Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Regulated Learning: Monitoring Learning From Text

Contemporary models of proficient self-regulated cognition include monitoring of performance as an important component. Monitoring is an executive process, activating and deactivating other processes, as a function of on-line evaluation (of thought processes and products as they occur. This article reviews our recent research on monitoring during text processing. Our most dramatic finding was that monitoring, even by skilled adults, is often far from optimal, leading to the conclusion that efficient self-regulated study occurs much less frequently than previously suggested by basic cognitive researchers.
High-precision Immune Computation for Secure Face Recognition

The accuracy of face recognition is very important for its security in many applications, because wrong face recognition may cause such security problems as authorization. To increase the recognition rate in such face database as ORL, a face recognition algorithm should be good at minimizing the disturbances of facial pose, illumination and expression (PIE) to this recognition. In this paper, the improved clonal selection algorithm and diverse samples are designed. The improved clonal selection algorithm searches the most similar sample for unknown face image, according to the affinity between the unknown one and the most similar sample. The affinity is newly designed to improve the adaptive matching between the object and the samples. Compared with some state-of-the-art algorithms on the ORL face database, the proposed approach outperforms the other algorithms in the recognition rate, based on the experimental results.
Mutation View : An Integrated Knowledge Base for Mutations and Polymorphisms in Human Disease Genes:Automatical Extraction of Disease-Associated Knowledge

One of the important purposes of genome research is to elucidate the nature of genes responsible for monogenic as well as multigenic diseases. In order to better understand correlation between disease and genetic diversity, we developed an integrated database system MutationView, which at present mainly deals with monogenic diseases (http://mutview.dmb.med.keio.ac.jp). MutationView is the system which can search, display and analyze the mutation data with graphical environment.
Aging alters muscle reflex control of autonomic cardiovascular responses to rhythmic contractions in humans (1165.8)

We investigated the influence of aging on the role of group III/IV muscle afferents in determining circulatory responses to physical activity. Six old (OLD; 70 ± 2 years) and 8 young (YNG; 24 ± 2 years) males performed single‐leg knee extensor exercise (14 W / 30 W / 80% max) under control conditions and with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl impairing feedback from µ‐opioid receptor‐sensitive lower limb muscle afferents. Cardiac output (Q), leg perfusion pressure (PP), leg vascular conductance (LVC), and femoral blood flow (QL) were collected continuously. There were no hemodynamic differences between conditions at rest. Fentanyl blockade during exercise did not affect Q in OLD (P=0.2); however, secondary to significant decreases in heart rate and stroke volume, Q was attenuated by ~20% in YNG (P<0.05). Furthermore, in the face of a similar 5‐7% reduction in PP (P<0.05) during exercise with fentanyl blockade in both groups, LVC increased ~13% in OLD, but decreased ~10% in YNG (both P<0.05). The net effect of these blockade‐induced changes was an unaltered QL response to exercise in OLD, contrasting the significant 15‐17% decrease in YNG. In conclusion, healthy aging alters muscle reflex control of autonomic circulatory responses to exercise. While muscle afferent feedback remains critical in regulating PP, their contribution to central (Q) and peripheral (QL) hemodynamic responses might diminish with age.
Effects of induction and age-dependent enzyme expression on lung bioavailability, metabolism, and DNA binding of urban air particulate-absorbed benzo[a]pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyridol-(4,3)-indole.

