Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formalizing Foundations of Mathematics

Over the recent decades there has been a trend towards formalized mathematics, and a number of sophisticated systems have been developed to support the formalization process and mechanically verify its result. However, each tool is based on a speci c foundation of mathematics, and formalizations in di erent systems are not necessarily compatible. Therefore, the integration of these foundations has received growing interest. We contribute to this goal by using LF as a foundational framework in which the mathematical foundations themselves can be formalized and therefore also the relations between them. We represent three of the most important foundations Isabelle/HOL, Mizar, and ZFC set theory as well as relations between them. The relations are formalized in such a way that the framework permits the extraction of translation functions, which are guaranteed to be well-de ned and sound. Our work provides the starting point of a systematic study of formalized foundations in order to compare, relate, and integrate them.
Congenital Variations of the Peroneus Quartus Muscle: An Anatomic Study

There has been little research concerning this muscle since the 1920s, when Hecker 13,14 described this muscle to be present in (13%) of his dissections of cadaver legs. The purpose of our dissections was to establish the incidence of the peroneus quartus muscle, its origins, and insertions. One hundred and twenty-four legs from 65 fresh human cadavers were dissected under loupe magnification. When the peroneus quartus tendon was found, its origin, insertion, and anatomic relationship to the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis were observed. All specimens were sketched and photographed. The peroneus quartus muscle was present in 27 legs (21.7% of specimens). Its origins, insertions, and size varied. In 17 legs (63%) the muscle originated from the muscular portion of the peroneus brevis, and inserted on the peroneal tubercle of the calcaneus. The peroneal tubercle was hypertrophied at the insertion in most cases. The results of this study in general show that there was much higher incidence of the peroneus quartus muscle than Hecker claimed. Its course, origin, and insertion varied. Its tendon can be used for reconstructive procedures about the lateral aspect of the ankle, especially in anterior dislocation of the peroneal tendons and reconstruction of lateral ligaments.
A low-cost small-size 60 GHz quadrature coupler for IPD-based SiP radio systems

A reduced-size 60-GHz coplanar-waveguide (CPW) branch-line coupler has been demonstrated in integrated passive device (IPD) technology and is presented in this paper. The fabricated coupler has a size-reduction of more than 85% compared to that of a conventional CPW branch-line coupler. The size reduction is achieved by utilizing CPW transmission lines loaded with microstrip open-circuited stubs as capacitive elements. The measured results at the coupler's output ports showed a phase error of less than 3 degrees and an amplitude imbalance of less than 1.3 dB over the frequency band of 57–64 GHz. The measurements also showed an insertion loss of less 1 dB and return losses better than 14 dB over the frequency band of interest. The proposed coupler is well suited for use in low cost high performance System-in-Package (SiP) V-band radio front-ends for high data rate wireless applications.
Akers's wavefront planner — One of the fastest stencil-based path planners on FPGAs

The efficient and fast processing of path planning algorithms based on stencil codes is a great challenge. On the one hand, these iterative approaches are advantageous because of their regular processing pattern and the characteristic to avoid problems of other path planning methods, like local minima in potential field algorithms. On the other hand, they are computational- and data-intensive because of their high number of required iterations. By comparing several algorithms based on stencil codes, we found one of the fastest and most efficient path planners for realization on FPGAs, Akers's wavefront planner. A processing of 33 maps per second with a resolution of 1024×1024 is possible on a midsize Virtex-5 FPGA achieved through a column-based processing scheme combined with an efficient internal data storage.
Coevolutionary Approach for Strategic Decision Support

We present a description and initial results of a computer code that coevolves Fuzzy Logic rules to play a two-sided zero-sum competitive game. It is based on the TEMPO Military Planning Game that has been used to teach resource allocation to over 20,000 students over the past 40 years. No feasible algorithm for optimal play is known. The coevolved rules, when pitted against human players, usually win the first few competitions. For reasons not yet understood, the evolved rules (found in a symmetrical competition) place little value on information concerning the play of the opponent.
Metal-rich RR Lyrae Variables. II. The Pulsational Scenario

