Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem function and services provided by the deep sea

The deep sea is often viewed as a vast, dark, re- mote, and inhospitable environment, yet the deep ocean and seafloor are crucial to our lives through the services that they provide. Our understanding of how the deep sea func- tions remains limited, but when treated synoptically, a di- versity of supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services becomes apparent. The biological pump transports carbon from the atmosphere into deep-ocean water masses that are separated over prolonged periods, reducing the im- pact of anthropogenic carbon release. Microbial oxidation of methane keeps another potent greenhouse gas out of the atmosphere while trapping carbon in authigenic carbonates. Nutrient regeneration by all faunal size classes provides the elements necessary for fueling surface productivity and fish- eries, and microbial processes detoxify a diversity of com- pounds. Each of these processes occur on a very small scale, yet considering the vast area over which they occur they be- come important for the global functioning of the ocean. The deep sea also provides a wealth of resources, including fish stocks, enormous bioprospecting potential, and elements and energy reserves that are currently being extracted and will be increasingly important in the near future. Society benefits from the intrigue and mystery, the strange life forms, and the great unknown that has acted as a muse for inspiration and imagination since near the beginning of civilization. While many functions occur on the scale of microns to meters and timescales up to years, the derived services that result are only useful after centuries of integrated activity. This vast dark habitat, which covers the majority of the globe, harbors processes that directly impact humans in a variety of ways; however, the same traits that differentiate it from terrestrial or shallow marine systems also result in a greater need for integrated spatial and temporal understanding as it experi- ences increased use by society. In this manuscript we aim to provide a foundation for informed conservation and manage- ment of the deep sea by summarizing the important role of the deep sea in society.
Infrastructure Free Rover Localization

This paper introduces a system applicable to autonomous planetary exploration rovers that provides localization in the inevitable absence of a Global Positioning System (GPS). Given a terrain elevation map previously constructed from satellite imagery, the proposed method determines rover pose using new imagery from an onboard stereo camera system by combining visual odometry, 3D terrain matching, and horizon visibility refinement. This system is evaluated on experimental data recorded during a 3km traverse using a prototype planetary rover testbed. Results indicate a reduction in localization error by over 60% compared to that derived from wheel odometry alone.
The Structural Evolution of Substructure

We investigate the evolution of substructure in cold dark matter (CDM) halos using N-body simulations of tidal stripping of substructure halos within a static host potential. We find that halos modeled following the Navarro, Frenk, & White (NFW) mass profile lose mass continuously because of tides from the massive host, leading to the total disruption of satellite halos with small tidal radii. Although mass is predominantly stripped from the outer regions, tidal heating also causes the halo to expand and the central density to decrease after each pericentric passage, when mass loss preferentially occurs. As a result, simple models based on the tidal-limit approximation underestimate significantly the tidal mass loss over several orbits. The equilibrium structure of stripped NFW halos depends mainly on the fraction of mass lost and can be expressed in terms of a simple correction to the original NFW profile. We apply these results to substructure in the Milky Way and conclude that the dark matter halos surrounding its dwarf spheroidal (dSph) satellites have circular velocity curves that peak well beyond the luminous radius at velocities significantly higher than expected from the stellar line-of-sight velocity dispersion. Our modeling suggests that the true tidal radii of dSphs lie well beyond the putative tidal cutoff observed in the surface brightness profile, suggesting that the latter are not really tidal in origin but rather features in the light profile of limited dynamical relevance. For Draco in particular, our modeling implies that its tidal radius is much larger than derived by Irwin & Hatzidimitriou, lending support to the interpretation of recent Sloan Digital Sky Survey data by Odenkirchen et al. Similarly, our model suggests that Carina's halo has a peak circular velocity of order ~55 km s-1, which may help explain how this small galaxy has managed to retain enough gas to undergo several bursts of star formation. Our results imply a close correspondence between the most massive substructure halos expected in a CDM universe and the known satellites of the Milky Way and suggest that only substructure halos with peak circular velocities below 35 km s-1 lack readily detectable luminous counterparts.
Continuous Relaxation Spectrum for Concrete Creep and its Incorporation into Microplane Model M4

