Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interionic potentials in alkali halides and their use in simulations of the molten salts

Abstract After an outline of work on rare-gas systems, which serves as a target for parallel work on alkali halides, and an initial brief survey of those parts of this parallel work for which results have been obtained, interionic potential models for alkali halides are considered in some detail. The rigid ion potentials of Fumi and Tosi are discussed and then a major part of the section is devoted to deriving a new set of polarizable ion potentials, which incorporate the ideas behind the lattice dynamical shell model. Extensions which include many-body terms in the potentials are considered briefly and finally the information which can be obtained from alkali halide diatomic molecules is discussed. In the third section methods of computer simulation for ionic liquids are outlined, concentrating on the molecular dynamics method, and some of the properties which can be obtained by analysing the ion trajectories are listed. Results from simulations, including some new work on LiF, NaCl and RbI, are reviewed.
Introducing an online training course in Campbell systematic review methods

In April 2020, members of the Campbell Collaboration Methods Group and Campbell leadership met to discuss options for creating flexible training opportunities for Campbell reviewers. It was not a coincidence that this meeting occurred at the beginning of the Covid‐19 pandemic. But in truth, conversations about how Campbell might increase the effectiveness and reach of Campbell training started at least a decade earlier. Training in systematic review methods has always been important to Campbell—we have a Methods sub‐group that is focused on training, and training opportunities have been part of every Campbell annual meeting. In addition, Campbell typically offers one or two standalone workshops sessions a year to outside groups seeking training in systematic review methods. We have never had a good way of evaluating the effectiveness of these one‐off training experiences, and in addition, we worried about the cost and access issues associated with in‐person training. Further, we could not help but notice that when Campbell training sessions are accessible to a broad audience, they tend to be very popular. As an example of this latter point, David Wilson's presentation on effect sizes and basic issues in meta‐analysis, which was part of a training workshop at the Campbell Colloquium in 2011, has been viewed over 49,000 times (Wilson, 2011) as of December 2022. As we investigated options for addressing questions regarding training effectiveness, resource efficiency, and access equity, we searched for platforms that would allow us to host training materials in an online environment, that could be accessed at little or no cost to users, and that have tools for assessing learning. Ultimately, we chose to work with the Open Learning Initiative (OLI) at Carnegie Mellon University (https://oli.cmu.edu/). Over the course of the next 30 months, a team of seven individuals with expertise in systematic reviews and meta‐analysis, led by Jeff Valentine, Julia Littell, and Sarah Young, plus Greg Bunyea, a learning engineer from OLI, devoted thousands of hours to create a course titled: Systematic reviews and meta‐analysis: A Campbell Collaboration online course (Valentine et al., 2022). We were ably assisted in this work by Mark Englebert, Jennifer Hanratty, Terri Pigott, and Zahra Premji. The remainder of this essay is devoted to describing the scope of the course, its primary audience, its organization, and the principles we adopted during development.
A Characteristic Study of Micromirror with Sidewall Electrodes

A study of the characteristics of a micromirror with sidewall electrodes is presented. The static and dynamic performance of a micromirror with the addition of sidewall electrodes is improved over that of a micromirror with only bottom electrodes. The linear voltage-to-angle property is still maintained under differential drive method and the drive voltage to achieve the same angular displacement is greatly reduced. The pull-in voltage is not changed significantly. In addition, our model demonstrates that undesired spring-softening effect that is commonly found in electrostatic actuation is significantly reduced. Analyses are based on both analytical model and FEM simulation.
Energy dependence of ion-assisted chemical etch rates in reactive plasmas

In a highly cited paper, Steinbruchel [C. Steinbruchel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1960 (1989)] has demonstrated that in the sub-keV region the etch yield scales like the square root of the ion energy. Based on this result, many authors have subsequently applied this specific energy dependence to ion-assisted chemical etch rates of various materials in different etch tools. In this work, it is demonstrated that in contrast to the etch yield, the etch rate cannot universally be modeled by a simple square-root energy dependence. A novel model accounting for the correct energy dependence of ion-assisted chemical etch rates is therefore proposed. Application of this model to the etching of SiO2 and ZnO in halogenated plasma chemistries provides a quantitative description of the simultaneous dependence of the etch rate on ion energy and on ion and reactive neutral fluxes.
Influence of deposition on the reactive sputter behaviour during rotating cylindrical magnetron sputtering

A key feature of a rotating cylindrical magnetron is the changing race track position due to target rotation. To study the reactive magnetron sputtering of aluminium for this magnetron type, so-called sputter cleaning experiments were designed. In these experiments, the target was first sputtered without rotating the target. After this treatment, the target was sputter cleaned in pure argon while rotating the target. In the meantime, the discharge voltage was recorded as a function of time. The obtained results can be understood by including compound deposition on the target as an extra mechanism for target poisoning.
Tip Surface Interactions in STM and AFM