We present a theoretical investigation on the pulsational behavior of metal-rich RR Lyrae variables over the range of evolutionary parameters suitable for stars with metallicities Z = 0.006, 0.01, and 0.02. With the addition of similar results for metal-poor pulsators, we discuss the theoretical pulsational scenario covering the metallicity range Z = 0.0001-0.02. By connecting pulsational constraints to evolutionary prescriptions for He-burning stars, we discuss the observed behavior of the RR Lyrae population in the Galactic field. We find that the distribution of field ab-type RR Lyrae stars in the period-metallicity plane can be easily understood within the framework of the present theoretical scenario, suggesting that the Oosterhoff dichotomy also affects field variables. Theoretical predictions concerning the amplitude-period diagram are discussed and compared with observational data. We find a general agreement for metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -1.4) RR Lyrae stars, whereas more metal-rich variables show amplitudes smaller than those predicted for pulsators originated from old, low-mass evolving stars. Alternatively, the agreement between theory and observations would require that a substantial fraction of metal-rich RR Lyrae variables in the Galactic field were younger than ≈ 2 Gyr. The comparison between the pulsational behavior of RR Lyrae either in the Galactic field or in the Galactic bulge discloses the evidence that, at least as far as RR Lyrae variables are concerned, the metal-rich components of the bulge and of the field population appear quite similar. We finally suggest that the peak at log P ≃ -0.55 in the period frequency distribution of first-overtone RR Lyrae stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud, considered as possible evidence for second-overtone pulsators, could be more simply taken as evidence of a metal-rich stellar population.
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Egyptian Grid With High Penetration Level of Wind Energy During Steady State and Transient

The large penetration level of wind farms might have deleterious effects on the voltage stability of the electric network. This is because wind farms absorb reactive power from the transmission network and an observable drop in bus voltages occur. To mitigate this effect, system must be studied under steady-state and transient conditions. The main objective of this study is to analyze the voltage stability of the Egyptian Electrical Network with large scale wind power under normal condition, under single contingency (N-1) and under transient condition. The single contingency is defined as the loss of any transmission line, transformer, or generator. In addition, the paper determines the size of reactive power compensation devices (capacitors or STATCOM) that should be installed at weak buses to prevent the voltage collapse during normal and transient states.
Software for subjective visual vertical assessment: an observational cross-sectional study

Spatial orientation in relation to the gravitational axis is significantly important for the maintenance of the posture, gait and for most of the human's motor activities. The subjective visual vertical exam evaluates the individual's perception of vertical orientation. Objectives The aims of this study were (1) to develop a virtual system to evaluate the subjective visual vertical exam, (2) to provide a simple tool to clinical practice and (3) to assess the subjective visual vertical values of h ealthy subjects using the new software. Study Design: observational cross-sectional study. Methods Thirty healthy volunteers performed the subjective visual vertical exam in both static and dynamic conditions. The exam consisted in adjusting a virtual line in the vertical position using the computer mouse. For the static condition, the virtual line was projected in a white background. For the dynamic condition, black circles rotated in clockwise or counterclockwise directions. Six measurements were taken and the mean deviations in relation to the real vertical calculated. Results The mean values of subjective visual vertical measurements were: static −0.372°; ± 1.21; dynamic clockwise 1.53° ± 1.80 and dynamic counterclockwise −1.11° ± 2.46. Conclusion This software showed to be practical and accurate to be used in clinical routines.
[Health in stress: change in the stress concept and its significance for prevention, health and life style].

SUBJECT The significance of the modern stress concept for health behaviour and prevention. METHODS/RESULTS Many different definitions of the term "stress" exist concurrently. This observation is important for medicine because of the extensive and increasing use of this term in scientific publications. For a better understanding, the historical development of the stress concept and its association with the biopsychosocial model, with psychoneuroimmunology, mind/body medicine, and prevention/public health is illustrated. "Stress" is interpreted as a more general term that describes the effects of psychosocial and environmental factors on physical or mental well-being. Stressors and stress reactions are distinguished. "Stress" and health are related to health behaviour and life style. CONCLUSIONS The complex nature of the stress concept requires the actual use of constant definitions. Further, the individual or "subject" needs preventive medical support to strengthen his own capacity and self-care potential so that the balance between stressors and stress reactions, disease- and health-promoting factors is achieved. Thus, an integrative, resource- and capacity-orientated health care system is implemented. Moreover, letting balance be the target of intervention - and thereby reducing the negative impact of stressors/stress reactions on health - is a possible way of producing a modern, cost-effective, and partnership-like physician-patient relationship. Consequently, "stress" can be "healthy", a challenge, and thereby promote flexibility and transformation.
New shell radio supernova remnant G16.2-2.7

The extended radio source G16.2-2.7 is detected as a new previously uncataloged Galactic supernova remnant. Its non-thermal radio spectrum has spectral index alpha=-0.51, with S_nu(1 GHz) = 2.08 Jy, as being measured with the RATAN-600 radio telescope. The NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) map at 1.4 GHz shows a shell-like bilateral structure. The similar smoothed image from the Effelsberg survey at 2.7 GHz is discussed. The angular diameter 17' of a circular shell is fitted to brightness peaks meanwhile the outer diameter D_max = 18.4' and the width Delta_R=1' are fitted with the model of a spherical optically thin hollow shell. The surface brightness of G16.2-2.7: Sigma(1GHz)= (1+-0.1)10^{-21} W Hz^{-1}m^{-2}sr^{-1}. The peaks in the shell arcs are highly polarized at 1.4 GHz.
Optimality of inference in hierarchical coding for distributed object-based representations

