Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Propagation of cosmic rays in the solar wind

This paper presents a coherent exposition of the modern statistical theory of the transport of fast charged particles (cosmic rays) in the solar wind. Observations are discussed only as they illustrate the phenomena under discussion. A brief introductory section surveys the historical development of the theory. The dominant effect on the motion of cosmic rays in the solar wind is the interplanetary magnetic field, which is irregular and which is therefore best treated statistically, using random functions. The magnetic irregularities scatter the cosmic rays in pitch angle, so that to a good approximation the cosmic rays diffuse through the irregular magnetic field. Using a statistical analysis of the equations of motion, one may relate the diffusion tensor to the power spectrum of the magnetic field, which is in principle measurable. The resulting general transport theory relates the motion of cosmic rays, statistically, to the solar-wind velocity and magnetic field. Application of the theory both to the modulation of galactic cosmic rays by the solar wind and to the propagation of solar cosmic rays is discussed in detail. It is concluded that the present theory explains the principal phenomena quite well. Future theoretical work will probably be devoted to obtaining better solutions of the equations, to obtaining better values of the parameters, and to studying higher-order or more subtle effects.
Interactions among lexical and discourse characteristics in vowel production

Various factors are known to affect vowel production, including word frequency, neighborhood density, contextual predictability, mention in the discourse, and audience. This study explores interactions between all five of these factors on vowel duration and dispersion. Participants read paragraphs that contained target words which varied in predictability, frequency, and density. Each target word appeared twice in the paragraph. Participants read each paragraph twice: as if they were talking to a friend (“plain speech”) and as if they were talking to a hearing-impaired or non-native interlocutor (“clear speech”). Measures of vowel duration and dispersion were obtained. Results from the plain speech passages revealed that second mention and more predictable words were shorter than first mention and less predictable words, and that vowels in second mention and low density words were less peripheral than in first mention and high density words. Interactions between frequency and mention, and density and ment.
Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Cocoa Bean Fermentation as Potential Antibacterial Agent against ESKAPE Pathogens

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of microorganisms isolated before and during cocoa fermentation against ESKAPE pathogens. Microorganisms from cocoa fermentation process were isolated on the selective media and were tested against ESKAPE pathogens. Total titratable acidity, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cell-free supernatant from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined. The presence of bacteriocin and antibacterial activity were determined. LAB was identified through molecular and biochemical tests. Ninety-five and 134 isolates were obtained from the fermentation of Sungai Balung 25 (BR25) clone and mixed clones, respectively. Screening of antibacterial activity showed that 26 isolates of LAB from the cocoa fermentation process had antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens (zone of inhibition ≥11 mm). Cell-free supernatant from some LAB demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against some ESKAPE pathogens through MIC and MBC and evaluation. Furthermore, one isolate (mix48M01) exhibited antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus raffinousus. An increase in the diameter of inhibition zone was observed as the lactic acid production increased. Gram-positive bacteria isolates were more resistant to LAB than Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocin with good antibacterial activity was also detected from the LAB examined. Molecular analysis showed that 13 LAB shared >99% sequence similarity to Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 562 while one isolate shared sequence similarity <98%, indicating that it might be a novel Lactobacillus species. Isolated LAB from this study exhibited high antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens and could be investigated further as potential probiotics and antibacterial agents in the future.
Confined drop motion in viscoelastic two-phase systems

In this study, we numerically examine the buoyancy-driven, axisymmetric motion of drops through vertical cylindrical capillaries. Combinations of Newtonian and viscoelastic drop and suspending fluid phases are considered. The effects of confinement, material properties, and rheological properties of the two phases on drop mobility and deformation are examined. Four dimensionless parameters (Reynolds number, capillary number, Deborah number, and the drop-to-tube size ratio) play critical roles in determining the drop motion. In general, a Newtonian drop immersed in a viscoelastic fluid experiences an extending trailing edge, while a viscoelastic drop in a Newtonian fluid develops an indentation around the rear stagnation point. Under certain conditions, a cusped drop appears due to fluid viscoelasticity that triggers shape instability.
H2 emission from shocks in molecular outflows: the significance of departures from a stationary state

We have computed the time dependence of the H2 rovibrational emission spectrum from molecular outflows. This emission arises in shock waves generated by the impact of jets, associated with low-mass star formation, on molecular gas. The shocks are unlikely to have attained a state of equilibrium, and so their structure will exhibit both Cand J-type characteristics. The rotational excitation diagram is found to provide a measure of the age of the shock; in the case of the outflow observed in Cepheus A West by the ISO satellite, the shock age is found to be approximately 1:5 10 yr. Emission by other species, such as NH3 and SiO, is also considered, as are the intensities of the fine-structure transitions of atoms
Steady flows of viscoelastic fluids in axisymmetric abrupt contraction geometry: A comparison of numerical results

