Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the electromagnetic force on a dielectric medium

The study of the mechanical effects of light on a dielectric medium has led to two quite distinct forms for the force density: one based on the microscopic distribution of charges and the other on the distribution of atomic dipoles. Both approaches are based directly on the Lorentz force, but it has been suggested that they lead, in a number of cases, to significantly different predictions. In this paper we address this paradoxical situation and show that in the majority of problems the force densities lead to identical results. Where the theories do differ we attempt to determine which of the two descriptions is the more reliable.
A deep Abell cluster redshift survey

Redshifts have been measured for a complete sample of 145 Abell clusters of galaxies of median redshift 0.16 covering a 561 sq deg region at high Galactic latitude. Clustering on scales greater than about 70/h Mpc cannot be detected. A large void of diameter about 20,000 km/s seen in maps of the cluster distribution is consistent with smaller scale behavior of the correlation function of the survey. Large-scale peculiar motions are about 1000 km/s or less, a limit inconsistent with the claimed detection by Bahcall et al. (1986) of peculiar motions of about 2000 km/s.
Cryogenic tests of volume-phase holographic gratings

We present results from cryogenic tests of a Volume-Phase Holographic (VPH) grating at 200 K measured at near-infrared wavelengths. The aims of these tests were to see whether the diffraction efficiency and angular dispersion of a VPH grating are significantly different at a low temperature from those at a room temperature, and to see how many cooling and heating cycles the grating can withstand. We have completed 5 cycles between room temperature and 200 K, and find that the performance is nearly independent of temperature, at least over the temperature range which we are investigating. In future, we will not only try more cycles between these temperatures but also perform measurements at a much lower temperature (e.g., ~80 K).
Optically detected magnetic resonance at the quadrupole-split nuclear states in (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots

Nuclear-magnetic resonances were detected optically in an ensemble of singly charged (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots. The resonances were found in the magnetic field dependence of photoluminescence polarization (Hanle curve) when applying a radio frequency (RF) field. The frequency dependences of the resonances allow us to ascribe them to transitions between Zeeman states of the $^{71}\text{G}\text{a}$ and $^{75}\text{A}\text{s}$ nuclei perturbed by quadrupole interaction. Applying an RF-field sweep over a wide frequency range results in a notable narrowing of the Hanle curve, which can be explained by suppression of dynamic nuclear polarization that otherwise is stabilized by the quadrupole splitting.
Real space rescaling study of spin glass behaviour in three dimensions

The Edwards and Anderson model (1975) for spin glasses is investigated by a real space rescaling transformation on an S=1/2 Ising Hamiltonian with nearest-neighbour-only interactions in three dimensions. A transition to a spin glass ordered phase is found at about half the mean transition temperature, in contrast to earlier work on a two-dimensional model where no transition was found. The results suggest that the lower critical dimensionality, dc, for spin glass order is slightly greater than 2, although possibly dc=2 exactly. The specific heat is calculated and found to exhibit a broad maximum above Tc, with no discernable singularity at the transition since the exponent alpha is large and negative.
Suboptimal control of constrained nonlinear systems via receding horizon constrained control Lyapunov functions

In this paper we propose a new controller design method, based on the combination of receding horizon and control Lyapunov functions, for nonlinear systems subject to input constraints. The main result shows that this control law renders the origin an asymptotically stable equilibrium point in the entire region where stabilization with constrained controls is feasible, while, at the same time, achieving near‐optimal performance. Contrary to other approaches, the proposed controller does not require forcing the trajectory at the end of the prediction horizon to lie in a region where the constraints are not binding, allowing for the use of (potentially substantially) smaller horizons in the optimization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new variable selection method for uniform designs

As an important class of space-filling designs, uniform designs (UDs) choose a set of points over a certain domain such that these points are uniformly scattered, under a specific discrepancy measure. They have been applied successfully in many industrial and scientific experiments since they appeared in 1980. A noteworthy and practical advantage is their ability to investigate a large number of high-level factors simultaneously with a fairly economical set of experimental runs. As a result, UDs can be properly used as experimental plans that are intended to derive the significant factors from a list of many potential ones. To this end, a new screening procedure is introduced via penalized least squares. A simulation study is conducted to support the proposed method, which reveals that it can be considered quite promising and expedient, as judged in terms of Type I and Type II error rates.
A modified Smith predictor for controlling a process with an integrator and long dead-time

