Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic reasoning in schizophrenia: A comparison of the performance of deluded and nondeluded schizophrenic patients and exploration of possible cognitive underpinnings

Introduction. A number of studies have suggested that deluded patients show a “jumping to conclusions” reasoning style on probabilistic reasoning tasks. In order to systematically explore the cognitive underpinnings of this task, we compared deluded and nondeluded patients on a number of experimental manipulations to investigate the role of memory and task pragmatics on performance. This research was collected as part of the first author's doctoral dissertation. A portion of these data were presented at the Schizophrenia Congress, March 2003, Colorado Springs, USA. The first author was supported by studentships from the Overseas Research Scholarship Scheme and the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust. No conflicts of interest exist that could affect the collection or interpretation of these data. The authors would like to thank Dr Mike Aitken for his input on statistical analysis, and Dr Todd Woodward and Dr Steffen Moritz for useful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Methods. In Study 1, the performance of deluded and nondeluded schizophrenia patient groups was compared to nonpsychiatric controls on a battery of probabilistic reasoning tests. In Study 2, two variants of the standard “beads in jars” task were compared in order to explore the possible role of working memory load on task performance. Results. In Study 1, there were no significant differences between any of the groups on any of the probabilistic reasoning tasks. In Study 2, we found a significant difference between the two schizophrenic groups and the controls, but no difference in performance between deluded and nondeluded patient groups. The deluded group responded fastest in the memory intensive condition. Conclusions. Deluded and nondeluded schizophrenic patients perform similarly on probabilistic reasoning tasks and only show the “jumping to conclusions” response pattern under some conditions but not under others. Memory demands may influence the appearance of this pattern of responding in schizophrenia.
How real is the portrayal of aggression in television entertainment programming

How realistic is the portrayal of aggressive behavior in entertainment programming on television? An answer to this question is operationalized in terms of (1) replicated reality and (2) contextualized reality. Replicated reality is assessed by comparing the characteristics of televised portrayals to real world characteristics, such as the demographics of the perpetrators and victims. The contextual reality is an inference built from the variables of intention, motivation, reward, consequences, humor, and realism of the portrayal. The data base for the analysis contains 3,844 acts of aggression found in a composite week of 100.5 hours of entertainment programming. The results present evidence for replicated reality on the patterns of seriousness of the aggression, as well as gender patterns of perpetrators and victims. However, portrayals of race and age were not found to be close to real world patterns of aggression. As for contextual reality, the findings did not support a morality play template. But in.
The Attitudes of Social Work Students and Practicing Psychiatric Social Workers Toward the Inclusion in the Community of People with Mental Illness

Abstract This study measured and compared the attitudes of social work students and practicing psychiatric social workers to the inclusion in the community of people with mental illness. The Community Living Attitude Scale Mental Illness (comprising the four subscales of Empowerment, Exclusion, Sheltering, and Similarity) was administered to a random sample of 68 Israeli BA social work students (first year: n = 35; third year: n = 33) and 28 practicing psychiatric social workers. Overall, the participants endorsed Empowerment and perceived the Similarity of persons with mental illness to themselves more than they agreed with the Exclusion attitude of segregating those persons from community life. First-year students rated Empowerment and Similarity significantly lower than did the third-year students and rated Sheltering significantly higher than did psychiatric social workers. Psychiatric social workers did not differ from third-year students and did not have stronger attitudinal commitment to the inclusion paradigm. They differed from first-year students only in the sheltering attitude; they showed lower support for sheltering people with mental illness.
Automated articulated structure and 3D shape recovery from point correspondences

In this paper we propose a new method for the simultaneous segmentation and 3D reconstruction of interest point based articulated motion. We decompose a set of point tracks into rigid-bodied overlapping regions which are associated with skeletal links, while joint centres can be derived from the regions of overlap. This allows us to formulate the problem of 3D reconstruction as one of model assignment, where each model corresponds to the motion and shape parameters of an articulated body part. We show how this labelling can be optimised using a combination of pre-existing graph-cut based inference, and robust structure from motion factorization techniques. The strength of our approach comes from viewing both the decomposition into parts, and the 3D reconstruction as the optimisation of a single cost function, namely the image re-projection error. We show results of full 3D shape recovery on challenging real-world sequences with one or more articulated bodies, in the presence of outliers and missing data.
Contemporary In-Hospital Management Strategies for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a common syndrome with diverse etiologies and precipitating factors, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Tremendous resources are used in treating this syndrome, with few prospectively designed clinical trials to guide therapy. Patients suffering from ADHF are at increased risk for readmission to the hospital as well as an increased risk of death. Prompt identification and management of these patients can lead to shorter length of hospital stay, lower likelihood of readmission, and, perhaps, lower mortality. Initial treatment should target the relief of congestive symptoms. Intravenous loop diuretics are the mainstay of therapy, whereas ultrafiltration has emerged as a viable option in patients refractory to conventional treatment with diuretics. The safety and efficacy of nesiritide have been clarified in a recent large randomized trial, reassuring a favorable safety profile, but with modest improvement in short-term clinical outcomes. Thus, the preferred intravenous vasoactive medication has yet to be determined in large clinical trials, and positive inotropic agents should be reserved for patients with hemodynamic collapse. This article reviews the in-hospital assessment and management of ADHF.
Fairness and social welfare in incentivizing participatory sensing