The effect of interactions between urban air particulates (UAP) and carcinogens on bioavailability, metabolism, and DNA binding was studied in the isolated perfused and ventilated rat lung. The availability of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) varied from 29 to 60% after intratracheal doses of carcinogen particulates dissolving extremely slow and fast, respectively. Several cytochrome P450 enzyme (P450) inducers acting as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[p]dioxin-receptor ligands have been identified in UAP extracts. beta-Naphthoflavone (BNF) was used to study how P450 induction alters the lung metabolism of carcinogens. Pretreatment increased the lung clearance for B[a]P 8-fold and for 2-nitrofluorene (2NF) by a factor of four from 0.55 +/- 0.06 ml/min to 2.37 +/- 0.62 ml/min. Studies with the intact lung and with isolated lung cells show that carcinogen metabolism and pharmacokinetics depend both on the route of exposure and dosage and on the distribution of specific enzymes. A cytochrome P450IIB1 enzyme was detected in lung epithelial cells where it catalyzes 9-hydroxylation of 2NF. This rat lung 2NF-9-hydroxylation capacity increases in parallel with the age dependent up-regulation of lung P450IIB1 expression. Both human and rat lung tissue have the capacity to form 9-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene (9-OH-2NF) that is mutagenic. A BNF-inducible P450IA1 was detected in endothelial and alveolar type II cells. Consequently, aromatic hydroxylation dominated when 2NF was dosed directly into the lung circulation. Pretreatment of rats with BNF before intratracheal B[a]P dosage induced lung cytochrome P450IA1. The 7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-oxybenzo[a]pyrene-deoxyguanosine adduct and the total lung DNA adduct levels increased significantly from a peak level of 75 +/- 8 to 151 +/- 19 fmole/mg DNA in lungs from control and BNF pretreated rats, respectively. 3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyridol-(4,3)-indole (TRP-P1) is a potent mutagen and carcinogen identified in UAP extracts. Dietary BNF pretreatment of rats altered the [14C]TRP-P1 distribution as analyzed by whole-body autoradiography. An enhanced retention was observed in the small intestine, forestomach, esophagus, and lung. UAP catalyzes oxygen radical formation and deoxyguanosine-8-hydroxylation, which were inhibited when the UAP samples were extracted with organic solvents or when they were incubated in the presence of desferroxamine. We therefore postulate that a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon autooxidation pathway may be responsible for generation of hydrogen peroxide, which may be further converted to hydroxyl radicals through an iron-dependent reaction. ImagesFigure 3.
Sliding Adhesion Confers Coherent Motion to Hair Cell Stereocilia and Parallel Gating to Transduction Channels

When the tip of a hair bundle is deflected by a sensory stimulus, the stereocilia pivot as a unit, producing a shearing displacement between adjacent tips. It is not clear how stereocilia can stick together laterally but still shear. We used dissociated hair cells from the bullfrog saccule and high-speed video imaging to characterize this sliding adhesion. Movement of individual stereocilia was proportional to height, indicating that stereocilia pivot at their basal insertion points. All stereocilia moved by approximately the same angular deflection, and the same motion was observed at 1, 20, and 700 Hz stimulus frequency. Motions were consistent with a geometric model that assumes the stiffness of lateral links holding stereocilia together is >1000 times the pivot stiffness of stereocilia and that these links can slide in the plane of the membrane—in essence, that stereocilia shear without separation. The same motion was observed when bundles were moved perpendicular to the tip links, or when tip links, ankle links, and shaft connectors were cut, ruling out these links as the basis for sliding adhesion. Stereocilia rootlets are angled toward the center of the bundle, tending to push stereocilia tips together for small deflections. However, stereocilia remained cohesive for deflections of up to ±35°, ruling out rootlet prestressing as the basis for sliding adhesion. These observations suggest that horizontal top connectors mediate a sliding adhesion. They also indicate that all transduction channels of a hair cell are mechanically in parallel, an arrangement that may enhance amplification in the inner ear.
Performance of typically-developing school-age children with English as an additional language on the British Picture Vocabulary Scales II

This study provides preliminary indications of the performance of typically developing children with English as an additional language (EAL) on the British Picture Vocabulary Scales II [BPVS II]. One-hundred and sixty-five children aged four to nine years took part in the study, 69 monolingual English speakers and 96 with EAL. The results indicate an effect of both age and language status, with the EAL children scoring proportionally lower at younger ages. There was a narrowing gap between the scores of EAL and monolingual English children with increasing age. These findings differ somewhat from the suggested BPVS EAL norms, but must be treated cautiously because of the limited sampling frame. Nevertheless, some potentially useful suggestions are made for practitioners.
Abnormalities of Response Processing in a Chronic Psychiatric Group

