Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Piecewise Constant Cross-Ratio Estimation for Association of Age at a Marker Event and Age at Menopause

A question of significant interest in female reproductive aging is to identify bleeding criteria for menopausal transition. Although various bleeding criteria, or markers, have been proposed for menopausal transition, their validity has not been adequately examined. The Tremin Trust data were collected from a long-term cohort study that followed a group of women throughout their whole reproductive life. Such data provide a unique opportunity for evaluating the utility of a bleeding criterion-based marker event by assessing the association between age at onset of the bleeding marker and age at onset of menopause. Formal statistical analysis of this dependence is challenged by the facts that both the marker event and menopause are subject to right-censoring and that their association depends on age at the marker event. We propose using the cross-ratio to measure their dependence by assuming the cross-ratio to be a piecewise constant function of age at onset of the marker event. We propose two estimation procedures, the direct two-stage method and the sequential two-stage method, extending the latter to allow for covariates in marginal survival functions. We apply the proposed methods to the analysis of the Tremin Trust data and evaluate their performance using simulations.
A relationship between wind stress and wave slope

Recently published data taken in wind-wave tanks and on the ocean are shown to yield a growth rate, β, describing the transfer of energy and momentum directly from wind to surface waves, that is well described by the relation β = [(0.04±0.02)u*2ω cos θ]/c2 over a wide range of frequencies. Here u* is air friction velocity, ω is radian wave frequency, c is phase speed, and θ is the angle between wind and waves. Using this form and the requirement that the momentum flux from wind to waves not exceed the wind stress, we show that the total mean-square, upwind/downwind wave slope between the frequencies g/2πU10 and 20 Hz must be less than ρa/[ρω(0.04±0.02)], where ρa and ρω are air and water densities, g is gravitational acceleration, and U10 is wind speed at 10 m. Measurements of mean square slope both in wavetanks and on the ocean seem to show agreement with this limitation as long as the air-water interface is well defined. One implication of such a slope limitation is that mean slope spectral densities are limited to values which decrease as the peak frequency of a wind wave spectrum decreases. This may provide an explanation for the observation that mean-square, dominant wave slopes are typically smaller on the ocean than in wavetanks.
Numerical Analysis of the Near-field Diffraction Pattern of a Small Aperture

Abstract We show the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution of the time-averaged Poynting vector in the near-field of a small aperture (radius < λ) using Bethe's diffraction theory. Our numerical calculation shows that the characteristic of the near-field diffraction depends on the incident angle of the beam on the aperture. Specifically, the near-field diffraction corresponding to the normal incident has a quite different character than that of the oblique incident. We also discuss the variation of the propagation of the time-averaged Poynting vector with the aperture size, the wavelength and the distance from the aperture.
Nonlinear development of inertial instability in a barotropic shear

Inertial instability is investigated numerically in a two-dimensional setting in order to understand its nonlinear stage and saturation. To focus on fundamental mechanisms, a simple barotropic shear U(y)=tanh y on the f-plane is considered. The linear stability problem is first solved analytically, and the analytical solutions are used to benchmark numerical simulations. A simple scenario of the nonlinear development of the most unstable mode was recurrently observed in the case of substantial diffusivity: while reaching finite amplitude the unstable mode spreads laterally, distorting the initially vertical instability zone. This process produces strong vertical gradients which are subsequently annihilated by diffusion, making the flow barotropic again but with the shear spread over a wider region. In the course of such evolution, unexpectedly, strong negative absolute vorticity anomalies are produced. In weakly diffusive simulations, the horizontal spreading of the unstable motions and the enhancement of.
On the Problem of Steiner

There is a well-known elementary problem: (S3) Given a triangle T with the vertices a1, a2, a3, to find in the plane of T the point p which minimize s the sum of the distances |pa1| + |pa2| + |pa3|. p, called the Steiner point of T, is unique: if an angle of T is ≥ 2π/3 then p is its vertex, otherwise p lies inside T and the sides of T subtend at p the angle 2π/3. In the latter case p is called the S-point of T, and it can be found by the following simple construction: let a12 be the third vertex of the equilateral triangle whose other two vertices are a1 and a2, and whose interior does not overlap that of T, let C be the circle through a1, a2 a12; then p is the intersection of C and the straight segment a12a3. It is easily proved that any one of the three ellipses through p with two of the vertices of T as foci is tangent at p to the circle through p about the third vertex of T.
Asymmetric responses of soil bacterial community and soil respiration to precipitation changes: A global meta‐analysis

Changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation altered the hydrological features, thereafter greatly affecting carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil bacteria are pivotal drivers of the global C cycle in terrestrial ecosystems; however, the responses of soil bacterial communities and the C‐cycle they regulated to precipitation changes remain unclear. Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis using 98 paired observations from 58 studies to explore the responses of soil bacteria (abundance and diversity) and their C‐related functions (soil respiration) to increased/decreased precipitation. We found that the response of soil bacterial abundance was linearly correlated with precipitation changes, while the response of soil respiration was negatively asymmetric (concave‐down). The relationship among soil bacterial abundance, alpha diversity, and soil respiration was weakened by decreased precipitation, indicating that decreased precipitation exhibited a stronger effect on soil bacterial community and soil respiration. Our study extends the understanding of soil bacteria and their functions in response to precipitation change and facilitates the prediction of soil carbon cycle‐related functions by using soil microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystem models under future precipitation scenarios.
On the asymptotic inefficiency of certain noniterative estimators of a common relative risk or odds ratio

Nurminen (1981) gives conditions for the asymptotic efficiency of general weighted mean estimators. His application is a noniterative estimator of a common relative risk for binomial variates. This summary estimator and, by implication, the Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio estimator are asserted to be asymptotically efficient. We examine conditions for the asymptotic efficiency in the unconditional sample space of the MantelHaenszel estimator for a common odds ratio, the estimator of a common relative risk considered by Nurminen, and Tarone's (1981) estimator of a common relative risk for binomial variables. Contrary to Nurminen, we find that, except for a few degenerate cases, these estimators are inefficient whenever the common odds ratio or common relative risk is not equal to 1.
Subduction‐Legacy and Olivine Monitoring for Mantle‐Heterogeneities of the Sources of Ultrapotassic Magmas: The Italian Case Study

The origin of Italian kamafugites and lamproites is a matter of debate, not least due to their “crustal signature” displayed by trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, but also due to puzzling geodynamic significance. We combine in situ EMPA and LA‐ICP‐MS analyses with in situ analyses of oxygen isotopes (SIMS) on olivine from the Pleistocene San Venanzo kamafugites and Torre Alfina lamproites. Lamproitic olivine shows extremely high Mg# and Ni concentrations whereas Ca and Mn concentrations are low. Their δ18OV‐SMOW values are very high up to +11.5 ‰. In kamafugites we recognize three genetically different olivine groups: (a) phenocrystic one with high Mg#, very low Ni, high Ca and Mn. Values of δ18OV‐SMOW are up to +10.9 ‰; (b) melt‐related xenocrystic grains that compositionally resemble lamproitic olivine; (c) skarn‐related almost pure forsterite of extreme δ18OV‐SMOW ∼27 ‰, with negligible amounts of minor and trace elements. The melting and crystallization conditions of Italian kamafugites and lamproites indicate compositionally heterogeneous mantle sources on very small scales. Distinct geochemical features of the olivine macrocryst populations observed in kamafugite point to a range of processes occurring both within the magma storage and transport system. We suggest that the diversity of metasomatic agents was involved in mantle processes on local scales, coupled with magma mixing and/or the uptake of xenocrysts during magma ascend.
Factors that Affect the Adoption of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania

Identification of the factors affecting the adoption of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is necessary in creating enabling environment for promoting LPG usage in Tanzania. This paper examines factors that affect the adoption of LPG in the jurisdiction of Kinondoni Municipal Council; one of the five municipalities in the city of Dar es Salaam. A cross-sectional research design, involving 466 households from three wards (Msasani, Kijitonyama and Tandale) was employed to capture qualitative and quantitative data. Content analysis was carried out using the Likert scale to observe perceived factors affecting the adoption of LPG. Chi square test and binary logistic regression were performed to examine the likelihood of the adoption of LPG to occur. The findings suggest that at the micro level, several factors do affect the adoption of LPG, but different individuals have different perceptions based on personal experiences. Uncovered factors include the quantity of sell, household income, household size, and the level of awareness. At the macro level, fuel availability is assumed to play an important role in determining the adoption and usage of LPG. Chi square test shows the association between different variables and LPG usage; while logistic regression reveals two variables—education and household expenditure (proxy for income)—as significant factors. The study recommends that the creation of enabling environment for LPG usage in the municipality should pay more attention to issues related to education and income.
Phenotypic screen identifies the natural product silymarin as a novel anti-inflammatory analgesic