Participatory sensing has emerged recently as a promising approach to large-scale data collection. However, without incentives for users to regularly contribute good quality data, this method is unlikely to be viable in the long run. In this paper, we link incentive to users' demand for consuming compelling services, as an approach complementary to conventional credit or reputation based approaches. With this demand-based principle, we design two incentive schemes, Incentive with Demand Fairness (IDF) and Iterative Tank Filling (ITF), for maximizing fairness and social welfare, respectively. Our study shows that the IDF scheme is max-min fair and can score close to 1 on the Jain's fairness index, while the ITF scheme maximizes social welfare and achieves a unique Nash equilibrium which is also Pareto and globally optimal. We adopted a game theoretic approach to derive the optimal service demands. Furthermore, to address practical considerations, we use a stochastic programming technique to handle uncertainty that is often encountered in real life situations.
Gene Expression Patterns of Murine Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (Dmp1) and Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) Suggest Distinct Developmental Functions In Vivo

Although the precise mechanisms of the conversion of predentin to dentin are not well understood, several lines of evidence implicate the noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) as important regulators of dentin biomineralization. Here we compared the in vivo temporospatial expression patterns of two dentin NCP genes, dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in developing molars. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was performed on embryonic day 13 to 1‐day‐old first molars using Dmp1‐ and DSPP‐specific primer sets. Dmp1 transcripts appeared at the late bud stage, while DSPP mRNA was seen at the cap stage. Expression of both genes was sustained throughout odontogenesis. In situ hybridization analysis revealed interesting differences in the expression patterns of these genes. While Dmp1 and DSPP showed coexpression in young odontoblasts before the start of mineralization, the expression of these genes was notably distinct at later stages. Dmp1 expression decreased in secretory odontoblasts after the appearance of mineral, while high levels of DSPP were sustained in odontoblasts. In early secretory ameloblasts, DSPP expression was transient and down‐regulated with the appearance of dentin matrix. Interestingly, Dmp1 expression became evident in ameloblasts during the maturative phase of amelogenesis. In contrast to Dspp expression that was tooth‐specific, Dmp1 was expressed by osteoblasts throughout ossification in the skeleton. Probes directed to the “DSP” and “DPP” regions of the DSPP gene showed identical patterns of mRNA expression. These data show that the developmental expression patterns of Dmp1 and DSPP are distinct, implying that these molecules serve different biological functions in vivo.
Towards Finding the Best Characteristics of Some Bit-oriented Block Ciphers and Automatic Enumeration of ( Related-key ) Differential and Linear Characteristics with Predefined Properties

In this paper, we investigate the Mixed-integer Linear Programming (MILP) modelling of the differential and linear behavior of a wide range of block ciphers. We point out that the differential behavior of an arbitrary S-box can be exactly described by a small system of linear inequalities. Based on this observation and MILP technique, we propose an automatic method for finding high probability (related-key) differential or linear characteristics of block ciphers. Compared with Sun et al.’s heuristic method presented in Asiacrypt 2014, the new method is exact for most ciphers in the sense that every feasible 0-1 solution of the MILP model generated by the new method corresponds to a valid characteristic, and therefore there is no need to repeatedly add valid cutting-off inequalities into the MILP model as is done in Sun et al.’s method; the new method is more powerful which allows us to get the exact lower bounds of the number of differentially or linearly active S-boxes; and the new method is more efficient which allows to obtain characteristic with higher probability or covering more rounds of a cipher (sometimes with less computational effort). Further, by encoding the probability information of the differentials of an S-boxes into its differential patterns, we present a novel MILP modelling technique which can be used to search for the characteristics with the maximal probability, rather than the characteristics with the smallest number of active S-boxes. With this technique, we are able to get tighter security bounds and find better characteristics. Moreover, by employing a type of specially constructed linear inequalities which can remove exactly one feasible 0-1 solution from the feasible region of an MILP problem, we propose a method for automatic enumeration of all (related-key) differential or linear characteristics with some predefined properties, e.g., characteristics with given input or/and output difference/mask, or with a limited number of active S-boxes. Such a method is very useful in the automatic (related-key) differential analysis, truncated (related-key) differential analysis, linear hull analysis, and the automatic construction of (related-key) boomerang/rectangle distinguishers. The methods presented in this paper are very simple and straightforward, based on which we implement a Python framework for automatic cryptanalysis, and extensive experiments are performed using this framework. To demonstrate the usefulness of these methods, we apply them to SIMON, PRESENT, Serpent, LBlock, DESL, and we obtain some improved cryptanalytic results.
Genome Evolution of Wolbachia Strain wPip from the Culex pipiens Group

The obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis strain wPip induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), patterns of crossing sterility, in the Culex pipiens group of mosquitoes. The complete sequence is presented of the 1.48-Mbp genome of wPip which encodes 1386 coding sequences (CDSs), representing the first genome sequence of a B-supergroup Wolbachia. Comparisons were made with the smaller genomes of Wolbachia strains wMel of Drosophila melanogaster, an A-supergroup Wolbachia that is also a CI inducer, and wBm, a mutualist of Brugia malayi nematodes that belongs to the D-supergroup of Wolbachia. Despite extensive gene order rearrangement, a core set of Wolbachia genes shared between the 3 genomes can be identified and contrasts with a flexible gene pool where rapid evolution has taken place. There are much more extensive prophage and ankyrin repeat encoding (ANK) gene components of the wPip genome compared with wMel and wBm, and both are likely to be of considerable importance in wPip biology. Five WO-B–like prophage regions are present and contain some genes that are identical or highly similar in multiple prophage copies, whereas other genes are unique, and it is likely that extensive recombination, duplication, and insertion have occurred between copies. A much larger number of genes encode ankyrin repeat (ANK) proteins in wPip, with 60 present compared with 23 in wMel, many of which are within or close to the prophage regions. It is likely that this pattern is partly a result of expansions in the wPip lineage, due for example to gene duplication, but their presence is in some cases more ancient. The wPip genome underlines the considerable evolutionary flexibility of Wolbachia, providing clear evidence for the rapid evolution of ANK-encoding genes and of prophage regions. This host–Wolbachia system, with its complex patterns of sterility induced between populations, now provides an excellent model for unraveling the molecular systems underlying host reproductive manipulation.
DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN EPISODIC MEMORY 2

The aim of this study was to examine action memory as a form of episodic memory among school-aged subjects. Most research on action memory has focused on memory changes in adult populations. This study explored the action memory of children over time. A total of 410 schoolaged child participants, comprising 201 girls and 208 boys in four age groups (8, 10, 12, and 14), were included in this study. We studied two forms of action encoding, subject-performed tasks (SPTs) and experimenter-performed tasks (EPTs), which were compared with one verbal encoding task (VT) as a control condition. At retrieval, we used three memory tests (free recall, cued recall, and recognition). We observed significant differences in memory performance in children aged 8 to 14 years with respect to free recall and cued recall but not recognition. The largest memory enhancement was observed for the SPTs in the 8to 14-year-old participants under all test conditions. Participants performed equally well on the free recall of SPTs and EPTs, whereas they displayed better performances on the cued recall and recognition of SPTs compared to EPTs. The strategic nature of SPTs and the distinction between item-specific information and relational information are discussed.
A Ka Band 2-bit Dual-Linear Polarized Reconfigurable antenna

This paper presents a dual-linear polarization 2-bit antenna operating in the Ka-band. The antenna consists of a radiating patch loaded with four diodes and a 90° reflective phase shifter loaded with two diodes. By controlling the conduction and cutoff states of the diodes on the radiating patch, the polarization radiation mode of the antenna can be switched. Similarly, by controlling the conduction and cutoff states of the diodes on the phase shifter, the phase of the antenna can be changed. Simulation results demonstrate that the unit has a working bandwidth of 27 GHz to 28 GHz, with a gain greater than 4 dBi at the center frequency of 27.5 GHz and a cross-polarization ratio exceeding 30 dB. All states operate properly.
Association of Subjective Ratings to Objectively Assessed Physical Activity in Pubertal Boys with Differing BMI

The associations between subjective ratings and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were examined in normal, and overweight and obese, pubertal boys and compared with their parents' reports. In total, 224 boys (M age = 12.2 yr.) completed the self-report questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. Questionnaire-based indexes of physical activity (PA) were weakly associated with the accelerometer PA data. Correlations between subjective and objective assessments were significantly higher in overweight and obese groups. Parent reports predicted sedentary time better than boys' self-reports but no difference was found for MVPA. Future studies must consider that the source of rating, season, and weight status may be possible sources of confounding when using subjective assessments of PA.
Mice Lacking M2 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Devoid of Cholinergic Smooth Muscle Contractions But Still Viable

