Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Two Coverage-Based Software Reliability Models to Variations in the Operational Profile

Software in field use may be utilized by users with diverse profiles. The way software is used affects the reliability perceived by its users, that is, software reliability may not be the same for different operational profiles. Two software reliability growth models based on structural testing coverage were evaluated with respect to their sensitivity to variations in operational profile. An experiment was performed on a real program (SPACE) with real defects, submitted to three distinct operational profiles. Distinction among the operational profiles was assessed by applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Testing coverage was measured according to the following criteria: all-nodes, all-arcs, all-uses, and all-potential-uses. Reliability measured for each operational profile was compared to the reliabilities estimated by the two models, estimated reliabilities were obtained using the coverage for the four criteria. Results from the experiment show that the predictive ability of the two models is not affected by variations in the operational profile of the program.
Fuzzy adaptive guard channel assignment strategy for handoff in PCS system

The known channel allocation schemes in a personal communications service (PCS) operating with fixed guard channels for handoff calls can lead to failure in utilizing the limited channels since the handoff traffic which depends on mobility of users is not always stationary. We use a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to generate proper guard channels according to the fluctuating handoff traffic pattern so as not to waste or not to lack the valuable resources. Also we introduce the fuzzy adaptive guard channel with handoff queueing scheme (FA GCHQS) which combines FLC with a previous guard channel plus queueing priority scheme (GCHQS). For performance evaluation we regard originating call blocking probability, handoff forced termination probability, and grade of service of the network as the system performance criteria. Finally we show that the proposed method yields better performance than that of a previous one through the analytical results of an M/M/C/K queueing model on an assumed handoff traffic pattern of a city environment.
Automatic Component-Wise Design of Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms

Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) are typically proposed, studied, and applied as monolithic blocks with a few numerical parameters that need to be set. Few works have studied how the algorithmic components of these evolutionary algorithms can be classified and combined to produce new algorithmic designs. The motivation for studies of this latter type stem from the development of flexible software frameworks and the usage of automatic algorithm configuration methods to find novel algorithm designs. In this paper, we propose an MOEA template and a new conceptual view of its components that surpasses existing frameworks in both number of algorithms that can be instantiated from the template and flexibility to produce novel algorithmic designs. We empirically demonstrate the flexibility of our proposed framework by automatically designing MOEAs for continuous and combinatorial optimization problems. The automatically designed algorithms are often able to outperform six traditional MOEAs from the literature, even after tuning their numerical parameters.
The psychology of food craving*

Cravings are hedonic responses to food, characterised by their intensity and their specificity. Food cravings are extremely common, reported by the majority of young adults. They are closely associated with liking but not synonymous with increased intake. Structured interviews and prospective incident accounts of food cravings have succeeded in revealing a richness of information about their character, their antecedents and their consequences. In addition, laboratory investigations are adding to what is being learned from field and clinical studies. Taking dieting as an example of an assumed influence on food craving, the outcomes of cross-sectional studies are mixed and unconvincing. Prospective and experimental research shows a clearer relationship. Dieting or restrained eating generally increase the likelihood of food craving while fasting makes craving, like hunger, diminish. Attempted restriction or deprivation of a particular food is associated with an increase in craving for the unavailable food. This relationship suggests a variety of underlying cognitive, conditioning and emotional processes, of which ironic cognitive processes, conditioned cue reactivity and dysphoric mood are prominent. Food cravings may also be self-attributions, accounting for why a highly-palatable but self-restricted food is (over-)consumed. Overall, the popularised account of cravings as elicited by specific nutritional need is having to give way to a more subtle and complex appreciation of human eating behaviour.
A comparison of index-based lempel-Ziv LZ77 factorization algorithms

Since 1977, when Lempel and Ziv described a kind of string factorization useful for text compression, there has been a succession of algorithms proposed for computing “LZ factorization”. In particular, there have been several recent algorithms proposed that extend the usefulness of LZ factorization, for example, to the calculation of maximal repetitions. In this article, we provide an overview of these new algorithms and compare their efficiency in terms of their usage of time and space.
What is a prescribing error?

