Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuro-fuzzy methods for slug detection and control in multi- phase flow based on differential pressure and electrical capacitance tomometry (ECTm)

Avoidance of slug flow is of paramount importance in processes involving multi-phase flow. As one of many safety measures, modelling based prediction of flow regime and identifying inflow conditions favourable for slug flow is done in the chemical, process industries, and refineries and in the exploration for and production of oil and gas. These efforts are all meant to develop methods to deter any catastrophic run-away phenomena in these diverse processes. Multitude of parameters associated with the multi-phase flow can affect the results from such simulations. However, these algorithms are still not robust enough to tackle real time control of these processes. The end-user needs a timely indication of some critical parameters so as to control or shut down a process to avoid process calamities. This paper focuses on data fusion of sensor data from an array of capacitance transducers arranged on the surface of the pipe with multi-phase flow along with differential pressure (DP) sensors. The capacitance-based measurements are from a electrical capacitance tomometric module. By studying the time series of the capacitance values logged in continuously from this array of capacitive sensors and DP, slugs can be identified and their parameters quantified. Neural network using self-organising maps (SOM) is used to classify the slugs in a rapid manner giving a good overview of the slugs and their parameters. Important parameters such as slug size, frequency and velocity can be estimated using neuro-fuzzy techniques thus facilitating a model free approach (MFA) for the control of the complex process of multiphase flow.
Thrombocytopenia in patients in the medical intensive care unit: Bleeding prevalence, transfusion requirements, and outcome*

ObjectiveTo determine prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of thrombocytopenia in medical intensive care patients. DesignProspective observational study. SettingThe 12-bed medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. PatientsAll consecutively admitted patients with normal platelet count at admission and an intensive care unit stay of >48 hrs during a 13-month period (n = 145). Measurements and Main ResultsThe prevalence of intensive care unit-acquired thrombocytopenia (platelet count, <150.0/nL) was 64 of 145 patients (44%). Intensive care unit mortality was 31% in thrombocytopenic patients and 16% in nonthrombocytopenic patients (p = .03). Mortality was higher in patients with a nadir platelet count of <100.0/nL (p < .001) and in patients with a drop in platelet count of ≥30% (p < .001). In nonsurvivors, the decrease in platelet count was greater (p < .001), the nadir platelet count lower (p < .001), and the duration of thrombocytopenia longer (p = .008) than in survivors. A logistic regression analysis identified septic shock (odds ratio [OR], 3.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40–9.52), a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score at admission (OR, 1.06 for 1 point; 95% CI, 1.01–1.12), and a drop in platelet count exceeding 30% (OR, 3.73; 95% CI, 1.24–11.21), but not thrombocytopenia, as independent risk factors for intensive care unit death. Correction of thrombocytopenia was associated with reduced mortality (OR, 0.002; 95% CI, 0–0.08). Major bleeding prevalence and transfusion requirements were significantly higher with thrombocytopenia. Nadir platelet count was the only independent risk factor for bleeding (OR, 4.1 for every 100.0/nL; 95% CI, 1.9–8.8). Independently associated with thrombocytopenia were disseminated intravascular coagulation (OR, 14.94; 95% CI, 3.92–57.00), cardiopulmonary resuscitation as an admission category (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.42–18.85), and a higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (OR, 1.20 for a 1 point change; 95% CI, 1.02–1.40). ConclusionsThrombocytopenia is common in medical intensive care unit patients. Thrombocytopenic patients have a higher prevalence of bleeding and greater transfusion requirements. A drop in platelet counts of ≥30%, but not thrombocytopenia per se, is independently associated with intensive care unit death. Serial measurements of platelet counts are important and readily available markers for monitoring the patient’s condition. Any drop in platelet count requires urgent clarification. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, signs of organ failure at admission, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation are predictors of intensive care unit-acquired thrombocytopenia.
Modeling prosodic sequences with k-means and dirichlet process GMMs

In this paper we describe two unsupervised representations of prosodic sequences based on k-means and Dirichlet Process Gaussian Mixture Model (DPGMM) clustering. The clustering algorithms are used to infer an inventory of prosodic categories over automatically segmented syllables. A tri-gram model is trained over these sequences to characterize speech. We find that DPGMM clusters show a greater correspondence with manual ToBI labels than k-means clusters. However, sequence models trained on k-means clusters significantly outperform DPGMM sequences in classifying speaking style, nativeness and speakers. We also investigate the use of these sequence models in the detection of outliers regarding these three tasks. Non-parametric Bayesian techniques have the advantage of being able to learn a clustering solution and infer the number of clusters directly from data. While it is attractive to avoid specifying k before clustering, on the tasks of characterizing prosodic sequences we find that effective use of DPGMMs still requires a significant amount of parameter tuning, and performance fails to reach the level of k-means.
Large-scale brain network coupling predicts acute nicotine abstinence effects on craving and cognitive function.

