Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface hydrology of an arctic ecosystem: Multiscale analysis of a flooding and draining experiment using spectral reflectance

[1] In the Arctic, surface hydrology plays an important role in controlling plant community composition and ecosystem processes such as land‐atmosphere carbon and energy balance. Investigating how climate change in this region will affect surface hydrology and subsequent biotic, atmospheric, and climatic feedbacks could be key to understanding the future state of the Arctic and Earth systems. Improved methods for monitoring surface hydrology at large spatial scales are needed in the Arctic. Near Barrow, Alaska, a large‐scale experiment with flooded, drained, and control treatment areas, each exceeding 9 ha, was initiated during summer 2008 following 3 years of monitoring under nonmanipulative conditions. Throughout the 2008 growing season, hyperspectral reflectance data were collected in the visible to near‐infrared (IR) range using a 300 m long robotic tram system. Water table depth, surface water depth, and percent surface water cover were also measured. A spectral index (Normalized Difference Surface Water Index (NDSWI)) was developed using reflectance in the IR region (R1000 strong absorbance) and blue region (R460 poor absorbance). NDSWI was strongly correlated with both surface water depth and surface water cover, and was used to monitor spatial and temporal patterns of surface hydrology in the experimental treatment. Using 2002 and 2008 Quickbird satellite imagery, the index was also used to examine differences in NDSWI between experimental treatments. Using this approach, we demonstrate that the flooded treatment was significantly different from the other two treatments (drained and control) and that the new index can be used to monitor surface hydrology in arctic wetlands.
Stress Paths in Relation to Deep Excavations

The mechanical behavior of many soils such as stiff clays depends on their current effective-stress states and stress history. For improving design and analysis of soil-structure interaction associated with deep excavations in these soils, it is important to understand effective-stress changes around excavations caused by both horizontal and vertical stress relief. In this paper, total and effective-stress variations adjacent to a diaphragm wall during construction of a 10–m-deep excavation in stiff fissured clay are reported and discussed. Interpreted field stress paths are compared with some relevant laboratory triaxial stress path tests, which simulate the horizontal and vertical stress relief in the field at an appropriate stress level. The interpreted field effective-stress paths in front of the wall are found to be similar to laboratory stress paths determined in undrained extension tests. Field stress paths behind the wall do not correspond particularly well with those from laboratory undrained compression tests, except when the stress state approaches active failure. The conventional undrained assumption does not seem to hold for the soil located immediately behind the wall during a relatively rapid excavation in the stiff clay.
Multiple Equilibria of the Global Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract A general circulation model with a highly idealized geometry is used to investigate which fundamentally different equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation may exist. The model comprises two identical basins representing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which are connected by a circumpolar channel in the south. The model circulation is driven, in addition to wind forcing by restoring the sea surface temperature to prescribed values and specified freshwater fluxes in the surface salinity budget (mixed boundary conditions). The boundary conditions are symmetric with respect to the equator and identical for both oceans. Four fundamentally different, stable steady states are found under the same set of boundary conditions. Two of the equilibria show both oceans in the same state, with high-altitude deep-water formation occuring either in both northern or in both southern oceans, respectively. Two additional equilibria exist in which the thermohaline circulations of the basins differ fundament.
Some Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Low-Frequency Current Fluctuations near the Oregon Coast

Abstract An analysis is presented of the low-frequency fluctuations [ω<0.6 cycle per day (cpd)] of the currents near the Oregon coast, based on the 1972 and 1973 measurements from moored current meters in CUE-1 and CUE-2. Let u and v denote the eastward (approximately onshore) and northward (approximately alongshore) components of the currents. The mean alongshore velocity v has the structure of a baroclinic coastal jet, whose maximum speed occurs near the surface at a distance of about 15–20 km from the shore, whereas the fluctuating part of v has the structure of a roughly barotropic coastal jet whose maximum occurs very near (<4 km) the shore. The standard deviation of v is approximately depth-independent whereas that of u decreases with depth. As one approaches the coast, the standard deviation of u decreases whereas that of v rises steeply, consistent with the behavior expected of coastally trapped wave motion. A scatter plot of the velocity fluctuations in a hodograph plane indicates that the fluctu.
Polarization mosaicing: high dynamic range and polarization imaging in a wide field of view

