Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capital Controls and the Real Exchange Rate

Using an intertemporal, two-country general equilibrium model, I demonstrate that international asymmetries in expenditure patterns determine the real exchange rate effects of capital controls. Capital import taxes lower world interest rates, but raise home interest rates. These changes in interest rates bring about a change in the composition of world expenditure, with a shift of home expenditure from the present ('today') to the future ('tomorrow'), and a shift of foreign aggregate expenditure from tomorrow to today. If the pattern of expenditure across commodities is the same at home and abroad, the change in the composition of world expenditure has no effects on the (excess) demand for any particular commodity. Therefore, with identical expenditure patterns at home and abroad, the imposition of capital controls has no effect on the real exchange rate. However, when consumers have a preference for domestically produced goods, the shift in composition of world expenditure caused by interest rate changes implies a decline in demand today for home goods. In that case, capital controls lower the real exchange rate. Of course, in period two the reverse happens. This result is mitigated when the country imposing capital controls is a large debtor.
Protein C and Protein S

The fluidity of circulating blood in vivo is maintained by many natural antithrombotic defense mechanisms. Among the ones that have received considerable attention in recent years is the protein C system, consisting of the two plasma proteins, C and S and their respective activators, cofactors, and inhibitors. The identification, characterization, and delineation of their physiologic role in hemostasis has contributed greatly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis and has led to an improved means of therapy of thromboembolic disorders.
Object Tracking with Embedded Deformable Parts in Dynamic Conditional Random Fields

SUMMARY This work presents an object tracking framework which is based on integration of Deformable Part based Models (DPMs) and Dynamic Conditional Random Fields (DCRF). In this framework, we propose a DCRF based novel way to track an object and its details on multiple resolutions simultaneously. Meanwhile, we tackle drastic variations in target appearance such as pose, view, scale and illumination changes with DPMs. To embed DPMs into DCRF, we design speciﬁc temporal potential functions between vertices by explicitly formulating deformation and partial occlusion respectively. Furthermore, temporal transition functions between mixture models bring higher robustness to perspective and pose changes. To evaluate the e ﬃ cacy of our proposed method, quantitative tests on six challenging video sequences are conducted and the results are analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the method e ﬀ ectively addresses serious problems in object tracking and performs favorably against state-of-the-art trackers. key words: visual tracking, conditional random ﬁeld
Databases and ontologies AmyLoad : website dedicated to amyloidogenic protein fragments

Analyses of amyloidogenic sequence fragments are essential in studies of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is no one internet dataset that collects all the sequences that have been investigated for their amyloidogenicity. Therefore, we have created the AmyLoad website which collects the amyloidogenic sequences from all major sources. The website allows for filtration of the fragments and provides detailed information about each of them. Registered users can both personalize their work with the website and submit their own sequences into the database. To maintain database reliability, submitted sequences are reviewed before making them available to the public. Finally, we re-implemented several amyloidogenic sequence predictors, thus the AmyLoad website can be used as a sequence analysis tool. We encourage researchers working on amyloid proteins to contribute to our service. Availability and implementation: The AmyLoad website is freely available at http://comprec-lin. iiar.pwr.edu.pl/amyload/. Contact: malgorzata.kotulska@pwr.edu.pl
UWB Radio Wireless Communication System Design for Railway Tunnels

Railway is an economical and comfortable mode of transportation for long distances. Safety, reliability and good quality of service are the main concern of railway industries which are maintained by railway management and communication system. There are several existing management systems like CCCS, ATCS, PTC and many more. With increasing population, demand for railway services also increases. To full fill these demands railway infrastructure has been developing continuously. By implementing latest technologies for railway communication we can make railway transportation safer, efficient, and more accessible. Ultra wideband radio communication system is amongst those very latest and rapidly growing technologies. This research work focuses on the study of UWB radio based wireless communication system for railway tunnels, whose main task is to maintain an uninterrupted data transmission between train driver to wayside controller.
A DNA Helicase from Schizosaccharomyces pombeStimulated by Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein at Low ATP Concentration*

