Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential connections of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex with the orbital and medial prefrontal networks in macaque monkeys

Previous anatomical studies indicate that the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) of monkeys is organized into an “orbital” network, which appears to be related to feeding and reward, and a “medial” network, related to visceral control and emotion. In this study, we examined the connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal networks with the perirhinal (areas 35 and 36) and parahippocampal (areas TF and TH) cortex with anterograde and retrograde axonal tracers. The perirhinal cortex is reciprocally connected with orbital network areas Iapm, Iam, Ial, 13m, 13l, 12r, and 11l. In contrast, the parahippocampal cortex is reciprocally connected with the medial network, especially areas around the corpus callosum (areas 24a/b, caudal 32, and 25), and with area 11m. Projections from the parahippocampal cortex also extend to areas 10m, 10o, Iai, and rostral area 32, as well as to dorsolateral areas 9 and 46. In addition, both the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex are reciprocally connected with areas that are intermediate between the orbital and medial networks (areas 13a, 13b, and 14c) and with the supracallosal area 24a′/b′. Outside the frontal cortex, the perirhinal cortex and the orbital prefrontal network are both interconnected with the ventral part of the temporal pole (TG), area TE and the ventral bank and fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), and the dysgranular insula. In contrast, the parahippocampal cortex and the medial prefrontal network are connected with the dorsal TG, the rostral superior temporal gyrus (STG) and dorsal bank of STS, and the retrosplenial cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:479–509, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre-Crack Behaviours of Cement Paste Containing Bacillus pseudofirmus ATCC 700159

The compressive strength of cement paste specimens containing Bacillus pseudofirmus ATCC 700159 was investigated in order to study the self-healing ability in cement specimens. A partial replacement of bacteria suspension by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight was mixed into the cement paste before casting. At age 28 days of curing in lime water, cement paste specimens were pre-cracked by 40% of maximum compressive strength in order to make the crack allowing moisture and air to pass through. After that, these specimens were left curing in the air until 60 days prior to the compressive test. Results showed that the specimens containing bacteria had a potential to form a new compound which was created by bacteria. XRD and FTIR analysis proved that bacteria could produce carbonate ion and therefore, combined with calcium ion in cement paste becoming calcium carbonate compound. This leads to the increase in compressive strength of pre-cracked specimens where the one with 40% bacteria giving satisfactory results of self-healing cement.
The Factors Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility Behaviour in the MICE Industry

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has recently attracted more attention from scholars and practitioners. The theme of CSR implies that businesses should be legally profitable and benefit most stakeholders while minimising harm to society at large. In the MICE industry, the concept of CSR has started to emerge as an area of interest for venue managers and event and exhibition planners. However, it is still unclear how widespread the adoption of CSR behaviours is across the industry and what level of commitment to these ideas exists amongst event providers and suppliers. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is proposed as a way to explain the managerial intentions of MICE organisations to engage in CSR behaviours. It is argued that understanding the factors that influence CSR behaviours may lead to more sustainable and responsible practices in the MICE industry and better position the MICE industry in the CSR agenda for the future.
On certain practical inadequacies of distinctive feature systems.

Existing distinctive feature systems have several practical shortcomings. Although the deficiencies do not necessarily have important consequences for theoretical linguistics, they constitute a considerable obstacle to diagnosing and treating speech disorders. Nevertheless, distinctive features are being used and advocated increasingly in speech research and have even been suggested as a metric for measuring intelligibility distortion. A tentative set of language-specific features based on articulation is suggested as a replacement for universalist features, which are based partially on marginal or contrived acoustic properties and are motivated by a concern for optimum notational economy.
Chondroprotection and the Prevention of Osteoarthritis Progression of the Knee

