Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical effectiveness of elective single versus double embryo transfer: meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials

Objective To compare the effectiveness of elective single embryo transfer versus double embryo transfer on the outcomes of live birth, multiple live birth, miscarriage, preterm birth, term singleton birth, and low birth weight after fresh embryo transfer, and on the outcomes of cumulative live birth and multiple live birth after fresh and frozen embryo transfers. Design One stage meta-analysis of individual patient data. Data sources A systematic review of English and non-English articles from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (up to 2008). Additional studies were identified by contact with clinical experts and searches of bibliographies of all relevant primary articles. Search terms included embryo transfer, randomised controlled trial, controlled clinical trial, single embryo transfer, and double embryo transfer. Review methods Comparisons of the clinical effectiveness of cleavage stage (day 2 or 3) elective single versus double embryo transfer after fresh or frozen in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments were included. Trials were included if the intervention differed only in terms of the intended number of embryos to be transferred. Trials that involved only blastocyst (day five) transfers were excluded. Results Individual patient data were received for every patient recruited to all eight eligible trials (n=1367). A total of 683 and 684 women randomised to the single and double embryo transfer arms, respectively, were included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics in the two groups were comparable. The overall live birth rate in a fresh IVF cycle was lower after single (181/683, 27%) than double embryo transfer (285/683, 42%) (adjusted odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.63), as was the multiple birth rate (3/181 (2%) v 84/285 (29%)) (0.04, 0.01 to 0.12). An additional frozen single embryo transfer, however, resulted in a cumulative live birth rate not significantly lower than the rate after one fresh double embryo transfer (132/350 (38%) v 149/353 (42%) (0.85, 0.62 to 1.15), with a minimal cumulative risk of multiple birth (1/132 (1%) v 47/149 (32%)). The odds of a term singleton birth (that is, over 37 weeks) after elective single embryo transfer was almost five times higher than the odds after double embryo transfer (4.93, 2.98 to 8.18). Conclusions Elective single embryo transfer results in a higher chance of delivering a term singleton live birth compared with double embryo transfer. Although this strategy yields a lower pregnancy rate than a double embryo transfer in a fresh IVF cycle, this difference is almost completely overcome by an additional frozen single embryo transfer cycle. The multiple pregnancy rate after elective single embryo transfer is comparable with that observed in spontaneous pregnancies.
Contributions of anterior perirhinal cortex to olfactory and contextual fear conditioning

THE present experiments examined the effects of excitotoxic lesions of anterior perirhinal cortex (PRH) on the expression of fear conditioned to an explicit olfactory CS and to the context in which CS–US pairing took place. Animals with anterior PRH lesions exhibited an attenuation of fear conditioned to the explicit CS, but no attenuation of fear conditioned to the training context. These data replicate previous findings in our laboratory examining the effects of aspirative lesions of anterior PRH, and are consistent with the notion that this cortical region comprises a critically important component of the neural system mediating the acquisition and/or expression of associations between olfactory cues and footshock.
A 2GHz-to-7.5GHz quadrature clock-generator using digital delay locked loops for multi-standard I/Os in 14nm CMOS

A highly digital quadrature clock generator using a digital DLL that employs a digital loop filter and digitally-calibrated replica-based regulator is presented. The proposed DLL combines the advantages of both analog and digital loop-filters of conventional architectures to implement a wide-range, energy efficient, highly digital, and high performance quadrature clock generator. To suppress supply-noise, we propose an LDO that combines fast/slow paths with a replica-load to achieve better than 20dB rejection with small area and low power. Fabricated in Intel's 14nm CMOS process, the proposed digital DLL operates over a wide range of output frequencies (2GHz-to-7.5GHz). At 7GHz, it achieves 176fsrms/2.7pspp long-term jitter while consuming 4.4mW. The DLL is 4X smaller than state-of-the art designs and occupies an active area of 0.0024mm2.
Protein-synthetic machinery at postsynaptic sites during synaptogenesis: a quantitative study of the association between polyribosomes and developing synapses

