Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of gradients in biomass burning aerosol on shallow cumulus convective circulations

This study examines the effect of spatial gradients in biomass burning (BB) aerosol on mesoscale circulations and clouds in the Amazon through high‐resolution numerical modeling over areas of 30 km to 60 km. Inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of BB aerosol results in differential surface heat fluxes and radiative heating of the air, which generates circulation patterns that strongly influence cloud formation. The influence on air circulation and cumulus cloud formation depends on the BB aerosol loading, its vertical location, and the width of the plume. Plumes that reside at higher altitudes (~1.5 km altitude) produce monotonic responses to aerosol loading whereas the response to plumes close to the surface changes nonmonotonically with plume width and aerosol loading. Sensitivity tests highlight the importance of interactive calculations of surface latent and heat fluxes with a coupled land surface model. In the case of the plume residing at higher altitude, failure to use interactive fluxes results in a reversal of the circulation whereas for the plume residing nearer the surface, the interactive surface model weakens the circulation. The influence of the BB aerosol on heating patterns, circulations, surface fluxes, and resultant cloud amount prevails over the BB aerosol‐cloud microphysical influences.
On the State of Interdomain Routing in Africa

With IP networking booming on the African continent, initiatives to promote BGP peering in the region emerge, and changes in the transit behavior of ISPs serving Africa are expected. However, there is little knowledge on the IP transit topology currently forming the African Internet. Enhancing the RIPE Atlas measurement infrastructure, we shed light on both v4 and v6 topologies interconnecting ISPs based on the continent. We deployed 21 RIPE Atlas probes in 15 ASes located in 11 African countries, and performed measurements among a total of 214 probes scattered throughout the con- tinent. Our results emphasize the dominance of ISPs based outside Africa for the provision of intra-continental paths, as well as the impact of this aspect on AS path length and end-to-end delay. They also reveal that South Africa is being adopted as a hub, thanks to its well connected infrastructure. We show a large variety of transit habits, depending on factors such as the language, the currency or the geographic location of the ISP. We finally highlight the emergence of new IXPs in Africa.
Approaches to predicting potential impacts of climate change on forest disease: An example with Armillaria root disease

Climate change will likely have dramatic impacts on forest health because many forest trees could become maladapted to climate. Furthermore, climate change will have additional impacts on forest health through changes in the distribution and severity of forest disease. Methods are needed to predict the influence of climate change on forest disease so that appropriate forest management practices can be implemented to minimize disease impacts. Initial approaches for predicting the future distribution of pathogens are dependent on reliable data sets that document the current, precise location of accurately identified pathogens and hosts. Precise distribution information can be used in conjunction with available climate surfaces to determine which climatic factors and interactions influence species distribution. This information can be used to develop bioclimatic models to predict the probability of suitable climate space for host and pathogen species across the landscape. A similar approach using climate surfaces under predicted future climate scenarios can be used to project suitable climate space for hosts and pathogens in the future. Currently such predictions are well developed for many forest host species, but predictive capacity is extremely limited for forest pathogens because of lacking distribution data. Continued surveys and research are needed to further refine bioclimatic models to predict influences of climate and climate change on forest disease.
Quantification of filaments penetrating the subtropical barrier

A method based on contour advection is introduced that aims to quantify the formation of filaments both equatorward and poleward of the subtropical barrier. It is applied to diagnosed potential vorticity fields for every day of January and February in 1997 and 1998. An isosurface of modified potential vorticity is found to represent the region of largest isentropic gradients of potential vorticity and is hence assumed as the tropopause. Tropopause-penetrating structures (“filaments”) forming in contour-advected potential vorticity fields are identified, and statistics of the abundance of such structures are derived. Filamentation as measured by this method exhibits a large temporal variability on the scale of days to weeks. For example, tropospheric cutoff systems developing in the wake of Rossby wave breaking events cause strong filamentation to occur in the lowermost stratosphere. The timescales governing filamentation are a function of altitude, reflecting the differing types and amplitudes of waves inducing filamentation at different isentropic levels. Zonal asymmetries arise as Rossby waves favorably break near the end of the North Atlantic storm track. A difference in the intensities of filamentation in January and February of 1997 and 1998 suggests that the relatively low values of ozone in the lowermost stratosphere observed in 1997 are related to increased filamentation-induced stratosphere-troposphere exchange, compared to 1998. For example, around 30% more filaments are found in the hemispheric and bimonthly mean at the 330 K isentropic surface in January and February of 1997 than during the same months of 1998. Single events can represent most of the filamentation occurring in a month, and hence interannual variability in the frequency of filamentation can be considerable.
Inverse modeling of dynamic nonequilibrium in water flow with an effective approach

