Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contextually Supervised Source Separation with Application to Energy Disaggregation

We propose a new framework for single-channel source separation that liesbetween the fully supervised and unsupervised setting. Instead of supervision,we provide input features for each source signal and use convex methods toestimate the correlations between these features and the unobserved signaldecomposition. Contextually supervised source separation is a natural fit fordomains with large amounts of data but no explicit supervision; our motivatingapplication is energy disaggregation of hourly smart meter data (the separationof whole-home power signals into different energy uses). Here contextualsupervision allows us to provide itemized energy usage for thousands homes, a taskpreviously impossible due to the need for specialized data collection hardware.On smaller datasets which include labels, we demonstrate that contextualsupervision improves significantly over a reasonable baseline and existingunsupervised methods for source separation. Finally, we analyze the case of$\ell_2$ loss theoretically and show that recovery of the signal componentsdepends only on cross-correlation between features for different signals, not oncorrelations between features for the same signal.
Visual Field Loss in RCS Rats and the Effect of RPE Cell Transplantation

The consequences of progressive retinal degeneration on central visual function were studied by recording single and multiunit receptive fields (RFs) across the surface of the superior colliculus (SC) of pigmented dystrophic RCS rats. Retinal morphology was used to provide a correlation between function and histological appearance. In addition, the potential protective effect of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation was studied in a similar manner in dystrophic animals in which RPE cells were injected into the subretinal space, or the vitreous humor, at between 21 and 28 days of age. The visual responsiveness of SC units in dystrophic rats differed markedly from those in nondystrophics. Dystrophic rats developed a relative scotoma beginning in the central visual field by 42-45 days of age and expanding to include 50% of the visual field by 97-107 days. In contrast, following subretinal RPE transplantation, there was photoreceptor rescue correlated with a partial to complete preservation of RF representation when examined at 85 to 108 days of age. The majority of photoreceptor rescue occurred in the region of graft placement with possible low level rescue across the central retina. Dystrophic animals that had received intravitreal RPE transplants showed poor photoreceptor survival as well as minimal functional preservation. Our results indicate that there is a progressive central to peripheral loss of visual responsiveness in the SC of dystrophic RCS rats which can be limited by subretinal injections of healthy RPE cells.
Causal learning : psychology, philosophy, and computation

PART I: CAUSATION AND INTERVENTION 1. Interventionist Theories of Causation in Psychological Perspective 2. Infants' Causal Learning: Intervention, Observation, Imitation 3. Detecting Causal Structure: The Role of Interventions in Infants' Understanding of Psychological and Physical Causal Relations 4. An Interventionist Approach to Causation in Psychology 5. Learning From Doing: Intervention and Causal Inference 6. Causal Reasoning Through Intervention 7. On the Importance of Causal Taxonomy PART II: CAUSATION AND PROBABILITY Introduction to Part II: Causation and Probability 8. Teaching the Normative Theory of Causal Reasoning 9. Interactions Between Causal and Statistical Learning 10. Beyond Covariation: Cues to Causal Structure 11. Theory Unification and Graphical Models in Human Categorization 12. Essentialism as a Generative Theory of Classification 13. Data-Mining Probalists or Experimental Determinists? A Dialogue on the Principles Underlying Causal Learning in Children 14. Learning the Structure of Deterministic Systems PART III: CAUSATION, THEORIES, AND MECHANISMS Introduction to Part III: Causation, Theories, and Mechanisms 15. Why Represent Causal Relations? 16. Causal Reasoning as Informed by the Early Development of Explanations 17. Dynamic Interpretations of Covariation Data 18. Statistical Jokes and Social Effects: Intervention and Invariance in Causal Relations 19. Intuitive Theories as Grammars for Causal Inference 20. Two Proposals for Causal Grammars
CALIBRATING A NETWORK OF CAMERAS Based on Visual Odometry

This paper presents a methodology to estimate the calibration of a network of cameras, possibly with nonoverlapping fields of view. Calibration comprises both the intrinsic and extrin sic parameters of the cameras and is based on a mobile robot with the capability of estimating of its pose in a glob l frame. The robot is equipped with one calibrated camera which we assume that can be oriented in a manner to observe world points also seen by the network of cameras. Our methodology is based on matched scale invariant features (SIFT) r econstructed to 3D points using e.g. SLAM, and focus on the problem of transporting the robot coordinate sy stem to the fixed cameras. The reconstructed 3D points and their images on the fixed cameras are propo sed as a solution for the calibration problem. In order to test the validity of our methodology we constructed a V RML scenario, thus having low noise images and ground truth information. Results show the successful calibration of three fixed cameras using a mobile camera that acquired about thirty images.
Conjugative mobilization as an alternative vector delivery system for lactic streptococci

