Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of direct normal irradiance including circumsolar radiation in climate/NWP models

An issue in the determination of the direct component of solar radiation involving the circumsolar contribution in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models is discussed. The direct solar radiation has multiple definitions in different applications, but this ambiguity has not always been clearly identified and has therefore sometimes caused confusion. The confusion arises from a fact that the photons that are scattered into the direct solar beam path by atmospheric particles are no different from the non‐scattered photons travelling in the same direction. Therefore there is a question whether these scattered photons should be included in the direct flux calculation or whether they should be excluded. Different definitions of the direct solar radiation in a wide range of applications have been discussed by Blanc et al. (2014). We further discuss it in terms of its relation to NWP and climate models. The short‐wave radiation schemes used in NWP and climate models can be classified into two groups: those that calculate the direct solar radiation without including scattering contributions and those which include the scattering contribution in terms of the delta‐Eddington approximation. We assess the two treatments by comparing modelled direct solar radiation with observations. It is found that the use of delta‐Eddington scaling results in positive errors in the direct solar flux at the surface, while neglecting the delta‐scaling leads to negative errors. The important result is that the positive error from using the delta‐Eddington scaling is at least 1 order of magnitude larger than the absolute negative error due to neglecting it. In order to include properly the scattering contribution in the direct flux calculation, a simple parametrization for dust aerosol is developed which can be used to consider the scattering contribution due to the particular case of dust aerosol to the direct solar radiation within the circumsolar region.
Research on Quantum-Inspired Mathematical Morphology

A new structure element used for operation of mathematical morphology is proposed under inspiration of quantum information processing technology in this paper.The structure element is not simply a liner combination of conventional structure elements.It is a multi state structure element similar to superposition of states of quantum mechanics.The operators of mathematical morphology using the structure are defined and the meaning of the operation is interpreted.The result attained in processing of digital image using the operators with multi state structure element can be returned to the result attained by using conventional structure element under special condition.A example of using the structure to detect the edge of binary image is given and the result is compared to that detected by using conventional structure element.
Effect of Elastic-Plastic Anisotropy of Solder Grains on Variability of Cyclic Mechanical Bending Durability in SAC305 CSP Assembly

SAC solder joints contain a few large grains and are hence termed oligocrystalline. Solder joints represent heterogeneous anisotropic behavior which affect durability of solder joint during thermal and mechanical loading conditions. In this paper, variability in durabiity of solder joints under cyclic mechanical bending of CSP assemblies was studied. A global 3D slice model of CSP package was used anddisplacement were transferred to a more detailed local model of the critical solder joint, using a submodeling approach. Further simulations were conducted on this critical CSP joint. Local model results were compared with global model.
Controlling quadrotors based on linear quadratic regulator

To solve sensitivity and quickness of a quadrotor,we use the linear quadratic regulator.Considering the four performance indexes of speed,accuracy,stability and sensitivity,the linear quadratic regulator is mainly used to solve the control algorithm in the vibration system.According to the mathematical assumptions,we built a model of the quadrotor'motor and propeller,then gave the algorithm of the linear quadratic regulator for attitude stabilization.Finally,the control system was developed in Mablab/Simulink and the results of simulation were analyzed.It is found that by use of the linear quadratic regulator,the response time has obviously dropped off.Simulations and experiments on a prototype of the quadrotor were given to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Artificial Intelligence Enabled Project Management: A Systematic Literature Review

In the Industry 5.0 era, companies are leveraging the potential of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence for more efficient and green human-centric production. In a similar approach, project management would benefit from artificial intelligence in order to achieve project goals by improving project performance, and consequently, reaching higher sustainable success. In this context, this paper examines the role of artificial intelligence in emerging project management through a systematic literature review; the applications of AI techniques in the project management performance domains are presented. The results show that the number of influential publications on artificial intelligence-enabled project management has increased significantly over the last decade. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence, predominantly machine learning, can be considerably useful in the management of construction and IT projects; it is notably encouraging for enhancing the planning, measurement, and uncertainty performance domains by providing promising forecasting and decision-making capabilities.
A New Genetic Chaos Optimization Combination Method

Based on the analysis of the properties of genetic algorithm and chaos optimization algorithm, a new genetic chaos optimization combination algorithm is presented. The method not only solves the invalidation problem of chaos optimization algorithm in a large scale, but also increases the ability of local search and search precision. Then, the convergence of the algorithm is proved. In the end, this algorithm is applied to six test functions' optimization problem and the simulation shows that the algorithm is effective.
Sound-Based Localization Using LSTM Networks for Visually Impaired Navigation

