Predatory Bacteria Attenuate Klebsiella pneumoniae Burden in Rat Lungs

ABSTRACT Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus are predatory bacteria that naturally—and obligately—prey on other Gram-negative bacteria, and their use has been proposed as a potential new approach to control microbial infection. The ability of predatory bacteria to prey on Gram-negative human pathogens in vitro is well documented; however, the in vivo safety and efficacy of predatory bacteria have yet to be fully assessed. In this study, we examined whether predatory bacteria can reduce bacterial burden in the lungs in an in vivo mammalian system. Initial safety studies were performed by intranasal inoculation of rats with predatory bacteria. No adverse effects or lung pathology were observed in rats exposed to high concentrations of predatory bacteria at up to 10 days postinoculation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the immune response revealed a slight increase in inflammatory cytokine levels at 1 h postinoculation that was not sustained by 48 h. Additionally, dissemination experiments showed that predators were efficiently cleared from the host by 10 days postinoculation. To measure the ability of predatory bacteria to reduce microbial burden in vivo, we introduced sublethal concentrations of Klebsiella pneumoniae into the lungs of rats via intranasal inoculation and followed with multiple doses of predatory bacteria over 24 h. Predatory bacteria were able to reduce K. pneumoniae bacterial burden, on average, by more than 3.0 log10 in the lungs of most rats as measured by CFU plating. The work presented here provides further support for the idea of developing predatory bacteria as a novel biocontrol agent. IMPORTANCE A widely held notion is that antibiotics are the greatest medical advance of the last 50 years. However, the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections has become a global health crisis over the last decade. As we enter the postantibiotic era, it is crucial that we begin to develop new strategies to combat bacterial infection. Here, we report one such new approach: the use of predatory bacteria (Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus) that naturally—and obligately—prey on other Gram-negative bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated the ability of predatory bacteria to attenuate the bacterial burden of a key human pathogen in an in vivo mammalian system. As the prevalence of MDR infections continues to rise each year, our results may represent a shift in how we approach treating microbial infections in the future. A widely held notion is that antibiotics are the greatest medical advance of the last 50 years. However, the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections has become a global health crisis over the last decade. As we enter the postantibiotic era, it is crucial that we begin to develop new strategies to combat bacterial infection. Here, we report one such new approach: the use of predatory bacteria (Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Micavibrio aeruginosavorus) that naturally—and obligately—prey on other Gram-negative bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated the ability of predatory bacteria to attenuate the bacterial burden of a key human pathogen in an in vivo mammalian system. As the prevalence of MDR infections continues to rise each year, our results may represent a shift in how we approach treating microbial infections in the future.