Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female Choice in Humans: A Conditional Mate Selection Strategy of the Krummhörn Women (Germany, 1720–1874)

The suitors' ownership of land influenced the marriage age of the women in the Krummhorn population (Germany, 1720–1874). This led to a characteristic distribution of the categories of land ownership of husbands by the wife's age at marriage: the younger the brides, the higher was the percentage of high-status males among their bridegrooms. But the natal status of brides did not exert any significant influence on their age at marriage. Moreover, socially hypergamous women married younger than those whose marriage meant a social drop. We have interpreted these findings as the expression of a conditional female choice strategy with age-dependent decrease in demands on a marriage partner: “If you are young, be very choosy and marry only a high-quality mate; the older you become, the more you must reduce your initial standards! ” On the average this strategy was adaptive, because in this population land ownership correlated with the local reproductive success of a family.
Consuming Bits: An Exploratory Study of User Goals for Virtual Consumption

Virtual consumption, or consumption of virtual goods and property, has become a major economic activity in social virtual worlds such as Second Life. Given that virtual consumption has become an important part of everyday virtual life in social virtual worlds, understanding virtual consumption can be an essential aspect to understanding user behavior in those worlds. Despite its significance, little research has explicitly examined virtual consumption. Unsurprisingly, then, we know very little concerning the fundamental question of why users consume virtual property. The research study described in this paper is an initial examination of that question. For the study, we employed the laddering interview technique and means-end chain analysis, which produces users’ goal structure in reference to a hierarchical system of interrelated goals. 93 participants were interviewed in Second Life for the study. The results show that virtual consumption widely penetrates into virtual life and make virtual experience much richer.
Cognitive Architecture for Mutual Modelling

In social robotics, robots needs to be able to be understood by humans. Especially in collaborative tasks where they have to share mutual knowledge. For instance, in an educative scenario, learners share their knowledge and they must adapt their behaviour in order to make sure they are understood by others. Learners display behaviours in order to show their understanding and teachers adapt in order to make sure that the learners' knowledge is the required one. This ability requires a model of their own mental states perceived by others: ``has the human understood that I(robot) need this object for the task or should I explain it once again ? " In this paper, we discuss the importance of a cognitive architecture enabling second-order Mutual Modelling for Human-Robot Interaction in educative contexts
RISK LITERACY: FIRST STEPS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

Data about risks in health care or investments are usually presented in terms of proportions, probabilities and percentages. Research shows that risk communication can be misleading as these representation formats are sometimes hard to understand. Thus a first level of ‘Risk Literacy’ should be achieved as early as possible. With cognitive psychologists of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy I developed a school intervention on ‘Risk’ for fourth graders. The intervention contains elements of proportional reasoning, loss/benefit trade-offs, conditional probabilities as well as dealing with relative and absolute risks. Prior studies have shown that hands-on materials in form of colored tinker-cubes in combination with ‘natural frequencies’ and iconic representations constitute a good approach. The intervention was tested and evaluated by means of a pretest, a posttest and a follow-up test. The results indicate that students benefited by the intervention as test performances increased significantly.
Event perception

Events are central elements of human experience. Formally, they can be individuated in terms of the entities that compose them, the features of those entities, and the relations amongst entities. Psychologically, representations of events capture their spatiotemporal location, the people and objects involved, and the relations between these elements. Here, we present an account of the nature of psychological representations of events and how they are constructed and updated. Event representations are like images in that they are isomorphic to the situations they represent. However, they are like models or language in that they are constructed of components rather than being holistic. Also, they are partial representations that leave out some elements and abstract others. Representations of individual events are informed by schematic knowledge about general classes of events. Event representations are constructed in a process that segments continuous activity into discrete events. The construction of a series of event representations forms a basis for predicting the future, planning for that future, and imagining alternatives. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 608-620 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.133 This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
A novel functional test generation method for processors using commercial ATPG

As the sizes of general and special purpose processors increase rapidly, generating high quality manufacturing tests for them is becoming a serious problem in industry. This paper describes a novel method for hierarchical functional test generation for processors which targets one embedded module at a time and uses commercial ATPG tools to derive tests for faults within the module. Applying the technique to benchmark processor designs, we were able to obtain test efficiencies for the embedded modules of the processors which were extremely close to what the commercial ATPG could do with complete access to the module. The hierarchical approach used produced this result, using the same commercial tool, but required a CPU time several orders of magnitude less than when using a conventional, flat view of the circuit.
Projective ring line of a specific qudit

