Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of abrupt suspension of solar radiation management (termination effect) in experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)

We have examined changes in climate which result from the sudden termination of geoengineering after 50 years of offsetting a 1% per annum increase in CO2 concentrations by a reduction of solar radiation, as simulated by 11 different climate models in experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. The models agree on a rapid increase in global‐mean temperature following termination accompanied by increases in global‐mean precipitation rate and decreases in sea‐ice cover. There is no agreement on the impact of geoengineering termination on the rate of change of global‐mean plant net primary productivity. There is a considerable degree of consensus for the geographical distribution of temperature change following termination, with faster warming at high latitudes and over land. There is also considerable agreement regarding the distribution of reductions in Arctic sea‐ice, but less so for the Antarctic. There is much less agreement regarding the patterns of change in precipitation and net primary productivity, with a greater degree of consensus at higher latitudes.
Growth of the exclusively breast-fed infant.

To investigate how long human milk alone would be adequate for the physical growth of the infant, we studied 96 infants of mothers in La Leche League International from the Washington, D.C-Baltimore area who had exclusively breast-fed their infants for at least 6 months within the past 2 years. The average duration of exclusive breast-feeding was 7 months; three infants were fed solely human milk through 12 months or more. The weight and length curves of these infants during the period of exclusive breast-feeding remained above the 50th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics population through at least the 6th month, and above the 25th percentile through the 9th or 10th month of life. There was no significant difference between weight and length curves of infants who had been exclusively breast-fed 6 months or less and those of infants who had been exclusively breast-fed more than 6 months. Of the other characteristics investigated, birthorder, infant's vitamin/mineral supplementation, parents' level of education, and reported reasons for starting solids were significantly different between the two groups. The results of this study indicate that most infants breast-fed by healthy mothers do not need supplementation during the major part of their 1st year of life in order to grow adequately. These findings have practical implications for the developing countries, where solids and milk formulas are often given to 3- to 6-month-old infants, more often than not, to the detriment of their health and nutritional state. Supplementation of the mother's diet in conjunction with prolonged exclusive breast-feeding might be a better way of sustaining growth of infants in these environments. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 183-192, 1980.
Conservation practice effects on sediment load in the Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed

Water quality and aquatic habitat due to unstable stream channels and high sediment concentrations during storm runoff events are major environmental concerns on the 2,132 ha (5,266 ac) Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed in north Mississippi. Effects of enrolling erodible lands in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and instream grade stabilization structures were evaluated using measured rainfall, runoff, and sediment concentration data and model simulations. Signatures of naturally occurring radionuclides indicated that 78% of the total sediment load originated from channel sources. The change of land to a CRP-like state (reducing cultivated land from 26% to 8%) reduced erosion and runoff from fields and thus decreased total sediment concentration by 63% between 1982 to 1990. Simulations using the Fluvial Routing Analysis and Modeling Environment model indicated that mean sediment yields would increase from 15% to over 200%, depending upon location in the watershed, if in-channel structures were not present. The combined effect of the grade control structures and the change of lands to a CRP-state was to reduce sediment yields by 78% near the outlet of the watershed.
A Critical Assessment of the High Cycle Bending Fatigue Behavior of Boron-modified Ti-6Al-4V

Holycross, Casey. M.S.Egr. , Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, 2010. A Critical Assessment of the High Cycle Bending Fatigue Behavior of Boron-modified Ti-6Al-4V. Boron-modified Ti-6Al-4V alloys have shown increased performance in mechanical properties over unmodified alloys and are currently of interest for use in turbine engine applications. These alloys offer up to 40% increase in ultimate tensile strength, up to 30% increase in stiffness, and favorable damage characteristics while maintaining a ductility greater than 10%. These attractive properties are attributed to small additions of boron that refine the microstructure and form strong and stiff TiB whiskers. Previous research has found that these modified alloys compare favorably in fatigue. Samples machined from a powder-metallurgy forging with nominal composition Ti-6Al-4V-1B, were tested in fully-reversed bending at room temperature using a vibration based step test method to determine the 10 fatigue strength. This method simulates fatigue failure modes for high speed turbomachinery more accurately and produces high-cycle fatigue results much faster than traditional tensile testing methods. Results were compared with data generated in a similar fashion for Ti-6Al-4V, as well as traditional methods. Additionally, failure mode and damage characteristics were identified using fractographic analysis. The fatigue strengths at 10 cycles compared poorly in comparison to both tensile and bending data for Ti-6Al-4V. This poor performance was attributed to inclusions of foreign material that were smaller than the theoretical maximum powder dimension. Fatigue damage characteristics were found to be consistent with previous research, with the most severe damage modes having little influence from the TiB whiskers.
Investigation of the subcellular localization of HPeV 3A and 2A proteins