Efficient numerical finite-element analysis of creeping concrete structures requires the use of Kelvin or Maxwell chain models, which are most conveniently identified from a continuous retardation or relaxation spectrum, the spectrum in turn being determined from the given compliance or relaxation function. The method of doing that within the context of solidification theory for creep with aging was previously worked out by Bazant and Xi in 1995 but only for the case of a continuous retardation spectrum based on the Kelvin chain. The present paper is motivated by the need to incorporate concrete creep into the recently published Microplane Model M4 for nonlinear triaxial behavior of concrete, including tensile fracturing and behavior under compression. In that context, the Maxwell chain is more effective than the Kelvin chain, because of the kinematic constraint of the microplanes used in M4. The paper shows how to determine the continuous relaxation spectrum for the Maxwell chain, based on the solidification theory for aging creep of concrete. An extension to the more recent microprestress-solidification theory is also outlined and numerical examples are presented.
Object Oriented Modeling of a Robotized Manufacturing Cell

Modern concepts of Object Oriented software design, OO Frameworks and Patterns of classes deened in the software engineering eld are transferred to the application domain of Robotics and Automation. The power of the method, the use of the graphical notations and of CASE environments ooered by these novel techniques are demonstrated by modelling the control (architecture design) and simulation of a robotized cell.
Inequities in Teacher Allocation: Policy and Practice in Urban School Districts.

Using data from three urban school districts, this paper examines policies and practices that contribute to inequities in the allocation of well-qualified, experienced teachers within these school systems. The research attempts to focus on some of the subtle and less directly observable influences on school district policies and practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in urban school districts in a Northeastern central city, a large Southeastern metropolitan area, and a smaller Southeastern district. Respondents included nine school administrators, three district officials, a retired principal who supervises student teachers, and an education specialist with the local government. Although the small size of the sample makes generalization difficult, the data provide insights into practices that have not been widely examined. Administrators in low-income schools agree that they have smaller, lower-quality applicant pools, and that their difficulties in developing relationships with student teacher programs places them at a further disadvantage in hiring. Due to seniority-based transfer provisions, effective teachers that principals are fortunate enough to recruit often leave after they accumulate a few years of experience. Unsatisfactory teachers tend to remain in place until an exchange for another marginal teacher is arranged. Low-income schools cannot count on parent pressure for high standards to influence their teachers. Obviously some conditions associated with inequities in teacher allocation are more amenable to redress through policy changes than others, but districts can improve access to quality teaching. Of critical concern is the ability to find incentives that will help attract and retain effective teachers. Methods of dealing with teacher transfer must be developed, and ways to promote relationships with teacher training programs will be needed. The commitment by a district's leadership to better resource allocation and personnel policies that allow low-income schools to recruit more desirable teacher candidates is needed. (Contains 29 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** INEQUITIES IN TEACHER ALLOCATION: POLICY AND PRACTICE IN URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICTS MELINDA SCOTT KREI, PH. D. GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) e.This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
N-soliton solutions to the DKP equation and Weyl group actions

We study soliton solutions to the DKP equation which is defined by the Hirota bilinear form, where τ0 = 1. The τ-functions τn are given by the Pfaffians of a certain skew-symmetric matrix. We identify a one-soliton solution as an element of the Weyl group of D-type, and discuss a general structure of the interaction patterns among the solitons. Soliton solutions are characterized by a 4N × 4N skew-symmetric constant matrix which we call the B-matrix. We then find that one can have M-soliton solutions with M being any number from N to 2N − 1 for some of the 4N × 4N B-matrices having only 2N nonzero entries in the upper-triangular part (the number of solitons obtained from those B-matrices was previously expected to be just N).
Chapter Ten Composition by Example

Programming by example (PBE) literally means making “programs” from examples, but PBE techniques are also useful for automating text composition tasks by creating editing procedures from the history of a user’s editing operations. Composition by example (CBE) is a practical approach to improve the efficiency of text composition tasks using various simple PBE techniques. Thousands of people are composing texts daily on handheld computers and Emacs using CBE tools that I have distributed for years.
Early Repolarization Associated With Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Chronic Coronary Artery Disease