This study attempted to identify, in a mixed group of chronic patients, a specific measure of cognitive processing that may be of use in predicting dependence on psychiatric care. The measures investigated are derived from reaction-time tasks. Difficulties of response processing seem to account for the largest amount of variance in current service use. When compared with other variables shown to have some predictive power (e.g. social behaviour, symptoms and chronicity), the reaction time measures fare well. Functions derived from discriminant analyses using all the variables correctly classified 90% of those requiring day care and 95% of those requiring night care. Stepwise methods produced lower classification rates but always included reaction-time measures in the predictor set. Patients with continuing cognitive difficulties are likely to remain in more supportive psychiatric settings despite rigorous rehabilitation procedures.
Measuring gang membership in England and Wales: A latent class analysis with Eurogang survey questions

This paper examines the conceptual and empirical adequacy of the Eurogang Network’s survey measurement of gang membership. Using data from a nationally representative survey of young people in England and Wales, we employed a latent class analysis to model variation in the characteristics of peer groups. We found that while Eurogang survey items identified a distinct group of young people involved in more frequent and serious offending, this definition also extended to a separate group whose only ‘vice’ was recreational drug use. We discuss the conceptual validity of extending the ‘gang’ label to this latter group, together with the pressing need for more developmentally sensitive measures of peer networks in adolescence.
Deadbeat-direct torque and flux control on low switching frequency induction machine drives using the enhanced flux observer and torque model

This paper presents a digital implementation of deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) for induction machines at low switching frequencies. For high switching frequencies, existing discrete time flux observers and Volt-sec. -based inverse torque models used for DB-DTFC achieve acceptable flux estimation accuracy and fast torque response. However, the flux estimate is less accurate when switching frequency is reduced and DB-DTFC performance degrades. This paper develops a more suitable flux observer and Volt-sec. -based inverse torque model that minimizes flux estimation error and improves torque control for DB-DTFC. Simulation and experimental results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed observer and torque model at very low switching frequencies. Consequently, digital implementation of low switching frequency DB-DTFC on high power induction machines is feasible.
Dengue fever in U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993.

Dengue fever (DF) was considered to be a potential cause of febrile illness in U.S. troops deployed to Somalia during Operation Restore Hope in 1992-1993. A prospective study of hospitalized troops with fever and a seroepidemiologic survey of 530 troops were conducted. Among 289 febrile troops hospitalized, 129 (45%) did not have an identified cause of their fever. Dengue (DEN) virus was recovered from 41 (43%) of 96 of these patients by inoculation of admission sera into C6/36 cell cultures. Thirty-nine (41%) of the isolates were identified as DEN-2 and two (2%) as DEN-3 by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay. An additional 18 (49%) of 37 culture-negative cases were shown by immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to have anti-DEN virus antibody. All identified DF cases recovered within 1-2 weeks; no case of dengue hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome was observed. A seroepidemiologic survey of a unit (n = 494) with 17 culture or serologically identified DF cases and a 13% attack rate of unidentified febrile illness revealed a 7.7% prevalence of anti-DEN virus IgM antibody. Failure to use bed nets was the only identified risk factor for DEN infection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.4-3.0). These data indicate that DF was an important cause of febrile illness among US troops in Somalia, and demonstrate the difficulties in preventing DEN infection in troops operating in field conditions.
In vivo antibiotic production by Escherichia coli.

