Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How the birth and death of shear layers determine confinement evolution: from the L → H transition to the density limit

Electric field profile structure—especially its shear—is a natural order parameter for the edge plasma, and characterizes confinement regimes ranging from the H-mode (Wagner et al. 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1408–1412 (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1408)) to the density limit (DL) (Greenwald et al. 1988 Nucl. Fusion 28, 2199–2207 (doi:10.1088/0029-5515/28/12/009)). The theoretical developments and lessons learned during 40 years of H-mode studies (Connor & Wilson 1999 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 42, R1–R74 (doi:10.1088/0741-3335/42/1/201); Wagner 2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49, B1–B33 (doi:10.1088/0741-3335/49/12b/s01)) are applied to the shear layer collapse paradigm (Hong et al. 2017 Nucl. Fusion 58, 016041 (doi:10.1088/1741-4326/aa9626)) for the onset of DL phenomena. Results from recent experiments on edge shear layers and DL phenomenology are summarized and discussed in the light of L → H transition physics. The theory of shear layer collapse is then developed. We demonstrate that shear layer physics captures both the well known current (Greenwald) scaling of the DL (Greenwald 2002 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44, R27–R53 (doi:10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/201); Greenwald et al. 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21, 110501 (doi:10.1063/1.4901920)), as well as the emerging power scaling (Zanca, Sattin, JET Contributors 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59, 126011 (doi:10.1088/1741-4326/ab3b31)). The derivation of the power scaling theory exploits an existing model, originally developed for the L → H transition (Diamond, Liang, Carreras, Terry 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2565–2568 (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2565); Kim & Diamond 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 185006 (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.185006)). We describe the enhanced particle transport events that occur following shear layer collapse. Open problems and future directions are discussed. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘H-mode transition and pedestal studies in fusion plasmas’.
Discovering Motifs in DNA Sequences: A Suffix Tree Based Approach

Motif discovery also known as motif finding is a challenging problem in the field of bioinformatics that deals with various computational and statistical techniques to identify short patterns, often referred to as motifs that corresponds to the binding sites in the DNA sequence for transcription factors. Owing to the recent growth of bioinformatics, a good number of algorithms have come into limelight. This paper proposes a competent algorithm that extracts binding sites in set of DNA sequences for transcription factors, using successive iterations on the sequences provided. The motif we work on are of unknown length, un-gapped and non-mutated. The algorithm uses suffix trie for finding such sites. In this approach the first sequence is used as base for constructing the suffix trie and is mapped with other sequences which results in extraction of the motif. Additionally, this algorithm can also be applied to related problems in the field of data mining, pattern detection, etc.
Typological characteristics of interlanguage: Across L2 modalities and proficiency levels

In recent years, quantitative methods have been increasingly used in interlanguage studies, but these studies have mostly focused on the micro level with an emphasis on certain syntactic structures, rather than the macro where interlanguage is perceived as a whole. There remains a paucity of quantitative studies on interlanguage from the typological perspective. With the majority of the studies focused on the written interlanguage, there is also a lack of sufficient research on its spoken modality. Based on a syntactically annotated corpus and using the quantitative linguistic metric of dependency direction, we have investigated the typological changes in the Chinese interlanguage in both written and spoken modalities. The findings are as follows: (1) the typological features of interlanguage vary across modalities at both macro and micro levels; (2) dependency direction is proved to be an inappropriate indicator to measure the general typological characteristics of interlanguage development due to its failure to reflect the changes in the spoken modality; (3) both macro and micro perspectives taken into consideration, typological errors in the interlanguage is more likely to occur in the spoken modality than in the written one, in which learners may be restricted by greater time pressure and cognitive load in utterance. These factors may affect the distribution of dependency direction in the oral modality, and may be the reason why it is not appropriate to use dependency direction as a measure of changes in mediated language typological features in the oral modality. It is expected that our study will bring insight into second language research with more objective and holistic evidence.
Understanding Intimate Partner Cyber Abuse across Partnership Categories Based on Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

ABSTRACT Research indicates non-cisgender and non-heterosexual individuals experience higher rates of intimate partner violence compared to their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. It is unknown if this is the case for intimate partner cyber abuse (IPCA). Thus, the current study examines IPCA prevalence rates among a sample of adults in intimate partnerships and compares these rates across four partnership categories, defined by gender identity and sexual orientation. We also assess prevalence rates within five IPCA domains and patterns of recurring victimization. Findings suggest victimization experiences may differ across partnership categories and highlight the need for further research with non-heterosexual and non-cisgender populations.
Visible Region Enhancement Network for Occluded Pedestrian Detection