A very particular connection between the commutation relations of the elements of the generalized Pauli group of a d-dimensional qudit, d being a product of distinct primes, and the structure of the projective line over the (modular) ring is established, where the integer exponents of the generating shift (X) and clock (Z) operators are associated with submodules of . Under this correspondence, the set of operators commuting with a given one—a perp-set—represents a submodule of . A crucial novel feature here is that the operators are also represented by non-admissible pairs of . This additional degree of freedom makes it possible to view any perp-set as a set-theoretic union of the corresponding points of the associated projective line.
Fabrication and characterization of long period gratings in pure-silica fibers

The recent results about the fabrication and characterization of Long Period Gratings (LPGs) in different pure silica optical fibers by means of Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) technique are reported in this work. Nowadays, LPG in standard fiber represents a unique platform for physical, chemical and biological sensing whereas specialty optical fibers permit to extend the use of fiber optic technology to unconventional applications. For instance, pure silica fibers are appealing in high energy applications. Here, we take into consideration two fibers with pure-silica core having significant differences in physical and geometrical design. The first one presents a micro-structured pure-silica cladding, photonic crystal fiber, and the second one shows a solid Fluorine-doped cladding. EAD leads to a point-by-point LPG inscription, due to localized tapering of the transversal size of the core and cladding regions along the fiber, and to changes of the silica refractive index due to the stress relaxation induced by local hot spots. The aim of the work is to identify an appropriate “recipe” for each fiber, to fabricate LPGs with strong and narrow attenuation bands and trivial power loss. Indeed, a proper combination of arc power and duration, as well as fiber tension, allows for the appropriate core and cladding modulation and thus for the desired LPG spectral features. The sensitivity characteristics towards surrounding refractive index (SRI) and temperature changes of these LPGs are also investigated.
Reconstructing 3D Human Body Pose from Stereo Image Sequences Using Hierarchical Human Body Model Learning

This paper presents a novel method for reconstructing a 3D human body pose using depth information based on top-down learning. The human body pose is represented by a linear combination of prototypes of 2D depth images and their corresponding 3D body models in terms of the position of a predetermined set of joints. In a 2D depth image, the optimal coefficients for a linear combination of prototypes of 2D depth images can be estimated using least square minimization. The 3D body model of the input depth image is obtained by applying the estimated coefficients to the corresponding 3D body model of prototypes. In the learning stage, the proposed method is hierarchically constructed by classifying the training data recursively into several clusters with silhouette images and depth images. In applying hierarchical human body model learning to estimate 3D human body pose, the similar pose in a silhouette image can be estimated as a different 3D human body pose. The proposed method has been tested with 20 persons' sequences. The proposed method achieved the average errors Of 12.3 degree for all human body components
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy disease activity status: recommendations for clinical research standards and use in clinical practice

Defining long‐term outcomes in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) has been complicated by varying definitions of treatment response and differing scales measuring impairment or disability. An expert panel was convened to devise a CIDP Disease Activity Status (CDAS) and to classify long‐term outcome by applying it to 106 patients with a consensus diagnosis of CIDP. Sixty of these cases were graded blindly by three independent reviewers to assess inter‐rater reliability. The mean duration of follow‐up was 6.4 years (range, 3 months–23 years). Eleven percent of patients were classified as cured (stable examination and off treatment for ≥5 years), 20% were in remission (stable and off treatment for <5 years), 44% had stable active disease but required ongoing therapy for at least 1 year, 7% were improving after recent initiation of therapy, and 18% had unstable active disease (treatment naïve or treatment refractory). Excellent inter‐rater reliability was observed (kappa scores: 0.93–0.97; p < 0.0001). The CDAS is considered a simple and reproducible tool to classify patients with CIDP according to disease activity and treatment status that can be applied easily in practice and potentially to select patients for clinical trials.
Understanding Motivation and Social Influence in Stakeholder Prioritization

