Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instantons and Conformal Holography

We study a subsector of the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence where a class of solu- tions in the bulk and on the boundary can be explicitly compared. The bulk gravitational theory contains a conformally coupled scalar field with a A 4 potential, and is holographi- cally related to a massless scalar with a A 6 interaction in three dimensions. We consider the scalar sector of the bulk theory and match bulk and boundary classical solutions of the equations of motion. Of particular interest is the matching of the bulk and the boundary instanton solutions which underlies the relationship between bulk and boundary vacua with broken conformal invariance. Using a form of radial quantization we show that quantum states in the bulk correspond to multiply-occupied single particle quantum states in the boundary theory. This allows us to explicitly identify the boundary composite operator which is dual to the bulk scalar, at the free theory level as well as in the instanton vacuum. We conclude with a discussion of possible implications of our results.
Robust time reversal processing for active detection of a small bottom target in a shallow water waveguide

With the spatial-temporal focusing of acoustic energy, time reversal processing (TRP) shows the potential application for active target detection in shallow water. To turn the ‘potential’ into a reality, the TRP based on a model source (MS) instead of a physical probe source (PS) is investigated. For uncertain ocean environments, the robustness of TRP is discussed for the narrowband and broadband signal respectively. The channel transfer function matrix is first constructed in the acoustic perturbation space. Then a steering vector for time reversal transmission is obtained by singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix. For verification of the robust TRP, the tank experiments of time reversal transmission focusing and its application for active target detection are undertaken. The experimental results have shown that the robust TRP can effectively detect and locate a small bottom target.
Congenital Occlusion of Duodenum

the abdomen was noticed to be rather distended, and an area of dullness was found in the right flank continuoas with the liver dullness. No tumour could be palpated. A diagnosis of haemorrhage into the peritoneum was made, possibly from some abdominal tumour. At 3.30 p.m. the clhild died. Post-mortem Examinstion. -This was performed about 9 p.N_ on the same day. The thoracic viscera appiared normal, but there was very little blood in the heart or areat vessels. Through the right dome of the diaphragm a dark mass could be seen. On opening the abdomen about 6oz. of free blood and blood clot were found, mostly in the right flank. The right lobe of the liver was dark from blood effused under the capsule, which was stripped up over an area extending above into the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, and in front to within about three-quarters of an inch of the falciform ligament. From a minuta perforation on the anterior aspect of the capsule blood was still oozing. On cutting across this area a deep sulcus was seen on the anterior surface, runniing from above downwards and slightly inwards, aboift 2* inches in length. To the right of this a dark area, roughly ovoid, sharply demarcated from the liver, was made out. This area was situated in the right lobe, and extended into the cistal surface in front, and slightly on to the abdominal aspect beneath. It measured about 11 incbes across and about 2i inches from above downwards. The liver weighed 243.06 grams. The remaining organs appeared normal. Micro8copical Examnination of the Livcr. -There was congestion and marked fatty change. An area of haemorrhage showed intermingled strands of fbrous tissue and a boundary of conipressed haemorrhagio and fibroid liver tissue. This boundary showed in parts a leucocytic infiltration, and throughout the haemorrhagic area the leucocytes appeared to be increased, and were for the most part mononuclear in type. There was some early organization of the blood clot which would correspond with the period-five days-between the birth and death of the infant. The appearances suggested that the haemorrhage occurred at birth from trauma.
Zooxanthellae of the Montastraea annularis Species Complex: Patterns of Distribution of Four Taxa of Symbiodinium on Different Reefs and Across Depths