Objective—To develop a practitioner led definition of a prescribing error for use in quantitative studies of their incidence. Design—Two stage Delphi technique. Subjects—A panel of 34 UK judges, which included physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, nurses and risk managers. Main outcome measures—The extent to which judges agreed with a general definition of a prescribing error, and the extent to which they agreed that each of 42 scenarios represented a prescribing error. Results—Responses were obtained from 30 (88%) of 34 judges in the first Delphi round, and from 26 (87%) of 30 in the second round. The general definition of a prescribing error was accepted. The panel reached consensus that 24 of the 42 scenarios should be included as prescribing errors and that five should be excluded. In general, transcription errors, failure to communicate essential information, and the use of drugs or doses inappropriate for the individual patient were considered prescribing errors; deviations from policies or guidelines were not. Conclusions—Health care professionals are in broad agreement about the types of events that should be included and excluded as prescribing errors. A general definition of a prescribing error has been developed, together with more detailed guidance regarding the types of events that should be included. This definition allows the comparison of prescribing error rates among different prescribing systems and different hospitals, and is suitable for use in both research and clinical governance initiatives. (Quality in Health Care 2000;9:232–237)
Compensating Frequency Response Mismatches in Time Interleaved Analog to Digital Converters

Time interleaving of multiple analog-todigital converters by multiplexing the outputs of (for example) a pair of converters at a doubled sampling rate is by now a mature concept—first introduced by Black and Hodges in 1980. Time interleaving of ADCs offers a conceptually simple method for multiplying the sample rate of existing high-performing ADCs. Time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADC) require mismatch calibration to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios. In this paper, we present a new blind technique for two channels Time-Interleaved Analog to Digital Converter’s with the improvement of frequency mismatches as well as time offset and bandwidth mismatches. The proposed method overcomes the limitation of traditional gain-timing mismatch model. Keywords— time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter, mismatch caliberation, frequency mismatches
MHD instability in differentially-rotating cylindric flows

The possibility that the magnetic shear-flow instability (MRI, also Balbus-Hawley instability) might give rise to turbulence in a cylindrical Couette flow is investigated through numerical simulations. The study is linear and the fluid is assumed to be incompressible and dierentially rotating with the rotation law = a+b=R 2 . The model is fully global in all three spatial directions with boundaries on each side; nite diusivities are also imposed. The computations are carried out for several values of the azimuthal wavenumber m of the perturbations in order to analyze whether or not non-axisymmetric modes are preferred, which in a nonlinear extension of the study nally might lead to a dynamo-generated magnetic eld. For magnetic Prandtl number of order unity we nd that with a magnetic eld the instability is generally easier to excite than without a magnetic eld. The critical Reynolds number for Pm = 1 is of the order of 50, independent of whether or not the nonmagnetic flow is stable. We nd that i) the magnetic eld strongly reduces the number of Taylor vortices, ii) the angular momentum is transported outwards and iii) for nite cylinders a net dynamo-alpha eect results which is negative (positive) for the upper (lower) part of the cylinder. For magnetic Prandtl number smaller than unity the critical Reynolds number appears to scale with Pm 0:65 . If this was true even for very small magnetic Prandtl numbers (e.g. for 10 5 , the magnetic Prandtl number of liquid sodium) the critical Reynolds number should reach the value of 10 5 which, however, is also characteristic of the nonlinear nite-amplitude hydrodynamic Taylor-Couette turbulence { so that we have to expect the simultaneous existence of both sorts of instabilities in related experiments. Similar phenomena are also discussed for cold accretion disks with their basically small magnetic Prandtl numbers.
$\varepsilon$ -Optimal Non-Bayesian Anomaly Detection for Parametric Tomography

The non-Bayesian detection of an anomaly from a single or a few noisy tomographic projections is considered as a statistical hypotheses testing problem. It is supposed that a radiography is composed of an imaged nonanomalous background medium, considered as a deterministic nuisance parameter, with a possibly hidden anomaly. Because the full voxel-by-voxel reconstruction is impossible, an original tomographic method based on the parametric models of the nonanomalous background medium and radiographic process is proposed to fill up the gap in the missing data. Exploiting this ldquoparametric tomography,rdquo a new detection scheme with a limited loss of optimality is proposed as an alternative to the nonlinear generalized likelihood ratio test, which is untractable in the context of nondestructive testing for the objects with uncertainties in their physical/geometrical properties. The theoretical results are illustrated by the processing of real radiographies for the nuclear fuel rod inspection.
Spatial Variability and Application of Ratios between BTEX in Two Canadian Cities

Spatial monitoring campaigns of volatile organic compounds were carried out in two similarly sized urban industrial cities, Windsor and Sarnia, ON, Canada. For Windsor, data were obtained for all four seasons at approximately 50 sites in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall) over a three-year period (2004, 2005, and 2006) for a total of 12 sampling sessions. Sampling in Sarnia took place at 37 monitoring sites in fall 2005. In both cities, passive sampling was done using 3M 3500 organic vapor samplers. This paper characterizes benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o, and (m + p)-xylene (BTEX) concentrations and relationships among BTEX species in the two cities during the fall sampling periods. BTEX concentration levels and rank order among the species were similar between the two cities. In Sarnia, the relationships between the BTEX species varied depending on location. Correlation analysis between land use and concentration ratios showed a strong influence from local industries. Use one of the ratios between the BTEX species to diagnose photochemical age may be biased due to point source emissions, for example, 53 tonnes of benzene and 86 tonnes of toluene in Sarnia. However, considering multiple ratios leads to better conclusions regarding photochemical aging. Ratios obtained in the sampling campaigns showed significant deviation from those obtained at central monitoring stations, with less difference in the (m + p)/E ratio but better overall agreement in Windsor than in Sarnia.
A Process-oriented Approach to Business Networking