Previous studies have revealed dramatic accumulations of polyribosomes under growing spine synapses, suggesting a critical role for protein synthesis at the postsynaptic site during synaptogenesis. The present study quantitatively analyzes the distribution of polyribosomes under synapses during developmental synaptogenesis in the rat's dentate gyrus. The middle molecular layer of the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus was examined electron-microscopically at 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 28 d of age. At each age, we evaluated (1) synapse density (the number of synapses/100 micron2 of neuropil), (2) the width of the molecular layer, (3) the proportion of spine synapses with underlying polyribosomes, and (4) the number of polyribosome-containing synapses/1000 micron2 of neuropil. From the first two measures, an estimate was obtained of the total extent of synaptogenesis, taking into account both the increase in synapse density and the increase in total area of neuropil. At 1 d of age, very few synapses were found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, and those that were present were quite immature in appearance. Synapse density increased about 140- fold between 1 and 28 d of age, from an average of 0.36 synapses/100 micron2 at 1 d of age to 49 synapses/100 micron2 at 28 d of age. An inverse relationship was found between synapse density and the proportion of synapses with polyribosomes. Between 1 and 7 d of age, about 60% of the spine synapses had one or more polyribosomes under the spine base. Thereafter, the proportion of spines with polyribosomes decreased as synapse density increased. Similarly, the proportion of shaft synapses with underlying polyribosomes was greatest between 1 and 7 d postnatal, and decreased thereafter. While the proportion of synapses with polyribosomes was greatest between 1 and 7 d, the actual number of polyribosome-containing synapses/1000 micron2 of neuropil was negligible at 1 d, increased to a peak at 7 d of age, and then decreased as synapse density increased. Qualitatively, the most dramatic accumulations of polyribosomes were also found at 7 d of age. We conclude that spine-associated polyribosomes represent a structural specialization of dendrites at sites of synapse construction and as such may represent a marker for growing synapses. We propose that these elements produce protein(s) that are critically involved in the formation of the synaptic contact.
Task-Related Deactivation and Functional Connectivity of the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder

Background: Major depressive disorder is associated with functional alterations in activity and resting-state connectivity of the extended medial frontal network. In this study we aimed to examine how task-related medial network activity and connectivity were affected in depression. Methods: 18 patients with major depressive disorder, aged 15- to 24-years-old, were matched with 19 healthy control participants. We characterized task-related activations and deactivations while participants engaged with an executive-control task (the multi-source interference task, MSIT). We used a psycho-physiological interactions approach to examine functional connectivity changes with subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. Voxel-wise statistical maps for each analysis were compared between the patient and control groups. Results: There were no differences between groups in their behavioral performances on the MSIT task, and nor in patterns of activation and deactivation. Assessment of functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate showed that depressed patients did not demonstrate the same reduction in functional connectivity with the ventral striatum during task performance, but that they showed greater reduction in functional connectivity with adjacent ventromedial frontal cortex. The magnitude of this latter connectivity change predicted the relative activation of task-relevant executive-control regions in depressed patients. Conclusion: The study reinforces the importance of the subgenual cingulate cortex for depression, and demonstrates how dysfunctional connectivity with ventral brain regions might influence executive–attentional processes.
Tailor‐made PAT platform for safe syngas fermentations in batch, fed‐batch and chemostat mode with Rhodospirillum rubrum

Recently, syngas has gained significant interest as renewable and sustainable feedstock, in particular for the biotechnological production of poly([R]‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). PHB is a biodegradable, biocompatible polyester produced by some bacteria growing on the principal component of syngas, CO. However, working with syngas is challenging because of the CO toxicity and the explosion danger of H2, another main component of syngas. In addition, the bioprocess control needs specific monitoring tools and analytical methods that differ from standard fermentations. Here, we present a syngas fermentation platform with a focus on safety installations and process analytical technology (PAT) that serves as a basis to assess the physiology of the PHB‐producing bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. The platform includes (i) off‐gas analysis with an online quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure CO consumption and production rates of H2 and CO2, (ii) an at‐line flow cytometer to determine the total cell count and the intracellular PHB content and (iii) different online sensors, notably a redox sensor that is important to confirm that the culture conditions are suitable for the CO metabolization of R. rubrum. Furthermore, we present as first applications of the platform a fed‐batch and a chemostat process with R. rubrum for PHB production from syngas.
Treat How I use fi brinogen replacement therapy in acquired bleeding

Fibrinogen is a critical protein for clot formation, providingamatrix and mesh network essential for clot strength. Maintaining fibrinogen levels is an important therapeutic target in bleeding patients, particularly in perioperative settings. Early studies demonstrated that fibrinogen repletion corrected clot strength, based on viscoelastic blood testing using thromboelastography/thromboelastometry. Normal fibrinogen levels are elevated during pregnancy, and cases studies indicate that fibrinogen repletion may be effective in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Additionally, studies have been published, or are underway, that provide supporting evidence for the role of fibrinogen repletion for treating acquired coagulopathy. Although precise levels for fibrinogen repletion remain to be defined as a therapeutic trigger or target, we review the current evidence and provide therapeutic perspectives in clinical settings.
Monomolecular reaction networks: a new proof of flux transitivity

