Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localized ionospheric disturbance over the earthquake epicentre and modifications of Schumann resonance electromagnetic fields

The impact of seismogenic ionosphere non-uniformity is considered on the Schumann resonance (SR) signals observed both in the vertical electric and two orthogonal horizontal magnetic field components. The model is able to interpret the anomalous signals observed in Japan in possible association with the earthquakes (EQs) in Taiwan. Changes in the SR intensity arise from a localized reduction of the ionosphere over the EQ epicentre. Signals in the regular Earth–ionosphere cavity are described by using the knee model of vertical conductivity profile. It is suggested that pre-seismic and seismic activity lowers the knee altitude by 20 km at the centre of disturbance, and the perturbation has the Gaussian radial dependence in the 1 Mm zone. The diffraction problem in the cavity with a localized disturbance is resolved by using the Stratton–Chu integral equation. The data of Optical Transient Detector are used to model the source distribution. A pronounced modification is obtained in the intensity around the fourth mode frequency in a form of abrupt spectral changes. The model data are found to be similar to observations, and properties of the model seismic anomalies are discussed.
Predicting Motor Sequence Learning in People With Parkinson Disease

Background and Purpose: Skill acquisition (ie, performance changes during practice) occurs in a nonlinear fashion. Despite this, motor learning is typically measured by comparing discrete timepoints. Thus, typical measures of motor learning do not detect skill acquisition characteristics that may be clinically meaningful. Reliable prediction of motor skill learning in people with Parkinson disease (PD) would allow therapists to more effectively individualize practice doses to fit specific patients' needs. The purposes of this study were to (a) characterize postural skill acquisition in people with PD, and identify factors (such as acquisition rate and practice dose to plateau) that predict learning, and (b) investigate whether levodopa medication (L-dopa) status during practice impacted learning. Methods: Twenty-seven adults with PD practiced a postural motor task over 3 days, followed by 2 retention tests. Participants were randomized to practice either ON or OFF L-dopa. Data for repeating and random sequences were each analyzed using nonlinear curve-fitting and mixed-effects regressions. Learning was defined as pretest minus retention test performance. Results: Participants with less physical impairment demonstrated less learning on the repeating and random sequence tasks compared with participants with more impairment. Participants who improved faster during practice demonstrated less learning on the repeating sequence task compared with participants who improved more slowly. Reaching plateau during practice was not related to learning. L-dopa did not impair learning. Discussion and Conclusions: Participants' skill acquisition characteristics were related to learning a postural motor task. Patient-specific factors, such as the rate of skill acquisition, level of physical function, and medication status, may influence how postural motor practice is delivered during balance rehabilitation. Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A250).
Correction [to “Demonstration of 26Mg excess in Allende and evidence for 26Al”]

The first two paragraphs of this paper were omitted from the January 1976 issue due to an oversight by the AGU Office. We report the discovery of a large anomaly in the isotopic composition of Mg in a Ca-Al rich chondrule from the Allende meteorite. This anomaly is manifest independently of instrumental fractionation and is due to an enrichment of about 1.3 percent in 26Mg while the abundances of 25Mg and 24Mg are terrestrial in value. There is a strong correlation in this chondrule between the 26Mg excess and the Al/Mg ratio so that the most plausible cause of the anomaly is the in situ decay of now extinct 26Al (τ½ = 0.72 × 106 yr). Mineral phases extracted from a Ca-Al-rich aggregate have distinct Al/Mg but show identical, small Mg anomalies which are apparent after correction for fractionation (δ26Mg = 0.3%). These data indicate that this aggregate was isotopically homogenized in a high Al/Mg environment after the decay of 26Al had occurred or that some of the Mg anomalies are due to effects other than in situ decay of 26Al.
A knowledge-based system for the computation of land cover mixing and the classification of multi-spectral satellite imagery

This paper describes the use of a knowledge-based system to manage a library of image processing programs which performs the computation of land cover mixing in pixels of a multi-spectral satellite image. This system has been developed to help naturalists, such as geologists, pedologists, or foresters who are not specialists in computer vision. It automatically processes the data coming from satellites. The role of such a system is to convert the requirements of a user, expressed in terms of user requests, into the correct image processing commands. Consequently, the users can concentrate their attention on the interpretation of the results and not on the data management. Finally, some examples are shown.
[Validation of the Spanish version of the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale in the general population].

