Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of pooled data from three multinational phase 3 trials

Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that has been evaluated in three multinational phase 3 trials in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We analysed pooled data from the multinational trials to obtain the most precise estimates of the magnitude of treatment effect on measures of disease progression. All patients randomised to pirfenidone 2403 mg·day−1 or placebo in the CAPACITY or ASCEND studies were included in the analysis. Pooled analyses of outcomes at 1 year were based on the pre-specified end-points and analytic methods described in the ASCEND study protocol. A total of 1247 patients were included in the analysis. At 1 year, pirfenidone reduced the proportion of patients with a ≥10% decline in per cent predicted forced vital capacity or death by 43.8% (95% CI 29.3–55.4%) and increased the proportion of patients with no decline by 59.3% (95% CI 29.0–96.8%). A treatment benefit was also observed for progression-free survival, 6-min walk distance and dyspnoea. Gastrointestinal and skin-related adverse events were more common in the pirfenidone group, but rarely led to discontinuation. Analysis of data from three phase 3 trials demonstrated that treatment with pirfenidone for 1 year resulted in clinically meaningful reductions in disease progression in patients with IPF. Treatment with pirfenidone for 1 year results in clinically meaningful reductions in IPF disease progression http://ow.ly/StvBk
A family of 45nm IA processors

Nehalem is a family of next-generation IA processors for mobile, desktop and server segments implemented in 45nm high-κ metal-gate CMOS [1]. The family features a new system architecture, significantly enhanced Core architecture [2], innovations in power management and modular design. The 4-core 8MB-L3-cache die has 731M transistors. We introduce a coherent point-to-point link called QuickPath Interconnect that is the foundation for coherent communication between IA processors, chipsets, I/O hubs and coprocessors/ accelerators for multiple generations. It features advanced power management, RAS capabilities and reduced hops/latency. At the physical level, it uses unidirectional variable-width differential signaling. The 45nm implementation features current-mode signaling with cascode driver, clock forwarding, source and sink termination, per-bit skew compensation and 2-tap driver equalization, as showin in Fig. 3.2. 1. Signaling speed is up to 6.4GT/s in 45nm but the basic approach scales to 20GT/s using conventional copper interconnect [3].
Constitution, Choice and Change: Problems with the `Logic of Appropriateness' and its Use in Constructivist Theory

The debate between a moderate version of constructivist theory and rationalist theory centres primarily on the rationality of individual action. The article consists of an in-depth analysis of the `logic of appropriateness' (LoA) invoked in constructivist theory. The analysis reveals that the LoA is a structural explanation and understanding of individual action. As such, it is untenable as a theory of individual action. The implications of this structural bias are discussed in relation to three core claims of constructivist theory. Moderate constructivist theory claims, first, that norms are constitutive for actors' identities. Second, it claims that agents and structures are mutually constitutive. Third, it claims that changes in ideational structures do occur and lead to changes in political practice. I conclude that the LoA is able to account for the first of these claims, but that by virtue of being able to account for this claim, it is, at the level of a theory of individual action, inconsistent with the second, and unable to effectively account for the third.
Commitment and the role of ability in motivation: Comment on Wright, O'Leary-Kelly, Cortina, Klein, and Hollenbeck (1994).

Wright, O'Leary-Kelly, Cortina, Klein, and Hollenbeck (1994) claim that Tubbs (Tubbs & Dahl, 1991; Tubbs, 1993) has advocated the personal-goal-assigned-goal discrepancy as being the best measure of commitment, whereas they argue that a self-report assessment such as the one they have developed is the superior measure. However, because several conceptually distinct motivational concepts have been confused in the literature on commitment, the idea that any one measure can cover all of the discussed issues is inadequate
A formal security policy for an NHS electronic health record service

The ongoing NHS project for the development of a UK-wide electronic health records service, also known as the ‘Spine’, raises many controversial issues and technical challenges concerning the security and confidentiality of patient-identifiable clinical data. As the system will need to be constantly adapted to comply with evolving legal requirements and guidelines, the Spine’s authorisation policy should not be hard-coded into the system but rather be specified in a high-level, general-purpose, machine-enforceable policy language. We describe a complete authorisation policy for the Spine and related services, written for the trust management system Cassandra, and comprising 375 formal rules. The policy is based on the NHS’s Output-based Specification (OBS) document and deals with all requirements concerning access control of patient-identifiable data, including legitimate relationships, patients restricting access, authenticated express consent, third-party consent, and workgroup management.
General Principles and Individual Differences in the Self as a Habitual Reference Point: An Examination of Self-Other Judgments of Similarity

