Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preserving the Publicness of the Nonprofit Sector

Nonprofit organizations are increasingly advised to become fiscally self-sufficient and reduce resource dependence to preserve autonomy. However, little is known empirically about the relationships between particular resource streams and the roles espoused by nonprofit organizations that define their public value, including service delivery, innovation, advocacy, individual expression, social capital creation, and citizen engagement. To address this gap in the literature, we collect and analyze survey data from more than 100 nonprofit organizations, developing and testing a new “Nonprofit Sector Public Role Index” that assesses their perceived performance on six different roles simultaneously. Furthermore, we evaluate characteristics that make nonprofits more or less likely to fulfill various roles, with primary emphasis on financial resources. We find evidence that particular resource streams are strongly associated with particular nonprofit roles. Therefore, resource dependence—particularly dependence on public support—may play an important value preservation role in the nonprofit sector.
Gender-Related Differences in the Rates of Age Associated Thymic Atrophy

Age associated thymic atrophy has been shown to be linked to problems with rearrangement of the β chain of the T cell receptor (TCR) in male mice during the early phases of the intrathymic T cell developmental pathway. In this study, thymic atrophy in female mice was found to occur at a different rate than in male mice. At 9 months of age there was a significantly greater number of cells in the thymus of female mice compared with male mice, with the major difference found in the CD4+CD8+ populations. The thymii of female mice at 9 months of age contained double the number of these cells compared with male mice. Analysis of the CD4+CD8+ cells at 9 months of age demonstrated increased numbers of cells expressing higher levels of CD3 in females compared with males indicating that in females more of these cells were producing successful αβTCR pairings. In F5 transgenic mice comparison of the CD4+CD8+ population revealed no significant difference in their absolute numbers at 9 months of age. These results indicate that the gender differences at this time point were due to fewer permitted divisions prior to the expression of a selectable TCR α chain within the CD4+CD8+ populations in male compared with female mice. This gender difference was not due to the action of testosterone and unlikely to be due to differences in the level of oestrogen. The potential mechanisms of this difference may be related to a regulatory feedback of peripheral T cells on the developing thymocyte populations. Such age related changes in the numbers of cells within distinct thymic subpopulations leads to the possibility that the potential repertoire in females is greater than in males later in life.
'My Voice: My Place': Tracking Transformations in Urban Governance

This paper develops an institutionalist framework for analysing transformations in urban governance, focusing in particular on assessing the potential of initiatives designed to 'mainstream' citizen participation and 'voice' in local government processes. The framework centres on an analytical conception of levels of social formation: specific episodes of collective action; the on-going work of governance practices and discourse formation and use; and underpinning culturally embedded assumptions and habits. The central argument is that transformations in urban governance capacity need to penetrate all three levels to effect enduring changes in governance cultures. The framework is used to assess the early experience of an attempt to introduce 'area committees' by Newcastle City Council, UK, and their ability to act as a 'voice for place'. The paper examines how far the area committee initiative has the potential to achieve the objectives set for it, the qualities of the emerging governance processes in the initiative and their potential to transform the wider context of urban governance in the city.
Detection of Periodontal Disease Activity with a Scintillation Camera

The goal of this study was to assess the ability of a scintillation camera method to detect areas of active bone loss due to periodontitis. Technetium 99m methylene diphosphonate was used as the bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical. Bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical uptake (BSRU) was imaged and quantified in alveolar bone regions of interest with a scintillation camera and a computer. Analysis of the sequential radiographs over six months constituted the basis for determination of sites of active disease. The study was composed of two parts. First, 18 subjects, nine with adult periodontitis and nine controls, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to determine whether the quantitative scintillation camera methodology detected differences in BSRU in periodontitis vs. periodontally healthy patients. Second, the nine patients with periodontitis were studied longitudinally in order to determine whether the BSRU examination was indicative of bone loss subsequently measured radiographically. In the cross-sectional study, the mean uptake ratio for the periodontitis group was significantly higher than that for the control group (1.63 ± 0.06 and 1.42 ± 0.04, respectively, p<0.01, t test). From the longitudinal study, the mean patient scintillation image uptake ratios were highly correlated with the mean bone loss determined from serial radiographs (p<0.01). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the quantitative gamma camera method for detecting site(s) of active bone loss within the region of interest were assessed relative to the longitudinal radiographic data. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 85%, 90%, and 79%, respectively. Alveolar bone scintigraphy with a gamma camera and computer may provide a simple and valid technique for the immediate indication of areas of periodontal disease activity.
Development of a Five-Dimensional Measure of Adult Sleep Quality

