Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the thermal diffusivity of human epidermis by studying thermal wave propagation

The thermal diffusivity of dry human epidermis was determined in vitro by studying thermal wave propagation in thin epidermal layers at frequencies between 10 and 200 Hz. Transmission measurements were performed on samples applied to a plane copper support at the underside of which thermal waves were generated by means of a square voltage controlled power transistor. Additionally, measurements were performed on epidermal layers with metal and air backing, in which thermal waves were generated by the absorption of intensity modulated light in a thin, superficially applied graphite layer. Thermal waves were detected by means of the laser beam deflection technique. A critical discussion of methods shows that the thermal diffusivity is most reliably determined by transmission experiments.
Recovering Individual Preferences for Non‐Market Goods: A Collective Travel‐Cost Model

Traditional recreation demand models do not make a distinction between a household and an individual as the reference decision-making unit, thus assuming that a family maximizes a single utility function, even if the family consists of different individuals. Such models ignore the possibility of family members' divergent preferences for non-market goods. This study proposes a novel approach-the collective travel-cost model (CTCM)-to eliciting individual preferences for a non-market good, such as a recreation site, by using revealed preference data. This approach accounts for the intra-household resource allocation and the role of each household member's preferences. We show that the collective travel-cost model can be applied to estimating a recreation demand model that yields individual welfare estimates appropriate for policy analysis of non-market goods, such as the willingness to pay to access a recreation site. We find that how resources are distributed within the household reflects significant differences in welfare measures.
The relationship between price and extraction cost for a resource with a backstop technology

This paper analyzes the optimal depletion policy for a country with a resource which is inexhaustible but available in various grades and at various costs. Cost is assumed to increase with cumulative extraction up to a point, but then to remain constant as a "backstop" supply is reached. This models accurately the supply conditions of minerals which may eventually be extracted from marine sources or crystal rocks. Emphasis is placed on the behavior of prices along an optimal (competitive) path, and it is shown that the price-cost relationship is very different from the standard one of an exponentially growing royalty.
HUBUNGAN ETOS KERJA, MOTIVASI DAN SIKAP INOVATIF DENGAN PENDAPATAN PETERNAK KERBAU DI KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT

The purposes of study was aimed to investigate the work ethics, motivations and innovative attitudes and its correlation with income of buffalo farmers in West Manggarai Regency. The surveys was conducted in December 2009 until February 2010, involving 103 respondents chosen based on certain criteria. The relationships between work ethics, motivations and innovative attitude with the farmers income was analyzed using the chi-square, they are found to have a significant correlation, and then continued by Phi test. The results showed that buffalo farmers in Lembor Subdistrict, West Manggarai regency, had a high working ethics, farming motivations and a positive innovative attitude. The work ethics and innovative attitudes were not related to the income of buffalo farmers. The Breeding motivations had significantly correlated to income of buffalo breeder’s (X2count 14.934 > 3.84 X2table), meaning that the higher breeding motivations, would bring effect to a higher income. The relationship between the variable of breeding motivations and the breeder’s income shows a medium (Phi coefficient = 0.381). The average income of respondents per livestock unit was Rp. 756,944 ± 221,542/year, while the average contribution from buffalo breeding activities for the household income, was 31.2%. This research implicated, that work ethics, and innovative attitudes, cannot be used to predict the farmers income, while breeding motivations, plays the role as a variable reliable to predict the farmers income. (Key words: Work ethics, Motivations, Innovative attitudes, Farmers income, Buffalo)
PERFORMANCE-RELATED PAY FOR TEACHERS: An examination of the underlying objectives and its application in practice

Performance-related pay (PRP) is being introduced for schoolteachers in England and Wales at a time when policy makers are concerned with the ‘mission to modernise’ and the requirement for ‘change’ to take place in the public sector (Cabinet Office 1999: 4). In a number of recent government publications, public sector pay has been heralded as an important mechanism that will ensure public services are ‘efficient’ and of ‘high quality’. Kessler and Purcell (1992) examine the managerial objectives underlying the current application of PRP in organizations and provide a useful framework to explore and evaluate PRP systems. Their framework has been adopted to consider the implications of implementing PRP for teachers.
Gene transfer from a parasitic flowering plant to a fern

The rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. ) is obligately mycotrophic and widely distributed across the northern hemisphere. Three mitochondrial gene regions place this species with other ferns in Ophioglossaceae, while two regions place it as a member of the largely parasitic angiosperm order Santalales (sandalwoods and mistletoes). These discordant phylogenetic placements suggest that part of the genome in B. virginianum was acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), perhaps from root-parasitic Loranthaceae. These transgenes are restricted to B. virginianum and occur across the range of the species. Molecular and life-history traits indicate that the transfer preceded the global expansion of B. virginianum, and that the latter may have happened very rapidly. This is the first report of HGT from an angiosperm to a fern, through either direct parasitism or the mediation of interconnecting fungal symbionts.
Design and Destinations: Factors Influencing Walking and Total Physical Activity

Do people walk more, or less, depending on the physical character of their residential areas rather than merely their individual characteristics? This paper reports findings for the Twin Cities, Minnesota, about how walking and total physical activity are affected by street pattern, `pedestrian-oriented' infrastructure and amenities, and mixed use or destinations—in shorthand, design and destinations. The effects of density are dealt with in less depth. Like earlier studies, it finds that walking for specific purposes (i.e. travel or leisure) varies in relation to the physical characteristics of places. However, this study using multiple measures of overall walking and physical activity suggests that socially similar people do the same total amount of physical activity in different kinds of places and that level of activity is, on average, low.
Price discovery and investor structure in stock index futures

Previous literature on price discovery in stock index futures and spot markets neglects the role of different investor groups. This study relates time‐varying spot‐futures linkages studied within a VECM‐DCC‐GARCH framework to changes in the investor structure of the futures market over time. Empirical results suggest that during the dominance of presumably uninformed private investors, the futures market does not contribute to price discovery. By contrast, there is evidence of information flows from futures to spot markets and a significant increase in conditional correlation between both markets as institutional investors' share in trading volume increases. We derive implications for the design of emerging futures markets. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark31:282–306, 2011
Circadian control of root elongation and C partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plants grow in a light/dark cycle. We have investigated how growth is buffered against the resulting changes in the carbon supply. Growth of primary roots of Arabidopsis seedlings was monitored using time-resolved video imaging. The average daily rate of growth is increased in longer light periods or by addition of sugars. It responds slowly over days when the conditions are changed. The momentary rate of growth exhibits a robust diel oscillation with a minimum 8-9 h after dawn and a maximum towards the end of the night. Analyses with starch metabolism mutants show that starch turnover is required to maintain growth at night. A carbon shortfall leads to an inhibition of growth, which is not immediately reversed when carbon becomes available again. The diel oscillation persists in continuous light and is strongly modified in clock mutants. Central clock functions that depend on CCA1/LHY are required to set an appropriate rate of starch degradation and maintain a supply of carbon to support growth through to dawn, whereas ELF3 acts to decrease growth in the light period and promote growth in the night. Thus, while the overall growth rate depends on the carbon supply, the clock orchestrates diurnal carbon allocation and growth.
Allelic discrimination of genetic human prion diseases by real-time PCR genotyping

The complete molecular characterization of human genetic prion diseases from different backgrounds is important for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological classification. The characterization of the PRNP gene should always include the description of the pathogenic mutation, as well as the status at each allele of the polymorphic codon 129 (M129V), a well-established susceptibility marker and phenotypic variability factor for different types of human prion diseases. Indeed, the phenotypical expression of two of the most common mutations in the human PRNP gene associated with genetic prion diseases, D178N and E200K, is clearly modulated by the codon 129 polymorphism. Here, we describe two simple, fast, cost-effective and suited for high-throughput protocols to resolve cis-trans ambiguities between these mutations respect the M129V polymorphism. This methodology is based on differential amplification by allele-specific primers using Real Time PCR monitored by SYBR® Green dye. The main advantages of these protocols are their relative simplicity and the reduced cost compared to other methods such as cloning protocols, and that it may be readily applicable to the characterization of other mutations with codon 129-dependent expression, e.g. P102L.
Search, Hedonic Prices and Housing Demand

The conventional model of the housing market does not take into account the search process for a suitable housing unit. Based on a dynamic search theory, this paper develops and estimates a truncated regression model of the rental housing market with stochastic and unobserved truncation points. The author's model provides a joint estimation of the hedonic rice and the reservation rent equations. The results turn out to be superior to the ordinary least squares estimates of either the traditional housing demand function or the hedonic price equation. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.
Transcriptional regulation of peripheral glial cell differentiation in the embryonic nervous system of drosophila