Recently two groups of researchers have reported numerical results simulating the steady flow of a KBKZ fluid in torsion free axisymmetric abrupt contraction geometry. The fluid model used in both cases was a constitutive equation chosen to match laboratory behavior of LDPE. In both cases, quadratic finite elements were used. Large corner vortices were observed in the simulations, similar to those observed in laboratory experiments. The agreement between the results in the two papers is good. We repeat the experiment, using linear finite elements. Tracking is performed via an artificial time method, and a novel ‘‘reduced velocity’’ variable is used in our finite element simulation. There is good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the results reported here and the results previously reported by others. Quantitative measures used in the comparison—vortex opening angle, Couette correction, and vortex intensity—are analyzed.
Complex Roles of NEIL1 and OGG1: Insights Gained from Murine Knockouts and Human Polymorphic Variants

DNA glycosylases promote genomic stability by initiating base excision repair (BER) in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Several of these enzymes have overlapping substrate recognition, through which a degree of redundancy in lesion recognition is achieved. For example, OGG1 and NEIL1 both recognize and release the imidazole-ring-fragmented guanine, FapyGua as part of a common overall pathway to cleanse the genome of damaged bases. However, these glycosylases have many differences, including their differential breadth of substrate specificity, the contrasting chemistries through which base release occurs, the subsequent steps required to complete the BER pathway, and the identity of specific protein-binding partners. Beyond these differences, the complexities and differences of their in vivo biological roles have been primarily elucidated in studies of murine models harboring a knockout of Neil1 or Ogg1, with the diversity of phenotypic manifestations exceeding what might have been anticipated for a DNA glycosylase deficiency. Pathologies associated with deficiencies in nuclear DNA repair include differential cancer susceptibilities, where Ogg1-deficient mice are generally refractory to carcinogenesis, while deficiencies in Neil1-deficient mice confer cancer susceptibility. In contrast to NEIL1, OGG1 functions as a key transcription factor in regulating inflammation and other complex gene cascades. With regard to phenotypes attributed to mitochondrial repair, knockout of either of these genes results in age- and diet-induced metabolic syndrome. The adverse health consequences associated with metabolic syndrome can be largely overcome by expression of a mitochondrial-targeted human OGG1 in both wild-type and Ogg1-deficient mice. The goal of this review is to compare the roles that NEIL1 and OGG1 play in maintaining genomic integrity, with emphasis on insights gained from not only the diverse phenotypes that are manifested in knockout and transgenic mice, but also human disease susceptibility associated with polymorphic variants.
Knowledge of Nurses in Using Critical-Care Pain Observation Tools to Assess Pain of Unconscious Patient in Intensive Care Unit

Introduction: In the critical nursing area, many intubated patients are unable to communicate to indicate the level of pain felt. Assessing the characteristics of pain, especially in patients with mechanical ventilation is a major nursing intervention that requires nursing knowledge. The examination of the CPOT pain scale was certainly accompanied by the knowledge that must be possessed by the nurse when going to conduct a pain assessment in patients who were not able to express pain verbally in the ICU, so as to provide appropriate intervention and help assess the patient's pain response non-verbally. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of nurses in using the Critical-care Pain Observation Tool in assessing pain. Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive research method, with total sampling. Samples were taken by 72 respondents. Results: The results obtained 14 respondents with good knowledge, 26 respondents with enough knowledge, and 32 respondents with less knowledge. Conclusion: The conclusion is that the knowledge of nurses in using the Critical-care Pain Observation Tool in assessing pain is poor knowledge. The recommendation for this research is to provide knowledge related to pain assessment using CPOT with education.
Direct UV/optical imaging of stellar surfaces: the Stellar Imager Vision Mission

The Stellar Imager (SI) is a UV/optical, space-based interferometer designed to enable 0.1 milli-arcsecond (mas) spectral imaging of stellar surfaces and, via asteroseismology, stellar interiors and of the Universe in general. SI's science focuses on the role of magnetism in the Universe, particularly on magnetic activity on the surfaces of stars like the Sun. SI's prime goal is to enable long-term forecasting of solar activity and the space weather that it drives, in support of the Living with a Star program in the Exploration Era. SI will also revolutionize our understanding of the formation of planetary systems, of the habitability and climatology of distant planets, and of many magneto-hydrodynamically controlled processes in the Universe. SI is a "Flagship and Landmark Discovery Mission" in the 2005 Sun Solar System Connection (SSSC) Roadmap and a candidate for a "Pathways to Life Observatory" in the Exploration of the Universe Division (EUD) Roadmap (May, 2005). We discuss herein the science goals of the SI Mission, a mission architecture that could meet those goals, and the technologies needed to enable this mission. Additional information on SI can be found at: http://hires.gsfc. nasa.gov/si/.
Emotion in Informal Learning as Mediated Action: Cultural, Interpersonal and Personal Lenses