The interaction between tip and flat surface in the STM and AFM is reviewed and a new, AC method to determine the absolute value of area of contact and interaction is presented. Evidence that the tip-surface interaction can be purely elastic down to the near single atom scale is obtained, and has been confirmed by TEM on Al2O3. Strengths close to that of an ideal lattice are observed. Applied to the Atomic Force Microscope this AC method will give operation at a controlled, drift free level of interaction. The effects of attractive (surface energy) forces in the STM geometry are discussed, and the equilibrium configurations and extent of inelastic processes for tip and flat are described. A new imaging mechanism in STM is proposed for the cases (e.g., graphite, point contact microscope) where significant tip-surface contact occurs.
Measurement of photodarkening-induced refractive index change in ytterbium doped fibers by modal interference

By using a modal interference method, photodarkening-induced refractive index change in ytterbium doped fibers is measured with high accuracy. This refractive index change is positive at the ytterbium lasing wavelengths near 1080nm, and it gradually approaches a saturated level over time. It is found that the refractive index change is linearly proportional to the photodarkening-induced excess loss at an arbitrary probe wavelength in the visible band. The maximum refractive index change in our experiment is close to 1×10-5. The origin and influence of the photodarkening-induced refractive index change on fiber lasers is discussed.
Error Estimates of H1-Galerkin Expanded Mixed Finite Element Methods for Heat Problems

H1-Galerkin expanded mixed element method are discussed for a class of second-order heat equations. The methods possesses the advantage of mixed finite element while avoiding directly inverting the permeability tensor, which is important especially in a low permeability zone. H1-Galerkin expanded mixed finite element method for heat equations are described, an optimal order error estimate for the methods is obtained.
Bifurcation in a Flexible Rotor Supported by Short Journal Bearings With Nonlinear Suspension

The hydrodynamic journal bearings-rotor system is a common machine element that is strongly nonlinear due to oil film forces. In this study, bifurcation of the response of an unbalanced bearings-rotor system with nonlinear suspension is investigated based on the assumption of an incompressible lubricant to gether with the short bearing approximation. Theoretical bifurcation analysis of bearing center motion is carried out by means of numerical investigation, the procedure here being numerical integration. The six ma jor parameters characterizing the theoretical model of the system are considered with nondimensional speed. Jump phenomena, subharmonic and quasi-periodic vibrations of the bearing center trajectory, are found in this system. It is concluded that the bearing center trajectory had undesirable nonsynchronous vibrations. Under standing the bifurcation behavior of these parameters provides theoretical and practical ideas for controlling bearings-rotor systems and optimizing their operation.
Genome-wide identification of MAXs genes for strigolactones synthesis/signaling in solanaceous plants and analysis of their potential functions in tobacco

The more axillary growth (MAX) gene family is a group of key genes involved in the synthesis and signal transduction of strigolactones (SLs) in plants. Although MAX genes play vital roles in plant growth and development, characterization of the MAX gene family has been limited in solanaceous crops, especially in tobacco. In this study, 74 members of the MAX family were identified in representative Solanaceae crops and classified into four groups. The physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved protein structural domains, cis-acting elements, and expression patterns could be clearly distinguished between the biosynthetic and signal transduction subfamilies; furthermore, MAX genes in tobacco were found to be actively involved in the regulation of meristem development by responding to hormones. MAX genes involved in SL biosynthesis were more responsive to abiotic stresses than genes involved in SL signaling. Tobacco MAX genes may play an active role in stress resistance. The results of this study provide a basis for future in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms of MAX genes in tobacco meristem development and stress resistance.
The circadian calling activity of a lebinthine cricket with high-frequency calls is unaffected by cicada choruses in the day

Background Many factors can influence circadian rhythms in animals. For acoustically communicating species, both abiotic cues (such as light and temperature) and biotic cues (such as the activity of other animals), can influence the timing of signalling activity. Here we compare the 24-h singing activity of the cricket Lebinthus luae in the laboratory and field to assess whether the presence of other singing insects influences circadian rhythm. Methods Acoustic monitors were placed in four localities in Singapore and the number of L. luae calls were counted for 10 min of each hour. Individuals from the same localities were captured and recorded in the laboratory in silence but with similar abiotic conditions (temperature and light cycle) as they experience in the field, and the number of calls over 24 h was quantified. Results The 24-h pattern of L. luae singing was not significantly different between laboratory and field recordings. Singing activity peaked in the morning, with a secondary peak in the afternoon and a smaller peak at night. In the field, L. luae sang in the same locations and at the same time as diurnally singing cicadas, suggesting that the sympatric cicada chorus did not affect the circadian rhythm of communication in this species. Acoustic niche partitioning could potentially explain the ability of this cricket to call alongside cicadas: L. luae sings at higher frequencies than sympatric cicadas, unlike nocturnally singing cricket species that overlap with cicadas in frequency.
Urbanicity and rates of untreated psychotic disorders in three diverse settings in the Global South

