Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Between Normality and Resistance: Catastrophic Gradualism in Nazi Germany

Sovereign is he who decides on the exception, Carl Schmitt has said in his Political Theology. ' Schmitt's interest in the state of exception (Ausnahmezustand) has reasserted the importance of the definition of normality (Normalitdt), especially in the case of the National Socialists' legal and political manipulation of German society. According to Schmitt's correlation of norms and exceptions as the basis of sovereignty, the Nazi regime's creation of states of exception is intrinsically related to its obsession with normality, its manifold strategies for normalizing the exceptional. While the historians' debate about a normalization of the Nazi period within German history has yielded predictable results,2 the debate concerning the Nazi's own strategies for normalization seems to have been sidestepped in the wake of the criticism against everyday history (Alltagsgeschichte) and its inherent loss of an overall perspective on the Nazi regime. As long as these strategies are merely subsumed under a general concept of manipulation, however, the particularities of the drive toward normalcy will remain obfuscated, especially the intricate interplay between official and individual ventures to create Normalitdt. This interplay has assumed a crucial role in the political psychology of the Germans in the twentieth century, undergoing several alterations between authoritarian and democratic structures since the Wilhelmine Reich. It was reinvigorated after every major upheaval since World War I, after the inflation and the Depression as well as after World War II, and has again been reinstated as a key to German politics after the unification of 1990. Under the title "A Normal Germany," with the description, "A powerful yearning is being fulfilled," the New York Times summed up the German quest for normalcy after the election of December 1990, quoting Chancellor Helmut Kohl's greatest ambition: "that we become a wholly normal country. "3
Steroidogenic Enzymes and Stem Cell Markers Are Upregulated during Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer

Considerable levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are found In prostate cancer (PCa) tissue after androgen deprivation therapy. Treatment of surviving cancer-initiating cells and the ability to metabolize steroids from precursors may be the keystones for the appearance of recurrent tumors. To study this hypothesis, we assessed the expression of several steroidogenic enzymes and stem cell markers in clinical PCa samples and cell cultures during androgen depletion. Gene expression profiles were determined by microarray or qRT-PCR. In addition, we measured cell viability and analyzed stem cell marker expression in DuCaP cells by immunocytochemistry. Seventy patient samples from different stages of PCa, and the PCa cell line DuCaP were included in this study. The androgen receptor (AR) and enzymes (AKR1C3, HSD17B2, HSD17B3, UGT2B15 and UGT2B17) that are involved in the metabolism of adrenal steroids were upregulated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In vitro, some DuCaP cells survived androgen depletion, and eventually gave rise to a culture adapted to these conditions. During and after this transition, most of the steroidogenic enzymes were upregulated. These cells also are enriched with stem/progenitor cell markers cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2). Similarly, putative stem/progenitor cell markers CK5, c-Kit, nestin, CD44, c-met ALDH1A1, α2-integrin, CD133, ABCG2, CXCR4 and POU5F1 were upregulated in clinical CRPC. The upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and stem cell markers in recurrent tumors suggests that cancer initiating cells can expand by adaptation to their T/DHT deprived environment. Therapies targeting the metabolism of adrenal steroids by the tumor may prove effective in preventing tumor regrowth.
Effects of Experience on Fetal Voice Recognition

The ability of human fetuses to recognize their own mother's voice was examined. Sixty term fetuses were assigned to one of two conditions during which they were exposed to a tape recording of their mother or a female stranger reading a passage. Voice stimuli were delivered through a loudspeaker held approximately 10 cm above the maternal abdomen and played at an average of 95 dB SPL. Each condition consisted of three 2-min periods: no stimulus, voice (mother or stranger), and no stimulus. Fetal heart rate increased in response to the mother's voice and decreased in response to the stranger's; both responses were sustained for 4 min. The finding of differential behavior in response to a familiar versus a novel voice provides evidence that experience influences fetal voice processing. It supports an epigenetic model of speech perception, presuming an interaction between genetic expression of neural development and species-specific experience.
IS TARGETING COGNITIVE THERAPY DURING RELAPSE IN PSYCHOSIS FEASIBLE?