Emotion and affect are important but undertheorized and under researched elements of learning in informal contexts such as science centers, museums, zoos, and aquariums. An interactional and discursive approach to emotions as mediated action was used to develop a three-part framework for documenting and exploring the place of emotional expression among family groups (n = 10 groups; 33 individuals) visiting an ocean exhibit in an interactive science museum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among our results, we observed that the most commonly expressed emotion was surprise, excitement, amusement and curiosity; the most frequently occurring categories of emotional expression among the families in interaction were those associated with being actively engaged in positive emotional interaction. Transcripts of interaction are presented to illustrate the framework and examined in light of emotional expression as a mediator of 1) active, collaborative, meaning making; 2) learner agency and protagonism; and 3) empathy. Results from the entire data set are interpreted using the Core Affect Model of Engagement. We present examples of and discuss how and why a mediated action approach to emotion as a social, distributed, interactional and discursive phenomena may be helpful both for advancing the study of emotion as an aspect of informal learning and exhibit design.
Reversed flow in the south‐Alpine Toce Valley during MAP‐IOP 8: Further analysis of latent cooling effects

Numerical simulations are presented to examine the physical mechanisms leading to downvalley flow in the south‐Alpine Toce Valley during MAP IOP 8 (20–21 October 1999), continuing a recent study by Asencio and Stein. The downvalley flow occurred during a phase of moderate precipitation, opposing the southerly (upslope) flow at higher levels that generated the precipitation. Based on sensitivity experiments with suppressed latent cooling by melting and evaporation, Asencio and Stein concluded that cooling by melting was important for maintaining a northerly low‐level flow in the exit region of the Toce Valley and the adjacent parts of the Po Valley. Here, the investigation is extended to the Toce Valley itself, using a finer model resolution that allows the valley topography to be properly resolved. The effects of cooling by melting and evaporation are tested separately. In addition, the evaporation of precipitating hydrometeors and cloud water is considered separately. The tests indicate that the effects of cooling by melting and evaporation of precipitating hydrometeors are quite small. A markedly larger impact is found for the evaporation of cloud water, which is advected into the valley area by the subsiding motion compensating for the low‐level downvalley flow. This appears to be related to the fact that cloud water is assumed to evaporate instantaneously in a subsaturated atmosphere via saturation adjustment, whereas larger hydrometeors have a fairly small evaporation rate in a nearly saturated atmosphere. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the simulated flow field to completely suppressing latent cooling is not as large as found in the preceding study. Though latent cooling substantially intensifies the downvalley flow and prevents temporary changes to upvalley flow, it does not appear to be essential for the development of downvalley flow. An additional driving mechanism based on the evolution of the mesoscale pressure field is proposed. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Phenotypic plasticity in the monoclonal marbled crayfish is associated with very low genetic diversity but pronounced epigenetic diversity

Abstract Clonal organisms are particularly useful to investigate the contribution of epigenetics to phenotypic plasticity, because confounding effects of genetic variation are negligible. In the last decade, the apomictic parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Procambarus virginalis, has been developed as a model to investigate the relationships between phenotypic plasticity and genetic and epigenetic diversity in detail. This crayfish originated about 30 years ago by autotriploidy from a single slough crayfish Procambarus fallax. As the result of human releases and active spreading, marbled crayfish has established numerous populations in very diverse habitats in 22 countries from the tropics to cold temperate regions. Studies in the laboratory and field revealed considerable plasticity in coloration, spination, morphometric parameters, growth, food preference, population structure, trophic position, and niche width. Illumina and PacBio whole-genome sequencing of marbled crayfish from representatives of 19 populations in Europe and Madagascar demonstrated extremely low genetic diversity within and among populations, indicating that the observed phenotypic diversity and ability to live in strikingly different environments are not due to adaptation by selection on genetic variation. In contrast, considerable differences were found between populations in the DNA methylation patterns of hundreds of genes, suggesting that the environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity is mediated by epigenetic mechanisms and corresponding changes in gene expression. Specific DNA methylation fingerprints persisted in local populations over successive years indicating the existence of epigenetic ecotypes, but there is presently no information as to whether these epigenetic signatures are transgenerationally inherited or established anew in each generation and whether the recorded phenotypic plasticity is adaptive or nonadaptive.
Impact of School Calendar on Academic Performance: A Comparative Study of the Year-Round and Traditional Calendars