It has been demonstrated that antibiotic-producing strains of Escherichia coli will secrete antibiotics while growing in the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissues of mice. Significant levels of antibiotic appear in the serum, as well as in the local exudates, of such infected animals. Injection of non-antibiotic-producing E. coli strains yielded exudates and sera devoid of inhibitory activity. The antibiotic produced by one of these organisms in vivo seems to be identical with that produced in vitro.
On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition

Research on Second Language (L2) Acquisition, over the past ten years, has undergone substantial changes by shifting its focus of interest away from an analysis of linguistic structures alone, concentrating more on the learner himself or, rather, on the process of learning. It had become obvious that one of the major shortcomings in contrastive studies as well as in the usual kind of error analysis is that they lack thorough investigation of factors which determine the kind of approach a learner may take to acquire a second language. This again implies that it is more fruitful to study the process of learning itself instead of merely analysing its outputs. It is by now widely accepted that the learner takes an active part in the learning process and does not merely get trapped in structural gaps which linguists may find when comparing the source language (the learner's L1) and the target language (L2).
Binary Classifiers and Latent Sequence Models for Emotion Detection in Suicide Notes

This paper describes the National Research Council of Canada's submission to the 2011 i2b2 NLP challenge on the detection of emotions in suicide notes. In this task, each sentence of a suicide note is annotated with zero or more emotions, making it a multi-label sentence classification task. We employ two distinct large-margin models capable of handling multiple labels. The first uses one classifier per emotion, and is built to simplify label balance issues and to allow extremely fast development. This approach is very effective, scoring an F-measure of 55.22 and placing fourth in the competition, making it the best system that does not use web-derived statistics or re-annotated training data. Second, we present a latent sequence model, which learns to segment the sentence into a number of emotion regions. This model is intended to gracefully handle sentences that convey multiple thoughts and emotions. Preliminary work with the latent sequence model shows promise, resulting in comparable performance using fewer features.
A two‐sample distribution‐free test for functional data with application to a diffusion tensor imaging study of multiple sclerosis

Motivated by an imaging study, the paper develops a non‐parametric testing procedure for testing the null hypothesis that two samples of curves observed at discrete grids and with noise have the same underlying distribution. The objective is to compare formally white matter tract profiles between healthy individuals and multiple‐sclerosis patients, as assessed by conventional diffusion tensor imaging measures. We propose to decompose the curves by using functional principal component analysis of a mixture process, which we refer to as marginal functional principal component analysis. This approach reduces the dimension of the testing problem in a way that enables the use of traditional non‐parametric univariate testing procedures. The procedure is computationally efficient and accommodates different sampling designs. Numerical studies are presented to validate the size and power properties of the test in many realistic scenarios. In these cases, the test proposed has been found to be more powerful than its primary competitor. Application to the diffusion tensor imaging data reveals that all the tracts studied are associated with multiple sclerosis and the choice of the diffusion tensor image measurement is important when assessing axonal disruption.
TH-302 in Combination with Radiotherapy Enhances the Therapeutic Outcome and Is Associated with Pretreatment [18F]HX4 Hypoxia PET Imaging

