Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of volunteered geographic information paradigms: social location-based services case study

Abstract As of 2010, 90% of the data that existed in the world were created within the previous 2 years, while personal location data have been singled out as one of the five primary ‘big data’ streams in the 2011 McKinsey report. By 2020, the volume of existing data will increase by 50-fold, where a large percentage of this volume will be associated with geospatial data. One of the reasons for this is the existence of the volunteered geographic information (VGI) paradigm, which encapsulates the idea of using the Internet (Web 2.0) to create, share, visualise, and analyse geographic information and knowledge. This neogeography revolution has started to fundamentally transform how geographic data are acquired, maintained, analysed, visualised, and consequently used. Thus, it has the potential to influence common practices, since it captures a broad knowledge of the environment we live in, in all aspects of life, encompassing new services to take place, applications and processes to be developed – all of which are location based. The diversity of applications and services that explore the potential of VGI argues for its current usability relevance: ranging from transportation network analysis, to air pollution and air quality, to natural disaster decision-making systems. This revolution has contributed to the development of two important working and knowledge paradigms: Crowdsourcing and Wisdom of the Crowd, widely used today within the mapping and geo-information discipline. Still, both terms are commonly misused and replaced. This paper aims at distinguishing between the terms via the quantitative and theoretical examination of four widely used social location-based services: OpenStreetMap (OSM), Moovit, Waze and Ushahidi. Eight primary characteristics that influence the paradigm of both Crowdsourcing and Wisdom of the Crowd are defined and examined, aiming to investigate and emphasise the differences between the four, namely: diversity, decentralisation, independency, aggregation, knowledge, activity, privacy and exploitation. It was found that OSM is an excellent example of a Crowdsourcing service, while though Ushahidi is considered as a Crowdsourcing service, its characteristics are coupled better with those of Wisdom of the Crowd. Moovit and Waze do not correspond to the Crowdsourcing paradigm, and thus are categorised as Wisdom of the Crowd services.
Sustained contractions produced by plateau‐like behaviour in human motoneurones

Electrical stimulation over human muscle can generate force directly by activation of motor axons and indirectly by ‘reflex’ recruitment of spinal motoneurones. These experiments were designed to define the properties of the centrally generated ‘reflex’ force, including the optimal stimulus conditions for producing it in tibialis anterior (TA) and triceps surae (TS), and its interaction with volition. Subjects (n= 21) were seated with their foot strapped to an isometric myograph. Surface EMG was recorded from TS and TA. High‐frequency electrical stimulation (100 Hz) of TS and TA with wide pulse widths (1 ms) was most effective to evoke the sustained centrally generated forces. The maximal force evoked by this mechanism during stimulation of TA for 40 s was ∼42 % of that produced by a maximal voluntary contraction. For both muscle groups, ramp increases and decreases in stimulus frequency (from ∼4 to 100 Hz and back to 4 Hz over 6 s) resulted in marked hysteresis in the force‐frequency plot. After a single ‘burst’ of 100 Hz stimulation during prolonged stimulation at 25 Hz, force remained elevated. Repeated bursts often generated progressively larger force increments. These behaviours were abolished by an anaesthetic nerve block proximal to the stimulation site, confirming the central origin for the ‘extra’ force. After a brief voluntary contraction was performed during 25 Hz stimulation, force remained elevated, and this showed some gradation with voluntary contraction amplitude. Sometimes voluntary contractions alone initiated the sustained central motor output. Involuntary contractions often persisted for many seconds after electrical stimulation ceased. These were not terminated by brief inhibitory inputs to the active motoneurones but could be stopped by the voluntary command to ‘relax completely’. Overall, these centrally generated contractions are consistent with activation of plateau potentials in motoneurones innervating the ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors. Large forces can be produced through this mechanism. The interaction with volitional drives suggests that plateau behaviour may contribute significantly to the normal output of human motoneurones.
Reputation = f(user ranking, compliance, verity)

The selection of Web services is typically based on both functional and nonfunctional attributes of the service, such as the quality of service (QoS) levels. Reputation, a widely acknowledged nonfunctional QoS attribute is currently expressed as the average of user ratings given to the service. However, this expression confines reputation to the subjective perception of the end user and is limited by the lack of an objective representation of performance history. In this paper, we address the need for a reputation mechanism that couples the subjective perception of the end user with the objective view of performance history. To represent performance history, we propose a novel QoS metric termed verity. Verity measures the degree of consistency exhibited by the service provider in delivering the quality levels laid out in the service contract, over a range of previous transactions. We express reputation as a composition of user rating, the compliance levels exhibited by the provider and the verity value. We contend that this reputation expression is a more viable attribute of quality than user rating alone.
Unified Design Quality Metric Tool for ObjectOriented Approach including other Principles

