priori pleasantness of unfamiliar stimuli in affective priming tasks

Based on assumptions borrowed from negative priming research, in two experiments an evaluative decision to a clearly valenced target word that was flanked by a positive or negative distractor (i.e., the “affective priming” technique in the tradition of of Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986) was followed by a pleasantness rating of an unfamiliar, senseless string of letters. Of main interest was whether an inhibition of the distractor valence affects the rating. Unexpectedly, it was found that the effect depended on subtle differences in the a priori pleasantness of the letter strings. For (relatively) less pleasant sounding strings, the rating was congruent to the prime whereas it was incongruent for (relatively) more pleasant sounding strings. In Experiment 3, the rating of the letter strings was preceded by a masked positive or negative prime only. The same pattern of congruence and incongruence effects emerged. The results are related to a matching account of negative priming.
EVOLUTION STUDIED USING PROTEIN STRUCTURE

One of the principle goals of evolutionary biology is to generate phylogeny that best represents the evolutionary histories of all organisms on earth. Aside from directly investigating the fossil records of ancestor species, all phylogenetic methods depend on the comparison of specific features (homologous characteristics) of contemporary organisms to determine the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. Among the features are morphological, physiological, genetic, and genomic which changed as the organisms evolved. The study of evolution changed dramaticallywith the discovery ofDNA and the evolutionaryfingerprint it represents. Evolutionary relationships betweenorganisms can be studied by comparing their DNA sequences (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1965). Gene mutation is the primary cause of evolution, so utilizing the universal carrier of genetic information as the characteristic by which phylogenetic comparison is made makes sense. This approach has significant advantages over the classical approach in which morphological and physiological characteristics are used. This is exemplified by the discovery of a third branch of life, the archaea, which have no substantial morphological or physiological differences to other prokaryotes. Archaeawere discovered to be a separate domain of life by analyzing small subunit ribosomal RNAs (SSU rRNA) (Woese and Fox, 1977). While studyingphylogenyusingDNAsequencedatahasprovenvery successful, it has its limitations. Since individual genes have different evolutionary rates in different lineages, phylogenies built from individual genes do not always agree (Doolittle, 1995a; Doolittle, 1995b). As a consequence, although efforts have beenmade to generate a universal tree of life (Woese,1998a;Woese,1998b;ForterreandPhilippe,1999),manypartsofthetreearestillunresolved and highly debated, especially at the root of the treewhere the three superkingdoms— archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes—diverged (Mayr, 1998; Woese, 1998a; Woese, 1998b). Advances in large-scale sequencing technology enable the acquisition of the complete genome of an organism. There are currently hundreds of complete genomes available from
From Carbon Markets to Carbon Morality: Creative Compounds as Framing Devices in Online Discourses on Climate Change Mitigation

Lexical combinations of at least two roots around “carbon” as the hub, such as “carbon finance” or “carbon footprint,” have recently become ubiquitous in English-speaking science, politics, and mass media. They are part of a new language evolving around the issue of climate change that can reveal how it is framed by various stakeholders. In this article, the authors study the role of these “carbon compounds” as tools of communication in different online discourses on climate change mitigation. By combining a quantitative analysis of their occurrences with a qualitative analysis of the contexts in which the compounds were used, the authors identify three clusters of compounds focused on finance, lifestyle, and attitudes and elucidate the communicative purposes to which they were put between the 1990s and the early 21st century. This approach may open up new ways of analyzing the framings of climate change mitigation initiatives in the public sphere.
Anesthesia-induced epilepsy: causes and treatment

Epilepsy is a type of chronic brain disease that results from an abnormally high synchronization of neuronal discharge. The typical clinical features of epilepsy are paroxysms and transient and stereotyped brain dysfunction. Many cases of epileptic seizures occurring during anesthesia have been reportedx. Recently, risk assessment of epileptic seizures during surgery and anesthesia has gained increasing attention. In this review, we systematically summarize the influence of anesthesia on epileptic seizures; the types, durations and frequencies of seizures related to anesthesia; and the epidemiology, prevention, treatment and prognosis of epilepsy. We also explore the possible mechanism of epilepsy and provide guidance for anesthesia during surgeries.
EFFECT OF POTASSIUM VERSUS SODIUM IN THE SPORULATION OF SACCHAROMYCES

Adamis (1949, 1950) described a modified Stantial (1935) acetate medium consisting of low concentrations of glucose, so(lium acetate, and agar upon which he obtained high yields of asei with a large number of yeast cultures. Although, in his original experiments, Adams (1949) tested a variety of acetate salts, including potassium acetate, he found none of them superior to sodium acetate in about 0.24 per cent concentration. These reports have been followed by a rather extensive series of papers in which Adams' sodium acetate medium has been used with only slight mo(lificatioiis. These include the hybridization and genetic studies of Fowell (1952, 1955) and the extensive studies of physiological factors affecting yeast sporulation on soditum acetate medium of Adams and Miller (1954); Miller et al. (1957a, b); Scheiber et al. (1957); Tremaine and Miller (1954, 1956); 'Miller and Halpern (1956); and Miller (1957). The sodium acetate medium has also proved very useful in cytological studies of McClary et al. (1957a, b) and of Hashimoto et al. (1958). Although many Lindegren cultures of Saccharomyces sporulated abundantly on sodium acetate-yeast extract-glucose medium, others produced asci so rarely that they could not be used in genetic studies. The evolution of the Lindegren breedling stocks are described in the papers of Lindegren and Lindegren (1943a, b). They determine(l that genetic analysis depended upon the isolatioin of haploid strains which did not produce spores unless mated to other haploid strains of complementary mating type. Continued selection of cultures resuilted in a breeding stock with this characteristic, although early in the pedigree, sporulation among single ascospore segregants was not too unusual. It was presumed that much of this was due to illegitimate copulation producing illegitimate d1iploids, but some of the
On the boundaries of morphology and phonology: a case study from Modern Greek

