Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Thermospheric Circulation Model for Extrasolar Giant Planets

Several models of extrasolar giant planet (EGP) atmospheres have been developed recently. Many of them are one-dimensional or concentrate on the lower or middle atmosphere. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic models are needed to study the horizontal variations in temperature and composition of EGP atmospheres. Circulation models for the upper atmosphere are particularly important as they can be used to study the thermal structure due to stellar irradiation, radiative cooling, and atmospheric circulation in the thermospheres of close-in EGPs and hence the rate of evaporation of their atmospheres. We present a generic gas giant model that is capable of generating three-dimensional, self-consistent global simulations of stable EGP thermospheres at different orbital distances. Calculations performed by this model indicate that IR emissions from H ions may play a significant role in cooling the thermospheres of EGPs at least in the range of 0.2-1 AU from a solar-type host star. In this range thermal dissociation of H2 is negligible and ion densities are small compared to the overall neutral density. Inside 0.2 AU thermal dissociation and dissociative photoionization of H2 may prevent the effective formation of H. In the absence of radiative cooling from H the upper atmospheres reach temperatures well above 10,000 K within ~0.5 AU. In this case the upper thermospheres are entirely converted into atomic hydrogen and the temperatures are high enough for significant atmospheric loss to take place. Our model is capable of calculating the IR signal strengths for various vibrational transitions of H based on the thermal state and the composition of the atmosphere. Potential detection of such signals would thus provide a validation of some of our results.
Localization Method in Wireless Sensor Networks using Fuzzy Modeling and Genetic Algorithm

Localization is one of the fundamental problems in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that forms the basis for many location-aware applications. Localization in WSNs is to determine the position of node based on the known positions of several nodes. Most of previous localization method use triangulation or multilateration based on the angle of arrival (AOA) or distance measurements. In this paper, we propose an enhanced centroid localization method based on edge weights of adjacent nodes using fuzzy modeling and genetic algorithm when node connectivities are known. The simulation results shows that our proposed centroid method is more accurate than the simple centroid method using connectivity only.
lARGE SAMPLE VARIANCES OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS OF VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN THE 3-WAY NESTED ClASSIFICATION, RANDOM MODEL, WITH UNBAlANCED DATA

Summary Explicit expressions are presented for the elements of the information matrix of the variance components in a 3-way nested classification, random model, with normality and unbalanced data. 1. Introduction and Model ~ Searle [1970] developed a general method for obtaining, under normality conditions, the elements of the information matrix of the variance components of mixed models, with unbalanced data; in particular he displayed the results for the 2-way nested classification. This paper presents analogous results for the 3-way nested classification, random model, for the general case of unbalanced data. The linear model for an observation is taken to be
Infrared Spectroscopy of Short-Period Cataclysmic Variables

We present near-infrared spectra for five dwarf novae with short orbital periods. We performed fittings of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) by assuming a power-law distribution for the accretion disk and using template spectra of late-type dwarfs for the secondary star. Two are WZ Sgeor WX Cet-type stars, whose spectra show water absorption features, and one of them shows K I and Na I absorption lines in the J -band. We find that the secondary contributions to the overall SED are larger in WZ Sge stars than in ER UMa stars. The SED fitting suggests M9 and L1 type dwarf companions for our WZ Sge systems, and an M2 dwarf for our ER UMa star. We discuss the direct relationship between the high temperatures of secondary stars and high mass-transfer rates in ER UMa stars. SDSS J013701.06–091234.9 is the only object showing a spectrum dominated by the secondary component. The spectrum strongly suggests that the evolutionary path of SDSS J013701.06–091234.9 is different from that of ordinary CVs, and this object is a candidate of EI Psc-like systems.
A numerical study of the effects of ambipolar diffusion on the collapse of magnetic gas clouds

We have calculated numerically the gravitational collapse of isothermal, nonrotating magnetic gas clouds including the effects of ambipolar diffusion. The fractional ionization in the clouds is approximated by a power-law function of the gas density f/sub i/ = Kn/sup -q/, where K and q are adjustable parameters. Eleven numerical experiments were run, and the results indicate that the asymptotic character of collapse is determined mainly by the value of q and is largely independent of the other parameters characterizing a cloud (e.g., K, cloud mass). In particular, there is nearly a one-to-one correspondence between q and the slope, x, of the central magnetic field strength-gas density relationship (i.e., B/sub c/ proportionalrho/sup x//sub c/). If q< or approx. =0.8, a cloud collapses asymptotically, as though the magnetic field were ''frozen'' to the neutral matter. The magnetic field strength at the center of a collapsing cloud is strongly amplified during collapse even for values of qroughly-equal1, despite extremely low values of fractional ionization. A discussion of the theoretical basis for this unexpected behavior is given. Possible implications of our results for the problems of magnetic braking of rotating protostars and star formation in general are also presented.
Rate-sensitive damage theory for brittle solids

