Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimizing societal benefit using a systems engineering approach for implementation of the GEOSS space segment

The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is driving a paradigm shift in the Earth Observation community, refocusing Earth observing systems on GEO Societal Benefit Areas (SBA). Over the short history of space-based Earth observing systems most decisions have been made based on improving our scientific understanding of the Earth with the implicit assumption that this would serve society well in the long run. The space agencies responsible for developing the satellites used for global Earth observations are typically science driven. The innovation of GEO is the call for investments by space agencies to be driven by global societal needs. This paper presents the preliminary findings of an analysis focused on the observational requirements of the GEO Energy SBA. The analysis was performed by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Systems Engineering Office (SEO) which is responsible for facilitating the development of implementation plans that have the maximum potential for success while optimizing the benefit to society. The analysis utilizes a new taxonomy for organizing requirements, assesses the current gaps in spacebased measurements and missions, assesses the impact of the current and planned space-based missions, and presents a set of recommendations.
STRUCTURE OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA FROM WAVEFORM TRAVEL-TIME ANALYSIS

Seismic waveform data of the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) have been analyzed to perform 3-D tomographic travel-time inversions to produce high-resolution 3-D crustal P- and S-wave velocity models for the South Korean peninsula. In a first step, waveform data from 2001 through May 2008 have been analyzed to map the Moho discontinuity below South Korea using refracted Pn travel times. Phase-arrival information from both velocity and accelerometer sensors was collected. The analysis included 270 events throughout the region producing 8,860 phase picks of Pg, Pn, Sg/Lg, and Sn phases. A total of 5,090 P-wave and 3,770 S-wave phases were identified. Using the combination of all available velocity and accelerometer data from the 119 KMA stations, it was possible to estimate depth locations for 226 KMA events. The hypocenters were subsequently used to derive travel-time distance curves based on 1-D velocity models to appraise the quality of the travel-time picks. The analysis produced, respectively, crustal P- and S-wave velocities of 6.13 km/s and 3.57 km/s and upper mantle velocities of 8.02 km/s and 4.48 km/s. The travel-time distance curves were used to determine static corrections for all station locations. After applying static corrections to all observed travel-times, refracted P-wave phases along the Moho boundary were selected from the dataset to estimate the depth and topography of the Moho discontinuity beneath South Korea. The resulting Moho topography reveals a relatively flat interface with depth variations from 28 to 34 km. The shallowest parts are below the Yellow Sea and below the Sea of Japan, while the deepest structure is located below the Yeongnam Massif. Joint inversion for hypocenters and velocity structure was performed to derive 3-D P- and S-wave velocity models for the crust. The inversion was constrained by the depth of the Moho interface derived in the previous step. Using analyst phase picks, it was possible to reduce the variance between observed and calculated travel times by 77%. Compared to preliminary event locations based on the 1-D velocity model, the relocated events indicate crustal seismicity deeper than 20 km beneath the peninsula. Additionally, a gradual decrease in depth of seismicity is observed beneath the Yellow Sea. The obtained 3-D velocity distribution is not correlated with the geologic terrains of the peninsula. The velocity distribution is relatively homogeneous corroborating the good fit of the 1-D velocity model. Upper crust velocity values are estimated at 6.2 km/s and 3.6 km/s for P- and S-waves respectively. These values increase beneath 25 km to 7 km/s for P- and 4.3 km/s for S-waves. Mantle velocities are encountered below 32 km depth reaching 8.5 km/s and 4.8 km/s for P- and S-waves, respectively, corroborating the results of the Moho topography study. Finally, 35 GT5 events were selected from the 270 relocated events using Bondar’s criteria (Bondar et al., 2004). The 35 events are well located within the dense KMA network as required by Bondar’s criteria.
The ocean component of the global water cycle (95RG00184)

The distribution of evaporation and precipitation over the ocean (its hydrologic cycle) is one of the least understood elements of the climate system. However, it is now considered one of the most important, especially for ocean circulation changes on decadal to millennial time-scales. The ocean covers 70% of the Earth's surface and contains nearly all (97%) of its free water, thus, it plays a dominant role in the global water cycle. The atmosphere only holds a few centimeters of liquid water, or 0.001% of the total. However, most discussions of the water cycle focus on the rather small component associated with terrestrial processes [Chahine, 1992]. This is understandable, since the water cycle is so vital to agriculture and all of man's activities. Yet current estimates indicate that 86% of global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation occurs over the oceans [Baumgartner and Reichel, 1975]; (Figure 1 ). Since the oceans are the source of most rainwater, it behooves us to work toward a better understanding of the ocean hydrologic cycle; small changes in ocean evaporation and precipitation patterns may have dramatic consequences for the much smaller terrestrial water cycle. For example, if less than 1% of the rain falling on the Atlantic Ocean were to be concentrated in the central US, it would double the discharge of the Mississippi river!
An Analytical Model for Tropical Relative Humidity

