Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of boundary layer ozone transport and photochemical production in east Asia in the wintertime

The transport and chemical transformation of boundary layer ozone in east Asia in January 1997 was investigated using the Models‐3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields calculated by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The predicted ozone concentrations were compared with ground‐level observations at four remote sites in Japan and it was found that the model reproduces many of the important features in the observations. Examination of several high ozone episodes indicates that elevated ozone levels are found in association with continental outflow. Net ozone production is found to occur during the daytime over the lower marine atmosphere, and this is also evident from the observations, demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of ozone precursors from the Asian continent. An analysis of the ozone budget indicates that the supply and loss of boundary layer ozone in east Asia in winter are dominated by photochemistry.
Case report: Calcifying fibrous tumor presenting as an asymptomatic pelvic mass

Abstract Calcifying fibrous tumor (CFT) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor most commonly found in the soft tissues of the extremities and pleura. It is characterized by hyalinized collagenous fibrous tissue, with bland spindle cells, psammomatous or dystrophic calcifications, and focal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. CFT of the gastrointestinal tract is exceedingly uncommon. We report a case of CFT arising from the small intestine and associated mesentery; this case was identified incidentally in an otherwise healthy 45-year-old man.
Design of a high-speed permanent-magnet machine for electrically-assisted turbocharger applications with reduced noise emissions

This paper addresses the issue of mitigating the noise emission of high-speed permanent-magnet (HSPM) machines. HSPM machines are increasingly used in a large field of applications for their power density and compactness. However, increasing the speed tends to intensify the noise emissions where more and more applications require a quiet operation. The focus of this paper is to propose a HSPM structure to cope with this problem that is also well-suited to competitive markets where cost is an important factor. First, high-speed machine topologies are briefly presented in the general case and a comparison between a reference PM slotted structure with tooth-coil windings and a slotless structure toroidally wound is made. Then, general considerations are given regarding the design parameters that impact the vibrational behavior with an analytical description and a three-dimensional (3-D) mechanical finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, the noise emission and losses for both machines are compared showing that the slotless toroidal machine can be a good candidate in this field of applications.
Neural Network Input Selection for Hydrological Forecasting Affected by Snowmelt 1

Abstract: Snowmelt largely affects runoff in watersheds in Nordic countries. Neural networks (NN) are particularly attractive for streamflow forecasting whereas they rely at least on daily streamflow and precipitation observations. The selection of pertinent model inputs is a major concern in NNs implementation. This study investigates performance of auxiliary NN inputs that allow short‐term streamflow forecasting without resorting to a deterministic snowmelt routine. A case study is presented for the Rivière des Anglais watershed (700 km2) located in Southern Québec, Canada. Streamflow (Q), precipitations (rain R and snow S, or total P), temperature (T) and snow lying (A) observations, combined with climatic and snowmelt proxy data, including snowmelt flow (QSM) obtained from a deterministic model, were tested. NN implemented with antecedent Q and R produced the largest gains in performance. Introducing increments of A and T to the NNs further improved the performance. Long‐term averages, seasonal data, and QSM failed to improve the networks.
Improved description of metal oxide stability: Beyond the random phase approximation with renormalized kernels

The renormalized adiabatic PBE (rAPBE) method has recently been shown to comprise a signiﬁcant improvement over the random phase approximation (RPA) for total energy calculations of simple solids and molecules. Here we consider the formation energies of 19 group I and II metal oxides and a few transition metal oxides. The mean absolute error relative to experiments is 0.21 eV and 0.38 eV per oxygen atom for rAPBE and RPA, respectively, and thus the rAPBE method greatly improves the description of metal-oxygen bonds across a wide range of oxides. The failure of the RPA can be partly attributed to the lack of error cancellation between the correlation energy of the oxide on the one hand, and the bulk metal and oxygen molecule on the other hand, which are all separately predicted much too negative by the RPA. We ascribe the improved performance of the rAPBE to its signiﬁcantly better description of absolute correlation energies which reduces the need for error cancellation. The rAPBE is just one out of an entire class of renormalised exchange-correlation kernels which should be further investigated.
Temperature Regime and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Alter Cotton Boll Development and Fiber Properties

Temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO{sub 2}] affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and development, but the interaction of these two factors on bill and fiber properties has not been studied. An experiment was conducted in naturally lit plant growth chambers to determine the influence of temperature and atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] on cotton (cv. DPL-51) boll and fiber growth parameters. Five temperature regimes were evaluated: the 1995 temperature at Mississippi State, MS; the 1995 temperature minus 2 C; and the 1995 temperature plus 2, 5, and 7 C. Daily and seasonal variation and amplitudes were maintained. Atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] treatments were 360 (ambient) and 720 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1}. Boll number, boll growth, and fiber properties were measured. Boll size and maturation periods decreased as temperature increased. Boll growth increased with temperature to 25 C and then declined at the highest temperature. Boll maturation period, size, and growth rates were not affected by atmospheric [CO{sub 2}]. The most temperature-sensitive aspect of cotton development is boll retention. Almost no bolls were retained to maturity at 1995 plus 5 or 7 C, but squares and bolls were continuously produced even at those high temperatures. Therefore, the upper limit for cotton boll survivalmore » is 32 C, or 5 C warmer than the 1995 US Mid-South ambient temperatures. The 720 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1} atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] had about 40% more squares and bolls across temperatures than the 360 {micro}L L{sup {minus}1} [CO{sub 2}]. Fibers were longer when bolls grew at less than optimal temperatures (25 C) for boll growth. As temperature increased, fiber length distributions were more uniform. Fiber fineness and maturity increased linearly with the increase in temperature up to 26 C, but decreased at 32 C. Short-fiber content declined linearly from 17 to 26 C, but was higher at higher temperature. As for boll growth and developmental parameters, elevated atmospheric [CO{sub 2}] did not affect any of the fiber parameters. Changes in temperature, however, had a dramatic effect on boll set and fiber properties. The relationships between temperature and boll growth and developmental rate functions and fiber properties provide the necessary functional parameters to build fiber models under optimum water and nutrient conditions. « less
Defining and Measuring Success in Online Citizen Science: A Case Study of Zooniverse Projects

Although current literature highlights a wide variety of potential citizen science project outcomes, no prior studies have systematically assessed performance against a comprehensive set of criteria. The study reported here is the first to propose a novel framework for assessing citizen science projects against multiple dimensions of success. The authors apply this framework to a sample of projects that form part of the online Zooniverse platform and position these projects against a success matrix that measures both contribution to science and public engagement levels relative to other projects in the sample. Their results indicate that better-performing projects tend to be those that are more established, as well as those in the area of astronomy. Implications for citizen science practitioners include the need to consider the impact of core competencies on project performance, as well as the importance of relationships between the central organization and science teams.
Studies with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.

The minimal structural requirements for gonadotrophin releasing activity were studied with fragments of a highly active analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), [D-Ser(But)6]LH-RH(1-9)nonapeptide-ethylamide (Hoe 766). All fragments are related to the C-terminal structure of LH-RH and have increased enzyme stability. Ovulation in phenobarbitone-blocked rats was induced with a median effective dose/rat, of 1.9 microgram of the (3-9)-heptapeptide, Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(But)-Leu-Arg-Pro-ethylamide and 6.8, 18.0 and 38.3 microgram for the (4-9), (5-9) and (6-9) fragments respectively. The (3-9)- heptapeptide and (4-9)-hexapeptide induced release of LH and FSH in phenobarbitone-blocked rats with a ratio similar to that of LH-RH. Degradation of LH-RH by enzyme preparations of liver, kidney and hypothalamic or anterior pituitary tissue was not modified by addition of the (3-9)-heptapeptide fragment. The organ distribution of the 125I-labelled (3-9)-heptapeptide fragments was similar to LH-RH, but not to Hoe 766. The peptide accumulated in liver and kidney, but was eliminated from the anterior pituitary gland 15 min after i.v. injection, whereas Hoe 766 showed progressive accumulation in the pituitary gland (tissue:plasma ratio = 6.6 after 60 min). In contrast to C-terminal fragments of LH-RH, the corresponding fragments of nonapeptide analogues retained significant biological activity, and the minimal structural requirements for LH release may be related to the C-terminal sequence of LH-RH.
Consultation of Orthopaedics Cases Using Multimedia Messaging Services

Background: Frequently, radiological data is transferred verbally between the Emergency Department (ED) and orthopaedic registrar. Given the different language skills and medical experience of health staff, there is often a limit to the adequacy of the verbal description that could lead to suboptimal patient care. This study proposes that concurrent review of MMS teleradiology with traditional verbal reporting results in a significant therapeutic benefit. Methods: Case notes of 40 patients who presented to ED were reviewed. Images were captured and sent to an Orthopaedic registrar along with a brief clinical synopsis. Information was collected on the diagnosis of the MMS radiograph, need for urgent admission and management plan outlined to ED. Results: Correct diagnosis was made in 27 of 40 cases. Using the latest technology available, MMS teleradiology had 79% sensitivity, 83% specificity and an accuracy of 80%. 50% of paediatric fractures and 60% of undisplaced fractures were diagnosed successfully. Conclusion: MMS teleradiology is not suitable by itself as a remote diagnostic tool. However, when combined with existing clinical practice, it is effective in screening patients, enhances confidence in decision making and communication between doctors.
Benchmarking Different MapReduce Implementations for Computer-Aided Hardware Development