Cholinergic agents elicit prominent smooth muscle contractions via stimulation of muscarinic receptors that comprise five distinct subtypes (M1–M5). Although such contractions are important for autonomic organs, the role of each subtype has not been characterized precisely because of the poor selectivity of the currently available muscarinic ligands. Here, we generated a mutant mouse line (M2−/−M3−/− mice) lacking M2 and M3 receptors that are implicated in such cholinergic contractions. The relative contributions of M2 and M3 receptors in vitrowas ∼5 and 95% for the detrusor muscle contraction and ∼25 and 75% for the ileal longitudinal muscle contraction, respectively. Thus, M1, M4, or M5receptors do not seem to play a role in such contractions. Despite the complete lack of cholinergic contractions in vitro, M2−/−M3−/− mice were viable, fertile, and free of apparent intestinal complications. The urinary bladder was distended only in males, which excludes a major contribution by cholinergic mechanisms to the urination in females. Thus, cholinergic mechanisms are dispensable in gastrointestinal motility and female urination. After 10 Hz electrical field stimulation, noncholinergic inputs were found to be increased in the ileum of M2−/−M3−/− females, which may account for the lack of apparent functional deficits. Interestingly, the M2−/−M3−/− mice had smaller ocular pupils than M3-deficient mice. The results suggest a novel role of M2 in the pupillary dilation, contrary to the well known cholinergic constriction. These results collectively suggest that an additional mechanism operates in the control of pupillary constriction–dilatation.
State-Level Lifetime Medical and Work-Loss Costs of Fatal Injuries — United States, 2014

Injury-associated deaths have substantial economic consequences in the United States. The total estimated lifetime medical and work-loss costs associated with fatal injuries in 2013 were $214 billion (1). In 2014, unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide (the fourth, tenth, and seventeenth leading causes of death, respectively) accounted for 194,635 deaths in the United States (2). In 2014, a total of 199,756 fatal injuries occurred in the United States, and the associated lifetime medical and work-loss costs were $227 billion (3). This report examines the state-level economic burdens of fatal injuries by extending a previous national-level study (1). Numbers and rates of fatal injuries, lifetime costs, and lifetime costs per capita were calculated for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) and for four injury intent categories (all intents, unintentional, suicide, and homicide). During 2014, injury mortality rates and economic burdens varied widely among the states and DC. Among fatal injuries of all intents, the mortality rate and lifetime costs per capita ranged from 101.9 per 100,000 and $1,233, respectively (New Mexico) to 40.2 per 100,000 and $491 (New York). States can engage more effectively and efficiently in injury prevention if they are aware of the economic burden of injuries, identify areas for immediate improvement, and devote necessary resources to those areas.
The Timing of a First Birth and High School Completion

The relationship between the timing of a 1st birth and high school completion among women is examined using data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Employing event-history techniques we find that a 1st birth influences eventual high school graduation but not in the way previous studies have suggested. Using a modified status attainment model incorporating a life-course perspective we find that having a baby does not predict dropping out of a high school. Women who have a baby while still enrolled in school and remain in school are just as likely to graduate as women who do not. Among high school dropouts however a birth reduces the chances of eventual graduation. Whites were more likely to graduate as their 1st event followed by Blacks and Hispanics. Black women were more likely to have a baby while enrolled in school than either Hispanics or Whites. Among dropouts all groups are more likely to have a baby than to graduate. For those who had a baby and dropped out the order of the events made no difference on the graduation probability. The timing of a birth in schooling also had little impact on the probability of eventual graduation. Institutional and societal changes may have weakened or changed the relationship between adolescent childbearing and school-leaving in recent years.
Graph Coloring Algorithms

A coloring of a graph is an assignment of labels to certain elements of a graph. More commonly, elements are either vertices (vertex coloring), edges (edge coloring), or both edges and vertices (total colorings). The most common form asks to color the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices share the same “color” (label). This is called a proper vertex coloring. For a graph G, the minimum number of colors such that G has a proper vertex coloring is denoted χ(G), the chromatic number of G. For example, for any path Pn on n vertices, χ(Pn) = 2. Observe that this bound also applies to any bipartite graph: we can assign color 1 to vertices of the first partition, and color 2 to vertices of the second, there will be no two adjacent vertices that share the same color since vertices of the same class are never adjacent to each other by definition of a bipartite graph. The lower bound on χ is obviously the clique number ω, but what about an upper bound? One would think about |V |, but other than the complete graph, this bound is never tight. With further thought, we can see that χ(G) ≤ ∆(G) + 1 (the proof is left to the reader). A result by Brooks states the following: