Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond code coverage — An approach for test suite assessment and improvement

Code coverage is successfully used to guide white box test design and evaluate the respective test completeness. However, simple overall coverage ratios are often not precise enough to effectively help when a (regression) test suite needs to be reassessed and evolved after software change. We present an approach for test suite assessment and improvement that utilizes code coverage information, but on a more detailed level and adds further evaluation aspects derived from the coverage. The main use of the method is to aid various test suite evolution situations such as removal, refactoring and extension of test cases as a result of code change or test suite efficiency enhancement. We define various metrics to express different properties of test suites beyond simple code coverage ratios, and present the assessment and improvement process as an iterative application of different improvement goals and more specific sub-activities. The method is demonstrated by applying it to improve the tests of one of our experimental systems.
Performance of PCA Based Semi-supervised Learning in Face Recognition Using MPEG-7 Edge Histogram Descriptor

With the development of computer technology, the growing need of large databases emphasizes utmost automation in face recognition system. Labeling a huge number of people is definitely a great overhead for such system. To reduce the burden of manual labeling of faces, in this paper, we propose a PCA based semi-supervised face recognition technique using edge histogram descriptor (EHD) features. It promotes automation of system by achieving good performance toiling at minimum wage. Moreover, we establish that EHD features are not only useful for face representation but also greatly reduce the dimensionality of the representation compared with traditional pixel value representation. Thus, the space and computation complexity decrease in further stages. PCA is then applied on the EHD features instead of raw pixel intensity values of faces which traditional methods do. Using this process, we build a PCA based classifier that can iteratively update itself after classifying unlabeled training instances. We check the performance of the system using three different similarity measures. We also test our system with different levels of noise to simulate practical environment. To evaluate the proposed method, we have used ORL, Yale, Grimace and JAFFE face databases and achieve superior performance.
TPS- A Novel Approach to Increase theNumber of Guest Virtual Machines byReducing Physical Memory Usage

Improving memory utilization is important for improving the efficiency of a cloud datacenter by increasing the number of usable VMs. Memory over commitment is a common technique for this purpose. Transparent Page Sharing (TPS) is a technique to improve the utilization by sharing identical memory pages to reduce the total memory consumption. For a cloud datacenter, we might expect TPS will reduce memory usage because VMs often execute the same OS and middleware and thus they may have many identical pages. However, TPS is less effective for Java - based middleware because the Java VM finds it difficult to manage the layouts of internal data structures that depend on the execution of Java programs. This paper presents detailed breakdowns of the memory usage of KVM guest VMs executing a Web application server. Then we propose increasing the amount of page sharing by VM.
HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: evidence for aerosols and lack of TiO in the atmosphere of WASP-12b

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical transmission spectra of the transiting hot-Jupiter WASP-12b, taken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph instrument. The resulting spectra cover the range 2900–10 300 A which we combined with archival Wide Field Camera 3 spectra and Spitzer photometry to cover the full optical to infrared wavelength regions. With high spatial resolution, we are able to resolve WASP-12A's stellar companion in both our images and spectra, revealing that the companion is in fact a close binary M0V pair, with the three stars forming a triple-star configuration. We derive refined physical parameters of the WASP-12 system, including the orbital ephemeris, finding the exoplanet's density is ∼20 per cent lower than previously estimated. From the transmission spectra, we are able to decisively rule out prominent absorption by TiO in the exoplanet's atmosphere, as there are no signs of the molecule's characteristic broad features nor individual bandheads. Strong pressure-broadened Na and K absorption signatures are also excluded, as are significant metal-hydride features. We compare our combined broad-band spectrum to a wide variety of existing aerosol-free atmospheric models, though none are satisfactory fits. However, we do find that the full transmission spectrum can be described by models which include significant opacity from aerosols: including Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, tholin haze and settling dust profiles. The transmission spectrum follows an effective extinction cross-section with a power law of index α, with the slope of the transmission spectrum constraining the quantity αT = −3528 ± 660 K, where T is the atmospheric temperature. Rayleigh scattering (α = −4) is among the best-fitting models, though requires low terminator temperatures near 900 K. Sub-micron size aerosol particles can provide equally good fits to the entire transmission spectrum for a wide range of temperatures, and we explore corundum as a plausible dust aerosol. The presence of atmospheric aerosols also helps to explain the modestly bright albedo implied by Spitzer observations, as well as the near blackbody nature of the emission spectrum. Ti-bearing condensates on the cooler night-side is the most natural explanation for the overall lack of TiO signatures in WASP-12b, indicating the day/night cold trap is an important effect for very hot Jupiters. These findings indicate that aerosols can play a significant atmospheric role for the entire wide range of hot-Jupiter atmospheres, potentially affecting their overall spectrum and energy balance.
A general error-based spike-timing dependent learning rule for the Neural Engineering Framework