AbstractAn analytical model is derived for tropical relative humidity using only the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, hydrostatic balance, and a bulk-plume water budget. This theory is constructed for radiative–convective equilibrium and compared against a cloud-resolving model. With some reinterpretation of variables, it can be applied more generally to the entire tropics.Given four variables—pressure, temperature, and the fractional entrainment and detrainment rates—the equations predict the relative humidity (RH) and the temperature lapse rate analytically. The RH is a simple ratio involving the fractional detrainment rate and the water-vapor lapse rate. When integrated upward in height, the equations give profiles of RH and temperature for a convecting atmosphere.The theory explains the magnitude of RH and the “C” shape of the tropospheric RH profile. It also predicts that RH is an invariant function of temperature as the atmosphere warms, and this behavior matches what has been seen in global climate mod.
Effects of large fires on biodiversity in south-eastern Australia: disaster or template for diversity?

Large fires coincident with drought occurred in south-eastern Australia during 2001–2007. Perceptions of large, intense fires as being ecologically ‘disastrous’ are common. These are summarised by four hypotheses characterising large fires as: (i) homogenous in extent and intensity; (ii) causing large-scale extinction due to perceived lack of survival and regeneration capacity among biota; (iii) degrading due to erosion and related edaphic effects; (iv) unnatural, as a consequence of contemporary land management. These hypotheses are examined using available evidence and shown to inadequately account for effects of large fires on biodiversity. Large fires do not burn homogeneously, though they may produce intensely burnt patches and areas. The bulk of biota are resilient through a variety of in situ persistence mechanisms that are reinforced by landscape factors. Severe erosive episodes following fire tend to be local and uncertain rather than global and inevitable. Redistribution of soil and nutrients may reinforce habitat variation in some cases. Signals of fire are highly variable over prehistoric and historic eras, and, in some cases, contemporary and pre-European signal levels are equivalent. The most important effects of large fires in these diverse ecological communities and landscapes stem from their recurrence rate. Adaptive management of fire regimes rather than fire events is required, based on an understanding of risks posed by particular regimes to biota.
3-D AVO migration/inversion of field data

This article describes the methodology for AVO migration/inversion and presents the results of its first field application. 3-D AVO migration/inversion can be applied in areas with lateral velocity variations and dipping events in which conventional AVO analysis is not valid. The method has been tested on both synthetic and field data in 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D cases and its accuracy verified.
Morphological development of the retention basin “Hartheim”: A case study

Flow in rivers and on floodplains is complex as it is affected by several interconnected factors such as topography, sediment transport and vegetation characteristics. The resulting processes are explained by the measure “Hartheim” planned for retention purposes at the Upper Rhine river. On the basis of existing formulas and instruments it is demonstrated that a good estimation of the development of the measure is possible. The proposed procedure is a useful tool for estimating morphological developments of restored river sections.
The use of decision trees in the classification of beach forms/patterns on IKONOS-2 data

Evaluation of beach hydromorphological behaviour and its classification is highly complex. The available beach morphologic and classification models are mainly based on wave, tidal and sediment parameters. Since these parameters are usually unavailable for some regions – such as in the Portuguese coastal zone - a morphologic analysis using remotely sensed data seems to be a valid alternative. Data mining for spatial pattern recognition is the process of discovering useful information, such as patterns/forms, changes and significant structures from large amounts of data. This study focuses on the application of data mining techniques, particularly Decision Trees (DT), to an IKONOS-2 image in order to classify beach features/patterns, in a stretch of the northwest coast of Portugal. Based on the knowledge of the coastal features, five classes were defined: Sea, Suspended-Sediments, Breaking-Zone, Beachface and Beach. The dataset was randomly divided into training and validation subsets. Based on the analysis of several DT algorithms, the CART algorithm was found to be the most adequate and was thus applied. The performance of the DT algorithm was evaluated by the confusion matrix, overall accuracy, and Kappa coefficient. In the classification of beach features/patterns, the algorithm presented an overall accuracy of 98.2% and a kappa coefficient of 0.97. The DTs were compared with a neural network algorithm, and the results were in agreement. The methodology presented in this paper provides promising results and should be considered in further applications of beach forms/patterns classification.
Development of a virtual reality simulation for practitioners

