Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenging behaviour: principals' experience of stress and perception of the effects of challenging behaviour on staff in special schools in Ireland

This paper examines the sources of stress and the effects of managing challenging behaviour on principals of special schools in Ireland, including schools for pupils with an intellectual disability, emotional disturbance, specific learning disability and physical and sensory disability, and children of traveller families. In this study principals rated the degree of stress and the potential stressors in managing incidents of challenging behaviour. Further, the degree of disruption to school management activities and the perceived likely effects of incidents of challenging behaviour on teachers and other pupils in the classroom were identified. A postal survey was conducted across all special schools in Ireland (N = 111), with 67% (n = 74) of principals responding. Further follow‐up interviews were conducted with a random sample of principals. The study found that managing incidents of challenging behaviour was stressful for principals; it disrupted school management activities and significantly interfered with the education of pupils exhibiting challenging behaviour and that of ‘other pupils’ (i.e. pupils not exhibiting challenging behaviour). Principals were clearly concerned about the welfare of their staff and the provision of an effective educational environment. Recommendations for future research and management of special schools are provided.
The Stereotyping of Nonreligious People by Religious Students: Contents and Subtypes

This study assessed the consensual stereotypes religious students have of the nonreligious. The stereotype's content, subtypes, subtype strengths, and valence were examined using multiple methods derived from the stereotype content literature. Results indicated that the nonreligious stereotype is diverse and that some impressions of nonreligious people may be quite negative. Six subtypes were identified within the principal stereotype. The most unfavorable subtype was related to a perceived disbelief in religion and spirituality. The most favorable subtype was associated with individualism.
Innate Recognition of Pheromone and Food Odors in Moths: A Common Mechanism in the Antennal Lobe?

The survival of an animal often depends on an innate response to a particular sensory stimulus. For an adult male moth, two categories of odors are innately attractive: pheromone released by conspecific females, and the floral scents of certain, often co-evolved, plants. These odors consist of multiple volatiles in characteristic mixtures. Here, we review evidence that both categories of odors are processed as sensory objects, and we suggest a mechanism in the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe (AL), that encodes the configuration of these mixtures and may underlie recognition of innately attractive odors. In the pheromone system, mixtures of two or three volatiles elicit upwind flight. Peripheral changes are associated with behavioral changes in speciation, and suggest the existence of a pattern recognition mechanism for pheromone mixtures in the AL. Moths are similarly innately attracted to certain floral scents. Though floral scents consist of multiple volatiles that activate a broad array of receptor neurons, only a smaller subset, numerically comparable to pheromone mixtures, is necessary and sufficient to elicit behavior. Both pheromone and floral scent mixtures that produce attraction to the odor source elicit synchronous action potentials in particular populations of output (projection) neurons (PNs) in the AL. We propose a model in which the synchronous output of a population of PNs encodes the configuration of an innately attractive mixture, and thus comprises an innate mechanism for releasing odor-tracking behavior. The particular example of olfaction in moths may inform the general question of how sensory objects trigger innate responses.
Gibberellin production and plant growth promotion from pure cultures of Cladosporium sp. MH-6 isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Gibberellin (GA) production by soil fungi has received little attention, although substantial work has been carried out on other aspects of plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). In our studies we investigated GA production and growth-promoting capacity of a novel fungal strain isolated from the roots of soil-grown cucumber. Pure cultures of 19 endophytic fungi were tested for shoot length promotion of Waito-C rice to identify the GA production capacity of these fungal isolates. Isolate MH-6 significantly increased shoot length (12.9 cm) of Waito-C, in comparison to control treatments. Bioassay with culture filtrate (CF) of MH-6 also significantly promoted growth attributes of cucumber plants. Analysis of MH-6 CF showed the presence of physiologically active (GA1, 1.97 ng/mL; GA3, 5.18 ng/mL; GA4, 13.35 ng/mL and GA7, 2.4 ng/ mL) in conjunction with physiologically inactive (GA9 [0.69 ng/mL], GA12 [0.24 ng/mL], GA15 [0.68 ng/mL, GA19 [1.94 ng/mL and GA20 [0.78 ng/mL]) gibberellins. The CF of MH-6 produced greater amounts of GA3, GA4, GA7 and GA19 than wild type Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus known for high production of GA. The fungal isolate MH-6 was identified as a new strain of Cladosporium sp. on the basis of sequence homology (99%) and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence.
On the Rate Gap Between Multi- and Single-Cell Processing Under Opportunistic Scheduling