Due to the current variability in applying polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation to lactic streptococci, a study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of conjugative mobilization as an alternative method for vector delivery. By using the broad-host-range conjugative plasmid pVA797, the partially homologous cloning vector pVA838 was successfully introduced into various strains of Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Streptococcus faecalis. Frequencies ranged from 10(-2) to 10(-6) transconjugants per recipient. Both pVA797 and pVA838 were acquired intact, without alteration in functionality. Also, the shuttle vector pSA3, which shares partial homology with pVA797, was mobilized via conjugation. The use of S. lactis LM2301 as the intermediate donor allowed the use of physiologic and metabolic characteristics for recipient differentiation. The construction of a vector containing a "DNA cassette" conferring mobilization and the resolution, segregation, and stability of the cointegrates, pVA797, pVA838, and pSA3, are also reported.
Cytoarchitecture of the cochlear nuclei in the cat

The microscopical structure of the cat cochlear nuclei was studied in Nissl preparations in order to get a suitable map for further experimental investigations. The neurons of the entire nuclear complex were classified into nine different types according to their microscopical appearance. Seven of the nine types, viz., the large spherical cells, small spherical cells, octopus cells, globular cells, pyramidal cells, giant cells, and granular cells, seem to constitute rather uniform cell groups, while the remaining types, viz., the multipolar cells and small cells, seem to be rather heteromorphic. On the basis of the distribution of these cell types the nuclear complex was divided into a corresponding number of cell areas which proved to be partly overlapping. This principle of parcellation led to a certain simplification of the previously proposed schemes of the organization of the cochlear nuclei based on cellular characteristics.
Experimental Force Measurements on a Bifurcated Endoluminal Stent Graft Model: Comparison with Theory

The goal of this study was to experimentally validate a steady-state mathematical model, which can be used to compute the forces acting on a bifurcated endoluminal stent graft. To accomplish this task, an acrylic model of a bifurcated graft was used for the force measurements. The graft model was connected to the inlet piping with a flexible rubber membrane that allowed the graft model to move. This allowed us to measure the force owing to the movement of the graft model with a calibrated load cell. Steady-state blood flow was assumed, and the working fluid was water. The experimental data were found to be consistent with the results from a previously published mathematical model: the graft force is strongly dependent on the proximal or inlet pressure and the inlet area. The force tends to be weakly dependent on flow rate. More research work will be required to determine whether the steady-state force model examined in this article provides a realistic determination of the forces on an endoluminal stent graft that is subject to pulsatile blood flow.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether smoking during pregnancy is associated with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring and whether these effects are additional to genetic influences. METHOD Children's ADHD symptoms (parent- and teacher-rated), maternal smoking during pregnancy, conduct disorder symptoms, and family adversity were assessed with questionnaires for a population-based sample of twins (1,452 twin pairs 5-16 years of age). RESULTS Although genetic influences accounted for most of the variance in offspring ADHD, maternal smoking during pregnancy was still found to show a significant environmentally mediated association. Maternal smoking remained a significant influence when other potential confounds were taken into account. CONCLUSIONS Maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to show an association with offspring ADHD symptoms that is additional to the effects of genes and not attributable to shared rater effects, clinical referral biases, or covariation with antisocial behavior.
IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL LITERACY, CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVENESS OF SMEs?

The importance of financial market development for the economic development and competitiveness of a country is reflected in channelling of capital towards those investments that have the highest returns, thus ensuring liquidity and efficient grouping of enterprises, that is, risk-taking. Efficient risk-taking is primarily reflected in the availability of a large number of sources of funding, which allow enterprises freedom when forming their capital structure. Enterprises that do not have a large number of sources of funding at their disposal have to resort to debt financing when forming their capital structure, which ultimately means excessive financial vulnerability. Financial vulnerability, especially in times of the financial crisis, when fluctuations in the cost of capital are very high, reduces investment, growth and employment in the long-term. Small and medium-sized enterprises in the Croatian underdeveloped financial market must resort to borrowing, as the most readily available source of funding. Analysing the process of decision-making about capital structure on a sample of 108 small and medium-sized enterprises, it was observed that enterprises whose capital structure is less dependent on debt achieve better financial results and growth. The process of making financial decisions in those companies is in the hands of owners and/or managers and consultants with knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of individual sources of funding. Financial knowledge is one of the most important determinants of the capital structure that will enable the growth and development of the small and medium-sized enterprise sector, as well as greater competitiveness of enterprises, regardless of size, activity, industry and the form of ownership of these enterprises. T-test and Levene’s test of equality of variances were used to investigate the relationship between the profitability of enterprises and their financial literacy. Keywords : Financial knowledge, capital structure, small and medium-sized enterprises, financial market, competitiveness
Context Based Indexing in Text Summarization Using Lexical Association

