Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Managerial Compensation and Incentives in For-Profit and Nonprofit Hospitals

Differential economic behavior of for-profit and nonprofit institutions can be manifest in both output and input markets. When behavior in output markets is difficult to observe, behavior in input markets can be useful proxies. We examine monetary compensation and its composition between base salary and bonus, and the associated incentive structures, in the U.S. hospital industry. Our data permit controlling for interinstitutional differences in the scope and complexity of jobs having the same titles, as well as differences in organization size and other variables. We find (1) total monetary compensation for the two top executive jobs is substantially higher in the for-profit sector; and (2) the composition of compensation as between base salary and bonus differs materially across forms of organization, bonuses being absolutely and relatively greater in the for-profit sector. Particularly noteworthy is the finding that for-profit hospitals utilize compensation mechanisms that, by involving larger contingent components, provide stronger incentives--greater rewards--as compared with nonprofit hospitals, for performance that is more easily monitored. While our findings are consistent with more than one model of comparative organizations differ in their goals and, hence, in the kinds of managers they demand and the reward structures they offer. Nonprofit organizations may pursue objectives that reflect greater concern about collective goods or other outputs that are more difficult to measure and reward. Alternatively, nonprofits, confronted by a nondistribution constraint on the payout of profit to managers, may lack incentives for efficiency, and so may pursue other goals such as a quiet life. Such differential objective functions, together with the differential constraints on the distribution of profit to managers, have two kinds of implications. (1) Nonprofit and for-profit organizations may attract different kinds of managers, especially at the top levels, because nonprofits prefer working for a nonprofit organization and, hence, may offer a lower supply price to them. (2) The two types of organizations can be expected to offer differential composition of compensation as between base salary and performance-based bonus, providing different incentives for managers. Our analysis is positive in character, the goal being to identify systematic differences in organization behavior. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
Primary percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute myocardial infarction and prior coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND The outcome of patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unclear. We sought to assess the outcome of patients with prior CABG undergoing primary PCI for the treatment of AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 1991 and 1997, 1072 patients with AMI underwent primary PCI without antecedent thrombolytic therapy at the Mayo Clinic. There were 128 patients with previous CABG and 944 without previous CABG. Patients with previous CABG were further subdivided according to the treated vessel: native vessels (n = 65) and bypass graft (n = 63). Clinical and angiographic characteristics and 30-day and 1-year outcomes were evaluated. Patients with previous CABG were significantly older and had a higher incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. They had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction and were also more likely to have congestive heart failure. After 1 year of follow-up, adverse cardiac events (death, MI, CABG, or repeat PCI) were significantly greater in patients with prior CABG (49.2% vs 35.9%, P =.04). With use of multivariate logistic regression analysis to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics, the treatment of vein graft was independently associated with adverse cardiac events (relative risk 1.48 [95% confidence interval 1.07-2.03], P =.02), but a history of prior CABG itself was not (relative risk 1.22 [95% confidence interval 0.96-1.56], P =.11). CONCLUSIONS Primary PCI for AMI in patients with previous CABG is associated with higher adverse events largely attributable to adverse baseline clinical characteristics and the treatment of a vein graft.
Corporate Equity and Commercial Property Market 'Bubbles'

Periodic sharp sustained increases and then reversals in asset prices lead many to posit irrational price 'bubbles'. The general case for bubbles is that asset prices simply move too much given the future cash flows the assets are reasonably likely to produce. A corollary for property is that observed mean reversion in real cash flows is not reflected in investor valuations, resulting in asset values being too high when real cash flows are high and vice versa. This paper summarises some evidence on large corporate equity and commercial property price movements and present arguments for and against the existence of irrational bubbles.
Occupational choice, socio‐economic status and educational attainment: a study of the occupational choices and destinations of young people in the British Household Panel Survey

The article considers young people's occupational choices at the age of 15 in relation to their educational attainment, the occupations of their parents and their actual occupations when they are in their early 20s. It uses data from the British Household Panel Survey over periods of between five and ten years. The young people in the survey are occupationally ambitious: many more aspire to professional, managerial and technical jobs than the likely availability of these occupations. In general ambitions and educational attainment and intentions are well aligned but there are also many instances of misalignment; either people wanting jobs which their educational attainments and intentions will not prepare them for, or people with less ambitious aspirations than their educational performance would justify. Children from more occupationally advantaged families are more ambitious, achieve better educationally and have better occupational outcomes than other children. However, where young people are both ambitious and educationally successful the occupational outcomes are as good for those from disadvantaged as advantaged families. In contrast, where young people are neither ambitious nor educationally successful, the outcomes for those from disadvantaged homes are very much poorer than for other young people. The article suggests that while choice is real it is also heavily constrained for many people. A possible educational implication of the study is that career interventions could be directed at under‐ambitious but academically capable young people from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Change in Financial Intermediation in the UK

