Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal movement patterns and habitat use of westslope cutthroat trout in two headwater tributary streams of the John Day River

approved: _____________________________________________________________ Robert E. Gresswell Radiotelemetry was used to study the seasonal movements and habitat use of adult westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in Roberts Creek and Rail Creek, headwater tributaries of the John Day River, Oregon, from September 2000 to December 2001. The objectives were to (1) describe adult cutthroat trout life history in headwater streams by comparing seasonal movement patterns, and (2) assess seasonal habitat selection by comparing habitat use to availability. For seasonal comparison, only fish that survived with an active transmitter throughout winter, spring, and summer were used in the analysis. Sample size was 17 (mean fork length, 241mm) on Roberts Creek and 9 (mean fork length, 252 mm) on Rail Creek. In winter and summer, radiotagged fish were relatively sedentary on both Roberts Creek (median home ranges, 35 and 104 m, respectively) and Rail Creek (median home ranges, 104 and 112 m). In spring, 65% of fish in both streams moved over 100 m upstream to spawn; upstream movements were as long as 1,138 m (median, 271 m) on Roberts Creek and as long as 3,771 m (median, 311 m) on Rail Creek. Postspawning movements downstream were common; 82% of fish on Roberts Creek and 57% on Rail Creek showed homing behavior, returning in summer to the same channel unit they inhabited in winter. Fish length was positively correlated to total movement distance in spring on Roberts Creek but not on Rail Creek. Over 86% of the surface area of both creeks consisted of fast-water channel units. Instream large wood created the majority of habitat heterogeneity in both streams and radiotagged cutthroat trout were strongly associated with large wood pools throughout the year, . Plunge pools were positively selected throughout the year on both streams. Headwater-resident populations of cutthroat trout are often considered nonmigratory; however, these radiotagged fish showed fluvial migratory behavior. These results demonstrate that habitat heterogeneity and connectivity are important life history requirements for fluvial headwaterresident cutthroat trout. ©Copyright by Steven J. Starcevich December 1, 2005 All Rights Reserved Seasonal Movement Patterns and Habitat Use of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in Two Headwater Tributary Streams of the John Day River by Steven J. Starcevich
Cusp width and Bz : Observations and a conceptual model

Because a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field B/sub z/ enhances dayside merging, leading to an equatorward motion of the equatorward edge of the cusp, one might suppose that the cusp latitudinal width whould be larger for a southward B/sub z/ condition. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F7 observations confirm two previous case studies showing that the cusp low-altitude latitudinal extent is actually narrower when B/sub z/ is southward than when B/sub z/ is northward. The earlier studies dealt with intense geomagnetic storms; examples presented here show that it is routine to observe a narrowing of the cusp width following a southward turning of B/sub z/. In addition, we present a simple conceptual model that shows how enhanced tailward convection of the newly opened field lines during periods of southward B/sub z/ can account for the observed narrowness. copyright American Geophysical Union 1987
On the Use of Low-power Devices, Approximate Adders and Near-threshold Operation for Energy-efficient Multipliers

With the rising importance of power consumption in battery-powered devices, approximate computing techniques have emerged as a promising approach to strike a balance between exact computation and power savings, leading to improved delays. This paper investigates the combination of near-threshold operation and approximate adders to design power-efficient multipliers. We analyzed four multiplier architectures using 16 nm low-power and high-performance models. At the transistor level, three strategies for approximate full adders are explored, focusing on both partial product reduction and the final addition stage of the multipliers. Eleven test cases are thoroughly evaluated to identify the most suitable approximate circuit, considering the trade-offs among power, performance, and accuracy. The obtained results demonstrate a substantial reduction in power consumption at near-threshold operation. The replacement of exact full adders with the approximate copy strategy in the least significant bits of the multipliers leads to a reduction of up to 34.4% in power consumption and 19.2% in delay. The design-space exploration carried out in this study provides valuable insights for designers to choose the best approximate multiplier based on specific design requirements.
Large-Scale Circulation Variability and Impacts on North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones

Abstract : Analysis of the relationships between different phases of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) with tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) is conducted. The relationships between ENSO and IOD are compared. Statistical analysis reveals a relationship exists. Each oscillation was examined to measure its statistical significance to TC activity in the NIO. The statistical examination was performed on the phases of each oscillation singularly and then all possible phase combinations of the three oscillations occurring concurrently. Analysis through combining concurrent occurrences of climatic oscillations indicates an increased statistical significance to TC activity in the NIO.
Teaching reflection in service-learning: disciplinary differences in conception and practice