Background: Structure-modifying medications or nutraceuticals may be an effective treatment for osteoarthritis. This study identified 12 treatments that may possess chondroprotective properties: oral glucosamine; chondroitin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); polyunsaturated fatty acids; S-adenosylmethionine; avocado and soybean unsaponifiable fractions; methylsulfonylmethane; vitamins C, D, and E; intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid; and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Purpose: To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials for the effectiveness of each agent in preserving articular cartilage of the knee and delaying the progression of osteoarthritis. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Searches were performed using “treatment,” “osteoarthritis,” and “knee” as keywords. Selection criteria included randomized controlled trials of ≥12 months, with a placebo control, measuring radiographic changes in joint space width, cartilage volume, or radiographic progression of osteoarthritis. The primary outcome was changes in joint integrity measures. Results: A total of 3514 studies were identified from the initial search, 13 of which met inclusion criteria. Treatment with chondroitin sulfate showed a significant reduction in cartilage loss in 3 of 4 studies identified compared with placebo. Two of 3 trials identified for glucosamine also reported significant structural effects relative to placebo. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid was effective in lowering the rate of cartilage loss in only 1 of 3 studies identified versus placebo. Of the 6 studies identified for NSAIDs, vitamin E, and vitamin D, none showed any structural effect compared with placebo. No studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for polyunsaturated fatty acids, S-adenosylmethionine, avocado and soybean unsaponifiable fractions, methylsulfonylmethane, vitamin C, or PRP. Conclusion: For patients with or at risk for osteoarthritis, the use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may serve as a nonoperative means to protect joint cartilage and delay osteoarthritis progression. Hyaluronic acid injections showed variable efficacy, while NSAIDs and vitamins E and D showed no effect on osteoarthritis progression. The other agents evaluated had no evidence in the literature to support or refute their use for chondroprotection.
Supply chain flexibility assessment and decision-making: a fuzzy intelligent approach

Supply chain flexibility is considered as a major determinant of competitiveness in the global business market today. Flexibility is the organisation's ability to satisfy an increasing variety of customer expectations without excessive cost, time, organisational disruptions, or performance losses. Effective control of supply chain flexibility can improve overall organisational performance. The present study thus builds a group decision-making structural hierarchy model towards assessment as well as benchmarking of flexibility extent in supply chain management. This study presents a framework for evaluating supply chain flexibility through comprehensive analysis of past literature and identifies five elements (assessment indices) for characterising supply chain flexibility viz. supply network flexibility, operations systems flexibility, logistics process flexibility, information system flexibility, and organisational design flexibility. The subjectivity of the flexibility indices have been tackled through exploration of the concept of fuzzy logic; thus, enabling decision-making which involves linguistic expert judgment.
How problematic are various aspects of quality of life in patients with cancer at the end of life?

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify aspects of quality of life (QOL) in patients receiving end-of-life care that are most and least problematic for patients. DESIGN Descriptive using secondary analysis of data from an earlier QOL study. SETTING A large not-for-profit hospice that primarily provides home care in southwest Florida. SAMPLE 231 homecare hospice patients with cancer. METHODS Item analysis of items on the Hospice Quality-of-Life Index. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Psychophysiologic, functional, and social/spiritual well-being. FINDINGS Patients had the most problems in the area of functional well-being and the least problems with social/spiritual well-being. Most common physical problems included constipation and dyspnea. CONCLUSIONS Patients with end-stage cancer are able to maintain their relationships with God and with family and friends even in the face of marked functional difficulties and troublesome physical symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE A continued focus on the patient and family by the interdisciplinary healthcare team is warranted.
The elasticity of substitution and labour-displacing technical change in post-apartheid South Africa

This paper uses normalized constant elasticity of substitution production functions to estimate the elasticity of substitution and labour-augmenting technical change in South Africa over the period 1994-2012. We find elasticities of 0.6-0.9 and positive labour-augmenting technical change, which results in an increase in capital.s income share relative to labour. More broadly, we find total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates of between 1 and 2 per cent across industries, although we find no TFP growth in the mining sector. We also find that the sector with the highest TFP growth.agriculture. achieved this through shedding labour while steadily increasing output.
Policies and structures for spinning off new companies from research and development organizations

This paper develops five alternative structural "models" for formal efforts aimed at spinning off new companies from universities, government laboratories, and other research and development organizations. In various ways the models combine the roles of technology originator, the entrepreneur, the R&D organization itself, and the venture investor. The paper also presents the policies and structures of technology commercialization operations from investigations at eight R&D organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom. The data indicate that a R&D organization operating in an environment where venture capital and entrepreneurs are readily available (e.g. MIT and Stanford) can appropriately: (1) exercise a low degree of selectivity in choosing technologies for spin-off creation, and (2) provide a low level of support during the spin-off process. The spin-off process is more difficult in environments where venture capital and entrepreneurs are scarce (e.g., ARCH) and mechanisms for high-selectivity and a high level of support must be in place by the R&D organization to compensate for this scarcity.
Numerical simulation of antenna efficiency based on wheeler and reflection methods using method of moments with wire-grid model