A DNA helicase named DNA helicase I was isolated from cell-free extracts of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both DNA helicase and single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activities copurified with a polypeptide of 95 kDa on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The helicase possessed a sedimentation coefficient of 6.0 S and a Stokes radius of 44.8 Å determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation and gel filtration analysis, respectively. From these data the native molecular mass was calculated to be 110 kDa, indicating that the active enzyme is a monomer. The DNA-unwinding and ATP hydrolysis activities associated with DNA helicase I have been examined. One notable property of the enzyme was its relatively high rate of ATP turnover (35–50 molecules of ATP hydrolyzed/s/enzyme molecule) that may contribute to its inefficient unwinding activity at low concentrations of ATP (<0.2 mm). Addition of an ATP-regenerating system to the reaction mixture restored the DNA-unwinding activity of the enzyme. S. pombe single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SpSSB, also called SpRPA) stimulated the DNA helicase activity significantly at low levels of ATP (0.025–0.2 mm) even in the absence of an ATP-regenerating system. In contrast, SpRPA had no effect on ATP hydrolysis at any ATP concentration examined. These observations suggest that the stimulation of DNA unwinding by SpRPA is not simply a result of suppression of nonproductive ATP hydrolysis. Rather, the role of SpRPA is to lower the K m for ATP in the unwinding reaction, allowing the helicase to function efficiently at low ATP concentrations.
The Strategic Use of Liberal Internationalism: Libya and the UN Sanctions, 1992–2003

The UN's sanctions against Libya became an issue of great controversy in the Security Council in the 1990s owing to competing interpretations of the central legal norms of international relations. The norms of due process, the presumption of innocence, and respect for international organizations (IOs) were defended by both sides, but for opposite ends. I use the contestation over norms and law at the Council to argue three broader themes about international politics: first, that states' perceptions about the legitimacy of international institutions is important in influencing state behavior; second, that this legitimacy creates powerful symbols in international relations that are strategically useful to states in the pursuit of their interests; and third, that the distribution of material power among states does not necessarily parallel the distribution of symbolic power, and so it is not uncommon for apparently strong states to be defeated by apparently weak ones when they fight over symbolic stakes. The norms of liberal internationalism are intersubjective resources useful in the strategic competition among states.For helpful comments on earlier drafts, I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers of this journal, as well as Jose Alvarez, Stephen Brooks, Michael Doyle, Daryl Press, Henry Shue, Benjamin Valentino, Jennifer Welsh, William Wohlforth, and seminar participants at Columbia Law School, Dartmouth College, Oxford University, and ISA Montreal 2004.
Self-Employment and Windfall Gains: Evidence from the Swedish Lottery

Is the decision to become self-employed constrained by access to credit? Swedish microdata suggest that the probability of being self-employed increases when people receive windfall gains in the form of lottery winnings and inheritances. The data, therefore, are consistent with the hypothesis that liquidity constraints are binding on the decision to become and stay self-employed. Copyright 1996 by Royal Economic Society.
THE GERMAN AID RELATIONSHIP: A TEST OF THE RECIPIENT NEED AND THE DONOR INTEREST MODELS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF GERMAN BILATERAL AID 1961–70

There is currently a high degree of confusion about the role of aid and its foreign policy implications. This paper attempts to resolve some of this confusion by making a cross-national, longitudinal analysis of the distribution of West German aid for each of the years 1961–70. Two basic models of allocation, reflecting different basic aid utilities, are tested. One suggests that aid is allocated according to the dictates of recipient need and reflects an economic assistance or humanitarian utility for aid. The other suggests that aid is distributed according to ‘particular donor interests and as such reflects a foreign policy utility for aid. In general, we find support for a modified donor interest interpretation. While there is evidence of a quasi humanitarian influence, the German aid programme is premised primarily from the perspective of German “vital interests”.
Study on EEG source localization in frequency domain

This article deals with a new approach based on predominant frequency that combines EEG source localization methods with standard frequency analysis of multi-electrode EEGs. First, we describe the theoretical methodology of the frequency domain source localization. Then, this new application is used as signal-processing technique on simulating EEG recordings obtained from both single dipole model and double dipole model. Finally, we show that the obtained results constitute a promising methodology to study the cerebral electrical activity
Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Internalization on Regulation of the Phospholipase C-γ1 Signaling Pathway*

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) elicit differential postendocytic processing of ligand and receptor molecules, which impacts long-term cell signaling outcomes. These differences arise from the higher affinity of the EGF-EGFR interaction versus that of TGFα-EGFR in the acidic conditions of sorting endosomes. To determine whether EGFR occupancy in endosomes might also affect short-term signaling events, we examined activation of the phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) pathway, an event shown to be essential for growth factor-induced cell motility. We found that EGF continues to stimulate maximal tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR following internalization, while, as expected, TGFα stimulates markedly less. The resulting higher level of receptor activation by EGF, however, did not yield higher levels of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis over those stimulated by TGFα. By altering the ratio of activated receptors between the cell surface and the internalized compartment, we found that only cell surface receptors effectively participate in PLC function. In contrast to PIP2 hydrolysis, PLC-γ1 tyrosine phosphorylation correlated linearly with the total level of Tyr(P)-EGFR stimulated by either ligand, indicating that the functional deficiency of internal EGFR cannot be attributed to an inability to interact with and phosphorylate signaling proteins. We conclude that EGFR signaling through the PLC pathway is spatially restricted at a point between PLC-γ1 phosphorylation and PIP2 hydrolysis, perhaps because of limited access of EGFR-bound PLC-γ1 to its substrate in endocytic trafficking organelles.
Fundamental Similarities in Consumer Behaviour