We study the network response to perturbations of a reaction rate j*. Specifically, we describe which other reaction rates j’ respond by nonzero reaction flux, at steady state. Nonzero responses of j’ to j* are called flux influence of j* on j’. Mochizuki and Fiedler established transitivity of flux influence, for monomolecular reaction networks. We give a new, independent, and conceptually simplified proof of that intriguing fact. Our proof uses standard connectivity concepts from graph theory, and Menger’s Theorem. Based on the network structure, only, this also leads to a simplified characterization of all flux influence sets. ∗Speaker †Corresponding author: nicovassena@gmail.com sciencesconf.org:equadiff2015:68110
The Biological Roots of Punishment

The mysteries of the human condition are nowhere more apparent than in our criminal courts, where judges must struggle daily with remarkably profound and often unanswerable questions. What is the nature of good and evil? Why do people commit crimes? Why do we all, as David Hume once wrote, contain a particle of the dove next to elements of the wolf and serpent? Why do the wolf and serpent prevail in some of us so often and so violently, yet in others of us so seldom and so mildly? Looming in the foreground is yet another profound question, one that has been the subject of jurisprudential debate, and great confusion, since the dawn of law: Why do we punish wrongdoers? Because people draw their views about punishment from their religious and philosophical concepts of human nature, punishments vary with cultural traditions and over time. Despite these variations, punishments are characteristic of every legal system. In fact, sanctions imposed on individuals by other group members are among the human universals of behavior cataloged by ethnographers. This ubiquitous occurrence calls for an explanation, and in this essay we argue that some insight might be achieved by exploring how human nature has been shaped by evolution. To put the question somewhat crudely, do humans have an “instinct” for punishment? If so, what could that mean, and how and under what circumstances is it likely to be expressed? We recognize there is significant danger in trying to use biology to enlighten human social issues. Perils include not only the usual interdisciplinary frictions,
Line source excitation of multilayered metamaterial cylinders: source and scattering results

The problem of a line source radiating in the presence of a multilayered metamaterial cylinder is solved analytically and implemented numerically. Results for both the source and scattering problems demonstrate that electrically small cylindrical structures can be designed to be resonant leading to enhancements of the radiated and scattered powers. The effects of the dispersion present in the metamaterials are taken into account to study the bandwidth properties of the configurations at hand
Malaria and Helminth Co-Infections in School and Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Magu District, North-Western Tanzania

Background Malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth infections (STH) are important parasitic infections in Sub-Saharan Africa where a significant proportion of people are exposed to co-infections of more than one parasite. In Tanzania, these infections are a major public health problem particularly in school and pre-school children. The current study investigated malaria and helminth co-infections and anaemia in school and pre-school children in Magu district, Tanzania. Methodology School and pre-school children were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Stool samples were examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STH infections using Kato Katz technique. Urine samples were examined for Schistosoma haematobium using the urine filtration method. Blood samples were examined for malaria parasites and haemoglobin concentrations using the Giemsa stain and Haemoque methods, respectively. Principal Findings Out of 1,546 children examined, 1,079 (69.8%) were infected with one or more parasites. Malaria-helminth co-infections were observed in 276 children (60% of all children with P. falciparum infection). Malaria parasites were significantly more prevalent in hookworm infected children than in hookworm free children (p = 0.046). However, this association was non-significant on multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 1.320, p = 0.064). Malaria parasite density decreased with increasing infection intensity of S. mansoni and with increasing number of co-infecting helminth species. Anaemia prevalence was 34.4% and was significantly associated with malaria infection, S. haematobium infection and with multiple parasite infections. Whereas S. mansoni infection was a significant predictor of malaria parasite density, P. falciparum and S. haematobium infections were significant predictors of anaemia. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that multiple parasite infections are common in school and pre-school children in Magu district. Concurrent P. falciparum, S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections increase the risk of lower Hb levels and anaemia, which in turn calls for integrated disease control interventions. The associations between malaria and helminth infections detected in this study need further investigation.
Efavirenz: a decade of clinical experience in the treatment of HIV

Efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has been an important component of the treatment of HIV infection for 10 years and has contributed significantly to the evolution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The efficacy of efavirenz has been established in numerous randomized trials and observational studies in HAART-naive patients, including those with advanced infection. In the ACTG A5142 study, efavirenz showed greater virological efficacy than the boosted protease inhibitor (PI), lopinavir. Efavirenz is more effective as a third agent than unboosted PIs or the nucleoside analogue abacavir. Some, but not all, studies have suggested that efavirenz (added to two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) is more effective than nevirapine. Virological and immunological responses achieved with efavirenz-based HAART have been maintained for 7 years. Dosing convenience predicts adherence, and studies have demonstrated that patients can be switched from PI-based therapy to simplified, once-daily efavirenz-based regimens without losing virological control. The one-pill, once-daily formulation of efavirenz plus tenofovir and emtricitabine offers a particular advantage in this regard. Efavirenz also retains a role after failure of a first PI-based regimen. Efavirenz is generally well tolerated: rash and neuropsychiatric disturbances are the most notable adverse events. Neuropsychiatric disturbances generally develop early in treatment and they tend to resolve with continued administration, but they are persistent and troubling in a minority of patients. Efavirenz has less effect on plasma lipid profiles than some boosted PIs. Lipodystrophy can occur under treatment with efavirenz but it may be reduced if the concurrent use of thymidine analogues is avoided. Efavirenz resistance mutations (especially K103N) can be selected during long-term treatment, underscoring the importance of good adherence. Recent data have confirmed that efavirenz is a cost-effective option for first-line HAART. In light of these features, efavirenz retains a key role in HIV treatment strategies and is the first-line agent recommended in some guidelines.
What makes a good biography

Judicial biography is an undeveloped form of writing in Australia, and one that lacks any clear agreement over its purpose, audience and methods. This article considers the nature of biography both as a medium employed in various fields of professional activity and as a branch of historical analysis. A survey of some notable judicial biographies reveals the different approaches taken by lawyers and non-legal historians, and the problem of integrating an interpretation of the judicial record with a proper realisation of the biographical subject. It is suggested that those earlier judges who combined a political with a judicial career have attracted the most substantial attention, and that the full potential of the genre has yet to be achieved.
The Grammar of Sense: Is word-sense tagging much more than part-of-speech tagging?

This squib claims that Large-scale Automatic Sense Tagging of text (LAST) can be done at a high-level of accuracy and with far less complexity and computational effort than has been believed until now. Moreover, it can be done for all open class words, and not just carefully selected opposed pairs as in some recent work. We describe two experiments: one exploring the amount of information relevant to sense disambiguation which is contained in the part-of-speech field of entries in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE). Another, more practical, experiment attempts sense disambiguation of all open class words in a text assigning LDOCE homographs as sense tags using only part-of-speech information. We report that 92% of open class words can be successfully tagged in this way. We plan to extend this work and to implement an improved large-scale tagger, a description of which is included here.
Recommendations for research on drivers' behavioural adaptation and for the design and deployment of ADAS

Based on the knowledge gained within the ADAPTATION project and synthesised in Chapter 16, this concluding chapter gives three kinds of recommendations. First, it deduces future research prospects concerning drivers' behavioural adaptation in response to ADAS use and on its underlying processes. Next, methodological recommendations are given following the identification of challenges related to this kind of research. Finally, the outcome of the ADAPTATION project is translated into suggestions concerning how to increase the expected benefits of new or existing ADAS on driving safety.
Developing Family Healthware, a Family History Screening Tool to Prevent Common Chronic Diseases

Family health history reflects the effects of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors and is an important risk factor for a variety of disorders including coronary heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed Family Healthware, a new interactive, Web-based tool that assesses familial risk for 6 diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancer) and provides a "prevention plan" with personalized recommendations for lifestyle changes and screening. The tool collects data on health behaviors, screening tests, and disease history of a person's first- and second-degree relatives. Algorithms in the software analyze the family history data and assess familial risk based on the number of relatives affected, their age at disease onset, their sex, how closely related the relatives are to each other and to the user, and the combinations of diseases in the family. A second set of algorithms uses the data on familial risk level, health behaviors, and screening to generate personalized prevention messages. Qualitative and quantitative formative research on lay understanding of family history and genetics helped shape the tool's content, labels, and messages. Lab-based usability testing helped refine messages and tool navigation. The tool is being evaluated by 3 academic centers by using a network of primary care practices to determine whether personalized prevention messages tailored to familial risk will motivate people at risk to change their lifestyles or screening behaviors.