IMPORTANCE Interactions of large-scale brain networks may underlie cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric and addictive disorders. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that the strength of coupling among 3 large-scale brain networks--salience, executive control, and default mode--will reflect the state of nicotine withdrawal (vs smoking satiety) and will predict abstinence-induced craving and cognitive deficits and to develop a resource allocation index (RAI) that reflects the combined strength of interactions among the 3 large-scale networks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A within-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging study in an academic medical center compared resting-state functional connectivity coherence strength after 24 hours of abstinence and after smoking satiety. We examined the relationship of abstinence-induced changes in the RAI with alterations in subjective, behavioral, and neural functions. We included 37 healthy smoking volunteers, aged 19 to 61 years, for analyses. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four hours of abstinence vs smoking satiety. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Inter-network connectivity strength (primary) and the relationship with subjective, behavioral, and neural measures of nicotine withdrawal during abstinence vs smoking satiety states (secondary). RESULTS The RAI was significantly lower in the abstinent compared with the smoking satiety states (left RAI, P = .002; right RAI, P = .04), suggesting weaker inhibition between the default mode and salience networks. Weaker inter-network connectivity (reduced RAI) predicted abstinence-induced cravings to smoke (r = -0.59; P = .007) and less suppression of default mode activity during performance of a subsequent working memory task (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, r = -0.66, P = .003; posterior cingulate cortex, r = -0.65, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Alterations in coupling of the salience and default mode networks and the inability to disengage from the default mode network may be critical in cognitive/affective alterations that underlie nicotine dependence.
Is Probabilistic Evidence a Source of Knowledge?

We report a series of experiments examining whether people ascribe knowledge for true beliefs based on probabilistic evidence. Participants were less likely to ascribe knowledge for beliefs based on probabilistic evidence than for beliefs based on perceptual evidence (Experiments 1 and 2A) or testimony providing causal information (Experiment 2B). Denial of knowledge for beliefs based on probabilistic evidence did not arise because participants viewed such beliefs as unjustified, nor because such beliefs leave open the possibility of error. These findings rule out traditional philosophical accounts for why probabilistic evidence does not produce knowledge. The experiments instead suggest that people deny knowledge because they distrust drawing conclusions about an individual based on reasoning about the population to which it belongs, a tendency previously identified by "judgment and decision making" researchers. Consistent with this, participants were more willing to ascribe knowledge for beliefs based on probabilistic evidence that is specific to a particular case (Experiments 3A and 3B).
Graphs and Matroids Weighted in a Bounded Incline Algebra

Firstly, for a graph weighted in a bounded incline algebra (or called a dioid), a longest path problem (LPP, for short) is presented, which can be considered the uniform approach to the famous shortest path problem, the widest path problem, and the most reliable path problem. The solutions for LPP and related algorithms are given. Secondly, for a matroid weighted in a linear matroid, the maximum independent set problem is studied.
Dissociative Disorders: Between Neurosis and Psychosis

Dissociative disorders are a set of disorders defined by a disturbance affecting functions that are normally integrated with a prevalence of 2.4 percent in industrialised countries. These disorders are often poorly diagnosed or misdiagnosed because of sharing common clinical features with psychotic disorders, but requiring a very different trajectory of care. Repeated clinical situations in a crisis centre in Geneva provided us with a critical overview of current evidence of knowledge in clinical and etiopathological field about dissociative disorders. Because of their multiple expressions and the overlap with psychotic disorders, we focused on the clinical aspects using three different situations to better understand their specificity and to extend our thinking to the relevance of terms “neurosis” and “psychosis. ” Finally, we hope that this work might help physicians and psychiatrists to become more aware of this complex set of disorders while making a diagnosis.
Experience With Opportunistic Salpingectomy in a Large, Community-Based Health System in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trend in uptake of salpingectomy at the time of hysterectomy and assess physicians' attitudes toward the practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical record to identify women 18 years of age or older undergoing hysterectomy from June 2011 to May 2014 in a large integrated health care delivery system. The primary outcome was the change in rate of opportunistic salpingectomy over time and after a systemwide practice recommendation was issued in May 2013. Secondary outcomes included data on blood loss, operating time, and length of stay. RESULTS: Of the 12,143 hysterectomies performed over the 3-year study period, 7,498 were performed without oophorectomy. There was a statistically significant rise in rate of salpingectomy over time from 14.7% for June 2011 to May 2012 to 44.6% from June 2012 to May 2013 and to 72.7% from June 2013 to May 2014 (P<.001). Sixty-one percent of laparoscopic hysterectomies were performed with salpingectomy, whereas only 25% of abdominal and 17% of vaginal hysterectomies had salpingectomies. Median estimated blood loss was lower in the salpingectomy group, 100 compared with 150 mL (P<.01). There was a significantly shorter median operating time (147 compared with 154 minutes, P=.002) for laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy alone. CONCLUSION: Rates of salpingectomy increased significantly over time, consistent with the high reported acceptance rate reported by health care providers and highlighting the importance of physician education to improve compliance with risk-reducing clinical strategies.
Supervised Neighborhood Topology Learning for Human Action Recognition