It has been suggested that the “self” is a relatively stable and habitually used reference point for interpreting social information. Three experiments that investigated this hypothesis by examining self-other judgments of similarity are reported. It has been demonstrated that habitual reference points create asymmetries in similarity judgments; using a feature-matching approach, these effects were examined in the context of self-other judgments of similarity. It was hypothesized that when judging the similarity of the self to others, subjects would focus their attention on the self, and judgments of similarity would be reduced to the extent that subjects were able to identify features of the self that are not shared by others. In contrast, it was hypothesized that when judging the similarity of others to the self, subjects would focus attention on others, and judgments of similarity would be reduced as more unique features of others were identified. It was posited that the self serves as a habitual refer.
Lay Theories of Emotion: 4. Reactions to Negative and Positive Emotional Episodes

Seven studies assessed the relation between lay theories of emotion (“threat” and “benefit” appraisal) and cognitions and behaviors in positive and negative emotional episodes. Studies 1 and 2 examined such a relation via the assessment of the habitual cognitions and behaviors persons evince in negative (Study 1) and positive emotional states. Studies 3 through 7 assessed whether and how appraisals of emotion affect some frequently observed cognitive-behavioral consequences of positive and negative affect induction, such as self-focused off-task cognitions, causal attribution, helping behavior, optimism, and creativity. Threat appraisal of emotion was related to negative self-evaluation, off-task cognitions, pessimism, and passivity during negative emotions, and to causal search during positive emotions. Benefit appraisal was related to active coping with, and emotional expressiveness of negative emotions and to the generalization of positive emotions to other behavioral-cognitive areas (altruism, optimism, creativity). The results are discussed in terms of a goal approach to emotion and personality.
Introduction to the City-Identity-Sustainability Research Network

This issue presents the results of an international research project centered on the relationships between the city, identity, and sustainability. The aim was to determine the extent to which the shape of the city—today the predominant human habitat—facilitates or complicates sustainable behaviors; the extent to which urban characteristics act as generating features of symbolism shared by the residents and help actively to construct a place identity in an individual and social sense; the extent to which social identity is the expression of the existence of formal and informal networks of mutual support that facilitate social cohesion or is the result of a process of categorical identification (in terms of Turner, 1987); and finally, whether the construct that we call identity is significantly associated with a propensity to sustainability. Via our study of these hypothetical relationships we make suggestions for the design of strategies to advance the new, positive social value of sustainability. The project was set up in 1996, proposed by the environmental psychology group at the University of Barcelona as part of the master’s degree program Environmental Intervention: People, Society and Management. Three groups in Latin America, North America, and northern Europe were invited to participate. The number of members grew quickly, reaching a total of 12 research teams. Finally, 6 teams finished their research work in 11 different places, and 3 more teams are still working on their local studies. Each local team sought its own funding, as there was no formal institutional or structural support for the general project. The City-Identity-Sustainability (CIS) Research Network is an example of the possibilities that the Internet offers to develop low-cost international projects. Four network meetings were carried out at congresses on environment and behavior studies in Europe and America. The research groups that participated in this special issue are the Psychology Institute of the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas, Esther
Rrp2, a Prokaryotic Enhancer-Like Binding Protein, Is Essential for Viability of Borrelia burgdorferi

ABSTRACT The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, exists in two diverse niches (i.e., an arthropod tick vector and mammalian host) during its enzootic life cycle. To effectively adapt to these unique environments, the bacterium alters the expression of numerous genes, including several major outer surface (lipo)proteins that are required for infection and transmission. An enhancer-binding protein (EBP), known as Rrp2, is one identified activator of the RpoN/RpoS alternative sigma factor cascade. Because initial efforts to generate an rrp2 deletion strain were unsuccessful, the role of Rrp2 in the activation of the RpoN/RpoS pathway was first defined using a strain of B. burgdorferi carrying an rrp2 point mutant that was defective in its ability to activate RpoN-dependent transcription. The fact that subsequent attempts to disrupt rrp2 have also been unsuccessful has led investigators to hypothesize that Rrp2 has other undefined functions which are essential for B. burgdorferi survival and independent of its EBP function. We used a lac-based inducible expression system to generate a conditional rrp2 mutant in virulent B. burgdorferi. In this strain, an isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible copy of the rrp2 gene is expressed in trans from a borrelial shuttle vector. We found that the chromosomal copy of rrp2 could be inactivated only when rrp2 was induced, and the maintenance of rrp2 expression was required for the growth of the mutants. In addition, the overexpression of rrp2 is detrimental to B. burgdorferi growth in a manner that is independent of the RpoN/RpoS pathway. These studies provide the first direct evidence that rrp2 is an essential gene in B. burgdorferi.
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience Synaptic Neuroscience