Background: Our study investigated the sub-cellular localization of the Parechovirus HPeV 3A nonstructural protein. Methods: Primers were designed for making wild type HPeV1 and CAV9 2A, 2B, 2C, 2BC and 3A proteins to use for PCR and the pGEM-T Easy vector. The QuikChange II site-directed mutagenesis kit was used to mutate pEGFP-3A using primers. Cells were grown on cover slips and visualized using an Olympus BX41 fluorescence microscope. Results: We found that EGFP-3A co-localized partially with Golgi and ERGIC. The mutagenesis analysis suggests that the amino acids 39 to 86 of 3A affect distribution and are essential for localization. Conclusions: Interestingly, co-expression of HPeV 2A with HPeV 3A caused 2A translocation to the nucleolus. The deletion of the TM region in EGFP-2A prevents re-localization.
Complementary methods for nondestructive testing of composite materials reinforced with carbon woven fibers

This paper presents complementary methods used in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of composite materials reinforced with carbon woven fibers as two electromagnetic methods using sensor with orthogonal coils and sensor with metamaterials lens as well as ultrasound phased array method and Fiber Bragg gratings embedded instead of a carbon fiber for better health monitoring. The samples were impacted with low energy in order to study delamination influence. The electromagnetic behavior of composite was simulated by finite- difference time-domain (FDTD) software, showing a very good concordance with electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation tests.
A new genus and species of fossil Eodromeinae from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Trachypachidae)

A new genus and species of fossil trachypachid Fortiseode pervalimand Jia & Ren gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new fossil with large and strong mandibles, short and robust legs, and pronotum widest near apical angle differs from other members of Eodromeinae. It is the first record of fossil trachypachid from the Mesozoic Yixian Formation of Huangbanjigou, Liaoning, China.
Orbital domain dynamics in a doped manganite

We explore a number of novel effects near the orbital-order phase transition in a half-doped manganite, Pr0.5Ca0. 5MnO3. To probe the unusual short-range orbital order in this system, we have performed coherent soft x-ray resonant scattering measurements in a Bragg geometry to measure dynamics. Near the transition temperature, we observe a small fluctuating component in the scattered signal that is correlated with three effects: a rapidly decreasing total signal and orbital domain size, as well as an abrupt onset of a broad background intensity that we attribute to the thermal production of correlated polarons. Our speckle results suggest that the transition is characterized by a competition between a pinned orbital domain topology that remains static and mobile domain boundaries that exhibit slow, temporal fluctuations.
Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study

Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as “mixing vessels” for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non‐abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small‐scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at‐risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.
Body composition and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND Survival studies have consistently shown significantly greater mortality rates in underweight and normal-weight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in overweight and obese COPD patients. OBJECTIVE To compare the contributions of low fat-free mass and low fat mass to mortality, we assessed the association between body composition and mortality in COPD. DESIGN We studied 412 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) stages II-IV, forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 36 +/- 14% of predicted (range: 19-70%). Body composition was assessed by using single-frequency bioelectrical impedance. Body mass index, fat-free mass index, fat mass index, and skeletal muscle index were calculated and related to recently developed reference values. COPD patients were stratified into defined categories of tissue-depletion pattern. Overall mortality was assessed at the end of follow-up. RESULTS Semistarvation and muscle atrophy were equally distributed among disease stages, but the highest prevalence of cachexia was seen in GOLD stage IV. Forty-six percent of the patients (n = 189) died during a maximum follow-up of 5 y. Cox regression models, with and without adjustment for disease severity, showed that fat-free mass index (relative risk: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.96; P = 0.003) was an independent predictor of survival, but fat mass index was not. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression plots for cachexia and muscle atrophy did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS Fat-free mass is an independent predictor of mortality irrespective of fat mass. This study supports the inclusion of body-composition assessment as a systemic marker of disease severity in COPD staging.
Immunohistochemical expression of cell differentiation and growth in neonate cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND The cardiac alterations during the fetal heart transition to extrauterine life have been explored by several animal studies and the cell mechanisms responsible for these modifications are not well documented in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mechanism of cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes that occur in the first days of life, through immunohistochemical analysis of proteins involved in proliferation and muscle contraction processes, in samples of human neonate myocardium. METHODS Cross-sectional study of paraffin-sample sections of myocardium from an autopsy database of human neonates, divided into two sample groups: full-term neonates who died after a maximum of two days of life (NEO1) with 10 cases, and full-term infants who died between 3 and 10 days of life (NEO2) with 14 cases, in order to follow a temporal line that would contemplate the transition from fetal circulation to extrauterine life. The samples were studied in tissue microarray and the antibodies used were Ki67, PCNA, PTEN, Bcl2 (proliferation), HHF35 and sarcomeric actin (contractile proteins). RESULTS Difference was observed regarding Ki67, p = 0.02; HHF35, p <0.01 and sarcomeric actin, p = 0.02, with Ki67 expression being higher in NEO1 group, whereas HHF35 and sarcomeric actin expression was higher in the NEO2 group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that cardiomyocytes have a proliferation characteristic (Ki67) in NEO1 which, following a temporal line, will be replaced by a differentiation characteristic (HHF35 and sarcomeric actin) in NEO2.
Vulnerabilities and Safe-guards in Networks with QoS Support

We identify the seCl1rity risks involved in quality of service (QoS) enabled networks. Simulation and experimental studie. '> are used to quantify the performance degradation experienced by flows due to security breaches. We propose network monitoring tools, intrusion detection systems and security protocols to safeguard against the security threat::; in an adaptive manner.
Querying imprecise data in moving object environments

In moving object environments, it is infeasible for the database tracking the movement of objects to store the exact locations of objects at all times. Typically, the location of an object is known with certainty only at the time of the update. The uncertainty in its location increases until the next update. In this environment, it is possible for queries to produce incorrect results based upon old data. However, if the degree of uncertainty is controlled, then the error of the answers to queries can be reduced. More generally, query answers can be augmented with probabilistic estimates of the validity of the answer. We study the execution of probabilistic range and nearest-neighbor queries. The imprecision in answers to queries is an inherent property of these applications due to uncertainty in data, unlike the techniques for approximate nearest-neighbor processing that trade accuracy for performance. Algorithms for computing these queries are presented for a generic object movement model and detailed solutions are discussed for two common models of uncertainty in moving object databases. We study the performance of these queries through extensive simulations.
Department of Economics Working Paper College of Business Administration The Demand for Historic Preservation

Historic preservation is commonly used to protect old buildings and neighborhoods from deterioration. In 1981, the City of Milwaukee established a historic preservation commission to develop and maintain a local register of places with historical importance to the area. The commission also reviews all applications for historic status as well as any requests for exterior alterations. As such, there are numerous rules and restrictions that are imposed on property owners once it has been declared a historic site. Thus, while historic designation can serve to internalize the externalities in neighborhoods with historic buildings, it also imposes costs on homeowners who wish to make improvements to their homes. This paper uses a hedonic model to estimate the impact of historic preservation on the sale price of a single family home in the Milwaukee area. Preliminary results show that the impact of historic preservation is positive when it is significant, with the average impact at 26.6%. However, there was significant variation between districts, with the impact significantly positive in 13 of 22 districts used in the sample. Specifically, the positive impact ranged between 11% and 65%, holding other factors constant. None of the 22 districts had a negative and significant impact. An evaluation of spillover effects reveal that just over one third of them displayed positive and significant spillover effects, whereas 21% had negative and significant spillover effects. The remainder were insignificant. An important question is what factors influence this variability in historic preservation effects. The eventual goal of this research is to extend our preliminary analysis to two stages using a recently developed method that employs spatial econometric methods to solve the unique identification problems inherent in hedonic models (Carruthers and Clark, ♦ Corresponding author Email: david.clark@marquette.edu Draft version: Please do not quote without permission Electronic copy available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/econ_workingpapers/2
Stick-Slip Behaviour of a Viscoelastic Flat Sliding along a Rigid Indenter

