Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Education and Social Change

In this brief, interpretive history of American schooling, John Rury focuses on the evolving relationship between education and social change. The book considers the impact of social forces, such as industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and cultural conflict on the development of schools and other educational institutions. It also examines the various ways that schools have contributed to social change, particularly in providing avenues of social mobility and success for certain social groups and not for others. Detailed accounts of the experiences of women and minority groups in American history explain how their lives have been affected by education. Key features include: *Content Coverage--Provides a concise, comprehensive, and interpretive coverage of American educational history that ranges from colonial beginnings to the present. Key social science concepts, such as social and cultural capital are used throughout to explain historical developments related to social change and education. *Engaging Storyline--Provides a clear, interpretive storyline in which descriptive text is repeatedly punctuated by in-depth explorations of specific historical issues or events that increase the level of student engagement and response. *Teaching Flexibility--Its content, modest length, and price make it appropriate for students in any of the following courses: Social and Historical Foundations of Education, Introduction to Education, History of Education, or Educational Policy Studies.
Prevention of lipid peroxidation does not prevent oxidant-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction.

We tested whether, with exposure to an extraneous iron-catalyzed free radical-generating system, prevention of lipid peroxidation with U74006F, a 21-aminosteroid, could also prevent myocardial contractile dysfunction. Rabbits received either U74006F (10 mg/kg iv) or vehicle (V). Thirty minutes later the hearts were excised and perfused by a non-recirculating Langendorff technique. Six U74006F- and six V-treated hearts were exposed for 7.5 min to a . OH-generating system (H2O2 and Fe(2+)-ADP chelate). Myocardial lipid peroxides were measured by glutathione peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of exogenous glutathione. With exposure to . OH, cytosolic lipid peroxide levels were increased threefold in V-treated hearts, but there was no increase in U74006F-treated hearts. After 30 min of recovery, developed pressure and maximum first derivative of left ventricular pressure were greater in U74006F-treated hearts than in V-treated hearts but were still 50 and 44% of levels in saline hearts, respectively. Coronary flow was markedly reduced after exposure to free radicals and was only slightly less depressed when U74006F was administered. When coronary flow following oxidant exposure was increased by nitroglycerin, U74006F again only modestly improved systolic function. Thus, although U74006F blocked lipid peroxidation, it only slightly improved the ventricular dysfunction caused by . OH. Therefore, factors other than lipid peroxidation play a major role in oxidant-induced myocardial stunning.
Drug–drug salt forms of ciprofloxacin with diflunisal and indoprofen

Two salt forms of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug, ciprofloxacin (CIP), with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diflunisal (CIP/DIF) and indoprofen (CIP/INDP/H2O), were synthesized and characterized by PXRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA and HSM. Crystal structure determination allowed us to study the drug–drug interactions and the piperazine-based synthon (protonated piperazinecarboxylate) in the two forms, which is potentially useful for the crystal engineering of new salt forms of many piperazine-based drugs.
cAMP inhibits modulation of airway smooth muscle phenotype via the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) and protein kinase A

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Changes in airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype may contribute to the pathogenesis of airway disease. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) switches ASM from a contractile to a proliferative, hypo‐contractile phenotype, a process requiring activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and p70S6 Kinase (p70S6K). The effects of cAMP‐elevating agents on these processes is unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of cAMP elevation by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the activation of the cAMP effectors, protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) on PDGF‐induced phenotype switching in bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM).
Farmers' Environmental Attitudes and Behavior

This paper contributes to the debate about attitudes and behavior of farmers in respect to the environment. The empirical base comprises a survey of 2,095 farmers in Austria. A complex model of environmental attitudes in the agricultural sector has been developed. Using path analysis, this model was confronted with the survey data both to test it and to explore some major questions of the current environmental debate. An important finding is the strong influence that practical knowledge and personal experience have on the farmer's behavior. Another major result of the model in comparison with other studies is the strong relationship derived between atfitude and behavior. The discussion of the study results considers links between socioeconomic, cognitive, and other contextual factors that form and influence farmers' environmental attitudes and behavior.
Genotypic variation in Pneumocystis jirovecii isolates in Britain