Previous attempts at integrating spike-timing dependent plasticity rules in the NEF have met with little success. This project proposes a spike-timing dependent plasticity rule that uses local information to learn transformations between populations of neurons. The rule is implemented and tested on a simple one-dimensional communication channel, and is compared to a similar rate-based learning rule.
Arabidopsis NAC Domain Proteins, VND1 to VND5, Are Transcriptional Regulators of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis in Vessels

One of the most prominent features of xylem conducting cells is the deposition of secondary walls. In Arabidopsis, secondary wall biosynthesis in the xylem conducting cells, vessels, has been shown to be regulated by two VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) genes, VND6 and VND7. In this report, we have investigated the roles of five additional Arabidopsis VND genes, VND1 to VND5, in regulating secondary wall biosynthesis in vessels. The VND1 to VND5 genes were shown to be specifically expressed in vessels but not in interfascicular fibers in stems. The expression of VND4 and VND5 was also seen specifically in vessels in the secondary xylem of the root-hypocotyl region. When overexpressed, VND1 to VND5 were able to activate the expression of secondary wall-associated transcription factors and genes involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and programmed cell death. As a result, many normally parenchymatous cells in leaves and stems acquired thickened secondary walls in the VND1 to VND5 overexpressors. In contrast, dominant repression of VND3 function resulted in reduced secondary wall thickening in vessels and a collapsed vessel phenotype. In addition, VND1 to VND5 were shown to be capable of rescuing the secondary wall defects in the fibers of the snd1 nst1 double mutant when expressed under the SND1 promoter. Furthermore, transactivation analysis revealed that VND1 to VND5 could activate expression of the GUS reporter gene driven by the secondary wall NAC binding element (SNBE). Together, these results demonstrate that VND1 to VND5 possess functions similar to that of the SND1 secondary wall NAC and are transcriptional regulators of secondary wall biosynthesis in vessels.
Oriented graphs of diameter 2

Let f(n) be the minimum number of arcs among oriented graphs of order n and diameter 2. Here it is shown for n > 8 that (1−o(1))nlog2n ≤ f(n) ≤ nlog2n− (3/2)n. ∗1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05C20, 05C35, 05C15; Secondary 05D99
Expression profile of SPACA5/Spaca5 in spermatogenesis and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

