Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Puzzle for Fregeans : Fine-grained Generics and the Challenge of Semantic Descent

Fine-grained Generics and the Challenge of Semantic Descent A number of influential approaches to intensional phenomena in language may be broadly characterized as “Fregean” in the sense that each of them postulates fine-grained modes-of-presentation as the semantic values of singular terms (e.g., proper names). Such theories require a semantic mechanism for “descending” from the mode-of-presentation itself to the item being presented. This is necessary in order to avoid mistakenly predicating the property of the mode-of-presentation, rather than the presented entity. I will argue that this characteristic of Fregean theories keeps them from generalizing in a natural way to linguistic contexts, notably fine-grained generic contexts, which independently invoke a similar kind of ontological level-shifting. As a result, Fregean semantic theories are inadequate for the analysis of natural language—irrespective of their capacity to finesse Kripke-Putnam style counterexamples. In this paper I argue that a certain influential family of approaches to intensionality does not provide a uniform, non ad-hoc solution to Frege-style substitutivity puzzles. The family of approaches I have in mind might roughly be characterized as “Fregean” in the sense that each of them invokes fine-grained modes-ofpresentation as the semantic values of various types of singular terms (e.g., proper names). More precisely, the family of approaches against which I will argue are characterized by the following pair of theses: (1) Singular terms have associated with them a sense or mode-of-presentation (2) This sense exhausts the semantic contribution that the singular term makes to the compositional meaning of a sentence in which the term occurs. This is the approach advocated by Frege in his seminal work on the subject (1984 [1892]). The family also includes variants of Frege’s proposal that invoke de re senses (Evans 1982; McDowell 1984), primitive essences (Adams 1979), rigidified descriptions, metalinguistic senses, and non-Platonic modes-of-presentation (Bealer 1993). In addition, the argument will hold against versions of hidden-indexicalism (e.g., Schiffer
T Helper 17 Cells in Autoimmune Liver Diseases

Many autoimmune diseases are driven by self-reactive T helper (Th) cells. A new population of effector CD4+ T cells characterized by the secretion of interleukin (IL)-17, referred to as Th17 cells, has been demonstrated to be phenotypically, functionally, and developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells. Because the liver is known to be an important source of transforming growth factor-β and IL-6, which are cytokines that are crucial for Th17 differentiation, it is very likely that Th17 cells contribute to liver inflammation and autoimmunity. In contrast, another distinct subset of T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), downregulate immune responses and play an important role in maintaining self-tolerance. In addition, there is a reciprocal relationship between Th17 cells and Tregs, in development and effector functions, and the balance between Th17 and Treg cells can affect the outcome of immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will focus on the latest investigative findings related to Th17 cells in autoimmune liver disease.
Drawing , Painting , and Sculpting in the Air : Development Studies about an Immersive FreeHand Interface for Artists

The main problems in immersive free-hand interfaces for artists are devices and methods to reach the level of fine motor skills in the human artistic capacity. The artist needs more solutions to flexibly master how the hand traces are left in the graphics. Leaving traces in immersion should not be only an action of controlling the route, but controlling also a variable outlook of the becoming line. For instance, as stretching the mouth of a tube, wherefrom fresh clay comes out when drawing it thru the air. This involves innovations about both drawing device and the handling of graphical primitives. We present our idea of a low prize palm-attachable device ‘Näprä’, a natural 3d finger tip control for elastic drawing profiles, and ideas about shaping both triangle meshes and particle clouds with it.
Vision-Based Road Detection by Adaptive Region Segmentation and Edge Constraint

A novel vision-based road detection method was proposed in this paper to realize visual guiding navigation for ground mobile vehicles in outdoor environments. The road region was first segmented from the jumbled backgrounds by using an adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm named OTSU. Subsequently, the Canny edges extracted in grey images would be filtered in the road region so that the road boundary could be recognized accurately by reducing the unnecessary disturbances from the useless edge existed in background By combining the detection algorithm of both road region and road boundary, the road detection method proposed in this paper was robust against strong shadows, surface dilapidation and illumination variations. It has been tested on real ground mobile vehicle and performed well in real road environments.
Multiobjective Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with a Time-Varying Number of Tasks

In resource-constrained project scheduling (RCPS) problems, ongoing tasks are restricted to utilizing a fixed number of resources. This paper investigates a dynamic version of the RCPS problem where the number of tasks varies in time. Our previous work investigated a technique called mapping of task IDs for centroid-based approach with random immigrants (McBAR) that was used to solve the dynamic problem. However, the solution-searching ability of McBAR was investigated over only a few instances of the dynamic problem. As a consequence, only a small number of characteristics of McBAR, under the dynamics of the RCPS problem, were found. Further, only a few techniques were compared to McBAR with respect to its solution-searching ability for solving the dynamic problem. In this paper, (a) the significance of the subalgorithms of McBAR is investigated by comparing McBAR to several other techniques; and (b) the scope of investigation in the previous work is extended. In particular, McBAR is compared to a technique called, Estimation Distribution Algorithm (EDA). As with McBAR, EDA is applied to solve the dynamic problem, an application that is unique in the literature.
Establishing functional relationships in multiple response simulation: The multivariate general linear metamodel