Background:Pneumocystis jirovecii is the cause of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunosuppressed humans. Asymptomatic colonisation with P jirovecii may occur in patients with minor immunosuppression or chronic lung disease. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular epidemiology of P jirovecii in Britain over a period of 12.5 years. Methods: Between January 1989 and July 2001 161 samples of P jirovecii were obtained from patients with PCP (n = 119), patients colonised by P jirovecii (n = 35), and from air spora (n = 6). Genotyping of samples was performed at the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (mt LSU rRNA). Results: Genotype 1 (38%) was the most frequently identified genotype: genotypes 2 (26.6%), 3 (20.3%), and 4 (5%) were less common. Mixed infection (more than one genotype) was identified in 10% of samples. While genotype 1 was the most frequently detected type in both patients with PCP and those colonised by P jirovecii (38% and 42%, respectively), these groups differed in the relatively lower rate of detection of genotype 4 (2% v 17%) and the higher detection of mixed infection in those with PCP (13% v 3%). Detection of specific genotypes of P jirovecii was associated with the patient’s place of residence (p = 0.02). There was no association between specific genotypes and severity of PCP as measured by arterial oxygen tension (p = 0.3). Conclusions: The evidence of clustering of specific genotypes with patient’s postcode of residence is consistent with the hypothesis of person to person transmission of P jirovecii via the airborne route. The lack of association between specific mt LSU rRNA genotypes and severity of PCP suggests that this locus is not implicated in the virulence of the organism.
Multiple Kernel Maximum Margin Criterion

Maximum Margin Criterion (MMC) is an efficient and robust feature extraction method, which has been proposed recently. Like other kernel methods, when MMC is extended to Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space via kernel trick, its performance heavily depends on the choice of kernel. In this paper, we address the problem of learning the optimal kernel over a convex set of prescribed kernels for Kernel MMC (KMMC). We will give an equivalent graph based formulation of MMC, based on which we present Multiple Kernel Maximum Margin Criterion (MKMMC). Then we will show that MKMMC can be solved via alternative optimization schema. Experiments on benchmark image recognition data sets show that the proposed method outperforms KMMC via cross validation, as well as some state of the art methods.
PubFinder: a tool for improving retrieval rate of relevant PubMed abstracts

Since it is becoming increasingly laborious to manually extract useful information embedded in the ever-growing volumes of literature, automated intelligent text analysis tools are becoming more and more essential to assist in this task. PubFinder () is a publicly available web tool designed to improve the retrieval rate of scientific abstracts relevant for a specific scientific topic. Only the selection of a representative set of abstracts is required, which are central for a scientific topic. No special knowledge concerning the query-syntax is necessary. Based on the selected abstracts, a list of discriminating words is automatically calculated, which is subsequently used for scoring all defined PubMed abstracts for their probability of belonging to the defined scientific topic. This results in a hit-list of references in the descending order of their likelihood score. The algorithms and procedures implemented in PubFinder facilitate the perpetual task for every scientist of staying up-to-date with current publications dealing with a specific subject in biomedicine.
NEOPLASIA Sodium Salicylate Activates Caspases and Induces Apoptosis of Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIA) have been shown to exert potent chemopreventive activity against colon, lung, and breast cancers. In this study, we show that at pharmacological concentrations (1 to 3 mmol/L) sodium salicylate (Na-Sal) can potently induce programmed cell death in several human myeloid leukemia cell lines, including TF-1, U937, CMK-1, HL-60, and Mo7e. TF-1 cells undergo rapid apoptosis on treatment with Na-Sal, as indicated by increased annexin V binding capacity, cpp-32 (caspase-3) activation, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and gelsolin. In addition, the expression of MCL-1, an antiapoptotic member of the BCL-2 family, is downregulated during Na-Sal–induced cell death, whereas the expression of BCL-2, BAX, and BCL-XL is unchanged. Z-VAD, a potent caspase inhibitor, prevents the cleavage of PARP and gelsolin and rescues cells from Na-Sal–induced apoptosis. In addition, we show that Na-Sal accelerates growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis and synergizes with daunorubicin to induce apoptosis in TF-1 cells. Thus, our data provide a potential mechanism for the chemopreventive activity of NSAIA and suggest that salicylates may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of human leukemia. r 1999 by The American Society of Hematology.
Comparing Canonicalizations of Historical German Text

Historical text presents numerous challenges for contemporary natural language processing techniques. In particular, the absence of consistent orthographic conventions in historical text presents difficulties for any system requiring reference to a static lexicon accessed by orthographic form. In this paper, we present three methods for associating unknown historical word forms with synchronically active canonical cognates and evaluate their performance on an information retrieval task over a manually annotated corpus of historical German verse.
Genetic and environmental influences on substance initiation, use, and problem use in adolescents.