ABSTRACT Faculty from diverse disciplines are involved in teaching service-learning where reflection is an essential component. This qualitative study explores disciplinary differences in understanding reflection and use of reflective pedagogy. We interviewed faculty (N = 24) from 18 departments to examine differences in how they conceive and practice reflective pedagogy in service-learning courses. We found that disciplinary differences are a factor in how faculty conceive and practice reflection. Faculty from health and social care disciplines demonstrated an advantage compared to colleagues from other fields. Further, we found that how faculty conceive reflection is a factor in reflective practice. Conceptualizations of reflection, which are more student-referent or learner-focused, correlate with the more intense and effective practice of reflective pedagogy.
A performance evaluation of a burned area object-based classification model when applied to topographically and non-topographically corrected TM imagery

Operational use of remote sensing as a tool for post-fire Mediterranean forest management has been limited by problems of classification accuracy arising from confusion between burned and non-burned land, especially within shaded areas. Object-oriented image analysis has been developed to overcome the limitations and weaknesses of traditional image processing methods for feature extraction from high spatial resolution images. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of an object-based classification model developed for burned area mapping, when applied to topographically and non-topographically corrected Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery for a site on the Greek island of Thasos. The image was atmospherically and geometrically corrected before object-based classification. The results were compared with the forest perimeter map generated by the Forest Service. The accuracy assessment using an error matrix indicated that the removal of topographic effects from the image before applying the object-based classification model resulted in only slightly more accurate mapping of the burned area (1.16% increase in accuracy). It was concluded that topographic correction is not essential prior to object-based classification of a burned Mediterranean landscape using TM data.
Preparation of Idebenone as a Thermosetting Nasal Gel for Better Bioavailability and Histopathological Effect

Background Idebenone is an extensively metabolized drug with poor water solubility that is used to treat Leiber’s hereditary optical neuropathy. Objective This study aims to prepare idebenone nanoemulsion as a poloxamer-based nasal gel to overcome the extensive rate of hepatic metabolism for better bioavailability and lower histopathological effect on the nasal mucosa. Methods The formulation strategy was based on eliciting mutual concentration reduction between the nanoemulsion and the carrier gel by setting their gelation temperature between 30-32°C to overcome the mucociliary dose washout. The o/w nanoemulsions rely on cremophor EL and transcutol as an emulsifying system to stabilize idebenone-loaded lemongrass oil. The spontaneous emulsification method was used to prepare nanoemulsions that were characterized by zeta sizer while the thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared using the cold method. In-vitro dissolution test and ex-vivo permeation study through excised sheep nasal mucosa were performed to evaluate the enhanced permeation ratio, rate of permeation, and permeation coefficient. The histopathological effect of direct application on sheep nasal mucosa was studied using optical microscopy to evaluate cellular toxicity. Results The formula prepared from NE1 with poloxamer 407: poloxamer188 in concentrations 10:3% w/w respectively showed almost complete drug release in 120 minutes due to complete polymers blend erosion. Furthermore, thermosensitive nano-emulgel at a temperature of gelation 31.8°C was obtained at much lower concentrations of poloxamer 407 (10%) compared to previous studies. Nanoemulsions retained their globular size below 100nm due to further gel entrapment stabilization. Conclusions Drug permeation through excised sheep nasal mucosa elicited an increase in enhanced permeation ratio to 20.3 times and other flux kinetics parameters compared to those of IDB oil dispersion. Direct cellular toxicity showed a minor inflammatory response characterized by serous infiltration of inflammatory cells and edema. In contrast, most of the epithelial cells retained their histological characteristics compared to control slides. Received: Mar. 2023 Accepted: Aug 2023 Published: Oct.2023
Frequency-domain Acoustic Modeling and Inversion in the Logarithmic Grid Set

Since seismic modeling and inversion are performed using finite-sized models, boundary conditions are necessary to remove edge reflections arising from boundaries. Although several boundary conditions were developed and have been used for seismic modeling, it is not easy to remove edge reflections perfectly using those boundary conditions for some cases. In this study, we propose using the logarithmic grid set for an edge-reflection-free seismic modeling algorithm and apply it to acoustic modeling and inversion. For modeling and inversion in the logarithmic grid set, wave equation and source position should be converted to the logarithmic grid set and interpolation is required to convert data from the logarithmic grid set to the conventional grid set or reversely. The logarithmic grid set can allow us to achieve computational efficiency when the record length is not too long. Our algorithms are based on the finite-difference method, the gradient method using the new pseudo-Hessian matrix for scaling and the conjugate gradient method. We verify the acoustic modeling and inversion techniques performed in the logarithmic grid set for the Marmousi-2 model. Numerical results demonstrate that the modeling and inversion techniques for the logarithmic grid set give reasonable solutions.
Quadriceps Strength, Postural Stability, and Pain Mediation in Bilateral Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparative Analysis with Healthy Controls