Base station (BS) coordination is a key technique to handle intercell interference (ICI) in cellular networks. Nevertheless, recent work on scheduling indicates that the value of coordination is less prominent when the number of users grows large. More specifically, the loss in sum rate due to ICI in uncoordinated networks can be made arbitrarily small as the number of users goes to infinity. However, the gap in performance for a finite number of users has remained unknown so far. From this perspective we study the gains of multicell zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) on the downlink of a Wyner-type network. We first identify the beamforming weights and the optimal scheduling policy under a per-base power constraint. To compare ZFBF with single-cell processing (SCP) we focus on the extra number of users that is needed per cell to compensate for ICI. Specifically, we find the number of users n1 with ZFBF and n2 with SCP that gives the same mean postscheduling signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) as an interference free network with n users. The results show that the ratio [(n2)/(n1)] grows logarithmically with n. Finally, we demonstrate that the difference in sum-rate between SCP and multicell ZFBF goes to zero as O([(lnlnn)/(lnn)]). As a consequence of the slow convergence there is a significant gain with multicell ZFBF for all practical numbers of users.
Modeling Chernoff information loss in cooperative sensor networks

We investigate the Chernoff information loss (CIL) characteristics in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as the sensor attempts to send a 1-bit information about the presence or absence of a phenomenon-of-interest (POI) to a remote data sink through either the single-hop (SH) or multi-hop (MH) wireless connectivity. Firstly, we describe the sensing and communication processes by using the cascaded discrete memoryless channels (DMCs), which can be represented as an equivalent sensing channel (ESC). We then define a typical ESC and derive its Chernoff information. Both the decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) protocols are studied. Subsequently, we consider a random-walk formulation of the MH relay path, and derive the relationship between the average distance traveled by a virtual POI-marked photon and the number of hops. Finally, the CIL model can be obtained by applying the preceding results, which provide critical insight into the problems of when and how to relay in WSNs. Eventually, this would lead to context and channel aware sensing and communication in future cognitive sensor networks.
Book Reviews : Task Experience as a Source of Attitudes by Paul E. Breer and Edwin A. Locke. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1965. Pp. x + 280. $7.95

feelings of the dropout. The TAT is known to be sensitive to current environmental presses. The differences in aggression in the TAT stories observed by Cervantes, then, may also be triggered by the frustration or joys of the current circumstances. Dropouts and graduates, according to the author, represent polar opposites on several dimensions, e.g., troubled-calm; hostilefriendly ; pawn-master; sensate-idealistic. This either/or conclusion may result, however, from an artifact of measurement; namely, protocol ratings were in nominal scales. One final point concerns the ex cathedra conclusions. Counseling, multi-track curricula, promotion of apprenticeship training, and utilization of resources similar to those under the Economic Opportunities Act were among the suggestions made to promote better use of human resources. While they were not the subjects of the investigation, they nevertheless, offer counsel to the schools, the government, and the community. They deserve investigation in their own right, but not endorsement. The limitations of the study are cited to offer a context to the reading of the book. The book is recommended to the intended audi-
A Data Driven Approach to Relevancy Recognition for Contextual Question Answering

Contextual question answering (QA), in which users' information needs are satisfied through an interactive QA dialogue, has recently attracted more research attention. One challenge of engaging dialogue into QA systems is to determine whether a question is relevant to the previous interaction context. We refer to this task as relevancy recognition. In this paper we propose a data driven approach for the task of relevancy recognition and evaluate it on two data sets: the TREC data and the HandQA data. The results show that we achieve better performance than a previous rule-based algorithm. A detailed evaluation analysis is presented.
Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI: 2016 Consensus Recommendations of the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology

Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poses certain unique challenges beyond the scope of current guidelines. The regional heterogeneity of HCC in demographic characteristics, prevalence, surveillance, and socioeconomic status necessitates different treatment approaches, leading to variations in survival outcomes. Considering the medical practices in Korea, the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology (KSAR) study group for liver diseases has developed expert consensus recommendations for diagnosis of HCC by gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI with updated perspectives, using a modified Delphi method. During the 39th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of KSAR (2016), consensus was reached on 12 of 16 statements. These recommendations might serve to ensure a more standardized diagnosis of HCC by gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.
Diversity of Listeria Species in Urban and Natural Environments