Corals of the Montastraea annularis complex host several different dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. Here we address two questions arising from our previous studies of these associations on an offshore reef. First, do the same taxa and patterns of association (Symbiodinium A and B found in higher irradiance habitats than Symbiodinium C) occur on an inshore reef? Second, does M. franksi at the limits of its depth range host only Symbiodinium C, as it does at intermediate depths? In both surveys, a new Symbiodinium taxon and different patterns of distribution (assayed by analyses of small ribosomal subunit RNA genes [srDNA]) were observed. Inshore, a taxon we name Symbiodinium E predominated in higher irradiance habitats in M. franksi and its two sibling species; the only other zooxanthella observed was Symbiodinium C. Offshore, M. franksi mainly hosted Symbiodinium C, but hosted Symbiodinium A, B, C, and E in shallow water and Symbiodinium E and C in very deep water. Symbiodinium E may be stress-tolerant. Observed srDNA heterogeneity within samples of Symbiodinium B, C, and E is interpreted as variation across copies within this multigene family. Experimental bleaching of Symbiodinium C supported this interpretation. Thus sequences from natural samples should be interpreted cautiously.
Electrophysiological effects of Ca antagonists, tetrodotoxin, [Ca]o and [Na]o on myocardium of hibernating chipmunks: possible involvement of Na‐Ca exchange mechanism

1 The electrophysiological performance of myocardium of hibernating chipmunks was investigated in the presence of Ca antagonists and tetrodotoxin, and the effects of high [Ca]o and low [Na]o were examined. 2 The action potential of the preparations was characterized by the low amplitude of the plateau phase (APp). Ca antagonists, nifedipine (10−6 m) and nitrendipine (2 × 10−6 m), did not significantly inhibit this APp or the contraction. 3 These nifedipine‐insensitive electromechanical responses were completely abolished by an internal Ca release inhibitor, ryanodine. 4 Both increasing [Ca]o and lowering [Na]o, by replacing Na by lithium or choline, also inhibited APp. 5 Tetrodotoxin (10−5 m) which markedly inhibited the initial rapid phase of the action potential slightly affected APp. 6 These results suggest that the plateau potential of the present preparations is controlled by a process linked to Ca release from internal stores, most likely the Na‐Ca exchange mechanism.
Functional polymorphisms in dopamine-related genes: Effect on neurocognitive functioning in HIV+ adults

Dopaminergic dysfunction is a putative mechanism underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Dopamine transporter (DAT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) have been specifically implicated. We report analyses examining the main effects of functional polymorphisms within dopamine-modulating genes, as well as their interactive effects with disease severity, upon neurocognitive functioning in HIV+ adults. Method: A total of 184 HIV+ adults were included in the analysis. Three polymorphisms were examined within dopamine-modulating genes: COMT val158met, BDNF val66met, and the DAT 3′ variable number tandem repeat. Separate hierarchical regression analyses for five neurocognitive domains (working memory, processing speed, learning, memory, motor) were conducted. Predictor variables were age, ethnicity, gender, education, CD4+ T-cell count, current depression, genotype, and an interaction term capturing genotype and disease severity (CD4). Results: None of the polymorphisms or HIV disease variables significantly improved the hierarchical regression models. Younger age, higher education, and Caucasian ethnicity were almost invariably associated with better functioning across all five cognitive domains. A trend was noted for current depression as a predictor of motor and learning ability. Conclusion: This study did not find evidence to support direct or interactive effects of dopamine-related genes and HIV disease severity on neurocognitive functioning.
A manometric study of the rate of fall of the intraocular pressure in the living and dead eyes of human subjects.

The relationship between the rate of flow of the aqueous humor and the intraocular pressure in living and dead human eyes has been studied by two manometric techniques. The first comprised, a record of the pressure decay curve and a separate determination of the pressurevolume relationship for the same eye. The pressure-flow relationship was then calculated, from the rate of pressure change and the corresponding volume decrement. The second experimental approach has been to determine the relationship between the intraocular pressure and the rate of flow of aqueous humor in conditions of steady state. Studies have been made on 7 eyes before and immediately after enucleation, on 7 cadaver eyes in situ, and on 10 enucleated eyes. In dead eyes, the rate of outflow was found to be directly proportional to the intraocular pressure. In living eyes, analysis of the pressure decay curve indicated that the relationship between pressure and flow was approximately linear over the observed pressure ranges but that at pressures approaching the normal steady state, the relationship loas consistent with the suppression of aqueous humor formation by small increases in pressure. The results of steady-state perfusion studies on living eyes were in agreement with this conclusion.
Relationships Between Recent Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Stroke Risk Factors in Patients With Carotid Stenosis: The HIRISC Study