Bilateral knee osteoarthritis (OA) poses significant challenges to individuals’ functional abilities, including quadriceps strength, postural stability, and pain perception. Understanding the complex relationships among these factors is crucial for enhancing knee OA management strategies. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate and draw comparisons between the strength of the quadriceps and the level of postural stability in two distinct groups: individuals afflicted with bilateral knee OA and those who are healthy. Furthermore, the study seeks to examine the potential correlation between the strength of the quadriceps and the level of postural stability in individuals with knee OA. In addition to this, an investigation into the potential mediating effect of pain on the relationship between these physiological factors will also be conducted. A total of 95 participants with bilateral knee OA and 95 healthy controls were recruited. Quadriceps strength was assessed using dynamometry and postural stability was evaluated through anterior–posterior and medial–lateral sway measurements along with the ellipse area using a force plate. Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Mediation analysis was employed to explore the role of pain in mediating the relationship between quadriceps strength and postural stability. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, and mediation analysis. Knee OA participants exhibited significantly lower quadriceps strength (1.08 Nm/kg ± 0.54) compared to controls (1.54 Nm/kg ± 0.57, p < 0.001). They also demonstrated compromised postural stability with increased anterior–posterior sway (9.86 mm ± 3.017 vs. 2.98 mm ± 1.12, p < 0.001), medial–lateral sway (7.87 mm ± 2.23 vs. 3.12 mm ± 1.34, p < 0.001), and larger ellipse area (935.75 mm2 ± 172.56 vs. 436.19 mm2 ± 135.48, p < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between quadriceps strength and postural stability variables (r = from −0.43 to −0.51, p < 0.001). Pain significantly mediated the relationship between quadriceps strength and postural stability variables (p < 0.05). This study highlights the associations between quadriceps strength, postural stability, and pain mediation in individuals with bilateral knee OA. Our findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions addressing quadriceps weakness and compromised postural stability. Additionally, the mediation effect of pain underscores the complexity of these relationships, offering insights for more effective management strategies.
Porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

Volumetric muscle loss is a traumatic injury which overwhelms the innate repair mechanisms of skeletal muscle and results in significant loss of muscle functionality. Tissue engineering seeks to regenerate these injuries through implantation of biomaterial scaffolds to encourage endogenous tissue formation and to restore mechanical function. Many types of scaffolds are currently being researched for this purpose. Scaffolds are typically made from either natural, synthetic, or conductive polymers, or any combination therein. A major criterion for the use of scaffolds for skeletal muscle is their porosity, which is essential for myoblast infiltration and myofiber ingrowth. In this review, we summarize the various methods of fabricating porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration, as well as the various types of materials used to make these scaffolds. We provide guidelines for the fabrication of scaffolds based on functional requirements of skeletal muscle tissue, and discuss the general state of the field for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
Foldon fusion of RBD and S1 fragments of SARS‐CoV‐2 to stabilize the structure of subunit protein as a vaccine candidate

The COVID‐19 pandemic threatened public health around the world at the same time as highlighting the urgency of vaccine development. Subunit vaccines are safe and effective vaccine types that utilize parts of viruses to trigger the body’s immune response. Previous research has shown that fusion of the spike protein with the foldon domain (fd) achieved the trimeric form to increase the protein stability of the recombinant subunit protein spike from SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV, thus exceeding the immune response in the body. The study aims to observe the expression of RBD‐fd and S1‐fd recombinant proteins from the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 in CHO‐K1 mammalian cells and investigate the binding activity of those proteins with hACE2 receptors, expressed in HEK293T cells using immunofluorescence staining. The plasmids were transiently transfected into the cells, followed by antibiotic selection using G418 as an initial stage to select the positive stable transformants. Protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting and showed an estimated size for monomeric RBD‐fd of 35 kDa and S1‐fd of 55 kDa. However, the trimeric form of the proteins was not observed. In addition, immunofluorescence staining showed the binding activity between the RBD‐fd and S1‐fd proteins and hACE2 expressing cell line, revealing binding and an internalization process.
Response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to increasing atmospheric CO2: Sensitivity to mean climate state

The dependence on the mean climate state of the response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is investigated in 17 increasing greenhouse gas experiments with different initial conditions. The AMOC declines in all experiments by 15% to 31%, with typically the largest declines in those experiments with the strongest initial AMOC. In all cases, changes in surface heat fluxes, rather than changes in surface freshwater fluxes, are the dominant cause for the transient AMOC decrease. Surface freshwater fluxes actually switch from reducing the transient AMOC decrease, for low values of atmospheric CO2, to reinforcing the transient AMOC decrease, for higher values of atmospheric CO2. In addition, we find that due to changes in the strengths of feedbacks associated with water vapour and snow/sea ice, the climate sensitivity and transient climate response of the UVic model strongly depends on the mean climate state.
A T-EOF Based Prediction Method

