Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Cc by Simulink Based Cooperative (hard Decision Fusion) and Non-cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Using Cyclostationary Detection

Radio frequency spectrum is a quite limited resource. With the increased dependence on modern wireless devices, the management and proper utilization of the spectrum has become a major challenge. The concept of cognitive radio aims to overcome these problems by helping to achieve improved spectral management, utilization, and efficiency. To sense the unoccupied spectrum gap is one of the essential tasks of cognitive radio. There are many spectrum sensing algorithms available for cognitive radio. This paper describes cyclostationary based detection method of cooperative and non-cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. The fusion method used for the cooperative sensing is the hard fusion detection method. Cyclostationary based detection method is used to sense the unoccupied spectrum gap through cyclic autocorrelation function in Simulink. We also spoke about the basics of Cognitive Radio and implemented Simulink models for both Cooperative and Non-Cooperative spectrum sensing methods. Also the merits and demerits of the Cyclostationary Detection technique has been mentioned. In this research paper all these things have been discussed.
Bilateral posterior cervical cages provide biomechanical stability: assessment of stand-alone and supplemental fixation for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

Introduction Supplemental posterior instrumentation has been widely used to enhance stability and improve fusion rates in higher risk patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). These typically involve posterior lateral mass or pedicle screw fixation with significant inherent risks and morbidities. More recently, cervical cages placed bilaterally between the facet joints (posterior cervical cages) have been used as a less disruptive alternative for posterior fixation. The purpose of this study was to compare the stability achieved by both posterior cages and ACDF at a single motion segment and determine the stability achieved with posterior cervical cages used as an adjunct to single- and multilevel ACDF. Methods Seven cadaveric cervical spine (C2–T1) specimens were tested in the following sequence: intact, C5–C6 bilateral posterior cages, C6–C7 plated ACDF with and without posterior cages, and C3–C5 plated ACDF with and without posterior cages. Range of motion in flexion–extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation was measured for each condition under moment loading up to ±1.5 Nm. Results All fusion constructs significantly reduced the range of motion compared to intact in flexion–extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation (P<0.05). Similar stability was achieved with bilateral posterior cages and plated ACDF at a single level. Posterior cages, when placed as an adjunct to ACDF, further reduced range of motion in both single- and multilevel constructs (P<0.05). Conclusion The biomechanical effectiveness of bilateral posterior cages in limiting cervical segmental motion is comparable to single-level plated ACDF. Furthermore, supplementation of single- and multilevel ACDF with posterior cervical cages provided a significant increase in stability and therefore may be a potential, minimally disruptive option for supplemental fixation for improving ACDF fusion rates.
Modified log-wake law for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers

This paper shows that the turbulent velocity profile for zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers is affected by the wall shear stress and convective inertia. The effect of the wall shear stress is dominant in the so-called overlap region and can be described by a logarithmic law in which the von Karman constant is about 0.4 while the additive constant depends on a Reynolds number. The effect of the convective inertia can be described by the Coles wake law with a constant wake strength about 0.76. A cubic correction term is introduced to satisfy the zero velocity gradient requirement at the boundary layer edge. Combining the logarithmic law, the wake law and the cubic correction produces a modified log-wake law, which is in excellent agreement with experimental profiles. The proposed velocity profile law is independent of Reynolds number in terms of its defect form, while it is Reynolds number dependent in terms of the inner variables. The modified log-wake law can also provide an accurate equation for skin friction in terms of the momentum thickness. Finally, by replacing the logarithmic law with van Driest's mixing-length model in which the damping factor varies with Reynolds number, the modified log-wake law can be extended to the entire boundary layer flow.
Two Tier Reforms of Employment Protection: A Honeymoon Effect?

Labour market reforms increasing flexibility 'at the margin' have been recently paying out in terms of employment growth. This article argues that two-tier labour market reforms have a transitional 'honeymoon', job creating effect. In a dynamic model of labour demand under uncertainty, the article predicts that in the aftermath of reforms, beyond an increase in employment, there should be a reduction in 'employment inaction' and in the mean and cross-sectional variance of labour productivity. Based on a variety of firm-level data on Italy in the period 1995-2000, we find evidence of our empirical implications. Copyright 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation Royal Economic Society 2007.
Analysis of bounded variation penalty methods for ill-posed problems

