Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fair Routing for Overlapped Cooperative Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, as wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely diffused, multiple overlapping WSNs constructed on the same area become more common. In such a situation, their lifetime is expected to be extended by cooperative packet forwarding. Although some researchers have studied about cooperation in multiple WSNs, most of them do not consider the heterogeneity in the characteristics of each WSN such as battery capacity, operation start time, the number of nodes, nodes locations, energy consumption, packet size and/or data transmission timing, and so on. In a heterogeneous environment, naive lifetime improvement with cooperation may not be fair. In this paper, we propose a fair cooperative routing method for heterogeneous overlapped WSNs. It introduces an energy pool to maintain the total amount of energy consumption by cooperative forwarding. The energy pool plays a role of broker for fair cooperation. Finally, simulation results show the excellent performance of the proposed method.
Sea surface temperature variability off north-west Africa : 1981-1989

Abstract A temporal and spatial Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis has been performed on monthly maximum sea surface temperature (SST) satellite data over eight years (July 1981-August 1989) to examine the SST patterns of variability off north-west Africa. The first temporal EOF mode (75 per cent) represents the cooling and warming cycle over the region. The temporal amplitudes show an interannual variability with 1982 summer temperatures abnormally much colder, immediately preceding the largest El Nino phenomenon of the century. The second temporal mode (9 per cent) distinguishes a large-scale behaviour of the northern and southern areas of the region, the two areas being out of phase presumably related to the variability of the wind field. The first spatial EOF mode (66 per cent), which resembles the mean of all images, is stronger in fall, with a smaller second maximum at the beginning of spring. The second spatial mode (10 per cent) shows the coastal upwelling region where a seaward extensio.
Nonlinear spectral density estimation: thresholding the correlogram

Traditional kernel spectral density estimators are linear as a function of the sample autocovariance sequence. The purpose of this article is to propose and analyse two new spectral estimation methods that are based on the sample autocovariances in a nonlinear way. The rate of convergence of the new estimators is quantified, and practical issues such as bandwidth and/or threshold choice are addressed. The new estimators are also compared with traditional ones using flat‐top lag‐windows in a simulation experiment involving sparse time‐series models.
Nmyc upregulation by sonic hedgehog signaling promotes proliferation in developing cerebellar granule neuron precursors

Hedgehog pathway activation is required for expansion of specific neuronal precursor populations during development and is etiologic in the human cerebellar tumor, medulloblastoma. We report that sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling upregulates expression of the proto-oncogene Nmyc in cultured cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) in the absence of new protein synthesis. The temporal-spatial expression pattern of Nmyc, but not other Myc family members, precisely coincides with regions of hedgehog proliferative activity in the developing cerebellum and is observed in medulloblastomas of Patched (Ptch) heterozygous mice. Overexpression of Nmyc promotes cell-autonomous G1 cyclin upregulation and CGNP proliferation independent of Shh signaling. Furthermore, Myc antagonism in vitro significantly decreases proliferative effects of Shh in cultured CGNPs. Together, these findings identify Nmyc as a direct target of the Shh pathway that functions to regulate cell cycle progression in cerebellar granule neuron precursors.
A 4.8-Gb/s mixed-mode CMOS QPSK demodulator for 60-GHz wireless personal area networks

A mixed-mode QPSK demodulator for 60-GHz wireless personal area network application is demonstrated. The prototype chip realized by 60-nm CMOS process can demodulate up to 4.8-Gb/s QPSK signals at 4.8-GHz carrier frequency. At this carrier frequency, the demodulator core consumes 54 mW from 1.2-V power supply while the chip area is 150 × 150 µm2. Using the fabricated chip, transmission and demodulation of 1.7-GSymbol/s QPSK signal in 60-GHz link is demonstrated.
A scalable solution to minimum cost forwarding in large sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks offer a wide range of challenges to networking research, including unconstrained network scale, limited computing, memory and energy resources, and wireless channel errors. We study the problem of delivering messages from any sensor to an interested client user along the minimum-cost path in a large sensor network. We propose a new cost field based approach to minimum cost forwarding. In the design, we present a novel backoff-based cost field setup algorithm that finds the optimal costs of all nodes to the sink with one single message overhead at each node. Once the field is established, the message, carrying dynamic cost information, flows along the minimum cost path in the cost field. Each intermediate node forwards the message only if it finds itself to be on the optimal path, based on dynamic cost states. Our design does not require an intermediate node to maintain explicit "forwarding path" states. It requires a few simple operations and scales to any network size. We show the correctness and effectiveness of the design by both simulations and analysis.
The scaling of green space coverage in European cities