ABSTRACT A total of 442 Listeria isolates, including 234 Listeria seeligeri, 80 L. monocytogenes, 74 L. welshimeri, 50 L. innocua, and 4 L. marthii isolates, were obtained from 1,805 soil, water, and other environmental samples collected over 2 years from four urban areas and four areas representing natural environments. Listeria spp. showed similar prevalences in samples from natural (23.4%) and urban (22.3%) environments. While L. seeligeri and L. welshimeri were significantly associated with natural environments (P ≤ 0.0001), L. innocua and L. monocytogenes were significantly associated with urban environments (P ≤ 0.0001). Sequencing of sigB for all isolates revealed 67 allelic types with a higher level of allelic diversity among isolates from urban environments. Some Listeria spp. and sigB allelic types showed significant associations with specific urban and natural areas. Nearest-neighbor analyses also showed that certain Listeria spp. and sigB allelic types were spatially clustered within both natural and urban environments, and there was evidence that these species and allelic types persisted over time in specific areas. Our data show that members of the genus Listeria not only are common in urban and natural environments but also show species- and subtype-specific associations with different environments and areas. This indicates that Listeria species and subtypes within these species may show distinct ecological preferences, which suggests (i) that molecular source-tracking approaches can be developed for Listeria and (ii) that detection of some Listeria species may not be a good indicator for L. monocytogenes.
Student Self-Reported Learning Outcomes of Field Trips: The pedagogical impact

In this study, we used the classification and regression trees (CART) method to draw relationships between student self-reported learning outcomes in 26 field trips to natural environments and various characteristics of the field trip that include variables associated with preparation and pedagogy. We wished to examine the extent to which the preparation for the field trip, its connection to the school curriculum, and the pedagogies used, affect students’ self-reported outcomes in three domains: cognitive, affective, and behavioral; and the extent the students' socioeconomic group and the guide's affiliation affect students' reported learning outcomes. Given that most of the field trips were guide-centered, the most important variable that affected the three domains of outcomes was the guide's storytelling. Other variables that showed relationships with self-reported outcomes were physical activity and making connections to everyday life—all of which we defined as pedagogical variables. We found no significant differences in student self-reported outcomes with respect to their socioeconomic group and the guide's organizational affiliation.
Regular Hilberg Processes: An Example of Processes With a Vanishing Entropy Rate

A regular Hilberg process is a stationary process that satisfies both a hyperlogarithmic growth of maximal repetition and a power-law growth of topological entropy, which are a kind of dual conditions. The hyperlogarithmic growth of maximal repetition has been experimentally observed for texts in natural language, whereas the power-law growth of topological entropy implies a vanishing Shannon entropy rate and thus probably does not hold for natural language. In this paper, we provide a constructive example of regular Hilberg processes, which we call random hierarchical association (RHA) processes. Our construction does not apply the standard cutting and stacking method. For the constructed RHA processes, we demonstrate that the expected length of any uniquely decodable code is the orders of magnitude larger than the Shannon block entropy of the ergodic component of the RHA process. Our proposition supplements the classical result by Shields concerning nonexistence of universal redundancy rates.
Preprint of a Chapter to appear in the book : Cognitive Economics

This Chapter provides a short introduction to Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE), in order to underline the interest of such an approach in cognitive economics. Section 2 provides a brief bird’s eye view of ACE. In section 3, some interesting features of the Santa-Fe Approach to complexity are then introduced by taking simple examples using the Moduleco computational laboratory. Section 4 underlines the interest of ACE for modelling and exploring dynamic features of markets viewed as cognitive and complex social interactive systems. Simple examples of simulations based on two cognitive economics models are briefly discussed. The first one, deals with the so-called exploration-exploitation compromise, while the second deal with social influence and dynamics over social networks .
The Potential of Incorporating Computer Games in Foreign Language Curricula