This article describes the development of a measure of adult sleep quality: the Adult Sleep—Wake Scale (ADSWS). The ADSWS is a self-report pencil-and-paper measure of sleep quality consisting of five behavioral dimensions (Going to Bed, Falling Asleep, Maintaining Sleep, Reinitiating Sleep, and Returning to Wakefulness). Data were collected from three samples. Study 1 describes the derivation of an initial pool of items. Further scale refinement is described in Studies 2 and 3. Construct validity of scores on the ADSWS was examined via correlations between ADSWS scores and scores on (1) two personality variables (Negative Affectivity and Positive Affectivity); (2) three work-related stressors (Interpersonal Conflict, Work Demands, and Job Ambiguity); and (3) three strain outcomes (Depression, Health Complaints, and Frustration). In Study 3, data were collected from participants across three time periods to assess estimates of test—retest reliability and convergent and divergent validity using procedures described by Campbell and Fiske. The findings indicate that the psychometric properties of scores on the ADSWS exceed criteria for use of an instrument in research settings. In addition, across all three studies, scores on ADSWS subscales correlated, as hypothesized, with personality, stressor, and strain variables.
Selected Communication Variables and Telecommuting Participation Decisions: Data from Telecommuting Workers

Many companies now offer their employees opportunities to telecommute. What variables influence an employee's decision to accept the opportunity? In this study, telecommuting workers responded to a vignette describing a manager and an employee at a time when the employee had been given the opportunity to apply for a telecommuting program. The vignette systematically varied (a) the manager's promptness in mentioning an employee mistake; (b) the manager's reaction to neg ative feedback; (c) the manager's loyalty to employees; and (d) the length of time the manager and employee had known each other. The results showed that rela tionship duration significantly affected whether respondents thought that the employee should telecommute. Managerial reaction to criticism and managerial loyalty significantly affected forecasts of the worker's and manager's working together successfully. The results suggest that relationship predictability (duration) may constrain, and that communication behaviors (reaction to criticism, and loy alty) may facilitate an individual's decision whether to telecommute (Bernardino, 1996). The results also support the concept of telecompetence (Warisse, 1996) which argues that interpersonal factors influence the adoption and use of new communication technologies.
Taxonomic revision of Stigmatomma Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region

Abstract In this study we present the first taxonomic revision of the ant genus Stigmatomma in the Malagasy biogeographic region, redescribe the previously known S. besucheti Baroni-Urbani, and describe seven new species to science (S. bolabola sp. n., S. irayhady sp. n., S. janovitsika sp. n., S. liebe sp. n., S. roahady sp. n., S. sakalava sp. n., and S. tsyhady sp. n.). The revision is based on the worker caste, but we provide brief descriptions of gynes and males for some species. Species descriptions, diagnosis, character discussion, identiﬁcation key, and glossary are illustrated with 360 high-quality montage and SEM images. The distribution of Stigmatomma species in Madagascar are mapped and discussed within the context of the island’s biomes and ecoregions. We also discuss how some morphometric variables describe the diﬀerences among the species in the bioregion. Open science is supported by providing access to R scripts, raw measurement data, and all specimen data used. All specimens used in this study were given unique identifies, and holotypes were imaged. Specimens and images are made accessible on AntWeb.org.
Low birth weight and risk of high blood pressure in adulthood

Hospital birth records were sought for 104 men from a pool of male army conscripts with “normal” or “high” blood pressure when measured at 28 years of age. Of 77 men whose birth weight and date of the mother's last menstrual period before the pregnancy could be found, 25 had a resting diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg. In 11 of these compared with nine of the 52 men with normal diastolic pressures their birth weights in relation to gestational age had been below the mean and 1 SD of a comparable Swedish population. The risk of increased diastolic blood pressure in early adult life was significantly higher among men who had been growth retarded at birth than among those whose birth weight had been appropriate for gestational age (odds ratio 3·63; 95% confidence interval 1·14 to 12·57). Being born small for gestational age may be a predictor of raised blood pressure in early adult life.
Social bookmarking in digital library systems: framework and case study