Sensory neuron hyperexcitability is a critical driver of pathological pain and can result from axon damage, inflammation, or neuronal stress. G-protein coupled receptor signaling can induce pain amplification by modulating the activation of Trp-family ionotropic receptors and voltage-gated ion channels. Here, we sought to use calcium imaging to identify novel inhibitors of the intracellular pathways that mediate sensory neuron sensitization and lead to hyperexcitability. We identified a novel stimulus cocktail, consisting of the SSTR2 agonist L-054,264 and the S1PR3 agonist CYM5541, that elicits calcium responses in mouse primary sensory neurons in vitro as well as pain and thermal hypersensitivity in mice in vivo. We screened a library of 906 bioactive compounds and identified 24 hits that reduced calcium flux elicited by L-054,264/CYM5541. Among these hits, silymarin, a natural product derived from milk thistle, strongly reduced activation by the stimulation cocktail, as well as by a distinct inflammatory cocktail containing bradykinin and prostaglandin E2. Silymarin had no effect on sensory neuron excitability at baseline, but reduced calcium flux via Orai channels and downstream mediators of phospholipase C signaling. In vivo, silymarin pretreatment blocked development of adjuvant-mediated thermal hypersensitivity, indicating potential use as an anti-inflammatory analgesic.
The Energetics of African Wave Disturbances as observed During Phase III of GATE

Abstract Fields of the meteorological variables in composite wave disturbance constructed for the region from IOOE to 31°W and 1°S to 26°N and for land and ocean subregions are used to diagnose energy transformations in African waves. The composites are based on data contained in the GATE Quick Look Data Set for the period 23 August to 19 September, 1974. The measurements indicate that for the region as a whole the kinetic energy of the waves is maintained almost equally by conversions from zonal kinetic energy and eddy available potential energy. Eddy available potential energy is supplied by the zonal available potential energy at a comparable rate. From the measured conversion rates it is estimated that in the absence of friction the kinetic energy of the waves would double in about 3 days. Measurements for the subregions show that the conversion from zonal to eddy kinetic energy is stronger over the limited oceanic region considered than over the land, while conversely, the conversion of eddy availabl.
The Impact of Extremely Large Telescopes on the Study of the Most Luminous Stellar Objects

Abstract The potential advantages of the new generation of Extremely Large Telescopes are briefly summarized. When used in combination with advanced adaptive optics modules which can substantially remove the effect of atmospheric turbulence at infrared wavelengths, these telescopes will provide unique capabilities both in terms of photon collecting power (→2-4 magnitude advantage) and angular resolution (4-5 times higher than with current 8-10m telescopes). The instruments under study for the TMT and E-ELT projects are presented and compared. I discuss the impact of the ELTs on three major science topics: stellar populations in galaxies to the Virgo distance, chemical abundances of the brighter stars in nearby galaxies and high redshift SN and GRBs.
Consistency in tomographic reconstruction by iterative methods

Tomographic image reconstruction using limited projection data requires incorporation of all available a priori information in the reconstruction process. This necessitates the use of transformations between projection and image spaces. The consistency of these transformations is important in elevating the confidence in the solution. It is also observed that better reconstructions can be obtained through consistent transformations.
Elasticity and Viscosity of hcp Iron at Earth's Inner Core Conditions From Machine Learning‐Based Large‐Scale Atomistic Simulations

Although considerable efforts have been made in the last years to examine the physical properties of hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) iron at extreme conditions, it remains challenging to explain many geophysical observations in Earth's inner core. Here we examine the elastic and plastic behavior of hcp iron and the effects of structural defects at inner core conditions using large‐scale atomistic simulations coupled with machine learning‐based interatomic potential. Our results suggest that the seismic anisotropy pattern in the inner core can be ascribed to the elastic anisotropy (6%) of hcp iron. The observed low shear wave velocity is largely produced by viscous grain boundaries in iron polycrystal. We also found highly mobile and abundant vacancies in hcp iron yield a viscous strength (1015±1) that is consistent with the geophysical observations. Therefore, our findings highlight the role played by structural defects and lessen the demand for light elements to explain the observed seismic data.
Matched Asymptotic Expansions of the Eigenvalues of a 3-D boundary-value problem relative to two cavities linked by a hole of small size

In a lot of physical problems, the boundary of the computational domain is perforated. This configuration can lead to numerical difficulties when the diameter of the holes are really smaller than the other characteristic lengths. Indeed, it can be very costly to compute a sharp numerical approximation of the solution of such problems for two main reasons: With a standard method like finite elements or finite differences, a refined mesh cannot be avoided in the neighborhood of the hole; the mesh generation of a perforated structure can be a hard task.
Infrared radiation scene generation of stars and planets in celestial background

