Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Differentiation of Infection Structures as a Result of Recognition Events between some Biotrophic Parasites and their Hosts

MOSl uredospores of rUSl fungi develop infeclion SlrUClUres in a lypical pallern so lhal lhey can infecl lhe hosl plam. The funclion of lhese infeclion SlrUClures is divided intO lhe following three phases: I. � In lhe recognilion phase, lhe germ lube recognizes lhe cUlicle and lhe stOma. This process may occur independemly from lhe hOSl plant since copies of lhe cUlicle induce similar reaclions of lhe fungus. During fungal growlh on lhe epidermis, unspecific Slress responses of lhe planl are lriggered. 2. � In lhe signal phase, lhe fungal substOmalal vesicle and infeclion hypha(e) 'contacl lhe hOSl cells wilhin lhe leaf parenchyma. A signal from lhe hosl induces funher developmem of lhe fungus. HaustOrium mOlher cell differentialion is effecled and hauslorium formalion is inilialed. Al lhe same lime, lhe fungus suppresses lhe synlhesis of slfe;s melaboliles by lhe planl. 3. � In lhe parasilic phase, lhe fungus penelrales lhe hOSl cell and complex imeraclions belween hOSl and parasile begin. A highly specialized interface around lhe haustOrium develops presumably in order to allow a more efficient nUlriem lransfer from hOSl IQ parasile. Eventual defence reaclions of lhe plant, generally on lhe race-cuilivar level, fail IQ be evoked or are suppressed in compalible combinalions.
FOXO‐dependent expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim: pivotal role for apoptosis signaling in endothelial progenitor cells

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to postnatal neovascularization. Risk factors for coronary artery disease reduce the number of EPCs in humans. Since EPC apoptosis might be a potential mechanism to regulate the number of EPCs, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress and HMG‐CoA‐reductase inhibitors (statins) on EPC apoptosis. Atorvastatin, mevastatin, or VEGF prevented EPC apoptosis induced by H2O2. The antiapoptotic effect was reversed by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Forkhead transcription factors (FOXO1, FOXO3a, FOXO4) exert proapoptotic effects and are phosphorylated and, thereby, inactivated by Akt. Therefore, we elucidated the involvement of forkhead transcription factors. Atorvastatin induced the phosphorylation of the predominant forkhead factor FOXO4 in EPCs. In addition, atorvastatin reduced the expression of the proapoptotic forkhead‐regulated protein Bim in a PI3K‐dependent manner. Consistently, overexpression of FOXO4 activated the Bim promoter as determined by reporter gene expression and stimulated the expression of Bim, resulting in an increased EPC apoptosis. Statins failed to prevent EPC apoptosis induced by overexpression of Bim or nonphosphorylatable FOXO4, suggesting that the protective effects of statins depend on this pathway. In summary, our results show that FOXO‐dependent expression of Bim plays a pivotal role for EPC apoptosis. Statins reduce oxidative stress‐induced EPC apoptosis, inactivate FOXO4, and down‐regulate Bim.
Geological Visualisation with Augmented Reality

Geological visualisation while working in the field often requires expensive specialised equipment that is conventionally hard to master. Knowledge and prior experience of the specific techniques and formats used by the different devices is required to create data. This paper presents a new method that applies Augmented Reality (AR) with generic smart phones and tablets to view existing geological data sets. AR is an emerging technology that is a synthesised hybrid between the virtual world and the real world. Here, this method negates the need to understand mapping techniques when referencing three-dimensional (3D) models to the above ground terrain. Geologists can explore subterranean phenomenon with datasets visually laid accurately over the environment so the need to reference diagrams and maps to the physical world while in the field is no longer necessary. Geologists can see data as though it were part of the environment, analogous to giving them x-ray vision in the field. We present a prototype that can be applied in fields of education or as device to assist the mining industry to enhance understanding of subterranean geological structures. For example, volcanic structures, faults and fractures can be seen as they would appear from the surface or mine data such as tunnels, ventilation, ore bodies and rock types. AR techniques used for geological visualisation in the field is a new application area with potential for wider commercial applications.
Metamorphic Malware Detection Using Statistical Analysis

Typically, computer viruses and other malware are detected by searching for a string of bits found in the virus or malware. Such a string can be viewed as a "fingerprint" of the virus identified as the signature of the virus. The technique of detecting viruses using signatures is known as signature based detection. Today, virus writers often camouflage their viruses by using code obfuscation techniques in an effort to defeat signature-based detection schemes. So-called metamorphic viruses transform their code as they propagate, thus evading detection by static signature-based virus scanners, while keeping their functionality but differing in internal structure. Many dynamic analysis based detection have been proposed to detect metamorphic viruses but dynamic analysis technique have limitations like difficult to learn normal behavior, high run time overhead and high false positive rate compare to static detection technique. A similarity measure method has been successfully applied in the field of document classification problem. We want to apply similarity measures methods on static feature, API calls of executable to classify it as malware or benign. In this paper we present limitations of signature based detection for detecting metamorphic viruses. We focus on statically analyzing an executable to extract API calls and count the frequency this API calls to generate the feature set. These feature set is used to classify unknown executable as malware or benign by applying various similarity function.
Average Case Coverage for Validation of AI Systems