Social bookmarking is a simple yet popular way for users to share information and opinions about bookmarked objects on Web. In the digital library context, the ability to bookmark digital content objects is a powerful means for library users to learn from one another and to collaborate. In this paper, we present a common database framework for supporting social bookmarking in digital library system and describe a case study where G-Portal, a geography digital library system[1], is integrated with Scuttle[2], an open source bookmarking tool, using the framework. Social bookmarking facilitates social navigation within digital library context. It provides users information about what content objects other users have shown interest in, motivating them to participate in exploring these content objects, contributing new content objects, and most importantly forming user communities. Comments and ratings in bookmarks can also guide users to find good quality and interesting objects. G-Portal is a web-based digital library system that has been used to supplement classroom geography teaching with easy metadata creation and sharing among learners and instructors, and organization of metadata objects to support different learning tasks. To support better learning, we have decided to augment G-Portal with bookmarking capability for metadata objects in G-Portal. Instead of developing social bookmarking system from the scratch, we use Scuttle, an open source bookmarking tool developed using PHP. Scuttle offers a set of bookmarking services and user interface modules to access its bookmarks. Among the services are bookmark navigation, adding and deleting bookmarks. To integrate the two systems, we adopt a common database framework. This framework involves the construction of a single system with a common set of databases, with each module from digital library and social bookmarking systems providing a set of APIs for them to interoperate. As GPortal begins with empty bookmarks, the common database framework allows us to freely define the suitable bookmark structure. In addition, this framework keeps G-Portal user
Postoperative therapy options for hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with poor prognosis and often recurs even after curative hepatic resection (HR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In fact, recurrence is the most frequent cause of postoperative death in patients with HCC; it can arise through intrahepatic metastasis by the primary tumor or through the emergence of de novo tumors. Even though studies have examined numerous adjuvant therapies and chemotherapies for their ability to prevent recurrence, no consensus recommendations exist about their clinical application. To gain a comprehensive picture of clinical options, we identified 39 randomized controlled trials, involving 4113 participants, which explore the efficacy of adjuvant or chemotherapies to prevent HCC recurrence after potentially curative HR or RFA. The available evidence suggests a significant improvement in recurrence-free survival and overall survival when transarterial chemoembolization is used for patients who are at high risk for recurrence, lamivudine for patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC (>500 copies of HBV DNA/ml), and interferon-α for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected HCC. In contrast, available evidence does not definitively establish clinical benefits of interferon-β for patients with HCV-related HCC, interferon-α for patients with HBV-related HCC, or any of the following therapies for patients with HCC: iodine-125 brachytherapy, autologous tumor vaccination, adoptive immunotherapy, or therapy involving acyclic retinoid, vitamin K2 analog, iodine-131-labeled lipiodol, sorafenib, heparanase inhibitor PI-88, or capecitabine. Though the findings of our review should be interpreted with caution because of clinical heterogeneity and small sample size in the included trials, they highlight gaps in the evidence base, and therefore, may guide future research.
The N-terminal Domain of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Inhibits the Angiogenic Behavior of Endothelial Cells Independently from Binding to the c-met Receptor*

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor that plays an important role in complex biological processes such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, cancerogenesis, and angiogenesis. HGF promotes cell proliferation, survival, motility, and morphogenesis through binding to its receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase encoded by the MET proto-oncogene (c-met). Structurally speaking, HGF is a polypeptide related to the enzymes of the blood coagulation cascade. Thus, it comprises kringle domains that in some other proteins have been shown to be responsible for the anti-angiogenic activity. To check whether the isolated kringles of HGF were able to inhibit angiogenesis, we produced them as recombinant proteins and compared their biological activity with that of the recombinant HGF N-terminal domain (N). We showed that (i) none of the isolated HGF kringle exhibits an anti-angiogenic activity; (ii) N is a new anti-angiogenic polypeptide; (iii) the inhibitory action of N is not specific toward HGF, because it antagonized the angiogenic activity of other growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor; and (iv) in contrast with full-length HGF, N does not bind to the c-met receptor in vitro, but fully retains its heparin-binding capacity. Our results suggest that N inhibits angiogenesis not by disrupting the HGF/c-met interaction but rather by interfering with the endothelial glycosaminoglycans, which are the secondary binding sites of HGF.
Three Approaches to Task‐Based Syllabus Design

Choice of the unit of analysis in syllabus design is crucial for all aspects of a language teaching program. A variety of units, including word, structure, notion, function, topic, and situation, continue to be employed in synthetic, Type A, syllabuses. While each is relevant for analyses of the target language and its use, nativelike linguistic elements find little support as meaningful acquisition units from a language learner's perspective. Task has more recently appeared as the unit of analysis in three analytic, (primarily) Type B, alternatives: procedural, process, and task syllabuses. Each of these has certain limitations, too, but when the task syllabus is combined with a focus on form in task-based language teaching, the task receives more support in second language acquisition (SLA) research as a viable unit around which to organize language teaching and learning opportunities.
Research and Clinical Scoring of the Psychopathy Checklist can show good Agreement