We present an approach for imaging the polarization state of scene points in a wide field of view, while enhancing the radiometric dynamic range of imaging systems. This is achieved by a simple modification of image mosaicking, which is a common technique in remote sensing. In traditional image mosaics, images taken in varying directions or positions are stitched to obtain a larger image. Yet, as the camera moves, it senses each scene point multiple times in overlapping regions of the raw frames. We rigidly attach to the camera a fixed, spatially varying polarization and attenuation filter. This way, the camera motion-induced multiple measurements per scene point are taken under different optical settings. This is in contrast to the redundant measurements of traditional mosaics. Computational algorithms then analyze the data to extract polarization imaging with high dynamic range across the mosaic field of view. We developed a Maximum Likelihood method to automatically register the images, in spite of the challenging spatially varying effects. Then, we use Maximum Likelihood to handle, in a single framework, variable exposures (due to transmittance variations), saturation, and partial polarization filtering. As a by product, these results enable polarization settings of cameras to change while the camera moves, alleviating the need for camera stability. This work demonstrates the modularity of the Generalized Mosaicing approach, which we recently introduced for multispectral image mosaics. The results are useful for the wealth of polarization imaging applications, in addition to mosaicking applications, particularly remote sensing. We demonstrate experimental results obtained using a system we built.
Evidence for a 6000 km length NW–SE-striking lineament in northern Africa: the Tibesti Lineament

Satellite images of Africa and Digital Elevation Models exhibit a c. 6000 km length NW–SE-striking lineament extending from southwestern Algeria to Kenya. This lineament often corresponds to a 200 to 300 km wide fault swarm, including faults sporadically interrupted, including faults sporadically interrupted, with a possible late Proterozoic origin. We name it the Tibesti Lineament as it is the most obvious and best documented massif along this structure. Some plate-scale geophysical studies substantiate the connection of this tectonic lineament with a major discontinuity affecting the deep lithosphere. The existence of other lithospheric fault zones crosscutting the African plate and/or the neighbouring plates of the Gondwana is underlined.
Development of a Laboratory Method for Comparing Emissions from Manure

A study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between manure storage time and temperature on gas and odor emissions. This research is part of a larger study to develop a standard laboratory procedure for studying the relationship between manure physical, chemical and biological characteristics and gas and odor emissions. In the near future this standard laboratory method could be used for comparing gas and odor emissions from different sources and quantify emission mitigation methods. Results from this study suggest that manure stored between 2 and 7 days at 5.6° C will have consistent emissions of NH3. However, warm storage (approximately 22° C) for more than 48 hrs affects the NH3 and H2S emission rates. As such, a laboratory protocol should limit the time in warm storage to less than 48 hours. Emission measurements were very repeatable with the most variation found in the H2S emissions.
When Theory Meets Practice: A Framework for Robust Proﬁling Side-channel Analysis

Proﬁling side-channel attacks are considered the most potent form of side-channel attacks. They consist of two steps. First, the adversary builds a leakage model using a device similar to the target one. This leakage model is then exploited to extract the secret information from the victim’s device. These attacks can be seen as a classiﬁcation problem, where the adversary needs to decide to what class (and consequently, the secret key) the traces collected from the victim’s device belong. The research community investigated proﬁling attacks in-depth, primarily by using an empirical approach. As such, it emerges that a theoretical framework to analyze proﬁling side-channel attacks comprehensively is still missing. In this paper, we propose a theory-grounded framework capable of modeling and evaluating proﬁling side-channel analysis. The framework is based on the expectation estimation problem that has strong theoretical foundations. We quantify the eﬀects of perturbations injected at diﬀer-ent points in our framework through the robustness analysis, where the perturbations represent sources of uncertainty associated with measurements, non-optimal classiﬁers, and countermeasures. Finally, we use our framework to evaluate the performance of diﬀerent classiﬁers using publicly available traces.
Idelalisib in the management of lymphoma

Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway as an anticancer therapeutic strategy was realized with the approval of the orally bioavailable small molecule PI3K d inhibitor idelalisib. In this focused review, we highlight the rationale for targeting the pathway in lymphomas, provide a brief summary of the preclinical data, and describe the clinical experience withthisagentinpatientswithlymphoma. We describe some of the idiosyncratic toxicities of this agent, some of the mechanisms of resistance, and some of the ongoing combination strategies. ( Blood . 2016;128(3):331-336)
Seismic centrifuge modelling of earth dams