Diversities and similarities in international consumption patterns are highlighted. A large body of data is used to identify cross-country consumption differences and to understand these in terms of the familiar utility-maximizing framework, in which observed differences in prices and incomes play the key role. Taken as a whole, the results reveal a surprising degree of similarity in international consumption patterns and support the idea that tastes are constant, at least with respect to broad commodity groups.
Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho

This book examines the effects of migrant labour in a southern African labour reserve. Politically independent, Lesotho is acutely dependent on the export of labour to South Africa. Men spend long periods on contract labour in the South African mines, leaving their wives and families at home. This system of oscillating migration is analysed in its historical context - the development of industrial capitalism in South Africa - and with particular emphasis on its contemporary implications. Dr Murray draws on the experience of particular migrants and their families in Northern Lesotho to illustrate the problems which arise where household members move repetitively between home in Lesotho and workplace in South Africa. This monograph on social structure in the rural periphery of southern Africa places the results of detailed anthropological fieldwork in the framework of the post-1970 radical historiography in southern African studies. It offers an account of changing perspectives on migrant labour in the subcontinent.
The Relation between Fees and Return Predictability in the Mutual Fund Industry

We propose and test a methodological framework to examine the relation between mutual fund fees and return predictability. Gil-Bazo and Ruiz-Verdu (2009) drew attention to the puzzling fact that funds with worse before-fee performance charge higher fees. We make another contribution to the literature about the market for equity mutual funds: we find strong evidence of predictability for mutual fund fees. Funds with both positive and negative relations with fees show strong evidence of negative return predictability for their fees. Our findings are robust to alternative estimation methods and under the assumption of conditionally heteroskedastic stock returns. Our results also show that conditioning information (e.g. dividend yield, t-bill yield, default spread and term spread) are useful in selecting funds with superior performance and are valuable for asset allocation decisions.
Sustainable Tourism: A View from Accommodation Businesses

This article presents the results of an investigation into the attitudes of tourist accommodation managers to the principles of 'sustainable development'. The survey of accommodation managers in a major British city assessed the interest, understanding, and perceived opportunities and barriers to the adoption of 'sustainable development' within a range of tourist accommodation businesses. The main findings show that the widespread adoption of such practices is constrained by a degree of inertia based on barriers of time, cost and expertise. The results have implications for future strategies attempting to promote sustainable practices within the service industries.
A global model of recovery and rebalancing

This paper presents an investigation of global recovery from the Great Recession and the rebalancing of global external imbalances, using a global model of 16 countries and composite regions. The model applies to the short term and only to the real side. Key features are demand-driven output determination, pro-cyclical aggregate labour productivity, imperfect competition in product markets and simple bargaining in non-clearing labour markets, which together determine the functional distribution of income. Trade is modelled in a bilateral import matrix; particular attention is paid to international adjustment. Simulation results suggest that early exit from fiscal support threatens a fragile recovery. Further, domestic demand expansion and revaluation in real terms in surplus countries are necessary for rebalancing, and a variety of measures can be employed to achieve these goals. Copyright , Oxford University Press.
The effects of tougher enforcement on the job prospects of recent Latin American immigrants

Attempts to enforce immigration laws in the U.S. interior have proliferated in recent years, yet the effects of these laws on immigrants are largely unknown. This paper examines whether increases in immigration-related law enforcement since 2001 have adversely affected the labor market outcomes of low-education male immigrants from Latin America, a group that comprises the bulk of undocumented workers in the U.S. The crackdown on the use of fraudulent Social Security numbers, increased requirements for government-issued identification, and other changes associated with greater focus on national security likely lowered the demand for undocumented foreign-born workers in the years following the 9|11 terrorist attacks. Using Current Population Survey data and a difference-in-differences estimation technique, we find strong evidence of worse labor market outcomes among recent Latin American immigrants in the post-9|11 period relative to natives and prior Latin American immigrants. The results indicate a decline in employment, hours worked, and earnings among recent male Latin American immigrants relative to similarly low-skilled black and Hispanic natives and vis-a-vis Latin American immigrants who have been in the U.S. longer. Our findings are consistent with firms increasingly substituting legal workers for undocumented labor in the years following 9|11. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Does Informed Trading Occur in the Options Market? Some Revealing Clues