The majority of bladder cancer-associated mortalities are due to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which is the most prevalent and chemoresistant malignancy of the bladder. Sperm acrosome associated 5 (SPACA5)/Spaca5 is a sperm acrosome-associated, c-type lysozyme-like protein that has been recently identified, and has been designated as an attractive candidate antigen for cancer testis. In the present study, the expression profile of SPACA5/Spaca5 was analyzed in spermatogenesis and TCC of the bladder using diverse molecular and cellular biology methods. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze the multi-tissue distribution and temporal expression of SPACA5/Spaca5, the SPACA5/Spaca5 gene was determined to be generally not expressed in normal tissue, with the exception of the testis, and it could be detected at a low level on day 20 after birth in mouse testes and at a higher level on day 28. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that the SPACA5/Spaca5 protein was exclusively observed in the elongated spermatid of the normal testes, and was ectopically expressed in the cytoplasm of TCC, while it was not expressed in normal bladder tissues. The frequency of SPACA5 messenger RNA was detected in 45% of TCC (9/20) by RT-quantitative PCR. Furthermore, SPACA5 protein was more frequently detected in high-grade than in low-grade tumors (61.54 vs. 30.00%, P=0.035). Accordingly, high SPACA5 staining scores were observed to be significantly associated with high-grade tumors (n=65, R=0.279, P=0.027). Collectively, our findings indicated that SPACA5/Spaca5 may be important in male spermatogenesis and may be used as a potential target for specific immunotherapy in patients suffering from TCC.
Anatomical Structure Sketcher for Cephalograms by Bimodal Deep Learning

Lateral cephalogram X-ray (LCX) images are essential to provide patientspecific morphological information of anatomical structures. The automatic annotation of anatomical structures in cephalograms has been performed in the biomedical engineering for nearly twenty years. Most systems only handle a portion of salient craniofacial landmark set [1, 2, 3]. Although model-based methods can produce a full set of markers [5, 7], the pattern fitting can fail to converge in blurry images. It is challenging to annotate LCX images with high fidelity. In this work, we propose a novel cephalogram sketcher system as shown in Fig. 1 for the automatic anatomical-structure annotation, especially for the blemished images due to structure overlappings and devicespecific distortions during projection. Firstly, we introduce an hierarchical extension of a pictorial model to detect anatomical structures. Secondly, the bimodal deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) is employed to sketch the structure contours. Specifically, the contour sketcher takes advantages of the path in the DBM to extract the contour definitions from the patch textures by alternating Gibbs sampling. Given a cephalogram I, the structure definition S, and the parameters Θ = (Θq,Θr) with respect to the intraand inter-layer correlations, the posterior probability distribution according to the Bayes rule is defined as P(S|I,Θ) ∝ P(I|S,Θ)P(S|Θ), where P(S|Θ) is a shape prior distribution. P(I|S,Θ) is the image likelihood given the hierarchical architecture and the model parameters. The likelihood can be factorized as a product of likelihoods of local structures.
Separators for sphere-packings and nearest neighbor graphs

A collection of <italic>n</italic> balls in <italic>d</italic> dimensions forms a <italic>k</italic>-ply system if no point in the space is covered by more than <italic>k</italic> balls. We show that for every <italic>k</italic>-ply system Γ, there is a sphere <italic>S</italic> that intersects at most <italic>O</italic>(<italic>k</italic><supscrpt>1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt><italic>n</italic><supscrpt>1−1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt>) balls of Γ and divides the remainder of Γ into two parts: those in the interior and those in the exterior of the sphere <italic>S</italic>, respectively, so that the larger part contains at most (1−1/(<italic>d</italic>+2))<italic>n</italic> balls. This bound of (<italic>O</italic>(<italic>k</italic><supscrpt>1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt><italic>n</italic><supscrpt>1−1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt>) is the best possible in both <italic>n</italic> and <italic>k</italic>. We also present a simple randomized algorithm to find such a sphere in <italic>O(n)</italic> time. Our result implies that every <italic>k</italic>-nearest neighbor graphs of <italic>n</italic> points in <italic>d</italic> dimensions has a separator of size <italic>O</italic>(<italic>k</italic><supscrpt>1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt><italic>n</italic><supscrpt>1−1/<italic>d</italic></supscrpt>). In conjunction with a result of Koebe that every triangulated planar graph is isomorphic to the intersection graph of a disk-packing, our result not only gives a new geometric proof of the planar separator theorem of Lipton and Tarjan, but also generalizes it to higher dimensions. The separator algorithm can be used for point location and geometric divide and conquer in a fixed dimensional space.
Self-organizing neural networks bridge the biomolecular resolution gap.