INTRODUCTION Interest in the existence of anomalous perceptions in the general population has increased greatly over recent years. Because of this, it has been possible to extend the knowledge regarding the theory of psychosis as a dimensional model. This study has aimed to validate the Spanish version of the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS) the general population. METHOD A descriptive, controlled and cross-sectional study was performed. It evaluated 324 participants from the general population with the Spanish translation of the CAPS, the 21-item Peter et al. Delusions Inventory, the Revised Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale and the reduced Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). RESULTS The results indicate that the Spanish version of the CAPS has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Analysis of the relationship with other scales indicates evidence of good convergent and divergent validity and the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the CAPS showed a structure with three consistent factors. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish version of the CAPS is a valid and reliable psychometric measure of the anomalous perceptual experiences in the general population.
Petrogenesis of Ordovician igneous rocks in the southern part of the Welsh Basin

Abstract During early Ordovician times volcanic and high-level intrusive activity occurred at numerous centres across North Pembrokeshire. Previous work suggested a geochemical transition in this activity from calcalkaline through to tholeiitic with time. However, new data indicate more extensive calc-alkaline magmatism and that both magma types were coeval. The origin of the calcalkaline magmas remains equivocal, but the tholeiitic magmas appear to have been derived from a source similar to N-type MORB, variably modified by supra-subduction zone fluids, combined with some fractionation during ascent. These data are consistent with emplacement in a supra-subduction zone marginal basin.
SIDESWIPE REFLECTIONS AND OTHER EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL REFLECTIONS FROM SALT PLUGS IN THE NORWEGIAN-DANISH BASIN*

Sideswipe, foreswipe and backswipe reflections are described from salt plugs situated in the Norwegian-Danish Basin (southern part of the Norwegian sector of the North Sea). These external reflections can be mapped and are shown to define the shoulders of a salt plug. Physical three-dimensional models are described which aid in visualizing the various aspects of the external reflection process. Refracted waves which have been internally reflected in a salt plug have also been identified.
Evaluating thermal response tests using parameter estimation for thermal conductivity and thermal capacity

Thermal response tests (TRT) record the temperature variation of closed-loop shallow borehole heat exchangers (BHE) due to fluid circulation. The average change of fluid temperature is directly related to the rock thermal conductivity λ around the well. If environmental and experimental conditions satisfy the usual experimental standards, TRT can predict effective ground thermal conductivity within an error of approximately ±10%. This accuracy is generally accepted as sufficient for an appropriate prediction of the geothermal heat yield. However, the line source approach (on which the analysis of the TRT experiment is based) does not allow us to derive thermal capacity independently from thermal conductivity, and the soil thermal capacity ρc is usually assumed constant here. We calculate the response temperature of a synthetic TRT experiment as a reference for a subsequent joint estimation of rock thermal conductivity and thermal capacity. Within a reasonable computing time, a comprehensive parameter estimation is impossible, if coupled fluid flow and heat transport in the BHE tubes are explicitly simulated. Therefore, we substitute the BHE tube by a constant heat source with diffusive heat transport only. Although this simplification limits the application of the method to synthetic TRT data, we perform a systematic study of the method's accuracy to analyse thermal capacity with respect to data noise and test duration. Finding the minimum misfit with respect to the reference experiment, we obtain both thermal conductivity and thermal capacity, i.e. more information on ground thermal properties than the line source theory can provide. The effect of the additional information on the ground thermal capacity is demonstrated by a numerical simulation of a real TRT, where the fluid flow and the heat transport within the BHE tube are explicitly simulated. Nevertheless, thermal capacity is generally variable within ±20% for the same rock type. In our analysis, this uncertainty results in a variation of ±2% of the outlet temperature.
Suspected Mt. Pinatubo aerosol impact on the NOAA AVHRR NDVI over India

Abstract During regular analysis of the biweekly NOAA AVHRR based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for drought assessment over India, significantly low values were observed over South India from August 1991 until early 1992. These low values are likely to be due to the effect of aerosol from Mt. Pinatubo eruption in early June 1991. A comparison of NDVI data sets averaged over one degree latitude belts and at different districts over India during 1991 and previous years, indicated lowered NDVI values while ground checks ruled out the contributory effect of drought stress. Analysis of the AVHRR Band 1 and Band 2 values (DN) over sample sites between pre- and post-eruption periods showed disproportionate reduction in band values, thus affecting the NDVI.
Key Aspects of A Horizon Formation for Selected Buried Soils in Late Holocene Alluvium; Southern Prairies, USA

Two soil profiles containing multiple buried soils were described and sampled to determine the relative impact of past alluvial sedimentation and melanization on buried A horizon formation. Total organic carbon content (TOC), particle size analysis, and soil morphology were combined to detect buried soils and determine the influence of melanization, cumulization, sedimentation, and welding on A horizon formation. The incorporation of phytolith content supported the interpretations made by combining TOC, soil morphology, and clay-free sand content in all but one of the seven surface and buried soils investigated. Soils predominantly formed by melanization, but two thick and dark buried A horizons formed by cumulization during multiple small flood events. Large flood events, as identified by medium to thick beds, were common throughout the soil profiles, marked the top of the buried A horizons, and ended periods of soil formation. Phytolith content versus depth mirrored changes in TOC and can be used as a proxy for soil stabilization by plants. The addition of diatom identification to grass-type phytolith analysis assisted in the recognition of a period of excess wetness during soil formation for one buried soil.
Young Danube delta documents stable Black Sea level since the middle Holocene: Morphodynamic, paleogeographic, and archaeological implications

