Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ferrite Concentrating and Shielding Structure Design of Wireless Power Transmitting Coil for Inductively Coupled Capsule Robot

High permeability material, especially the ferrite, has been widely used in wireless power transfer (WPT) to enhance the power transfer efficiency (PTE). However, for the WPT system of inductively coupled capsule robot, the ferrite core is solely introduced in power receiving coil (PRC) configuration to enhance the coupling. As for the power transmitting coil (PTC), very few studies focus on the ferrite structure design, and only the magnetic concentrating is taken into account without careful design. Therefore, a novel ferrite structure for PTC giving consideration to the magnetic field concentration as well as the mitigation and shielding of the leaked magnetic field is proposed in this paper. The proposed design is realized by combing the ferrite concentrating part and shielding part into a whole and providing a low reluctance closed path for magnetic induction lines, thereby improving the inductive coupling and PTE. Through analyses and simulations, the parameters of the proposed configuration are designed and optimized in terms of average magnetic flux density, uniformity, and shielding effectiveness. Prototypes of PTC with different ferrite configurations are established, tested, and compared to validate the performance enhancement. The experimental results indicate that the proposed design notably improves the average power delivered to the load from 373 mW to 822 mW and the PTE from 7.47% to 16.44%, with a relative percentage difference of 119.9%. Moreover, the power transfer stability is slightly enhanced from 91.7% to 92.8%.
A Theoretical Framework for Estimation of AUCs in Complete and Incomplete Sampling Designs

Nonclinical in vivo animal studies have to be completed before starting clinical studies of the pharmacokinetic behavior of a drug in humans. The drug exposure in animal studies is often measured by the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC). The classic complete data design, where each animal is sampled for analysis once per time point, is usually only applicable for large animals. In the case of rats and mice, where blood sampling is restricted, the batch design or the serial sampling design needs to be considered. In batch designs samples are taken more than once from each animal, but not at all time points. In serial sampling designs only one sample is taken from each animal. In this article we present an estimator for the AUC from 0 to the last time point that is applicable to all three designs. The variance and asymptotic distribution of the estimator are derived and confidence intervals based upon the asymptotic results are discussed and evaluated in a simulation study. Further, we define an estimator for linear combinations of AUCs and investigate its asymptotic properties mathematically as well as in simulation.
Are population movement restrictions containing the COVID-19 cases in Sub-Saharan Africa?

ABSTRACT Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa introduced population movement restrictions as a measure to contain the COVID-19 spread. Their evaluation is paramount to help policymakers take evidence-based policy decisions. Rigorous econometric studies in the region are sparse. Our study contributes to covering this gap. Using a Panel Poisson fixed-effects model, we detect the association between the COVID-19 new cases per population and restriction movement policies across 23 Sub-Saharan African countries from February 28, 2020 to August 16, 2020. We control for the interaction of the policies with the spread of the infection, time-variant country-specific characteristics, and the countries’ preparedness level to respond to the pandemic. Our study shows that restrictive and lockdown measures contribute to the dilution of COVID-19 infections compared to a situation of no policies. Such effectiveness would be more substantial if countries intensify movement restrictions at the increasing levels of virus transmission, highlighting the importance of timely testing.
Increasing the imaging capabilities of the VLTI using integrated optics

Several scientific topics linked to the observation of extended structures around astrophysical sources (dust torus around AGN, disks around young stars, envelopes around AGBs) require imaging capability with milli-arcsecond spatial resolution. The current VLTI instruments, AMBER and MIDI, will provide in the coming months the required high angular resolution, yet without actual imaging. As a rule of thumb, the image quality accessible with an optical interferometer is directly related to the number of telescopes used simultaneously: the more the apertures, the better and the faster the reconstruction of the image. We propose an instrument concept to achieve interferometric combination of N telescopes (4 ≤ N ≤ 8) thanks to planar optics technology: 4 x 8-m telescopes in the short term and/or 8 x 1.8-m telescopes in the long term. The foreseen image reconstruction quality in the visible and/or in the near infrared will be equivalent to the one achieved with millimeter radio interferometers. Achievable spatial resolution will be better than the one foreseen with ALMA. This instrument would be able to acquire routinely 1 mas resolution images. A 13 to 20 magnitude sensitivity in spectral ranges from 0.6 to 2.5 μm is expected depending on the choice of the phase referencing guide source. High dynamic range, even on faint objects, is achievable thanks to the high accuracy provided by integrated optics for visibility amplitude and phase measurements. Based on recent validations of integrated optics presented here an imaging instrument concept can be proposed. The results obtained using the VLTI facilities give a demonstration of the potential of the proposed technique.
Representation of the vowel /ε/ in normal and impaired auditory nerve fibers: Model predictions of responses in cats