Background—Early repolarization, indicated on the standard 12-lead ECG, has recently been associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease. It is unknown whether there is an association between early repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias in the coronary artery disease (CAD) population. Methods and Results—Patients with CAD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the healed phase of myocardial infarction were analyzed. In a case-control design, 60 patients who had ventricular arrhythmic events were matched for age and sex with 60 control subjects. ECGs were analyzed for early repolarization, defined as notching or slurring morphology of the terminal QRS complex or J-point elevation ≥0.1 mV above baseline in at least 2 lateral or inferior leads. Results were adjusted for left ventricular ejection fraction. Overall, early repolarization in 2 or more leads was more common in cases than control subjects (32% versus 8%, P=0.005). Early repolarization was noted more commonly in inferior leads (23% versus 8%, P=0.03), and a trend was noted in leads V4 through V6 (12% versus 3%, P=0.11). Early repolarization was uncommon in leads I and aVL in cases and control subjects (3% versus 0%). Notching was more common in cases than control subjects (28% versus 7%, P=0.008). Slurring and J-point elevation were not associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions—Early repolarization and, in particular, notching in the inferior leads is associated with increased risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CAD, even after adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction. Our findings suggest early repolarization, and a notching morphology should be considered in a risk prediction model for arrhythmias in patients with CAD.
Powering by a Table Look-Up and a Multiplication with Operand Modification

An efficient method for generating a power of an operand, i.e., X/sup p/ for an operand X and a given p, is proposed. It is applicable to ps in the form of /spl plusmn/2/sup k/, where k is any integer and of /spl plusmn/2(k/sub 1/) /spl plusmn/2(-k/sub 2/), where k/sub 1/ is any integer and k/sub 2/ is any nonnegative integer. The reciprocal, the square root, the reciprocal square root, the reciprocal square, the reciprocal cube, and so forth are included. The method is a modification of the piecewise linear approximation. A power of an operand is generated through a table look-up and a multiplication with operand modification. The same accuracy is achieved as the piecewise linear approximation. The multiplication and an addition required for the piecewise linear approximation are replaced by only one double-sized multiplication with a slight modification of the operand and, hence, one clock cycle may be reduced. The required table size is reduced because only one coefficient instead of two has to be stored.
Rate of oral intake and effects of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation on pulmonary complications in patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy

[Purpose] In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, it increases risks of difficulties of expectoration of secretion, asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia because of decreased cough function. The aim of this study is to prove that manually assisted coughing or mechanical insufflation-exsufflation prevents pulmonary complication and contribute to continue oral intake safely and continue rate of oral intake in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. [Subjects and Methods] We investigated the status of using ventilator, manually assisted coughing or mechanical insufflation-exsufflation, and oral intake or not. In addition, we inspected the frequency of fever (over 37 °C) needed antibiotics from medical records for index of respiratory tract infection, and compared with every period of using mechanical insufflation-exsufflation from respiratory evaluation on cough peak flow. [Results] Fifty-eight patients participated in this study. There were 45 Full-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation patients. Forty-three in 45 Full-time noninvasive positive pressure ventilation patients (95.6%) avoided tracheostomy and continued noninvasive positive pressure ventilation because they continued oral intake without tracheal intubation due to the respiratory acute exacerbation by asphyxia or aspiration pneumonia. [Conclusion] Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients can continue oral intake safely while preventing pulmonary complication by using manually assisted coughing or mechanical insufflation-exsufflation.
Collaborative filtering recommendation combining FCM and Slope One algorithm

In view of the data sparseness problem existed in the traditional collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm, this paper proposes a hybrid collaborative filtering recommender framework integrated FCM clustering and Slope One algorithm and FSUBCF algorithm. Firstly this algorithm use the Slope One algorithm based on FCM cluster to predict item ratings that users have not rated in matrix, and then, to implement recommendation by the collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm based on user. The experimental results show that this algorithm can improved the prediction accuracy compared to the original Slope One algorithm and can adapt to the data sparser recommendation system. Compared with other traditional collaborative filtering algorithms, the recommendation accuracy also has obvious advantages.
Cartilage-Specific Overexpression of ERRγ Results in Chondrodysplasia and Reduced Chondrocyte Proliferation