Insight into organizational responses to stakeholder claims and influence attempts is critical to understand the challenges currently facing managers and organizations. Drawing on Kelman’s (1958) model of social influence, we advance the field’s understanding of the factors driving firm-level prioritization of competing stakeholder claims by developing a theoretical framework that accounts for both the stakeholder attributes that are important to relevant decision makers, and the decision makers’ motivations for accepting or rejecting the influence attempts of varying stakeholders. Our framework distinguishes itself from existing research by focusing on stakeholder prioritization, not salience, recognizing that stakeholder-related decisions result from group interaction and that important decision makers are not limited to those found within the classic boundaries of the firm. Consequently, we argue that decision makers are simultaneously stakeholders with attributes that might be relevant to other decision makers involved in prioritization. In addition, we identify a more extensive set of stakeholder attributes that includes powerlessness and illegitimacy.
A usability evaluation of e-government services: the case of e-deliberation service of Greece

Usability problems are barriers of the adoption of e-government services. A combination of methods was used to evaluate the usability of any e-government service. A questionnaire that followed U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) web usability guidelines and ISO9241-151 web usability standard was developed. Greece has one central e-deliberation service. Four experts examined 125 usability points. The results showed that 23% usability points had major usability problems, 14% had minor usability problems and 63% had no usability problems. Usability problems were grouped in accordance with Nielsen's Heuristics. If designers follow this combination of methods approach at the stage of design of any e-government service, the usability will increase.
Post-conflict Behaviour in Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis): I. The Social Events

We studied the occurrence of social interactions characterizing post-conflict situations in a group of long-tailed macaques. Victims of agonistic conflicts showed reconciliation: they had more affiliative contacts with the former aggressor after a conflict than in control periods. There was no evidence for consolation: victims did not contact other groups members than the former aggressor, or specific subsets of group members, earlier after a conflict than in control periods. Victims did not exchange more affiliative contacts with either their own kin or the aggressor's kin during post-conflict periods. Even though the time spent in allogrooming did not increase after agonistic conflicts, former aggressors were the only group members with which the victim increased the grooming exchange relative to other group members. The victim characteristically showed an increase of agonistic behaviour in post-conflict situations, a phenomenon labelled redirection. This increase was most pronounced in the first minute after a conflict. The aggressor's kin were targets of post-conflict aggression relatively more often than other group members. We also examined the interdependence between the only two post-conflict social events that we could operationally define, namely reconciliation and redirection. Reconciliation occurred more frequently after redirection had taken place, whereas redirection was less likely after reconciliation had taken place. These results indicate that (1) achieving reconciliation has the highest priority for the victim, and (2) aggressors are more likely to grant reconciliation after the victim redirected aggression.
Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, wheelchair propulsion, and gender.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between pushrim forces and the progression of shoulder injuries in manual wheelchair users. DESIGN Longitudinal case series. SETTING Biomechanics laboratory and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facility at a Veterans Health Administration medical center and university hospital, respectively. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen individuals with spinal cord injury (8 men, 6 women) who used manual wheelchairs. INTERVENTION Subjects propelled their own wheelchairs on a dynamometer at 0.9 and 1.8m/s. Bilateral biomechanical data were obtained by using force and moment sensing pushrims at time 1. Bilateral shoulder MR images were also completed on 2 occasions, at time 1 and, approximately 2 years later, at time 2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The peak pushrim forces in a pushrim coordinate system were calculated, weight normalized and averaged over 5 strokes (presented as % body weight). MRI abnormalities were graded by using a summated scale. Differences between scores between times 1 and 2 were calculated. RESULTS Subjects were divided into 2 groups based on change in MRI score. Seven subjects were in the group with worsening scores (MRI+; mean, 8.14 points; range, 5-16), and 7 were in the group with improving or unchanging scores (MRI-; mean, -1.00 point; range, -5 to 1). There was no significant difference between groups with respect to age, body mass index, or years from injury. There were significantly more women in the MRI+ group (6 women, 1 man) than in the MRI- group (7 men) (P=.001). The MRI+ group used significantly greater weight-normalized radial force, or force directed toward the axle at time 1, to propel their wheelchairs at each speed (P<.01): MRI+ at 0.9m/s (mean radial force +/- standard deviation, 5.2%+/-1.0%) and MRI- at 0.9m/s (mean radial force, 3.2%+/-1.7%) (P=.028); and MRI+ at 1.8m/s (mean radial force, 6.6%+/-1.2%) (P=.023) and MRI- at 1.8m/s (mean radial force, 4.1%+/-2.2%). In a separate analysis, women were found to propel with a significantly higher radial force. A logistic regression found a significant relationship between radial force at time 1 and increased risk of progression of MRI findings over time. CONCLUSION Individuals who propel with a greater percentage of force directed toward the axle were at increased risk of progression of MRI findings over time. Most people in this group were women. Clinicians should instruct wheelchair users in effective propulsion techniques and should pay particular attention to women who use wheelchairs. Reducing forces during wheelchair propulsion may minimize the likelihood of developing shoulder injuries.
Rejection of Renal Allografts: Specific Immunologic Suppression