Most people on the planet live in dense aggregations, and policy directives emphasize green areas within cities to ameliorate some of the problems of urban living. Benefits of urban green spaces range from physical and psychological health to social cohesion, ecosystem service provision and biodiversity conservation. Green space coverage differs enormously among cities, yet little is known about the correlates or geography of this variation. This is important because urbanization is accelerating and the consequences for green space are unclear. Here, we use standardized major axis regression to explore the relationships between urban green space coverage, city area and population size across 386 European cities. We show that green space coverage increases more rapidly than city area, yet declines only weakly as human population density increases. Thus, green space provision within a city is primarily related to city area rather than the number of inhabitants that it serves, or a simple space-filling effect. Thus, compact cities (small size and high density) show very low per capita green space allocation. However, at high levels of urbanicity, the green space network is robust to further city compaction. As cities grow, interactions between people and nature depend increasingly on landscape quality outside formal green space networks, such as street plantings, or the size, composition and management of backyards and gardens.
Consolidation Characteristics and Undrained Strength of Saturated Soft Clay under Repeated Impact Loading

The consolidation characteristics of saturated soft clay under repeated impact loading are studied by laboratory tests. Particularly, the influence of drainage conditions on consolidation and reconsolidation of soft clay are analyzed in detail. The uniqueness of the relationship between pore water pressure and reconsolidation volumetric strain is described, and the methods for determining the coefficient of reconsolidation volume compressibility and the reconsolidation compression index are given. It is demonstrated that the samples undergoing several stages of impact and reconsolidation show an apparent quasi-overconsolidation state, and have an increased shear strength. Models for predicting the deformation and the undrained strength of soft clay foundation from impact loading are also suggested. In the models, the conditions of partial drainage and stages of impact are taken into account. Calculated results by the present models are in good agreement with the test data.
Metropolis-Hasting techniques for finite-element-based registration

In this paper, we focus on the design of Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques in a statistical registration framework based on finite element basis (FE). Due to the use of FE basis, this framework has specific features. The main feature is that displacement random fields are Markovian. We construct two hybrid Gibbs/Metropolis-Hasting algorithms which take fully advantage of this Markovian property. The second technique is defined in a coarse-to-fine way by introducing a penalization on the sampled posterior distribution. We present some promising results suggesting that both techniques can accurately register images. Experiments also show that the penalized technique is more robust to local maxima of the posterior distribution than the first technique. This study is a preliminary step towards the estimation of model parameters in complex image registration problems.
Particle injections with auroral expansions

We compare the onset of dispersionless energetic particle injections, observed as a sudden increase of energetic (tens to hundreds of keV) electron and ion fluxes on a timescale of ∼1 min, with the start of auroral breakups. A total of 34 dispersionless injections observed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites are analyzed, and their corresponding auroral breakups are determined with global auroral images acquired from the Polar ultraviolet imager. An important finding is that dispersionless injections can actually be associated with substorm intensification. The injection time at LANL relative to the start of auroral breakups varies from −2 to 8 min and can sometimes be more than 10 min. The average lag time for the injections compared to the auroral breakups is 1.8 min with a standard deviation of 2.5 min. It is suggested that particle energization must take place in the magnetotail ∼l min earlier than the start of the explosive auroral substorm onset, while the delay of the injections at LANL is due to a propagation effect. An implied average earthward injection boundary is estimated to be ∼ 6.9 – 9.2 RE. Further analysis of the delay time indicates that the transport of substorm injections is associated with the enhancement of convection electric field by a factor of ∼5, corresponding to an earthward convection flow speed of 5 – 120 km s−1. Dispersionless injections can take place in a fairly wide magnetic local time (MLT) region from 2000 to 0100 MLT with a peak at 2200 MLT, where auroral breakups occur most frequently. More importantly, dispersionless injections have ionospheric footprints clustered around the location of auroral breakup within ±1 hour of MLT, further supporting the concept of the close relationship between the substorm injections and the auroral breakups.
Cultural differences in the health information environments and practices between Finnish and Japanese university students

Introduction. The aim of this study was to identify cultural differences in the information environment and information practices, namely active seeking and encountering, of web-based health information between Finnish and Japanese university students. Method. The data were gathered with a Web-based survey among first-year university students at the University of Oulu, Finland, in 2007, and the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in 2008. Analysis. The data were analysed quantitatively with SPSS 17.0 for Windows using mainly cross-tabulations and Chi-squared tests. Findings. The statistically significant differences focused on the general information environment, and to the information practices used within several health information topics, including weight management related topics. Conclusion. The cultural differences may influence the seeking of Web-based health information and should be examined more thoroughly in future studies, which should be apply both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Depth profile analysis: STEM‐EDX vs. RBS

