Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine learning based background rejection for Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope

Baikal-GVD is a gigaton-scale underwater neutrino telescope currently under construction in Lake Baikal. Its principal components are optical modules, registering photons propagating through the telescope’s working volume. Part of the activations of the optical modules are due to the natural luminescence of the water, and thus appear as noise in the data. We present a neural network, which efficiently rejects this background and reaches 97% signal purity (precision) and 99% survival efficiency (recall) on the Monte-Carlo data. The neural network has a U-net like architecture based on the temporal structure of optical modules activations.
Density of states in 1D S=1/2 anisotropic XY model with random parameters

Abstract The determination of the spectrum of the Hamiltonian for 1D s= 1/2 anisotropic nonuniform XY model in transverse field reduces to the determination of the eigenvalues of dynamical matrix for 1D nonuniform chain within harmonic approximation taking into account the interactions between nearest and next nearest neighbours. Therefore Dean's method may be used for finding the density of states. The obtained in such a manner result for isotropic XY model in lorentzian random transverse field, for which an exact result is known, is discussed.
Stability Analysis of Different shapes of Tunnel in Cohensionless Soils

One of the crucial factors that has gained widespread popularity during the tunnelling construction process is the face stability of tunnel that mainly depends upon the support pressure to be applied at the face of tunnel against the overburden pressure and surcharge loading acting on the earth surface. In this study, stability of different cross sections of tunnels has been investigated in cohesionless soil (loose and medium dense sand) using the Finite Element Analysis software Plaxis 2D V20. Tunnel having cross sectional dimension B as width, D as height positioned at a depth H from the surface of ground. Due to the overburden pressure acting on the face of the tunnel, a suitable uniform compressive pressure is applied at the tunnel periphery in form of lining or anchorage system against the collapse. Variation of deflection at periphery of tunnel is presented for different combinations of H/D and Ф (angle of internal friction of soil), and lining thickness. It is observed that at a particular lining thickness with the increase in H/D, the displacement at the crown in tunnel increases and this could be resisted by increasing the lining thickness. The crown deflection of circular tunnel at particular H/D, lining thickness and Ф was less as compared to semi-circular and square tunnel.
Stabilization of CSEBs with the addition of industrial and agricultural wastes

In today’s world, most of the developing countries are trying to build houses with more durability and with low cost. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks are the best option for building cost-effective and sustainable houses. In red bricks, cement is used as a binder but in CSEBs, there is no requirement of cement. A large amount of pollution is generated during the manufacturing of cement as well as in the construction of red burnt bricks. To overcome this situation, CSEBs are used. Waste materials like fly ash, bagasse ash, rice straw etc, can be used for the construction of compressed earth blocks. The use of industrial and agricultural wastes as binders and fibres in place of cement for the construction of CSEBs can reduce the pollution caused by cement production as well as will lessen the construction cost. In this study, agricultural waste like rice straw and industrial wastes like bagasse ash and marble dust are used for the preparation of CSEBs. Rice straw acts as a fibre and marble dust acts as a binder for CSEBs. This makes these blocks economical as well as eco-friendly. This study has been done to show that CSEBs are better in strength, durability and are cost-effective than the red burnt bricks and can replace these bricks in coming future. A total of 27 combinations of percentage were taken into consideration for this study and for each combination 3 specimens were constructed. These specimens were cured in open atmosphere under the shed. And a small quantity of water was sprinkled over the specimens every day. Tests like OMC, MDD and tensile strength test were performed on these blocks after 28 days. It was noticed that tensile strength increases with rise in marble dust content. Overall, it was observed that CSEBs are better than the cement blocks as well as red burnt bricks.
Mixture Normal Distribution for Gibbs Sampler and its Application in the Surface of Single Crystal

Gibbs sampler is widely used in Bayesian analysis. But it is often difficult to sample from the full conditional distribution, and this hardly weakens the efficiency of Gibbs sampler. In this paper, we propose to use mixture normal distribution for Gibbs sampler. The mixture normal distribution can approximate the target distribution. So carrying more information from target distribution, the mixture normal distribution tremendously improves the efficiency of Gibbs sampler. Further more, combining with mixture normal method, Hit-and-Run algorithm can also get more efficient sampling results. Simulation results show that Gibbs sampler with mixture normal distribution outperforms other sampling algorithms. The Gibbs sampler with mixture normal distribution can also be applied to explorer the surface of single crystal.
Automatic scaling of critical frequency foF2 and MUF(3000)F2: A comparison between Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 on Rome data