The British financial system is experiencing change unprecedented in its scope and pace. Before the war Britain's financial structure was clearly dominated by the banks. Other types of institution had developed over the previous century and more, but their effect on financial conditions was not yet judged significant enough to be given even a passing mention in the Macmillan Report of 1931, for example. By the time of the Radcliffe Report of 1959, the increasing variety of institutions had been acknowledged; but the Radcliffe Report was still able to speak of "faults", in the geological sense, which were difficult for borrowers to cross (Para 319).
Theorizing Multichannel Media Economics: An Exploration of a Group--Industry Strategic Competition Model

This article explores a multichannel media competition theory. The proposed model applies the monopolistic competition industrial economics theory to analyze competition at the industry level, and simultaneously uses the oligopoly theory to study competition at the group level. Firms in the multichannel media industry are divided into different strategic groups based on the major strategic dimensions for group analysis. The theoretical relationship between strategic group configuration and group-industry market performance also is examined.
Hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome and its relevance to cardiovascular diseases and normal aging.

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome（HGPS,OMIM176670）is an extremely rare,sporadic genetic syndrome with a reported prevalence of one in4-8million children worldwide.At April2012,the total number of known living children with HGPS was89worldwide,according to data from the Progeria Research Foundation.
Mean and Volatility Spillovers across Major National Stock Markets: Further Empirical Evidence

This paper provides additional insight into the nature and degree of interdependence of stock markets of the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany, and it reports the extent to which volatility in these markets influences expected returns. The analysis uses the multivariate GARCH-M model. Although they are considered weak, statistically significant mean spillovers radiate from stock markets of the U.S. to the U.K., Canada, and Germany, and then from the stock markets of Japan to Germany. No relation is found between conditional market volatility and expected returns. Strong time-varying conditional volatility exists in the return series of all markets. The own-volatility spillovers in the U.K. and Canadian markets are insignificant, supporting the view that conditional volatility of returns in these markets is “imported” from abroad, specifically from the U.S. Significant volatility spillovers radiate from the U.S. stock market to all four stock markets, from the U.K. stock market to the Canadian stock market, and from the German stock market to the Japanese stock market. The results are robust and no changes occur in the correlation structure of returns over time.
Organic Poultry and Eggs Capture High Price Premiums and Growing Share of Specialty Markets

Organic poultry and egg markets in the United States are expanding rapidly. Statistics for the sector, especially the number of organic broilers, also signal expanding domestic supply. This report examines trends in markets, animal numbers, and prices for organic poultry and eggs. Price comparisons between organic and conventional show significant organic price premiums for both broilers and eggs.
Towards Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs without Body Instrumentation

This research presents two approaches using microwave signals to detect vital signs of humans equipped with an m-health application. The first approach utilizes phase locked loop (PLL) to multiply the frequency of a very accurate Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS), generating a FMCW signal. The second approach multiplies the generated DDS signal using a frequency multiplier (F12). Counter-intuitive existence of low power harmonics (F13, F14, F11, F10, etc.) in the frequency multiplier added improvements in our tests. Tiny variations in environment are easily observed on specific bars in FFT of down-converted signals in the frequency multiplier approach. Both approaches work by sending a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) that reflects off objects present in the room. Based on the reflected signal, we calculate distances and movements, from which we then extract breathing and heart rates. In both approaches, we try two sets of microwave signals: Triangular FMCW and Sawtooth FMCW. Both approaches showed more obvious variation for body movement. In the case of the Triangular FMCW signal, interpreting data is more challenging. On the other hand, the Sawtooth FMCW signal resulted in clear output but lower power and harder to directly observe.
Gene Expression of GLUT4 in Skeletal Muscle From Insulin-Resistant Patients With Obesity, IGT, GDM, and NIDDM

In obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defects in glucose transport system activity, contribute to insulin resistance in target tissues. In adipocytes from obese and NIDDM patients, we found that pretranslational suppression of the insulin-responsive GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform is a major cause of cellular insulin resistance; however, whether this process is operative in skeletal muscle is not clear. To address this issue, we performed percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis in lean and obese control subjects and in obese patients with IGT and NIDDM and open biopsies of the rectus abdominis at cesarian section in lean and obese gravidas and gravidas with GDM. GLUT4 was measured in total postnuclear membrane fractions from both muscles by immunoblot analyses. The maximally insulin-stimulated rate of in vivo glucose disposal, assessed with euglycemic glucose clamps, decreased 26% in obesity and 74% in NIDDM, reflecting diminished glucose uptake by muscle. However, in vastus lateralis, relative amounts of GLUT4 per milligram membrane protein were similar (NS) among lean (1.0 ± 0.2) and obese (1.5 ± 0.3) subjects and patients with IGT (1.4 ± 0.2) and NIDDM (1.2 ± 0.2). GLUT4 content was also unchanged when levels were normalized per wet weight, per total protein, and per DNA as an index of cell number. Levels of GLUT4 mRNA were similarly not affected by obesity, IGT, or NIDDM whether normalized per RNA or for the amount of an unrelated constitutive mRNA species. Because muscle fibers (types I and II) exhibit different capacities for insulin-mediated glucose uptake, we tested whether a change in fiber composition could cause insulin resistance without altering overall levels of GLUT4. However, we found that quantities of fiber-specific isoenzymes (phopholamban and types I and II Ca2+-ATPase) were similar in all subject groups. In rectus abdominis, GLUT4 content was similar in the lean, obese, and GDM gravidas whether normalized per milligram membrane protein (relative levels were 1.0 ± 0.2, 1.3 ± 0.1, and 1.0 ± 0.2, respectively) or per wet weight, total protein, and DNA. We conclude that in human disease states characterized by insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, IGT, NIDDM, and GDM, GLUT4 gene expression is normal in vastus lateralis or rectus abdominis. To the extent that these muscles are representative of total muscle mass, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle may involve impaired GLUT4 function or translocation and not transporter depletion as observed in adipose tissue.
CONCEPTUALIZING LEADERSHIP PROCESSES: A STUDY OF SENIOR MANAGERS IN A FINANCIAL SERVICES COMPANY*

Established methodologies of leadership research have placed unnecessary constraints upon our capacity to examine creatively actual leadership practices and to generate fresh insights into their dynamics. A regeneration of leadership research depends upon the development of new frameworks of interpretation which yield new or deeper understanding of processes to which the term ‘leadership’is usually attributed. To this end, the article presents a conceptual framework founded upon well established traditions of social enquiry which have been underutilized in leadership research. The value of this framework is demonstrated through the analysis of data taken from an intensive field study of leadership processes amongst senior managers. It is argued that this methodology for leadership research serves to answer calls for increasing the practical relevance of leadership research without making unacceptable sacrifices to its intellectual credibility.
A methodology for achieving agility in manufacturing organisations

As we approach the twenty‐first century, manufacturing success and survival are becoming more and more difficult to ensure. This fact is rooted in the emergence of a new business era that embraces “change” as one of its major characteristics. The emphasis is now on adaptability to changes in the business environment and on addressing market and customer needs proactively. The emerging paradigm is agile manufacturing. Understanding and responding to changes, and taking advantage of changes through strategic utilisation of managerial and manufacturing methods and tools, are some of the pivotal concepts of agile manufacturing. This paper discusses these concepts and presents a methodology to assist manufacturing companies to achieve agility. Industrial questionnaire surveys and case studies are carried out to support and validate the methodology. Results and conclusions derived from the surveys and case studies in support of the methodology are reported.
T‐cell response to structural and nonstructural hepatitis C virus antigens in persistent and self‐limited hepatitis C virus infections

Twenty‐nine patients with chronic hepatitis C and 15 asymptomatic hepatitis C virus antibody–positive subjects who clinically recovered from hepatitis C virus infection were studied for their peripheral blood lymphomononuclear cell proliferative response to hepatitis C virus structural and nonstructural antigens (core, envelope, nonstructural 4 and nonstructural 5) expressed in yeast as superoxide dismutase fusion proteins, in an initial attempt to define some of the features of the virus‐specific immune response. Hepatitis C virus core was the most immunogenic antigen for human leukocyte antigen class II–restricted T cells in both groups of patients studied, and the proliferative response to it was the most vigorous and the most frequently expressed in comparison with the other antigens tested. The specificity of the results was supported by the lack of response to hepatitis C virus antigens by healthy uninfected controls and confirmed by recognition of recombinant core proteins of different origin (yeast and baculovirus) by polyclonal T‐cell lines produced by T‐cell stimulation with yeast‐derived core. Each of the antigens tested was able to induce significant although variable levels of proliferative response, indicating that all can be immunogenic at the T‐cell level. Significant proliferative responses to core, nonstructural 4 and nonstructural 5 antigens were more frequently detected in subjects who were able to eradicate infection than in patients with chronic hepatitis C, although the difference was statistically not significant. No difference was observed between the two groups of patients with respect to the response to the putative envelope antigens. (Hepatology 1994;19:286–295).
Crystal Structure of Dynein Light Chain TcTex-1*