Abstract Background Extensive evidence indicates that rates of psychotic disorder are elevated in more urban compared with less urban areas, but this evidence largely originates from Northern Europe. It is unclear whether the same association holds globally. This study examined the association between urban residence and rates of psychotic disorder in catchment areas in India (Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu), Nigeria (Ibadan, Oyo), and Northern Trinidad. Methods Comprehensive case detection systems were developed based on extensive pilot work to identify individuals aged 18–64 with previously untreated psychotic disorders residing in each catchment area (May 2018–April/May/July 2020). Area of residence and basic demographic details were collected for eligible cases. We compared rates of psychotic disorder in the more v. less urban administrative areas within each catchment area, based on all cases detected, and repeated these analyses while restricting to recent onset cases (<2 years/<5 years). Results We found evidence of higher overall rates of psychosis in more urban areas within the Trinidadian catchment area (IRR: 3.24, 95% CI 2.68–3.91), an inverse association in the Nigerian catchment area (IRR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.91) and no association in the Indian catchment area (IRR: 1.18, 95% CI 0.93–1.52). When restricting to recent onset cases, we found a modest positive association in the Indian catchment area. Conclusions This study suggests that urbanicity is associated with higher rates of psychotic disorder in some but not all contexts outside of Northern Europe. Future studies should test candidate mechanisms that may underlie the associations observed, such as exposure to violence.
The relationship between cadmium and cognition in the elderly: a systematic review

Abstract Context: The relationship between cadmium (Cd) and the cognition of the elderly is indistinct. Objective: To summarise the studies on the relationship between the cognition of the elderly and Cd. Methods: Literatures were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan fang database on April 25, 2022. The entries in the STROBE statement were used to evaluate the literature quality; all the quantitative studies that met the requirements were systematically summarised. Results: Blood Cd was negatively correlated with the cognitive ability of the elderly, corresponding to different cognitive ability assessment methods, the regression coefficients were: −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03), −0.46 (−0.71, −0.21), −0.54 (−0.90, −0.17), −0.19 (−0.37, −0.01), and −2.29 (−3.41, −1.16). The regression coefficients between urinary Cd level and cognition score were −1.42 (−2.38, −0.46), and 0.76 (−1.28, −0.23). When dietary Cd increased by 1 μg/kg, the composite z-score decreased by 3.64 (p = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between drinking water Cd, fingernail Cd and cognition (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that blood Cd (including whole blood and plasma), urine Cd and dietary Cd were negatively correlated with the cognition of the elderly, but the relationship between Cd in drinking water and fingernails and cognition was not statistically significant.
Hidden defect identification in carbon fibre reinforced polymer plates using magnetic induction tomography

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials pose new challenges to the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study addresses the issue of large defect identification in CFRP plates using electromagnetic measurements. A dual plane magnetic induction tomography (MIT) technique is proposed as a method for damage localization in composite parts, where two arrays of planar sensors are utilized to measure the changes in induced voltages due to the changes in electrical conductivity properties. This geometry meets the requirements of damage inspection in plate structures and thus makes the imaging process feasible. The electrical voltage measurements are used as input to inversely map the spatial resolution of the samples in the region of interest. The stability and detectability of the dual plane system is examined using small metallic cubes. Both individual and multiple instances of damage embedded in CFRP samples are created as a representation of the possible manufacturing defects. Experimental study shows that the presence of damage can be identified in both cases using the dual plane MIT system. With advanced sensing design, rapid data collection unit and improvement in resolution, MIT could become a rapid NDE technique for the integrity inspection of composite structures.
The order parameter of glass transition: Spontaneously delocalized nanoscale solitary wave with transverse ripplon-like soft wave

