Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Machine Learning in FPGA EDA Tool Development

With the recent advances in hardware technologies like advanced CPUs and GPUs and the large availability of open-source libraries, machine learning has penetrated various domains, including Electronics Design Automation (EDA). EDA consists of multiple stages, from high-level synthesis and logic synthesis to placement and routing. Traditionally, estimating resources and areas from one level of design abstraction to the next level uses mathematical, statistical, and analytical approaches. However, as the technology node decreases and the number of cells inside the chip increases, the traditional estimation methods fail to correlate with the actual post-route values. Machine-learning (ML) based methodologies pave a strong path towards accurately estimating post-route values. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the existing literature in the ML application field in EDA, emphasizing FPGA design automation tools. We discuss how ML is applied in different stages to predict congestion, power, performance, and area (PPA), both for High-Level Synthesis (HLS) and Register Transfer Level (RTL)-based FPGA designs, application of design space exploration and application in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tool parameter settings to optimize timing and area requirements. Reinforcement learning is widely applied in both FPGA and ASIC physical design flow, a topic of discussion in this paper. We also discuss various ML models like classical regression and classification ML, convolution neural networks, reinforcement learning, and graph convolution network and their application in EDA.
Structure of Stratospheric Wave Responses to ENSO Convection

Abstract Generalized maximum covariance analysis (GMCA) has been developed and applied to diagnosing the relationships between ENSO tropospheric heating variations and tropical stratospheric waves. GMCA identifies the most important patterns of covariability between interannual tropospheric heating variations and eddy zonal and meridional velocities, temperatures, and ozone mixing ratios in the tropics between 200 and 10 hPa. The first two sets of GMCA time coefficients have variations that are strongly related to ENSO and are highly correlated at a lag of about a year. The diagnosed spatial patterns have broad wavenumber 1 characteristics, which are associated with ENSO. These dominant modes of heating variations are linked to a rich three-dimensional pattern of stratospheric eddy perturbations over a wide range of lags. Generally, all major features propagate slowly to the east along with the tropospheric heating anomaly. In addition there is strong vertical coherence such that the strongest anomalies t.
Changes in perspectives of the values and benefits of nature

Social-ecological systems describe interactions between humans and nature. The ecosystem approach provides a holistic system to manage and understand these interactions, and to maintain and enhance ecosystem services - the benefits nature provides to humans. While much theoretical discourse posits various approaches to the ecosystem approach and ecosystem services, there exists a lack of practical applications examining these approaches, especially in urban and peri-urban environments. The current research used a case study to examine the efficacy of integrating environmental management and ecosystem services within an urban greenspace social-ecological system. Initially, the most pertinent ecosystem services and management options were established. This was achieved through expert opinion, a rapid assessment, and a literature search which enabled the identification of a preferred management approach. This resulted in conservation grazing cattle over a 5 hectare salt marsh, typical of the Upper Mersey Estuary in the UK and situated within an urban area. The effects of cattle grazing on four relevant ecosystem services: (i) wild species diversity, (ii) environmental settings, (iii) carbon storage, and (iv) immobilisation of pollutants, were evaluated over two years. The aim of the evaluation was to examine how the grazing intervention affected ecosystem services. Both quantitative and qualitative measures - reflecting the interdisciplinarity of the ecosystem services concept - were used in the evaluation. For the ecosystem services examined, the results add significant knowledge to the current discourse, and are used to inform new avenues for research. There was an increase in the cultural services (wild species diversity and environmental settings), regulatory services of carbon storage showed no change while differences in the immobilisation of pollutants observed were explained by local variation at the site. These findings show that by integrating ecosystem services and environmental management, larger scale benefits to humans from management options can be recognised and planned for in future natural spaces management, thereby increasing the positive rewards nature provides in abundance.
Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Prevalence of Fish Parasites in Jibia Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria

A study was carried out to determine the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and prevalence of helminth parasites of fishes in Jibia Reservoir, Katsina State. Fishes and water samples were collected on monthly basis and analyzed. Fish samples were analyzed following standard parasitological technique and water analysis procedures was used to determine water quality. Seven species of helminth parasites were identified and these include Trematode: Neascus sp, Nematodes: Procamallanus laevionchus and Contracaecum sp, Cestodes :Polyonchobothrium clarias, Bothriocephalus aegyptiacus and Proteocephalus glanduliger and Acanthocephalan: Neoechinorhynchus rutili. Prevalence was found to be highest (55.88%) in January and the least prevalence (21.74%) was recorded in August. A t- test revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the monthly prevalence of parasitic infection. There were variations in the monthly values of investigated physico-chemical parameters, though it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The percentage of parasitic infection showed a perfect positive correlation with temperature (r=0.783), pH (r=0.250), Electric Conductivity (r=0.514), and Biological Oxygen Demand (r=0.135) and a negative correlation with Turbidity (r=-0.145) and Dissolved Oxygen (r=-0.699). However, further studies are recommended with greater intervals in order to identify the effects of physico-chemical parameters in the infestation success of helmith parasites in the study area.
Genetic variability of Tachigali vulgaris trees based on seed morphophysiological traits