Occlusion is a big challenge in detecting pedestrians. In this paper, we propose a new network module named Visible Region Enhancement Network(VREN), which is consisted of a spatial attention network and a channel attention network. Given feature maps, our module infers attention maps from two dimensions, spatial and channel. In particular, compared with the previous attention mechanism, the acquisition of the two kinds of attention in VREN is interrelated, rather than independent. Based on attention maps, VREN can enhance the effective feature from different dimensions, while reducing the interference noise. Because VREN works in the feature extraction stage, it can be integrated into any Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) architecture and is end-to-end trainable along with base CNNs. We validate our VREN through extensive experiments on CrowdHuman datasets. Our experiments show VREN can effectively increase detection performances compared to the Faster R-CNN baseline.
Performance Evalution of 3D Keypoint Detectors and Descriptors for Plants Health Classification

Plant Phenomics based on imaging based techniques can be used to monitor the health and the diseases of plants and crops. The use of 3D data for plant phenomics is a recent phenomenon. However, since 3D point cloud contains more information than plant images, in this paper, we compare the performance of different keypoint detectors and local feature descriptors combinations for the plant growth stage and it's growth condition classification based on 3D point clouds of the plants. We have also implemented a modified form of 3D SIFT descriptor, that is invariant to rotation and is computationally less intense than most of the 3D SIFT descriptors reported in the existing literature. The performance is evaluated in terms of the classification accuracy and the results are presented in terms of accuracy tables. We find the ISS-SHOT and the SIFT-SIFT combinations consistently perform better and Fisher Vector (FV) is a better encoder than Vector of Linearly Aggregated (VLAD) for such applications. It can serve as a better modality.
Tinjauan Terhadap Perencanaan Phytomining sebagai Alternatif Tambang Emas Ramah Lingkungan

The community's negative paradigm regarding mining activities is still circulating today. They assume that mining only brings harm to the surrounding environment. The community is worried that the mining activities carried out can damage the environment and make them lose their livelihood as farmers. Gold mining can not only be done by conventional methods, but also by the Phytomining method. Phytomining is the production of metal plants by growing plants that can accumulate metals in high concentrations. Phytomining is an environmentally friendly method because in the process it does not use chemical substances that can harm the environment and the surrounding community. In this study, mining planning is carried out which includes prospecting activities, exploration, feasibility studies (feasibility studies) equipped with Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL), mining preparation and construction of mining infrastructure, Occupational Health and Safety (K3), management and environmental monitoring. The Phytomining method used can be an alternative solution for environmentally friendly mining activities. In addition, the community will not lose their jobs and earn more because of mining activities. Mining with the Phytomining method has been widely applied in other countries, for that this method also has the potential to be developed in Indonesia.
Automating Symmetry-Breaking Calculations

The process of classifying possible symmetry-breaking bifurcations requires a computation involving the subgroups and irreducible representations of the original symmetry group. It is shown how this calculation can be automated using a group theory package such as GAP . This enables a number of new results to be obtained for larger symmetry groups, where manual computation is impractical. Examples of symmetric and alternating groups are given, and the method is also applied to the spatial symmetry-breaking of periodic patterns observed in experiments.
An Efficient and Secure Authentication Scheme using Markov Chain for Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to varied applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data is required by any user when and wherever they require. Usually, base station gathers all information from the sensor and sends it periodically to the user. But for real-time application, mutual authentication among the communicating nodes is required. During user authentication base station checks that the user is authorized to gather the collected information from the sensor node through an insecure channel. In this paper, we propose an efficient authentication scheme which provides anonymity of user in WSNs that uses Markov chain. The Markov chain is a stochastic process that can be used for a system in which it follows a chain of linked events but next event depends only on the current state of the system. Stationary limit distribution of matrix is created by the base station to help the user to keep their password and identity safe. The security analysis verifies that the proposed scheme is safe against various attacks like forgery, parallel session attacks, user impersonation, etc.
Detecting faint secondaries of spectroscopic binaries: HD 101177B and 149414A

We have observed lID 101177B and 149414A, two known single-lined binaries, and directly measured the radial velocities of their secondaries, enabling us to derive the mass ratios of the two systems. Using high signal-to-noise ratio spectra obtained mostly with the William Herschel Telescope, and a new algorithm to analyse composite spectra, TODCOR, we show that the mass ratios of lID 101177B and 149414A are 0.48 ± 0.03 and 0.57 ± 0.02, respectively. These are two of the lowest mass ratios ever measured around normal G or K dwarf stars. These two systems demonstrate the potential of the present approach, which can turn many of the known single-lined binaries into double-lined systems. Such work has important implica­ tions for the study of the mass-ratio distribution of many samples of binaries.
Impact of materials selection on graphoepitaxial directed self-assembly for line-space patterning