In macromolecular self-avoiding random walk, movement of each chain-particle accompanies an instantaneous spin system with de Gennes n = 0 that provides extra energy, extra vacancy volume and relaxation time needed for chain-particles co-movement. Using these additional and instantaneous spin systems not only directly yields the same Brownian motion mode in glass transition (GT) and reptation-tube model, but also proves that the entangled chain length corresponding to the Reynolds number in hydrodynamics and the inherent diffusion - delocalization mode of entangled chains, from frozen glass state to melt liquid state, is a chain-size solitary wave with transverse ripplon-like soft wave. Thus, the order parameter of GT is found. The various currently available GT theories, such as Static Replica, Random First-Order Transition, Potential Energy Landscape, Mode-Coupling and Nanoscale Heterogeneity, can be unified using the additional and instantaneous spin system. GT served as an inspiration and continues to.
High-speed high-sensitivity spectral-domain correlation mapping optical coherence tomography based modified scanning protocol

Correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (cmOCT) is an alternative robust method for obtaining volumetric images of dynamic perfusion within the microcirculatory tissue beds in vivo. The cmOCT method uses a 2D correlation mapping algorithm on the intensity OCT images to extract depth resolved flow map from static tissue background. The earlier reported cmOCT was based on a commercial swept-source OCT system, which uses a scanning protocol with dense sampling between adjacent B-frame, such that the inter frame separation was within the resolution limit of the OCT system to ensure strong correlation between adjacent frames. However, this scanning protocol requires a relatively long scan time and high density B-frame images to reconstruct the volumetric perfusion map, which degraded the system performance for fast wide-field in vivo imaging applications. In order to overcome this limitation we implemented a custom built high-speed spectral domain OCT and introduced a new scanning protocol for high-speed and high sensitive imaging of cmOCT. The new scan protocol measures repeated B-scans at the same location to generate a high sensitivity correlation map between successive B-frames. This scanning protocol can provide fast wide scanning with relatively short scanning time.
Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of Ascochyta pisi Provides Insights into the Pathogenesis of Ascochyta Blight of Pea

Ascochyta blight is a major disease of legumes worldwide. Ascochyta pisi and other Ascochyta species have been identified as pathogens of ascochyta blight. Here, we first report that A. pisi causes ascochyta blight of pea in China, and we report the high-quality, fully annotated genome of A. pisi. ABSTRACT Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta pisi is a major constraint to pea (Pisum sativum L.) production worldwide. Deciphering the pathogenic mechanism of A. pisi on peas will help in breeding resistant pea varieties and developing effective approaches for disease management. However, little is known about the genomic features and pathogenic factors of A. pisi. In this study, we first report that A. pisi is one of the causal agents of ascochyta blight disease of pea in China. The genome of the representative isolate A. pisi HNA23 was sequenced using PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies. The HNA23 genome assembly is almost 41.5 Mb in size and harbors 10,796 putative protein-encoding genes. We predicted 555 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 1,008 secreted proteins, 74 small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs), and 26 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (SMGCs). A comparison of A. pisi genome features with the features of 6 other available genomes of Ascochyta species showed that CAZymes, the secretome, and SMGCs of this genus are considerably conserved. Importantly, the transcriptomes of HNA23 during infection of peas at three stages were further analyzed. We found that 245 CAZymes and 29 SSCPs were upregulated at all three tested infection stages. SMGCs were also trigged, but most of them were induced at only one stage of infection. Together, our results provide important genomic information on Ascochyta spp. and offer insights into the pathogenesis of A. pisi. IMPORTANCE Ascochyta blight is a major disease of legumes worldwide. Ascochyta pisi and other Ascochyta species have been identified as pathogens of ascochyta blight. Here, we first report that A. pisi causes ascochyta blight of pea in China, and we report the high-quality, fully annotated genome of A. pisi. Comparative genome analysis was performed to elucidate the differences and similarities among 7 Ascochyta species. We predict abundant CAZymes (569 per species), secreted proteins (851 per species), and prolific secondary metabolite gene clusters (29 per species) in these species. We identified a set of genes that may be responsible for fungal virulence based on transcriptomes in planta, including CAZymes, SSCPs, and secondary metabolites. The findings from the comparative genome analysis highlight the genetic diversity and help in understanding the evolutionary relationship of Ascochyta species. In planta transcriptome analysis provides reliable information for further investigation of the mechanism of the interaction between Ascochyta spp. and legumes.
The General Utility Lattice Program (GULP)

The General Utility Lattice Program (GULP) has been extended to include the ability to simulate polymers and surfaces, as well as adding many other new features, and the current status of the program is fully documented. Both the background theory is described, as well as providing a concise review of some of the previous applications in order to demonstrate the range of its use. Examples are presented of work performed using the new compatibilities of the software, including the calculation of Born effective charges, mechanical properties as a function of applied pressure, calculation of frequency-dependent dielectric data, surface reconstructions of calcite and the performance of a linear-scaling algorithm for bond-order potentials.