In the design of fast arithmetic circuits, the two's complement number representation can be alternatively replaced by a signed digit number representation. Compared to standard full adders used in two's complement arithmetic, signed digit adder cells offer the potential for improved performance. Designing an efficient signed digit adder cell leads to the problem of analyzing 2 to the power of 44 truth tables originating from different signed digit encodings. Since different digit encodings can produce identical truth tables, it is favorable to reduce this large number of truth tables by identifying identical ones. We introduce a novel approach for the solution of this problem using the MapReduce programming model. We take a step towards solving this problem using three different implementations of MapReduce (Hadoop, Disco, and MR-MPI) and compare their performance on an Opteron-based cluster using up to 64 physical cores.
Hydrologic simulations in the Rhine basin driven by a regional climate model

[1] We describe and evaluate a model chain for studying streamflow responses to climate variations and anthropogenic climate change. The model chain was developed for the Rhine basin upstream of Cologne, a 145,000 km2 river basin in Central Europe north of the Alps. It encompasses a regional climate model (RCM) at grid spacings of 56 and 14 km, and a distributed hydrological model with a grid spacing of 1 km. The hydrological model is one-way nested into the RCM through a downscaling interface, which introduces fine-scale structures in the forcing data (i.e. temperature, precipitation, total net surface radiation, 10-m wind speed, and relative humidity). Biases in precipitation and temperature are accounted for by catchment-dependent but seasonally constant correction factors. Apart from these bias corrections, the hydrological model is forced by hourly RCM data. In the evaluation we compare a 5-year integration driven by observed lateral boundary conditions (ECMWF reanalysis) against daily analysis of high-density rain-gauge data and streamflow data. The regional climate model is found to qualitatively reproduce the main mesoscale precipitation patterns and their seasonal evolution. Systematic biases are, however, found in the distribution of precipitation with topographic height in the Alpine region and at adjacent hill ranges. The RCM also reproduces intercatchment variations in the frequency distribution of daily precipitation. Simulated runoff resembles closely the mean annual cycle, and daily runoff agrees well with observations in timing and amplitude of runoff events for lowland gauges. Larger model errors are found for high-altitude Alpine catchments. The 14-km RCM provides much finer and more realistic precipitation fields compared to the 56-km RCM, but these improvements did not have a significant impact on the skill of the hydrological model to simulate streamflow. The model chain was found to reproduce observed month-to-month variations of basin-mean winter precipitation and streamflow with correlations between 0.85 and 0.95. This result provides confidence that the model chain is able to represent key processes related to streamflow variations in response to climate variations and climate change.
Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Vaccinated and M. bovis-Infected Cattle

ABSTRACT The development of novel vaccine strategies supplementing Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) constitutes an urgent research challenge. To identify potential subunit vaccine candidates, we have tested a series of eight recently identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in M. bovis-infected and BCG-vaccinated cattle. These antigens were characterized on the basis of their ability to induce in vitro gamma interferon responses in infected or BCG-vaccinated calves. We were able to establish a hierarchy of these antigens based on how frequently they were recognized in both groups of animals. In particular, we were able to prioritize frequently recognized proteins like Rv0287, Rv1174, and Rv1196 for future evaluation as subunit vaccines to be used in BCG-protein heterologous prime-boost vaccination scenarios. In addition, the antigen most dominantly recognized in M. bovis-infected cattle in this study, Rv3616c, was significantly less frequently recognized by BCG vaccinees and could be a target to improve BCG, for example, by increasing its secretion, in a recombinant BCG vaccine.
Floral symmetry affects speciation rates in angiosperms

Despite much recent activity in the field of pollination biology, the extent to which animal pollinators drive the formation of new angiosperm species remains unresolved. One problem has been identifying floral adaptations that promote reproductive isolation. The evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical corolla restricts the direction of approach and movement of pollinators on and between flowers. Restricting pollinators to approaching a flower from a single direction facilitates specific placement of pollen on the pollinator. When coupled with pollinator constancy, precise pollen placement can increase the probability that pollen grains reach a compatible stigma. This has the potential to generate reproductive isolation between species, because mutations that cause changes in the placement of pollen on the pollinator may decrease gene flow between incipient species. I predict that animal–pollinated lineages that possess bilaterally symmetrical flowers should have higher speciation rates than lineages possessing radially symmetrical flowers. Using sister–group comparisons I demonstrate that bilaterally symmetric lineages tend to be more species rich than their radially symmetrical sister lineages. This study supports an important role for pollinator–mediated speciation and demonstrates that floral morphology plays a key role in angiosperm speciation.
Employment of DNG dielectric structures in ambient microwave energy harvesting systems