Supervised manifold learning has been successfully applied to human action recognition. With the class label information, the recognition performance can be improved. However, the learned manifold may not be able to well preserve the local structure which reflects temporal information of an action. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a new supervised manifold learning algorithm namely supervised neighborhood topology learning (SNTL) for human action recognition. SNTL is based on the framework of locality preserving projection (LPP). Different from LPP, SNTL constructs the adjacency graph with a topology defined in a supervised manner, which not only separates data points from different actions but also preserves the local structure of data points from the same action. With the advantage of locality preserving property in the framework of LPP, SNTL provides good discriminant ability and preserves temporal information of each action contained in local structure. Weizmann human action database is used for evaluation. Experimental results show that the method achieves 95.56% recognition accuracy.
On the path-loss attenuation regime for positive cost and linear scaling of transport capacity in wireless networks

Wireless networks with a minimum inter-node separation distance are studied where the signal attenuation grows in magnitude as 1/ρ/sup δ/ with distance ρ. Two performance measures of wireless networks are analyzed. The transport capacity is the supremum of the total distance-rate products that can be supported by the network. The energy cost of information transport is the infimum of the ratio of the transmission energies used by all the nodes to the number of bit-meters of information thereby transported. If the phases of the attenuations between node pairs are uniformly and independently distributed, it is shown that the expected transport capacity is upper-bounded by a multiple of the total of the transmission powers of all the nodes, whenever δ>2 for two-dimensional networks or δ>5/4 for one-dimensional networks, even if all the nodes have full knowledge of all the phases, i.e., full channel state information. If all nodes have an individual power constraint, the expected transport capacity grows at most linearly in the number of nodes due to the linear growth of the total power. This establishes the best case order of expected transport capacity for these ranges of path-loss exponents since linear scaling is also feasible. If the phases of the attenuations are arbitrary, it is shown that the transport capacity is upper-bounded by a multiple of the total transmission power whenever δ>5/2 for two-dimensional networks or δ>3/2 for one-dimensional networks, even if all the nodes have full channel state information. This shows that there is indeed a positive energy cost which is no less than the reciprocal of the above multiplicative constant. It narrows the transition regime where the behavior is still open, since it is known that when δ<3/2 for two-dimensional networks, or δ<1 for one-dimensional networks, the transport capacity cannot generally be bounded by any multiple of the
Nature Salience Increases Judgments of Environmental Satisfaction

Abstract Two studies tested whether nature (vs. built) photographs could increase participants' judgments of environmental satisfaction and perceived quality of life. In Study 1 (N=122), participants assigned to view local nature photographs were more satisfied with the conditions of their local environment, compared to those who viewed local built photographs. In Study 2 (N=218), we replicated the satisfaction difference, and we explored potential reasons for this relationship. Specifically, we found that ratings of the photos' pleasantness (how interesting/relaxing/attractive the photo was) and the quality of life represented by the photo, but not familiarity, mediated the relationship between photo condition and satisfaction. Across studies, mood and nature connectedness did not differ between conditions. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of natural spaces for perceived local environmental satisfaction. Key Words: Nature—Environmental satisfaction—Mood—Quality of life—Nature connectedness.
Crystal Structure of HIV-1 gp41 Including Both Fusion Peptide and Membrane Proximal External Regions

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) composed of the receptor binding domain gp120 and the fusion protein subunit gp41 catalyzes virus entry and is a major target for therapeutic intervention and for neutralizing antibodies. Env interactions with cellular receptors trigger refolding of gp41, which induces close apposition of viral and cellular membranes leading to membrane fusion. The energy released during refolding is used to overcome the kinetic barrier and drives the fusion reaction. Here, we report the crystal structure at 2 Å resolution of the complete extracellular domain of gp41 lacking the fusion peptide and the cystein-linked loop. Both the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) form helical extensions from the gp41 six-helical bundle core structure. The lack of regular coiled-coil interactions within FPPR and MPER splay this end of the structure apart while positioning the fusion peptide towards the outside of the six-helical bundle and exposing conserved hydrophobic MPER residues. Unexpectedly, the section of the MPER, which is juxtaposed to the transmembrane region (TMR), bends in a 90°-angle sideward positioning three aromatic side chains per monomer for membrane insertion. We calculate that this structural motif might facilitate the generation of membrane curvature on the viral membrane. The presence of FPPR and MPER increases the melting temperature of gp41 significantly in comparison to the core structure of gp41. Thus, our data indicate that the ordered assembly of FPPR and MPER beyond the core contributes energy to the membrane fusion reaction. Furthermore, we provide the first structural evidence that part of MPER will be membrane inserted within trimeric gp41. We propose that this framework has important implications for membrane bending on the viral membrane, which is required for fusion and could provide a platform for epitope and lipid bilayer recognition for broadly neutralizing gp41 antibodies.
Construction of signaling pathways from PPI and RNAi data using Linear Programming