The goal of this paper is to develop a model which helps companies in the “networked economy” to design and manage its cross-company business processes (Business Networking). Based on some case examples we recognize the importance of the process view when it comes to design business networks for implementation. We elaborate an approach which combines findings of network theory and business process re-engineering using results of coordination theory. To reduce complexity, we split the networking problem into five coordination areas. We find that describing business networks with the aid of coordination areas allows a networked enterprise to consistently orient itself towards the processes of its partners, in particular those of its customers and suppliers. Table of
Prevalence and determinants of unmet need for family planning in a district of eastern region of Nepal.

OBJECTIVES The unmet need for family planning is defined as the discrepancy between individual's contraceptive behaviors and their stated fertility preferences--The extent of which is very high in developing countries like Nepal. This study explores the unmet need and its determinants. METHODS Among the teaching district of B.P. Koirala institute of Health Sciences, in the Eastern Region of Nepal, a district was selected randomly to conduct a cross-sectional study. A total of 1079 women were selected using systematic random sampling. We compared different demographic variables and sex-ration to unmet need by using means, percentage and applied chi-squared test where applicable. RESULT The extent of unmet need is 25 percent with 9.5 percent for spacing and 15.5 percent for limiting. The mean age at marriage is 16(+/-3.2) years. A strong association of gender preferences towards male child and unmet need exist, which is highly significant. CONCLUSION Unmet need is high despite extensive family planning program in Nepal. Mean age at marriage below legal age, low female education and gender discrimination are the factors responsible for unmet need.
Development of robotic system with artificial vision for the evaluation of rehabilitation in underwater gait therapy

This paper describes the implementation of a robotic system using artificial vision as a computational tool developed for the evaluation of kinematic parameters during underwater gait therapy. This work is focused in the estimation of some angular kinematic variables during the gait process through video processing techniques. Two video acquisition protocols that differ in the limitations imposed to patients are proposed, these protocols lead to different processing methods. This study is entitled in a research project aimed at developing a tool that allows evaluating the underwater therapy benefits as part of the lower members' rehabilitation in patients that present human gait pathologies.
Wound Healing in Mice with High-Fat Diet- or ob Gene-Induced Diabetes-Obesity Syndromes: A Comparative Study

In the past, the genetically diabetic-obese diabetes/diabetes (db/db) and obese/obese (ob/ob) mouse strains were used to investigate mechanisms of diabetes-impaired wound healing. Here we determined patterns of skin repair in genetically normal C57Bl/6J mice that were fed using a high fat diet (HFD) to induce a diabetes-obesity syndrome. Wound closure was markedly delayed in HFD-fed mice compared to mice which had received a standard chow diet (CD). Impaired wound tissue of HFD mice showed a marked prolongation of wound inflammation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was delayed and associated with the disturbed formation of wound margin epithelia and an impaired angiogenesis in the reduced granulation tissue. Normal wound contraction was retarded and disordered. Wound disorders in obese C57Bl/6J mice were paralleled by a prominent degradation of the inhibitor of NFκB (IκB-α) in the absence of an Akt activation. By contrast to impaired wound conditions in ob/ob mice, late wounds of HFD mice did not develop a chronic inflammatory state and were epithelialized after 11 days of repair. Thus, only genetically obese and diabetic ob/ob mice finally developed chronic wounds and therefore represent a better suited experimental model to investigate diabetes-induced wound healing disorders.
The heavy path approach to Galton-Watson trees with an application to Apollonian networks

We study the heavy path decomposition of conditional Galton-Watson trees. In a standard Galton-Watson tree conditional on its size $n$, we order all children by their subtree sizes, from large (heavy) to small. A node is marked if it is among the $k$ heaviest nodes among its siblings. Unmarked nodes and their subtrees are removed, leaving only a tree of marked nodes, which we call the $k$-heavy tree. We study various properties of these trees, including their size and the maximal distance from any original node to the $k$-heavy tree. In particular, under some moment condition, the $2$-heavy tree is with high probability larger than $cn$ for some constant $c > 0$, and the maximal distance from the $k$-heavy tree is $O(n^{1/(k+1)})$ in probability. As a consequence, for uniformly random Apollonian networks of size $n$, the expected size of the longest simple path is $\Omega(n)$.
Problems in the simulation of bibliographic retrieval systems