A continuous damage theory is presented for the quasi‐static and dynamic behavior of brittle materials. The fact that the strain‐rate effects observed can be mainly attributed to the rate‐sensitivity of the microcracking process makes the damage concept particularly attractive. Considering flat micro‐cracks a vectorial representation is adopted for the damage variable. A free energy function dependent on the coupled invariants of strain and damage is postulated, and the constitutive equations and the damage evolution equations are derived consistently subject to thermodynamic restrictions. The stress‐strain curves for uniaxial tension and compression resulting from the theory are compared with available experimental results for concrete. A decrease in the non‐linearity of the stress‐strain curves is observed as the strain‐rate is increased. A higher strain‐rate sensitivity in tension, as compared to compression, is also predicted. Further results on uniaxial tension illustrate how pre‐existing damage infl.
Reconstruction in relative clauses and the copy theory of traces

In this paper, after discussing the status of the copy theory of traces in the current formulation of the minimalist program and the evidence for the “No-Tampering” Condition from which the copy theory of traces follows, I focus on a specific case study, namely reconstruction effects concerning the head of a relative clause. The common wisdom in the literature is that reconstruction of the relative clause head can be observed by using variable binding as a diagnostic, while the diagnostic based on Condition C gives opposite results. This split has led some researchers to propose that relative clauses are structurally ambiguous, because they would receive both a raising analysis (which explains variable binding reconstruction) and a non-raising analysis (which explains the absence of Condition C reconstruction). One of the goals of this paper is showing that it is not necessary to postulate that relative clauses are structurally ambiguous. In order to do that, I first show that the description in the literature is partly inaccurate. If some methodological problems raised by the use of transitive nouns are avoided, it can be shown that variable binding reconstruction occurs only when the relative clause modifies the subject of an equative sentence. This suggests that variable binding reconstruction of the relative clause head is not an ordinary case of reconstruction like the one found in canonicalwhchains but should be treated as a case of indirect binding, which is known to be sensitive to the identificational (as opposed to predicational) character of the sentence. I then show that, if this perspective is taken, the absence of Condition C effects can be explained without positing a structural ambiguity. The final result of the investigation is that, despite the initially puzzling evidence, the copy theory of traces can successfully explain the reconstruction pattern of the relative clause head.
Where Does the Proton Really Get Its Spin

In 1987 the European Muon Collaboration, which had been scattering muons off polarized protons at CERN, shocked the particle physics community with the announcement that little or none of the proton's spin can be attributed to the spins of its three constituent quarks—two “up” quarks and one “down” quark. That report precipitated what became known as “the spin crisis. ”
Sample Based Algorithm for k-Spatial Medians Clustering

As an alternative to the k-means clustering the k-spatial medians clustering has many good points because of advantages of spatial median. However, it has not been used a lot since it needs heavy computation. If the number of objects and the number of variables are large the computation time problem is getting serious. In this study we propose fast algorithm for the k-spatial medians clustering. Practical applicability of the algorithm is shown with some numerical studies.
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope adaptive optics bonnette II: simulations and control

We report on the results of the system simulation software written at Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, to predict and optimize the performance of our adaptive optics bonnette presently under construction. The individual simulation elements, atmospheric simulator, curvature sensor, bimorph mirror and control loop, are reviewed with an emphasis on the basic properties of curvature sensors. Optimization of the extra-focal distance parameter and its consequences are discussed. We then present results of whole system simulations, and quantify the main sources of error. Some results, including noise, are reported. In a second part, we present our view of modal control and detail the construction of the modal basis. We also report briefly on modal gain optimization.
Design and performance of a versatile, cost-effective microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma source for surface and thin film processing

A plasma source has been developed, which makes use of electron cyclotron microwave resonance conditions without cost-intensive tuning or other active elements. A magnetron typical of domestic microwave ovens is coupled to a cylindrical resonator of fixed dimensions. A high density plasma is maintained with permanent magnets. Sources have been designed for both high vacuum and ultrahigh vacuum environments. In the latter, microwaves are conducted by a coaxial feedthrough from the resonator to a ceramic plasma cup inside the vacuum chamber. This permits shorter working distances, resulting in higher beam densities at the sample. Ions are extracted from the plasma by grid assemblies. Beam energies are in the range from 30 to 2000 eV, with densities from a few μA/cm2 up to 10 mA/cm2, respectively. Predominantly neutral species are emitted using a specially designed, ceramic grid. Operating with O2 gas, a flux of neutral monomers of 2×1016/cm2 s has been measured by the oxidation of Ag films. The performance .
Reducing multidimensional two-sample data to one-dimensional interpoint comparisons

