Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Univalent Foundations Project ( a modified version of an NSF grant application )

1 General outline of the proposed project While working on the completion of the proof of the Bloch-Kato conjecture I have thought a lot about what to do next. Eventually I became convinced that the most interesting and important directions in current mathematics are the ones related to the transition into a new era which will be characterized by the widespread use of automated tools for proof construction and verification. I have started to actively learn about the related subjects around 2003/04. A few years ago I have come up with an idea for a new semantics for dependent type theories-the class of formal systems which are widely used in the theory of programming languages. Unlike the usual semantics which interpret types as sets this " univalent semantics " interprets types as homotopy types. The key property of the univalent interpretation is that it satisfies the univalence axiom a new axiom which makes it possible to automatically transport constructions and proofs between types which are connected by appropriately defined weak equivalences. In 2009/2010 I made a number of presentations on the univalent interpretation which were received with great interest by the type theoretic community. As of today two special events have been planned for the further discussion of the related ideas-a workshop in Oberwolfach in March 2011 and a year long special program at the Institute for Advanced Study in 2012-2013. Eventually it became clear to me that the univalent semantics is just a first step and that I am really working on new foundations of mathematics. The key features of these " univalent foundations " are as follows: 1. Univalent foundations naturally include " axiomatization " of the categorical and higher categorical thinking. 2. Univalent foundations can be conveniently formalized using the class of languages called dependent type systems. 3. Univalent foundations are based on direct axiomatization of the " world " of homotopy types instead of the world of sets. 4. Univalent foundations can be used both for constructive and for non-constructive mathematics. To see what homotopy theory has to do with foundations of mathematics consider the following definitions which take place in the usual homotopy category: A (homotopy) type T is said to be of h-level 0 if it is contractible, A (homotopy) type T is said to be of h-level 1 if for any two points of T the space of paths between these two points …
Reserve Requirements for Wind Power Integration: A Scenario-Based Stochastic Programming Framework

We present a two-stage stochastic programming model for committing reserves in systems with large amounts of wind power. We describe wind power generation in terms of a representative set of appropriately weighted scenarios, and we present a dual decomposition algorithm for solving the resulting stochastic program. We test our scenario generation methodology on a model of California consisting of 122 generators, and we show that the stochastic programming unit commitment policy outperforms common reserve rules.
On the development of a cybernetic hand prosthesis

In a broad sense, the research on humanoids can be seen as efforts aiming at replicating the human being in his integrity or some of her/his main components. Thus, the development of a cybernetic prosthesis, replicating as much as possible the sensory-motor capabilities of the natural hand, can be seen as an important goal in this field. This paper presents the current research efforts towards the development of this cybernetic hand prosthesis which will overcome some of the drawbacks of current prosthetic systems. This new prosthesis will be felt by an amputee as the lost natural limb delivering her/him a natural sensory feedback by means of the stimulation of some specific afferent nerves. Moreover, it will be controlled in a very natural way by processing the efferent neural signals coming from the central nervous system (thus reducing the discomfort of the current EMG-based control prostheses). In particular, in this paper three main issues will be discussed: the design optimization of the existing developed mechatronic prostheses, the sensorization of the prosthetic hand, and its control.
Adaptive codebook for limited feedback MIMO system

In Multi-User MIMO system, full multiplexing gain relies on accurate channel knowledge provided at the transmitter, but usually it cannot be directly acquired by the transmitter. One solution is the limited feedback scheme where each user quantizes its channel with a fixed codebook and sends it back to the transmitter. There are two types of codebooks frequently discussed in IEEE 802.16e: 16e codebook and DFT codebook. Due to different design criterions, 16e codebook achieves a better performance in uncorrelated channel and DFT codebook is more suitable for correlated channel. Since the real environment is a combination of uncorrelated channel and correlated channel, we propose an adaptive codebook which adapt to different channel distribution. Our adaptive codebook is constructed with both 16e and DFT codebooks, where DFT codebook is employed to reconstruct the channel spatial correlation matrix and shift 16e codebook to fit the current channel. This adaptive codebook obviously outperforms both 16e and DFT codebooks in any channel distribution with only a negligible increase in overhead. Moreover, our adaptive codebook avoids complicated mathematic operation, which is very easy to be implemented in practice.
The Li dip: a probe of angular momentum transport in low mass stars

We use the measures of Li and rotational velocities in F Hyades stars to assess the role of the wind-driven meridian circulation and of shear turbulence in the transport of angular momentum in stars of different masses. Our models include both element segregation and rotation-induced mixing, and we treat simultaneously the transport of matter and angular momentum as described by Zahn (1992) and Maeder (1995). We show that the hot side of the Li dip in the Hyades is well explained within this framework, which was also successfully used to reproduce the C and N anomalies in B type stars (Talon et al. 1997). On the cool side of the dip, another mechanism must participate in the transport of angular momentum; its efficiency is linked to the depth of the surface convection zone. That mechanism should also be responsible for the Sun's flat rotation profile.
11 . 1 versus object-based sound in 3 D All aspects compared Authors