Objective—Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) is an emerging marker of plaque instability. However, little is known about the relationships between IPH and traditional risk factors and whether these relationships differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic disease. Methods and Results—Two hundred thirty-four patients with symptomatic (n=114) or asymptomatic (n=120) carotid stenosis underwent high-resolution plaque magnetic resonance imaging. Seventy-five patients had recent IPH (symptomatic, 33%; asymptomatic, 31%). In symptomatic stenosis, recent IPH was independently associated with degree of stenosis (odds ratio [OR]=4.21, 1.61–10.98 for North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial >35%; OR=2.92, 1.18–7.24 for European Carotid Surgery Trial >60%), qualifying event (OR=4.13; 1.11–15.32 for stroke or hemispheric transient ischemic attack ≥1 hour versus transient ischemic attack <1 hour or ocular symptoms), time from ischemic event (OR=6.65, 1.56–28.35 for ⩽2 weeks; OR=2.24, 0.87–5.81 for 2–12 weeks versus >12 weeks; P for trend=0.03). In asymptomatic stenosis, IPH was only associated with stenosis severity >70% by ECST (OR=6.65; 1.95–22.73) but not by the NASCET method. Conclusion—Our findings support the potential link between recent IPH and risk of ipsilateral stroke in symptomatic disease but also imply that prognostic studies should adjust for known stroke risk factors in multivariate analyses. In asymptomatic stenosis, the potential predictive value of recent IPH is less likely to be confounded by stroke risk factors.
The potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors in Niemann – Pick type C disease

Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a fatal complex neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by genetic mutations in the proteins NPC1 (95% of patients) or NPC2 that decrease intracellular cholesterol trafficking, resulting in accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomal storage organelles. Unfortunately, treatment options for NPC disease are still very limited, although miglustat, which inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, thus limiting ganglioside accumulation, has been approved for treatment of NPC disease. Here we discuss advances in the understanding of NPC1 and its functions, and several new strategies for interfering with cholesterol and sphingolipid accumulation in NPC1‐null mice. We also describe several recent studies demonstrating that histone deacetylase inhibitors may correct cholesterol‐storage defects in human NPC1 mutant fibroblasts by increasing expression of the low‐transport‐activity NPC1 mutant protein. These studies may lead to development of new therapeutic approaches for treatment of NPC disease.
Toward lightweight transparent data middleware in support of document stores

With the advent of rapid increase in the size of data in legacy applications, it is urgent to build efficient and flexible data middleware that supports SQL to MapReduce transformation. In this paper, we propose a data middleware to translate the SQLs to the operations that the NoSQL can understand using the MapReduce framework we design. This middleware transforms the read and write SQL statements into MapReduce jobs. In addition, a set of transformation rules is discussed in detail. This middleware can significantly reduce redundant computations and improve the performance of I/O operations.
Relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscale Scores and Pistol Shooting Performance

This study examined whether linear or curvilinear (inverted-U) relationships exist between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 subscale scores and pistol shooting performance in a paradigm that addressed previous design, methodological, and data analysis problems. Officers (N = 39) from the University of Illinois Police Training Institute served as subjects and participated in a pistol shooting competition. Each subject shot on five separate occasions, immediately after completing the CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1983), a multidimensional measure of state anxiety. It was predicted that cognitive state anxiety would be more related to performance than would somatic state anxiety. However, relationships between both types of anxiety and performance were predicted to support inverted-U as opposed to linear relationships. Self-confidence was predicted to be positively related to performance. Results were analyzed using the intraindividual analysis procedures recommended by Sonstroem and B.
Synaptic interactions between GABA-immunoreactive profiles and the terminals of functionally defined myelinated nociceptors in the monkey and cat spinal cord