The performances of Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 were comparatively evaluated using a large database of 6098 ionograms recorded from September 2005 to June 2006 by the digisonde DPS4 at the Rome ionospheric station. Results of comparisons between automatically and manually scaled data are shown for both programs highlighting the different behaviors. The Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 values of foF2 and MUF(3000)F2 both agree with the hand‐scaled values for ∼95% of ionograms. For the other ∼5% of ionograms, which the manual scaler classed as unscalable, ARTIST 4.5 usually gave invalid results, whereas Autoscala usually gave no result. The data recorded by the ionosondes DPS4 (interpreted by ARTIST 4.5) and AIS‐INGV (interpreted by Autoscala) during three geomagnetic storms were also analyzed. Ionograms with typical errors both for Autoscala and ARTIST 4.5 are displayed.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Pollutant Transport in Street Canyons of Different Building-Height-to-Street-Width Ratios

This study employs a large-eddy simulation technique to investigate the flow, turbulence structure, and pollutant transport in street canyons of building-height-to-street-width (aspect) ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 at a Reynolds number of 12 000 and a Schmidt number of 0.72. When the approaching wind is perpendicular to the street axis, a single primary recirculation is calculated for the street canyons of aspect ratios 0.5 and 1.0, and two vertically aligned, counterrotating primary recirculations are found for the street canyon of aspect ratio 2.0. Two to three secondary recirculations are also calculated at the corners of the street canyons. A ground-level passive pollutant line source is used to simulate vehicular emission. The turbulence intensities, pollutant concentration variance, and pollutant fluxes are analyzed to show that the pollutant removal by turbulent transport occurs at the leeward roof level for all aspect ratios. Whereas the ground-level pollutant concentration is greatest at the leeward corner of the street canyons of aspect ratios 0.5 and 1.0, the ground-level pollutant concentration in a street canyon of aspect ratio 2.0 occurs at the windward corner and is greater than the peak concentrations of the other two cases. Because of the smaller ground-level wind speed and the domination of turbulent pollutant transport between the vertically aligned recirculations, the ground-level air quality is poor in street canyons of large aspect ratios. The retention of pollutant in the street canyons is calculated to be 95%, 97%, and 99% for aspect ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively.
Accelerometery vs. video-derived stroke parameters in high-level swimmers

Background Swimming is a multifaceted sport with nuanced performance parameters that tend to vary according to the swimmer’s stroke style. The extraction and analyses of swim parameters, such as lap time (LT), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR) and velocity are time-consuming. This may be eased and to some extent automated by the use of cost-effective tri-axial accelerometers. Objectives To determine the validity of tri-axial accelerometers across all four stroke styles, and to investigate kinematic differences in stroke styles using accelerometer-based data. Methods Twelve elite swimmers were recruited for the study. The group consisted of five male (age: 22.2 ± 2.6 years; height: 1.84 ± 0.08 m; weight: 76.2 ± 3.6 kg) and seven female (age: 20.7 ± 2.1 years; height: 1.68 ± 0.08 cm; weight: 62.0 ± 6.3 kg) swimmers. Results There was a small but significant bias for accelerometery data compared to video data across most parameters and stroke styles except for stroke length and stroke count (p > 0.05). However, accelerometery-derived SR, SL and velocity can be considered practically useful based on the training requirements of coaches. Parameters derived from video analysis compared to accelerometery were highly correlated (r > 0.91) and therefore consistent regardless of the method of analysis. Conclusion Although slight differences were present between the video and accelerometer data, these differences were not practically meaningful.
High sensitive piezoelectric transducers for NDE air borne applications

We present work intended to help in the systematization of the manufacturing of piezoelectric transducers for NDT air coupling. Only the piezoelectric and passive materials, together with the construction techniques, are studied. A high driving signal method has been used to select the piezoelectric materials. Flat and spherically-shaped transducers from 500 kHz up to 2.5 MHz made of piezoceramics and 1-3 piezocomposites have been manufactured and tested. Highly porous materials have been used to match the transducers and the scanned structures.
Recursive robust H∞ filtering within the framework of set-valued estimation

A recursive robust H∞ filtering algorithm is newly proposed for the discrete time uncertain linear system subject to the energy constraint called sum quadratic con- straint (SQC). A set valued estimation approach will be used to tackle the given problem. To this end, by combining an SQC on the H∞ norm condition of the error dynamics and an inequality relationship between the uncertainty input and output, we obtain an augmented SQC and then formulate the robust H∞ filtering problem as the one of finding the set of estimates satisfying this constraint. The solutions will be given in terms of ellipsoids whose centers are the minimums of the indefinite quadratic function defined by the augmented SQC. The Krein space estimation theory will be utilized to efficiently deal with the minimization problem of the indefinite quadratic function and it is shown that the robust H∞ filter turns out to be just the special form of Krein space Kalman filter. The proposed robust filter has basically the same recursive structure as the information form of Kalman filter and therefore demands less computational burdens for the implementation. Numerical examples will be given to verify that the proposed filter guarantees the robustness in the presence of parametric uncertainties and its bounding ellipsoidal sets of filtered estimates always contain true states.
Plenary Speeches