The most popular technique for reducing the dimensionality in comparing two multidimensional samples of X ∼ F and Y ∼ G is to analyze distributions of interpoint comparisons based on a univariate function h (e.g. the interpoint distances). We provide a theoretical foundation for this technique, by showing that having both i) the equality of the distributions of within sample comparisons (h(X 1 , X 2 ) = L h(Y 1 , Y 2 )) and ii) the equality of these with the distribution of between sample comparisons ((h(X 1 , X 2 ) = L h(X 3 ,Y 3 )) is equivalent to the equality of the multivariate distributions (F = G).
Nonnegative matrix factorization : complexity, algorithms and applications

Linear dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis are powerful tools for the analysis of high-dimensional data. In this thesis, we explore a closely related problem, namely nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), a low-rank matrix approximation problem with nonnegativity constraints. More precisely, we seek to approximate a given nonnegative matrix with the product of two low-rank nonnegative matrices. These nonnegative factors can be interpreted in the same way as the data, e.g., as images (described by pixel intensities) or texts (represented by vectors of word counts), and lead to an additive and sparse representation. However, they render the problem much more difficult to solve (i.e., NP-hard). A first goal of this thesis is to study theoretical issues related to NMF. In particular, we make connections with well-known problems in graph theory, combinatorial optimization and computational geometry. We also study computational complexity issues and show, using reductions from the maximum-edge biclique problem, NP-hardness of several low-rank matrix approximation problems, including the rank-one subproblems arising in NMF, a problem involving underapproximation constraints (NMU) and the unconstrained version of the factorization problem where some data is missing or unknown. Our second goal is to improve existing techniques and develop new tools for the analysis of nonnegative data. We propose accelerated variants of several NMF algorithms based on a careful analysis of their computational cost. We also introduce a multilevel approach to speed up their initial convergence. Finally, a new greedy heuristic based on NMU is presented and used for the analysis of hyperspectral images, in which each pixel is measured along hundreds of wavelengths, which allows for example spectroscopy of satellite images.
Feynman integration over octonions with application to quantum mechanics

The article is devoted to Gaussian quasi‐measures and Feynman integrals on infinite‐dimensional spaces with values in the octonion algebra. Their characteristic functionals are studied. Products and convolutions of characteristic functionals and quasi‐measures are investigated. Theorems about properties of octonion‐valued Gaussian quasi‐measures and Feynman integrals are proved. Applications of the Feynman integration over octonions to quantum mechanics and partial differential equations are outlined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red is the new black: how the colour of urban skyglow varies with cloud cover

The development of street lamps based on solid-state lighting technology is likely to introduce a major change in the colour of urban skyglow (one form of light pollution). We demonstrate the need for long-term monitoring of this trend by reviewing the influences it is likely to have on disparate fields. We describe a prototype detector which is able to monitor these changes, and could be produced at a cost low enough to allow extremely widespread use. Using the detector, we observed the differences in skyglow radiance in red, green and blue channels. We find that clouds increase the radiance of red light by a factor of 17.6, which is much larger than that for blue (7.1). We also find that the gradual decrease in sky radiance observed on clear nights in Berlin appears to be most pronounced at longer wavelengths.
The optical identification content of the Einstein Observatory deep X-ray survey of a region in Pavo

Results are presented from the Einstein deep X-ray survey in Pavo, with correlated optical and radio observations of a complete sample of candidate identifications. There are 16 X-ray sources detected with positional accuracy better than 10 arcsec, of which five are identified, with a further seven (and a maximum nine) probable identifications. Of the identified sources, four are QSOs with J-magnitude about 20 (one is an inverted spectrum radio source) and one is associated with extended emission from a pair or cluster of galaxies. Of the probable identifications, one is a galaxy and the rest are a subset of a yellow stellar object population which may also be QSOs. Identifications with QSOs and QSO candidates with J less than 24 account for 60-80 percent of the detected sources.
Simulating the radiation environment in Z experiments using a 3D view factor code with 1D radiation-hydrodynamics emission modeling

We present an approach for simulating the multidimensional radiation environment in Z-pinch hohlraums at the Sandia Z facility. In this approach we use a three-dimensional (3D) view factor code to compute the incident flux distribution onto all surface elements of the view factor grid. At each surface element, the frequency-dependent re-emission is computed by performing a one-dimensional (1D) radiation-hydrodynamics simulation for the element. The pinch radiation source is treated as a uniformly emitting cylinder, with a size and emission flux given by the experimentally measured time-dependent radius and radiation power. Here, we describe our modeling procedure, and present results from simulations of Z experiments in which a plastic-tamped aluminum foil was located in an open slot in the Z-pinch hohlraum (i.e., the return current structure). We also discuss the sensitivity of the Al plasma conditions to the incident spectrum onto the sample and the re-emission characteristics of the hohlraum walls.
Geometric moments for gait description