Topology-representing neural networks are employed to generate pseudo-atomic structures of large-scale protein assemblies by combining high-resolution data with volumetric data at lower resolution. As an application example, actin monomers and structural subdomains are located in a three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction from electron micrographs. To test the reliability of the method, the resolution of the atomic model of an actin polymer is lowered to a level typically encountered in electron microscopic reconstructions. The atomic model is restored with a precision nine times the nominal resolution of the corresponding low-resolution density. The presented self-organizing computing method may be used as an information-processing tool for the synthesis of structural data from a variety of biophysical sources.
METAL-FREE GAS SUPPLY AT THE EDGE OF REIONIZATION: LATE-EPOCH POPULATION III STAR FORMATION

While the average metallicity of the intergalactic medium rises above Z ≳ 10−3Z☉ by the end of the reionization, pockets of metal-free gas can still exist at later times. We quantify the presence of a long tail in the formation rate of metal-free halos during late stages of reionization (redshift z ≈ 6), which might offer the best window to detect Population III stars. Using cosmological simulations for the growth of dark matter halos, coupled with analytical recipes for the metal enrichment of their interstellar medium, we show that pockets of metal-free gas exist at z ≈ 6 even under the assumption of high efficiency in metal pollution via winds. A comoving metal-free halo formation rate d2n/dt dV ≳ 10−9 Mpc−3 yr−1 is expected at z = 6 for halos with virial temperature Tvir ≈ 104 K (mass ∼108 M☉), sufficient to initiate cooling even with strong negative radiative feedback. These halos will appear as absorption systems with a typical hydrogen column density of ∼1020 cm−2, a sky covering factor 5 × 10−3 and a number density of 25 arcmin−2 for 5.5 ⩽ z ⩽ 6.5. Under the assumption of a single Population III supernova (SN) formed per metal-free halo, we expect an observed supernova rate of 2.6 × 10−3 deg−2 yr−1 in the same redshift range. These metal-free stars and their SNe will be isolated and outside galaxies (at distances ≳150 h−1 kpc) and thus significantly less biased than the general population of ∼108 M☉ halos at z ≈ 6. SN searches for metal-free explosions must thus rely on large area surveys. If metal-free stars produce very luminous SNe, like SN2006gy, then a multi-epoch survey reaching mAB = 27 at 1 μm is sufficient for detecting them at z = 6. While the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will not reach this depth in the z band, it will be able to detect several tens of Population III SNe in the i and r bands at z ≲ 5.5, when their observed rate is down to 3–8 × 10−4 deg−2 yr−1.
Job Scheduling on Parallel Systems

Parallel systems such as supercomputers are valuable resources which are each commonly shared among a community of users. The problem of job scheduling is to determine how that sharing should be done in order to maximize the system’s utility. This problem has been extensively studied for well over a decade, yielding a great breadth of knowledge and techniques. In this work, we survey the ideas and approaches that have proven most influential to how jobs are scheduled on today’s large-scale parallel systems. With this background in mind, we discuss how deployed scheduling policies can be improved to meet existing requirements and how trends in parallel processing are currently altering
Dual Free SDCA for Empirical Risk Minimization with Adaptive Probabilities

In this paper we develop dual free SDCA with adaptive probabilities for regularized empirical risk minimization. This extends recent work of Shai Shalev-Shwartz [SDCA without Duality, arXiv:1502.06177] to allow non-uniform selection of "dual" coordinate in SDCA. Moreover, the probability can change over time, making it more efficient than uniform selection. Our work focuses on generating adaptive probabilities through iterative process, preferring to choose coordinate with highest potential to decrease sub-optimality. We also propose a practical variant Algorithm adfSDCA+ which is more aggressive. The work is concluded with multiple experiments which shows efficiency of proposed algorithms.
Sensory processing abilities of children with ADHD