BACKGROUND We conducted a sibling/twin/adoption study of substance initiation, use, and problem use, estimating the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on these phenotypes in adolescents. METHODS The participants were 345 monozygotic twin pairs, 337 dizygotic twin pairs, 306 biological sibling pairs, and 74 adoptive sibling pairs assessed by the Colorado Center for the Genetics and Treatment of Antisocial Drug Dependence, Denver and Boulder. The initiation, use, and problem use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs were assessed. Tetrachoric correlations were computed for each group, and univariate model-fitting analyses were conducted. RESULTS There were moderate to substantial genetic influences, with the exception of alcohol use and any drug use, and modest to moderate shared environmental influences on substance initiation, use, and problem use. For alcohol and any drug, heritability was higher and the magnitude of shared environmental influences was lower for problem use than for initiation or use. Environmental influences shared only by twin pairs had a significant effect on tobacco initiation, alcohol use, and any drug use. For tobacco use, tobacco problem use, and marijuana initiation, heritability was higher and the magnitude of shared environmental influences was lower in female than in male adolescents. There was no evidence for sex-specific genetic or shared environmental influences on any variable. CONCLUSIONS The moderate to substantial heritabilities found for adolescents in the present study are comparable to those found in twin studies of adult substance use and substance use disorders. The finding that problem use is more heritable than initiation and use is also consistent with the results of adult twin studies. The significance of environmental influences shared only by twin pairs on tobacco initiation, alcohol use, and any drug use suggests the influences of peers, accessibility of substances, and sibling interaction.
InTERTpreting telomerase structure and function

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was recently awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for their pioneering studies on chromosome termini (telomeres) and their discovery of telomerase, the enzyme that synthesizes telomeres. Telomerase is a unique cellular reverse transcriptase that contains an integral RNA subunit, the telomerase RNA and a catalytic protein subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), as well as several species-specific accessory proteins. Telomerase is essential for genome stability and is associated with a broad spectrum of human diseases including various forms of cancer, bone marrow failure and pulmonary fibrosis. A better understanding of telomerase structure and function will shed important insights into how this enzyme contributes to human disease. To this end, a series of high-resolution structural studies have provided critical information on TERT architecture and may ultimately elucidate novel targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of TERT structure and function, revealed through the detailed analysis of TERT from model organisms. To emphasize the physiological importance of telomeres and telomerase, we also present a general discussion of the human diseases associated with telomerase dysfunction.
Children's Collection and Use of Predecisional Information for Social and Nonsocial Decisions.

To better understand the development of noncompensatory strategy use for decisions involving social and nonsocial objects, a decision board technique was used to trace the information acquisition process of 88 second-, fifth-, and eighth-graders. Findings indicated that second-graders searched the decision board (a matrix with 24 squares of hidden information) much less efficiently than older children. Eighth-graders searched in a pattern much like that of adults. Developmental differences were also noted in that eighth-graders searched more systematically, selectively, and strategically than fifthor second-graders. However, results indicated that even young children had the ability and propensity to alter their decision strategies based on characteristics of the decision task. Results suggest that presenting information about decision objects in a form in which they are most commonly encountered affects children's ability to focus on relevant information, a skill often involved in the use of adult decision strategies. (KB) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** . -4 HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Children's Collection and Use of Predecisional Information for Social and Nonsocial Decisions PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Steve Vanden Avond, Ph.D. DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL 4.4 Loyola University Chicago v1 \io,r6ev. P1/410YN4 Abstract TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) To better understand the development of noncompensatory strategy use for decisions involving social and nonsocial objects, a decision board technique was used to trace the information acquisition process of 88 second-, fifth-, and eighth-grade children. It was found that second-graders searched much less efficiently than older children, while eighth-graders searched in a pattern much like that of adults. Developmental differences were also noted in that eighth graders searched more systematically, selectively, and strategically than fifthor second-graders. However, results suggest that even young children have the ability and propensity to alter their decision strategies based on characteristics of the decision task. In addition, evidence from the present study suggests that presenting information about decision objects in a form in which they are most commonly encountered has a significant impact on some important aspects of even young children's decision behavior. Most notably, it seems to affect children's ability to focus on relevant information, a skill that is often involved in the use of adult decision strategies (i.e., noncompensatory strategies).
CoWiMAX: Cooperation-based PMP/Mesh WiMAX