The optical flow associated with a set of digital images of a moving individual is analyzed in order to extract a gait signature. For this, invariant Hu moments are obtained for image description. A Hu Moment History (HMH) is obtained from K frames to describe the gait signature of individuals in a video. The gait descriptors are subsequences of the HMH of variable width. Each subsequence is generated by means of genetic algorithms and used for classification in a neuronal network. The database for algorithm evaluation is MoBo, and the gait classification results are above 90% for the cases of slow and fast walking and 100% for the cases of walking with a ball and inclined walking. An optical processor is also implemented in order to obtain the descriptors of the human gait.
Ternary arithmetic unit

A ternary arithmetic unit is proposed which is based on the ternary symmetric number representation using digit +1, 0, −1. The advantages of this number representation are given in detail. Present-day familiar diode-transistor circuitry is applied. Detailed circuit realisations and logic diagrams of ternary gates, a 3-stable element, and a ternary full adder are developed.
Once more: The continuous spectrum of ideal magnetohydrodynamics

A controversy on the existence of continuous spectra of ideal magnetohydrodynamics in addition to the well-known Alfven and slow continua, dating back to a conjecture by Grad [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3377 (1973)] and revived by Lashmore-Davies, Thyagaraja, and Cairns [Phys. Plasmas 4, 3243 (1997)], is once more resolved by demonstrating that the resolvent operator is bounded in the relevant domain: There are no additional continua. In addition, the solution of the initial value problem is constructed in terms of the three-dimensional Green's dyadic, which is free of apparent singularities and clearly exhibits the classical continua as δ functions on the diagonal. This construction provides the connection with the proper and improper normal modes and shows that the local dynamics on the magnetic surfaces is described by the classical continua.
Selective locality preserving projections for face recognition

Recently, a graph-based method was proposed for Linear Dimensionality Reduction (LDR). It is based on Locality Preserving Projections (LPP). LPP is a typical linear graph-based dimensionality reduction (DR) method that has been successfully applied in many practical problems such as face recognition. LPP is essentially a linearized version of Laplacian Eigenmaps. When dealing with face recognition problems, LPP is preceded by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) step in order to avoid possible singularities. Both PCA and LPP are computed by solving an eigen decomposition problem. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called "Selective Locality Preserving Projections" that performs an eigenvector selection associated with LPP. Consequently, the problem of dimension estimation for LPP is solved. Moreover, we propose a selective approach that performs eigenvector selection for the case where the mapped samples are formed by concatenating the output of PCA and LPP. We have tested our proposed approaches on several public face data sets. Experiments on ORL, UMIST, and YALE Face Databases show significant performance improvements in recognition over the classical LPP. The proposed approach lends itself nicely to many biometric applications.
Parallelotopic and practical observers for non-linear uncertain systems

For a class of dynamical systems, with uncertain non-linear terms considered as unknown inputs, we give suffcient conditions for observability. We show also that there does not exist any exact observer independent of the unknown inputs. Under the additional assumption that the uncertainty is bounded, we build practical observers whose error converges exponentially towards an arbitrarily small neighbourhood of the origin. Under the hypothesis that bounds are available for the uncertain terms, we build parallelotopic observers providing time-varying bounds for the state variables, even when the system is not observable for unknown inputs. These results are illustrated with a biological model of a structured population.
Stochastic linear programming with scarce information: an approach from expected utility and bounded rationality applied to the textile industry

Potential users of this article are engineers who can estimate mean values, standard deviations, and maybe correlations, but nothing else. By accepting analytical limitations of bounded rationality, the proposed method relies on expected utility to evaluate and control risk from each constraint. In this framework, disutility is close to zero when the constraint holds, while it strongly increases as the shortfall between both sides of the constraint increases. By ensuring high expected utility levels, the method yields either linear deterministic equivalents (very helpful for solving large-scale problems) or deterministic equivalents which are quadratic in the constraints but linear in the objective function. A case study of textile blends is developed for seven types of textile fibre and two random constraints, one concerning tensile strength and the other light fastness. A sensitivity analysis shows the consistency of the solutions.
Optimized transfer trajectories in the earth-moon system ∗

Investigations of low energy transfer trajectories are important for both celestial mechanics and astronautics. Methodologies using the theories from dynamical systems are developed in recent years. This paper investigates the dynamics of the earth-moon system. Low energy transfer trajectories are solved numerically by employing a hybrid strategy: first, a genetic hide and seek method performs a search in large domain to confine the global minimum f(η) (objective function) region; then, a deterministic Nelder–Mead method is utilized to refine the minimum quickly. Some transfer trajectories of the spacecraft in the earth-moon system are successfully simulated which verify the desired efficiency and robustness of the method of this paper.