Within social work education there has been extensive interest and use of simulation for learning purposes. In recent years, this interest has broadened to the use of Virtual Reality Simulation (VRS) for teaching because of the benefits that include a safe environment in which to learn, flexibility and self-efficacy. Several examples of VRS have been developed that range from specifically designed computer-based programs through to Google Cardboard VR. While such efforts are to be lauded, what is missing is a deliberate attempt to build on the knowledge of such developments. This article will detail the creation and implementation of a VRS with Social Work and Early Help practitioners, but unlike previous examples, the study builds on the practitioners’ sense of presence and reality. In doing so, it was found that the practitioners’ practice experience and knowledge influenced their perception of the VRS. This finding has significant implications for the development of VRS for social work, in particular showing that there is a need to make a distinction between students and practitioners, and to appreciate that learners are not passive beings.
Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Damietta Harbour on the Northeastern Nile Delta Coast of Egypt

Damietta Harbour is located on the northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. Two breakwaters were constructed in 1982 to prevent the prevailing NE and SW sediment transport from shoaling the navigation channel, which extends about 20km offshore. However, the harbour channel has experienced continued sedimentation, which has affected navigation. As a result, periodic annual dredging of the channel has being carried out since 1986, averaging of 1.18 x 10 6 m 3 /yr. To provide a basis for evaluating this problem and to provide possible mitigation, an intensive 20-month measurement program was carried out including: intensive hydrographic surveying, waves, longshore currents, littoral drift, currents seaward of the breaker zone, offshore currents and water level variation. Results of this study have led to better understanding of the factors controlling the processes of sedimentation of the navigation channel. The sedimentation process is complex and is influenced by the temporal variability in the direction and intensity of the incoming waves, currents, orientation of coastline and seafloor morphology. Sediments are transported to the sink area including the navigation channel from adjacent coastal sources at Burullus and Ras El Bar as well as from the Damietta offshore shoals by several pathways comprising the opposing NE and SW littoral drift, north-northwest and north-northeast offshore currents as well as from onshore sediment movement. Sediments are dispersed primarily away from sediment sources toward the sink area by both contour-flowing bottom and cross-shelf (seaward-trending currents). The general characteristics and interpretation of depth of closure are applied to evaluate the behavior of the harbour breakwaters versus sediment bypassing and to propose measures to mitigate this problem.
Hierarchical CoFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Carbon-felt Cathode for Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton

UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France b. IEM (Institut Européen des Membranes), UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France c. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy. * Corresponding author. E-mail: mikhael.bechelany@univ-montp2.fr * Corresponding author. E-mail: Marc.Cretin@univ-montp2.fr Received 00th January 20xx, Accepted 00th January 20xx
Early flood warnings from empirical (expanded) downscaling of the full ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System

A prototype early warning system for floods is introduced. For a small headwater catchment, probabilistic streamflow predictions in 24‐hourly steps are obtained from downscaling all members of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System and feeding the resulting precipitation and temperature series into a hydrologic model. We apply “expanded downscaling,” a scheme that was previously used for climate scenarios and that is particularly suited to extreme events and the simulation of flood‐triggering heavy rainfall. The entire model chain is thoroughly verified, using daily precipitation and streamflow observations and forecasts from the decade 1997–2006. It turns out that strong meteorologic (precipitation) events are skillfully predicted for at least 5 days lead time by the downscaling. That skill, however, is partly lost by deficiencies in the hydrological modeling as revealed in this study. We discuss ways to overcome these difficulties, along with the prospect of employing the whole system operationally, for example, for reservoir regulations. We close with an outlook for early flash flood warnings.
Seasonal Climatic Changes Induced by Doubled CO2 as Simulated by the OSU Atmospheric GCM/Mixed-Layer Ocean Model

Abstract The OSU global atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) has been coupled to a 60-m deep mixed-layer ocean model to simulate the equilibrium seasonal climatic changes induced by a doubling of the CO2 concentration. Simulations with CO2 concentrations of 326 ppmv (1 × CO2) and 652 ppmv (2 × CO2) were performed using an accelerated integration procedure for 45 solar cycles followed by the normal unaccelerated integration procedure for 24 and 16 solar cycles (years), respectively. Averages were then obtained over the last 10 yr of each simulation and were analysed in terms of the annual-mean climate and the annual cycle of climate, the latter defined as the departure of the monthly or seasonal mean from the corresponding annual mean. The 1 × CO2/observed comparison shows that although the model is capable of simulating many features of the observed climate, it does not do so without error. Annual-mean errors are found in the geographical distributions of sea surface temperature, sea ice area, sur.
Measurement of the Root Canal Length by Endometers ES-02 and ES-03