This paper analyses the relationship between proxy variables for informed trading in the options market and a set of exogenous news variables. The aim was to test directly for the presence or absence of informed trading in the options market and for the possible impact of this trading on underlying asset prices. Our findings reveal that potential informed trading in options markets is channelled basically through out-of-the-money options, except for volatility trading which mainly involves at-the-money options because of their liquidity. In both cases, we have found evidence in favour of investors’ strategic fragmentation of transactions into intermediate size trades (stealth trading). Finally, it is shown that lack of consensus among agents also generates increased trading, particularly in out-of-the-money and at-the-money options.
Wages Policy and the 1991 National Wage Case: An Economic Perspective

The National Wage Case decision of April 1991 has provided a crisis for the implementation of wages policy in Australia. Since 1983 wages policy has been implemented under a process which requires consistency between the principles under which the Industrial Relations Commission determines National Wage Case adjustments, and the elements of successive Commonwealth Government/ACTU Accords. The 1991 decision represents a rejection by the IRC of the thrust of the Government's wages policy as presented in Accord V1. It is argued here that it is the shift in the primary goal of wages policy, from control of inflation to the promotion of allocative and operational efficiency, which has provoked the crisis. Unlike the Government, the IRC was not prepared to abandon control over the aggregate wage outcome in the pursuit of the uncertain productivity benefits of enterprise bargaining.
Reconciling Value Estimates from the Discounted Cash Flow Model and the Residual Income Model

This paper examines why practitioners and researchers get different estimates of equity value when they use a discounted cash flow (CF) model versus a residual income (RI) model. Both models are derived from the same underlying assumption — that price is the present value of expected future net dividends discounted at the cost of equity capital — but in practice and in research they frequently yield different estimates. We argue that the research literature devoted to comparing the accuracy of these two models is misguided; properly implemented, both models yield identical valuations for all firms in all years. We identify how prior research has applied inconsistent assumptions to the two models and show how these seemingly small errors cause surprisingly large differences in the value estimates.
Conditions of Forming Protein Complexes with GroEL Can Influence the Mechanism of Chaperonin-assisted Refolding*

The interaction of GroEL with urea-unfolded dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been studied in the presence of DHFR substrates by investigating the ability of GroES to release enzyme under conditions where a stable GroES-GroEL-DHFR ternary complex can be formed. In these circumstances, GroES could only partially discharge the DHFR if ADP was present in the solution and approximately half of the DHFR remained bound on the chaperonin. This bound DHFR could be rescued by addition of ATP and KCl into the refolding mixture. The stable ternary complex did not show any significant protection of bound DHFR against proteolysis by Proteinase K. These results are in contrast to those observed with the GroEL-DHFR complex formed by thermal inactivation of DHFR at 45°C in which GroES addition leads to partial protection of bound DHFR. Thus, the method of presentation influences the properties of the bound intermediates. It is suggested that the ability of GroES to bind on the same side of the GroEL double toroid as the target protein and displace it into the central cavity depends on the way the protein-substrate is presented to the GroEL molecule. Therefore, the compact folding intermediate formed by thermal unfolding can be protected against proteolysis after GroES binds to form a ternary complex. In addition, structural changes within GroEL induced by the experimental conditions may contribute to differences in the properties of the complexes. The more open urea-unfolded DHFR binds on the surface of chaperonin and can be displaced into solution by the tighter binding GroES molecule. It is suggested that the state of the unfolded protein when it is presented to GroEL determines the detailed mechanism of its assisted refolding. It follows that individual proteins, having characteristic folding intermediates, can have different detailed mechanisms of chaperonin-assisted folding.
Science and Electronic Cigarettes: Current Data, Future Needs

Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), also referred to as electronic nicotine delivery systems or “e-cigarettes,” generally consist of a power source (usually a battery) and heating element (commonly referred to as an atomizer) that vaporizes a solution (e-liquid). The user inhales the resulting vapor. Electronic cigarettes have been increasing in popularity since they were introduced into the US market in 2007. Many questions remain about these products, and limited research has been conducted. This review describes the available research on what ECIGs are, effects of use, survey data on awareness and use, and the utility of ECIGs to help smokers quit using tobacco cigarettes. This review also describes arguments for and against ECIGs and concludes with steps to move research on ECIGs forward.