This study analyzes the synaptic interactions between the central terminals of A delta high threshold mechanoreceptors (A delta HTMs) and GABA-immunoreactive profiles. A delta HTM primary afferents from three monkeys and one cat were electrophysiologically identified and intracellularly labeled with HRP, and their terminal arborizations in laminae I and II of the sacrocaudal spinal cord were studied at the ultrastructural level. GABA-immunoreactive profiles in relation to A delta HTM terminals were demonstrated using postembedding colloidal gold techniques. Monkey A delta HTM terminals (n = 131) usually constituted the central element of synaptic glomeruli; they established large asymmetric synaptic contacts with 1-13 dendrites (modal value 2- 4) and were surrounded by 0-6 peripheral axon terminals (modal value 2- 3). The large majority (around 85%) of the peripheral axon terminals were GABA immunoreactive. They were found presynaptic to the A delta HTM terminal and/or to dendrites postsynaptic to the primary afferent terminal. Furthermore, all peripheral axon terminals found presynaptic to the A delta HTM terminals showed GABA immunoreactivity. Within a single A delta HTM fiber, this synaptic arrangement was found in 20-60% of its boutons. In addition, 28% of the postsynaptic dendritic profiles displayed weak GABA immunoreactivity. Some of them contained vesicles; however, only in a few cases did we observe synapses between a GABA- immunoreactive vesicle-containing dendrite and a dendritic profile postsynaptic to an A delta HTM terminal. Similar synaptology and interactions with GABA-immunoreactive profiles were displayed by the terminals of the single cat A delta HTM fiber studied. Our data support the hypothesis that GABA-containing neurons use both presynaptic and/or postsynaptic mechanisms to exert a powerful control, presumably inhibitory, over the transmission of nociceptive information between A delta HTM afferents and second-order neurons in monkey and cat spinal cord. Our results also imply that GABA may be released within the synaptic glomeruli formed by A delta HTM terminals either by local dendrites or by axon terminals. We discuss the possibility that these GABAergic synapses can be driven by inputs from both primary afferents and/or descending systems to modulate the transmission of nociceptive sensory information.
Dynamic relationships between microbial biomass, respiration, inorganic nutrients and enzyme activities: informing enzyme-based decomposition models

We re-examined data from a recent litter decay study to determine if additional insights could be gained to inform decomposition modeling. Rinkes et al. (2013) conducted 14-day laboratory incubations of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) or white oak (Quercus alba) leaves, mixed with sand (0.4% organic C content) or loam (4.1% organic C). They measured microbial biomass C, carbon dioxide efflux, soil ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations, and β-glucosidase (BG), β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), and acid phosphatase (AP) activities on days 1, 3, and 14. Analyses of relationships among variables yielded different insights than original analyses of individual variables. For example, although respiration rates per g soil were higher for loam than sand, rates per g soil C were actually higher for sand than loam, and rates per g microbial C showed little difference between treatments. Microbial biomass C peaked on day 3 when biomass-specific activities of enzymes were lowest, suggesting uptake of litter C without extracellular hydrolysis. This result refuted a common model assumption that all enzyme production is constitutive and thus proportional to biomass, and/or indicated that part of litter decay is independent of enzyme activity. The length and angle of vectors defined by ratios of enzyme activities (BG/NAG vs. BG/AP) represent relative microbial investments in C (length), and N and P (angle) acquiring enzymes. Shorter lengths on day 3 suggested low C limitation, whereas greater lengths on day 14 suggested an increase in C limitation with decay. The soils and litter in this study generally had stronger P limitation (angles >45°). Reductions in vector angles to <45° for sand by day 14 suggested a shift to N limitation. These relational variables inform enzyme-based models, and are usually much less ambiguous when obtained from a single study in which measurements were made on the same samples than when extrapolated from separate studies.
A Critical Analysis of the Research on Student Homelessness