There has been a great deal of discussion recently concerning the rôle that morphological and paradigmatic considerations play in the phonological structure of languages (e.g. Kiparsky, 1972, 1974; Anderson, 1974, 1975; Hooper, 1974; Harris, 1973; Kisseberth & Abasheikh, 1974). However, although it has generally been accepted that such factors play a part in determining the phonological properties of morphemes and words, the precise characterization of the interplay between phonology and morphology is not at present very clear. In this paper, I will examine two of the most interesting problems of Modern Greek (MG) that fall on the boundary line between morphology and phonology and thus provide a test case in the present debate. Moreover, since these problems have been previously examined both outside the transformational generative model (Householder, 1964) and within it (Warburton, 1970a, 1970b; Newton, 1972a, 1972b, 1973; Adams, 1972), the facts are fairly clear and, consequently, they offer excellent ground for arguing theoretical points.
Query Optimization Strategies in Distributed Databases

The query optimization problem in Local Processing Phase: In this phase, the initial large-scale distributed databases is NP-hard in Algebraic Query specified on global relations is nature and difficult to solve. The complexity of the optimizer increases as the number of relations and transformed in to fragments (Data Decomposition) and made available to the respective sites for processing (Data Localization) like local selections number of joins in a query increases. Research is and projections. being carried out to find an appropriate algorithm to seek an optimal solution especially when the size Reduction Phase: A sequence of Joins and Semi of the database increases. Various Optimization Joins (reducers) are used to minimize the amount of Strategies have been reviewed in this paper and the studies show that the performance of distributed data i.e. the size of the relations that needs to be transmitted in order to accomplish a join operation in a cost effective manner. query optimization is improved when Optimization Algorithm is integrated optimization algorithms.
Decision Fusion for Improving Mispronunciation Detection Using Language Transfer Knowledge and Phoneme-Dependent Pronunciation Scoring

Application of linguistic knowledge of language transfer to automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology can enhance mispronunciation detection performance in computer-aided pronunciation training (CAPT). This is achieved by pinpointing salient pronunciation errors made by second language learners. In this work, we propose to apply decision fusion for further improvement in mispronunciation detection performance. Detection decision from the linguistically-motivated detection, which applies language transfer knowledge, is used as the basis. Back off to posterior probability based pronunciation scoring with phoneme-dependent thresholds is employed when the basis is "less-reliable". Fusion can help combat problems such as incomplete coverage of linguistic knowledge as well as the imperfection of acoustic models in ASR. Our fusion strategy can maintain the diagnosis capability of the linguistically-motivated approach while achieve a major boost in detection performance. Experimental results show that decision fusion can achieve relative improvement in mispronunciation detection of up to 30% reduction in total number of decision errors.
FIRST ACTS, LAST ACTS, AND ABANDONMENT

This contribution reconstructs and assesses Yaffe's claims about what constitutes an attempt, what can count as evidence that an attempt has been made, whether abandonment is a genuine defense, and whether attempts should be punished less severely than completed crimes. I contrast Yaffe's account of being motivated by an intention and the completion of an attempt in terms of the truth of the completion counterfactual with an alternative picture of attempts as temporally extended decision trees that are complete insofar as the agent has progressed toward the final act in the tree. I suggest that this alternative scalar conception of attempt may provide a more plausible account of the defense of abandonment. I also raise questions about whether Yaffe has provided an adequate justification of his mix of luck skepticism about censure and luck realism about punishment.
Driver distraction : a review of the literature

Driver distraction has been defined in many different ways. The most important difference is whether only visual inattention or also cognitive inattention should be included. Many different methods have been used to assess the prevalence and types of driver distraction that occur, and to describe the consequences in terms of driving performance and crash involvement. There is strong agreement that distraction is detrimental for driving, and that the risk for crashes increases. Drivers rather opt for repeated glances instead of extending one single glance, if the secondary task demands attention for a longer period of time. However, repeated glances have more detrimental effects on driving performance than a single glance of the same duration as one of the repeated glances. Only recently the method of remote eye tracking has emerged, which enables real time identification of visual distraction. So far this method has mostly been used in driving simulators. Different algorithms that diagnose distracted drivers have been tested with promising results. In simulators it is difficult, however, to induce true distraction, due to the short duration of the experiment and the artificial setting. A prolonged field study under naturalistic conditions could provide new insights and validation of simulator studies.
Membrane Association of the Arabidopsis ARF Exchange Factor GNOM Involves Interaction of Conserved Domains[W]

The GNOM protein plays a fundamental role in Arabidopsis thaliana development by regulating endosome–to–plasma membrane trafficking required for polar localization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. GNOM is a family member of large ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs), which regulate vesicle formation by activating ARF GTPases on specific membranes in animals, plants, and fungi. However, apart from the catalytic exchange activity of the SEC7 domain, the functional significance of other conserved domains is virtually unknown. Here, we show that a distinct N-terminal domain of GNOM mediates dimerization and in addition interacts heterotypically with two other conserved domains in vivo. In contrast with N-terminal dimerization, the heterotypic interaction is essential for GNOM function, as mutations abolishing this interaction inactivate the GNOM protein and compromise its membrane association. Our results suggest a general model of large ARF-GEF function in which regulated changes in protein conformation control membrane association of the exchange factor and, thus, activation of ARFs.