In this work, we developed a prototype that adopted sound-based systems for localization of visually impaired individuals. The system was implemented based on a wireless ultrasound network, which helped the blind and visually impaired to navigate and maneuver autonomously. Ultrasonic-based systems use high-frequency sound waves to detect obstacles in the environment and provide location information to the user. Voice recognition and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques were used to design the algorithms. The Dijkstra algorithm was also used to determine the shortest distance between two places. Assistive hardware tools, which included an ultrasonic sensor network, a global positioning system (GPS), and a digital compass, were utilized to implement this method. For indoor evaluation, three nodes were localized on the doors of different rooms inside the house, including the kitchen, bathroom, and bedroom. The coordinates (interactive latitude and longitude points) of four outdoor areas (mosque, laundry, supermarket, and home) were identified and stored in a microcomputer’s memory to evaluate the outdoor settings. The results showed that the root mean square error for indoor settings after 45 trials is about 0.192. In addition, the Dijkstra algorithm determined that the shortest distance between two places was within an accuracy of 97%.
Analysis of dynamic SERS spectra measured with a nanoparticle during intracellular transportation in 3D

We observed intracellular transportation by using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from gold nanoparticles moving in the cytosol. Simultaneous detection of the nanoparticle three-dimensional position and SERS spectra presents molecular vibrational modes and contains large amounts of information about bimolecular events. In order to determine the meaningful temporal spectral changes associated with specific intracellular events or functions, we analyzed the time series Raman spectra, considering both the motion of the gold nanoparticle and also the time-varying spectra, revealing that some molecular vibrational modes showed strong correlation with the gold nanoparticle motion. This type of time-space-spectrum variable analysis will enable us to visualize molecular dynamics such as dissociation of proteins in biological reactions. In particular, our approach enables us to study molecules which should be associated with the transportation process such as vesicle transport, nuclear entry and protein diffusion.
Analysis of the microbial community structure and flavor components succession during salt‐reducing pickling process of zhacai (preserved mustard tuber)

Abstract The salt‐reducing pickling method has been applied to the industrial production of zhacai. In order to reveal the succession of the microbial community structure and flavor components during the pickling process, this study used PacBio Sequel to sequence the full length of 16S rRNA (bacteria, 1400 bp) and ITS (fungi, 1200 bp) genes, and detected flavor components simultaneously, including organic acids, volatile flavor components (VFC), monosaccharides, and amino acids. Eleven phyla and 148 genera were identified in the bacterial community, and 2 phyla and 60 genera in the fungal community. During the four stages of pickling, the dominant bacterial genera were Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus, while the dominant fungal genera were Aspergillus, Kazachstania, Debaryomyces, and Debaryomyces, respectively. There were 32 main flavor components (5 organic acids, 19 VFCs, 3 monosaccharides, and 5 amino acids). Correlation heat mapping and bidirectional orthogonal partial least squares (O2PLS) analysis showed that the flora having close relation to flavor components included 14 genera of bacteria (Leuconostoc, Clostridium, Devosia, Lactococcus, Pectobacterium, Sphingobacterium, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Halanaerobium, Tetragenococcus, Chromohalobacter, Klebsiella, Acidovorax, and Acinetobacter) and 3 genera of fungi (Filobasidium, Malassezia, and Aspergillus). This study provides detailed data regarding the microbial community and flavor components during the salt‐reducing pickling process of zhacai, which can be used as a reference for the development and improvement of salt‐reducing pickling methods.
Hydrogen Absorption Performance and O2 Poisoning Resistance of Pd/ZrCo Composite Film

In order to enhance the hydrogen absorption performance and poisoning resistance of ZrCo to O2, Pd/ZrCo composite films were prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering. The results show that the initial hydrogen absorption rate of the Pd/ZrCo composite film increased significantly due to the catalytic effect of Pd compared with the ZrCo film. In addition, the hydrogen absorption properties of Pd/ZrCo and ZrCo were tested in poisoned hydrogen mixed with 1000 ppm O2 at 10–300 °C, where the Pd/ZrCo films maintained a better resistance to O2 poisoning below 100 °C. The mechanism of poisoning was investigated jointly by first-principles calculation combined with SEM-EDS elemental mapping tests. It is shown that the poisoned Pd layer maintained the ability to promote the decomposition of H2 into hydrogen atoms and their rapid transfer to ZrCo.
The Burden of Subscribing: How Young People Experience Digital News Subscriptions