Tachigali vulgaris is a tree with high potential for energy purposes in Brazil. However, there is little information about genetic variability that can be applied to plant breeding. Here, we quantified genetic variability based on biometric and emergence traits of T. vulgaris seeds from the native population of the Brazilian Amazon. The biometric aspects, moisture content, emergence, emergence speed index, and average emergence time of the seeds were evaluated. Genotypic values and genetic parameters were analysed using the mixed model methodology in a completely randomised design with 12 genotypes and four replications of 25 seeds. All biometric and emergence traits of seeds showed phenotypic and genetic variabilities. Heritability was high for all traits evaluated (0.66 to 0.97), and genetic accuracy showed high experimental precision and reliable results (≥ 0.90). Grouping by the Tocher, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis methods based on genetic traits returned four groups: Group 1 by Genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12; Group 2 by Genotype 3; Group 3 by Genotype 2; and Group 4 by Genotype 11. In addition, Genotypes 1, 3–10 and 12 displayed seeds with superior physical and physiological traits and a high probability of genetic gain. Our findings can be used in the selection and marking of trees with a broad genetic base for seed production and plant breeding of this species.
Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Study of the Weyburn Unit

Reservoir characterization is important to EOR and numerical simulation studies, especially for complex naturally fractured reservoirs with low-permeability matrix rock. Solvent movement and volumetric sweep are controlled by fracture distribution and connectivity and by matrix permeability variation. All these factors were considered in the reservoir characterization and simulation study. The reservoir characterization was so effective that, in a 63-well simulation study, 70% of the wells were history matched on the first simulation runs without modification to the original geologic/petrophysical data. This can be attributed to the team approach of using geological, reservoir engineering, and petrophysical input.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRODUCT INVOLVEMENT IN GUJARAT

The concept of product involvement is a relatively new concept. However, in recent times, lot of research has been carried out in this area. Marketers are trying to study buyer behavior based on their involvement with a product or service. In this research also, two contrasting product were selected representing two extreme levels of product involvement. A residential house which is a high involvement product and a toothpaste which is a low involvement product. Product involvement was found out for these products based on the factors determining involvement as propounded by Carmen Garcia et al. Further, correlation analysis was conducted to test the relationship between the factors determining product involvement separately for both the products and it was found that for residential house, there is a positive and significant correlation between all the factors. However, the same was not found for toothpaste. It was found that in case of toothpaste, the correlation between all the factors was low and insignificant. Thus, this differing mindset of buyers was observed which would be helpful for marketers while designing their marketing strategy for their products and services.
Spatial Dimensions of Urban Commuting: A Review of Major Issues and Their Implications for Future Geographic Research*

Abstract Modern urban transportation systems continuously challenge, and are challenged by, the changing nature of 21st-century travel demand. Today, congestion is the norm in cities of the United States, and researchers and practitioners are seeking solutions to these problems. Urban commuting is identified as contributing to the suboptimal performance of transportation systems. This paper offers a review and critique of recent research on urban commuting, emphasizing geographical dimensions of this topic. Three broad areas of research related to urban commuting are discussed. These include (1) urban sustainability, (2) land use, and (3) geographic information systems (GIS). Major themes are examined in an effort to elicit thought on future geographic research. At the conclusion of the paper, summary remarks are provided and avenues for research are outlined.
Preparation of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) from Shells through Dissolution, Carbonation, and Sonication

