Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonverbal Signals for Face-to-Face Communication between the Blind and the Sighted

Nonverbal communication plays an important role in social interactions. However, most nonverbal communication relies on visual signals such as eye contact, head nods, facial expressions and body gestures. Visual nonverbal signals are inaccessible for the blind and hardly accessible for low vision individuals. In this paper, we present a qualitative study on nonverbal signals for the blind in face-to-face communication and problems they met due to the lack of visual signals. We interviewed 20 blind and low vision participants and collected qualitative data for the further analysis. Our results show that auditory and tactile signals are two major nonverbal signals that blind participants sense in face-to-face communication. They seldom sense positive feelings from visual signals in a conversation and they tend to have an indirect and fuzzy understanding of eyes and eye gestures. Furthermore, we discuss how our findings can be relevant for design: the sighted conversation partner’s visual signals with positive meanings need to be detected to help the blind perceive the signal and feel more confident and engaged in face-to-face communication.
The Caries Management System: are preventive effects sustained postclinical trial?

Abstract Objectives To report, at two and 4 years post‐trial, on the potential legacy of a 3‐year randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) of the Caries Management System (CMS) at private general dental practices. The CMS was designed to reduce caries risk and need for restorative care. Methods Nineteen dental practices located in city, urban, and rural locations in both fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities participated in the RCT. Eight practices were lost to follow‐up post‐trial; however, baseline mean DMFT balance between CMS and control practices was maintained. At the control practices, caries management following usual practice continued to be delivered. The patient outcome measure was the cumulative increment in the DMFT index score, and the practice outcome measures included the practice‐mean and practice‐median increments of patient DMFT index scores. In covariable analysis (patient‐level unit of analysis), as the patients were clustered by practices, mean DMFT increments were determined through multilevel modeling analysis. Practice‐mean DMFT increments (practice‐level unit of analysis) and practice‐median DMFT increments (also practice level) were determined through general linear modeling analysis of covariance. In addition, a multiple variable logistic regression analysis of caries risk status was conducted. Results The overall 4‐year post‐trial result (years 4–7) for CMS patients was a DMFT increment of 2.44 compared with 3.39 for control patients (P < 0.01), a difference equivalent to 28%. From the clinical trial baseline to the end of the post‐trial follow‐up period, the CMS and control increments were 6.13 and 8.66, respectively, a difference of 29% (P < 0.0001). Over the post‐trial period, the CMS and control practice‐mean DMFT increments were 2.16 and 3.10 (P = 0.055) and the respective increments from baseline to year 7 were 4.38 and 6.55 (P = 0.029), difference of 33%. The practice‐median DMFT increments during the 4‐year post‐trial period for CMS and control practices were 1.25 and 2.36 (P = 0.039), and the respective increments during the period from baseline to year 7 were 2.87 and 5.36 (P < 0.01), difference of 47%. Minimally elevated odds of being high risk were associated with baseline DMFT (OR = 1.17). Patients attending the CMS practices had lower odds of being high risk than those attending control practices (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.88). Conclusion In practices where adherence to the CMS protocols was maintained during the 4‐year post‐trial follow‐up period, patients continued to benefit from a reduced risk of caries and, therefore, experienced lower needs for restorative treatment.
The construction of soft servo networked motion control system based on EtherCAT

The paper presents a novel method for constructing soft servo networked motion control system via EtherCAT network. The EtherCAT network performance is analyzed in detail through comparison of it by other several industry Ethernet protocols. We give out the application PLC program flow chart of synchronous control. The experiment results show that the soft servo networked motion control system can realize the Multi-Axis high precision synchronization control for servo motors.
Where Women Run: Gender and Party in the American States

Why don't more women run for office? Why are certain states more likely to have female candidates and representatives? Would strengthening political parties narrow the national gender gap? "Where Women Run" addresses these important questions through a rare and incisive look at how candidates are recruited. Drawing on surveys and carefully chosen case studies of party leaders and legislators in six states, political scientist Kira Sanbonmatsu analyzes the links between parties and representation. "Where Women Run" focuses a powerful lens on the mechanism by which parties' informal recruitment practices shape who runs - or doesn't run - for political office in America. "Where Women Run" will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as legislators, candidates, activists, interest groups, and anyone who cares about political representation in America.
Stimulus Reconstruction from a Hodgkin-Huxley Neural Response: A Numerical Solution