George Lucas is famous for saying that sound comprises at least 50% of the movie experience – sound helps create more of an emotional response in the audience than image alone. As such, the film industry has always been on the forefront of audio technology as it pushed the envelope of sound reproduction: the introduction of Stereo and later Surround Sound, the introduction of digital audio with Dolby Digital, DTS… 3D sound – an immersive sound field, or ʻsound all aroundʼ – is the next logical step required to deliver the ultimate listening experience. Several solutions have been proposed to the market, but not all of them can fulfill the cross-media requirements of the entire multi-media space: movies, broadcast, music, events… To help movie exhibitors and post-production professionals take this next step, this white paper compares the technology and the practical implications of the Auro 11.1 channel-based system to the several object-based or ʻhybridʼ (a combination of channel-and object-based) systems being proposed in the market. The importance of sound in 3 dimensions Todayʼs movie theaters position speakers as arrays in a two-dimensional horizontal plane (along the x=width and y=depth axes). This current layout is known as 5.1 or 7.1 Surround, depending on the number of channels deployed. 1 Figure 1-Standard 5.1 Surround Sound Auro 11.1 adds the next, third dimension (Height), with speakers arrayed above the spectator. The third dimension of sound around the listener supplies the natural, ambient sounds that occur in acoustic reflections all around us.
Dynamic Task Assignment in Robot Swarms

A large group of robots will often be partitioned into subgroups, each subgroup performing a different task. This paper presents four distributed algorithms for assigning swarms of homogenous robots to subgroups to meet a specified global task distribution. Algorithm Random-Choice selects tasks randomly, but runs in constant time. Algorithm Extreme-Comm compiles a complete inventory of all the robots on every robot, runs quickly, but uses a great deal of communication. The CardDealer’s algorithm assigns tasks to individual robots sequentially, using minimal communications but a great deal of time. The TreeRecolor algorithm is a compromise between Extreme-Comm and Card-Dealer’s, balancing communications use and running time. The three deterministic algorithms drive the system towards the desired assignment of subtasks with high accuracy. We implement the algorithms on a group of 25 iRobot SwarmBots, and collect and analyze performance data.
The Use of Predictive Annotation for Question Answering in TREC8

This paper introduces the technique of Predictive Annotation, a methodology for indexing texts for retrieval aimed at answering fact-seeking questions. The essence of the approach can be stated simply: index the answers. This is done by establishing about 20 classes of objects that can be identified in text by shallow parsing, and by annotating and indexing the text with these labels, which we call QA-Tokens. Given a question, its class is identified and the question is modified accordingly to include the appropriate token(s). The search engine is modified to rank and return short passages of text rather than documents. The QA-Tokens are used in later stages of analysis to extract the supposed answers from these returned passages. Finally, all potential answers are ranked using a novel formula, which determines which ones among them are most likely to be correct.
PERCEPTUAL EFFECTS OF AUDITORY INFORMATION ABOUT OWN AND OTHER MOVEMENTS

In sport accurate predictions of other persons’ movements are essential. Former studies have shown that predictions can be enhanced by mapping movements onto sound (sonification) and providing audiovisual feedback [1]. The present study investigated behavioral mechanisms of movement sonification and scrutinized whether effects of own movements and those of other persons can be predicted just by listening to them. Eight athletes heard sonifications of an indoor rower and quantified resulting velocities of a virtual boat. Although boat velocity was not mapped onto sound directly, it explained subjects’ quantifications by regression analysis (R-squared = 0.80) significantly better than the directly sonified amplitude and force parameters. Thus perception of boat velocity might have emerged from those sonifications. Predictions of effects of unknown movements were above chance level and as good as predictions of own movements. Furthermore athletes were able to identify their own technique among others ( d’ = 0.47 ± 0.43). The results confirm large perceptual effects of auditory feedback and - most importantly - suggest that movement sonification can address central motor representations just by listening to it. Therefore not only predictability but also synchronization with other persons’ movements might be supported.
: “ Validating the requirement for beat-to-beat coupling of the Ca 2 clock and M clock in pacemaker cell normal automaticity ”