This paper seeks to examine the feasibility of targeting cognitive therapy during early relapse, using a single case design. Gumley, White and Power (1999) offer a theoretical conceptualization of psychotic relapse based on Teasdale and Barnard's (1993) ICS model of depression. This conceptualization aims to provide a means for clinicians and patients to formulate the key psychological factors, which may be responsible for the initiation, acceleration and maintenance of relapse, thereby enabling these factors to be targeted should a relapse be indicated. The intervention received by a case illustrated in this paper is derived from the ICS conceptualization of relapse. The intervention has two stages: an initial engagement and formulation phase and, if required, a targeted cognitive therapy phase. All of the characteristics of traditional cognitive therapy are adhered to, including the use of structure, problem focus, agenda, a socratic style, and collaboration. The paper concludes that there is a need for further research to provide further evidence of the feasibility and efficacy of this approach.
Panic onset and major events in the lives of agoraphobics: a test of contiguity.

: Major life events were reported in greater numbers and by a higher percentage of 50 index agoraphobics during a time period around panic onset than during either a within-subjects or a between-subjects control period. These differences were found for analyses of life events in general, events that preceded panic, and foreseeable events that occurred shortly after panic onset. Though many events involved separation or interpersonal conflict, other types of events were frequently reported. Results provide more convincing evidence than prior studies of a contiguous relationship between life events and onset of panic attacks associated with agoraphobia.
Paradise is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 1989-99

Some prominent recent studies of civil war argue that greed, not grievance, is the primary motivating factor behind violence, basing their conclusions on a strong empirical association between primary commodity exports and civil war. This study contrasts alternative propositions that see need-, creed-, and governance-based explanations that are intimately related to the question of primary commodity dependence and conflict. Maximum likelihood analysis on approximately 138 countries over the entire post- Cold War period shows little support for neo-Malthusian claims. Abundant mineral wealth makes countries highly unstable, whereas scarcity of renewable resources is largely unrelated to civil conflict. A positive effect of population density on conflict does not seem to be conditioned by renewable resource scarcity. Ethnicity is related to conflict when society is moderately homogenous; a highly plural society faces less risk. Very slight political liberalization leads to conflict, but larger increases reduce the danger considerably, supporting the view that conflict is driven by opportunistic behaviour rather than by grievance. Increases in homogeneity among Islamic and Catholic populations make them riskier. Perhaps institutional factors relating to separation of church and state rather than competing creeds explain culture conflicts. Larger shares of both Christians and Muslims within countries make them safer, contrary to claims of natural antagonism between the two. Governance, proxied by the ratio of total trade to GDP, predicts peace strongly, an under-theorized area within the study of civil war. Trade's relationship to peace is robust to specification and sample size, supporting the findings of the State Failure Project. Greater attention should perhaps be paid to formal and informal institutional factors that create the synergy between private and public spaces for overcoming collective action problems of maintaining peace.
Fluoride inhibition of yeast enolase: Crystal structure of the enolase–Mg2+–F−–Pi complex at 2.6 Å resolution

Enolase in the presence of its physiological cofactor Mg2+ is inhibited by fluoride and phosphate ions in a strongly cooperative manner (Nowak, T, Maurer, P. Biochemistry 20:6901, 1981). The structure of the quaternary complex yeast enolase–Mg2+–F−–Pi has been determined by X‐ray diffraction and refined to an R = 16.9% for those data with F/σ(F) ≥ 3 to 2.6 Å resolution with a good geometry of the model. The movable loops of Pro‐35‐Ala‐45, Val‐153‐Phe‐lo9, and Asp‐255‐Asn‐266 are in the closed conformation found previously in the precatalytic substrate–enzyme complex. Calculations of molecular electrostatic potential show that this conformation stabilizes binding of negatively charged ligands at the Mg2+ ion more strongly than the open conformation observed in the native enolase. This closed conformation is complementary to the transition state, which also has a negatively charged ion, hydroxide, at Mg2+. The synergism of inhibition by F− and Pi most probably is due to the requirement of Pi, for the closed conformation. It is possible that other Mg2+‐dependent enzymes that have OH− ions bound to the metalion in the transition state also will be inhibited by fluoride ions. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seeing the harm in harmed and harmful: Morphological processing by children in Grades 4, 6, and 8

ABSTRACT This study examined morphological processing of inflected and derived words by children in Grades 4, 6, and 8. Participants were shown root forms and inflected, derived, and orthographic control items (e.g., harm, harmed, harmful, or harmony), followed by a fragment completion task (e.g., completing h a_ _). Participants were equally likely to complete the fragment with the target root (e.g., harm for h a_ _) following priming with inflected or derived forms. This reflected a morphological effect; priming scores were higher for the inflected and derived forms than for orthographic counterparts. These effects were consistent across the grades studied, suggesting that morphological processing of inflected and derived words has a similar time course across Grades 4, 6, and 8.
On algebraic time-derivative estimation and deadbeat state reconstruction