are interdependent (see for example Niemann et al., 2005; Graier et al., 2007; Gunter and Sheu, 2009 see also below). Experimental results obtained using drugs or mutations that interfere with one aspect of mitochondrial physiology thus need to be interpreted with care, as they may have numerous side effects. This review focuses on the role of presynaptic mitochondria in the control of synaptic vesicle (SV) function. In general, SVs can be attributed to three functionally different pools, termed the readily releasable pool, the recycling pool and the reserve pool (RP) (Rizzoli and Betz, 2005). Together, the readily releasable pool and the recycling pool, sometimes referred to as the exo-endo cycling pool (ECP), typically represent about 10–20% of the SVs and are released under moderate or intense neuronal activity, whereas vesi-cles from the RP are recruited only upon high frequency stimulation (Figure 2) (Kuromi and Kidokoro, 2005; Rizzoli and Betz, 2005). Based on these characteristics, different stimulation protocols have been developed that allow the specific mobilization of SVs from different pools as well as their labeling with fluorescent dyes (Kuromi and Kidokoro, 2002; Verstreken et al., 2008). Because the synaptic vesicle cycle involves numerous ATP-consuming steps and is tightly controlled by the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] cyto), vesicle cycling appears to be highly dependent on mitochondrial function. In the following sections we will review recent reports indicating how mitochondria can affect the distribution in pools and release properties of SVs. In particular, we reexamine experimental evidence which together indicate that these organelles are essential for synaptic vesicle release under conditions of intense neuronal activity through vesicle mobilization from the RP. Current studies dedicated to this link between mitochondria and the SV cycle
Prevention implications of peer influences on body image dissatisfaction and disturbed eating in adolescent girls

Abstract This paper reviews research reflecting on the relationship between peer and friendship factors, and body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors in adolescent girls, and considers the implications of these findings for prevention of poor body image and eating problems. It is suggested that the friendship and peer environment provides a subculture that may enhance or diminish the importance of thinness and engaging in weight loss strategies through talk, modeling of behavior, and teasing. Research regarding the impact of frequent negative social comparison in the body shape domain, quality of friendship relations, and heterosexual peer factors are examined. The role friends may play in discouraging unhealthy weight loss behaviors and supporting positive body image attitudes is also raised. In relation to primary prevention programs, the research suggests that activities conducted at the friendship group level may be powerful. The content of primary prevention programs could include identificatio.
Web Indexing on a Diet: Template Removal with the Sandwich Algorithm

Web pages contain both unique text, which we should include in indexes, and template text such as navigation strips and copyright notices which we may want to discard. While algorithms exist for removing template text, most rely on first completing a crawl and then parsing each page. We present a cheap and efficient algorithm which does not parse HTML and which requires only a single pass of the document. We have used two web corpora to investigate the performance of a retrieval system using our algorithm and have found similar effectiveness with an index 9–54% smaller. Further experiments using a marked-up corpus have shown 97% of desired lines are returned.
Multisymplectic Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalisms of Classical Field Theories

This review paper is devoted to presenting the standard multisymplectic formulation for describing geometrically classical field theories, both the regular and singular cases. First, the main features of the Lagrangian formalism are revisited and, second, the Hamiltonian formalism is constructed using Hamiltonian sections. In both cases, the variational principles leading to the Euler–Lagrange and the Hamilton–De Donder–Weyl equations, respectively, are stated, and these field equations are given in different but equivalent geometrical ways in each formalism. Finally, both are unified in a new formulation (which has been developed in the last years), following the original ideas of Rusk and Skinner for mechanical systems.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION of MIMO SYSTEMS WITH VARYING NUMBER OF TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS

In this paper it evaluates the BER (bit error rate) performance of MIMO system. MIMO uses multiple transmitting antennas, multiple receiving antennas and the space time block codes to provide diversity. MIMO transmits signal encoded by space time block encoder through different transmitting antennas. These signals arrive at the receiver at slightly different times. Spatially separated multiple receiving antennas are used to provide diversity reception to combat the effect of fading in the channel. This paper presents a detailed study of diversity coding for MIMO systems. Finally, these STBC techniques are implemented in MATLAB and Simulation results displays the BER performance of MIMO system with varying number of transmitting antennas and MSE performance for two channels under Rayleigh fading environment.
A century of generalization