TcTex-1, one of three dynein light chains of the dynein motor complex, has been implicated in targeting and binding cargoes to cytoplasmic dynein for retrograde or apical transport. Interactions between TcTex-1 and a diverse set of proteins such as the dynein intermediate chain, Fyn, DOC2, FIP1, the poliovirus receptor, CD155, and the rhodopsin cytoplasmic tail have been reported; yet, despite the broad range of targets, a consensus binding sequence remains uncertain. Consequently, we have solved the crystal structure of the full-length Drosophila homolog of TcTex-1 to 1.7 Å resolution using MAD phasing to gain insight into its function and target specificity. The structure is homodimeric with a domain swapping of β-strand 2 and has a fold similar to the dynein light chain, LC8. Based on structural alignment, the TcTex-1 and LC8 sequences show no identity, although the root mean square deviation between secondary structural elements is less than 1.6 Å. Moreover, the N terminus, which is equivalent to β-strand 1 in LC8, is splayed out and binds to a crystallographic dimer as an anti-parallel β-strand at the same position as the neuronal nitric-oxide synthase peptide in the LC8 complex. Similarity to LC8 and comparison to the LC8-neuronal nitricoxide synthase complex suggest that TcTex-1 binds its targets in a similar manner as LC8 and provides insight to the lack of strict sequence identity among the targets for TcTex-1.
Large returns, conditional correlation and portfolio diversification: a value-at-risk approach

This paper, using daily returns on 30 Dow Jones Industrial stocks for the period 1991-1999, investigates the possibility of portfolio diversification when there are negative large movements in the stock returns (i.e. when the market is bearish). We estimate the quantiles of stock return distributions using non-parametric and parametric methods that are widely being used in measuring value-at-risk (VaR). We find that the average conditional correlation of 30 stocks is much higher when the large movements are negative than that when the market is 'usual'. Further, we find that, contrary to the results of previous studies, there is no notable difference between the average conditional correlations when the large movements are positive and when the market is 'usual'. Moreover, it is evident from the results of the conditional CAPM that the portfolio's diversifiable and non-diversifiable risks, as measured by the error variance of the CAPM and beta respectively, are highly unstable when the market is bearish than that when it is 'usual' or bullish. The overall results suggest that the possibility of portfolio diversification would be eroded when the stock market is bearish. These findings have implications for portfolio diversification and risk management in particular and for finance in general. The ideas presented in this paper can be utilized for testing contagion in the international financial markets, a much-researched topic in international finance.
A case study on the influence of corporate governance beyond the boardroom: perceptions from business unit managers

Purpose – This study aims to explore the influence of corporate governance (CG) on non‐board business unit (BU) managers in relation to its perceived effects on managerial/organizational outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Following the recent implementation of the CG code in a conglomerate, a number of BU managers were interviewed on the meaning and implications of CG at their level with a subsequent focus on two principles advocated in CG: accountability and transparency.Findings – BU managers perceived the CG adoption will have a positive impact on their performance via its effect on enhancing the credibility of the unit and the organization. Managers also developed a wider notion of accountability, akin to a ‘socializing form’ accountability, which improves the level of dialogue, trust and communication within the organization, thereby leading to better organizational outcomes. However, in view of the opaque business context prevailing in the country of study, these positive consequences are dampen.
Participatory Criteria Selection: Finding Conflictive Positions in Environmental Postassessment of Land Management and Restoration Actions

Stakeholder participation in environmental assessment of past land management and restoration actions in drylands is important to improve knowledge and management of these ecosystems. Participatory identification and prioritization of monitoring and assessment criteria, while increasingly incorporated into assessment, is still perceived as challenging due to conflicting values and perspectives among stakeholders. As this research demonstrates, a two-step participatory (n = 33) process consisting of a semistructured interview followed by the revised Simos procedure for the identification and prioritization of criteria to assess five actions in the San Simon watershed (Arizona), proved useful to (1) identify and prioritize criteria and (2) expose the source of individual priorities. This flexible but structured process provides a first pass at identifying participant assessment criteria and reducing conflict associated with differing values and perspectives of those with a direct stake in both past and future management and planning of land management and restoration actions.
THE RETURNS TO INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH ON AUSTRALIAN WOOL PRODUCTION

A production function approach is used to estimate growth in farm productivity in the Australian wool industry from an estimated level of expenditure on wool production R & D. A market equilibrium model of the wool industry is then used to measure the share of total benefits from this productivity growth accruing to Australia and its wool growers. A net return is estimated after allowing for lags in the development and adoption of technology.