This paper places into perspective the so-called algebraic time-derivative estimation method recently introduced by Fliess and co-authors with standard results from linear state-space theory for control systems. In particular, it is shown that the algebraic method can essentially be seen as a special case of deadbeat state estimation based on the reconstructibility Gramian of the considered system.
Measuring Helping Behavior Across Cultures

This chapter focuses on some of the special challenges and difficulties in conducting crosscultural research. In particular, it describes some of the problems my colleagues and I have faced in our own research: a series of studies in which helpfulness toward strangers was assessed in 36 cities across the United States and 23 large cities around the world. We conducted independent field experiments in each city to measure helping in various situations, such as seeing if passersby would alert a pedestrian who dropped a pen, offer help to a pedestrian with a hurt leg trying to reach a pile of dropped magazines, assist a blind person to cross the street and retrieve a lost letter. The results of these studies are discussed, including some ways they exemplify both what can be learned from cross-cultural research and the "noise" or uncertainties one can expect to encounter in this learning process. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu. edu/orpc/vol5/iss3/2
An efficient cache-based access anomaly detection scheme

One important issue in parallel program debugging is the efficient detection of access anomalies caused by uncoordinated accesses to shared variables. On-the-fly detection of access anomalies has two advantages over static analysis or post-mortem trace analysis. First, it reports only actual anomalies during execution. Second, it produces shorter traces for post-mortem analysis purposes if an anomaly is detected, since generating further trace information after the detection of an anomaly is of dubious value. Existing methods for on-the-fly access anomaly detection suffer from performance penalties since the execution of the program being debugged has to be interrupted on every access to shared variables. In this paper, we propose an efficient cachebased access anomaly detection scheme that piggybacks on the overhead already paid by the underlying cache coherence protocol.
The Dynamic Pricing of Sovereign Risk in Emerging Markets: Fundamentals and Risk Aversion

This article introduces a new approach to pricing sovereign risk based on sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads. We estimate a dynamic market-based measure of sovereign risk and use it to decompose sovereign CDS spreads into expected losses from default and the market risk premia required by investors as compensation for default risk. Using a dynamic panel data model, we find that country-specific fundamentals primarily drive sovereign risk while global investors9 risk aversion drives time variation in the risk premia. Consistent with this, we also find that the sovereign risk premia is more highly correlated than sovereign risk itself within emerging market regions. These results help us to explain the remarkable narrowing of emerging market spreads between 2002 and 2006 and to understand the pricing mechanism and channel of contagion for emerging debt markets.
Efficient OFDM Channel Estimation via an Information Criterion

In this paper, we consider joint estimation of the channel length and of the impulse response for OFDM systems, exploiting information criteria to find the best trade-off, in terms of Kullback-Leibler divergence, between noise rejection and channel description accuracy. So far, information criteria have not been used for practical channel length estimation methods, due to their prohibitive complexity. We show how to make them affordable, performing channel estimation in a recursive way that allows to establish the optimal channel length with a moderate incremental cost. With reference to IEEE 802.11 OFDM-based standards for WLAN, we investigate several cases, applying the joint channel length and impulse response estimation to many scenarios, ranging from the simplest pilot-aided channel estimation based on training sequences, to the most challenging data-aided channel tracking, driven either by detected or by decoded symbols. In all cases, the achieved performance and robustness are very good, with a very small increase in complexity w.r. t. estimation methods that assume fixed channel length.
Patterns of Atrioventricular Conduction in the Human Heart

Atrial, His bundle (H), and ventricular electrograms were recorded by an electrode catheter in unanesthetized man. Conduction time through the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system was subdivided into A-V nodal (A-H interval) and ventricular specialized conduction system (H-V interval). The right atrium was driven at a constant rate and the pattern of A-V conduction of premature atrial test impulses was determined as they occurred progressively earlier in the cardiac cycle. In the type 1 response, conduction delay and block were limited to the A-V node only. The type 2 response was characterized by progressive conduction delay in both the A-V node and ventricular specialized conduction system with block occurring in several instances in the latter. In the type 3 response there was also a progressive delay in A-V nodal conduction time, and a sudden marked delay in conduction in the ventricular specialized conduction system. Conduction block occurred distal to the His bundle depolarization. The relevance of conduction delay and block in the different regions of the A-V conduction system to the full recovery time and the relative, functional, and effective refractory periods of A-V conduction are indicated.
Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype is associated with leukoaraiosis in lacunar syndromes