There is ample evidence that technology-enhanced instruction could result in students’ learning. With the advancement and ever-increasing growth of technology, the use of educational electronic games or computer games in education has appealed to both educators and students. Because of their potential to enhance students’ interest, motivation and creativity, computer games can be used to teach various skills and strategies to different types of students, particularly schoolchildren. These games have also made inroads into language learning classrooms as they provide language learners with a rich learning context to engage in authentic and meaningful learning experiences. This paper reviews the potential of integrating computer games into second/foreign language syllabi and curricula by offering a synopsis of the assumptions, prior studies and theoretical background in support of these games in language education. At the end, the paper touches upon the role of teachers and the likely inhibiting factors affecting the integration of computer games into English language programs.
The Effect of an Upper Body Strength Program on Intercollegiate Baseball Throwing Velocity

Twenty-two college baseball players participated in a study designed to examine the effect of upper body strength training on the velocity of a thrown baseball. The treatment group received 8 weeks of strength training while the control group received no training during the fall portion of the preseason. Throwing velocity was measured for 19 players using a radar gun. Differences in mean throwing velocity were calculated for both groups, and overall significance (p < 0.05) for the interaction of group means was found. Post hoc analysis showed a significantly higher mean throwing velocity for the training group following 8 weeks of strength training. The implication is that college baseball players can improve throwing velocity via a structured strength training program.
Improving Online Image Queries with Computer Vision

Kalooga is a small internet company specialized in providing photo galleries relevant to search queries. This relevance is completely deduced from webtext surrounding the image, giving the image certain labels. One source of information about the image is left untapped: the image content itself. This information could also be used to label images, which is the essential goal of this project: to improve image labeling by exploiting image-content. Contentbased image labeling, however, is a difficult task. Automatically applying every possible label to every possible image is far too much to ask. To find realistic and usable results, instead this project focuses on solving problems that Kalooga’s current system cannot solve. Such problems are classifying more manageable subdomains of images and detecting or filtering certain types of images. To this end, an image classification tool was developed, encompassing an entire image classification pipeline allowing quick experimentation and testing on any dataset. The tool implements different classification algorithms, the most successful of which is a Support Vector Machine, and several types of image descriptors like the Histogram of Gradients (HoG). These methods are tested on the Caltech101 dataset as well as a new dataset created from Kalooga’s data on soccer. The system performs well, but does not improve on scientific benchmarks. An interesting alteration was introduced to the HoG, shifting the orientation bins of its histograms. This improves the descriptor’s performance and allows it to remain descriptive when greatly decreasing its length. This reduction is useful to classification algorithms, storage and descriptor extraction speed. Simply increasing the number of bins also improves performance when using the HoG descriptor. Thus, when extracting HoGs, not only the number of histograms should be considered but also the binning method. Comparing results on both datasets shows HoG to work well on Caltech101, but poorly on Kalooga data. This is because the Kalooga dataset’s images have much higher inner-class variability. To achieve better results, the problem was scaled down to a detection task instead of a multi-class classification task. Detecting action scenes in the Kalooga soccer dataset, a task useful to Kalooga’s presentation, the system performs well and is promising for use on real data. For this task, combining color and texture descriptors also proves to be just as useful as variations of the HoG descriptor. So when deciding which descriptor to use, the target image domain should be well tested.
Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis: similarities and differences

Cardiovascular diseases account for more than half of total mortality before the age of 75 in industrialized countries. To develop therapies promoting the compensatory growth of blood vessels could be superior to palliative surgical surgical interventions. Therefore, much effort has been put into investigating underlying mechanisms. Depending on the initial trigger, growth of blood vessels in adult organisms proceeds via two major processes, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. While angiogenesis is induced by hypoxia and results in new capillaries, arteriogenesis is induced by physical forces, most importantly fluid shear stress. Consequently, chronically elevated fluid shear stress was found to be the strongest trigger under experimental conditions. Arteriogenesis describes the remodelling of pre‐existing arterio‐arteriolar anastomoses to completely developed and functional arteries. In both growth processes, enlargement of vascular wall structures was proposed to be covered by proliferation of existing wall cells. Recently, increasing evidence emerges, implicating a pivotal role for circulating cells, above all blood monocytes, in vascular growth processes. Since it has been shown that monocytes/macrophage release a cocktail of chemokines, growth factors and proteases involved in vascular growth, their contribution seems to be of a paracrine fashion. A similar role is currently discussed for various populations of bone‐marrow derived stem cells and endothelial progenitors. In contrast, the initial hypothesis that these cells ‐after undergoing a (trans‐)differentiation‐ contribute by a structural integration into the growing vessel wall, is increasingly challenged.