— Neural responses are the fundamental expressions of any neural activity. Information carried by a neural response is determined by the nature of a neural activity. In majority of cases the underlying stimulus that triggers it remains largely unknown. Previous studies to reconstruct the stimulus from a neural response show that the high non-linearity of neural dynamics renders inversion of a neuron a challenging task. This paper presents a numerical solution rather than an analytical one to reconstruct stimuli from Hodgkin-Huxley neural responses. The stimulus is reconstructed by first retrieving the maximal conductances of the ionic channels and then solving the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for the stimulus. The results show that the reconstructed stimulus matches the original stimulus to a high degree of accuracy. In addition, this reconstruction approach also retrieves the neural dynamics for which an analytical solution does not currently exist. Constant-current and periodic stimuli are shown to be accurately reconstructed using this approach.
Fault Recovery in Optimal Task Scheduling and Grid Service Reliability

-There has been quite some research on the development of tools and techniques for grid systems, yet some important issues, e.g., grid service reliability and task scheduling in the grid, have not been sufficiently studied. This paper examines methods for providing fault-tolerant real-time communication in wide area networks and their related resources and works. An algorithm is introduced for selecting a recovery node which minimizes the requirements while maintaining negotiated traffic characteristics. The End-toEnd Recovery source node gives the most efficient use of resources since the backup path is chosen overall possible paths between source and destination with no cycles. Based on the proposed grid service reliability model, a multi-objective task scheduling optimization model is presented, and an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is developed to solve it effectively. A numerical example is given to illustrate the influence of fault recovery on grid service reliability, and show a high efficiency of ACO in solving the grid task scheduling problem.
Measuring Forager Mobility

Mobility plays a large role in generating the patterns of stone rawmaterial usage seen in forager archaeological sites, but how best to translate these patterns into a complete quantitative characterization of the organization of forager mobility remains a difficult problem. The number of potential variables involved, including rawmaterial quality and abundance as well as individual movement and technological decisions, makes it extremely difficult to analyze mobility independent of all other influences. This papers develops a formal model of forager mobility based on a wellknown stochastic process termed a Lvy random walk. When combined with neutral assumptions about how stone is procured and used, the model may be used to recover detailed quantitative information about the organization of forager mobility from rawmaterial transport distances. The model has clear behavioral interpretations in terms of levels of planning, risk sensitivity, and timeenergy optimization and thus provides several potential currencies for comparative studies of prehistoric mobility strategies. How other behavioral decisions such as rawmaterial selectivity and even social exchange of raw material might influence patterns of stone rawmaterial transport is also explored.
Many Targets, Many Instruments: Where Do We Stand?

Thank you to the International Monetary Fund for allowing me to take part in what I expect will be a very lively discussion. 1 Only five or six years ago, there wouldn ’ t have been a panel on the “ many instruments ” and “ many targets ” of monetary policy. Before the financial crisis, the focus was on one policy instrument: the short-term policy interest rate. Although central banks did not uniformly rely on a single policy target, many adopted an “ inflation targeting ” framework that, as the name implies, gives a certain preeminence to that one objective. Of course, the Federal Reserve has long been a bit of an outlier in this regard, with its explicit dual mandate of price stability and maximum employment. Still, the discussion might not have gone much beyond “ one instrument and two targets ” if not for the financial crisis and its aftermath, which have presented central banks with great challenges and transformed how we look at this topic. Let me start with a few general observations to get the ball rolling. In terms of the targets, or, more generally, the objectives of policy, I see continuity in the abiding importance of a framework of flexible inflation targeting. By one authoritative account, about twenty-seven countries now operate full-fledged inflation-targeting regimes. 2 The United States is not on this list, but the Federal Reserve has embraced most of the key features of flexible inflation targeting: a commitment to promote low and stable inflation over a longer-term horizon, a predictable monetary policy, and clear and transparent communication. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) struggled for years to formulate an inflation goal that would not seem to give preference to price stability over maximum employment. In January 2012, the committee adopted a “ Statement on Many Targets, Many Instruments: Where Do We Stand?
A Multilayer Markovian Model for Change Detection in Aerial Image Pairs with Large Time Differences

In this paper, we propose a Multilayer Markovian model for change detection in registered aerial image pairs with large time differences. A Three Layer Markov Random Field takes into account information from two different sets of features namely the Modified HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients) difference and the Gray-Level (GL) Difference. The third layer is the resultant combination of the two layers. Thus we integrate both the texture level as well as the pixel level information to generate the final result. The proposed model uses pair wise interaction retaining the sub-modularity condition for energy. Hence a global energy optimization can be achieved using a standard min-cut/ max flow algorithm ensuring homogeneity in the connected regions.
Exercise Testing and Prescription in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease

The present paper provides a review of the literature regarding exercise testing, exercise capacity, and the role of exercise training in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Different measures of exercise capacity are discussed, including both simple and more advanced exercise parameters. Different groups of patients, including shunt lesions, pulmonary valvar stenosis, patients after completion of Fontan circulation, and patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension are discussed separately in more detail. It has been underscored that an active lifestyle, taking exercise limitations and potential risks of exercise into account is of utmost importance. Increased exercise capacity in these patients is furthermore correlated with an improvement of objective and subjective quality of life.
Conflict and Compliance

Preface 1. Introduction: Compliance Revisited 2. Human Rights Pressure and State Violations 3. Skeptics Under Fire: Human Rights Change in the Southern Cone 4. Bounded Optimism: The Limits of Human Rights Influence 5. State Responses in Global Perspective 6. Compliance and Resistance in International Politics Appendix: Measuring Human Rights Determinants Notes Index
Enhancing foreground segmentation by motion-based contour

Foreground segmentation has been widely used in many computer vision applications, and background substraction(BS) is one of most widely used routines. In order to achieve satisfactory completeness and robustness of foreground, in this paper, we propose a method which uses motion-based contours to enhance the existing kinds of BS algorithms in the area which is low contrast. First we obtain key regions by motion-based contours and superpixels. Secondly, we use Otsu algorithm to determine the threshold in these areas. Besides that we take the advantage of feedback mechanism and the attributions of integral image to reduce the light spots in the foreground images. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the completeness of foreground segmentation.
Feature Generation, Feature Selection, Classifiers, and Conceptual Drift for Biomedical Document Triage

We approached the problem of classifying papers for the TREC 2004 Genomics Track triage task as a four step process: feature generation, feature selection, classifier training, and finally, classification. Section specific binary features that discriminated significantly between positive and negative training samples were chosen using the Chi-square statistic. Three classifiers were trained on this feature set: a simple Naive Bayes classifier, the SVMLight support vector machine implementation, and a voting perceptron extended to support variable learning rates. Comparing the classifiers on the training data we found that neither Naive Bayes nor SVMLight was able to adequately account for the factor of 20 in the utility function. The voting perceptron classifier performed much better at this. The performance on the test collection was lower for all classifiers, although consistent with the relative values of the training cross-validation. Feature subsetting showed no significant differences in precision or recall, implying that there was some redundancy among the features. We also examined how well the feature set derived from the 2002 training collection represented the papers in the 2003 test collection, and found a low level of similarity between feature sets derived from the two collections. This supports the hypothesis that important classification terms change quickly over time.
Treatment of multiple myeloma

Correspondence: Jesús F. San Miguel, Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. Phone: international +34-923-291384 • Fax: + 34-923-294624 • Email: sanmigiz@gugu.usal. es Background and Objective. Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for about 10% of all hematologic malignancies. The standard treatment with intermittent courses of melphalan and prednisone (MP) was introduced more than 30 years ago and, since then there has been little improvement in event-free and overall survival (EFS & OS). The aim of this article is to review: 1) the role of initial chemotherapy (ChT), maintenance treatment with a-interferon and salvage ChT, 2) the results of high-dose therapy (HDT) followed by allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT and auto-SCT), and 3) the most important supportive measures.
Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aids: online international Delphi consensus process

Abstract Objective To develop a set of quality criteria for patient decision support technologies (decision aids). Design and setting Two stage web based Delphi process using online rating process to enable international collaboration. Participants Individuals from four stakeholder groups (researchers, practitioners, patients, policy makers) representing 14 countries reviewed evidence summaries and rated the importance of 80 criteria in 12 quality domains ona1to9 scale. Second round participants received feedback from the first round and repeated their assessment of the 80 criteria plus three new ones. Main outcome measure Aggregate ratings for each criterion calculated using medians weighted to compensate for different numbers in stakeholder groups; criteria rated between 7 and 9 were retained. Results 212 nominated people were invited to participate. Of those invited, 122 participated in the first round (77 researchers, 21 patients, 10 practitioners, 14 policy makers); 104/122 (85%) participated in the second round. 74 of 83 criteria were retained in the following domains: systematic development process (9/9 criteria); providing information about options (13/13); presenting probabilities (11/13); clarifying and expressing values (3/3); using patient stories (2/5); guiding/coaching (3/5); disclosing conflicts of interest (5/5); providing internet access (6/6); balanced presentation of options (3/3); using plain language (4/6); basing information on up to date evidence (7/7); and establishing effectiveness (8/8). Conclusions Criteria were given the highest ratings where evidence existed, and these were retained. Gaps in research were highlighted. Developers, users, and purchasers of patient decision aids now have a checklist for appraising quality. An instrument for measuring quality of decision aids is being developed.
Instability and Nonlinearity in the Euro Area Phillips Curve