Observations of water flow in unsaturated soils often show “dynamic effects,” indicated by nonequilibrium between water contents and water potential, a phenomenon that cannot be modeled with the Richards equation. The objective of this article is to formulate an effective process description of dynamic nonequilibrium flow in variably saturated soil which is both flexible enough to match experimental observations and as parsimonious as possible to allow unique parameter estimation by inverse modeling. In the conceptual model, water content is partitioned into two fractions. Water in one fraction is in equilibrium with the pressure head, whereas water in the second fraction is in nonequilibrium, described by the kinetic equilibration approach of Ross and Smettem (2000). Between the two fractions an instantaneous equilibration of the pressure head is assumed. The new model, termed the dual‐fraction nonequilibrium model, requires only one additional parameter compared to the nonequilibrium approach of Ross and Smettem. We tested the model with experimental data from multistep outflow experiments conducted on two soils and compared it to the Richards equation, the nonequilibrium model of Ross and Smettem, and the dual‐porosity model of Philip (1968). The experimental data were evaluated by inverse modeling using a robust Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. The results show that the proposed model is superior to the Richards equation and the Ross and Smettem model in describing dynamic nonequilibrium effects occurring in multistep outflow experiments. The three popular model selection criteria (Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and deviance information criterion) all favored the new model because of its smaller number of parameters.
Hybrid Velocity Model Prestack Imaging

Deep-water marine seismic data often suffer from non-hyperbolic moveout distortions generated by highly variable seafloor topography. The non-hyperbolic moveout is a result of lateral velocity variations across the rugose/dipping water bottom. Time migration assumes no lateral velocity variations and hence is unable to deal with these variations. The result of using a time migration algorithm is both a substandard image and perhaps more importantly, significant lateral movement of events. To overcome this limitation a hybrid depth migration coupled with a time velocity model building procedure is proposed. With this procedure the non-hyperbolic moveout distortions caused by highly variable seafloors are accounted for. The only cost is in the added expense of running a Pre-Stack Depth algorithm rather than a Prestack Time algorithm. The model building effort is comparable.
Optimal Redistribution in an Open Economy

Conventional wisdom suggests that the optimal policy response to rising income inequality is greater redistribution via higher marginal tax rates and more progressive tax schedules. In this paper we study an economy in which trade is associated with a costly entry into the foreign market, so that only the most productive agents can profltably participate in foreign trade. In this model, trade integration simultaneously leads to rising income inequality and a more sensitive e‐ciency margin of taxation, both driven by the extensive margin of trade. As a result, the optimal policy response may be to reduce the marginal taxes, thereby further increasing inequality. In order to reap most of the welfare gains from trade, countries may need to accept increasing income inequality.
Notre Dame Du Haut by Spherical Photogrammetry Integrated by Point Clouds Generated by Multi-View Software:

A convenient new photogrammetric technique, the Multi-Image Spherical Photogrammetry (MISP), particularly suitable for metric recording of architecture, has been set up and already used in many projects (Fangi, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011). From a unique point of view, photographs are taken 360? around to form a spherical panorama. This panorama is suitable for measurements. The advantages in comparison with traditional pin-hole photogrammetry are many: the speed of the survey, the low-cost of the system, the drastic reduction of the photogrammetric models.The disadvantages consist in the fact that the only suitable points for plotting are those easily identifiable in the different panoramas, because of lack of stereoscopy. In order to solve this problem the following steps have been made:• To use web service of Photosynth to get the orientation of a flurry of photos [27];• To generate dense point cloud by PMVS-2 (Furukawa, [28]);• To edit the point cloud with Mesh Lab, an open source software [26];• To .
On the latitudinal variations of the ionospheric electric field during magnetospheric disturbances

A joint alert campaign was organized during the month of October 1980 by the incoherent scatter radars in the American sector: namely, Jicamarca, Arecibo, Millstone Hill, and Chatanika. The campaign, which met with success, was designed to study the behavior of the ionospheric electric field as a function of latitude during magnetically active conditions. The Arecibo data in this campaign support present and previous observations at Jicamarca that suggest that when the convection E field suddenly decreases, the Alfven layer shielding field becomes unbalanced and penetrates the plasmasphere. While this type of observation is reasonably convincing, others are more difficult to categorize. We suggest that, beside the high-latitude electric fields, time-varying auroral conductivity models will have to be considered in order to understand the morphology of the low-latitude E field disturbances. We present the first correlation analysis and determination of the amplitude ratio of the disturbed zonal electric field at 30° geometric latitude (Arecibo) to the field at 0° (Jicamarca). Other highlights of the paper are a discussion of DP2, which may help clarify the controversy surrounding it, and a discussion of the sensitivity of low- and mid-latitude radars to disturbances of magnetospheric origin. We show that this sensitivity maximizes at the magnetic equator.
Evidence for upper crustal anisotropy in the Songpan‐Ganze (northeastern Tibet) terrane