This paper presents an abstract analysis of bounded variation (BV) methods for ill-posed operator equations Au=z. Let T(u)def=//Au-z//2+ alpha J(u) where the penalty, or 'regularization parameter alpha >0 and the functional J(u) is the BV norm or semi-norm of u, also known as the total variation of u. Under mild restrictions on the operator A and the functional J(u), it is shown that the functional T(u) has a unique minimizer which is stable with respect to certain perturbations in the data z, the operator A, the parameter alpha , and the functional J(u). In addition, convergence results are obtained which apply when these perturbations vanish and the regularization parameter is chosen appropriately.
Recombination-mediated remodelling of host–pathogen interactions during Staphylococcus aureus niche adaptation

Large-scale recombination events have led to the emergence of epidemic clones of several major bacterial pathogens. However, the functional impact of the recombination on clonal success is not understood. Here, we identified a novel widespread hybrid clone (ST71) of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus that evolved from an ancestor belonging to the major bovine lineage CC97, through multiple large-scale recombination events with other S. aureus lineages occupying the same ruminant niche. The recombination events, affecting a 329 kb region of the chromosome spanning the origin of replication, resulted in allele replacement and loss or gain of an array of genes influencing host–pathogen interactions. Of note, molecular functional analyses revealed that the ST71 hybrid clone has acquired multiple novel pathogenic traits associated with acquired and innate immune evasion and bovine extracellular matrix adherence. These findings provide a paradigm for the impact of large-scale recombination events on the rapid evolution of bacterial pathogens within defined ecological niches.
The Attentional Dependence of Emotion Cognition Is Variable with the Competing Task

The relationship between emotion and attention has fascinated researchers for decades. Many previous studies have used eye-tracking, ERP, MEG, and fMRI to explore this issue but have reached different conclusions: some researchers hold that emotion cognition is an automatic process and independent of attention, while some others believed that emotion cognition is modulated by attentional resources and is a type of controlled processing. The present research aimed to investigate this controversy, and we hypothesized that the attentional dependence of emotion cognition is variable with the competing task. Eye-tracking technology and a dual-task paradigm were adopted, and subjects’ attention was manipulated to fixate at the central task to investigate whether subjects could detect the emotional faces presented in the peripheral area with a decrease or near-absence of attention. The results revealed that when the peripheral task was emotional face discrimination but the central attention-demanding task was different, subjects performed well in the peripheral task, which means that emotional information can be processed in parallel with other stimuli, and there may be a specific channel in the human brain for processing emotional information. However, when the central and peripheral tasks were both emotional face discrimination, subjects could not perform well in the peripheral task, indicating that the processing of emotional information required attentional resources and that it is a type of controlled processing. Therefore, we concluded that the attentional dependence of emotion cognition varied with the competing task.
Diamond in the rough: finding Hierarchical Heavy Hitters in multi-dimensional data

Data items archived in data warehouses or those that arrive online as streams typically have attributes which take values from multiple hierarchies (e.g., time and geographic location; source and destination IP addresses). Providing an aggregate view of such data is important to summarize, visualize, and analyze. We develop the aggregate view based on certain hierarchically organized sets of large-valued regions ("heavy hitters"). Such Hierarchical Heavy Hitters (HHHs) were previously introduced as a crucial aggregation technique in one dimension. In order to analyze the wider range of data warehousing applications and realistic IP data streams, we generalize this problem to multiple dimensions.We identify and study two variants of HHHs for multi-dimensional data, namely the "overlap" and "split" cases, depending on how an aggregate computed for a child node in the multi-dimensional hierarchy is propagated to its parent element(s). For data warehousing applications, we present offline algorithms that take multiple passes over the data and produce the exact HHHs. For data stream applications, we present online algorithms that find approximate HHHs in one pass, with provable accuracy guarantees.We show experimentally, using real and synthetic data, that our proposed online algorithms yield outputs which are very similar (virtually identical, in many cases) to their offline counterparts. The lattice property of the product of hierarchical dimensions ("diamond") is crucially exploited in our online algorithms to track approximate HHHs using only a small, fixed number of statistics per candidate node, regardless of the number of dimensions.
Common Drive in Motor Units of a Synergistic Muscle Pair

[PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , July 1, 2003; 95 (1): 373-384. J Appl Physiol E. A. Christou, M. Shinohara and R. M. Enoka movement accuracy in old adults Fluctuations in acceleration during voluntary contractions lead to greater impairment of [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , December 1, 2004; 97 (6): 2090-2097. J Appl Physiol Y. Yoshitake, M. Shinohara, M. Kouzaki and T. Fukunaga Fluctuations in plantar flexion force are reduced after prolonged tendon vibration [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , June 1, 2005; 93 (6): 3064-3074. J Neurophysiol M. M. Sturman, D. E. Vaillancourt and D. M. Corcos Effects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , November 1, 2005; 94 (5): 2999-3008. J Neurophysiol P. H. McCrea, J. J. Eng and A. J. Hodgson Stroke Saturated Muscle Activation Contributes to Compensatory Reaching Strategies After [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , June 1, 2007; 97 (6): 3917-3925. J Neurophysiol G. Mochizuki, T. D. Ivanova and S. J. Garland Soleus Muscles Factors Affecting the Common Modulation of Bilateral Motor Unit Discharge in Human
DNA finger printing of Bacillus thuringiensis based on repetitive DNA sequences using ERIC-PCR