The Drosophila nervous system is ideally suited to study glial cell development and function, because it harbors only relatively few glial cells, and nervous system development is very well conserved during evolution. In the past, enhancer trap studies provided tools allowing to study glial cells with a single‐cell resolution and, moreover, disclosed a surprising molecular heterogeneity among the different glial cells. The peripheral nervous system in the embryo comprises only 12 glial cells in one hemisegment and thus offers a unique opportunity to decipher the mechanisms directing glial development. Here, we focus on transcriptional regulators that have been reported to function during gliogenesis. To uncover additional regulators, we have conducted a genetic screen and report the identification of two additional transcriptional regulators involved in the control of peripheral glial migration: nejire and tango. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of Magnetic Field Interharmonics and Sideband Vibration in the FSCW IPMSM Drive With the SPWM Technique

The high-frequency sideband current harmonics are the inherent concomitants of applying sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) in permanent-magnet synchronous machine drives. Abundant spatial interharmonic magnetic field components in fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) render it very susceptible to electromagnetic radial vibration. In this paper, a universal analytical interharmonic model of magnetic field in FSCW IPMSMs is proposed, and further, it is employed to develop the sideband radial force density model of SPWM. Both comprehensive finite-element analysis (FEA) simulations and experimental tests are carried out to underpin the validity of the analytical models. The close agreements between the analytical, FEA, and experimental results have revealed that the proposed analytical approaches can deliver accurate sideband current and vibration predictions with minimum computational efforts and suffice for fast preliminary assessments. In addition, the validated analytical models can offer detailed and insightful revelations of various factors that affect the corresponding sideband vibration components.
The influence of a shift from conventional to organic olive farming on soil management and erosion risk in southern Spain

Abstract Natural resource conservation should be fundamental to organic agriculture, including the prevention of soil erosion. Soil erosion in the olive orchards of southern Spain is recognized as a serious problem causing environmental, economic and social repercussions, both on and off-site. This study describes the changes in soil management practices that accompanied a shift from conventional to organic olive farming and the corresponding effect of those management practices on erosion risk in the province of Córdoba, Andalusia. Interviews with 107 farmers were carried out in two different geographic areas to assess the socio-economic factors influencing farm management decision-making, and on-farm erosion risk evaluations and soil data (organic matter, aggregate stability, infiltration and vegetative ground cover) were taken on 25 farms to assess the effects of those decisions on soil erosion risk. Results from this study show that the shift to organic farming in olive orchards in the province of Córdoba has been accompanied by increased protection of the soil and lowered erosion risk. The most important changes in soil management practices associated with the transition from conventional to organic agriculture were the reduction in tillage and the increase in management systems that incorporate a vegetative cover controlled either by grazing livestock or mowing. However, the shift to organic farming has had more impact in the south of the province than in the north where farm management systems have historically led to less erosion.
Adaptive Reshaping of Excitation Currents for Accurate Torque Control of Brushless Motors

Accurate torque control of a brushless motor requires the motor's torque characteristics, which follows a periodic function of motor angle. This brief presents a direct adaptive controller for torque control of brushless motors, which estimates the Fourier coefficients of this periodic function based on the measurements of motor phase voltage and angle. It will be analytically shown that the proposed adaptive controller achieves torque tracking regardless of the trajectories of input signals. Moreover, the adaptive controller does not rely on the modeling of the mechanical load, so that control implementation is simple and modular. Experimental results obtained from the McGill/MIT motor have demonstrated that motor torque converges to the command torque.
Generalization of the Concept of Equivalent Thickness and Capacitance to Multigate MOSFETs Modeling

In this letter, we propose to introduce the notion of equivalent capacitance and to generalize the so-called equivalent-thickness concept to model arbitrary shapes of lightly doped nonplanar multigate MOSFETs, without the need to introduce any unphysical parameter. These definitions, which merely map a multigate geometry into the symmetric double-gate (DG) MOSFET topology, have been validated by extensive comparison with 3-D numerical simulations of quadruple-gate, triple-gate (TG), triangular gate, cylindrical gate-all-around, and DG Fin Field Effect Transistors (FinFETs). Based on this modeling approach, any multigate architecture inherits of the fundamental relationships that have been developed for planar DG MOSFETs, including the normalization of all electrical quantities that considerably simplifies its analysis. In addition, considering a constant mobility, we find that the model can predict electrical characteristics of FinFETs from 275 to 425 K, without the need for any additional parameters. Finally, we were able to predict electrical measurements of a TG MOSFET, making of this generic model an interesting candidate for a design-oriented compact model for arbitrary multigate MOSFETs geometries.
Global Position and Position Taking: The Case of Australia