Abstract We review data from both ethology and psychology about generalization, that is how animals respond to sets of stimuli including familiar and novel stimuli. Our main conclusion is that patterns of generalization are largely independent of systematic group (evidence is available for insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans), behavioural context (feeding, drinking, courting, etc.), sensory modality (light, sound, etc.) and of whether reaction to stimuli is learned or genetically inherited. These universalities suggest that generalization originates from general properties of nervous systems, and that evolutionary strategies to cope with novelty and variability in stimulation may be limited. Two major shapes of the generalization gradient can be identified, corresponding to two types of stimulus dimensions. When changes in stimulation involve a rearrangement of a constant amount of stimulation on the sense organs, the generalization gradient peaks close to familiar stimuli, and peak responding is not much higher than responding to familiar stimuli. Contrary to what is often claimed, such gradients are better described by Gaussian curves than by exponentials. When the stimulus dimension involves a variation in the intensity of stimulation, the gradient is often monotonic, and responding to some novel stimuli is considerably stronger than responding to familiar stimuli. Lastly, when several or many familiar stimuli are close to each other predictable biases in responding occur, along all studied dimensions. We do not find differences between biases referred to as peak shift and biases referred to as supernormal stimulation. We conclude by discussing theoretical issues.
Developmental expression of the prothoracicotropic hormone in the CNS of the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta

The prothoracicotropic hormone is an insect neuropeptide released into the hemolymph to signal molting and metamorphosis through its stimulation of steroidogenesis. The only known source of the prothoracicotropic hormone in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has been a group of lateral cerebral neurosecretory cells, the L‐NSC III. In this study, the developmental and spatial distribution of the prothoracicotropic hormone was examined throughout the life cycle of Manduca. In common with many vertebrates and invertebrates in which neuropeptides are located in several regions within the central nervous system (CNS), the prothoracicotropic hormone phenotype in Manduca is expressed by CNS neurons in addition to the L‐NSC III. These neurons are located in the brain, frontal ganglion, and subesophageal ganglion. One cerebral neurosecretory cell group, the ventromedial neurons, expresses the prothoracicotropic hormone phenotype and the behavioral neurohormone, eclosion hormone. Whereas the L‐NSC III and the ventromedial neurons express the peptide phenotype throughout the life cycle, the other neurons express the peptide only during the embryonic and larval stages. This precise spatial and temporal expression of the prothoracicotropic hormone by different groups of neurosecretory cells raises the possibility that in Manduca the peptide may, in addition to its known neuroendocrine function, play other physiological roles in different ways at different stages of the life cycle. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Preliminary Report of Oral Tactile Sensation and Responses to Delayed Auditory Feedback

Individual speakers vary widely in their reactions to delayed auditory feedback. In this pilot investigation, 21 adults with normal speech and hearing completed standardized readings under simultaneous and 200-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Minimally and maximally affected speakers were identified. Vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from the tongue and thenar eminence of the right hand for a group of five minimally and a group of five maximally affected speakers. Analysis showed that vibrotactile thresholds were lower (more sensitive) at both assessment sites for the group of maximally affected speakers. This finding is discussed in relation to the possible implications of heightened tactile sensitivity in the control of speech under delayed auditory feedback.
Perception of Consonants in Speech-Shaped Noise among Young and Middle-Aged Adults.

OBJECTIVE The present study was carried out to compare the consonant perception of young and middle-aged adults in quiet and noisy listening conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine adults aged between 18 and 55 years old participated in the study, and were separated into two groups based on their age: Group I, comprising 15 young adults aged between 18 and 40 years old, and Group II, comprising 14 middle-aged adults aged between 41 and 55 years old. All the participants had normal hearing sensitivity in both ears. RESULTS Consonant perception was better in favorable listening conditions for both young and middle-aged adults. Comparison of the consonant identification scores of young and middle-aged adults showed significantly poorer scores among middle-aged adults in both quiet and noisy listening conditions. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study reveal that middle-aged adults have small but significant consonant perception difficulties compared to younger adults in quiet and noisy listening conditions.
Team learning, top management support and new product development success

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between team learning, top management support (TMS) and new product development (NPD) success.Design/methodology/approach – This is a quantitative research by nature. A questionnaire derived from previous studies and covered by 27 NPD projects in the high‐tech semiconductor industry in Malaysia. Stepwise regression was adopted to test hypothesis.Findings – Out of the four independent variables, knowledge acquisition and information interpretation were found to have a signification relationship with NPD success. The findings also confirmed that TMS is a moderator in the relationship between team learning and NPD success.Research limitations/implications – The relationships investigated in this research deserve further investigation. Because the data analyzed were collected from the high‐tech semiconductor industry in Malaysia. More studies are required before general conclusion can be drawn.Practical implications – It is reasonable to conclude, on t.