An infrared (IR) radiation generation model of stars and planets in celestial background is proposed in this paper. Cohen's spectral template1 is modified for high spectral resolution and accuracy. Based on the improved spectral template for stars and the blackbody assumption for planets, an IR radiation model is developed which is able to generate the celestial IR background for stars and planets appearing in sensor's field of view (FOV) for specified observing date and time, location, viewpoint and spectral band over 1. 2μm ~ 35μm. In the current model, the initial locations of stars are calculated based on midcourse space experiment (MSX) IR astronomical catalogue (MSX-IRAC) 2 , while the initial locations of planets are calculated using secular variations of the planetary orbits (VSOP) theory. Simulation results show that the new IR radiation model has higher resolution and accuracy than common model.
Cyclic Depsipeptides and Linear Peptides With Cytotoxic and Antiphytopathogenic Activities From Symbiotic Bacteria of Xenorhabdus (Enterobacteriales: Morganellaceae) Genus

Abstract On the basis of biological activities of the ethyl acetate extracts of four Xenorhabdus sp. , including Xenorhabdus nematophila FUM 220, Xenorhabdus nematophila FUM 221, Xenorhabdus bovienii FUM 222, and Xenorhabdus bovienii FUM 223, X. nematophila FUM 220 was preferentially selected to track the isolation of responsible compounds. Chemical study on the ethyl acetate extract of X. nematophila isolate FUM220 which is derived from the native nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), was evaluated, and eleven compounds, including xenocoumacin II (1), xenortide-396 (2), xenortide A (3), xenortide-410 (4), xenortide-449 (5), xenematide A 663 (6), rhabdopeptide-574 (7), rhabdopeptide-588 (8), rhabdopeptide-687 (9), rhabdopeptide-701 (10), and nematophin-273 (11) were characterized. In this experimental study, we surveyed the antitumoral potential of bacterial extract and bacterial metabolites to treat human breast cancer (MCF-7), human lung cancer (A549), and murineTumor (B16) cell lines. We observed that all samples were cytotoxic, but bacterial extracts of X. nematophila FUM 220 and X. bovienii FUM 223 showed higher toxicity on mentioned cell lines. Potent cytotoxic activity was found for compounds 6 and 11 with IC50 of 6.2 µg/ml against human lung cancer A549 cell lines, too.These compounds showed moderated antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain Xoo-IR42 (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) (MIC of 62.5 µg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus strain 1112 (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae) (MIC of 100 µg/ ml). The bacterial extracts from X. bovienii FUM 222 showed strong inhibition of the growth of S. aureus strain 1112, by a minimal inhibitory concentration assay (MIC of 53.5 µg/ml). Xenorhabdus genera produce metabolites with potent cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. Single compounds can be isolated, identified, and commercialized, but various species or strains may change their anticancer or antimicrobial potential. The present study brings new clues regarding the qualified of Xenorhabdus as future peptide sources for supplying natural bioactive compounds and challenge multidrug-resistant bacteria, treat cancer, and plant diseases. Graphical Abstract
Spectral beam combining of thulium fiber laser systems

Beams from three frequency stabilized master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) thulium fiber laser systems were spectrally beam combined using a metal diffraction grating. Two of the laser oscillators were stabilized with guided mode resonances filters while the third was stabilized using a gold-coated diffraction grating. Each system was capable of producing a minimum of 40 W output powers with slope efficiencies between 50-60 %. The three lasers undergoing combination were operating at wavelengths of 1984.3, 2002.1, and 2011.9 nm with spectral linewidths between 250-400 pm. Beam combining was accomplished by spatially overlapping the spectrally separated beams on a water-cooled gold-coated diffraction grating with 600 lines/mm. Beam quality measurements were completed using M2 measurements at multiple power levels of the combined beam. Power levels of 49 W were achieved before thermal heating of the metal diffraction grating cause degradation in beam quality. The combining grating was ~66% efficient for the unpolarized light corresponding to a total optical-to-optical efficiency of 33% with respect to launched pump power.
A Study on CNN Feature Extraction for Stock Price Prediction

The return on investment for investors in the stock market is highly dependent on the investor's timing strategy, that is, the decision of what time to buy or sell a stock. A successful timing strategy requires investors to accurately identify the price movement of a company. As a result, some investment professionals have created technical analysis analytical methodologies to forecast the short-term trend of a stock. However, technical analysis approaches are prone to subjectivity, such as the selection of technical indicators and indicator periods. This essay attempts to utilize a convolution layer in deep learning to extract features as an alternative to technical indicators and to reduce subjective elements' effect on prediction bias. Several stock predictions are evaluated between a standard LSTM model and an LSTM model with convolution layers (CNN-LSTM model) in this research. The experimental results show that the CNN-LSTM model outperforms the standard LSTM model in predicting the price of certain stocks with a big market capitalization and high liquidity.