Three dynamic centrifuge models were tested to obtain data for safety evaluation of the Jen-Yi-Tan Dam in Taiwan subject to a strong earthquake. In these tests, recorded 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake ground motions were modified and used on the electro-hydraulic shaking table mounted on the 400 g-ton centrifuge at the University of Colorado at Boulder. All tests were conducted under centrifugal acceleration of 150 g, and the input acceleration was scaled accordingly in order to simulate the given earthquake. A rigid container and water as pore fluid were used in the tests. In both Models 2 and 3, no sign of soil liquefaction was observed in the tests although a noticeable amount of settlements were found from the earth dam cross-section profile after testing.
Improving the predictions of a MIKE SHE catchment‐scale application by using a multi‐criteria approach

This paper suggests a multi‐criteria protocol for appropriately evaluating the predictions of hydrologic models during calibration and evaluation stages. The protocol includes different statistical, analytical and visual criteria such as analysis of peak and low flows, cumulative volumes, extreme value statistics, performance statistics, etc. Furthermore, the protocol assesses the physical consistency of model predictions by filtering the total observed hydrograph into different flow‐components (baseflow, interflow and overland flow) and using these filtered data in the calibration and evaluation processes. Based on the distributed modelling of a medium size catchment, it is shown that application of the suggested protocol, and in particular the use of the filtered flow‐components in model calibration, enhances the physical consistency of model predictions, adding considerable value to the calibration process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the stability of barotropic prograde and retrograde jets along a bottom slope

Barotropic slope currents following isobaths are common features of shelf seas in nonequatorial regions. They are usually remotely forced and stabilized locally by the bottom slope. The stability of these barotropic currents is investigated to determine how well they can be modeled numerically as stationary flows. Both prograde jets, with their cyclonic flank in the deeper water, and retrograde jets, with their cyclonic flank in shallower water, are considered. A necessary condition for instability is at least one extremum in the distribution of the potential vorticity across the jet, which is equivalent to the planetary beta stability problem, and corresponds to the well-known Rayleigh inflection-point theorem for the stability problem of a nongeophysical flow. A criterion for instability that involves the bottom slope parameter as a stabilizing factor and the velocity shear as a destabilizing factor has been derived. This criterion suggests that even mild slopes are capable of stabilizing both prograde and retrograde jets. For the case of a cosine jet along an exponential topography, neutral solutions are found to be governed by the Mathieu equation. Because of our use of exponential topography our equation contains more terms than the instability problem for planetary beta on a flat bottom, but the difference tends to vanish when the Rossby number is small. Our results also imply that a given bottom slope stabilizes more wave modes for a retrograde jet, which flows in a direction opposite to topographic Rossby waves.
Constraints on upper mantle discontinuities from observations of long-period reflected and converted phases

Stacked images combining over 5 years of long-period Global Digital Seismograph Network data reveal many phases associated with reflections and conversions from upper mantle discontinuities. These images show travel time and amplitude relative to a reference phase which is aligned and normalized on all seismograms prior to stacking. Results obtained for P, S, SS, and PP reference arrivals resolve numerous phases from discontinuities near 410 and 660 km, while some of the stacks also show evidence for a weaker discontinuity near 520 km. Phases of particular interest include P and SH multiples resulting from topside reflections, precursors to SS from underside reflections, and P-to-SV converted phases. These phases can be clearly seen both in the waveform stacks and in cross-correlation analysis of individual seismograms. Travel times for these arrivals are converted to discontinuity depths relative to velocities in the Preliminary Reference Earth Model, and empirical corrections are applied for the effects of lateral velocity variations in the upper mantle. Average apparent depths to the discontinuities for the different phases agree to within ±3 km for the 410-km discontinuity, to within ±4 km for the 520-km discontinuity, and to within ±8 km for the 660-km discontinuity. The best global averages are obtained from the SS precursor data which indicate discontinuities at 415, 519, and 659 km. Discontinuity depths obtained from the P-to-SV converted phases at over 35 individual seismic stations exhibit variations of less than ±20 km. Apparent depths to the 660-km discontinuity consistently show greater variability than depths to the 410-km discontinuity, supporting recent laboratory results which indicate that the Clapeyron slope for the 660-km discontinuity is significantly larger in magnitude than the slope for the 410-km discontinuity. Precursors to SS (seen between 110° and 180°) are particularly useful for mapping possible lateral variations in discontinuity depths since each arrival can be associated with a single underside reflection point Apparent discontinuity depths computed from SS precursors for different tectonic regions agree to within about ±5 km. The SS precursors have especially good coverage near the subducting slabs in the northwest Pacific. Analysis of apparent discontinuity depths in this area suggests the presence of a broad 1000- to 1500-km-wide region near the slab in which the 660-km discontinuity is depressed by about 20 km. Measuring absolute amplitudes for these phases is difficult due to the large corrections required to compensate for the effects of incoherent stacking. Relative amplitude analysis suggests that the P and S wave impedance changes at 410 km are about 0.8–1.1 times the size of the changes at 660 km and that the contrasts at 520 km are between 0.3 and 0.6 of the changes at 410 km.
Shared Kernel Information Embedding for Discriminative Inference