New radiocarbon and optical dates show that the Holocene Danube delta started to build out of a Black Sea embayment 5200 yr ago. Delta lobe development phases differ by as much as 5 k.y. from previously proposed ages. The new chronology allows for a better understanding of the Danube delta paleogeography, includ- ing the demise of Istria, the main ancient Greek-Roman city in the region. Prior reconstructions of sea level in the Black Sea inferred fluctuations to 15 m in range; however, stratigraphy of beach ridg- es in the delta shows that the relative Black Sea level for the past 5 k.y. was stable in the Danube delta region within 2 m and 1.5 of the current level. Hydroisostatic effects related to a proposed catastrophic reconnection of the Black Sea to the World Ocean in the early Holocene may have been responsible for the sea level reaching the highstand earlier than estimated by models. The new sea-level data suggest that submergence at several ancient settle- ments around the Black Sea may be better explained by local fac- tors such as subsidence rather than by basin-wide sea-level fluctuations.
Observations of the oceanic thermal skin in the Atlantic Ocean

An extensive set of measurements made along a transect of the Atlantic Ocean covering a latitude range of between 52°N and 20°S have been used to investigate the characteristics of the bulk (BSST) minus skin (SSST) sea surface temperature difference (A T). A T is highly variable and has an overall mean value of 0.35 K ±0.35 K, a daytime mean value of 0.49 K ±0.39 K and a nighttime mean value of 0.27 K ±0.28 K. ΔT in all cases has no dependence on the amount of cloud cover. At low wind speeds, ΔT increases as the wind speed increases. At a wind speed > 10 m s -1 , wind induced turbulence reduces AT to a mean value of zero, and there is no evidence of any further wind speed dependency. The fact that a negligible AT exists in high wind speed conditions suggests that it can be appropriate to use BSST observations to validate satellite SSST measurements and that these are the preferred conditions in which to merge satellite-derived SSST and pseudo-BSST data. The variability of AT found in the data indicate that it is unwise to assume a mean global AT of 0.3 K. A comparison between several parameterizations of ΔT shows that such parameterizations are unable to describe the ΔT values found in this data set.
Three-dimensional velocity structures of Mount Fuji and the South Fossa Magna, central Japan

[1] We present the three-dimensional structures of the P wave velocity (VP), S wave velocity (VS) as well as the P wave to S wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) beneath Mount Fuji and the South Fossa Magna, Japan, using arrival time data collected from 2002 to 2005 by a dense seismograph array. The high-resolution data set and improved methodology reveal not only several velocity features that are consistent with previous studies but also important new details that clarify the velocity structures associated with volcanic processes beneath Mount Fuji and the collision tectonics of the South Fossa Magna. One such particular feature is a low-VP, low-VS and low-VP/VS anomaly at depths of 7–17 km beneath Mount Fuji that corresponds with the locations of deep low-frequency (DLF) earthquakes. The coincidence of the velocity anomaly and the DLF locations suggests that supercritical volatile fluid, such as H2O and CO2, may be abundant in the low-VP/VS region and may play an important role in generating DLF earthquakes. This anomaly overlies a deeper low-VP, low-VS and high-VP/VS anomaly at depths of 15–25 km that may represent a zone of basaltic partial melt. A low-VP, low-VS and low-VP/VS anomaly is seen at depths of 6–14 km beneath Mount Hakone. Isovelocity surfaces (VP = 6.0 km/s and VS = 3.5 km/s) corresponding to the upper limit of hypocenter distribution below Mount Fuji may define the upper surface of the Philippine Sea plate whose existence in a seismic gap beneath Mount Fuji has been controversial.
Evaluation of calibration methods for interpreting soil salinity from electromagnetic induction measurements