To assess the distribution and evolutionary conservation of distinct prokaryotic repetitive elements, consensus oligonucleotides were processed in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with genomic DNA from different Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains from different parts of Mizoram, India. Oligonucleotides matching enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences were synthesized and tested as opposing PCR primers and produced clearly resolvable bands by gel electrophoresis, which provided unambiguous DNA fingerprints of the different Bt strains. After analysing with NTYSYS, DARwin and POWERMARKER, a dendogram was constructed, which revealed that the Bt strains were divided into three main clusters. Widespread distribution of the repetitive DNA elements enabled rapid identification of these Bt strains.
Methodology for Evaluating a Partially Controlled Longitudinal Treatment Using Principal Stratification, With Application to a Needle Exchange Program

We consider studies for evaluating the short-term effect of a treatment of interest on a time-to-event outcome. The studies we consider are partially controlled in the following sense: (1) Subjects' exposure to the treatment of interest can vary over time, but this exposure is not directly controlled by the study; (2) subjects' follow-up time is not directly controlled by the study; and (3) the study directly controls another factor that can affect subjects' exposure to the treatment of interest as well as subjects' follow-up time. When factors (1) and (2) are both present in the study, evaluating the treatment of interest using standard methods, including instrumental variables, does not generally estimate treatment effects. We develop the methodology for estimating the effect of treatment in this setting of partially controlled studies under explicit assumptions using the framework for principal stratification for causal inference. We illustrate our methods by a study to evaluate the efficacy of the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, using data on distance of the program's sites from the subjects.
Genome size reduction can trigger rapid phenotypic evolution in invasive plants.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The study of rapid evolution in invasive species has highlighted the fundamental role played by founder events, emergence of genetic novelties through recombination and rapid response to new selective pressures. However, whether rapid adaptation of introduced species can be driven by punctual changes in genome organization has received little attention. In plants, variation in genome size, i.e. variation in the amount of DNA per monoploid set of chromosomes through loss or gain of repeated DNA sequences, is known to influence a number of physiological, phenological and life-history features. The present study investigated whether change in genome size has contributed to the evolution of greater potential of vegetative growth in invasive populations of an introduced grass. METHODS The study was based on the recent demonstration that invasive genotypes of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) occurring in North America have emerged from recombination between introduced European strains. The genome sizes of more than 200 invasive and native genotypes were measured and their genome size was related to their phenotypic traits measured in a common glasshouse environment. Population genetics data were used to infer phylogeographical relationships between study populations, and the evolutionary history of genome size within the study species was inferred. KEY RESULTS Invasive genotypes had a smaller genome than European native genotypes from which they are derived. This smaller genome size had phenotypic effects that increased the species' invasive potential, including a higher early growth rate, due to a negative relationship between genome size and rate of stem elongation. Based on inferred phylogeographical relationships of invasive and native populations, evolutionary models were consistent with a scenario of genome reduction by natural selection during the invasion process, rather than a scenario of stochastic change. CONCLUSIONS Punctual reduction in genome size could cause rapid changes in key phenotypic traits that enhance invasive ability. Although the generality of genome size variation leading to phenotypic evolution and the specific genomic mechanisms involved are not known, change in genome size may constitute an important but previously under-appreciated mechanism of rapid evolutionary change that may promote evolutionary novelties over short time scales.
Problems in the Theory of Automorprhic Forms