Latent variable models, such as the GPLVM and related methods, help mitigate overfitting when learning from small or moderately sized training sets. Nevertheless, existing methods suffer from several problems: 1) complexity, 2) the lack of explicit mappings to and from the latent space, 3) an inability to cope with multimodality, and 4) the lack of a well-defined density over the latent space. We propose an LVM called the Kernel Information Embedding (KIE) that defines a coherent joint density over the input and a learned latent space. Learning is quadratic, and it works well on small data sets. We also introduce a generalization, the shared KIE (sKIE), that allows us to model multiple input spaces (e.g., image features and poses) using a single, shared latent representation. KIE and sKIE permit missing data during inference and partially labeled data during learning. We show that with data sets too large to learn a coherent global model, one can use the sKIE to learn local online models. We use sKIE for human pose inference.
Polar boundary layer plumes and bottom water formation: A missing element in ocean general circulation models

Much of the deep water in the world oceans forms as relatively dense water on shelves in polar regions, followed by downslope flow of the dense water as a boundary layer plume. This process is omitted from current global ocean general circulation models (GCMs) which, instead, form bottom water only as a result of the large-scale thermohaline overturning and as a result of deep convection. Here the role of polar boundary layer plumes is investigated by coupling a two-dimensional plume model to a two-dimensional (latitude-depth) dynamical ocean model, which, in turn, is coupled to sea ice and surface climate models. The polar plume mass flux at the shelf brink is parameterized in terms of the rate of sea ice formation, net evaporation, and surface cooling over polar shelves. The presence of plumes has only a modest impact on the high-latitude temperature response to a greenhouse gas increase and the projected sea level rise due to thermal expansion because, in the present model, the overall response is strongly conditioned by changes in the relative strength of northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere bottom waters which occur whether or not plumes are included. These changes, in turn, appear to depend critically on the spin-up flow field and density fields produced by the coupled model. It is concluded that polar plume processes should be incorporated in coupled atmosphere-ocean GCMs but that correct simulation of the ocean density field and surface forcing conditions is a more important priority.
Spatio‐temporal evaluation of the groundwater quality in Kafr Al‐Zayat District, Egypt

Eighteen groundwater well sites located in Kafr Al‐Zayat (Egypt) were sampled monthly from January 2009 to November 2011 for microbial content, Mn+2, Fe+2, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, NO3−, and turbidity. The data were analyzed combining the integrated use of factor and cluster analyses as well as the geostatistical semi‐variogram modeling. The prime objectives were to assess the groundwater suitability for drinking, to document the factors governing the spatio‐tempral variability, and to recognize distinctive groundwater quality patterns to help enable effective sustainability and proactive management of the limited resource.
The survival of food residues: new methods of analysis, interpretation and application

In order to gain a better understanding of the nature of organic matter of archaeological interest, chemists are faced with the task of characterising a wide range of natural products. Gas chromatography (GC) and combined GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) are the methods of choice for the analysis of complex lipid mixtures. Application of these techniques to the investigation of amorphous residues preserved in potsherds would appear to hold considerable promise for use in studies of diet and vessel function. Modern capillary GC columns achieve complex mixture separation of a wide range of compound classes, e.g., intact acyl lipids, free fatty carboxylic acids, sterols and hydrocarbons. Computerised data-handling techniques are essential for processing the large amount of gas chromatographic and mass spectral data which arises from potsherd analyses. A large number of potsherds are being analysed in an effort to investigate patterns of vessel usage. The characteristic compounds, or groups of compounds that are revealed correspond to ‘markers’ or ‘indicators’, and provide a ‘fingerprint’ that can be used chemotaxonomically, to deduce the nature of foodstuffs associated with ceramic vessels and classify vessel function. Interpretations are supported by the analysis of lipid extracts of contemporary foodstuffs, and by the results of degradation and cooking simulation experiments.