Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linear Stochastic Control Systems

Preface Introduction From Deterministic to Stochastic Linear Control Systems Text Organization and Reading Suggestion MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES Probability and Random Processes Probability, Measure, and Integration Convergence of Random Sequences Random Vectors and Conditional Expectations Second Order Processes and Calculus in Mean Square Exercises References Ito Integrals and Stochastic Differential Equations Markov Processes Orthogonal Increments Processes and the Wiener-Levy Process Ito Integrals and Stochastic Differential Equations Exercises References LINEAR STOCHASTIC CONTROL SYSTEMS: THE DISCRETE-TIME CASE Analysis of Discrete-Time Linear Stochastic Control Systems Analysis of Discrete-Time Causal LTI Systems Analysis of Causal LTI Stochastic Control Systems Analysis of the "State" Description of Controlled Markov Chains State Space Systems and ARMA Models Mathematical Modeling and Applications Exercises References Optimal Estimation for Discrete-Time Linear Stochastic Systems Optimal State Estimation Recursive Optimal Estimation and Kalman Filtering Modified Kalman Filtering Algorithms Exercises References Optimal Control of Discrete-Time Linear Stochastic Systems Introduction Dynamic Programming and LQC Control Problems LQC Optimal Control Problems Adaptive Stochastic Control Exercises References LINEAR STOCHASTIC CONTROL SYSTEMS: THE CONTINUOUS-TIME CASE Continuous-Time Linear Stochastic Control Systems Analysis of Continuous-Time Causal LTI Systems Further Discussion of Markov Processes Dynamic Programming and LQ Control Problems Exercises References Optimal Control of Continuous-Time Linear Stochastic Systems The Continuous-Time LQ Stochastic Control Problem Stochastic Dynamic Programming Innovation Processes and the Kalman-Bucy Filter Optimal Prediction and Smoothing The Separation Principle Exercises References Stability Analysis of Stochastic Differential Equations Stability of Deterministic Systems Stability of Stochastic Systems Stability of Moments Exercises References Appendix Fundamental Real and Functional Analysis Fundamental Matrix Theory and Vector Calculations Martingales References Index
Fast COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-Ray Images Using DCT Compression

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus, first identified in a cluster with pneumonia symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is fast spreading all over the world. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization. Currently, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (rqRT-PCR) is popular for coronavirus detection due to its high specificity, simple quantitative analysis, and higher sensitivity than conventional RT-PCR. Antigen tests are also commonly used. It is very essential for the automatic detection of COVID-19 from publicly available resources. Chest X-ray (CXR) images are used for the classification of COVID-19, normal, and viral pneumonia cases. The CXR images are divided into sub-blocks for finding out the discrete cosine transform (DCT) for every sub-block in this proposed method. In order to produce a compressed version for each CXR image, the DCT energy compaction capability is used. For each image, hardly few spectral DCT components are included as features. The dimension of the final feature vectors is reduced by scanning the compressed images using average pooling windows. In the 3-set classification, a multilayer artificial neural network is used. It is essential to triage non-COVID-19 patients with pneumonia to give out hospital resources efficiently. Higher size feature vectors are used for designing binary classification for COVID-19 and pneumonia. The proposed method achieved an average accuracy of 95% and 94% for the 3-set classification and binary classification, respectively. The proposed method achieves better accuracy than that of the recent state-of-the-art techniques. Also, the time required for the implementation is less.
Encouraging and Detecting Preferential Incipient Slip for Use in Slip Prevention in Robot-Assisted Surgery

Robotic surgical platforms have helped to improve minimally invasive surgery; however, limitations in their force feedback and force control can result in undesirable tissue trauma or tissue slip events. In this paper, we investigate a sensing method for the early detection of slip events when grasping soft tissues, which would allow surgical robots to take mitigating action to prevent tissue slip and maintain stable grasp control while minimising the applied gripping force, reducing the probability of trauma. The developed sensing concept utilises a curved grasper face to create areas of high and low normal, and thus frictional, force. In the areas of low normal force, there is a higher probability that the grasper face will slip against the tissue. If the grasper face is separated into a series of independent movable islands, then by tracking their displacement it will be possible to identify when the areas of low normal force first start to slip while the remainder of the tissue is still held securely. The system was evaluated through the simulated grasping and retraction of tissue under conditions representative of surgical practice using silicone tissue simulants and porcine liver samples. It was able to successfully detect slip before gross slip occurred with a 100% and 77% success rate for the tissue simulant and porcine liver samples, respectively. This research demonstrates the efficacy of this sensing method and the associated sensor system for detecting the occurrence of tissue slip events during surgical grasping and retraction.
Composition‐structure‐property relationships of transparent Ca−Al−Si−O−N oxynitride glasses: The roles of nitrogen and aluminium