1. There has recently been much interest, if not a tremendous amount of progress, in the arithmetic theory of automorphic forms. In this lecture I would like to present the views not of a number theorist but of a student of group representations on those of its problems that he finds most fascinating. To be more precise, I want to formulate a series of questions which the reader may, if he likes, take as conjectures. I prefer to regard them as working hypotheses. They have already led to some interesting facts. Although they have stood up for a fair length of time to the most careful scrutiny I could give, I am still not entirely easy about them. Indeed even at the beginning in the course of the definitions, which I want to make in complete generality, I am forced, for lack of time and technical competence, to make various assumptions. I should perhaps apologize for such a speculative lecture. However, there are some interesting facts scattered amongst the questions. Moreover, the unsolved problems in group representations arising from the theory of automorphic forms are much less technical than the solved ones, and their significance can perhaps be more easily appreciated by the outsider. Suppose G is a connected reductive algebraic group defined over a global field F . F is then an algebraic number field or a function field in one variable over a finite field. Let A(F ) be the adèle ring of F . GA(F ) is a locally compact topological group with GF as a discrete subgroup. The group GA(F ) acts on the functions on GF \ GA(F ). In particular, it acts on L (GF \ GA(F )). It should be possible, although I have not done so and it is not important at this stage, to attach a precise meaning ot the assertion that a given irreducible representation π of GA(F ) occurs in L (GF \GA(F )). If G is abelian it would mean that π is a character of GF \GA(F ). if G is not abelian it would be true for at least those representations which act on an irreducible invariant subspace of L(GF ) \GA(F ). IfG isGL(1) then to each such π one, following Hecke, associates anL-function. IfG isGL(2) then Hecke has also introduced, without explicitly mentioning group representations, some L-functions. The problems I want to discuss center about the possibility of defining L-functions for all such π and proving that they have the analytic properties we have grown used to expecting of such functions. I
On the Lack of a Soft X-Ray Excess from Clusters of Galaxies

A soft X-ray excess has been claimed to exist in and around a number of galaxy clusters, and this emission has been attributed to the warm-hot intergalactic medium that may constitute most of the baryons in the local universe. We have reexamined a study of the XMM-Newton observations on this topic by Kaastra and coworkers and find that the X-ray excess (or deficit) depends on Galactic latitude and appears to be most closely related to the surface brightness of the 1/4 keV emission, which is largely due to emission from the local hot bubble and the halo of the Milky Way. We suggest that the presence of the soft X-ray excess is due to incorrect subtraction of the soft X-ray background. An analysis is performed for which we choose a 1/4 keV background that is similar to the background near the cluster (and a similar H I column). We find that the soft X-ray excess largely disappears using our background subtraction and conclude that these soft X-ray excesses are not associated with the target clusters. We also show that the detections of "redshifted" O VII lines claimed by Kaastra and coworkers are correlated with solar system charge exchange emission, suggesting that they are not extragalactic either.
Automated people counting at a mass site

Reliable estimation of people in public areas is an important problem in visual surveillance. Although there is a lot of research on people counting in recent years, most of them consider a small crowd of people without many serious occlusions. Some of them have a lot of particular requirements, like people are moving, the background is smooth or the image resolution is high. This paper aims to estimate the number of people in a complicated scenario, which has around one hundred persons in an outdoors event. Several people counting methods based on crowd density are considered to find the relationship between the foreground pixels and the number of people in the large crowd. The best estimation result is from the method that considers two types of foreground pixels: those that come from relatively stationary crowd, and those that come from moving people. In an evaluation of three developed methods over 51 cases, the best average error is around 10%. All the proposed methods do not have any special requirements on the resolution of the input video.
Approximate Market Equilibrium for Near Gross Substitutes

The property of Weak Gross Substitutibility (WGS) of goods in a market has been found to be conducive to efficient algorithms for finding equilibria. In this paper, we give a natural definition of a δ-approximate WGS property, and show that the auction algorithm of [GK04, GKV04] can be extended to give an ( + δ)-approximate equilibrium for markets with this property.
The Effect of Visual and Auditory Information on the Perception of Pleasantness and Roughness of Virtual Surfaces.

Despite the large number of studies on the multisensory aspects of tactile perception, very little is known regarding the effects of visual and auditory sensory modalities on the tactile hedonic evaluation of textures, especially when the presentation of the stimuli is mediated by a haptic device. In this study, different haptic virtual surfaces were rendered by varying the static and dynamic frictional coefficients of a Geomagic® Touch device. In Experiment 1, the haptic surfaces were paired with pictures representing everyday materials (glass, plastic, rubber and steel); in Experiment 2, the haptic surfaces were paired with sounds resulting from the haptic exploration of paper or sandpaper. In both the experiments, participants were required to rate the pleasantness and the roughness of the virtual surfaces explored. Exploration times were also recorded. Both pleasantness and roughness judgments, as well as the durations of exploration, varied as a function of the combinations of the visuo-tactile and the audio-tactile stimuli presented. Taken together, these results suggest that vision and audition modulate haptic perception and hedonic preferences when tactile sensations are provided through a haptic device. Importantly, these results offer interesting suggestions for designing more pleasant, and even more realistic, multisensory virtual surfaces.