World Wide Web today is a largest source of onlineinformation. Great amount of information is present on internet in the form of web pages. There has been a huge amount of work on query specific summarization of documents using similarity measure. Indexing weights of the document terms are utilized to compute the sentence similarity value which remains independent on context. Very little work has been done for the problem of context independent document indexing for the text summarization task. The main contribution of this research work is to combine both approaches of Lexical association and context sensitive indexing. While doing so we have also used novel concept of Lexical association between terms to measure the similarity between sentences using computed indexing Weights. The proposed concept of sentence similarity measure has been used with the graph-based ranking method to create document graph and obtain summary of document.
Effects of discrete hill climbing on model building forestimation of distribution algorithms

Hybridization of global and local searches is a well-known technique for optimization algorithms. Hill climbing is one of the local search methods. On estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs), hill climbing strengthens the signals of dependencies on correlated variables and improves the quality of model building, which reduces the required population size and convergence time. However, hill climbing also consumes extra computational time. In this paper, analytical models are developed to investigate the effects of combining two different hill climbers with the extended compact genetic algorithm and the dependency structure matrix genetic algorithm. By using the one-max problem and the 5-bit non-overlapping trap problem as the test problems, the performances of different hill climbers are compared. Both analytical models and experiments reveal that the greedy hill climber reduces the number of function evaluations for EDAs to find the global optimum.
Endothelial dysfunction and collagen accumulation: two independent factors for restenosis and constrictive remodeling after experimental angioplasty.

BACKGROUND Constrictive remodeling plays a prominent role in restenosis after balloon angioplasty, but its regulation remains unclear. Because endothelial dysfunction and changes in extracellular matrix have been reported after angioplasty, this study was designed to simultaneously evaluate endothelial function and collagen and elastin changes after restenosis and arterial remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in femoral arteries of 22 New Zealand White rabbits by air-desiccation and a high-cholesterol diet. One month later, angioplasty was performed. Histomorphometry and in vitro assessment of endothelial function were performed 4 weeks after angioplasty. Restenosis correlated with constrictive remodeling (r=0.60, P=0.01) but not with neointimal growth (r=-0.06, P=0.79). Restenosis correlated with an impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh; r=0.61, P=0.02) but not with the response to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (r=-0.25, P=0.40). Restenosis correlated positively with collagen accumulation (r=0.69, P=0.004) and inversely with elastin density (r=-0.48, P=0.05). Relaxations to ACh were significantly more decreased in arteries with constrictive remodeling than in those with enlargement remodeling (3.7+/-7.9% versus 35.5+/-15.0%, P=0.04). Neointimal collagen density was significantly higher in arteries with constrictive remodeling than in those with enlargement remodeling (34.5+/-4.5% versus 18.2+/-4.7%, P=0.03). Endothelial function and collagen and elastin density were independent predictors of restenosis in the study. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the severity of restenosis after angioplasty correlated with both defective endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased collagen density.
Combining temozolomide with other antitumor drugs and target-based agents in the treatment of brain metastases: an unending quest or chasing a chimera?

Introduction: Medical treatment of brain metastases (BM) is still a controversial issue in cancer therapy being mainly limited by the existence of the BBB. Temozolomide (TMZ) can cross BBB and several clinical trials have been performed attempting to demonstrate the activity of TMZ in combination with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in the treatment of BM. Areas covered: This review summarizes TMZ–WBRT combination trials highlighting the confounding factors that limit the interpretation of the achieved results and describes the main clinical trials using TMZ in combination with other cytotoxic or biological agents. The main limitations of these trials are: i) patient selection for heterogenous primitive neoplasms and for heterogeneous neuro-functional score; ii) poor penetration across BBB of the other drugs; iii) cumulative toxicity and iv) poor control of extracranial tumor sites. Expert opinion: Biotechnological, biological and biochemical advances in the management of BM could allow in short time the definition of new schedules based on the rational use of new anticancer weapons. The latter could be cytotoxic agents encapsulated in nanotechnological tools able to cross BBB, lipophilic small kinase inhibitors (lapatinib, sunitinib), mTOR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors combined with old drugs such as TMZ.
Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS) bei erwachsenen Alkoholabhängigen