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes how young non-paying news users experience digital news subscriptions in Norway. As news organizations face declining advertising revenues, digital subscriptions are considered the sustainable financial strategy of the future, with young people a particularly challenging group to convert. We analyze the experiences of young adults who do not pay for news and identify three key dimensions to why they do not subscribe: lack of exclusivity, subscriptions as too time-consuming, and unattractive payment models. We also detail how the informants maneuver around paywalls, and we highlight “multi-perspectivism” as an overarching concern guiding the informants’ preferences. Empirically, the paper furthers our understanding of the challenges facing business models for journalism, especially problems with long-term, provider-specific subscriptions. Methodologically, we demonstrate how a combination of recurring interviews and a media diary matching a subscription test period yields a deeper analysis of motivations for, and experiences with, news use. Theoretically, the paper shows how approaching news through users’ experiences can provide insights not just into what users appreciate from news but also into where they consider there is a lack of value.
Multivariate evaluation of cold tolerance in domestic and foreign populations for addressing climate mismatch in biological control of Alternanthera philoxeroides in the USA

Lack of successful biological control of alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae), by Agasicles hygrophila Selman & Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the USA is an emerging problem as A. philoxeroides expands into temperate climates due to poor cold tolerance of the beetles. Sourcing climatically suited biotypes of biological control agents is traditionally done through foreign exploration into their native range; however, surveying introduced populations may provide a cost‐effective and regulatory‐friendly alternative. To compare foreign biotypes to those established in the USA, two populations of A. hygrophila were collected from the coolest extent of their range in South America, and two populations were collected from stable populations in the southeastern USA. For comparing cold tolerance among introduced populations, eight populations were collected from across a climatic gradient. For all populations, cold tolerance was measured as a function of supercooling point, critical thermal minimum (CTmin), chill coma, and temperature‐dependent survival and development of eggs and larvae. Results of cold‐tolerance measures for North American populations were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality and detect trends in cold tolerance among populations. For foreign and locally collected A. hygrophila, South American populations were significantly more cold tolerant as measured by CTmin (Δ1.98 °C), chill coma (Δ1.95 °C), larval survival (Δ35.0%), and development time of eggs (24.7% faster) and larvae (17.4% faster) at 15 °C. Comparisons among North American populations found significant differences in cold tolerance across populations; however, results were less consistent than those observed for foreign populations. The first principal component (PC) explained 43.0% of variation in cold‐tolerance metrics and was strongly related to mean temperature of the coldest quarter. The use of a multivariate approach to evaluate and compare cold‐tolerance phenotypes provides strong evidence of local adaptation in introduced populations of A. hygrophila. However, South American populations may still provide the best chance for control of A. philoxeroides in northern infestations.
Adjusted empirical likelihood for value at risk and expected shortfall

ABSTRACT Value at risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) are widely used risk measures of the risk of loss on a specific portfolio of financial assets. Adjusted empirical likelihood (AEL) is an important non parametric likelihood method which is developed from empirical likelihood (EL). It can overcome the limitation of convex hull problems in EL. In this paper, we use AEL method to estimate confidence region for VaR and ES. Theoretically, we find that AEL has the same large sample statistical properties as EL, and guarantees solution to the estimating equations in EL. In addition, simulation results indicate that the coverage probabilities of the new confidence regions are higher than that of the original EL with the same level. These results show that the AEL estimation for VaR and ES deserves to recommend for the real applications.
On the Evaluation of Automatic Segment Boundary Detection

Research in automatic music segmentation has been conducted by subdividing the segmentation problem into a number of different tasks, the most fundamental one being segment boundary detection (i.e. automatically locating the time instants separating contiguous segments). Traditionally, the evaluation of segment boundary detection is treated as a binary classification problem. That is, automatic and human annotated boundaries are classified into hits, if they coincide or are temporally close, or misses, if boundaries have no near neighbours. Most often F-scores are used to evaluate the classification results. This evaluation method has two problems: first, no partial score is given to near misses, and second, there is no way to assess the ‘veracity’ of full misses. In this paper we discuss these two problems, and propose strategies to tackle them.
Art for climate change response of adolescents: Methodology adopted for the transformational individual sphere study