This presentation builds on the concept of orientations to languages other than English in the US first suggested by Ruíz (1984). Using examples from recent ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and policy-related investigations undertaken principally in North America, the discussion explores possible connections between individual and group language identities. It demonstrates that orientations to languages are dynamic inside and outside speech communities, varying across time and according to multiple contextual factors, including the history and size of local bilingual groups along with the impact of contemporary economic and political conditions. Often the conceptions of multiple languages reflected in policy and pedagogy oversimplify the complexity documented by research and raise questions for teaching practice.
A multi-objective fuzzy goal programming model for reverse supply chain design

This paper proposes a fuzzy goal programming-based (FGP-based) approach for solving a multi-objective mathematical model of reverse supply chain design. In a green supply chain, designing the network of the reverse chain is vital. Thus, the robust configuration of reverse chain will cause acting friendly with the environment and brings a huge benefit for the partners of the supply chain. Hence, it can be used as competitive competency. Three objectives are considered to minimise recycling cost, rate of waste generated by recyclers and material recovery time in such a way that the best set of recyclers to allocate products is determined. The major advantage of the proposed model is that it considers cost, time and efficiency rate to design responsive and efficient reverse supply chain. A numerical example is conducted to show the effectiveness of the model.
Numerical simulation of lateral migration of red blood cells in Poiseuille flows

A spring model is applied to simulate the skeleton structure of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane and to study the RBC rheology in two‐dimensional Poiseuille flows using an immersed boundary method. The lateral migration properties of the cells in Poiseuille flows have been investigated. The simulation results show that the rate of migration toward the center of the channel depends on the swelling ratio and the deformability of the cells. We have also combined the above methodology with a fictitious domain method to study the motion of RBCs in a two‐dimensional micro‐channel with a constriction with an application to blood plasma separation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method for extracting the trap energy in insulators

A simple procedure is reported for extracting the energy of trap levels from the I‐V characteristics of insulators at room temperature. It is shown that by plotting ln(JE) vs 1/E it is possible to obtain the trap energy directly from the slope, and an estimate of the trap density from the intercept. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that our simplified, trap‐assisted tunneling equation differs from the exact solution by only ∼1%–3% for ‘‘typical’’ nitridation‐induced trap energies (2–3 eV), and for fields above 4 MV/cm. At lower trap energies this error is shown to be manifested only in the extracted trap densities and hence the new model can still be used to obtain the trap depth. For nitrided‐oxide capacitors it is shown that this nitridation‐induced trap energy is ∼2.2 eV which is in good agreement with the work of others. For transistors fabricated on the same wafers evidence is found for a distribution of shallow (≤1 eV) traps which could be due to damage introduced during the source/drain implant.
Acoustic-counterflow microfluidics by surface acoustic waves

In this letter, we demonstrate an unexpected surface-acoustic-wave (SAW)-driven pumping effect in hydrophobic polydimethilsiloxane (PDMS)-lithium niobate (LiNbO3) microchannels. Atomization within the fluidic channel followed by SAW-assisted coalescence leads to liquid counterflow with respect to the SAW propagation direction. This physical mechanism is contrasted with the acoustic-streaming process driving isolated drop displacement on piezoelectric substrates. This principle is shown not to be readily applicable to the present microchannel case. The proposed device geometry can be exploited to integrate micropumps into complex microfluidic chips, improving the portability of micro-total-analysis systems.
Rayleigh scattering effect on the gain efficiency and noise of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

The effect of the internal Rayleigh scattering on the gain efficiency and noise of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier has been considered in detail. It is shown that excess background loss due to Rayleigh scattering at the signal and pump wavelengths dramatically reduces the optimum gain efficiency of either high NA, low-concentration or confined-dopant erbium-doped fibers. Distributed feedback due to Rayleigh backscattering, on the other hand, degrades the noise performance of high gain amplifiers considerably. In applications where high gain and low noise figure are required, increasing the fiber NA and dopant confinement above an optimum value are shown to increase the required pump power dramatically due to the deleterious effects of Rayleigh backscattering. >
Flow Control of Dispersion Section of Hydraulic Headbox of Papermaking Machine

An experimental study of the flow in a modeled hydraulic headbox of a papermaking machine was performed. The turbulent boundary layer generated on the partition plates in the dispersion part and the wake formed downstream of the plates were investigated by a flow visualization technique using the smoke-wire method and by hot-wire measurement. Control of the flow characteristics was examined for various combinations of two types of channel and four types of inserted plate that differ in convergence and trailing-edge shape, respectively. As a result, rectification by the use of a convergent channel was found to be effective in realizing a uniform time-averaged velocity distribution and in reducing and unifying the turbulence intensity. Furthermore, the trailing edges with tapered and wavy shapes were effective for obtaining a uniform time-averaged velocity distribution, and the tapered edge was highly effective for making the turbulence intensity a uniform distribution.
Characteristics and parameters of sand strata deformation due to groundwater pumping in Shanghai