The general linear metamodel has been found to be an effective tool in post-simulation analysis. This paper addresses the multiple response problem in simulation and proposes a multivariate general linear metamodel as an aid in understanding and interpreting simulation results. Such a metamodel was developed using multiple response data generated from an M/M/1 queueing system simulation. The results supported the author's contention as to the value and validity of this type of multivariate technique in simulation.
Gaussian mixture matrix factorization model for robust collaborative recommendation

Collaborative filtering has emerged as a promising recommendation technique for recommender systems. One of the widely-used techniques for collaborative filtering is matrix factorization. However, it has been noticed that the existing matrix factorization algorithms suffer from unsatisfactory robustness in the presence of rating noises. This paper ascribes the negative impact of rating noises to the assumption that ratings are generated from Gaussian distribution, thus proposes the Gaussian mixture matrix factorization(GMMF) model for robust collaborative recommendation through enhancing the Bayesian probabilistic matrix factorization model by using Gaussian mixture as rating distribution. Experimental results show that GMMF is more resistant to rating noises, and it can effectively improves the predictive accuracy.
Recent Studies on the Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity of Planar Cyclooctatetraene

Cyclooctatetraene (COT), the first 4nπ-electron system to be studied, adopts an inherently nonplanar tub-shaped geometry of D2d symmetry with alternating single and double bonds, and hence behaves as a nonaromatic polyene rather than an antiaromatic compound. Recently, however, considerable 8π-antiaromatic paratropicity has been shown to be generated in planar COT rings even with the bond alternated D4h structure. In this review, we highlight recent theoretical and experimental studies on the antiaromaticity of hypothetical and actual planar COT. In addition, theoretically predicted triplet aromaticity and stacked aromaticity of planar COT are also briefly described.
Proprietary Public Finance, Political Competition, and Reputation

Although tax policy in most historical cases has been barely distinguishable from legalized theft, why have tax and spending policies in a few unusually fortunate communities, such as some of the modern democracies, apparently been, if not welfare maximizing, at least relatively benevolent? We address this question within a general positive analysis of tax and spending policy that focuses on the effects of political competition and its interaction with other constraints on policy choices, especially the constraint that equilibrium policies must be time consistent. The framework for this analysis is a theory of a proprietary fiscal authority whose objective is to extract rents for the political establishment, the proprietor of sovereign power. The analysis shows that, if the political system is sufficiently stable, then a positive amount of political competition can induce the proprietary fiscal authority to behave more like a hypothetically benevolent fiscal authority. But, political competition can lower the equilibrium tax rate only until the time-consistency constraint becomes binding. Moreover, in a reputational equilibrium, the minimum time-consistent tax rate is lower the more concern that the policymaker has for future political rents. Accordingly, because this concern for the future increases with more political stability, the beneficial effect of political competition also increases with the stability of the political system.
Ataturk: Lessons in Leadership from the Greatest General of the Ottoman Empire

AUSTIN BAY, Ataturk: Lessons in Leadership from the Greatest General of the Ottoman Empire, Foreword by General Wesley K. Clark (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011), Pp. 202, $ 23.00, clothColonel Austin Bay, USAR (retired), a nationally known columnist and military historian, served in Iraq in 2004, has a PhD from Columbia University and is eminently qualified to write a military biography of Mustafa Kemal (later known as Ataturk). This book, with a forward by retired four-star general Wesley K. Clark, is a part of Palgrave Macmillan's The World Generals Series which includes such well-known commanders as Caesar, Giap and Rommel. Bay's purpose is to present Mustafa Kemal's command skills, tactical acumen, and wide range of military experiences to explain how these attributes contribute to a mastery of the profession and what Bay calls an "interconnectedness of politics. "There are a number of biographies in English about Ataturk, the most well- known of which include those by Lord Kinross (1971) and Andrew Mango (2002), but Colonel Bay's book is the first genuine attempt to write a military biography of the man. (This reviewer will refer to "Mustafa Kemal" simply because it was the man's name during the entirety of his military career). As such, Bay's work is a welcome addition to the field. Bay highlights the military traits of Mustafa Kemal which enabled him to rise in the Ottoman and nationalist armies to positions of high command. These qualities included a brilliant mind, personal courage in combat, and endless energy. However, what Bay also demonstrates is the sheer determination and persistence of a professional soldier who struggled over the course of his career against institutional incompetence and the political forces of a crumbling empire. It is important to note that for much of his career Kemal was not the "front runner in his year group" and was marginalized because of his strident views on strategy and politics. Moreover, Kemal had a prickly personality and was prone to criticize his superiors. In truth Kemal's contemporary, Enver Pasha, was always one step ahead of him in the ladder to high command. Bay does a superb job in outlining Kemal's periods in the wilderness, highlighting the idea that he was a professional, who worked tirelessly in every assignment regardless of how it affected his upward mobility. The book also illustrates the fact that Kemal served successfully in combat at every echelon of command from lieutenant to field marshal and in every type of combat operation, including conventional offensive and defensive operations as well as counterinsurgency, and even fighting as a guerrilla fighter himself. While many readers know that Kemal appeared, in Churchill's words, as "the man of destiny" at Gallipoli in 1915, playing a key role in the allied defeat, they might not know that Kemal fought in the mountains of Macedonia and Caucasia, in the deserts of Libya and Palestine and in the well- tended agricultural areas of western Anatolia. …
A Finiteness Theorem for Quaternionic-Kaehler Manifolds with Positive Scalar Curvature