Results obtained from scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray imaging (EDX) and from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) of implanted and multilayered structures are compared in order to demonstrate the depth profiling capabilities of both analysis methods, especially at interfaces. Typical samples for dilute and concentrated systems are compared. The dilute system is represented by Ge nanoclusters in an amorphous SiO 2 , matrix on a Si substrate produced by ion implantation and subsequent annealing. The concentrated system of alternating Ag-Al multilayers (typical thickness ∼200 nm) is produced by evaporation on Si substrates under high vacuum conditions. A significant advantage of STEM-EDX is the two-dimensional mapping and depth profiling of light and heavier elements in heavy-Z substrates (depth scale in nanometres) without the lack of a deteriorating depth resolution at increasing depth, as happens in RBS.
Treatment of severe proliferative lupus nephritis: the current state

Despite the development of new modalities, cyclophosphamide (CYC) remains the preferred initial treatment for severe proliferative lupus nephritis. Controversies continue about the best route, dosage, and duration of CYC treatment. For recalcitrant disease, new immunosuppressive and immunomodulating agents, immunoablative high dose CYC, nucleoside analogues, apheresis, and the biological response modifiers can be considered.
Enhanced Data Transmission in Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks are tiny devices that are deployed in various environments with less security. Providing security for the Wireless Sensor Networks is difficult while transmission of data to each other in the network. Clustering, a technique in which all the sensor nodes are binded together to form a group of clusters with a Cluster Head to aggregate data from the sensor nodes and then send the data to the Base station. Two protocols for providing security to Cluster Wireless Sensor Networks while transmitting data are SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS. The two proposed protocols uses Identity based cryptography for symmetric key encryption to solve the orphan node problem and increases the performance of the Cluster Wireless Sensor Networks when compared with the existing protocols. Proposed protocols are compared with other clustering protocols for performance metrics like number of alive nodes, system life time and energy consumption. SET- IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols provide security based on Diffie Hellman and Discrete logarithm problems.
Grid code requirements concerning connection and operation of wind turbines in Germany

This paper discusses issues of German grid codes relating to wind turbines. With the high utilization of wind power a simultaneous loss of several thousand MW wind generation became a realistic scenario in the German power system. Therefore, the main requirements concern the fault ride through capability of wind turbines. Accordingly, disconnection of wind turbines and wind farms above 15 % nominal voltage at the grid connection nodes is not allowed. Besides, following network faults wind turbines have to supply a definite reactive current depending on the instantaneous voltage. Furthermore, they must return quickly to normal operation. The frequency range wind turbines have to tolerate is about 47.5-51.5 Hz. According to the wishes of German transmission grid operators, large wind farms have to be treated in the future like conventional power plants.
Two Phases in the Evolution of the Body Size of Dinosaurs

During the Late Triassic – Jurassic phase of the evolution of dinosaurs, their mean and maximum body size increased concurrently with increasing species diversity. On the contrary, in the Cretaceous, although the number of dinosaur species increased, the body size ultimately decreased. This might have been connected with the increase of the number of land masses and the decrease of their areas in the Late Cretaceous caused by global tectonics.
COMPORTAMIENTO DIARIO DEL MERCADO CONTINUO ESPAÑOL ANTE UN EVENTO LABORAL: UN ANALISIS EMPIRICO

The objective of this paper is to observe the reaction of the Spanish Stock Market tothe signature of a collective agreement at a company level, measuring abnormal returns,abnormal volume and the associated risk on the day the information reaches the market.Bearing in mind that this type of agreement tends to increase salaries with respect to those ofthe sector, the initial hypothesis is that a company agreement incorporates negativeinformation with the expectation of abnormal negative returns and positive volume on theevent day. The arrival of new information not only modifies the average expectedperformance of the group of companies concerned, but also affects performance volatility. Itis expected, according to the variant of the traditional hypothesis of market efficiency, thatrisk and expected performance will vary in the same direction, depending on the sign of theinformation on the company involved. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la reaccion del precio, volumen negociado y volatilidad de las acciones de las companias cotizadas en el mercado continuo espanol ante la firma de un convenio colectivo a nivel empresa. Teniendo en cuenta que este tipo de convenios sesga al alza los salarios respecto a los del sector, la hipotesis de partida es que un convenio de empresa incorpora informacion que podria considerarse de forma negativa por los inversores. Esto conllevaria la venta de los titulos de tal empresa y una caida en su precio. Por tanto, esperamos encontrar incrementos en el volumen negociado acompanados de rendimientos negativos para estas empresas en torno a la fecha del acontecimiento. Los resultados generales de este trabajo confirman esta hipotesis, si bien se observan reacciones distintas dependiendo del sector al cual pertenezca la empresa. Por otro lado, la llegada de la nueva informacion que contiene la firma del convenio, podria afectar a la volatilidad especifica de dichos rendimientos. Cabe esperar, segun la variante de hipotesis tradicional de eficiencia de mercado, que si la nueva informacion reduce la incertidumbre sobre los flujos futuros de las empresas que firman el convenio, la volatilidad especifica de las mismas sea menor a partir de esa fecha. Asi ocurre con los datos de nuestra muestra.
3.8 mW terahertz radiation generation over a 5 THz radiation bandwidth through large area plasmonic photoconductive antennas