The radial and transverse receiver functions obtained at several stations located on the Songpan‐Ganze terrane (Tibetan plateau) are characterized by strong P to S conversions in the first 4 s after the direct P wave. We show that the amplitude variations of these phases with back‐azimuth can be well explained by a simple model with one or two anisotropic layers. The anisotropy we obtained is quite strong (about 15%) and might be related to the presence of highly deformed flyschs and schists in the first 25 km of the crust. This study shows that anisotropy in the crust could be locally high and has to be taken into account when analyzing teleseismic data.
Real-time Modeling and Rendering of Tidal in Qiantang Estuary

Tidal bore is a peculiar nature phenomenon which is caused by the lunar and solar gravitation. Based on the physical characters of tidal bores, in this paper we propose a novel method to model and render this phenomenon, especially the tidal waves in Qiantang estuary. According to Boltzmann equation for tidal waves, we solve it with the novel triangle mesh of Kinectic Flux Vector Splitting (KFVS) mode. Then a method combining a curve forecasting wave and particles model is proposed to render the dynamic scenes of overturning tidal waves. Finally, with some rendering technologies, various realistic tidal waves under diversified conditions is rendered in real time.
Demonstration of microfiltration technology

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company, Inc. (DuPont) and the Oberlin Filter Company (Oberlin), undertook a field demonstration project to evaluate microfiltration technology for removal of zinc and suspended solids from wastewater. The microfiltration system utilized DuPont's Tyvek T-980 membrane filter media in conjunction with the Oberlin automatic pressure filter. The project was undertaken at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in April 1990 to verify the ability of the technology to remove dissolved zinc from the site's shallow groundwater. Pretreatment of the groundwater with lime for pH adjustment to precipitate dissolved zinc and other metals was included as part of the technology demonstration program. Analysis of the treated filtrate indicated that the system removed precipitated zinc and other suspended solids at an efficiency greater than 99.9 percent. The filter cake produced during the study passed both the Extraction Procedure (EP.
F IELD V ALIDATION OF V ERTICAL T IE R EACTION F ORCE M EASUREMENT U SING R AIL S TRAIN G AUGES

Strain gauges are often used to measure vertical wheel loads in a railroad track. This approach is based on the concept of Differential Shear Strain (DSS) measurement, which is the difference in vertical shear force between two points along a beam equals the magnitude of the resultant applied vertical force in between. This concept can be extended to measure vertical tie reaction forces and quantify tie support conditions by a slight modification to the strain gauge positions and installation of an additional set of strain gauges. This possible application was first proposed by Ahlbeck et al. (1980) and has been used by a limited number of studies in the past (Mishra et al. 2014).
The biological basis of expected utility anomalies

We assess the biological basis of expected utility anomalies through an experiment of the Allais paradox. A questionnaire study of 120 subjects replicates the anomalies and further gathers information about the respondents’ bio-characteristics, such as gender, age, parenthood, handedness, second to fourth digit ratio, current emotional state, past negative experiences, and religiousness. We find that some of those bio-characteristics matter for the anomalies.
Analysis of variability of climatic indexes for the state of the Paraíba - PB

This work had as main objective the study of spatial variation of meteorological variables (DEF, EXC, Ia, Iu and Ih) according to the available water capacity (AWC) levels of 75, 100, 125 and 150 mm obtained from water balance proposed by THORNTHWAITE (1948) in the State of Paraiba. In the execution of the water balance it was used rainfall data available at the Academic Unit of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande and an estimation of air temperature for a specified series from 1970 to 2000 based on 54 rain gauge stations located throughout the state. In the mapping of meteorological variables it was used the tools of Geostatistics for the construction of contour maps, using the technique of Kriging to obtain the homogeneous areas that enable a planning of the use and a differential agricultural management of the area. Through this analysis it was verified that it occurred small variations of these variables according to the slides studied, proven by the low rainfall coupled with high rate of potential evapotranspiration for most of that state.
Contrasting Vertical Structures of the Stable Boundary Layer