A modification of the Smith predictor for controlling higher-order processes with integral action and long dead-time is proposed. The controller has a quite simple structure which is obtained based on the model consisting of an ideal integrator and dead-time and which includes only three tuning parameters: the dead-time, velocity gain of the model, and the desired time constant of the first-order closed-loop setpoint response. By adjusting these three parameters, high performance can be obtained both for the setpoint response and for the load disturbance rejection.
The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound

An extension is made to Lighthill’s general theory of aerodynamic sound, so as to incorporate the influence of solid boundaries upon the sound field. This influence is twofold, namely (i) reflexion and diffraction of the sound waves at the solid boundaries, and (ii) a resultant dipole field at the solid boundaries which are the limits of Lighthill’s quadrupole distribution. It is shown that these effects are exactly equivalent to a distribution of dipoles, each representing the force with which unit area of solid boundary acts upon the fluid. A dimensional analysis shows that the intensity of the sound generated by the dipoles should at large distances x be of the general form Ioc P0U60 a0-3 L2x-2, where U0 is a typical velocity of the flow, L is a typical length of the body, a0 is the velocity of sound in fluid at rest and P0 is the density of the fluid at rest. Accordingly, these dipoles should be more efficient generators of sound than the quadrupoles of Lighthill’s theory if the Mach number is small enough. It is shown that the fundamental frequency of the dipole sound is one half of the frequency of the quadrupole sound.
Creating precise 3D microstructures using laser direct-write bimetallic thermal resist grayscale photomasks

Previous research demonstrated Sn/In and Bi/In bimetallic thermal resists are promising new materials for direct-write analogue grayscale photomask processes. These materials turn transparent with increased laser exposure power and their optical density changes smoothly from 3 OD when unexposed to less than 0.22 OD when fully exposed. The transparency is the result of an oxidation process that is controllable with exposure to generate the grayscale levels in the photomask. In order to produce precise 3D structures in regular photoresists, the steps involved in microlithography must be quantified and examined. The lithographic process includes drawing 8-bit grayscale bitmap patterns, computer-aided laser writing photomasks on bimetallic films, and regular photoresist exposure using a mask-aligner. Compensation during the mask-writing process was necessary since the relationship between the optical density of the exposed bimetallic films and the laser writing power was not completely linear. In addition, the response of the photoresists to the mask exposure time was also a non-linear relationship. To investigate the resolution limit for Bi/In and Sn/In bimetallic thermal resists as a masking material, we used a modified form of interference lithography to expose and develop structures in Bi/In resists with widths that are less than 200 nm. As a result of the lithography, we were able to create structures in the Bi/In films that are up to 20 times smaller than previously obtained using the direct-write method.
Topological dimensionality determination and dimensionality reduction based on minimum spanning trees

In the design of multidimensional systems for the analysis of complex data, an intelligent reduction of the data dimensionality is needed to enable its efficient and accurate processing without much loss of information. The underlying data transformation process can be implemented by nonlinearly mapping the high-dimensional data space onto a low-dimensional feature space where the mapping preserves the topological structure of the transformed data in the feature space as much as possible. This method is often referred to as Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). This paper describes a new MDS approach for feature extraction purposes. It consists of a fast hierachical Minimal-Spanning-Tree-based method which minimizes the Sammon's criteria with a genetic algorithm. Results presented show that this new approach is promising for several applications.
Judgments of Circle Sizes on Statistical Maps

Abstract Symbols whose sizes code a variable are often superimposed on a map to show how the value of the variable changes geographically. In many cases the areas of the symbols are proportional to the values of the variable. But previous psychological experiments indicate that people's judgments of area typically are not proportional to area, but rather to area raised to a power less than one. In many of these studies, however, the symbols are presented one at a time. Here we describe an experiment that tests whether this experimental laboratory result extends to statistical maps. We had 24 viewers judge sets of circles presented simultaneously, either with or without maplike grid ticks, labels, scale, and border. With these multiple-circle displays, judgments were related to actual area by power functions with an average exponent close to one, implying that it is appropriate to code symbols by area on statistical maps.
New perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks

Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the use of both an Eulerian and system-centered method of storm track diagnosis applied to a wide range of meteorological fields at multiple levels to provide a range of perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter transient motions and to give new insight into the storm track organization and behavior. The data used are primarily from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses project extended with operational analyses to the period 1979–2000. This is supplemented by data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and Goddard Earth Observing System 1 reanalyses. The range of fields explored include the usual mean sea level pressure and the lower- and upper-tropospheric height, meridional wind, vorticity, and temperature, as well as the potential vorticity (PV) on a 330-K isentropic surface (PV330) and potential temperature on a PV = 2 PVU surface (θPV2). As well as reporting the primary analysis based on feature tracking, t.
Local threshold for segmented attenuation correction of PET imaging of the thorax