Abstract A new statistical time series prediction method based on temporal empirical orthogonal function (T-EOF) is introduced in this study. This method first applies singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to extract dominant T-EOFs from historical data. Then, the most recent data are projected onto an optimal subset of the T-EOFs to estimate the corresponding temporal principal components (T-PCs). Finally, a forecast is constructed from these T-EOFs and T-PCs. Results from forecast experiments on the El Nino sea surface temperature (SST) indices from 1993 to 2000 showed that this method consistently yielded better correlation skill than autoregressive models for a lead time longer than 6 months. Furthermore, the correlation skills of this method in predicting Nino-3 index remained above 0.5 for a lead time up to 36 months during this period. However, this method still encountered the “spring barrier” problem. Because the 1990s exhibited relatively weak spring barrier, these results indicate that the T-EOF bas.
Electrochemical Sensors for Liquid Biopsy and Their Integration into Lab-on-Chip Platforms: Revolutionizing the Approach to Diseases

The screening and early diagnosis of diseases are crucial for a patient’s treatment to be successful and to improve their survival rate, especially for cancer. The development of non-invasive analytical methods able to detect the biomarkers of pathologies is a critical point to define a successful treatment and a good outcome. This study extensively reviews the electrochemical methods used for the development of biosensors in a liquid biopsy, owing to their ability to provide a rapid response, precise detection, and low detection limits. We also discuss new developments in electrochemical biosensors, which can improve the specificity and sensitivity of standard analytical procedures. Electrochemical biosensors demonstrate remarkable sensitivity in detecting minute quantities of analytes, encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, and circulating tumor cells, even within challenging matrices such as urine, serum, blood, and various other body fluids. Among the various detection techniques used for the detection of cancer biomarkers, even in the picogram range, voltammetric sensors are deeply discussed in this review because of their advantages and technical characteristics. This widespread utilization stems from their ability to facilitate the quantitative detection of ions and molecules with exceptional precision. A comparison of each electrochemical technique is discussed to assist with the selection of appropriate analytical methods.
Mechanisms of virus removal during transport in unsaturated porous media

Previous studies suggest that sorption of colloidal particles onto the air‐water interface is an important mechanism for enhanced retention and retardation during transport in unsaturated systems. In this study, bacteriophages øX174 and MS‐2 and Br− tracer were introduced into sand columns of various water contents as a step function under constant flow rates. The results showed that when a “reactive” (water washed) sand was used, the retention of both Φ;X174 and MS‐2 increased significantly at low water saturation levels. However, when an “inert” (metals and metal oxides removed) sand was used, the effect of water content was minimal, although observable. These results suggest that in the presence of reactive solid surfaces, increased reactions at the solid‐water interface rather than at the air‐water interface dominates in virus removal and transport under unsaturated conditions. A model that incorporated reactions at both the solid‐water and air‐water interfaces was developed and successfully applied to the data.
Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence

A comprehensive review and extension of the theoretical bases for the measurement of the characteristics of rain and snow with vertically pointing Doppler radar are presented. The drop size distribution in rain can be computed from the Doppler spectrum, provided that the updraft can be estimated, but difficulties are involved in the case of snow. Doppler spectra and their moments are computed for rain by using various power law relations of fall speed υ versus particle diameter D and an exponential fit to the actual fall speed data. In the former case, there is no sharp upper bound to the spectra and all the spectral moments increase with rainfall rate R without limit; in the latter case, there is a sharp upper bound of the spectra corresponding to the limiting terminal velocity of raindrops, and the spectral moments approach an asymptote. Accordingly, the power laws are useful approximations over only limited ranges of precipitation rate. A comparison of theoretical and experimental mean Doppler velocity 〈υ〉 as a function of radar reflectivity factor Z shows that the empirical relation 〈υ〉 = 2.6Z0. 107 of J. Joss and A. Waldvogel seems to be the only practical relation; even so, the scatter in 〈υ〉 is about ±1 m sec−1. This is also the kind of error to be expected in measuring updraft speeds by present methods. Such updraft errors result in unacceptably large errors in the drop number concentration estimated from Doppler spectra. In the absence of updrafts the mean Doppler velocity 〈υ〉 is uniquely related to Λ, the slope of the exponential drop size distribution. Simultaneous measurements of Z and 〈υ〉 can then be used to estimate N0, Λ, D0, M, and R, where N0 is the intercept of the exponential drop size distribution at D = 0, D0 is the median volume diameter, and M is the liquid-water content.