Kidneys were transplanted across a major genetic barrier (Ag-B locus), from LewisxBN F1 hybrid rats into bilaterally nephrectomized Lewis rats. Survival of grafts is prolonged (indefinite? ) in rats treated with a combination of (i) intravenous injection of donor spleen cells 1 day before the graft, and (ii) passive immunization with antiserum prepared in rats of the recipient strain against donor spleen and lymph-node cells. The recipient's immune response to other antigens is not impaired.
Individual Variation in Social Aggression and the Probability of Inheritance: Theory and a Field Test

Recent theory suggests that much of the wide variation in individual behavior that exists within cooperative animal societies can be explained by variation in the future direct component of fitness, or the probability of inheritance. Here we develop two models to explore the effect of variation in future fitness on social aggression. The models predict that rates of aggression will be highest toward the front of the queue to inherit and will be higher in larger, more productive groups. A third prediction is that, in seasonal animals, aggression will increase as the time available to inherit the breeding position runs out. We tested these predictions using a model social species, the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that rates of both aggressive “displays” (aimed at individuals of lower rank) and aggressive “tests” (aimed at individuals of higher rank) decreased down the hierarchy, as predicted by our models. The only other significant factor affecting aggression rates was date, with more aggression observed later in the season, also as predicted. Variation in future fitness due to inheritance rank is the hidden factor accounting for much of the variation in aggressiveness among apparently equivalent individuals in this species.
Detection of silent ischemia adds to the prognostic value of coronary anatomy and left ventricular function in predicting outcome in unstable angina patients.

BACKGROUND Patients with unstable angina are at increased risk of unfavourable outcomes such as myocardial infarction, death and urgent revascularization. Early risk stratification may improve subsequent outcome. Recently the presence and duration (at least 60 mins) of silent ischemia as measured by Holter monitoring has been shown to be of prognostic value. The incremental value of this information over that provided by coronary angiography and assessment of left ventricular function is not known. OBJECTIVE To determine whether detection of silent ischemia is of independent and additional prognostic significance beyond that provided by the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS One hundred and thirty-five unstable angina patients with 24 h of ST segment monitoring in addition to early cardiac catheterization (4 +/- 3 days) were assessed. Eighty-nine patients (66%) had ST segment shift for a total of 593 episodes (mean duration of 18 +/- 30 mins per episode) of which 92% were asymptomatic. Ten patients had a myocardial infarction and six patients died during the hospitalization. In addition, there were 33 urgent revascularization procedures. RESULTS With the generalized additive logistic model, various clinical variables were assessed for predicting unfavourable outcomes. Duration of ST shift (P = 0.02) was second only to angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (P = 0.004) as a predictor. In the presence of these two variables left ventricular function did not have independent prognostic significance (P = 0.16). Event-free survival curves show that duration of ST shift of at least 60 mins was of incremental value in predicting unfavourable in-hospital outcomes compared with both the extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSION In patients with unstable angina, further stratification can be achieved early with Holter monitoring in addition to coronary angiography and assessment of left ventricular function.
Toward Standardized High-Throughput Serum Diagnostics

Development and progression of colon cancer may be related to cytokines. Cytokines with diagnostic value have been identified individually but have not been implemented into clinical praxis. Using a multiplex protein array, the authors explore a panel of cytokines simultaneously and compared its performance to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). Serum concentrations of 12 cytokines were simultaneously determined by multiplex biochip technology in 50 colon cancer patients and 50 healthy controls. Serum levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CEA were significantly higher in cancer patients than in healthy controls. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were largest for IL-8, followed by CEA, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CA 19-9. Analyses regarding marker combinations showed an advantage over single marker performance for CEA, VEGF, and CA 19-9 but not for IL-8. Multiplex biochip array technology represents a practical tool in cytokine and cancer research when simultaneous determination of different biomarkers is of interest. The results suggest that the assessment of IL-8, CEA, VEGF, and possibly CA 19-9 serum levels could be useful for colon cancer screening with the potential of also detecting early stage tumors. Further validation studies using these and additional markers on a multiplex array format are encouraged.