TO THE EDITOR: A novel, general concept of a coupled-clock pacemaker cell system of surface membrane electrogenic proteins that function as a voltage oscillator (M clock) and of intracellular proteins that effect diastolic submembrane Ca oscillations (Ca clock) has been recently put forth (5). The essence of the “yin-yang”-type dynamic coupling of the clocks is based on, in part, several lines of robust experimental data. First, an abrupt disabling of the Na /Ca exchanger function by “spritzing” Na free medium during diastolic depolarization (DD) acutely retards the normal DD sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) (1, 10). Second, for sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca load transitions, after removal of voltage clamp at the maximum diastolic potential that depletes SR Ca load, the beat-to-beat reduction in cycle length is predicted by the beat-to-beat growth of local submembrane Ca releases (LCRs) that activate an inward Na /Ca exchanger current during DD (11). Third, stochastic beat-to-beat variations in LCR emergence during DD within a given SANC predict the cell’s intrinsic cycle length variability (7). Both Ca release and sarcolemmal ion channels are involved in mechanisms of intrinsic beating variability in cardiac cell cultures (8). Fourth, for the existence of Ca clock, rhythmic LCRs persist under voltage clamp and in chemically skinned SANCs when cell Ca is sustained. In the January 2011 issue of the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Himeno et al. (3) report patch-clamp experiments and numerical modeling in guinea pig SANCs that seem to refute the coupled-clock hypothesis. But some issues, not considered by the authors, might be important for the interpretation of their results.
BM-573, a Dual Thromboxane Synthase Inhibitor and Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist, Prevents Pig Myocardial Infarction Induced by Coronary Thrombosis

The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of BM-573 [N-terbutyl-N′-[2-(4′-methylphenylamino)-5-nitro-benzenesulfonyl] urea], a novel dual thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist and thromboxane synthase inhibitor, on myocardial infarction induced by topical ferric chloride (FeCl3) application to the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in anesthetized pigs. All control animals (n = 6) developed an occlusive thrombus in the LAD coronary artery. The mean infarct size, revealed by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), and the area at risk, evidenced by Evans blue, corresponded to 35.3 ± 2.2 and 36.9 ± 2.1% of the left ventricular mass, respectively. In the BM-573-treated group (n = 6), a drug infusion (10 mg · kg–1 · h–1) started 30 min before FeCl3 application and continued throughout the experimentation. Among the BM-573-treated group, four pigs did not develop coronary artery thrombus and their myocardium appeared healthy. Histopathological examination of FeCl3-injured coronary artery revealed an occlusive and adherent thrombus in control group, while pretreatment with BM-573 prevented thrombus formation. In infarcted zones, lack of desmin staining and muscle structure disorganization were obvious. Depletion of myocardial ATP content was observed in the myocardial necrotic region of the control group, but not in myocardial samples of BM-573-treated pigs that did not develop myocardial infarction. When BM-573 prevented LAD artery occlusion, the area under the curve of plasmatic troponin T was reduced by 77% over 6 h. These data suggest that BM-573 could be useful for the prevention of myocardial infarction.
IMPACT OF CONTENT-BASED PERSONALIZATION IN A SERVICE ENVIRONMENT

Today’s increasing information supply raises the need for more effective and automated information processing where personalization is one possible solution. Most of the first generation personalization systems lacked the ability to easily define and measure the effectiveness of the personalization efforts, and numerous projects failed to live up to the their expectations. Simultaneously, the demand on projects and their profitability has increased, and thus the demand for evaluation increases. This paper shows how personalization can be made effective and easily evaluated with a system that has the ability to perform bifurcation. The system tracks the end-user’s behavior and uses content adapting methods for presenting information to the end-users. Bifurcation is the process of dividing the users into two or more control-groups. Two different companies had their websites personalized and evaluated: one of Sweden’s largest recruitment services and the second largest Swedish daily newspaper. The purpose with the implementations was to define, measure, and increase the usefulness and user satisfaction thereby influencing the users’ behavior. The systems had to be cost-effective and highly automated to meet the demands of a modern organization. The results show that an increase in page views is achieved. Other experiences and conclusions are accounted for. A description of the implementation and the functionality of the recruitment service’s website is given.
Bank Liquidity and Capital Regulation

We develop a nonlinear dynamic general equilibrium model with a banking sector and use it to study the macroeconomic impact of introducing a minimum liquidity standard for banks on top of existing capital adequacy requirements. The model generates a distribution of bank sizes arising from differences in banks’ ability to generate revenue from a given quantity of loans and from occasionally binding capital and liquidity constraints. In equilibrium, the buffers of capital and liquidity above the required minimums are also endogenous. Under our baseline calibration, imposing a liquidity requirement would lead to a steady-state decrease of about 5 percent in the amount of loans made, an increase in banks’ securities holdings of at least 12 percent, a fall in the interest rate on securities of about 25 basis points, and declines in output and consumption of about 1.0 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively. However, introducing a minimum liquidity requirement increases risk-based capital ratios, allowing banks to better withstand the impact of shocks to capital. Finally, our results are sensitive to the supply of safe assets. In particular, the larger the supply of securities, the smaller the macroeconomic impact of introducing a minimum liquidity standard for banks, all else being equal. JEL Classification: D52, E13, G21, G28.
Nobel Lecture: The fractional quantum Hall effect