The difficulty and expense of achieving valid and reliable tests of bibliographic retrieval systems has been attested to by many investigators. If tests are carried out with large operational systems, there are difficulties in experimentally controlling and modifying the variables. On the other hand, results from small experimental systems tend to be unreliable. An alternative approach to determining general relationships among the variables of a bibliographic or document retrieval system is computer simulation, both of the database and of the search process. Such a simulation is based on a probabilistic model of the document representatives, search statements, the search process and the characteristics of the search output. Before such models are used to determine actual relationships, however, they must be validated by comparison with existing databases, query sets and search outputs. Two types of investigations may be aided by bibliographic retrieval system simulation: (1) studies of efficient ways to store and retrieve bibliographic data, and (2) studies of effective ways to represent bibliographic items (documents) and queries (users' information needs). The former is concerned with analysing and comparing different data structures and access algorithms, the latter with analysing and comparing different document indexing and search statement formulation methods. The bibliographic retrieval systems models for the two types of investigations will not, in general, be the same. The two model types might be categorised as physical models and logical models, respectively. This chapter is concerned with the second type of simulation. Its purpose is:
Multidimensional measurement of exposure to music in childhood: Beyond the musician/non-musician dichotomy

Much research in music psychology characterizes the music background of its participants in a dichotomous manner, labeling participants as “musicians” and “non-musicians” or professionals and non-professionals. However, this terminology is inconsistent from study to study, and even more sophisticated measures fail to accurately represent music experiences; moreover, there is no standardized measure suitable for use with younger participants. This article presents a new measure, the Exposure to Music in Childhood Inventory, for capturing the amount and type of exposure to music activities suitable for use with children. Children from public and private school, aged 5 to 13 years old (N = 1006; M = 8.36 years old, SD = 1.5 years) completed the inventory, and through a combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis a two-factor solution was obtained. The first factor includes personal music listening activities, home musical environment and the influence of television and the internet; the second reflects more social, active and public elements of music-making, playing an instrument and performing. This scale is suitable for use in a wide range of future research to more accurately assess the kinds of music activities children have access to in a dimensional way, which can have a bearing on their understanding of music.
The influence of psychological capital, self-leadership, and mindfulness on work engagement

Psychological capital, self-leadership, and mindfulness are assumed to be theoretically linked with important implications for work engagement. This article presents a conceptual model by combining together, for the first time, psychological capital, self-leadership, mindfulness, and work engagement. The sample comprised 407 employees from a variety of organisations. The results showed that psychological capital has a positive influence on work engagement, that self-leadership is a stronger determinant of psychological capital than mindfulness, and that psychological capital fully mediates the influence of self-leadership on the dedication component of work engagement and partially mediates the self-leadership–vigour relationship and the influence of mindfulness on vigour and dedication – both components of work engagement. Overall, the data suggested the importance of developing employees’ personal resources in order to enhance work engagement.
Recommending Messages to Users in Social Networks: A Cross-Site Study

In this paper we produce an algorithm for presenting messages to users in social networks that integrates reasoning about the message, the author, the recipient and the social network. Our proposed model was derived on the basis of immersion within three different existing social networking environments, that of Courser a, Reddit, and medical self-help groups such as PatientsLikeMe. We first present three models, each of which is designed to perform well within the context of one specific social network. From here we derive a generalized model which can be effective regardless of social network context. We conclude with a discussion of possible directions for future research, with an emphasis on promoting the use of trust modeling and user modeling, in a view to exploring additional networks and include as well a comparison to competing models within the artificial intelligence literature. Our aim is to offer insights into coping with the massive amount of information that currently resides within our social networks.
"I thought she would like to read it": Exploring Sharing Behaviors in the Context of Declining Mobile Web Use

The use of applications on mobile devices has changed dramatically over the past few years. While web browsing was once a common activity, it's now reported that 86% of time on mobile phones is in apps other than the browser. We set out to understand how the mobile web was currently fitting into people's lives and what web sessions looked like. Finding a dramatic reduction in mobile web revisi-tation rates compared to previous work and that a large number of sessions comprised single page views, we then studied how web content was shared with others in mobile messaging, the source of many single page sessions. The HCI community has not heavily studied this sharing activity that many people perform daily. We conclude with design implications for new mobile applications from our two studies with a combined 287 participants where we studied actual logs of mobile web use and link sharing behavior.