Recently the concept and the respective techniques of harvesting and utilization of electromagnetic radiation, being continuously present in the environment and resulting from human activities, especially from public telecommunication networks, have been topics of extensive research. Proposed techniques mostly use antennas as the grade which would gather the radiation power. In this work a technique which introduces the usage of specific dielectric structures with artificially negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability(Double Negative media or DNG) in combination with an ordinary harvesting system is presented. The theoretical approach to this problem is accompanied by corresponding numerical results which show the DNG media' s capability of enhancing the effectiveness of electromagnetic energy scavenging.
Partial Matching for Real Textured 3D Objects using Color Cubic Higher-order Local Auto-Correlation Features

In recent years the need for the retrieval of real 3D objects is growing more and more. However, if the 3D models are obtained without the use of special equipment such as engineered environments or multi-camera systems, they are often incomplete, making retrieval difficult. On the other hand, real models often include rich texture information, which can compensate for the limited shape information. In this paper we present new 3D shape features which take into account an object's texture. We demonstrate the retrieval performance of these features on a dataset of real textured objects and a real color 3D scene.
Eruptive history and geochronology of the Mount Baker volcanic field, Washington

Mount Baker, a steaming, ice-mantled, andesitic stratovolcano, is the most conspicuous component of a multivent Quaternary volcanic field active almost continuously since 1.3 Ma. More than 70 packages of lava flows and ∼110 dikes have been mapped, ∼500 samples chemically analyzed, and ∼80 K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages determined. Principal components are (1) the ignimbrite-filled Kulshan caldera (1.15 Ma) and its precaldera and postcaldera rhyodacite lavas and dikes (1.29–0.99 Ma); (2) ∼60 intracaldera, hydrothermally altered, andesite-dacite dikes and pods—remnants of a substantial early-postcaldera volcanic center (1.1–0.6 Ma); (3) unaltered intracaldera andesite lavas and dikes, including those capping Ptarmigan and Lasiocarpa Ridges and Table Mountain (0.5–0.2 Ma); (4) the long-lived Chowder Ridge focus (1.29–0.1 Ma)—an andesite to rhyodacite eruptive complex now glacially reduced to ∼50 dikes and remnants of ∼10 lava flows; (5) Black Buttes stratocone, basaltic to dacitic, and several contemporaneous peripheral volcanoes (0.5–0.2 Ma); and (6) Mount Baker stratocone and contemporaneous peripheral volcanoes (0.1 Ma to Holocene). Glacial ice has influenced eruptions and amplified erosion throughout the lifetime of the volcanic field. Although more than half the material erupted has been eroded, liberal and conservative volume estimates for 77 increments of known age yield cumulative curves of volume erupted vs. time that indicate eruption rates in the range 0.17–0.43 km3/k.y. for major episodes and long-term background rates of 0.02–0.07 km3/k.y. Andesite and rhyodacite each make up nearly half of the 161 ± 56 km3 of products erupted, whereas basalt and dacite represent only a few cubic kilometers, each representing 1%–3% the total. During the past 4 m.y. , the principal magmatic focus has migrated stepwise 25 km southwestward, from the edge of the Chilliwack batholith to present-day Mount Baker.
Synthetic Gene Networks That Count

One, Two, Three Synthetic biologists take much of their inspiration from computing and electrical engineering, attempting to gain programmability in cells using analogous genetic circuits. Friedland et al. (p. 1199; see the Perspective by Smolke) have constructed complementary Escherichia coli synthetic gene networks that keep track of prior molecular events to function as counters. These modular devices count up to three induction events over a range of frequencies and could be extended to higher numbers. Similar devices may find application in multi-event processes of cell biology, bioengineering, and, potentially, therapeutics. Genetic counters with the ability to count up to three induction events are constructed in Escherichia coli. Synthetic gene networks can be constructed to emulate digital circuits and devices, giving one the ability to program and design cells with some of the principles of modern computing, such as counting. A cellular counter would enable complex synthetic programming and a variety of biotechnology applications. Here, we report two complementary synthetic genetic counters in Escherichia coli that can count up to three induction events: the first, a riboregulated transcriptional cascade, and the second, a recombinase-based cascade of memory units. These modular devices permit counting of varied user-defined inputs over a range of frequencies and can be expanded to count higher numbers.
Stress release in exhumed intermediate and deep earthquakes determined from ultramafic pseudotachylyte

Stresses released by coseismic faults during subduction toward lawsonite-eclogite facies conditions in the Alpine subduction complex of Corsica can be estimated based on the energy required to form pseudotachylyte fault veins where shear strain can be measured. Congruent peridotite melting at ambient conditions of 1.5 GPa and 470 °C requires a temperature increase of 1280 °C to 1750 °C. We assume that more than 95% of the work is converted to heat during faulting, hence that the stress drop is nearly proportional to the amount of melting and inversely proportional to shear strain. Minimum estimates of released stress are typically greater than 220 MPa and as high as 580 MPa. The abundance of pseudotachylyte on small faults in the studied peridotite suggests that melting is very common on intermediate and deep earthquakes and that shear heating is important for seismic faulting at depth.