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the functional form of the euro-area Phillips curve over the past three decades. In particular, compared with previous literature, we analyze the stability of the relationship in detail, especially as regards the possibility of a time-varying mean of inflation. Moreover, we conduct a sensitivity analysis across different measures of economic slack. Our main findings are two. First, there is strong evidence of time variation in the mean and slope of the Phillips curve occurring in the early to mid-1980s, but not in inflation persistence once the mean shift is allowed for. As a result of the structural change, the Phillips curve became flatter around a lower mean of inflation. Second, we find no significant evidence of nonlinearity - in particular, in relation to the output gap.
Political Parties in Burundi: Identity and Organizational Cohesion

The article describes the system of Burundian political parties as it has formed after 1990. The ruling CNDD-FDD and the state security apparatus under its control systematically repress opposition activities. However, certain political parties maintain their organizational cohesion in spite of this pressure and continue to challenge the electoral authoritarian regime. The paper argues that explanations at the level of party organization and the society's identity divisions must be combined for the logic of the party system to unravel. The selective genocide of Hutus in 1972, the 1993-2004 civil war and the post-conflict liberal democratic faith gave birth to five collective identities, each represented by one political party. The CNDD-FDD works on strengthening its position by building a clientelistic state-party merger. The former single party UPRONA represents the interests of the Tutsi minority. The organizational cohesion of the remaining three parties in the system – FRODEBU, FNL and MSD – stands and falls with their thin networks of highly committed activists. The paper claims that these core structures emerge and maintain long-term cohesion only if the constituencies that the parties represent are sufficiently large, geographically spread and their collective identities sufficiently strong. The account is based on an analysis of general elections in 1993, 2005 and 2010 and fieldwork conducted in 2012.
Identification of motoneurons and interneurons in the spinal network for escapes initiated by the mauthner cell in goldfish

We used intracellular recording and staining techniques to study the spinal circuitry of the escape behavior (C-start) initiated by the Mauthner axon (M-axon) in goldfish. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from one or both M-axons and a spinal neuron, followed by HRP labeling of the spinal cell, show that each M-axon makes monosynaptic, chemical excitatory synapses onto 2 populations of ipsilateral spinal neurons. The first consists of the large primary motoneurons that, based on earlier work (Fetcho, 1986), innervate exclusively the faster, white muscle fiber types in the myomeres. The second group of cells is formed by previously undescribed descending interneurons with ipsilateral axonal branches that have contacts with primary and secondary motoneurons spread over 2 or more body segments. Indirect evidence suggests that these descending interneurons are excitatory, and they may explain the polysynaptic activation of motoneurons observed in earlier studies of the spinal circuitry (Diamond, 1971). Both classes of neurons excited by the ipsilateral M- axon are disynaptically inhibited by the contralateral one. The morphology and physiology indicate that this inhibition is mediated by interneurons that are electrotonically coupled to one M-axon and have processes that cross the cord to inhibit contralateral neurons in the region where these postsynaptic cells receive excitatory input from the other M-axon. We have identified interneurons with the physiological and morphological features of these predicted crossed inhibitory interneurons. These cells are electrotonically coupled to the ipsilateral M-axon and receive a chloride-dependent disynaptic inhibitory input from the contralateral M-axon. Their very simple somata give rise to a process that crosses the spinal cord between the 2 M-axons. Once on the opposite side of the cord, the crossing process sends myelinated branches that run rostrally and caudally, roughly parallel to the contralateral M-axon. Processes that arise from these longitudinal branches terminate in a striking association with collaterals of the M-axon; nearly every M-axon collateral along the longitudinal course of an interneuron is met by a branch or branches of the interneuron whose terminals are apposed to neurons postsynaptic to the collateral. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)