Since the onset of the economic recession, rates of student homelessness have increased rapidly in urban, suburban, and rural school districts throughout the United States. Despite the widespread urgency of the issue, there is a lack of general coherence in the research about how diverse conditions of homelessness affect students and how schools and communities can best serve them. This literature review attempts to deepen scholars’ understandings of such matters by examining (a) homeless students’ school experience in comparison to that of other students, (b) federal policy’s shaping of homeless students’ rights and opportunities, and (c) homeless students’ key support mechanisms. The author suggests that these three focus areas provide foundational insights into the nature and extent of students’ opportunities to succeed in school. Although homeless students’ experiences are noted to be similar to those of residentially stable low-income students, they appeared to be distinguishable based on their high rates of isolation and school mobility. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was found to have profound formative influences on the wider field of practice, but its full implementation is limited by the disconnected nature of students’ diverse support mechanisms. Based on the findings, the author suggests that researchers and practitioners consider the people, places, and policies that affect students in more holistic manners—as networks of practice.
A Symbolic Corpus-based Approach to Detect and Solve the Ambiguity of Discourse Markers

At present, discourse parsing is an important research topic. Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) is one of the most popular approaches in this field. In general, discourse parsing includes three stages: discourse segmentation, discourse relations detection and building up rhetorical trees. Different strategies are used when developing discourse parsers. One of the strategies to detect discourse relations is based on symbolic rules that take into account linguistic clues, such as discourse markers. Nevertheless, some discourse markers are ambiguous, that is, they can indicate more than one discourse relation. This fact constitutes a problem when assigning discourse relations automatically. In this paper, a symbolic approach to detect and solve discourse markers ambiguity in Spanish is developed. First, we detect ambiguous discourse markers, using the training corpus of the RST Spanish Treebank. Second, we extract linguistic contexts for these markers. Third, we design linguistic rules to solve the ambiguity of discourse markers. Fourth, we evaluate the rules, using the test corpus of the RST Spanish Treebank. Our approach outperforms the baseline created following the methodology of the state of the art. Therefore, we consider that the results obtained in our experiments are representative and constitute the first step towards the disambiguation of discourse markers senses in Spanish. However, there is room for improvement and the main limitations of the approach are presented. In the future, the rules will be integrated in a discourse parser for Spanish, and several related applications will be developed (automatic summarization and information extraction, among others).
An integrated open framework for thermodynamics of reactions that combines accuracy and coverage

Motivation: The laws of thermodynamics describe a direct, quantitative relationship between metabolite concentrations and reaction directionality. Despite great efforts, thermodynamic data suffer from limited coverage, scattered accessibility and non-standard annotations. We present a framework for unifying thermodynamic data from multiple sources and demonstrate two new techniques for extrapolating the Gibbs energies of unmeasured reactions and conditions. Results: Both methods account for changes in cellular conditions (pH, ionic strength, etc.) by using linear regression over the ΔG○ of pseudoisomers and reactions. The Pseudoisomeric Reactant Contribution method systematically infers compound formation energies using measured K′ and pKa data. The Pseudoisomeric Group Contribution method extends the group contribution method and achieves a high coverage of unmeasured reactions. We define a continuous index that predicts the reversibility of a reaction under a given physiological concentration range. In the characteristic physiological range 3μM–3mM, we find that roughly half of the reactions in Escherichia coli's metabolism are reversible. These new tools can increase the accuracy of thermodynamic-based models, especially in non-standard pH and ionic strengths. The reversibility index can help modelers decide which reactions are reversible in physiological conditions. Availability: Freely available on the web at: http://equilibrator.weizmann.ac.il. Website implemented in Python, MySQL, Apache and Django, with all major browsers supported. The framework is open-source (code.google.com/p/milo-lab), implemented in pure Python and tested mainly on Linux. Contact: ron.milo@weizmann.ac.il Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.