Test engineers are reluctant to certify AI systems that use nondeterministic search. The standard view in the testing field is that nondeterminism should be avoided at all costs. For example, the SE safety guru Nancy Leveson clearly states “Nondeterminism is the enemy of reliability” (Leveson 1995). This article rejects the pessimism of the test engineers. Contrary to the conventional view, it will be argued that nondeterministic search is a satisfactory method of proving properties. Specifically, the nondeterministic construction of proof trees exhibits certain emergent stable properties. These emergent properties will allow us to rely that, on average, nondeterministic search will adequately probe the reachable parts of a search space. Our argument assumes that properties are proved using randomized search from randomly selected inputs seeking a randomly selected goal (Menzies & Cukic 1999; 2000; Menzies et al. 2000; Menzies, Cukic, & Singh 2000; Menzies & Singh 2001; Menzies & Cukic 2001). Our analysis applies to any theory that can be reduced to the negationfree horn clauses of Figure 1, plus some nogood predicates that model incompatibilities. Before beginning, we pause for an important caveat. This paper presents an average-case analysis of the recommended effort associated with testing. By definition, such an average case analysis says little about extreme cases of high critically. Hence, our analysis must be used with care if applied to safety-critical software.
Two-step matrix analysis of prestressed cable nets

We consider the behaviour of the cable-net shown in Fig l when arbitrary vertical forces are applied to the nodes. According to linear-algebraic analysis this net has l state of self-stress and 12 modes of inextensional deformation. We show that the applied loading may be decomposed into two parts. The first part does not excite any of the inextensional modes, while the second part is carried by the net through geometry changes associated with these inexten-sional modes. The response of the net is linear to each of these separate parts of the loading, and the analysis is done by means of 2ox2o square matrices of full rank. We compute displacements for three different loading cases. We discuss, briefly, interactive effects between the two types of behaviour, and non-linearities due to stretching of the cables during 'large' deflection of the 'inextensional' modes; and we show that both of these refinements can be accommodated by means of rapidly converging iterative calculations. I INTRODUCTION The cable-net shown in Fig 1 consists of two sets of cables which are slung between rigid abutments, connected at the nodes, and pre-tensioned against each other. Cable nets of this sort, composed of quadrangular cells, are considerably less rigid than networks composed entirely of triangular cells. Thus, if a vertical load is applied to any one node of the net, it is carried mainly through the effects of geometrical distortion of the net. This may be demonstrated easily by means of a simple physical model. The net is relatively 'soft' in response to loads of this sort. It is also found by experiment that the relationship between the applied load and the displacement which it produces is non-linear. The usual scheme of calculation of a cable net {see, e.g., Refs 1-7) env isages the assembly as multi-degree-of-freedom non-linear system. Several numerical schemes have been devised for solving the non-linear equations; but they all require many iterations and are consequently expensive to run on the computer. In this paper we are concerned with a different kind of scheme for computation of the static response of a cable net to applied loading. The starting-point of our analysis is that an investigation of the 'equilibrium' and 'compati-bility' equations of a net in its initial, unloaded configuration by means of classical linear algebra reveals that the assembly is a pre-stressable mechanism with a large number of inextensional modes of deformation. {Thus the …
Online Variational Learning for a Dirichlet Process Mixture of Dirichlet Distributions and its Application

Online algorithms allow data points to be processed sequentially, which is important for real-time applications. In this paper, we propose a novel online clustering approach based on a mixture of Dirichlet processes with Dirichlet distributions, which can be viewed as an extension of the finite Dirichlet mixture model to the infinite case. Our approach is based on nonparametric Bayesian analysis, the determination of the number of clusters is sidestepped by assuming an infinite number of clusters. By learning the proposed model in an online manner with a variational learning framework, all the involved parameters can be estimated effectively and efficiently in a closed form without introducing the problem of over fitting. The proposed online infinite mixture model is validated through both synthetic data sets and a challenging real-world application namely unsupervised image categorization.
Agency Working in Britain: Character, Consequences and Regulation