We present a high-performance terahertz radiation source based on a two dimensional array of plasmonic photoconductive antennas. Use of plasmonic antennas enhances photocarrier concentration near terahertz radiating elements and allows a faster acceleration of photocarriers. Therefore, a much stronger dipole moment is induced in response to an incident optical pump and significantly higher optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies are achieved compared to conventional designs. We experimentally demonstrate record-high terahertz radiation power levels as high as 3.8 mW over 0.1-5 THz in response to a 240 mW optical pump beam, exhibiting one order of magnitude higher optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies compared to conventional designs.
Mapping first‐order controls on streamflow from drainage basins: the T3 template

Received 20 July 2006 Accepted 26 July 2006 Recent calls for drainage basin classification have highlighted the advantages of such efforts, including: identification of important controls on water fluxes and pathways; guidance on basin similarities and differences that could facilitate modelling and experimental approaches; and provision of a common language to assist in the discussions of inter-basin similarities and differences at regional, national, and global scales (McDonnell and Woods, 2004). There are several examples of basin classification in terms of hydrograph characteristics, such as the work of Richards (1990) and Poff et al. (1997) in North America and Harris et al. (2000) in the United Kingdom. These classification schemes have often been based on streamflow response, which integrates spatial patterns in hydrological processes that control streamflow measured at the gauging station (Beven, 2000), with the goal of identifying the linkages between streamflow properties and aquatic ecology. These classification efforts may be of considerable assistance in understanding the ecological significance of flow regimes and their management in order to protect or restore fluvial systems (Harris et al., 2000). However, their ability to infer the nature, magnitude, and spatial and temporal distribution of intra-basin hydrologic processes based on streamflow behaviour is limited. Information on the internal hydrologic behaviour of drainage basins is particularly needed to identify inter-basin similarities and differences in terms of their response to natural and anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. climatic change, fire, insect infestation, forest management, urban development). Alternative basin classification systems provide greater insight into the hydrologic controls on streamflow produced from drainage basins. One example is the ‘hydrologic landscapes’ concept proposed by Winter (2001) and colleagues (Wolock et al., 2004) for the United States. A statistical approach was used to subdivide the country into hydrologic landscape regions (HLRs) based on the combination of natural factors (climate, geology, topography) that are assumed to control the delivery of water to stream channels. Landscapes were delimited according to the balance between annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (P-PET), bedrock permeability, percent of sand content in soil cover, and topography. Cluster analysis was used to group over 40 000 basins (each ∼200 km2 in size) into 20 non-contiguous regions. Wolock et al. (2004) suggest that these HLRs can assist in a variety of environmental management efforts, such as water-quality sampling network design, synthesis of results
Relationship between photospheric currents and coronal magnetic helicity for force-free bipolar fields

Aims. The origin and evolution of the magnetic helicity in the solar corona are not well understood. For instance, the magnetic helicity of an active region is often about 10 42 Mx 2 (10 26 Wb 2 ), but the observed processes whereby it is thought to be injected into the corona do not yet provide an accurate estimate of the resulting magnetic helicity budget or time evolution. The variation in magnetic helicity is important for understanding the physics of flares, coronal mass ejections, and their associated magnetic clouds. To shed light on this topic, we investigate here the changes in magnetic helicity due to electric currents in the corona for a single twisted flux tube that may model characteristic coronal structures such as active region filaments, sigmoids, or coronal loops. Methods. For a bipolar photospheric magnetic field and several distributions of current, we extrapolated the coronal field as a nonlinear force-free field. We then computed the relative magnetic helicity, as well as the self and mutual helicities. Results. Starting from a magnetic configuration with a moderate amount of current, the amount of magnetic helicity can increase by 2 orders of magnitude when the maximum current strength is increased by a factor of 2. The high sensitivity of magnetic helicity to the current density can partially explain discrepancies between measured values on the photosphere, in the corona, and in magnetic clouds. Our conclusion is that the magnetic helicity strongly depends on both the strength of the current density and also on its distribution. Conclusions. Only improved measurements of current density at the photospheric level will advance our knowledge of the magnetic helicity content in the solar atmosphere.