While the role of estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRα) in chondrogenesis has been investigated, the involvement of ERR gamma (ERRγ) has not been determined. To assess the effect of increased ERRγ activity on cartilage development in vivo, we generated two transgenic (Tg) lines overexpressing ERRγ2 via a chondrocyte-specific promoter; the two lines exhibited ∼3 and ∼5 fold increased ERRγ2 protein expression respectively in E14.5 Tg versus wild type (WT) limbs. On postnatal day seven (P7), we observed a 4–10% reduction in the size of the craniofacial, axial and appendicular skeletons in Tg versus WT mice. The reduction in bone length was already present at birth and did not appear to involve bones that are derived via intramembranous bone formation as the bones of the calvaria, clavicle, and the mandible developed normally. Histological analysis of P7 growth plates revealed a reduction in the length of the Tg versus WT growth plate, the majority of which was attributable to a reduced proliferative zone. The reduced proliferative zone paralleled a decrease in the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells, with no significant change in apoptosis, and was accompanied by large cell-free swaths of cartilage matrix, which extended through multiple zones of the growth plate. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified known chondrogenesis-associated genes with at least one predicted ERR binding site in their proximal promoters, as well as cell cycle regulators known to be regulated by ERRγ. Of the genes identified, Col2al, Agg, Pth1r, and Cdkn1b (p27) were significantly upregulated, suggesting that ERRγ2 negatively regulates chondrocyte proliferation and positively regulates matrix synthesis to coordinate growth plate height and organization.
Brevets et accès aux médicaments dans les pays en développement: une revue de la littérature

This article surveys the empirical literature on how patents affect access to drugs in developing countries. In the short run, higher prices and lower access rates are very likely, notably for those countries that benefited from a competitive supply before the TRIPS agreement came into force. The increase in prices can be mitigated if the pharmaceutical firms take into account the low revenues of their patients, which is more probable if external pricing and parallel imports are banned. The importing states can also bargain down the prices, thanks to price controls, compulsory licensing and grouped procurement. The effect of patent protection in the long run remains more uncertain, but the incentives to innovate are likely to be only marginally influenced by the added patent protection, mainly because of the sheer poverty of the countries where patent protection has been introduced.
Deaf talk using 3D animated sign language: A sign language interpreter using Microsoft's kinect v2

This paper describes a neoteric approach to bridge the communication gap between deaf people and normal human beings. In any community there exists such group of disable people who face severe difficulties in communication due to their speech and hearing impediments. Such people use various gestures and symbols to talk and receive their messages and this mode of communication is called sign language. Yet the communication problem doesn't end here, as natural language speakers don't understand sign language resulting in a communication gap. Towards such ends there is a need to develop a system which can act as an interpreter for sign language speakers and a translator for natural language speaker. For this purpose, a software based solution has been developed in this research by exploiting the latest technologies from Microsoft i.e. Kinect for windows V2. The proposed system is dubbed as Deaf Talk, and it acts as a sign language interpreter and translator to provide a dual mode of communication between sign language speakers and natural language speakers. The dual mode of communication has following independent modules (1) Sign/Gesture to speech conversion (2) Speech to sign language conversion. In sign to speech conversion module, the person with speech inhibition has to place himself within Kinect's field of view (FOV) and then performs the sign language gestures. The system receives the performed gestures through Kinect sensor and then comprehends those gestures by comparing them with the trained gestures already stored in the database. Once the gesture is determined, it is mapped to the keyword corresponding to that gesture. The keywords are then sent to text to speech conversion module, which speaks or plays the sentence for natural language speaker. In contrast to sign to speech conversion, the speech to sign language conversion module translates the spoken language to sign language. In this case, the normal person places himself in the Kinect sensor's FOV and speaks in his native language (English for this case). The system then converts it into text using speech to text API. The keywords are then mapped to their corresponding pre-stored animated gestures and then animations are played on the screen for the spoken sentence. In this way the disable person can visualize the spoken sentence, translated into a 3D animated sign language. The accuracy of Deaf Talk is 87 percent for speech to sign language conversion and 84 percent for sign language to speech conversion.
Modeling Collections in UML and ORM

Collection types such as sets, bags and arrays have been used as data structures in both traditional and object oriented programming. Although sets were used as record components in early database work, this practice was largely discontinued with the widespread adoption of relational databases. Object-relational and object databases once again allow database designers to embed collections as database fields. Should collections be specified directly on the conceptual schema, as mapping annotations to the conceptual schema, or only on the logical database schema? This paper discusses the pros and cons of different approaches to modeling collections. Overall it favors the annotation approach, whereby collection types are specified as adornments to the pure conceptual schema to guide the mapping process from conceptual to lower levels. The ideas are illustrated using notations from both object-oriented (Unified Modeling Language) and fact-oriented (Object-Role Modeling) approaches.