The temporal response of auditory-nerve (AN) fibers to a steady-state vowel is investigated using a computational auditory-periphery model. The model predictions are validated against a wide range of physiological data for both normal and impaired fibers in cats. The model incorporates two parallel filter paths, component 1 (C1) and component 2 (C2), which correspond to the active and passive modes of basilar membrane vibration, respectively, in the cochlea. The outputs of the two filters are subsequently transduced by two separate functions, added together, and then low-pass filtered by the inner hair cell (IHC) membrane, which is followed by the IHC-AN synapse and discharge generator. The C1 response dominates at low and moderate levels and is responsible for synchrony capture and multiformant responses seen in the vowel responses. The C2 response dominates at high levels and contributes to the loss of synchrony capture observed in normal and impaired fibers. The interaction between C1 and C2 responses explains the behavior of AN fibers in the transition region, which is characterized by two important observations in the vowel responses: First, all components of the vowel undergo the C1/C2 transition simultaneously, and second, the responses to the nonformant components of the vowel become substantial.
Bayesian inversion of geoelectrical resistivity data

Summary. Enormous quantities of geoelectrical data are produced daily and often used for large scale reservoir modelling. To interpret these data requires reliable and efficient inversion methods which adequately incorporate prior information and use realistically complex modelling structures. We use models based on random coloured polygonal graphs as a powerful and flexible modelling framework for the layered composition of the Earth and we contrast our approach with earlier methods based on smooth Gaussian fields. We demonstrate how the reconstruction algorithm may be efficiently implemented through the use of multigrid Metropolis–coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and illustrate the method on a set of field data.
Path integral solutions for Fokker–Planck conditional propagators in nonequilibrium systems: Catastrophic divergences of the Onsager–Machlup–Laplace approximation

When the conditional propagator for a single‐variable Fokker–Planck equation is represented in functional path integral form, it separates into a path‐independent thermodynamic factor and a reversible, time‐dependent kinetic factor. The validity of the Onsager–Machlup–Laplace (OML) approximation to the conditional propagator is determined solely by the mechanical potential associated with the kinetic factor. The OML approximation is exact if the underlying mechanical force is linear; Hongler’s model exemplifies a class of nonlinear Fokker–Planck equations that are solved exactly by the OML approximation, because the nonlinearity is confined to the thermodynamic factor. Contrary to earlier suggestions, neither the existence of turning points in the mean paths nor limited information content of the path of least thermodynamic action indicates the breakdown of the OML approximation. When classical paths on the mechanical potential surface coalesce, however, the OML approximation breaks down catastrophically. Divergences analogous to the classical catastrophes of scattering theory are found for extremal path durations; these extremal times must exist whenever the underlying mechanical potential surface possesses two or more nonidentical maxima. Path coalescence and the consequent divergence of the OML approximation are illustrated for a system with the deterministic kinetics of the Schlogl model and constant probability diffusion coefficient. Catastrophic divergences of the OML approximation may be predicted and classified by generalization of similar problems found in the stationary phase approximation of semiclassical scattering theory; additionally, methods of semiclassical collision theory suggest approaches for eliminating erroneous divergences of the conditional propagator for nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems.
Cyber risk measurement via loss distribution approach and GARCH model

The growing trend of cyber risk has put forward the importance of cyber risk management. Cyber risk is deﬁned as an accidental or intentional risk related to information and technology assets. Although cyber risk is a subset of operational risk, it is reported to be handled di ﬀ erently from operational risk due to its di ﬀ erent features of the loss distribution. In this study, we aim to detect the characteristics of cyber loss and ﬁnd a suitable model by measuring value at risk (VaR). We use the loss distribution approach (LDA) and the time series model to describe cyber losses of ﬁnancial and non-ﬁnancial business sectors, provided in SAS R (cid:79) OpRisk Global Data. Peaks over threshold (POT) method is also incorporated to improve the risk measurement. For the ﬁnancial sector, the LDA and GARCH model with POT perform better than those without POT, respectively. The same result is obtained for the non-ﬁnancial sector, although the di ﬀ erences are not signiﬁcant. We also build a two-dimensional model reﬂecting the dependence structure between ﬁnancial and non-ﬁnancial sectors through a bivariate copula and check the model adequacy through VaR.
An auditory discrimination test battery