Hierarchical approaches for representation learning have the ability to encode relevant features at multiple scales or levels of abstraction. However, most hierarchical approaches exploit only the last level in the hierarchy, or provide a multiscale representation that holds a significant amount of redundancy. We argue that removing redundancy across the multiple levels of abstraction is important for an efficient representation of compositionality in object-based representations. With the perspective of feature learning as a data compression operation, we propose a new greedy inference algorithm for hierarchical sparse coding. Convolutional matching pursuit with a L0-norm constraint was used to encode the input signal into compact and non-redundant codes distributed across levels of the hierarchy. Simple and complex synthetic datasets of temporal signals were created to evaluate the encoding efficiency and compare with the theoretical lower bounds on the information rate for those signals. Empirical evidence have shown that the algorithm is able to infer near-optimal codes for simple signals. However, it failed for complex signals with strong overlapping between objects. We explain the inefficiency of convolutional matching pursuit that occurred in such case. This brings new insights about the NP-hard optimization problem related to using L0-norm constraint in inferring optimally compact and distributed object-based representations.
Spectra, pseudospectra, and localization for random bidiagonal matrices

There has been much recent interest, initiated by work of the physicists Hatano and Nelson, in the eigenvalues of certain random, non‐Hermitian, periodic tridiagonal matrices and their bidiagonal limits. These eigenvalues cluster along a “bubble with wings” in the complex plane, and the corresponding eigenvectors are localized in the wings, delocalized in the bubble. Here, in addition to eigenvalues, pseudospectra are analyzed, making it possible to treat the nonperiodic analogues of these random matrix problems. Inside the bubble, the resolvent norm grows exponentially with the dimension. Outside, it grows subexponentially in a bounded region that is the spectrum of the infinite‐dimensional operator. Localization and delocalization correspond to resolvent matrices whose entries exponentially decrease or increase, respectively, with distance from the diagonal. This article presents theorems that characterize the spectra, pseudospectra, and numerical range for the four cases of finite bidiagonal matrices, infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Toeplitz operators”), finite periodic matrices, and doubly infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Laurent operators”). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planning in Dynamic Environments Through Temporal Logic Monitoring

We present a framework that enables online planning for robotic systems in dynamic environments. The PLANrm framework presented in this work utilizes the theory of robustness and monitoring of Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) specifications to inspect and modify available plans to both avoid obstacles and satisfy specifications in a dynamic environment. The use of MTL allows the practitioner to set complex event and timing based specifications that need to be satisfied in the execution of the plan. The monitoring algorithm inspects the possible paths in a bounded window and selects and adjusts a path to satisfy the specifications. In this paper, we present initial results on the framework and an extended summary of the algorithmic results. The approach is illustrated using a running example of a car-like model with a number of MTL specifications.
Noise and Aliasing Aspects in a Multiharmonic-Dielectric-Response-Measurement System

Dielectric-response measurements are commonly performed with frequency-domain spectroscopy, polarization/depolarization-current measurements, or return-voltage measurements. These techniques operate in a frequency or time domain, and all have high requirements on the voltage source in order to acquire accurate results. This limits dielectric-response measurements to offline applications. A new technique, which is called arbitrary-waveform-impedance spectroscopy, has been developed, which makes use of the harmonics of any voltage waveform to perform dielectric-response measurements. The technique provides possibilities for online measurements facilitating the monitoring of materials and components in high-voltage applications. Here, the different aspects of the measurement system are presented, including circuit modeling, normalization, and discussions on aliasing and noise; all of them are necessary to control in order to perform accurate measurements.
Agents for Traffic Simulation

Vehicular traffic is a classical example of a multi-agent system in which autonomous drivers operate in a shared environment. The article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in microscopic traffic modeling and the implications for simulation techniques. We focus on the short-time dynamics of car-following models which describe continuous feedback control tasks (acceleration and braking) and models for discrete-choice tasks as a response to the surrounding traffic. The driving style of an agent is characterized by model parameters such as reaction time, desired speed, desired time gap, anticipation etc. In addition, internal state variables corresponding to the agent's "mind" are used to incorporate the driving experiences. We introduce a time-dependency of some parameters to describe the frustration of drivers being in a traffic jam for a while. Furthermore, the driver's behavior is externally influenced by the neighboring vehicles and also by environmental input such as limited motorization and braking power, visibility conditions and road traffic regulations. A general approach for dealing with discrete decision problems in the context of vehicular traffic is introduced and applied to mandatory and discretionary lane changes. Furthermore, we consider the decision process whether to brake or not when approaching a traffic light turning from green to amber. Another aspect of vehicular traffic is related to the heterogeneity of drivers. We discuss a hybrid system of coupled vehicle and information flow which can be used for developing and testing applications of upcoming inter-vehicle communication techniques.
Low Profile Vertically Polarized Omnidirectional Wideband Antenna With Capacitively Coupled Parasitic Elements