The sliding contact of soft material surface due to a rigid indenter is different from metal and some other polymers. A stick-slip motion is more frequently obtained than a smooth motion. By modeling the soft material as low damping viscoelastic material, this study proposes an analytical model to identify the stick-slip behavior of sliding system. The sliding system is a fixed rigid indenter that slides against on a moving soft material surface. A stick-slip model is developed and the motion of the sliding system is assumed to be in a solely tangential direction. By implementing the simple coulomb friction law, an exact solution is presented in the case of no damping of the sliding system. Results show that the periodic displacement of the stick-slip model is strongly depending on the friction force, sliding velocity and material stiffness. Furthermore, the effect of a viscous damping and velocity-dependent friction on the behaviour of the sliding system are discussed.
The spectral and chemical measurement of pollutants on snow near South Pole, Antarctica

Remote sensing of light‐absorbing particles (LAPs), or dark colored impurities, such as black carbon (BC) and dust on snow, is a key remaining challenge in cryospheric surface characterization and application to snow, ice, and climate models. We present a quantitative data set of in situ snow reflectance, measured and modeled albedo, and BC and trace element concentrations from clean to heavily fossil fuel emission contaminated snow near South Pole, Antarctica. Over 380 snow reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm) and 28 surface snow samples were collected at seven distinct sites in the austral summer season of 2014–2015. Snow samples were analyzed for BC concentration via a single particle soot photometer and for trace element concentration via an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Snow impurity concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 7000 part per billion (ppb) BC, 9.5 to 1200 ppb sulfur, 0.19 to 660 ppb iron, 0.013 to 1.9 ppb chromium, 0.13 to 120 ppb copper, 0.63 to 6.3 ppb zinc, 0.45 to 82 parts per trillion (ppt) arsenic, 0.0028 to 6.1 ppb cadmium, 0.062 to 22 ppb barium, and 0.0044 to 6.2 ppb lead. Broadband visible to shortwave infrared albedo ranged from 0.85 in pristine snow to 0.62 in contaminated snow. LAP radiative forcing, the enhanced surface absorption due to BC and trace elements, spanned from <1 W m−2 for clean snow to ~70 W m−2 for snow with high BC and trace element content. Measured snow reflectance differed from modeled snow albedo due to specific impurity‐dependent absorption features, which we recommend be further studied and improved in snow albedo models.
Purification of microalgae from bacterial contamination using a disposable inertia-based microfluidic device

Microalgae are a promising source of bioactive ingredients for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Every microalgae research group or production facility is facing one major problem regarding the potential contamination of the algal cell with bacteria. Prior to the storage of the microalgae in strain collections or to cultivation in bioreactors, it is necessary to carry out laborious purification procedures to separate the microalgae from the undesired bacterial cells. In this work, we present a disposable microfluidic cartridge for the high-throughput purification of microalgae samples based on inertial microfluidics. Some of the most relevant microalgae strains have a larger size than the relatively small, few micron bacterial cells, so making them distinguishable by size. The inertial microfluidic cartridge was fabricated with inexpensive materials, like pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and thin plastic layers, which were patterned using a simple cutting plotter. In spite of fabrication restrictions and the intrinsic difficulties of biological samples, the separation of microalgae from bacteria reached values in excess of 99%, previously only achieved using conventional high-end and high cost lithography methods. Moreover, due to the simple and high-throughput characteristic of the separation, it is possible to concatenate serial purification to exponentially decrease the absolute amount of bacteria in the final purified sample.