To take full advantage of wireless mesh networks and cooperative transmission simultaneously, a WiMAX-based cooperative PMP/Mesh hybrid topology, CoWiMAX is presented in this paper. Firstly, a hierarchy mesh topology and a PMP/Mesh hybrid frame structure are introduced for CoWiMAX. Secondly, a cooperative PMP and relay transmission scheme is presented to support cooperative PMP and relay links. Simulation results show that CoWiMAX can support cooperative PMP/Mesh hybrid access networks effectively.
A method for summarizing and visualizing city traffic data

This paper proposes a method for summarizing and visualizing city traffic data covering multiple different-sized urban areas. City traffic data is often visualized in various areas in order to understand the state of city traffic. For example, bus transportation is visualized in a large area, and strolling people are visualized in a small area. A problem is that visualization covering a large area needs a heavy computation load because of the immense amount of data of city traffic. The city traffic data covering a large area includes needless details to visualize. To reduce the volume of data, we therefore propose a method for summarizing city traffic data. City traffic data consists of two kinds of data: transportation data of different transportation means, and road network data of different kinds of road. The method for summarizing road network data deletes low-volume road information while the method for summarizing transportation data calculates traffic statistics. To examine whether the proposed summarization method can reduce the volume of city traffic data, we conducted experiments using city traffic data imitating bus passengers walking.
PKCβII acts downstream of chemoattractant receptors and mTORC2 to regulate cAMP production and myosin II activity in neutrophils

mTORC2 has been shown to be involved in cytoskeletal regulation, but the mechanisms by which this takes place are poorly understood. This study shows that PKCβII is specifically required for mTORC2-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase 9 and back retraction during neutrophil chemotaxis to chemoattractants.
Role of Carbogen in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer.

trolled neoplastic cell proliferation, solid tumor masses typically exhibit abnormal blood vessel networks that fail to provide adequate and homogeneous nutritional support to the tumor cells. Such spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the microcirculation within a tumor can result in an expansion of intercapillary space and a decrease in vessel density. These factors may consequently lead to increased oxygen-diffusion distances and oxygendeficient or hypoxic regions in tumors. Areas of low oxygen tensions (pO2) have been well documented using oxygen electrodes in both rodent and human tumors. Most critically, pO2 distributions measured in malignancies generally have been found to be far lower than those in the surrounding normal tissues.
MASS DEFORMATIONS OF SUPER YANG–MILLS THEORIES IN D = 2 + 1, AND SUPER-MEMBRANES: A NOTE

Mass deformations of supersymmetric Yang–Mills theories in three spacetime dimensions are considered. The gluons of the theories are made massive by the inclusion of a nonlocal gauge and Poincare invariant mass term due to Alexanian and Nair, while the matter fields are given standard Gaussian mass-terms. It is shown that the dimensional reduction of such mass-deformed gauge theories defined on R3 or R × T2 produces matrix quantum mechanics with massive spectra. In particular, all known massive matrix quantum mechanical models obtained by the deformations of dimensional reductions of minimal super Yang–Mills theories in diverse dimensions are shown also to arise from the dimensional reductions of appropriate massive Yang–Mills theories in three spacetime dimensions. Explicit formulas for the gauge theory actions are provided.
Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancers in the United States

Purpose: To estimate the number of individuals in the United States diagnosed with cancer as children (ages 0-19 years) as of 2005, with a focus on those surviving for >30 years. Methods: To estimate the national prevalence of survivors of childhood cancers, we used data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program from 1975 to 2004. Long-term childhood cancer survivors, diagnosed before 1975, were estimated using incidence and survival models extrapolated into years before 1975. Results: We estimated that there are a total of 328,652 survivors of childhood cancer in the United States as of January 1, 2005, of these, 24% have survived >30 years since diagnosis. The cancer sites with the largest number of survivors are brain (51,650), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (49,271), germ cell tumors (34,169), and Hodgkin lymphoma (31,598). Sites with higher proportions of survivors diagnosed >30 years ago are germ cell (43%), soft tissue (38%), renal (34%), and bone (26%). Historical trends from Connecticut data show major improvements in survival for all of the childhood cancer sites. Conclusion: The number of survivors of childhood cancers is expected to increase in the future consequent to the lifesaving advances in treatment introduced after 1970, especially for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Because this population is at increased risk for illness-related morbidity and mortality, appreciating the number of survivors who were treated as children is important both to determining the national cancer burden and planning for the future health care needs of these individuals. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(4):1033–40)