Debate over the nature of temporary agency work has intensified in recent times, spurred on by a proposed European directive and by speculation about links with the much heralded ‘knowledge’ economy. This paper examines the debate, focusing on the current character of agency work in Britain. Using data from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), we assess some of the claims commonly made about agency work, relating to the personal and employment characteristics of those engaged in such work, the motives of agency workers and the prospects for those who take up agency jobs. In considering the arguments surrounding regulatory change, we find there is a strong case for regulation, but that this rests on the continued disadvantage associated with agency work, with little evidence of an impact from the purported ‘knowledge’ economy.
Performance of adaptive DFE and antenna modems for wireless personal communications

Decision feedback equalization (DFE) and antenna diversity combining are two practical techniques for combating multipath fading. In this paper, we investigate the performance of diversity combining together with DFE under various numbers of antenna branches and equalization taps in a wireless communication environment with AWGN and co-channel interference (CCI). Specifically, we present extensive results demonstrating the performance and computational complexity of diversity combining together with decision feedback equalization with finite taps in quasi-stationary frequency-selective fading channels with AWGN and CCI. Our results show that using antenna diversity and DFE with joint optimization combining provides performance improvement with lower computational complexity compared to that of using a DFE alone for combating the detrimental effects of time delay spread.
Sensor data fusion using fuzzy control for VOR-based vision tracking system

This paper presents a vision tracking system to achieve high recognition performance under dynamic circumstances, using a fuzzy logic controller. The main concept of the proposed system is based on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the opto-kinetic reflex (OKR) of the human eye. To realize the VOR concept, MEMS inertial sensors and encoders are used for robot motion detection. This concept turns the camera towards a selected target, counteracting the robot motion. Based on the OKR concept, the targeting errors are periodically compensated, using vision information. The fuzzy logic controller uses sensor data fusion to detect slip or collision occurrences. To calculate a heading angle of the camera accurately, the output of the fuzzy logic controller and the vision information from the camera are combined, using an extended Kalman filter. The proposed vision tracking system is implemented in a mobile robot and evaluated experimentally. The experimental results are obtained as the tracking and the recognition success rate using a mobile robot. The developed system achieved the excellent tracking and recognition performance during slip or collision occurrences under dynamic circumstances.
Safeguarding moral perception and responsibility via a partnership approach

Introduction: New Combat Technologies (NCTs) create unprecedented capabilities to control the delivery of military force. But dependence on them generates difficult moral challenges impacting the decision-making process, which are only beginning to be addressed. Method: Some welcome NCTs explicitly whereas others plea to abandon such technologies. In order to arrive at an informed opinion about the impact of NCTs on decision-making, we need to know more about what NCTs are and how they operate. We provide a short overview of the different types of NCTs and discuss the challenges posed to moral perception. Results and discussion: Before NCTs can be deployed, we need to rest assured that their usage enhances, rather than undermines, human decision-making capacities. We propose a design recommendation based on a partnership approach, ensuring that operators use appropriate information in the decision-making process. There are important choices to be made, and sound design is ‘design for responsibility’.
Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems

The use of time synchronizing techniques, coupled with the computer-based measurement technique, to measure phasors and phase angle differences in real time is reviewed, and phasor measurement units are discussed. Many of the research projects concerned with applications of synchronized phasor measurements are described. These include measuring the frequency and magnitude of phasor, state estimation, instability prediction, adaptive relaying, and improved control. <<ETX>>
Persistency of ocean swell fields observed from space

Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations can provide a global view of ocean swell fields when using a specific "wave mode" sampling. A methodology is presented to routinely derive integral properties of the longer wavelength (swell) portion of the wave spectrum from SAR Level 2 products, and both monitor and predict their evolution across ocean basins. SAR-derived estimates of swell height, and energy-weighted peak period and direction, are validated against buoy observations, and the peak directions are used to project the peak periods in one dimension along the corresponding great circle route, both forward and back in time, using the peak period group velocity. The resulting real time dataset of great circle-projected peak periods produces two-dimensional maps that can be used to monitor and predict the spatial extent, and temporal evolution, of individual ocean swell fields as they propagate from their source region to distant coastlines. The methodology is found to be consistent with the dispersive arrival of peak swell periods at a mid-ocean buoy. The simple great circle propagation method cannot project the swell heights in space like the peak periods, because energy evolution along a great circle is a function of the source storm characteristics and the unknown swell dissipation rate. A more general geometric optics model is thus proposed for the far field of the storms. This model is applied here to determine the attenuation over long distances. For one of the largest recorded storms, observations of 15 s period swells are consistent with a constant dissipation rate that corresponds to a 3300 km e-folding scale for the energy. In this case, swell dissipation is a significant term in the wave energy balance at global scales.
Postural Hypotension and Anhidrosis 429