The investigative study attempts to elicit how art-based science experiences on the topic of climate crisis may shape young participants’ reactions to climate change and demonstrates the potential of transformational pathways created through art-integrated science communication activities at the level of the subjects’ sphere. The study applied Solomon’s four-group experimental design using two control and two treatment groups to study the transformation between groups. This research design allows researchers to assess the fundamental revision of testing, treatment/intervention and the remarkable correlation between testing and treatment (Daily, 2017). Although this research is a small-scale exploratory study, the results are validated using multiple data collection and analysis methods. At the core of the study, it aims to make an in-depth and critical interpretation based on the data analysis through a set of codes. The codes are various in the length of the text, from which group (control or experimental groups) to highly conceptual answers (given by four groups). The study advocates that science communication to the lay society through art-informed collaboration should be considered to achieve sustainability outcomes. The findings are expected to show how art can influence and effectively tell young people, as the future generation, creative and attractive narratives with proper knowledge of climate change adaptation.
Extracting Leaf Wetness Duration using Baseline Correction through Group-Sparse Total Variation Method for LW Sensor

Today’s sensor-driven technological era has enabled modernization in the agriculture sector. Plant disease detection technologies play a pivotal role in considering crop loss due to fungal diseases, weeds, or pests. To detect plant-fungal disease, it is essential to measure the leaf wetness duration (LWD) on the leaf, for which leaf wetness sensors (LWS) are widely used. In this work, an inhouse, capacitive electronic leaf wetness sensor has been used along with interface electronics and deployed close to the mango plant. Further, the data are collected for about one week and applied Group-Sparsity Total Variation (GSTV) pre-processing data algorithms to extract the LWD information from the self-collected data. We found that GSTV outperforms extracting LWD when compared with the other data pre-processing methods such as TV, SavitzkyGolay Filter, 1-dimension median filter, and Wavelet-based considering the accuracy. To benchmark the measured LWD from the fabricated LWS, we also deployed commercially available Phytos-31 LWS. Field measurement results indicate that developed LWS measures LWD with a maximum discrepancy of about \pm 30 minutes compared with commercially available LWS.
Grading Evaluation of Overall Corrosion Degree of Corroded RC Beams via SMFL Technique

To accurately evaluate the overall corrosion degree of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, on the basis of the SMFL technology, the overall random corrosion detection experiment of six RC beams was carried out. The relationship between the tangential component By and the normal component Bz of the magnetic induction intensity and corrosion degree was analyzed, and a multidefect magnetic dipole model was established. The correlation between the average corrosion ratio C of the RC beam and the magnetic characteristic index KG was emphatically explored. The results showed that, with the increase in the average corrosion ratio C, the magnetic characteristic index KG showed an increasing trend as a whole. The index KG could weaken the influence of different historical magnetizations, but it had a certain dispersion. On the basis of the correlation and the Naive Bayesian model, the average corrosion ratio C was divided into four grades. The probability of C falling in different value ranges can be quantitatively evaluated using the KG magnetic characteristic index. The reliability is as high as 97.4% and as low as 56.8% so as to realize the quantitative grading evaluation of the corrosion of the rebar in the RC beam.
Application of Biomedical Microspheres in Wound Healing

Tissue injury, one of the most common traumatic injuries in daily life, easily leads to secondary wound infections. To promote wound healing and reduce scarring, various kinds of wound dressings, such as gauze, bandages, sponges, patches, and microspheres, have been developed for wound healing. Among them, microsphere-based tissue dressings have attracted increasing attention due to the advantage of easy to fabricate, excellent physicochemical performance and superior drug release ability. In this review, we first introduced the common methods for microspheres preparation, such as emulsification-solvent method, electrospray method, microfluidic technology as well as phase separation methods. Next, we summarized the common biomaterials for the fabrication of the microspheres including natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Then, we presented the application of the various microspheres from different processing methods in wound healing and other applications. Finally, we analyzed the limitations and discussed the future development direction of microspheres in the future.
Mathematical Reasoning and the Inductive Process: An Examination of The Law of Quadratic Reciprocity

This project investigates the development of four different proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, in order to study the critical reasoning process that drives discovery in mathematics. We begin with an examination of the first proof of this law given by Gauss. We then describe Gauss’ fourth proof of this law based on Gauss sums, followed by a look at Eisenstein’s geometric simplification of Gauss’ third proof. Finally, we finish with an examination of one of the modern proofs of this theorem published in 1991 by Rousseau. Through this investigation we aim to analyze the different strategies used in the development of each of these proofs, and in the process gain a better understanding of this theorem.