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat kalsium karbonat terendapkan atau precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) dari cangkang kerang mutiara melalui pelarutan dengan larutan HNO3, karbonasi dengan karbondioksida, dan sonikasi. Cangkang kerang dengan ukuran 200 mesh dikalsinasi 900ºC selama 3 jam, dilarutkan dalam larutan asam nitrat 0,8 M dan ditambahkan ammonia sebagai pembentuk suasana basa. Selanjutnya dialiri gas CO2 (karbonasi) selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sonikasi selama 30 menit. Endapan yang terbentuk setelah pencucian berwarna putih dengan presentase CaO mencapai 98,36%. Persentase tersebut lebih tinggi dibanding CaO pada cangkang kerang sebelum dimurnikan. PCC yang berhasil diekstraksi mempunyai fase kristal kalsit (2θ) 29,3, 35,88, dan 39,4° dan vaterit (2θ) 24,8˚, 27,0˚, 32,7˚, 43,8˚ dan 55,7˚. Fase kristal kalsit dan vaterit juga dapat dilihat dari citra SEM yang menunjukkan bentuk kubus (kalsit) dan bulat (vaterit). Hasil FTIR menunjukkan bilangan gelombang 708, 748, 879, 1087, 1420, 1465 dan 1481,3 cm-1 merupakan identitas dari vibrasi gugus karbonat dari vaterit dan kalsit dalam PCC. Ukuran partikel dari PCC yang terbentuk adalah 2,434 µm. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa PCC cangkang kerang telah berhasil dilakukan dan membentuk fase kristal kalsit dan vaterit. Abstract. This study aimed to prepare precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from pearl oyster shells by dissolving with HNO3 solution, carbonation with carbon dioxide, and sonication. Shells with a size of 200 mesh were calcined at 900 ºC for 3 hours, dissolved in 0.8 M nitric acid solution and added ammonia to form an alkaline medium. Then it was flowed with CO2 gas (carbonation) for 30 minutes and continued sonication for 30 minutes. The precipitate formed after washing is white with a CaO percentage of 98.36%. This percentage is higher than the CaO in clam shells before being purified. PCC that was successfully extracted had crystalline phases of calcite (2θ) 29.3, 35.88, and 39.4° and vaterite (2θ) 24.8˚, 27.0˚, 32.7˚, 43.8˚ and 55 ,7˚. The calcite and vaterite crystal phases can also be seen from the SEM images which show cubic (calcite) and spherical (vaterite) shapes. FTIR results show wave numbers 708, 748, 879, 1087, 1420, 1465 and 1481.3 cm-1 which are the identity of the vibration of the carbonate group of vaterite and calcite in PCC. The particle size of the formed PCC is 2.434 µm. Based on the results of the characterization carried out, it can be concluded that the PCC of the shells has been successfully carried out and formed calcite and vaterite crystal phases.
Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of thyroid cancers identify DICER1 somatic mutations in adult follicular-patterned RAS-like tumors

Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer (TC). Several genomic and transcriptomic studies explored the molecular landscape of follicular cell-derived TCs, and BRAFV600E, RAS mutations, and gene fusions are well-established drivers. DICER1 mutations were described in specific sets of TC patients but represent a rare event in adult TC patients. Methods Here, we report the molecular characterization of 30 retrospective follicular cell-derived thyroid tumors, comprising PTCs (90%) and poorly differentiated TCs (10%), collected at our Institute. We performed DNA whole-exome sequencing using patient-matched control for somatic mutation calling, and targeted RNA-seq for gene fusion detection. Transcriptional profiles established in the same cohort by microarray were investigated using three signaling-related gene signatures derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results The occurrence of BRAFV600E (44%), RAS mutations (13%), and gene fusions (13%) was confirmed in our cohort. In addition, in two patients lacking known drivers, mutations of the DICER1 gene (p.D1709N and p.D1810V) were identified. DICER1 mutations occur in two adult patients with follicular-pattern lesions, and in one of them a second concurrent DICER1 mutation (p.R459*) is also observed. Additional putative drivers include ROS1 gene (p.P2130A mutation), identified in a patient with a rare solid-trabecular subtype of PTC. Transcriptomics indicates that DICER1 tumors are RAS-like, whereas the ROS1-mutated tumor displays a borderline RAS-/BRAF-like subtype. We also provide an overview of DICER1 and ROS1 mutations in thyroid lesions by investigating the COSMIC database. Conclusion Even though small, our series recapitulates the genetic background of PTC. Furthermore, we identified DICER1 mutations, one of which is previously unreported in thyroid lesions. For these less common alterations and for patients with unknown drivers, we provide signaling information applying TCGA-derived classification.
The complete chloroplast genome of Allium wallichii Kunth (Amaryllidaceae)

Abstract Allium wallichii Kunth is a herb species with potentially extensive applications because of its edible, ornamental, and pharmaceutical values. The structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of its chloroplast genome were determined here for the first time. The complete cp genome was found to be 152,496 bp long, with a GC content of 37.04%. It consists of four distinct regions: a large single copy (LSC) region of 82,510 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,460 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,263 bp each. The genome encodes 129 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and six rRNA genes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. wallichii was closely related to Allium wallichii var. platyphyllum, which are included in the section Bromatorrhiza, subgenus Amerallium Traub of the genus Allium. Our report provides valuable information on the genetic diversity of Allium species.
Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India