Purpose: Conventional anticancer treatments are often impaired by the presence of hypoxia. TH-302 selectively targets hypoxic tumor regions, where it is converted into a cytotoxic agent. This study assessed the efficacy of the combination treatment of TH-302 and radiotherapy in two preclinical tumor models. The effect of oxygen modification on the combination treatment was evaluated and the effect of TH-302 on the hypoxic fraction (HF) was monitored using [18F]HX4-PET imaging and pimonidazole IHC stainings. Experimental Design: Rhabdomyosarcoma R1 and H460 NSCLC tumor-bearing animals were treated with TH-302 and radiotherapy (8 Gy, single dose). The tumor oxygenation status was altered by exposing animals to carbogen (95% oxygen) and nicotinamide, 21% or 7% oxygen breathing during the course of the treatment. Tumor growth and treatment toxicity were monitored until the tumor reached four times its start volume (T4×SV). Results: Both tumor models showed a growth delay after TH-302 treatment, which further increased when combined with radiotherapy (enhancement ratio rhabdomyosarcoma 1.23; H460 1.49). TH-302 decreases the HF in both models, consistent with its hypoxia-targeting mechanism of action. Treatment efficacy was dependent on tumor oxygenation; increasing the tumor oxygen status abolished the effect of TH-302, whereas enhancing the HF enlarged TH-302′s therapeutic effect. An association was observed in rhabdomyosarcoma tumors between the pretreatment HF as measured by [18F]HX4-PET imaging and the T4×SV. Conclusions: The combination of TH-302 and radiotherapy is promising and warrants clinical testing, preferably guided by the companion biomarker [18F]HX4 hypoxia PET imaging for patient selection. Clin Cancer Res; 21(13); 2984–92. ©2015 AACR.
Brief Report: HIV-1 Evolution in Breakthrough Infections in a Human Trial of Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis With Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Abstract: We describe HIV-1 evolutionary dynamics in the 4 participants from the TDF2-PrEP trial who became HIV-1 infected while prescribed emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF). At seroconversion, virus diversity in the 2 participants with detectable drug was only 0.05% (95% confidence intervals: 0.04 to 0.06) and 0.07% (0.06 to 0.08) compared with 2.25% (1.95 to 2.6) and 0.42% (0.36 to 0.49) in those with no detectable drug and 0.07%–0.69% in 5 placebo recipients (P > 0.5). At 10 months, diversity in adherent participants was only 0.37% (0.31 to 0.41) and 0.86% (0.82 to 0.90) compared with 0.5%–1.7% among participants who did not take FTC/TDF (P > 0.5). Although limited by the small number of infections that reduced the power to detect differences, we found that sequences from seroconverters with detectable drug were more homogeneous than those from placebo or nonadherent seroconverters.
Throughput Adaptation and Traffic Ratio Control in Cooperative Relay Networks with Network Coding and Asymmetric Traffic

Adaptive traffic ratio control (ATRC) with hybrid network coding and cooperative relaying is proposed to improve the overall throughput in an asymmetric data traffic network. The scheme is used in conjunction with adaptive transmission protocol and relay selection based on instantaneous channel state information. Simulation results show that (i) ATRC provides better trade-off between achieved throughput and traffic ratio and (ii) both maximum throughput and guaranteed traffic ratio can be simultaneously achieved by ATRC as offered traffic approaches symmetric.
User perceptions and evaluations of short vibrotactile feedback

The objective of the present study was to provide a better understanding of the factors that influence discrimination and subjective assessment of vibrotactile feedbacks during active interaction with a touchscreen. Twenty-four participants were presented with 162 pairs of vibrotactile signals that varied in frequency (60 Hz, 130 Hz, 200 Hz), waveform (sine, square and triangle), and duration (around 123 ms for short and 163 ms for long). Participants had to complete three successive tasks: a dissimilarity task, a preference judgement task, and a resemblance (to push-buttons) judgement task. For the discrimination task, a MultiDimensional Scale analysis revealed: (1) a predominant role of frequency, (2) a role of duration for a given frequency, and (3) no role of waveform. An analysis of variance performed on the preference and resemblance data also point out the main role of the signal frequency. Finally, a correlation was found between preference and resemblance data, indicating that the participants tend to prefer signals judged to be similar to familiar tactile sensations.
Achieving "synergy" in cognitive behavior of humanoids via deep learning of dynamic visuo-motor-attentional coordination

The current study examines how adequate coordination among different cognitive processes including visual recognition, attention switching, action preparation and generation can be developed via learning of robots by introducing a novel model, the Visuo-Motor Deep Dynamic Neural Network (VMDNN). The proposed model is built on coupling of a dynamic vision network, a motor generation network, and a higher level network allocated on top of these two. The simulation experiments using the iCub simulator were conducted for cognitive tasks including visual object manipulation responding to human gestures. The results showed that "synergetic" coordination can be developed via iterative learning through the whole network when spatio-temporal hierarchy and temporal one can be self-organized in the visual pathway and in the motor pathway, respectively, such that the higher level can manipulate them with abstraction.