We explore the formation and composition–structure–property correlations of transparent Ca–Al–Si–O–N glasses, which were prepared by a standard melt-quenching technique using AlN as the nitrogen source and incorporating up to 8 at. % of N. Their measured physical properties of density, molar volume, compactness, refractive index, and hardness—along with the Young, shear, and bulk elastic moduli—depended roughly linearly on the N content. These effects are attributed primarily to the improved glass-network cross-linking from N compared to O, rather than the formation of higher-coordination AlO 5 and AlO 6 groups, where 27 Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance experimentation revealed that aluminum is predominately present in tetrahedral coordination as AlO 4 units. Yet, several physical properties, such as the refractive index along with the bulk, shear, and Young’s elastic moduli, increase concomitantly with the Al content of the glass. We discuss the incompletely understood mechanical–property boosting role of Al as observed both herein and in previous reports on oxynitride glasses, moreover suggesting glass-composition domains that are likely to offer optimal mechanical properties.
Effects of the Generalized Uncertainty Principle on the Inflation Parameters

We investigate the effects of the generalized uncertainty principle on the inflationary dynamics of the early universe from both the standard and the braneworld viewpoint. We choose the Randall–Sundrum II model as our underlying braneworld scenario. We find that the quantum-gravitational effects lead to a spectral index which is not scale-invariant. Also, the amplitude of density fluctuations is reduced by increasing the strength of quantum-gravitational corrections. However, the tensor-to-scalar ratio increases by incorporation of these quantum gravity effects. We outline possible manifestations of these quantum gravity effects in the recent and future observations.
Capillary Thinning of Viscoelastic Threads of Unentangled Polymer Solutions

In this paper, we theoretically consider the process of the capillary thinning of a polymer fluid thread bridging two large immobile droplets in the regime of highly stretched polymer chains. We first derive a new relation between the pressure p and the flow velocity v in unentangled polymer solutions, which is called the anti-Bernoulli law: it shows that p is higher where v is faster. Using this equation, it is shown that the flow field is asymptotically irrotational, in particular, in the thread/droplet transition zones (in the case, the negligible solvent viscosity and inertial effects). On this basis, we predict the free surface profile and the thread thinning law for the FENE-P model of polymer dynamics. The predictions are compared with recent theoretical results and some experimental data on capillary thinning.
A novel morphological subband decomposition scheme for 2D+t wavelet video coding

Interframe or 2D+t wavelet video coding leads to a scalable video coding framework with all three scalabilities: quality (PSNR), spatial and temporal. One of the major challenges in the 2D+t frame work is the spatial (2D) decomposition of detail frames produced by the temporal decomposition process (t). Detail frames are different from still images so that better coding performance can be achieved by using nonlinear spatial decomposition techniques. In this paper, a wavelet transform based on a novel morphological operator, the complete inf-semilattice (or cist-) erosion, is presented and its coding performances for detail frames are compared with the existing nonlinear transforms based on the median operator and linear wavelet transforms used in still image coding. The simulation results show that the cisl-erosion based wavelet decomposition outperforms the median based wavelet decomposition for all temporal subbands and performs better or comparably with the 5/3 biorthogonal wavelet transform in most cases.
ON THE PERIOD DISTRIBUTION OF CLUSTER RR LYRAE STARS TO CONSTRAIN THEIR HELIUM CONTENT: THE CASE OF ω CENTAURI

We present new sets of nonlinear, time-dependent convective hydrodynamical models of RR Lyrae stars assuming two metal (Z = 0.0005, Z = 0.001) and three helium abundances (Y = 0.24, 0.30, 0.38). For each chemical composition, we constructed a grid of fundamental and first overtone models covering a broad range of stellar masses and luminosities. To constrain the impact of the helium content on RR Lyrae properties, we adopted two observables—period distribution and luminosity amplitudes—that are independent of distance and reddening. The current predictions confirm that the helium content has a marginal effect on the pulsation properties. The key parameter causing the difference between canonical and He-enhanced observables is the luminosity. We compared current predictions with the sample of 189 RR Lyrae stars in ω Cen and found that the period range of He-enhanced models is systematically longer than observed. These findings apply to metal-poor and metal-intermediate He-enhanced models. To further constrain the impact of He-enhanced structures on the period distribution, we also computed a series of synthetic horizontal branch (HB) models and found that the predicted period distribution, based on a Gaussian sampling in mass, agrees quite well with observations. This applies not only to the minimum fundamentalized period of RR Lyrae stars (0.39 versus 0.34 days) but also to the fraction of Type II Cepheids (2% versus 3%). We also computed a series of synthetic HB models assuming a mixed HB population in which the 80% is made of canonical HB structures, while the 20% is made of He-enhanced (Y = 0.30) HB structures. We found that the fraction of Type II Cepheids predicted by these models is almost a factor of two larger than observed (5% versus 3%). This indicates that the fraction of He-enhanced structures in ω Cen cannot be larger than 20%.
Instabilities in neutron stars with toroidal magnetic fields