We study the topology and geometry of those compact Riemannian (4n)-manifolds (M,g), n > 1, with positive scalar curvature and holonomy in Sp(n)Sp(1). Up to homothety, we show that there are only finitely many such manifolds of any dimension 4n.
Breast and Colorectal Carcinomas Cathepsin L 2 , a Novel Human Cysteine Proteinase Produced by Updated

We have identified and cloned a new member of the papain family of cysteine proteinases from a human brain eDNA library. The isolated cDNA codes for a polypeptide of 334 amino acids that exhibits all of the structural features characteristic of cysteine proteinases, including the active site cysteine residue essential for peptide hydrolysis. PairWise corn parisons of this amino acid sequence with the remaining human cysteine proteinases identified to date showed a high percentage of identity (78%) with cathepsin L; the percentage of identity with all other members of the family was much lower (<40%). On the basis of these structural charac teristics, we have tentatively called this novel protein cathepsin L2. The eDNA encoding the mature cathepsin L2 was expressed In Escherichia coli, and after purification, the recombinant protein was able to degrade the synthetic peptide benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-7amido-4-rnethylcoumarln, which is commonly used as a substrate for cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin L2 proteolytic activity on this substrate wasabolishedby trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane, an inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, thus providing additional evidence that the isolated eDNA encodes a functional cysteine proteinase. Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNAs isolated from a variety of human tissues demonstrated that cathepsin L2 is predominantly expressed in the thymus and testis. This finding is in marked contrast with the wide tissue distribution of most cysteine protelnases characterized to date, including cathepsin L, and suggests that cathepsin L2 may play a specialized role in the thymus and testis. Expression analysis of cathepsin L2 in human tumors revealed a widespread expression in colorectal and breast carci nomas but not in normal colon or mammary gland or in peritumoral tissues. Cathepsin L2 was also expressed by colorectal and breast cancer cell lines as well as by some tumors of diverse origin, including ovarian and renal carcinomas. These results open the possibility that this novel enzyme may be involved in tumor processes, as already reported for other cysteine proteinases, including cathepsin L.
Microphysical and Dynamical Characteristics of Low-Precipitation and Classic Supercells

AbstractThe sensitivity of supercell morphology to the vertical distribution of moisture is investigated in this study using a cloud-resolving model with 300-m horizontal grid spacing. Simulated storms are found to transition from classic (CL) to low-precipitation (LP) supercells when the strength of elevated dry layers in the environmental moisture profile is increased. Resulting differences in the microphysical and dynamical characteristics of the CL and LPs are analyzed.The LPs produce approximately half of the accumulated surface precipitation as the CL supercell. The precipitating area in the LPs is spatially smaller and overall less intense, especially in the rear-flank downdraft region. The LPs have smaller deviant rightward storm motion compared to the CL supercell, and updrafts are narrower and more tilted, in agreement with observations. Lower relative humidities within the dry layers enhance evaporation and erode the upshear cloud edge in the LPs. This combination favors a downshear distributio.
Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of diet

Introduction Nutrition can contribute to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The relevant studies often provide contradictory results. Aim To determine GERD risk factors associated with dietary habits. Material and methods A total of 513 subjects were included. The study group consisted of adults with a recent clinically confirmed diagnosis of GERD, and the control group were healthy adults. The research tool was a proprietary questionnaire. Risk factors were evaluated by logistic regression models. Results An association was found between the severity of typical GERD symptoms and a certain diet (p < 0.001). The symptoms were experienced more often after fatty, fried, sour, or spicy food and sweets. The univariate logistic regression analysis showed the following risk factors: eating 1–2 meals per day (OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 1.75–6.98), everyday consumption of peppermint tea (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.14–3.50), and eating one, big meal in the evening instead of dinner and supper (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.05–3.11). The multivariate analysis confirmed that frequent peppermint tea consumption was a risk factor (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.08–3.70). Conclusions Taking into consideration the results of this study, it seems that patients should be recommended to eat more than three meals a day and eat dinner and supper at appropriate times instead of one, big meal in the evening. The role of frequent peppermint tea consumption in GERD development requires further studies.
Impacto da ascensão chinesa sobre os países latino-americanos