The EM-38 electromagnetic induction sensor of Geonics Ltd. (Canada) is a most useful instrument for rapid field identification and mapping of soil salinity. Interpretation of instrument measurements in terms of meaningful parameters of soil salinity is difficult, however, due largely to the non-uniform response distribution with depth. Various models have been proposed that allow the conversion of measurements made on this instrument to the electrical conductivity of the bulk soil (EC a , as measured with the four-electrode probe) or EC of the saturation extract (EC e ). Seven of these models were evaluated in this study by comparing predicted with measured values. Four allow the estimation of EC a at 0.30-m depth intervals down to 0.90 m, two allow the estimation of a single valued EC e , weighted for instrument response with depth, and one estimates EC e for 030-m intervals down to 0.90 m. The performance of the models varied greatly, and likely reasons for poor prediction are discussed. For the model that produced the most accurate estimate of EC a , the estimated values were, based on 95% confidence limits, within 0.8 dS m -1 of the values predicted using the regression equations. For the models that predict weighted EC e , the corresponding value was typically about 2.2 dS m -1 . While salinity measurements made with the EM-38 are not highly accurate, the strength of the technique is that measurements of reasonable accuracy can be made very rapidly. Categories of soil salinity for large areas can be readily established, which represents useful information for salinity management and certain research applications.
A comparison of simulated and measured lake ice thickness using a Shallow Water Ice Profiler

In northern regions where observational data is sparse, lake ice models are ideal tools as they can provide valuable information on ice cover regimes. The Canadian Lake Ice Model was used to simulate ice cover for a lake near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada throughout the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 ice covered seasons. To validate and improve the model results, in situ measurements of the ice cover through both seasons were obtained using an upward‐looking sonar device Shallow Water Ice Profiler (SWIP) installed on the bottom of the lake. The SWIP identified the ice‐on/off dates as well as collected ice thickness measurements. In addition, a digital camera was installed on shore to capture images of the ice cover through the seasons and field measurements were obtained of snow depth on the ice, and both the thickness of snow ice (if present) and total ice cover. Altering the amounts of snow cover on the ice surface to represent potential snow redistribution affected simulated freeze‐up dates by a maximum of 22 days and break‐up dates by a maximum of 12 days, highlighting the importance of accurately representing the snowpack for lake ice modelling. The late season ice thickness tended to be under estimated by the simulations with break‐up occurring too early, however, the evolution of the ice cover was simulated to fall between the range of the full snow and no snow scenario, with the thickness being dependant on the amount of snow cover on the ice surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural human dimensions research: The role of qualitative research methods

As alluded to above, the social sciences have been labeled “soft” science as opposed to “hard” science in many policy and scientific dialogues. Yet, if understanding people is not hard, why do the biggest challenges still exist on the “social side of the equation”? I believe that one of the reasons we know so little about human behavior in agriculture is that the field is often limited to using surveys as the primary means of answering questions. Subsequently, it is constrained in the types of questions that can be asked and answered. A review of human dimensions work in major agricultural journals reveals that the majority of published studies use a quantitative, survey approach. Yet, often these quantitative studies are unable to definitively and objectively answer many of the important questions facing agriculture today. For example, the Natural Resource Social Science Lab in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University reviewed 25 years of survey-based agricultural Best Management Practices (BMP) adoption literature and found some general trends but no one factor or set of factors that consistently determined farmers' adoption of conservation practices (Prokopy et al. 2008). The reviewed studies often used similar types of questions without…
Geochemical evolution of the Horoman peridotite complex: Implications for melt extraction, metasomatism, and compositional layering in the mantle

Major and trace element compositions and isotopic ratios of Sr and Nd were determined for bulk rocks and their constituent clinopyroxenes from the Horoman peridotite complex, Japan. Al 2 O 3 , CaO, and heavy rare earth elements (HREE) contents of peridotites generally decrease from plagioclase lherzolite through spinel lherzolite to spinel harzburgite, indicating simple melt extraction from a single source. However, the extremely large variations in isotopic ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.7019 to 0.7066, e Nd = + 110 to -10) and trace element compositions ([Ce/Yb] N = 0.006 to 4.0) cannot be explained by a simple melt extraction mechanism. The samples can be divided into two groups: one suite has depleted isotopic and light REE (LREE) characteristics (DP), while the other suite shows enriched isotopic and LREE signatures (EP). Sm-Nd isotope systematics of whole-rock DP samples yield an isochron age of 833 ± 78 Ma with an initial 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratio of 0.5119 ± 2, which is identical to the isotopic composition of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source mantle at that time. The relationship between MgO and Yb abundances of whole rocks shows that melt extraction was initiated at pressures near the garnet and spinel Iherzolite transition. Peridotites that formed at different depths presently occur in close proximity to each other, sometimes within tens of meters. The chemical and isotopic signatures of the EP samples can be explained by mixing between mantle residue and an isotopically and more incompatible element enriched fluid derived from a subducted slab. These observations suggest that the small-scale compositional layering observed in the complex may have formed in a wedge mantle by water-enhanced thinning and folding of metasomatized peridotites which had previously developed large-scale simple stratification as a result of melt extraction beneath a mid-ocean ridge.