Biomimetic Approaches to the Design of Functional , Self-Assembling Systems

2D lattice model for molecular folding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11997–11998. 50. Clark, T.D. ; Boncheva, M. ; German, J.M. ; Weck, M. ; Whitesides, G.M. Design of three-dimensional, millimeter-scale models for molecular folding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 18–19. 51. Boncheva, M. ; Gracias, D.H. ; Jacobs, H.O. ; Whitesides, G.M. Biomimetic self-assembly of a functional asymmetrical electronic device. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99, 4937–4940. 52. Yeh, H. -J.J.; Smith, J.S. Fluidic self-assembly for the integration of GaAs light-emitting diodes on Si substrates. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1994, 6, 706–708. 53. Cohn, M. ; Kim, C.J.; Pisano, A. In Self-Assembling Electrical Networks: An Application of Micromachining Technology, Proceedings of Transducers ’91 International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, San Francisco, June 24–27, 1991; IEEE: New York, 1991; 493. 54. Grzybowski, B. ; Whitesides, G.M. Dynamic aggregation of chiral spinners. Science 2002, 296, 718– 721. 55. Grzybowski, B.A.; Winkelman, A. ; Wiles, J.A. ; Brumer, Y. ; Whitesides, G.M. Electrostatic selfassembly of macroscopic crystals using contact electrification. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 241–245. 56. Gracias, D.H. ; Boncheva, M. ; Omoregie, O. ; Whitesides, G.M. Biomimetic self-assembly of helical electrical circuits using orthogonal capillary interactions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2802–2804. 57. Martin, T. ; Obst, U. ; Rebek, J., Jr. Molecular assembly and encapsulation by hydrogen-bonding preferences and the filling of space. Science 1998, 281, 1842–1845. 58. Choi, I.S. ; Bowden, N. ; Whitesides, G.M. Shapeselective recognition and self-assembly of mm-scale components. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1754– 1755. 59. Terfort, A. ; Whitesides, G.M. Self-assembly of an operating electrical circuit based on shape complementarity and the hydrophobic effect. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 470–473. 60. Alien Technology: Morgan Hill, CA. http://www. alientechnology.com/technology/overview.html. 61. Drain, C.M. ; Batteas, J.D. ; Flynn, G.W. ; Milic, T. ; Chi, N. ; Yablon, D.G. ; Sommers, H. Designing supramolecular porphyrin arrays that self-organize into nanoscale optical and magnetic materials. Proc. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 99, 6498–6502. 62. Boal, A.K. ; Ilhan, F. ; DeRouchey, J.E. ; ThurnAlbrecht, T. ; Russel, T.P.; Rotello, V.M. Selfassembly of nanoparticles into structured spherical and network aggregates. Nature 2000, 404, 746–748. 63. Jenekhe, S.A. ; Chen, X.L. Self-assembly of ordered microporous materials from rod-coil block copolymers. Science 1999, 283, 372–375. 64. Ikkala, O. ; ten Brinke, G. Functional materials based on self-assembly of polymeric supramolecules. Science 2002, 295, 2407–2409. 65. Lopez, W.A. ; Jaeger, H.M. Hierarchical self-assembly of metal nanostructures on diblock copolymer scaffolds. Nature 2001, 414, 735–738. 66. Choi, I.S. ; Bowden, N. ; Whitesides, G.M. Macroscopic, hierarchical two-dimensional self-assembly. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 3078– 3081. 67. Wu, H. ; Thalladi, V.R. ; Whitesides, S. ; Whitesides, G.M. Using hierarchical self-assembly to form three-dimensional lattices of spheres. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14495–14502. 68. White, S.R. ; Sottos, N.R. ; Geubelle, P.H. ; Moore, J.S. ; Kessler, M.R. ; Sriram, S.R. ; Brown, E.N. ; Viswanathan, S. Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 2001, 409, 794–797. 69. Boncheva, M. ; Whitesides, G.M. Self-healing systems having a design stimulated by the vertebrate spine. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2003, 42, 2644–2647. 70. Grzybowski, B. ; Stone, H.A. ; Whitesides, G.M. Dynamic self-assembly of magnetized, millimetersized objects rotating at the liquid–air interface. Nature 2000, 405, 1033–1036. 71. Ismagilov, R.F. ; Schwartz, A. ; Bowden, N. ; Whitesides, G.M. Autonomous movement and selfassembly. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 652–654. 72. Whitesides, G.M. Self-assembling materials. Sci. Am. 1995, 273, 146–149. 73. Stupp, S.I. ; LeBonheur, V. ; Walker, K. ; Li, L.S. ; Huggins, K.E. ; Keser, M. ; Amstutz, A. Supramolecular materials: Self-organized nanostructures. Science 1997, 276, 384–389. 74. Lieber, C.M. The incredible shrinking circuit. Sci. Am. 2001, 285, 58–64. 75. Heath, J.R. ; Kuekes, P.J.; Snider, G.S. ; Williams, R.S. A defect-tolerant computer architecture: Opportunities for nanotechnology. Science 1998, 280, 1716–1721. 76. Gracias, D.H. ; Kavthekar, V. ; Love, J.C. ; Paul, K.E. ; Whitesides, G.M. Fabrication of micron-scale, patterned polyhedra by self-assembly. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 235–238. 77. Smela, E. ; Inganäs, O. ; Lundstrom, I. Controlled folding of micrometer-sized structures. Science 1995, 268, 1735–1738. 78. Whitesides, G.M. The once and future nanomachine. Sci. Am. 2001, 285, 70–75. 294 Biomimetic Approaches to the Design of Functional, Self-Assembling Systems