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of measurements of endometers ES-02 and ES-03 in dry canals and canals filled with sodium-hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). For the experiment 31 onerooted human extracted teeth were used. Working length of the root canal was determined visually using a #15 reamer as a control measurement. After that the teeth were embedded in vial with freshly mixed alginate and the measurements were made with both devices. Two measurements were made in dry canal and canal filled with sodium-hypochlorite and EDTA for each device. The first value was the working length determined according to the sign -1,0 on the scale and display, respectively, which corresponds to the apical constriction. The second value was measured according to the sign 0,0 which corresponds to the external foramen. Results were analyzed statistically by MANOVA test, and as post-hoc test Student-t test was used. The measurements same as control were in 65% for ES-02 device, and 61%, for ES-03 device at point -1,0 in dry canal, although the difference was not statistically significant. Fluids in root canal statistically significant negatively influence on accuracy of measurements but that significance was 10 times greater at point of measurement -1,0 than at 0,0.
On the Transport and Angular Momentum Balance of Channel Models of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Abstract Angular momentum balances are discussed, both in general as well as in the context of simple channel models of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Particular emphasis is placed on the close relationship between the angular momentum balance and the meridional circulation. It is found that topographic form drag is established very early in the integration, whereas interfacial form drag can take much longer to develop. Restrictions on the geostrophic portion of the meridional circulation imposed by zonally reconnecting potential vorticity contours in the upper ocean allow derivation of an estimate for the steady-state transport. The estimate assumes there to be little or no circumpolar flow at great depth, an assumption that stems from the belief that the band of zonally reconnecting geostrophic contours in the Southern Ocean does not extend to the ocean floor. The predicted transport is proportional to the strength of the stratification and compares favorably with numerical results in the lite.
Comparative Influence of Snow and SST Variability on Extratropical Climate in Northern Winter

Abstract In this study the influence of snow on atmospheric seasonal mean variability in the extratropical latitudes during boreal winter was studied. The motivation for this analysis was to understand the characteristics of low-frequency atmospheric variability in the extratropical latitudes, and to assess if the interannual variations in snow could lead to potential predictability on seasonal timescales. The influence of snow on atmospheric variability was assessed from a suite of atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) simulations where snow depth amount was either prescribed to a seasonally varying climatology, or was allowed to evolve during the model integration. Further, the influence of snow variability was contrasted with the influence of interannual variability in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the atmospheric flow. A systematic influence of snow variability on the atmospheric seasonal mean variability was found. For example, for the GCM simulations in which snow amount and its extent we.
Multiskilled labor force: a discussion of this missing link of lean construction in Brazilian companies

Abstract Multiskilled labor is a ubiquitous concept and its adoption is suggested in various production approaches such as sociotechnical systems, cellular arrangements and, most notably, related to Lean Production, as it provides flexibility to the work environment. This research work aimed at identifying the extent of the use of multiskilling in a sample of Brazilian construction sites. A survey was conducted comprising variables such as reasons for simultaneous use of specialized and multiskilled labor. A total of 191 valid questionnaires were returned. Statistical analyses point out that it is common to employ both specialized and multiskilled labor in the majority of sites. Furthermore, multiskilling and subcontracting are concomitant flexible strategies to accommodate labor provision on site. The share of multiskilling is greater than reported in academic works, the number of skills is as restricted as in literature propositions and the size of the building firm is determinant of the share of multiskilled labor in the total workforce. This research work concludes that: work flexibility may be obtained with different strategies (multiskilled; specialized and multiskilled; subcontracting); employing only specialized trades is not a dominant culture on building sites.
The limitations and potential of AVHRR GAC data for continental scale fire studies

Abstract Global Area Coverage (GAC) data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are available on a daily basis, dating back to July 1981. The AVHRR's 3·55–3·93 μm channel is suitable for detection of terrestrial hot spots, such as bushfires. The long-term archives and global cover make the GAC a potentially valuable data source for large scale fire studies. However, these data are sampled spatially through a combination of line skipping and averaging. This study shows that the sampling affects the sensitivity of GAC for fire detection in relation to ecosystem and season. The GAC are found to provide a reasonable measure of fire activity in grassland and open b'ush savannah, but to perform poorly in the forest margins. Overall at least 79 per cent of fires detected with non-sampled AVHRR data are missed by the GAC. This severely limits the use of GAC data for quantitative fire studies. The GAC does appear to provide a reasonable measure of fire calendar (i.e., variations in fire activity.