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a promising technology for advanced patterning at future technology nodes, but significant hurdles remain for commercial implementation. While chemoepitaxy processes employing poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) are most widely studied for DSA line/space patterning, graphoepitaxy processes using more strongly segregated “high-X;” block copolymers have recently shown a lot of promise, with lower defectivity and line-width roughness (LWR) than comparative chemoepitaxy processes. This paper reports on some of the design considerations for optimizing line/space patterning with these materials. We have found that brush and block copolymer selection are critical to achieve high quality DSA. For example, brush thickness must be optimized to achieve matching space critical dimensions, and brush surface energy impacts kinetics of assembly. The X parameter of the block copolymer should be optimized to balance LWR, kinetics of assembly, and process window. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blocks showed little impact on performance. Overall, parameters of both BCP and brush must be simultaneously optimized to achieve high quality DSA.
Magnetic Helicity Injection in Active Regions

Magnetic helicity is now regarded as an important physical quantity in understanding solar magnetic activities. We have studied the injection of magnetic helicity through the photosphere of four active regions during the long periods of their lifetimes. The rate of helicity injection was determined as a function of time in each active region by applying the local correlation tracking (LCT) method to full-disk, 96 minute cadence magnetograms taken by SOHO MDI. As a result, we have found that most helicity was intensively injected while active regions emerged and grew, suggesting that magnetic flux emergence may be the major process of helicity injection. In all the active regions studied, the rate of helicity injection during flux emergence was initially low, increased and stayed high for a while, and then became low again, while magnetic flux steadily increased at a more or less constant rate all the time. Flux cancellation, as a minor process, resulted in some loss of coronal magnetic helicity, or inverse helicity injection. The contribution of differential rotation to helicity injection was found to be insignificant in these active regions. It was also found that the magnetic helicity budget of an active region strongly depends on its average magnetic flux.
Electrostatic noise at the plasma frequency beyond the earth's bow shock

Electrostatic noise at or near the ambient solar wind plasma frequency, detected by the University of Minnesota plasma waves experiment aboard the Imp 6 satellite beyond the earth's bow shock, is correlated with times when the interplanetary magnetic field probably connects to the shock. The results of this analysis are (1) the noise is present when the field lines connect to the shock, and no noise at the plasma frequency is observed when the field ines do not connect and (2) the noise amplitude is largest along field lines that are tangent to the shock. The measurements are consistent with a two-stream instability mechanism. The necessary double-humped distribution function is probably produced by a finite time of flight mechanism; that is, of the energetic electrons generated in the shock, the lower-energy electrons are swept downstream by the solar wind convection field, leaving a higher-energy bump on the distribution function. A theoretical discussion shows that the amplitude of the instability is probably limited by the oscillating two-stream mechanism in the sunward part of the unstable region and by quasilinear diffusion in the downstream part. The amplitude is sufficiently large to generate electromagnetic waves at both the first and the second harmonicmore » of the plasma frequency, and these waves are observed. The instability then leaves a large region, on the flanks of the bow shock, which is filled with electrostatic waves. Spectra and amplitudes in this 'runout region' are given and discussed. « less
Electronic correlations in coherent transport through a two quantum dot system

Coherent electronic transport through a double quantum dot (2qd) system connected in a series with electrodes is studied by means of nonequilibrium Green functions and using the equation of motion method, in which all electron correlations in the 2qd are treated exactly. For moderate Coulomb interactions we predict features in a conductance characteristics resulting from transmission through triplet states, which can be strongly activated for larger source-drain voltages. The analysis of the spin-spin correlation functions shows strong antiferromagnetic correlations arising from transport through the singlet state and a reduction of the total magnetic moment. However, when the transmission channel corresponding to the triplet state becomes activated the antiferromagnetic correlations are much weaker, the spins behave as free electrons spins and strongly fluctuate. We speculate that this effect can be seen in wide range of a gate voltage for a double electron occupancy of the 2qd.
Adiabatic growth of a black hole in a rotating stellar system

The consequences of slowly adding a massive black hole to the center of a rotating stellar system are considered. Although both the rotation velocity V and the velocity dispersion sigma increase when the black hole is added, the rotation velocity increases faster. The effect goes in the right direction but is too gradual to explain the V/sigma profiles recently observed in several galactic nuclei. 22 refs.
Spectral and spatial evolution of compressible turbulence in the inner solar wind