Object Oriented methodology is an emerging trend in software development for scientific and business applications. Design of the solution domain has an impact on the overall quality of the software. Merging of all individual design quality metric tools as a package along with other design principles like abstraction and stability could serve the developer better as plug-ins for IDEs. General Terms Object Oriented Design, Metrics and Tools.
XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin): active first-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE Capecitabine has demonstrated high efficacy as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). Oxaliplatin shows synergy with fluorouracil (FU), with little toxicity overlap. The XELOX regimen (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin), established in a previous dose-finding study, should improve on infused oxaliplatin with FU and leucovorin (FOLFOX) regimens. The present studies further characterize efficacy and safety of the XELOX regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS The antitumor activity of XELOX was investigated in a colon cancer xenograft model. Patients with MCRC received first-line XELOX in 3-week treatment cycles: intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) (day 1) followed by oral capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily (day 1, evening, to day 15, morning). RESULTS A preclinical study confirmed that capecitabine has supra-additive activity with oxaliplatin. In the clinical study, 53 of 96 patients (55%) achieved an objective response, and 30 (31%) experienced disease stabilization for >/= 3 months following treatment. After 24 months' minimum follow-up, median time to disease progression (TTP) and median overall survival were 7.7 and 19.5 months, respectively. XELOX safety was predictable and similar to the FOLFOX4 regimen, except that myelosuppression was uncommon with XELOX (grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, 7%). Most adverse events were mild to moderate, the most common being acute sensory neuropathy (85%). Sixty-day, all-cause mortality was 2%. CONCLUSION XELOX is a highly effective first-line treatment for MCRC. Response rates, TTP, and overall survival are similar to those observed with FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin combinations. XELOX provides a more convenient regimen, likely to be preferred by both patients and healthcare providers. Capecitabine has the potential to replace FU/LV in combination with oxaliplatin for MCRC.
Measurement of the antiplatelet effects of aspirin in cerebrovascular disease.

To the Editor: We read with interest the recent article on the use of the PFA-100 in measuring the ex vivo response to aspirin therapy in patients with cerebrovascular disease.1 Most patients were assessed in the acute phase after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, although some patients with asymptomatic stenosis of an extracranial or intracranial artery were also studied. Thirty seven per cent of patients overall were “aspirin resistant” using the PFA-100, and the rate of aspirin resistance was higher in patients receiving 81 mg (56%) than in those receiving 325 mg daily (28%). However there are a number of issues that warrant further discussion. The authors report that the “PFA-100 device uses a flow cytometry paradigm to determine the ability of whole blood to close an aperture after stimulation using collagen and epinephrine. ”1 However, it must be emphasized to the readers that there are significant differences between flow cytometry techniques and the methodology used in the PFA-100 test system. Flow cytometry is a method used for sensing cells, including platelets, as they flow in a liquid stream through a laser beam.2 Platelets in either whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, or after separation from plasma (washed platelets),3 may be injected through a flow cell, and aligned in single file using a transparent and nonfluorescent “sheath fluid” that exerts pressure on the cell suspension being studied. When a platelet passes through the laser beam, light is scattered in different directions and platelets can be identified by their light scatter characteristics. The sample may also be labeled with fluorochrome-linked monoclonal antibodies specific for certain platelet antigens on the cell surface, or stained with specific fluorescent dyes. The degree of fluorescence of the sample can subsequently be used to quantify the expression of the activation marker of interest, and …
Event and conditions that produced the iron meteorite Block Island on Mars

[1] The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has discovered four large iron-nickel meteorites that range in size from 50 to 240 kg dispersed over 10 km of Meridiani Planum, Mars. Because these meteorites are covered with hollows that resemble regmaglypts, their surfaces record their ablation through the atmosphere, and they must have landed at speeds below hypervelocity (<2 km s−1) to survive. Slowing massive iron meteorites requires a minimum atmospheric density, which was quantified using a numerical model that integrates the equations of motion for incoming meteoroids through an atmosphere of a given surface density and scale height and records their outcomes as direct (generally hypervelocity impacts that form craters), longer over the horizon and fallback flight paths, and skip outs. The present atmosphere of Mars is sufficient to slow iron meteoroids as large as Block Island (the most massive meteorite) via drag and significant ablation on long flight paths, although for standard distributions of entering meteoroid masses, velocities, and entry angles, such events are rare (0.007% of incoming iron meteoroids). Such events require entry angles of 10°–13°, entry velocities of 6–18 km s−1, and entry masses of 225–710 kg. The absence of large stony meteorites is probably at least partially because they are much weaker and thus broken up into smaller fragments on impact. Although differential drag deceleration on long flight paths could disperse fragments of an entering meteoroid by tens of kilometers, dynamic pressures are too low to break up an iron meteorite, leaving the possibility that they are paired an open question.
Exploring Invariants & Patterns in Human Commute time