Educational provisions enacted at the national level impact states by requiring a priority on improving the academic performance of students. Leaders in educational settings strive to implement changes that will aid in closing achievement gaps and increase academic achievement. The goal of this quantitative study was to determine if differences exist on fifth grade students’ performance on reading and mathematics assessments between schools on full-year calendars and schools on traditional 9-month calendars for years 2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019. Although statistically significant differences were not found, results inform decision-making pertinent to time allocated for student learning. Results can be considered by district and campus administrators to support and encourage initiatives which focus on designated instructional time to target students’ academic needs.
Room Temperature Superconductivity, Spin Liquid and Mott Insulator: Silicene and Germanene as prospective playgrounds

Combining theoretical considerations and certain striking phenomenology we hypothesise silicene and germanene to be \textit{narrow gap Mott insulators} and abode of quantum spin liquids and unconventional superconductivity. A weaker $\pi$-bond, because of a 60% bond stretching, from $\sim$ 1.4 $\AA$ in graphene to $\sim$ 2.3 $\AA$ in silicene renders Mott localization. A supporting theoretical analysis is presented. Recent experimental results are invoked to provide additional support for our Mott insulator modelling: i) a narrow band of width $\sim$ 1 eV lying below K points in recent ARPES of silicene on ZrB$_2$, ii) a superconducting gap seen below 35 K with a large $\frac{2\Delta}{k_BTc}\sim$ 20 in silicene on Ag, ii) emergence of electron like pockets at M points on electron doping by Na adsorbants and iii) absence of Landau level splitting upto 7 Tesla and v) superstructures, not common in graphene but ubiquitous in silicene. A synthesis of the above results using theory of Mott insulator, without and with doping, is attempted. We surmise that if competing orders are taken care of and optimal doping achieved, superconductivity in silicene and germanene could reach room temperature scales, as our estimates of tJ model parameters, t and J $\sim$ 1 eV, are encouragingly high.
Politics as Usual? Measuring Populism, Nationalism, and Authoritarianism in U.S. Presidential Campaigns (1952–2020) with Neural Language Models

Radical-right campaigns commonly employ three discursive elements: anti-elite populism, exclusionary and declinist nationalism, and authoritarianism. Recent scholarship has explored whether these frames have diffused from radical-right to centrist parties in the latter’s effort to compete for the former’s voters. This study instead investigates whether similar frames had been used by mainstream political actors prior to their exploitation by the radical right (in the U.S., Donald Trump’s 2016 and 2020 campaigns). To do so, we identify instances of populism, nationalism (i.e., exclusionary and inclusive definitions of national symbolic boundaries and displays of low and high national pride), and authoritarianism in the speeches of Democratic and Republican presidential nominees between 1952 and 2020. These frames are subtle, infrequent, and polysemic, which makes their measurement difficult. We overcome this by leveraging the affordances of neural language models—in particular, a robustly optimized variant of bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers (RoBERTa) and active learning. As we demonstrate, this approach is more effective for measuring discursive frames than other methods commonly used by social scientists. Our results suggest that what set Donald Trump’s campaign apart from those of mainstream presidential candidates was not the invention of a new form of politics, but the combination of negative evaluations of elites, low national pride, and authoritarianism—all of which had long been present among both parties—with an explicit evocation of exclusionary nationalism, which had been articulated only implicitly by prior presidential nominees. Radical-right discourse—at least at the presidential level in the United States—should therefore be characterized not as a break with the past but as an amplification and creative rearrangement of existing political-cultural tropes.
Efficient hole injection in organic light-emitting diodes using C60 as a buffer layer for Al reflective anodes

The hole injection of the organic light-emitting diodes with Al as a reflective anode for top-emitting devices was improved by using C60 as a thin buffer layer between Al and a hole transport layer. The driving voltage of the devices with C60 buffer layer was 5.5V compared with 11V for the devices without C60 buffer layer. The decrease of interfacial energy barrier by interface dipole formation between Al and C60 contributed to the low driving voltage of the devices.
Nonsingular terminal sliding-mode control of a tractor–trailer system

This is the first paper considering finite-time stabilization approach to design a control law for a tractor–trailer system. This robot is a nonholonomic system which cannot be stabilized with continuous control laws. The main contributions of this paper are, first, the transformation of the equations of the system to the bilinear chained form, which simplifies the design of finite-time stabilizing control laws, and then, designing a nonsingular finite-time controller based on the terminal sliding-mode technique. This technique needs some recursive sliding surfaces, which should be mathematically derived, for each application. Efficiency of the designed control law in finite-time stabilization of the tractor–trailer system is shown through computer simulations.