We study m= 1 oscillations and instabilities of magnetized neutron stars, by numerical time evolution of linear perturbations of the system. The background stars are stationary equilibrium configurations with purely toroidal magnetic fields. We find that an m= 1 instability of toroidal magnetic fields, already known from local analyses, may also be found in our relatively low-resolution global study. We present quantitative results for the instability growth rate and its suppression by rotation. The instability is discussed as a possible trigger mechanism for soft gamma repeater flares. Although our primary focus is evolutions of magnetized stars, we also consider perturbations about unmagnetized background stars in order to study m= 1 inertial modes. We track these modes up to break-up frequency ΩK, extending known slow-rotation results.
Comparative Study of Pain-Related Responses of Male Piglets up to Seven Days of Age to the Application of Different Local Anaesthetics and Subsequent Castration

Simple Summary Since 2021, surgical piglet castration must be performed with complete pain elimination according to the Animal Protection Law in Germany. General anaesthesia by isoflurane inhalation, which can be performed by the farmer, or by injection of ketamine and azaperone, which must be performed by a veterinarian, are the options available. At present, local anaesthesia is still under debate because of the lack of proof of complete pain elimination and the pain on injection. We tested three local anaesthetics (procaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine) at two different doses each. Because pain responses can be masked by reactions caused by handling, the piglets were given superficial isoflurane anaesthesia. The pain on injection to the testes was compared with intramuscular injection, and the effectiveness during castration was compared among the local anaesthetics. Nocifensive movements, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and its variability as well as electroencephalography (EEG) changes were studied in relation to the painful interventions. Most indicators of nociception point to testicular injection pain being beyond intramuscular injection pain when an effective amount of local anaesthetic was used. However, complete pain elimination could not be achieved during castration under local anaesthesia. Abstract To evaluate pain responses to intratesticular and subscrotal injection of three local anaesthetics and their efficacy during castration a randomized controlled study was conducted. In groups of 20 piglets, procaine (2%), lidocaine (2%), or mepivacaine (2%) were administered subscrotal and intratesticularly in two different dosages: 0.5 mL of the original substances or the maximum recommended dosage according to body weight diluted with isotonic saline to a volume of 0.3 mL per each injection site. Two placebo groups received the equivalent volume of isotonic saline. A control group was injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mL isotonic saline for injection pain comparison. Electroencephalographic changes, respiratory rate, heart rate and its variability, blood pressure, and nocifensive movements were assessed in superficial isoflurane anaesthesia. While EEG-changes and linear measures of heart rate variability did not appear conclusive, the low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio corresponded best with the other pain indicators recorded. The injection of 0.3 mL diluted local anaesthetic per injection site elicited significant fewer signs of pain compared to intramuscular injection of saline. However, pain reduction, but not complete pain elimination, during castration could only be achieved with 0.5 mL of the 2% local anaesthetics per injection site, whereby lidocaine and mepivacaine were the most effective.
EXTREMAL ENERGY SHIFTS OF RADIATION FROM A RING NEAR A ROTATING BLACK HOLE

Radiation from a narrow circular ring shows a characteristic double-horn profile dominated by photons having energy around the maximum or minimum of the allowed range, i.e., near the extremal values of the energy shift. The energy span of a spectral line is a function of the ring radius, black hole spin, and observer's viewing angle. We describe a useful approach to calculate the extremal energy shifts in the regime of strong gravity. Then we consider an accretion disk consisting of a number of separate nested annuli in the equatorial plane of a Kerr black hole, above the innermost stable circular orbit. We suggest that the radial structure of the disk emission could be reconstructed using the extremal energy shifts of the individual rings deduced from the broad wings of a relativistic spectral line.
Nanobody-Nanoluciferase Fusion Protein-Enabled Immunoassay for Ochratoxin A in Coffee with Enhanced Specificity and Sensitivity

Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the best-known mycotoxins, causes problems concerning food safety with potential toxic effects in humans and animals. So, it is crucial to develop simple and sensitive methods for the detection of OTA. Herein, a nanoluciferase–nanobody fusion protein (Nb28-Nluc)-retaining antibody recognition and enzymatic activity was first prepared, which was then applied as a bifunctional tracer to construct a one-step bioluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BLEIA) for OTA in coffee samples. On the basis of Nb28-Nluc, the BLEIA can be completed with a one-step incubation and detection, with only a substrate replacement from 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a Nluc assay reagent (Furimazine). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the proposed one-step BLEIA achieved a detection limit of 3.7 ng/mL (IC10) within 3 h. Moreover, the BLEIA method showed good repeatability and accuracy in the spike recovery experiments with recoveries of 83.88% to 120.23% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 5.2% to 24.7%, respectively. Particularly, the BLEIA displayed superior performances, such as fewer operations and more rapid and sensitive detection as compared with Nb28-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Therefore, the proposed one-step BLEIA has great potential for the sensitive and accurate screening of OTA in food samples.
Chimena gen. nov., a new spider genus (Araneae, Mysmenidae) from China, with descriptions of two new species and a new combination

﻿Abstract A new mysmenid genus, Chimenagen. nov., is reported from China. Two new species: C.qiongsp. nov. (Hainan, ♂♀, the type species) and C.nantousp. nov. (Taiwan, ♀) are illustrated and described in detail. A new combination is suggested: Chimenataiwanica (Ono, 2007) comb. nov. (Taiwan, ♂♀, transferred from Mysmena Simon, 1894). The molecular phylogeny and morphological characters were used to discuss the taxonomy and circumscription of the newly erected genus.
Introducing Model Inversion Attacks on Automatic Speaker Recognition

Model inversion (MI) attacks allow to reconstruct average per-class representations of a machine learning (ML) model’s training data. It has been shown that in scenarios where each class corresponds to a different individual, such as face classiﬁers, this represents a severe privacy risk. In this work, we explore a new application for MI: the extraction of speakers’ voices from a speaker recognition system. We present an approach to (1) reconstruct audio samples from a trained ML model and (2) extract intermediate voice feature representations which provide valuable insights into the speakers’ biometrics. Therefore, we propose an extension of MI attacks which we call sliding model inversion . Our sliding MI extends standard MI by iteratively inverting overlapping chunks of the audio samples and thereby leveraging the sequential properties of audio data for enhanced inversion performance. We show that one can use the inverted audio data to generate spoofed audio samples to impersonate a speaker, and execute voice-protected commands for highly secured systems on their behalf. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the ﬁrst one extending MI attacks to audio data, and our results highlight the security risks resulting from the extraction of the biometric data in that setup.
A relation for a class of Racah polynomials

In this paper we derive a relation for a class of Racah polynomials that appear in a conjecture of Kresch and Tamvakis. The relation follows from an inversion formula for a transformation of a discrete sequence of complex numbers $\{ x_n \}_{n=0}^{\infty}$. As a result of our inversion formula, we also obtain other combinatorial identities.
A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON RIDESHARING: DETERMINANTS, THEORETICAL GROUNDS AND METHODOLOGIES

Ridesharing offers great benefits to its users. Although ridesharing literature has gained attention from researchers around the globe, the status quo of ridesharing literature especially among the riders and drivers still remains unclear. This literature review assesses recent ridesharing research to find out the regularity concerning determinants of ridesharing usage among riders and drivers. This review also explores the most preferred theoretical trends by ridesharing researchers as well as methodologies applied. Results show that customer satisfaction, service quality and trust were the most significantly researched factors in both the research streams. This review also portrays a steady progression of technology acceptance models up till the introduction of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and reveals quantitative mode as the most common mode of research. Finally, this analysis presents notable recommendations for upcoming ridesharing researchers.
Antibacterial Porous Systems Based on Polylactide Loaded with Amikacin

Three porous matrices based on poly(lactic acid) are proposed herein for the controlled release of amikacin. The materials were fabricated by the method of spraying a surface liquid. Description is given as to the possibility of employing a modifier, such as a silica nanocarrier, for prolonging the release of amikacin, in addition to using chitosan to improve the properties of the materials, e.g., stability and sorption capacity. Depending on their actual composition, the materials exhibited varied efficacy for drug loading, as follows: 25.4 ± 2.2 μg/mg (matrices with 0.05% w/v of chitosan), 93 ± 13 μg/mg (with 0.08% w/v SiO2 amikacin modified nanoparticles), and 96 ± 34 μg/mg (matrices without functional additives). An in vitro study confirmed extended release of the drug (amikacin, over 60 days), carried out in accordance with the mathematical Kosmyer–Pepas model for all the materials tested. The matrices were also evaluated for their effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Concurrent research was conducted on the transdermal absorption, morphology, elemental composition, and thermogravimetric properties of the released drug.