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) is an important predictor of violent behavior and is widely used to make important decisions about forensic clients. Some research casts doubt on whether the scoring of the PCL-R in clinical practice matches that attained in research and, therefore, whether the use of the PCL-R is warranted in high-stakes decisions. We examined scoring correspondence of the PCL-R in 58 offenders where scoring by trained clinicians was compared with that by a very experienced researcher whose scoring was of known predictive validity (or with a student supervised by this experienced researcher). Research and clinical scorers showed good agreement (Spearman’s rank order correlation = .85; intraclass correlation coefficient = .79, absolute agreement for single measures), especially on those parts of the PCL-R that are most consistently and robustly associated with violence. We conclude that trained clinicians can achieve acceptable reliability and validity when scoring the PCL-R, especially for risk assessment.
Edward Jenner and the Small Pox Vaccine

Edward Jenner, who discovered that it is possible to vaccinate against Small Pox using material from Cow Pox, is rightly the man who started the science of immunology. However, over the passage of time many of the details surrounding his astounding discovery have been lost or forgotten. Also, the environment within which Jenner worked as a physician in the countryside, and the state of the art of medicine and society are difficult to appreciate today. It is important to recall that people were still being bled at the time, to relieve the presence of evil humors. Accordingly, this review details Jenner’s discovery and attempts to place it in historical context. Also, the vaccine that Jenner used, which decreased the prevalence of Small Pox worldwide in his own time, and later was used to eradicate Small Pox altogether, is discussed in light of recent data.
The Impact of Accessible Identities on the Evaluation of Global versus Local Products

Through three studies, we investigated the impact of consumers' global versus local identities on the evaluation of global products (products with the same specifications and packaging for consumers from around the world) versus local products (products with specifications and packaging tailored for local markets). The results show that consumers with an accessible global identity prefer a global (more than a local) product and consumers with an accessible local identity prefer a local (more than a global) product. Of note, this effect was reversed, either by an explicit instruction about accessible identities being nondiagnostic (study 1) or implicitly by inducing a differentiative (vs. integrative) processing mode (study 2).
On Breakthroughs , Deadlines , and the Nature of Progress : Optimal Contracts for Multistage Projects ∗

We study the optimal incentive scheme for a project with two stages in which a risk-neutral agent, protected by limited liability, can divert resources for private benefit. Staged financing, pervasive in both venture capital and funding research, arises as a feature of the optimal contract. The nature of progress (i.e., successful completion of the first stage) plays an important role. When progress is tangible (observable and contractible), optimal incentives are provided through a sequence of deadlines and a reward scheme that decreases over time. Early progress in the first stage gives the agent more time to complete the second one. When progress is intangible (privately observed by the agent), unverifiable “progress reports” are required to implement the optimal contract even though the information in the report has no social value. The optimal contract involves a “soft deadline” wherein the principal guarantees funding up to a certain date – if the agent reports progress at that date, then the principal gives him another round of funding to complete the project – if not, then a “probationary” phase begins in which the project is terminated at a constant rate until progress is reported. We explore the implications for welfare, the likelihood of project success and optimal project design. JEL Classification: J41, L14, M55, D82
Race and Sex Differences in Reactions to a Simulated Selection Decision Involving Race-Based Affirmative Action

Affirmative action policies lead to social psychological costs for the intended beneficiaries in the form of negative reactions and reduced perceptions of competence. However, most of the research has involved affi rmative action based on sex rather than race and has compared males to females rather than Blacks to Whites. Two hundred and thirty-five (235) college students completed a scenario study involving reactions to having received afellowship position based on affirmative action. The independent variables included race (Black White), sex (male, female), type of affirmative action (soft, hard), and qualifications (less or equally qualified). Data were collected on evaluations of negative affect, fairness, and competence. The results indicated that although sex-based affirmative action may result in certain social psychological costsforfemales, the same effect may not occur as afunction of race, for Blacks compared to Whites. Even in those situations where affirmative action did affect reactions of participants, competence information served as a moderator As a result, it would be premature to accept uncritically the presumption that results for affirmative action based on gender generalize to race.