Magnetic field and plasma data collected by the Helios spacecraft between 0.3 and 1 AU near the activity minimum of solar cycle 21 have been analyzed to establish spectral characteristics of compressive fluctuations in the inner solar wind and their relation to the morphology of the plasma flow and magnetic field. The compressive turbulence level is found to be closely related to the stream structure or latitudinal location with respect to the heliospheric current sheet. Compressive turbulence in low-speed flows is more fully developed and intense. The spectra are radially invariant and come close to a −5/3 spectral law. In contrast, fast stream turbulence becomes increasingly compressive, in terms of radially growing amplitudes of δn/n and δB/B, with increasing heliocentric distance. The spectra reveal a flatter high-frequency part, which gradually seems to get straightened out at large solar distances. Single case studies, as well as averaged spectra and their spectral features, are presented and discussed in the context of the theoretical turbulence literature.
An infall model for the T Tauri phenomenon

An infall model which produces P Cygni type II emission lines is presented. The blueshifted apparent absorption feature in these emission lines is interpreted in this model as the overlap region between a strong emission line centered near the rest velocity of the star and a weaker emmission line at a velocity near -150 km s/sup -1/. According to this model the energy source for the continuum and line-emission features observed in T Tauri stars is the kinetic energy of the infalling matter. A weak flux of soft X-rays is produced in the high-temperature postshock gas. These X-rays may be responsible for producing the nebulae observed near some T Tauri stars. (AIP)
Study of the resonance structures of the interacting degenerate autoionizing Rydberg series perturbed by an interloper by multichannel quantum defect theory

A previous study by Lee et al (2011 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 065002) on the resonance structures in autoionization Rydberg spectra, which are caused by two interacting autoionizing series perturbed by an interloper, is extended to the case of unequal coupling strengths. The method is applied to the Ba spectrum obtained by de Graaff et al (1990 Phys. Rev. A 42 5473–80). In this spectrum, the inter-series interaction term between two autoionizing Rydberg series perturbed by an interloper makes a negligible contribution to the spectral shape, even though its contribution to the cross section is found to be sizable. The peculiarity of the root structure of the line profile index for this spectra type could explain why q reversal frequently takes place around the resonance peak of an interloper and why the pattern of the satellite peaks leans towards the central peak.
Oxygen Plasma Effects on Performance of Pentacene Thin Film Transistor

The performance of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) strongly depends on the surface states of the gate insulator. In this study, the plasma treatment of the gate surface prior to deposition of pentacene has been applied and the effects on performance investigated. Overall performance of plasma-treated OTFTs has been improved. In particular, the field-effect mobility has been enhanced to 0.05 cm2/V·s which is 10 times larger than that of as-deposited OTFTs. Moreover, the standard deviation of each parameter variation was reduced by the plasma exposure, which implies that plasma treatment renders the gate surface states uniform across the entire wafer area. However, the mobility exhibited the turn-around effect and thus became degraded after a certain exposure time. Thus, the plasma treatment can be a suitable process to enhance the performance of OTFTs if the exposure time is kept under control.
A high resolution threshold electron spectrometer for use in photoionisation studies

An electron spectrometer is described for use in threshold photoionisation studies. The spectrometer incorporates a penetrating field extractor stage, a 127 degrees cylindrical deflection analyser and an electrostatic lens system to match the two together. The high collection efficiency, resolution, transmission and sensitivity of the spectrometer are demonstrated with threshold photoionisation measurements in argon and helium. The spectrometer is also able to handle non-threshold photoelectrons. The high performance and ease of operation of the spectrometer suggest that it could be used as a general diagnostic tool on synchrotron VUV and soft X-ray beam lines.
Computer animation challenges for computational fluid dynamics

Computer animation requirements differ from those of traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigations in that visual plausibility and rapid frame update rates trump physical accuracy. We present an overview of the main techniques for fluid simulation in computer animation, starting with Eulerian grid approaches, the Lattice Boltzmann method, Fourier transform techniques and Lagrangian particle introduction. Adaptive grid methods, precomputation of results for model reduction, parallelisation and computation on graphical processing units (GPUs) are reviewed in the context of accelerating simulation computations for animation. A survey of current specific approaches for the application of these techniques to the simulation of smoke, fire, water, bubbles, mixing, phase change and solid–fluid coupling is also included. Adding plausibility to results through particle introduction, turbulence detail and concentration on regions of interest by level set techniques has elevated the degree of accuracy and realism of recent animations. Basic approaches are described here. Techniques to control the simulation to produce a desired visual effect are also discussed. Finally, some references to rendering techniques and haptic applications are mentioned to provide the reader with a complete picture of the challenges of simulating fluids in computer animation.