Severe land subsidence took place in Shanghai due to long-term pumping of groundwater.Based on the observation data of soil strata deformation and groundwater table the relationship between the deformation characteristics of sand strata and the variation of groundwater tables is studied.It is found that in the periods of groundwater table ascending or keeping steady the sand strata exhibit elastic behavior.Whereas,in the period of descending the sand strata exhibits elasto-plastic behavior when the groundwater table is higher than the lowest in the history.A bilinear elasto-plastic model can be used to describe this behavior.The sand strata exhibit visco-elasto-plastic behavior when the groundwater table is lower than the lowest.A model in which a spring arranged in parallel with the Bingham body and serially connected with another spring can be used to depict the visco-elasto-plastic behaviors of sands.The deformation parameters of sand strata are determined according to the obtained data and provide the basis for the calculation of land subsidence.
Cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes in individuals with benign and low-grade brain tumours receiving radiotherapy: a protocol for a prospective cohort study

Introduction Radiation-induced cognitive decline (RICD) occurs in 50%–90% of adult patients 6 months post-treatment. In patients with low-grade and benign tumours with long expected survival, this is of paramount importance. Despite advances in radiation therapy (RT) treatment delivery, better understanding of structures important for RICD is necessary to improve cognitive outcomes. We hypothesise that RT may affect network topology and microstructural integrity on MRI prior to any gross anatomical or apparent cognitive changes. In this longitudinal cohort study, we aim to determine the effects of RT on brain structural and functional integrity and cognition. Methods and analysis This study will enroll patients with benign and low-grade brain tumours receiving partial brain radiotherapy. Patients will receive either hypofractionated (>2 Gy/fraction) or conventionally fractionated (1.8–2 Gy/fraction) RT. All participants will be followed for 12 months, with MRIs conducted pre-RT and 6-month and 12 month post-RT, along with a battery of neurocognitive tests and questionnaires. The study was initiated in late 2018 and will continue enrolling through 2024 with final follow-ups completing in 2025. The neurocognitive battery assesses visual and verbal memory, attention, executive function, processing speed and emotional cognition. MRI protocols incorporate diffusion tensor imaging and resting state fMRI to assess structural connectivity and functional connectivity, respectively. We will estimate the association between radiation dose, imaging metrics and cognitive outcomes. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Research Subjects Review Board at the University of Rochester (STUDY00001512: Cognitive changes in patients receiving partial brain radiation). All results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04390906.
Hollow channels scaffold in bone regenerative: a review

Abstract Bone substitute materials have been extensively used for bone regeneration over the past 50 years. The development of novel materials, fabrication technologies and the incorporation and release of regenerative cytokines, growth factors, cells and antimicrobials has been driven by the rapid development in the field of additive manufacturing technology. There are still however, significant challenges that need addressing, including ways to better mediate the rapid vascularization of bone scaffolds to enhance subsequent regeneration and osteogenesis. Increasing construct porosity can accelerate the development of blood vessels in the scaffold, but doing so also weakens the constructs mechanical properties. A novel design for promoting rapid vascularization is to fabricate custom-made hollow channels as bone scaffolds. Summarized here are the current developments in hollow channels scaffold, including their biological attributes, physio-chemical properties, and effects on regeneration. An overview of recent developments in scaffold fabrication as they relate to hollow channel constructs and their structural features will be introduced with an emphasis on attributes that enhance new bone and vessel formation. Furthermore, the potential to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis by replicating the structure of real bone will be highlighted.
Comparison of pulse rate variability from post-auricula and heart rate variability during different body states for healthy subjects

Abstract Heart rate variability (HRV) extracted from the electrocardiogram (ECG) is an essential indicator for assessing the autonomic nervous system in clinical. Some scholars have studied the feasibility of pulse rate variability (PRV) instead of HRV. However, there is little qualitative research in different body states. In this paper, the photoplethysmography (PPG) of postauricular and finger and the ECG of fifteen subjects were synchronously collected for comparative analysis. The eleven experiments were designed according to the daily living state, including the stationary state, limb movement state, and facial movement state. The substitutability of nine variables was investigated in the time, frequency, and nonlinearity domain by Passing Bablok regression and Bland Altman analysis. The results showed that the PPG of the finger was destroyed in the limb movement state. There were six variables of postauricular PRV, which showed a positive linear relationship and good agreement (p > 0.05, ratio 0.2) with HRV in all experiments. Our study suggests that the postauricular PPG could retain the necessary information of the pulse signal under the limb movement state and facial movement state. Therefore, postauricular PPG could be a better substitute for HRV, daily PPG detection, and mobile health than finger PPG.