Zusammenfassung Die Prävalenz des Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndroms (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter wird auf ca. 2% der Bevölkerung geschätzt. Eine hohe Komorbidität mit Substanzabhängigkeiten wird im angloamerikanischen Sprachraum postuliert. Um zu ermitteln, ob alkoholabhängige Erwachsene mit komorbidem ADHS klinische Besonderheiten aufweisen, wurden 314 konsekutiv behandelte alkoholabhängige Patienten mittels standardisierter und evaluierter Erhebungsinstrumente untersucht. 21,3% der Alkoholabhängigen zeigten ein ADHS im Erwachsenenalter. Die ADHS-positive Gruppe wies im Vergleich zur ADHS-negativen Gruppe einen um ca. 6 Jahre früheren Beginn der Alkoholabhängigkeit auf. Auch die tägliche Trinkmenge war um ca. 30% höher und soziale sowie justiziale Belastungen traten mal häufiger auf. Die Suizidalität war mehr als doppelt so hoch. 51% in der ADHS-positiven Gruppe wiesen Kriterien der antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung auf. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass erwachsene Alkoholabhängige mit persistierenden Symptomen eines ADHS eine besondere Subgruppe mit frühem Beginn und besonders schwerem Verlauf der Abhängigkeitserkrankung definieren. Der Nutzen ADHS-spezifischer Therapieangebote für den Verlauf der Alkoholabhängigkeit sollte dringend in kontrollierten Studien überprüft werden.
Young carers: location, education and employment disadvantage

Research and official inquires in Australia have identified young people with caring responsibilities as a potentially vulnerable population group with respect to education and employment participation but locational differences in the ‘young carer disadvantage’ are yet to be fully explored. This paper examines theoretical issues about why location might have a significant impact of young carers’ participation and what methods might be used to explore this question. Using the ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing, the paper maps young carer disadvantage in education, unemployment and non-participation in Australia and conducts exploratory analysis of area characteristics associated with higher young carer disadvantage. The results suggest that local area characteristics might matter to young carers’ life chances and that further research needs to explore the possibilities and limits of spatial policy to assist young carers in maintaining their education and employment participation.
Filicidio: una revisión

El filicidio es un hecho impactante que ocurre en todas las culturas, como acto aislado o sistematico. Su interpretacion es especifica para cada cultura. Solo en anos recientes el filicidio ha sido retomado por la literatura psiquiatrica. El objetivo general de la presente revision es evaluar factores historicos y culturales asociados al filicidio, con enfasis en el filicidio materno y la enfermedad mental. Mediante la revision de la literatura se establece el conocimiento actual sobre el tema y los diferentes abordajes teoricos
A Framework for Visual Information Analysis

To design information visualization tools that support users’ needs, we need to understand how users engage with information visualizations in their analysis process. With the rapid growth in size and complexity of datasets, the practicality of an individual analyzing an entire dataset is becoming unrealistic. Instead, the expertise to make informed decisions about these information-rich datasets is often best accomplished by a team. However, there exist relatively few models that describe the visual analysis process, and only few studies that explore the differences between how individuals and teams use visualizations. We present an observational study where we explored the information analysis process of groups and individuals in the context of visual information. From the analysis of our study, we derive a framework that captures the activities of co-located teams and individuals engaged in information analysis. This framework has implications for the design, heuristic evaluation, and analysis of both collaborative and single-user digital information visualization tools.
ON THE (UN)-AMBIGUITY OF ADJECTIVAL MODIFICATION IN SPANISH DETERMINER PHRASES

This study contributes to a central debate within contemporary generative second language (L2) theorizing: the extent to which adult learners are (un)able to acquire new functional features that result in a L2 grammar that is mentally structured like the native target (see White, 2003). The adult acquisition of L2 nominal phi-features is explored, with focus on the syntactic and semantic reflexes in the related domain of adjective placement in two experimental groups: English-speaking intermediate (n = 21) and advanced (n = 24) learners of Spanish, as compared to a native-speaker control group (n = 15). Results show that, on some of the tasks, the intermediate L2 learners appear to have acquired the syntactic properties of the Spanish determiner phrase but, on other tasks, to show some delay with the semantic reflexes of prenominal and postnominal adjectives. Crucially, however, our data demonstrate full convergence by all advanced learners and thus provide evidence in contra the predictions of representational deficit accounts (e.g., Hawkins & Chan, 1997; Hawkins & Franceschina, 2004; Hawkins & Hattori, 2006).
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhance Host Defense during Murine Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs activate immune cells to produce cytokines. CpG ODNs protect mice against infections with intracellular bacteria by the induction of a T helper 1 (Th1) response. To determine the effect of CpG ODNs in pulmonary tuberculosis, mice were treated with CpG ODNs or control ODNs at the time of intranasal infection. CpG ODNs reduced mycobacterial outgrowth for up to 5 weeks after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and were associated with a decrease in inflammation in lung tissue. CpG treatment was also associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and decreased levels of interleukin 4 in the lungs and an increased capacity of splenocytes to secrete Th1-type cytokines. CpG ODNs given 2 weeks after infection were still able to reduce mycobacterial outgrowth and to enhance a Th1 response 5 weeks postinfection. Administration of CpG ODNs to IFN-γ-gene-deficient mice failed to reduce mycobacterial outgrowth. These data suggest that CpG ODNs improve host defense during pulmonary tuberculosis by an IFN-γ-dependent mechanism.