It is known that both the Wheeler and reflection methods are accurate and simple techniques for measuring radiation efficiency of small antennas. In this paper, the radiation efficiencies based on both methods are simulated by use of the method of moments with wire-gird model. To clarify the frequency shift between simulated and measured efficiencies based on the reflection method, we pay attention to dips observed in the frequency response of the efficiency based on the Wheeler method. Some simulated results are shown to confirm our proposed techniques for avoiding the dips of the efficiency based on the reflection method.
Incremental innovation and pharmaceutical productivity

This paper investigates the role of novel and incremental innovation in biopharmaceutical markets. Previous research focusing only on novel innovation FDA-approved new molecules has led to the conclusion that the pharmaceutical industry is in a productivity crisis, since R&D spending has increased exponentially while FDA-approved new molecules have remained at over time. I nd that incremental innovation new drugs created by modifying existing FDA-approved molecules accounts for 49% of the health impact of new innovations, and productivity of pharmaceutical innovation has increased 30% between 1980 and 2009 when considering the health impact of both novel and incremental innovations. I construct and estimate a model of how rms trade-o between novel and incremental innovation to predict future innovation trends, and I nd that the productivity of new innovations will decline by 40%
An intersectional approach to understanding underrepresented students' sustainability goals

The lack of diversity in engineering is a persistent issue which hinders the development of more sustainable engineering solutions. We hope to help address this problem by investigating the sustainability-related career outcome expectations among engineering students who identify with groups underrepresented in the field. This research examines the intersectionality of students’ race, ethnicity, and gender, which can help us understand how unique individuals pursue sustainability goals through the cultures of engineering. We investigate this sustainability-related beliefs among underrepresented groups using data from a national (U.S.) survey in which we collected responses about these variables of interest from students in introductory college courses. The sample was stratified by institution type and the number of enrolled students. In total we received responses from 6,772 individuals enrolled at 50 institutions. We analyze the data using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic and linear regression. Our results suggest that showing students the connection between certain sustainability issues and engineering careers could help as we strive to diversify participation in engineering. For example, white females, black females are less likely than other groups to want to address climate change in their careers while their while male counterparts are more likely than other groups to want to address the same issue. These results highlight ways in which some populations may be more excited about engineering careers or less based on topics emphasized. This results may help bring a broader range of engineers would likely bring new ideas and ways of thinking to engineering for sustainability.
Gliding movements in Myxococcus xanthus

Prokaryotic gliding motility is described as the movement of a cell on a solid surface in the direction of the cell's long axis, but its mechanics are unknown. To investigate the basis of gliding, movements of individual Myxococcus xanthus cells were monitored by employing a video microscopy method by which displacements as small as 0.03 micron could be detected and speeds as low as 1 micron/min could be resolved. Single cells were observed to glide with speeds varying between 1 and 20 microns/min. We found that speed variation was due to differences in distance between the moving cell and the nearest cell. Cells separated by less than one cell diameter (0.5 micron) moved with an average speed of 5.0 micron/min, whereas cells separated by more than 0.5 micron glided with an average speed of 3.8 microns/min. The power to glide was found to be carried separately at both ends of a cell.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy for non-diabetic progressive renal disease

Chronic renal disease evolves to end-stage renal failure through events, including enhanced intraglomerular pressure and plasma protein ultrafiltration, mediated at least in part by angiotensin II. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce intracapillary pressure and ameliorate glomerular size-selective function, which may account for their antiproteinuric effect and renoprotective potential. Thus, the Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy study found a significant correlation between enhanced urinary protein excretion and faster disease progression in non-diabetic patients with proteinuric chronic renal disease. In proteinuric non-diabetic renal disease at comparable levels of blood pressure control, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce proteinuria and slow disease progression to end-stage renal failure safely and more effectively than non-angiotensin-converting enzyme therapy. On the contrary, most non-proteinuric chronic renal diseases progress slowly and do not benefit specifically from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy.
Labour Supply Responses to Integrating Aids Treatment with In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from Zambia

This paper estimates the intra-household labour supply responses to integrating AIDS treatment with food transfers in Zambia using propensity score matching methods and a Markov type model. Using primary data, we compare the weekly hours worked, labour force participation rates and transitions to employment of treated adult AIDS patients and their fellow adult household members. After six months, food transfers are generally a labour supply incentive for male non-patient adults especially at low income levels while for females this is conditional on high income levels and the patient having spent a longer time on treatment. However, food transfers are a labour supply disincentive for patients. Yet, other underlying factors could be contributing to the disincentive effect on the patients.
Temperature‐ and parasite‐induced changes in toxicity and lethal body burdens of pentachlorophenol in the freshwater clam Pisidium amnicum