Local threshold for segmented attenuation correction technique has been developed for positron emission tomography using short (2-3 minutes) post-injection transmission scans. The technique implements an optimal threshold method on localized histograms to get pseudo-anatomic segmentation on transmission images. Theoretical values of attenuation coefficient are assigned to correspondent anatomic regions. Emission images are reconstructed using attenuation correction factors computed by forward-projecting segmented transmission images. Phantoms and clinical cardiac images are studied using this technique. The technique has been found linearly correlated with the standard method (15 minutes, pre-injection transmission scans), reducing noise in the final emission Images, eliminating process for substraction emission data from transmission scan, cutting down scan time and increasing patient throughput. <<ETX>>
Acoustic Attenuation between the Ears

In an investigation of the acoustical insulation between the ears, various earphones and obturating devices were used. Bone conduction was shown to be chiefly responsible for the acoustical leakage between the ears. Conditions were determined under which interaural insulation could be increased considerably. Most of the measurements were performed with a compensation method which appears to give more precise results than methods previously used, and which permits phase measurements.
The cohomology of C 2 -surfaces with Z -coefﬁcients

Let C 2 denote the cyclic group of order 2. We compute the RO ( C 2 ) -graded cohomology of all C 2 -surfaces with constant integral coefﬁcients. We show when the action is nonfree, the answer depends only on the genus, the orientability of the underlying surface, the number of isolated ﬁxed points, the number of ﬁxed circles with trivial normal bundles, and the number of ﬁxed circles with nontrivial normal bundles. When the action on the surface is free, we show the answer depends only on the genus, the orientability of the underlying surface, whether or not the action preserves the orientation, and one other invariant.
Backward uncertainty propagation in shape optimization

We aim at quantifying the impact of state uncertainties in shape optimization. This provides confidence bounds for the optimal solution. The approach is presented for inverse designs where the target is assumed uncertain. No sampling of a large dimensional space is necessary, and the approach uses what is already available in a deterministic gradient‐based inversion algorithm. Our proposal is based on the introduction of directional quantile‐based extreme scenarios knowing the probability density function of the target data. We use these scenarios to define a matrix having the structure of the covariance matrix of the optimization parameters. We compare this construction to another one using the gradient of the functional by an adjoint method. The paper goes beyond inverse design and shows how to apply the method to general optimization problems. The ingredients of the paper are illustrated on a model problem with the Burgers equation and on the optimization of the shape of an aircraft. Overall, the computational complexity is comparable with the deterministic case. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical approximations of translational subpixel shifts in signal and image registrations

Analytical approximations of translational subpixel shifts in both signal and image registrations are derived by setting the derivatives of a normalized cross correlation function to zero and solving them. Without the need of iterative searching, this methods achieves a complexity of only O (mn), given an image size of m × n. Without the need to upsample, computation memory is also saved. Tests using simulated signals and images show good results.
Filament Structure Analysis of Multifilament MgB2 Wires by Using X-ray CT

We have investigated the filament structure of 18-filament MgB2 wires by using an X-ray computed tomography (CT). For the structural analysis of MgB2 filaments and Nb barriers, we adopted two image processing, the adoptive binarization method and the closing technique, to the series of cross-sectional CT images. After the image processing, we successfully eliminated the effect of several artifacts, such as metal artifacts and beam hardening, and extrapolated the area of MgB2 filaments and Nb barriers. From the images, we made a three-dimensional model of MgB2 filaments and confirmed whether the breakout of the filaments and sausaging phenomena exist or not. Although the broken filaments were not observed, the Nb barrier's break was confirmed in all six inner filaments of the MgB2 wire after heat treatment. Moreover, from the statistical distribution analysis, sausaging is more significant in the inner filament than in the outer filament. These results indicate that the X-ray CT observation and advanced image processing is effective in understanding the filament structure in non-destructive ways.
Enhancing Circular Polarization Performance of Low-Profile Patch Antennas for Wearables Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

A wearable antenna functioning in the 2.4 GHz band for health monitoring and sensing is proposed. It is a circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna made from textiles. Despite its low profile (3.34 mm thickness, 0.027 λ0), an enhanced 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is achieved by introducing slit-loaded parasitic elements on top of analysis and observations within the framework of Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA). In detail, the parasitic elements introduce higher-order modes at high frequencies that may contribute to the 3-dB AR bandwidth enhancement. More importantly, additional slit loading is investigated to preserve the higher-order modes while relaxing strong capacitive coupling invoked by the low-profile structure and the parasitic elements. As a result, unlike conventional multilayer designs, a simple single-substrate, low-profile, and low-cost structure is achieved. While compared to traditional low-profile antennas, a significantly widened CP bandwidth is realized. These merits are important for the future massive application. The realized CP bandwidth is 2.2–2.54 GHz (14.3%), which is 3–5 times that of traditional low-profile designs (thickness < 4 mm, 0.04 λ0). A prototype was fabricated and measured with good results.
An Expansion of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that Halts Autophagy is Permissive to Genome Instability

The links between autophagy and genome stability, and whether they are important for lifespan and health, are not fully understood. We undertook a study to explore this notion at the molecular level using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the one hand, we triggered autophagy using rapamycin, to which we exposed mutants defective in preserving genome integrity, then assessed their viability, their ability to induce autophagy and the link between these two parameters. On the other hand, we searched for molecules derived from plant extracts known to have powerful benefits on human health to try to rescue the negative effects rapamycin had against some of these mutants. We uncover that autophagy execution is lethal for mutants unable to repair DNA double strand breaks, while the extract from Silybum marianum seeds induces an expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that blocks autophagy and protects them. Our data uncover a connection between genome integrity and homeostasis of the ER whereby ER stress-like scenarios render cells tolerant to sub-optimal genome integrity conditions.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Brassica Yellows Virus Causing Aberrant Color Symptoms in Oilseed Rape

The emergence of brassica yellow virus (BrYV) has increasingly damaged crucifer crops in China in recent years. In 2020, a large number of oilseed rape in Jiangsu showed aberrant leaf color. A combined RNA-seq and RT-PCR analysis identified BrYV as the major viral pathogen. A subsequent field survey showed that the average incidence of BrYV was 32.04%. In addition to BrYV, turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was also frequently detected. As a result, two near full-length BrYV isolates, BrYV-814NJLH and BrYV-NJ13, were cloned. Based on the newly obtained sequences and the reported BrYV and turnip yellow virus (TuYV) isolates, a phylogenetic analysis was performed, and it was found that all BrYV isolates share a common root with TuYV. Pairwise amino acid identity analysis revealed that both P2 and P3 were conserved in BrYV. Additionally, recombination analysis revealed seven recombinant events in BrYV as TuYV. We also attempted to determine BrYV infection by quantitative leaf color index, but no significant correlation was found between the two. Systemic observations indicated that BrYV-infected plants had different symptoms, such as no symptom, purple stem base and red old leaves. Overall, our work proves that BrYV is closely related to TuYV and could be considered as an epidemic strain for oilseed rape in Jiangsu.
Electromagnetic optimization using a mixed‐parameter self‐adaptive evolutionary algorithm

An evolutionary programming algorithm with a mixed continuous‐discrete parameter representation for application in electromagnetic optimization problems is presented. In our approach, the mutation operator consists of a hybrid combination of Gaussian mutation for the continuous parameters, and Poisson mutation for the discrete parameters. The implementation uses self‐adaptive schemes for updating the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution and the mean of the Poisson distribution during the evolution. As an example, the proposed evolutionary algorithm is applied to the constraint designs of various multilayer dielectric‐filter structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 267–271, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11187
Nonparametric empirical Bayes estimator in simultaneous estimation of Poisson means with application to mass spectrometry data

We consider the problem of simultaneous Poisson mean vector estimation and discuss the performance of nonparametric empirical Bayes (NPEB) estimator from the view point of risk consistency. We define the structural uniform risk consistency with respect to some classes of priors and show that the NPEB estimator achieves a structural uniform risk consistency with respect to some class of priors. It is shown that the NPEB estimator performs better than the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) and James–Stein estimators from the view point of structural uniform risk consistency. We also present numerical studies which support the asymptotic results and compare with the MLE and James–Stein-type estimators. We provide a real example of mass spectrometry data from a breast cancer study in Sauter et al. [Sauter, E.R. , Davis, W. , Qin, W. , Scanlon, S. , Mooney, B. , Bromert, K. , and Folk, W.R. (2009), ‘Identification of a β-Casein-Like Peptide in Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid that is Associated with Breast Cancer’, Biomarkers in Medicine, 3, 577–588] with comparison of various estimators.