From 1990 to 2003, Australia’s share of the global market in cross-border degrees grew from 1% to 9%. Full fee-paying foreign students now constitute one quarter of enrolments, and education is Australia’s third largest services export. Positioned as an Anglo-American system on the edge of Asia, Australia has differentiated itself from the United States and United Kingdom on price, location, safety, and climate, not academic content. The supply side keys to growth are deregulation and prolonged reductions in the public funding of universities. However, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University survey of research performance finds that Australia is less strong in research than cross-border degrees. Australia’s policy may have negative implications for its longer-term global standing and limit the range of position-taking strategies available to its universities. These themes are explored in the context of the emerging worldwide market and Australian policy changes that have enhanced institutional stratification.
The amazing dynamics of stochastic pattern formation and growth models inspired by the Conway's Game of Life

Several modifications of the famous mathematical Game of Life are introduced by making Game of Life rules stochastic and mutual influence of cells in their 8-neighborhood on a rectangular lattice spatially non-uniform. Results are reported of experimental investigation of evolutionary dynamics of the introduced models. A number of new phenomena in the evolutionary dynamics of the models and collective behavior of patterns they generate are revealed, described and illustrated: formation of maze-like patterns as fixed points of the models, "self-controlled growth", "eternal life" in a bounded space and "coherent shrinkage".
Cigarette smuggling does not reduce the public health benefits of cigarette taxes

The UK government estimates that 20% of cigarettes consumed in the UK are smuggled. Government documents express concern that because of smuggling further increases in cigarette taxes may not promote public health objectives. Elementary economic analysis demonstrates that the tendency of cigarette taxes to deter smoking is not diminished by smuggling. Smuggling does not reduce the public health benefits of cigarette taxes.
Welfare Reform When Recipients Are Forward-Looking

In 1996 the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program was replaced with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. This paper considers the effects of two specific components of TANF, time limits and work requirements, on employment, marriage, and welfare participation. I use a discrete-choice dynamic programming model and obtain parameter estimates using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Policy simulations show that a five-year lifetime time limit results in a 60 percent reduction in welfare use and that a substantial part of this reduction occurs because recipients are forward-looking.
Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology

Body-image disturbance and eating disorders are a significant physical and mental health problem in Western countries. We describe emerging work on one newly identified variable that appears to be a potent risk factor for the development of these problems internalization of societal standards of attractiveness. Work conducted independently in our labs over the past decade has included scale development, correlational studies, prospective risk-factor studies, randomized experiments, and randomized prevention trials. Findings collectively suggest that internalization is a causal risk factor for body-image and eating disturbances, and that it appears to operate in conjunction with other established risk factors for these outcomes, including dieting and negative affect. Future research is needed to examine the specific familial, peer, and media influences that promote internalization and to replicate and extend our prospective and experimental studies.
The Long Peace: A Reconsideration

In this article, we reconsider the rarity of the Long Peace in the light of a probability model that targets the collective experience of major powers. Our examination shows that consecutive periods of peace equal to the forty-two years of the so-called Long Peace are not uncommon over the past eighteen decades—these periods occurred slightly more than 30 percent of the time. The period between 1816 and 1913 actually contains less war involvement by major powers than the period of the putative Long Peace. Our analysis demonstrates that long periods of major power peace are not unusual; periods of major power war are more exceptional than normal. Thus we conclude that the Long Peace is not rare and that its role in evaluating theories of war is misleading.
Are Mandated Health and Safety Committees Substitutes for or Supplements to Labor Unions?

A subject of recurring debate in both academia and the business world is whether workplace committees and other forms of employee participation are substitutes for or supplements to labor unions. One well-established effect of unionization is increased enforcement of government labor policies such as OSHA; this study investigates the enforcement effects of mandated safety and health committees. A comparison of OSHA inspection records for the two years preceding and following the implementation of committee mandates in Oregon in 1991 shows that mandated committees significantly increased the differences between union and nonunion workplaces in OSHA enforcement, with enforcement strengthening considerably in union workplaces but edging upward only slightly in nonunion workplaces. The committees thus appear to have acted more as supplements to than substitutes for labor unions.