For the reconstruction of signaling pathways from RNAi data, an integer linear optimization model is proposed. The aim is to reconstruct the signaling network from the given protein protein interaction (PPI) network satisfying RNAi data by making minimum changes on the given network. For evaluation, 1000 reference PPI networks each with seven, eight, or nine proteins, and RNAi data for each of the regular proteins in the network were generated randomly. The solution was examined to have a general overview about reconstruction of signaling networks from RNAi data by using the proposed method.
Migraine aura: new information on underlying mechanisms

Purpose of reviewSince the initial description of cortical spreading depression by Leao, evidence that cortical spreading depression is the underlying pathomechanism of migraine aura has increased. The purpose of this review is to describe the ultimate genetic and molecular mechanisms of migraine aura. Recent findingsIt has been debated how a primarily cortical phenomenon (aura phase) may activate trigeminal fibres (headache phase). Recent data have demonstrated a link between cortical events and activation of the pain-sensitive structures of the dura mater. The initial cortical hyperperfusion in cortical spreading depression is partly mediated by the release of trigeminal and parasympathetic neurotransmitters from perivascular nerve fibres, whereas delayed meningeal blood flow increase is mediated by a trigeminal-parasympathetic brainstem connection. With regard to molecular mechanisms, cortical spreading depression upregulates a variety of genes coding for COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β, galanin or metalloproteinases. The activation of metalloproteinases leads to leakage of the blood-brain barrier, allowing potassium, nitric oxide, adenosine and other products released by cortical spreading depression to reach and sensitize the dural perivascular trigeminal afferents. In familial hemiplegic migraine, new mutations have been described in chromosome 1q23, leading to a haploinsufficiency of the sodium/potassium pump, producing an increase in intracellular calcium, similar to the CACNA1A mutation. SummaryRecent studies have helped unravel the basic mechanisms involved in migraine aura. Far from being a simple phenomenon, a sequence of events leads from the cortex to the activation of pain-sensitive structures. The role of the brainstem is still poorly described. The identification of target molecules may provide new therapies.
New criteria for improved diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome: results of a population survey

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterised by rod-cone dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, central obesity, mental retardation, hypogonadism, and renal dysfunction. BBS expression varies both within and between families and diagnosis is often difficult. We sought to define the condition more clearly by studying 109 BBS patients and their families, the largest population surveyed to date. The average age at diagnosis was 9 years, which is late for such a debilitating condition, but the slow development of the clinical features of BBS probably accounts for this. Postaxial polydactyly had been present in 69% of patients at birth, but obesity had only begun to develop at around 2-3 years, and retinal degeneration had not become apparent until a mean age of 8.5 years. Our study identified some novel clinical features, including neurological, speech, and language deficits, behavioural traits, facial dysmorphism, and dental anomalies. In the light of these features we propose a revision of the diagnostic criteria, which may facilitate earlier diagnosis of this disorder. We present evidence for an overlapping phenotype with the Laurence-Moon syndrome and propose a unifying, descriptive label be adopted (polydactyly-obesity-kidney-eye syndrome). We report an increased prevalence of renal malformations and renal cell carcinoma in the unaffected relatives of BBS patients and suggest that these may be a consequence of heterozygosity for BBS genes. Our findings have important implications for the care of BBS patients and their unaffected relatives.
Effects of Dust Growth and Settling in T Tauri Disks

We present self-consistent disk models of T Tauri stars that include a parameterized treatment of dust settling and grain growth, building on techniques developed in a series of papers by D'Alessio et al. The models incorporate depleted distributions of dust in upper disk layers along with larger sized particles near the disk midplane, which are expected theoretically and, as we suggested earlier, are necessary to account for millimeter-wave emission, SEDs, scattered light images, and silicate emission features simultaneously. By comparing the models with recent mid- and near-IR observations, we find that the dust-to-gas mass ratio of small grains at the upper layers should be <10% of the standard value. The grains that have disappeared from the upper layers increase the dust-to-gas mass ratio of the disk interior; if those grains grow to maximum sizes of the order of millimeters during the settling process, then both the millimeter-wave fluxes and spectral slopes can be consistently explained. Depletion and growth of grains can also enhance the ionization of upper layers, increasing the possibility of the magnetorotational instability for driving disk accretion.