The fractional quantum Hall effect is a very counterintuitive physical phenomenon. It implies that many electrons, acting in concert, can create new particles having a charge smaller than the charge of any individual electron. This is not the way things are supposed to be. A collection of objects may assemble to form a bigger object, or the parts may remain their size, but they don’t create anything smaller. If the new particles were doubly charged, it wouldn’t be so paradoxical— electrons could ‘‘just stick together’’ and form pairs. But fractional charges are very bizarre indeed. Not only are they smaller than the charge of any constituent electron, but they are exactly 1/3 or 1/5 or 1/7 etc. of an electronic charge, depending on the conditions under which they have been prepared. And yet we know with certainty that none of these electrons has split up into pieces. Fractional charge is the most puzzling of the observations, but there are others. Quantum numbers—usually integers or half-integers—turn out to be also fractional, such as 2/5, 4/9, and 11/7, or even 5/23. Moreover, bits of magnetic field can get attached to each electron, creating yet other objects. Such composite particles have properties very different from those of the electrons. They sometimes seem to be oblivious to huge magnetic fields and move in straight lines, although any bare electron would orbit on a very tight circle. Their mass is unrelated to the mass of the original electron but arises solely from interactions with their neighbors. More so, the attached magnetic field changes drastically the characteristics of the particles, from fermions to bosons and back to fermions, depending on the field strength. And finally, some of these composites are conjectured to coalesce and form pairs, vaguely similar to the formation of electron pairs in superconductivity. This would provide yet another astounding new state with weird properties. All of these strange phenomena occur in twodimensional electron systems at low temperatures exposed to a high magnetic field—only electrons and a magnetic field. The electrons reside within a solid, at the interface between two slightly different semiconductors. This is presently the smoothest plane we can fabricate to restrict the electrons’ motion to two dimensions. Quantum mechanics does the rest.
Improving software quality with static analysis

At the University of Maryland, we have been working to improve the reliability and security of software by developing new, effective static analysis tools. These tools scan software for bug patterns or show that the software is free from a particular class of defects. There are two themes common to our different projects: 1. Our ultimate focus is on utility: can a programmer actually improve the quality of his or her software using an analysis tool? The important first step toward answering this question is to engineer tools so that they can analyze existing, nontrivial programs, and to carefully report the results of such analyses experimentally. The desire to better understand a more human-centered notion of utility underlies much of our future work. 2. We release all of our tools open source. This allows other researchers to verify our results, and to reuse some or all of our implementations, which often required significant effort to engineer. We believe that releasing source code is important for accelerating the pace of research results software quality, and just as importantly allows feedback from the wider community. In this research group presentation, we summarize some recent work and sketch future directions.
A new approach to identifying generalized competing risks models with application to second-price auctions

This paper proposes an approach to proving nonparametric identification for distributions of bidders' values in asymmetric second-price auctions. I consider the case when bidders have independent private values and the only available data pertain to the winner's identity and the transaction price. My proof of identification is constructive and is based on establishing the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the system of nonlinear differential equations that describes relationships between unknown distribution functions and observable functions. The proof is conducted in two logical steps. First, I prove the existence and uniqueness of a local solution. Then I describe a method that extends this local solution to the whole support. This paper delivers other interesting results. I demonstrate how this approach can be applied to obtain identification in auctions with a stochastic number of bidders. Furthermore, I show that my results can be extended to generalized competing risks models.
Altruism born of suffering among emerging adults in Northern Ireland

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore altruism born of suffering (ABS), a theory that explains how the experience of suffering within one’s own life may result in the motivation to help others, even outgroup members. Design/methodology/approach Participants were 186 emerging adults (63 per cent female, 37 per cent male; 69 per cent Protestant, 41 per cent Catholic; average age =21.3, SD=2.57 years old) in Northern Ireland, a setting of protracted intergroup conflict. Participants were randomly assigned to an in/outgroup condition, read four types of adversity that occurred to same-sex victim(s), and indicated their empathetic response and how much they would like to help the victims. Findings Moderated mediation analyses revealed that empathy for the victim partially mediated the impact of perceived harm on desire to help; moreover, recent negative life events strengthened the link between harm and empathy. The path between empathy and helping was stronger in the outgroup compared to the ingroup condition. Practical implications These findings support ABS, highlighting empathy as a key factor underlying more constructive intergroup relations in a divided society. Originality/value This paper extends previous research on ABS by focusing on a post-accord context. The value of the current analyses demonstrate the important role of fostering empathy to promote outgroup helping in settings of divisive group identities.