In everyday life, the process of commuting to work from home happens every now and then. And the research of commute characteristics is useful for urban function planning. For humans, the commute of an individual seems revealing no regular universal patterns, but it is true that people try to find a satisfactory state of life regarding commute issues. Commute time and distance are most important indicators to measure the degree of this satisfaction. Marchetti states a certain regularity in human commute time distribution - specifically, it states that no matter when, where and how far away people live, they always tend to spend approximately the same average time for their daily commute. However, will the rapid development of cities nowadays as well as serious challenges brought by economic development affect this constant? If there are novel characteristics? We revisit these problems using fine grained communication data in two Chinese major cities during recent two years. The results indicate that the commute time has been slightly increased from Marchetti's constant with the development of society. People's overall travel budgets have been increased, more concretely speaking, for medium and long distance commuters, their endurance limit for commute time is enhanced during the passing years, and fluctuates around a constant; for short distance commuters, their commute time increases with the distance. Moreover, the population distribution in every commute distance shows strong cross-city similarity and does not change much over two years.
Exploration of Aspergillus fumigatus Ras pathways for novel antifungal drug targets

Ras pathway signaling is a critical virulence determinant for pathogenic fungi. Localization of Ras to the plasma membrane (PM) is required for Ras network interactions supporting fungal growth and virulence. For example, loss of Aspergillus fumigatus RasA signaling at the PM via inhibition of palmitoylation leads to decreased growth, altered hyphal morphogenesis, decreased cell wall integrity and loss of virulence. In order to be properly localized and activated, Ras proteins must transit a series of post-translational modification (PTM) steps. These steps include farnesylation, proteolytic cleavage of terminal amino acids, carboxymethylation, and palmitoylation. Because Ras activation drives tumor development, Ras pathways have been extensively studied in mammalian cells as a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Inhibitors of mammalian Ras interactions and PTM components have been, or are actively being, developed. This review will focus on the potential for building upon existing scaffolds to exploit fungal Ras proteins for therapy, synthesizing data from studies employing both mammalian and fungal systems.
An improved TERCOM algorithm and its application in a submarine terrain aided navigation system

Terrain contour matching (TERCOM) algorithm is the main one in the conventional terrain aided navigation system. When it has been directly applied to the submarine terrain aided navigation (STAN) system, the accuracy and stability are primely reduced. To solve these problems, the detail analyses about the particularities of the STAN and the disadvantages of the conventional TERCOM algorithm have been made. The improvement for the TERCOM algorithm on the measurement function, the water depth survey error and the scheme to prevent fail positioning has been done. Moreover, experiments with pedestrian simulation confirm the effectiveness of the improved TERCOM algorithm. The system achieves higher positioning precision than that of conventional one.
Structural metadata research in the EARS program

Both human and automatic processing of speech require recognition of more than just words. In this paper we provide a brief overview of research on structural metadata extraction in the DARPA EARS rich transcription program. Tasks include detection of sentence boundaries, filler words, and disfluencies. Modeling approaches combine lexical, prosodic, and syntactic information, using various modeling techniques for knowledge source integration. The performance of these methods is evaluated by task, by data source (broadcast news versus spontaneous telephone conversations) and by whether transcriptions come from humans or from an (errorful) automatic speech recognizer. A representative sample of results shows that combining multiple knowledge sources (words, prosody, syntactic information) is helpful, that prosody is more helpful for news speech than for conversational speech, that word errors significantly impact performance, and that discriminative models generally provide benefit over maximum likelihood models. Important remaining issues, both technical and programmatic, are also discussed.
Molecular hydrogen in the near‐surface atmosphere and dissolved in waters of the tropical North Atlantic

The concentration of H2 has been measured in near-surface air and at fifteen hydrographic stations across the tropical North Atlantic. For both air and seawater samples H2 was analyzed in the gas phase by the HgO technique. Air samples taken 10 m above the ocean surface gave a mean value of 0.65 ± 0.02 ppmv at mid-ocean and showed higher values near Africa. A composite of all seawater analyses showed dissolved H2 varying in the upper 50 m from 4 to 73 nl H2/l H2O and averaging 18.5 nl/l. Below the mixed layer, H2 dropped quickly to near the equilibrium value (9.8 nl/l), but subsurface structure allowed occasional supersaturation to 20 nl/l. In the deepest water, below 1500 m, H2 was found to be undersaturated with respect to the present atmosphere. The northern hemispheric oceanic source strength has been calculated to be 0.33 × 1012 g H2/yr, which is only one quarter the previous estimate. Subsurface maxima within the pycnocline, reminiscent of methane maxima, were twice observed. The data indicate H2 dissolved in the open ocean may be much less variable than previously suspected from existing measurements.
Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia

Background:Mild to moderate hypothermia (32–35°C) is the first treatment with proven efficacy for postischemic neurological injury. In recent years important insights have been gained into the mechanisms underlying hypothermia's protective effects; in addition, physiological and pathophysiological changes associated with cooling have become better understood. Objective:To discuss hypothermia's mechanisms of action, to review (patho)physiological changes associated with cooling, and to discuss potential side effects. Design:Review article. Interventions:None. Main Results:A myriad of destructive processes unfold in injured tissue following ischemia–reperfusion. These include excitotoxicty, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, free radical production, seizure activity, blood–brain barrier disruption, blood vessel leakage, cerebral thermopooling, and numerous others. The severity of this destructive cascade determines whether injured cells will survive or die. Hypothermia can inhibit or mitigate all of these mechanisms, while stimulating protective systems such as early gene activation. Hypothermia is also effective in mitigating intracranial hypertension and reducing brain edema. Side effects include immunosuppression with increased infection risk, cold diuresis and hypovolemia, electrolyte disorders, insulin resistance, impaired drug clearance, and mild coagulopathy. Targeted interventions are required to effectively manage these side effects. Hypothermia does not decrease myocardial contractility or induce hypotension if hypovolemia is corrected, and preliminary evidence suggests that it can be safely used in patients with cardiac shock. Cardiac output will decrease due to hypothermia-induced bradycardia, but given that metabolic rate also decreases the balance between supply and demand, is usually maintained or improved. In contrast to deep hypothermia (≤30°C), moderate hypothermia does not induce arrhythmias; indeed, the evidence suggests that arrhythmias can be prevented and/or more easily treated under hypothermic conditions. Conclusions:Therapeutic hypothermia is a highly promising treatment, but the potential side effects need to be properly managed particularly if prolonged treatment periods are required. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, awareness of physiological changes associated with cooling, and prevention of potential side effects are all key factors for its effective clinical usage.
Visualization of Large Schemaless RDF Data

Since many XML documents do not contain any schema definition, we expected that there will be also RDF documents without RDF schema or ontology. Then the data can only be viewed as a general labeled directed graph and the idea to present the data to the user by drawing the graph seems natural. Because the data can be extremely large, it is impossible to display the whole graph at one time. Only a suitable start node is displayed and the rest of the graph can be explored by incremental navigation.To conserve space and show possible directions of further navigation to the user we have come up with a technique called node merging. By combining suitable graph drawing and navigation techniques we get a tool that can give the user good idea about structure and content of the data.
Estudio comparativo del aceite esencial de Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb "Muña" de tres regiones peruanas por cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas

A Study of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb, has been done by means of chromatographic and spectronic methods, in order to determine the composition according to the place of selling. We found the following: in the essential oil from Tarma (Junin, region A. A. Caceres): l-tetradecene (23,14%), 2S-transmenthona (23,00%) and pulegone (13,21%), in the essential oil from Huaraz (Ancash. Region Chavin): 2S-trans-menthona (41,48%), pulegone (16,02%), y - terpinen (7,55%) and in case of essential oil from Pampas (Huancavelica, region Los Libertadores Wari): 2S-trans-menthona (34,51 %), pulegone (28,62%), and nerolidol (5,08%).
A Reliable and Secure Distributed In-network Data Storage Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

In a battlefield surveillance scenario, data readings and events emerging from a wireless sensor network deployed that may not be used immediately by or simply impossible to transmit to an authorized user (a Soldier) in real time are stored in the network. Without proper protection for the sensitive data generated in this setting, a compromised storage node (by an enemy soldier) may divulge its stored sensitive data about the monitored environment, and even worse, it may alter the data. In this paper, we integrate an elliptic curve cryptography scheme and an erasure coding scheme to provide reliable and secure distributed in-network data storage for sensor networks. The main idea is to distribute each erasure coded fragment appended with a fingerprint to different storage nodes. The fingerprint is to allow each coded data fragment to be independently verified as a valid and correct subset of a specific data item. So, the scheme achieves localization of data error. The proposed scheme is resilient to collusion attack, pollution attack, and data dropping attack, and guarantees forward and backward data secrecy as well. The security of the proposed scheme relies on the intractability of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Different from the existing solutions, the uniqueness of our method comes from the use of lightweight encryption scheme, which is well suited for resource constrained wireless sensors.