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the sensory processing abilities of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children without disabilities, and to analyze the relationship between sensory processing difficulties and behavioural symptoms presented by children with ADHD. METHOD : Thirty-seven children with ADHD were compared with thirty-seven controls using a translated and adapted version of the "Sensory Profile" answered by the parents/caregivers. For the ADHD group, Sensory Profile scores were correlated to behavioural symptoms assessed using the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and the Behavioural Teacher Rating Scale (EACI-P). The statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann Whitney test and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS : Children with ADHD showed significant impairments compared to the control group in sensory processing and modulation, as well as in behavioural and emotional responses as observed in 11 out of 14 sections and 6 out of 9 factors. Differences in all Sensory Profile response patterns were also observed between the two groups of children. Sensory Profile scores showed a moderately negative correlation with CBCL and EACI-P scores in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION : These results indicate that children with ADHD may present sensory processing impairments, which may contribute to the inappropriate behavioural and learning responses displayed by children with ADHD. It also suggests the importance of understanding the sensory processing difficulties and its possible contribution to the ADHD symptomatology.
Implementation of microscopic parameters for density estimation of heterogeneous traffic flow for VANET

Microscopic aspects of traffic codes for heterogeneous traffic flow are considered to be optimal for the performance of vehicular ad-hoc network. Within the scope of this concept, fluid dynamic model was applied for density estimation of heterogeneous traffic conditions. The effect of jamming density on velocity and density dynamics having influence of safety distance between the vehicles is accordingly presented in this paper. The new approach for density estimation is expected to provide more realistic data about road conditions for implementing vehicular ad- hoc network.
Blind filter identification and image superresolution using subspace methods

Subspace methods are a powerful tool to recover unknown filters by looking at the second order statistics of various signals originating from the same source (also called a SIMO problem). An extension to the multiple source case is also possible and has been investigated in the literature. In this paper we show how the blind superresolution problem can be solved by this tool. We first present the problem of superresolution as a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) one. We show that the subspace method can not be used, as is, to recover the filters affecting each image, and we present two possible solutions, based on the statistical characteristics of the images to solve this problem. Experiments are shown which validate these ideas.
Particle production and gravitino abundance after inflation.

Thermal history after inflation is studied in a chaotic inflation model with supersymmetric couplings of the inflaton to matter fields. The time evolution equation is solved in a formalism that incorporates both the back reaction of particle production and the cosmological expansion. The effect of the parametric resonance gives rise to a rapid initial phase of the inflaton decay followed by a slow second stage of the decay whose rate is given by the Born approximation. Thermalization takes place immediately after the first explosive stage for a medium strength of the coupling among created particles. As an application we calculate the time evolution of the gravitino abundance that is produced by ordinary particles directly created from the inflaton decay, which typically results in a much more enhanced yield than what a naive estimate based on the Born approximation would suggest.
Cell lineage tracing during Xenopus tail regeneration

The tail of the Xenopus tadpole will regenerate following amputation, and all three of the main axial structures – the spinal cord, the notochord and the segmented myotomes – are found in the regenerated tail. We have investigated the cellular origin of each of these three tissue types during regeneration. We produced Xenopus laevis embryos transgenic for the CMV (Simian Cytomegalovirus) promoter driving GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) ubiquitously throughout the embryo. Single tissues were then specifically labelled by making grafts at the neurula stage from transgenic donors to unlabelled hosts. When the hosts have developed to tadpoles, they carry a region of the appropriate tissue labelled with GFP. These tails were amputated through the labelled region and the distribution of labelled cells in the regenerate was followed. We also labelled myofibres using the Cre-lox method. The results show that the spinal cord and the notochord regenerate from the same tissue type in the stump, with no labelling of other tissues. In the case of the muscle, we show that the myofibres of the regenerate arise from satellite cells and not from the pre-existing myofibres. This shows that metaplasia between differentiated cell types does not occur, and that the process of Xenopus tail regeneration is more akin to tissue renewal in mammals than to urodele tail regeneration.