influence nerve growth factor synthesis in primary rat astrocytes. Heterogeneous cardiac sympathetic denervation and decreased myocardial nerve growth factor in streptozotocin diabetic rats: implications for cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation complicating diabetes. Stimulation of nerve growth factor synthesis/ secretion in mouse astroglial cells by coenzymes. A fluorescence-based method for measuring total plasma antioxidant capability. Evaluation of aldose reductase inhibitior on nerve blood flow, conduction, metabolism, and antioxidant defense in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: an intervention study. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant α-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN study). The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: The Sydney trial. SUMMARY Orthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs in 10–20% of patients seen in diabetic practice. Patients can be asymptomatic or manifest symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion, such as lightheadedness or weakness, or less common symptoms of sympathetic overactivity. Syncope can occur. Symptoms correlate with autonomic deficits. Autonomic laboratory evaluation demonstrates early impairment of cardiovagal and distal postganglionic sudomotor function, eventually leading to generalized autonomic failure. Treatment of OH consists nonpharmacological and pharmacological therapy. The former involves patient education, management of salt, fluids, sleeping with head of the bed elevated, compression garments, and physical countermaneuvers. Pharmacological therapy with midodrine is efficacious but aggravates supine hypertension. Pyridostigmine will improve OH without aggravating supine hypertension although its effects are the modest. Sudomotor failure is the rule, manifests initially as distal anhidrosis followed by regional, multifocal, and other patterns of sweat loss. Sudomotor symptoms include regional hyperhidrosis and heat intolerance.
Vicious Cycle Involving Na+ Channels, Glutamate Release, and NMDA Receptors Mediates Delayed Neurodegeneration through Nitric Oxide Formation

The mechanisms by which neurons die after cerebral ischemia and related conditions in vivo are unclear, but they are thought to involve voltage-dependent Na+ channels, glutamate receptors, and nitric oxide (NO) formation because selective inhibition of each provides neuroprotection. It is not known precisely what their roles are, nor whether they interact within a single cascade or in parallel pathways. These questions were investigated using anin vitro primary cell culture model in which striatal neurons undergo a gradual and delayed neurodegeneration after a brief (5 min) challenge with the glutamate receptor agonist NMDA. Unexpectedly, NO was generated continuously by the cultures for up to 16 hr after the NMDA exposure. Neuronal death followed the same general time course except that its start was delayed by ∼4 hr. Application of the NO synthase inhibitor nitroarginine after, but not during, the NMDA exposure inhibited NO formation and protected against delayed neuronal death. Blockade of NMDA receptors or of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels [with tetrodotoxin (TTX)] during the postexposure period also inhibited both NO formation and cell death. The NMDA exposure resulted in a selective accumulation of glutamate in the culture medium during the period preceding cell death. This glutamate release could be inhibited by NMDA antagonism or by TTX, but not by nitroarginine. These data suggest that Na+ channels, glutamate receptors, and NO operate interdependently and sequentially to cause neurodegeneration. At the core of the mechanism is a vicious cycle in which NMDA receptor stimulation causes activation of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels, leading to glutamate release and further NMDA receptor stimulation. The output of the cycle is an enduring production of NO from neuronal sources, and this is responsible for delayed neuronal death. The same neurons, however, could be induced to undergo more rapid NMDA receptor-dependent death that required neither TTX-sensitive Na+ channels nor NO.
On Solving Maxwell Eigenvalue Problems for Accelerating Cavities

We investigate algorithms for computing steady state electromagnetic waves in cavities. The Maxwell equations for the strength of the electric ﬁeld are solved by a mixed method with quadratic ﬁnite edge elements for the ﬁeld values and corresponding node-based ﬁnite elements for the Lagrange multiplier. This approach avoids so-called spurious modes which are introduced if the divergence-free condition for the electric ﬁeld is not treated properly. To compute a few of the smallest positive eigenvalues and corresponding eigenmodes of the resulting large sparse matrix eigenvalue problems two algorithms habe been used, the implicitly restarted Lanczos and Jacobi-Davidson algorithm, both with shift-and-invert spectral transformation. Two-level hierarchical basis preconditioners have been employed for the iterative solution of the resulting systems of equations.
Evaluating the social effects of distant education beyond the desktop computer

In this article, we explore the methodological aspects for the longitudinal evaluation of a mass communication system that brings together a physically distributed educational community. There is a significant body of related research, but no integrated approach. In particular, previous academic research has not been evaluated with casual users in public spaces for prolonged periods of time. As a matter of fact, the most interesting effects of distance communication systems on everyday life, such as community identity, community awareness, and civic participation have not been documented. For this purpose, we plan to deploy an ambient and social interactive TV platform that supports social communication between remote and isolated schools. Here, we describe tools and techniques for a systematic longitudinal evaluation of the social effects of the media communication system on an educational setting.