The impact of China's rise on Latin-AAmerican countries. We review in this paper the expansion of economic relations between China and Latin America Countries (LAC) in the last decade. The large process of Chinese urbanization was the main driver for LAC commodity exports and China became the largest market for export and large supplier of manufactures for many LAC and its contribution for investment and credit has enlarged as well. In this process of restructuring of international division of labor we considered two different effects, a "demand effect" and a "structure effect" and investigated how complementarity and competitive pressures affected trade within region and in LAC according to their different patterns and productive structure.
Trois essais sur l'économie politique de la rente pétrolière dans les Etats africains

La vision du role des ressources naturelles dans le processus de developpement a change ces trente dernieres annees. La vision optimiste du depart est devenue plus nuancee, voire pessimiste. Cette these porte sur le role du petrole dans les performances politicoinstitutionnelles et economiques des pays d'Afrique, dont certains sont richement dotes. Elle s'articule autour de trois essais de nature empirique. Le chapitre 2 s'interesse a la duree des regimes politiques en Afrique et montre a partir d'un modele de duree que les revenus tires de l'exploitation petroliere y jouent un role important. Le chapitre 3 examine l'endettement eleve des pays producteurs de petrole. Un effet bonne garantie (collateral) du petrole est mis en evidence, celui-ci domine un effet instabilite. Le chapitre 4 integre, dans un modele d'equilibre general dynamique, l'hypothese de revenu permanent presentee dans la litterature comme la reponse a la gestion budgetaire des revenus petroliers. Il conclut qu'une bonne regle de gestion des revenus petroliers dans les pays africains devrait non seulement permettre de reduire l'impact de la volatilite des cours sur les finances publiques, mais aussi elle devrait permettre de repondre aux importants besoins des pays petroliers africains.
A Model for the Classification of Failures Presented in Cloud Computing in Accordance with the SLA

The authors of this article present a classification model for the most frequent failures encountered in Cloud Computing systems in accordance with the Service-Level Agreement (SLA). The dependability concepts associated with these systems are introduced and the means for reaching the desired dependability are put to discussion. The article goes on to give a brief description of Cloud Computing through contemplating the existing Cloud types along with service models, which are recognized by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The intention behind such is to aid the client at the moment of subscribing to a service provider contract. In this manner the classification model can be used by the client and will permit the establishment, between the respective parties, of guarantees referent to possible failures, which are known to occur during service delivery.
Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Hierarchical Job Scheduling on the Grids

Job scheduling is a fundamental issue in achieving high performance on the Grids. In this paper, a hierarchical job scheduling architecture has been proposed for the Grids. The stochastic high-level Petri net (SHLPN) model of the proposed architecture and the refined model are presented. The job scheduling algorithms for an incoming job to be distributed to a waiting queue of any processor in any node of the Grid architecture is integrated by the node-selection algorithm at the global scheduler, the job-dispatching algorithm at the local scheduler, and job-scheduling algorithm at the processor scheduler. The integrated job scheduling policy is investigated using SHLPN performance analysis methods. The performance metrics concerned include the delay time of jobs in the Grid node and the response time perceived by the users. The numerical example shows the efficiency of the performance evaluation technique.
Channel Conflict and Coordination in the E‐Commerce Age

A number of factors, including developments in Internet‐based commerce and third‐party logistics, have led many companies to consider engaging in direct sales. Such a company may at once be both a supplier to and a direct competitor of any existing reseller partners (e.g., land‐based retailers), which can result in “channel conflict. ” This can have momentous implications for distribution strategy. To generate managerial insights into this important issue, we develop a model that captures key attributes of such a setting, including various sources of inefficiency. We examine these in detail and identify a number of counterintuitive structural properties. For instance, the addition of a direct channel alongside a reseller channel is not necessarily detrimental to the reseller, given the associated adjustment in the manufacturer's pricing. In fact, both parties can benefit. Finally, we examine ways to adjust the manufacturer‐reseller relationship that have been observed in industry. These include changes in wholesale pricing, paying the reseller a commission for diverting customers toward the direct channel, or conceding the demand fulfillment function entirely to the reseller. The latter two schemes could be mutually beneficial in that they achieve a division of labor according to each channel's competitive advantage.