A taxonomic revision of the genus Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) in India is provided. Thirty three species and seven varieties are recognized, which include four recently described species, G. assamica Sarma et al., G. gamblei Shameer et al., G. pushpangadaniana Sabu et al. and G. sibeswarii Shameer et al. Garcinia kydia Roxb. is reduced to a variety of G. cowa Roxb. ex DC. Lectotypes are designated for six names (G. acuminata Planch. & Triana, G. cadelliana King, G. cowa, G. cowa var. kydia (Roxb.) Shameer & N.Mohanan, G. dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz, and G. nervosa Miq. ). In the absence of supporting literature and herbarium specimens, the distribution of G. brevirostris Scheff, G. merguensis Wight and G. jelinekii Kurz is doubtful in India. Detailed descriptions, distribution, notes, photos and taxonomic keys for identification of taxa are provided.
Tampering Detection and Segmentation Model for Multimedia Forensic

—When an image undergoes hybrid post-processing transformation, detecting tamper region, localizing it and segmentation becomes very difficult tasks. In particular, when a copy-move attack with hybrid transformation has similar contrast and illumination parameters with an authenticated image it makes tamper detection difficult. Alongside, under small-smooth attack existing tamper identification model provides a very poor segmentation outcome and sometimes fails to identify an image as tampered. This article focused on addressing the difficulty through the adoption of the Deep Learning model. The proposed technique is efficient in detecting tampering with good segmentation outcomes. However, existing models fail to distinguish adjacent pixels' relationships affecting segmentation outcomes. In this paper, an Improved Convolution Neural Network (ICNN) assuring correlation awareness-based Tamper Detection and Segmentation (TDS) model for image forensics is presented. This model brings good correlation among adjacent pixels through the introduction of an additional layer namely the correlation layer alongside vertical and horizontal layers. The TDS-ICNN is very effective in localizing and segmenting tamper regions even under small-smooth post-processing tampering attacks by using a feature descriptor built using aggregated three-layer ICNN architecture. An experiment is done to study TDS-ICNN with other tamper identification models using various datasets such as MICC, Coverage, and CoMoFoD. The TDS-ICNN is very efficient under different post-processing hybrid attacks when compared with existing models.
Salt weathering: a selective review

Abstract The past decade has seen a growing scientific interest in the still poorly understood subject of salt weathering, a phenomenon with significant cultural and economic consequences. This interest has led to an increase in research results and growing clarification of the roles salts play in weathering and decay. The development of improved mitigation methods to reduce the decay of building materials by salts has been a slow process, often arising from the analysis of unique field situations and otherwise dependent on simplified laboratory experiments and computer modelling. Collecting, reviewing, synthesizing and disseminating the existing data on salt weathering is a difficult task. The size and scope of the topic are mirrored in the diverse disciplines that have historically contributed to understanding the action of salts in porous materials and mitigation methods. Nevertheless, an appreciation of existing, even contradictory, data is an important tool for increasing understanding. There are now over 1800 research articles on the topic of salt weathering originating from several disciplines, as well as over 6000 references on the general problems of building material decay. In order to navigate such a vast collection of data and knowledge, this article describes the multidisciplinary nature of the study of salt damage to porous building materials, provides a framework for considering the complexity of salt damage, and serves as a selective literature survey largely focused on recent work and those articles with relevance for conservation.
The Protective Effect of Roseburia faecis Against Repeated Water Avoidance Stress-induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Wister Rat Model

Roseburia faecis, a butyrate-producing, gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, was evaluated for its usefulness against repeated water avoidance stress (WAS)-induced irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a rat model, and the underlying mechanism was explored. We divided the subjects into three groups: one without stress exposure, another subjected to daily 1-hour WAS for 10 days, and a third exposed to the same WAS regimen while also receiving two different R. faecis strains (BBH024 or R22-12-24) via oral gavage for the same 10-day duration. Fecal pellet output (FPO), a toluidine blue assay for mast cell infiltration, and fecal microbiota analyses were conducted using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities in metabolism was also conducted. FPO and colonic mucosal mast cell counts were significantly higher in the WAS group than in the control group (male, P = 0.004; female, P = 0.027). The administration of both BBH024 (male, P = 0.015; female, P = 0.022) and R22-12-24 (male, P = 0.003; female, P = 0.040) significantly reduced FPO. Submucosal mast cell infiltration in the colon showed a similar pattern in males. In case of fecal microbiota, the WAS with R. faecis group showed increased abundance of the Roseburia genus compared to WAS alone. Moreover, the expression of a gene encoding a D-methionine transport system substrate-binding protein was significantly elevated in the WAS with R. faecis group compared to that in the WAS (male, P = 0.028; female, P = 0.025) group. These results indicate that R. faecis is a useful probiotic for treating IBS and colonic microinflammation.