Abstract : Wyngaard (1973) introduced the concept of z-less stratification for cases where the stratification is sufficiently strong, that the turbulence no longer is in significant communication with the surface (see also Holtslag and Nieuwstadt, 1986). Then z is no longer a primary scaling variable, nor is the boundary-layer depth. The eddies are vertically constrained by strong stratification. However, the z-less concept implies more than small eddies, since vertically continuous turbulence can still organize according to z even if the eddies at any level are small compared to z. For example, with local similarity where the relevant Obukhov length must be recast in terms of local fluxes at level z instead of surface fluxes (Nieuwstadt, 1984), the overall vertical structure is still posed in terms of z/h even if the eddy size is small compared to z. In this sense, local similarity still satisfies the criteria for traditional boundary layers. On the other hand, continuous turbulence between the surface and level z might still qualify as primarily z-less turbulence if the principal source of turbulence is detached from the surface and the distance above the ground surface is only a secondary influence.
Cultura material y etnicidad. Observaciones etnoarqueológicas en la región de Gambela (Etiopía)

espanolEste articulo presenta datos de dos campanas etnoarqueologicas llevadas a cabo en la regio nde Gambela, Etiopia occidental, en 2009 y 2010. La investigacion se centro en cinco de los seis grupos etnicos “indigenas” que viven en la region hoy en dia: nuer, anuak, komo, opuuoy sabu. Nuestro conocimiento historico y etnografico de estos grupos es dispar. Existe una abundancia de informacion publicada sobre los dos primeros, una menor cantidad para los komo y practicamente nada para los opuuo y sabu. En todos los casos, su cultura material apenas se ha tenido en cuenta hasta ahora. En este trabajo, ofrecemos descripciones del mundo material y las tecnologias de estas comunidades, especialmente la ceramica y la arquitectura domestica, y mostramos su utilidad para comprender las multiples relaciones entre objetos,etnicidad y principios sociales. EnglishThis article presents ethnoarchaeological data from two field seasons conducted in Gambelaregion, Western Ethiopia, in 2009 and 2010. Research focused on five of the six “indigenous”ethnic groups living in the region today: Nuer, Anuak, Komo, Opuuo and Sabu. Our historicaland ethnographic knowledge of these groups is dissimilar. There exists a wealth of published information for the first two, a lesser amount for the Komo and virtually none for the Opuuoand Sabu. In all cases, their material culture has been scarcely considered to date. Here, weoffer descriptions of the material world and technologies of these communities, especially pottery and domestic architecture, and show their usefulness for understanding the manifold relations of objects, ethnicity and social principles.
Measurement of Subsurface Fractures from Dipmeter Logs

A new technique for determining the presence of steeply dipping fractures and measuring vertical length and azimuth of zones of fractures intersected in deep wells is based on measurement of the azimuth of hole cross-section elongation at zones of overbreak where the drill has encountered a fracture. These measurements are recorded on the caliper part of a Schlumberger 4-arm dipmeter log. Two factors indicate that the sporadic overbreak zones are fracture controlled: (1) parallelism between azimuths of hole cross-section elongation at points of overbreak and directions of jointing measured at outcrops near the wells logged, and (2) influence of hole geometry at the zones of overbreak on logging-tool rotation. Downhole photographic verification of fracture control of direc ional overbreak has not yet been obtained. The parallelism between joint sets at outcrops and azimuths of hole elongation at zones of overbreak has been demonstrated on the structurally simple Alberta plains where two orthogonal systems of extension joints are present. The dominant joint system (system I) has sets striking northeast and northwest, and system II has sets striking north-south and east-west. Of a total of 246 caved zones from 23 wells, scattered throughout Alberta, over 90% show preferential breakage in a northwest-southeast direction, parallel with one of the principal joint sets. It is believed that this technique for measuring subsurface fractures is applicable to other areas.
Experimental mechanical destruction of pollen grains

Abstract Two simple experiments show that mechanical pollen damage is not caused by pollen‐clast collisions during transport, but that wet‐dry cycles may be very effective at degrading pollen. These experiments suggest that horizons of damaged pollen in subaqueous sediment more likely result from redeposition of pollen previously exposed to subaerial weathering, rather than from damage incurred during transport.
Un certainty in the Swedish Operational Hydrological Forecasting Systems

Hydrological forecasting is one of the most essential tasks in operational hydrology; however, predictions are usually subject to several sources of uncertainty (both epistemic and aleatory). Theseuncertainties can be due to, for example, inadequacies in the model structure and/or parameters, forcing data, initial conditions and updating procedures. Here, we analyse medium-scale (10 days) hydrological forecasts across 71 selected indicator stations in Sweden and aim to identify typical uncertainties in the forecasting production chain and ways to reduce them, and analyse different performance characteristics. In particular, the analysis is based on two operational systems using the HBV and S-HYPE hydrological models. We investigate the effect of autoregressive updating of the forecasted discharge, and of usingensemble instead of deterministic forecasts. The recently proposed Kling-Gupta Efficiency and its decomposed terms are used to identify the remaining uncertainty in different characteristics of the flow signal.Results show that uncertainty in operational hydrological forecasting can be significantly reduced by updating using an autoregressive method for discharge. This is particularly significant in the short lead time, due to the emphasis towards improving the volume error in the system. However, in this study, the use of the median ensemble forecast could not reduce the remaining epistemic uncertainty in terms of an improved model performance.