This communication presents a low profile and electrically small wideband antenna with omnidirectional radiation pattern and vertical polarization. A novel design approach manipulating the topology of a low profile folded monopole antenna with capacitively coupled parasitic elements in the same plane is presented to achieve omnidirectional radiation pattern. The 10-dB return loss fractional bandwidth of 43% is achieved with the dimension of 0. 2λLF ×0. 2λLF ×0. 06λLF where λLF is the wavelength at the lowest frequency of the operation. Unlike the convention wideband λ/4 monopole antennas utilizing inductively coupled parasitic elements, the λ/2 folded monopole antenna allows for positioning the capacitively coupled parasitic elements in the middle of the antenna where maximum electric stored energy is formed. This, together with reducing the lateral dimension of the folded monopole antenna, enables the cancellation of radiated fields from electric currents in the horizontal plane of the proposed antenna, which is essential to achieve vertically polarized omnidirectional radiation. The compact parasitic elements introduce additional resonances that significantly increase the antenna bandwidth. Effects of design parameters on two resonant frequencies and impedance matching to a 50 Ω feed are investigated using the equivalent circuit model of the parasitic element and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Based on this analysis, a design procedure to optimize the antenna topology is established.
A Patch-Based Approach for the Segmentation of Pathologies: Application to Glioma Labelling

In this paper, we describe a novel and generic approach to address fully-automatic segmentation of brain tumors by using multi-atlas patch-based voting techniques. In addition to avoiding the local search window assumption, the conventional patch-based framework is enhanced through several simple procedures: an improvement of the training dataset in terms of both label purity and intensity statistics, augmented features to implicitly guide the nearest-neighbor-search, multi-scale patches, invariance to cube isometries, stratification of the votes with respect to cases and labels. A probabilistic model automatically delineates regions of interest enclosing high-probability tumor volumes, which allows the algorithm to achieve highly competitive running time despite minimal processing power and resources. This method was evaluated on Multimodal Brain Tumor Image Segmentation challenge datasets. State-of-the-art results are achieved, with a limited learning stage thus restricting the risk of overfit. Moreover, segmentation smoothness does not involve any post-processing.
Simplified Three-Level Five-Phase SVPWM

A simplified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is proposed for a three-level five-phase inverter. The proposed method generates the duty cycle of the three-level inverter switches based on dwell times of the two-level inverter and carrier index. The proposed method automatically determines the eligible vectors, region, and switching sequence of optimized five vectors based on the modulation index. Out of 243 available vectors, 113 most eligible vectors are used for generation of desired voltage reference in main subspace, while zeroing the average voltage in the auxiliary subspace by using the proper switching sequence. This method also uses the redundant vectors in each subcycle thus balances the dc-link capacitor voltages and no additional algorithm or techniques are needed to balance the dc-link capacitor voltage. The identification of the reference location with the carrier index using the signum function simplifies the algorithm implementation. Thus, the proposed method eases the implementation of optimum five vectors to a greater extent. Based on only changing the carrier index, the proposed method can be easily extended for any multiphase multilevel (5, 7,., n) inverter. The simulation and hardware results of the three-level five-phase inverter validate the proposed simplified method.
Polysome transitions and the regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli.

Determination of RNA synthesis: The culture was incubated in standard medium with 4 Ag/ml uracil-2-C'4 (0.5 mc/mmole). Samples of 0.5 ml were withdrawn at various times and pipetted directly into cold, 6% trichloroacetic acid. The cells were collected by filtration onto Millipore filters, washed with 5% trichloroacetic acid, dried, and placed into scintillation vials containing 10 ml of toluene scintillation fluid.6 The vials were counted in a Nuclear-Chicago scintillation counter.
Inotropic therapy for the failing myocardium

I have read with interest the review article by Shipley and Hess on inotropic therapy for the failing myocardium. 1 was astonished to read their assertion that lower doses of digoxin decreased mortality in heart failure patients. This assertion was repeated three times-in the Summary, the discussion of digoxin, and the Conclusion. Unfortunately, this statement is not supported by any evidence in the literature. The role of digoxin in influencing survival is detined by the DIG Trial, the results of which are forthcoming at the ACC meeting in March of 1996. Similarly, their statement that “much lower doses of digoxin were employed (serum concentrations 0.7-1.75 mg/nil) than were achieved with traditional digitalization” needs explanation. What is traditional digitalization and what is the serum concentration of digoxin in traditional digitalization? As a regular reader of your journal, especially the editorial page and the review articles, and because of the wide circulation o f this journal especially among cardiology fellows, I would appreciate clarification of the above mentioned points.