Seasonal variation in abiotic and biotic environments may modify the toxicity of organic chemicals for aquatic organisms. In present study, survival of the freshwater clam Pisidium amnicum was studied in laboratory exposures to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in April (at 5°C) and July (at 19°C). Behavioral responses, mean survival times (MSTs), and the lethal body burdens (LBBs) of PCP for uninfected clams and for clams infected by digenean trematodes were determined separately in two PCP concentrations, 100 and 300 μg/L. Analysis of data revealed reduced behavioral activity of the clams in the PCP exposure compared to that in the control. The time needed for toxic responses was greatly affected by temperature; MSTs were 5 to 15 times longer in winter than at summer temperatures. Unexpectedly, the infected clams in summer were more tolerant to PCP than the uninfected clams. Despite the differences in survival times, the LBBs between the seasons were constant. However, in summer, the infected clams had significantly higher LBBs than the uninfected clams. The differences in survival and LBBs between the infected and uninfected clams are suggested to be caused by the high lipid contents found in parasites, which may change the internal distribution of PCP.
A 0.5V rate-resolution scalable SAR ADC with 63.7dB SFDR

A 0.5V 6-to-10b rate-resolution scalable SAR ADC with microwatt power consumption is presented. Employing the successive approximation register (SAR) architecture, the proposed ADC exhibits the sampling rates of 125kS/s, 150kS/s and 250kS/s at scalable resolutions of 10b, 8b and 6b, respectively. A low-leakage voltage boosting technique is proposed, which reduces the leakage of MOS switches by 99% as compared to conventional techniques. This has ensured the ADC operating at sampling rates from 175kS/s to 5kS/s with only 0.2b ENOB degradation. Meanwhile, the effect of bridge capacitor on the linearity of merged capacitor switching (MCS) DAC is discussed. Demonstrated in a 0. 13μm CMOS process, measured results show the ADC achieves ENOB of 8.51b, 7.42b, and 5.97b at 10b, 8b, and 6b modes, respectively. At 10b 125kS/s, the entire ADC consumes only 3. 4μW from a 0.5V supply.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND CORPORATE TAXES FOR COMPANIES LISTED IN THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between capital structure and corporate taxes for companies listed in the Nairobi securities exchangeMethodology: The study used descriptive survey research design. This study used Secondary data sourced from annual audited financial statement of the firms listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange. The population of the study consisted of companies listed on the NSE. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents from the sampling frame. A sample size of 46 listed companies for the year 2001 to 2011 were selected through random sampling. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) to derive descriptive results.Results: Finding indicated that the relationship between debt equity ratio and taxes profit ratio was negative and significant and that debtequityratio has a significant effect on taxesprofitratio.The findings pointed out that the existence of tax shield in a perfect capital market conditions cannot be reached, in an imperfect financial market, the capital structure changes will affect the company's value. The findings also pointed that firm which follows the trade-off theory sets a target debt to value ratio and then gradually moves towards the target. Accordingly, the findings agreed pointed that the value of the firm will increase or the cost of capital will decrease with the use of debt due to tax deductibility of interest charges. Findings also pointed that a firm facing a low enough tax rates would also use equity, because investors pay more taxes on debt interest than on equity income. In conclusion, the findings pointed that the more profitable the firm the lower is the debt ratio.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study is recommended for commercial banks to issue corporate bonds as this would form a cheap source of finance and also the use of corporate bonds entails the enjoyment of the interest tax shield and consequently improving the shareholder’s wealth. The study also recommended that commercial banks should engage strategic investors. Further to that, the study recommended that the equity share holder should be substituted for debt shareholding in future, this is because an increase in debt shareholding arising out of substitution would be beneficial to the commercial bank because it will result into interest tax saving.
Reproductive history, socioeconomic status, and self-reported health status of women aged 50 years or older.

OBJECTIVES This paper describes the relationship between self-reported general health status and several facets of reproductive history. METHODS We analyzed survey data on a national probability sample of 1341 women aged 50 and older from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We used multivariate regression techniques to control for differences in health indices that assessed health status and functioning. RESULTS Women with a history of six or more completed pregnancies were found to be disadvantaged in educational attainment, financial resources, and health status compared with women with no or fewer pregnancies. When current sociodemographic factors were controlled, six or more pregnancies were associated with worse general health and worse physical role functioning. When sociodemographic factors and number of births were controlled, among women with at least one delivery, women who had experienced an infant's death reported worse health as measured by all three indices. Women with a first delivery before the age of 18 were more likely to report a functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS Women with high parity status, a history of an infant's death, and an early first pregnancy may be at greater risk of poor health in later life.