Objectives: Pathological and clinical data suggest that patients presenting with ischaemic lacunar syndromes may be a heterogenous group. Those with isolated lacunar infarction are thought to have localised atherosclerosis whereas in those with coexisting leukoaraiois a distinct diffuse small vessel vasculopathy may be the predominant underlying pathology. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is an important candidate gene in ischaemic cerebrovascular disease but, where lacunar stroke specifically has been examined, there have been discrepant reports concerning a possible association. It was hypothesised that the influence of the ACE gene may be different among the two subgroups of ischaemic lacunar stroke reflecting the heterogeneity of the small vessel disease phenotype. Methods: Eighty four consecutive patients presenting with classic lacunar syndromes were studied. All had acute cranial CT to exclude primary intracerebral haemorrhage and these were subsequently assessed for the presence and extent of leukoaraiosis. All patients were genotyped for the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism. Results: There was a significant difference in the distribution of ACE genotype with the DD genotype occurring more often in patients with leukoaraiosis and the II and ID genotypes occurring more often among those in whom this was absent (χ2=9.06, p=0.01). In a logistic regression model the ACE DD genotype remained as an independent predictor for the presence of leukoaraiosis (p=0.02) in patients presenting with classic lacunar syndromes. Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that there may be different types of small vessel disease in patients with classic lacunar syndromes and that the influence of the ACE DD genotype may be relevant in mediating the diffuse form of vessel injury.
Aging and Sequential Strategy Interference: A Magnetoencephalography Study in Arithmetic Problem Solving

This study investigated age-related changes in the neural bases of sequential strategy interference. Sequential strategy interference refers to decreased strategy interference (i.e., poorer performance when the cued strategy is not the best) after executing a poorer strategy relative to after a better strategy. Young and older adults performed a computational estimation task (e.g., providing approximate products to two-digit multiplication problems, like 38 × 74) and were matched on behavioral sequential strategy interference effects. Analyses of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data revealed differences between young and older adults in brain activities underlying sequential strategy interference. More specifically, relative to young adults, older adults showed additional recruitments in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. Also, age-related differences were found in the temporal dynamics of brain activations, with modulations occurring both earlier and later in older than young adults. These results suggest that highly functioning older adults rely on additional mechanisms to process sequential strategy interference as efficiently as young adults. Our findings inform mechanisms by which highly functioning older adults obtain as good performance as young adults, and suggest that these older adults may compensate deleterious effects of aging to efficiently execute arithmetic strategies.
Speaking for the Underrepresented in the House of Representatives: Voicing Women's Interests in a Partisan Era

We ask whether women's descriptive representation in Congress enhances women's substantive representation through speechmaking on the House floor. Much of the research on women's substantive representation has focused on members' votes for and sponsorship of “women's issues” legislation. We depart from this research by systematically analyzing how members' gender and partisan identities affect gendered rhetoric in their floor speeches. In an era marked by significant increases in the number of congresswomen and partisan polarization, understanding the interactive effect of gender and partisanship on women's representation is particularly important. In an analysis of more than 30,000 speeches from 1993 to 2008, we find that when members speak about issues of their choosing during one-minute speeches, and during specific legislative debates over the most important policies considered on the House floor, congresswomen in both parties are significantly more likely than men to discuss women, enhancing women's representation.
Video self‐modeling as an intervention strategy for individuals with autism spectrum disorders

Video self-modeling demonstrates promise as an intervention strategy to improve outcomes in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. This article summarizes the empirical evidence supporting the use of video self-modeling with individuals with autism spectrum disorders to increase language and communication, increase social skills, modify behavior, and teach functional skills. A comparison of the empirical evidence supporting the use of video self-modeling with other video modeling interventions is also provided. The use of video self-modeling as part of a continuum of strategies for this population is supported by the current research base. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia among Children in Southwest Iran

Background Iron deficiency is a major health problem worldwide and especially in developing countries. Iron-deficiency anemia has adverse effects on the development of children. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in children under 5 years of age in southwest Iran. The study also sought to investigate the association between socioeconomic, demographic, cultural, and nutritional factors and iron-deficiency anemia in the selected area. Methods A randomized, cross-sectional study was performed of children 6 to 59 months of age living in urban and rural areas of Ahwaz District in Khuzestan Province. At eight randomly selected health centers, the children's height (or length) and weight were measured, and information on length and weight at birth was obtained from growth charts. Blood samples were taken from 337 randomly selected children. Results The results showed that 43.9% of the children had anemia and 29.1% iron-deficiency anemia. The highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia was in the 12- to 24-month age group. In the urban areas, infants 6 to 11 months of age had the highest prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. Conclusions The high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among children in southwest Iran indicates a major nutrition and health problem.