A battery of eight auditory discrimination tests was designed to measure the primary dimension along which simple and complex sounds can be discriminated. Six of the tests, selected on the basis of data collected in an earlier 22‐subtest version of the battery [D. M. Johnson, J. K. Jensen, and C. S. Watson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 67, S52 (1980)], use tonal stimuli: tests of frequency, intensity, and duration discrimination, using single tones, and tests of rhythm, temporal order, and tonal‐pattern discrimination using multitone sequences. Two additional tests employ speech sounds: a syllable order discrimination test and a modification of one portion‐ of a nonsense syllable identification test [J. R. Dubno and H. Levitt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 249–261 (1981)]. The tape‐recorded tests were designed to be administered to groups of listeners in a free field, moderately low‐reverberation environment. with responses recorded on printed forms. Seventy‐two modified 2AFC trials, distributed among eight sti.
Temporal sub-sampling of depth maps in depth image-based rendering of stereoscopic image sequences

In depth image based rendering, video sequences and their associated depth maps are used to render new camera viewpoints for stereoscopic applications. In this study, we examined the effect of temporal downsampling of the depth maps on stereoscopic depth quality and visual comfort. The depth maps of four eight-second video sequences were temporally downsampled by dropping all frames, except the first, for every 2, 4, or 8 consecutive frames. The dropped frames were then replaced by the retained frame. Test stereoscopic sequences were generated by using the original image sequences for the left-eye view and the rendered image sequences for the right-eye view. The downsampled versions were compared to a reference version with full depth maps that were not downsampled. Based on the data from 21 viewers, ratings of depth quality for the downsampled versions were lower. Importantly, ratings depended on the content characteristics of the stereoscopic video sequences. Results were similar for visual comfort, except that the differences in ratings between sequences were larger. The present results suggest that more processing, such as interpolation of depth maps, might be required to counter the negative effects of temporal downsampling, especially beyond a downsampling of two.
Incombustible electromagnetic wave absorber made of nonwoven ceramic fibers

Incombustible electromagnetic wave absorbing material made of incombustible ceramic fibers are proposed in this paper. The hollow-type pyramids were experimentally fabricated by means of a nonwoven fabric production process and their flammability and electromagnetic wave absorption were investigated. By the tests using high-power microwaves and gas burner flames, it was confirmed that the material shows extremely good flame retardance. Also, it was confirmed that pyramids made of this material had good electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics. The pyramids made of this material are able to be used as absorbers for anechoic rooms instead of conventional plastic pyramids such as urethane foam or polystyrene pyramids, which are combustible.
Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Slotted-Patch Antenna for In-Band Full-Duplex Applications

This letter presents a dual-band dual-polarized slotted-patch antenna with high isolation and high gain for in-band full-duplex applications. The antenna consists of a double differential-feed <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$45^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>-rotated square patch with four capacitively coupled <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Gamma$</tex-math></inline-formula>-probes. The proposed design utilizes the TM10 resonant mode of the patch for the lower resonance, whereas four trapezoidal slots are symmetrically etched on the patch to generate the upper resonance. By examining the feeding locations, the four slots can be excited simultaneously, yielding a high-gain radiation at the upper resonance. A design operating at 2.45/5.25 GHz has been optimized with two dual-band rat-race couplers employed to realize the double differential-fed scheme. The fabricated prototype with a profile of 0.06<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{\text{2.45-GHz}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> yields a measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 2.40–2.52 GHz and 5.09–5.41 GHz, an isolation of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ge$</tex-math></inline-formula>44 and 41 dB, a gain of 8.5 and 9.2 dBi, and a cross-polarization level of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\le$</tex-math></inline-formula>−32 and −22 dB for the lower and upper bands, respectively.
Cosmic‐ray neutron flux measurements above the atmosphere

Measurements have been made of the neutron intensities above the atmosphere at rocket altitudes with a moderated He³ neutron detector. The He³ proportional counter was encased in a polyethylene moderator, and the moderator and neutron detector were surrounded by a ring of charged particle counters to discriminate against neutrons produced in the detector assembly by galactic and solar cosmic rays. Flights were made from 1965–1967 at 0°, 20°, 50°, and 70° geomagnetic latitudes (λ). The neutron counting rates at these latitudes are 0.3, <0.7, 1.7, and 3.0 sec−1, respectively. These counting rates can be converted to a neutron leakage flux in the energy range 10 to 5 × 106 ev by using the neutron detector calibration curve and Lingenfelter's calculated neutron energy spectrums at different latitudes. The neutron leakage flux is 0.08 ± 0.02 and 0.80 ± 0.10 neutrons/cm² sec at λ = 0° and λ = 70°, respectively. This latitude effect is about 10/1, less than the 13/1 ratio calculated by Lingenfelter in 1963. For λ < 50°, the measured and the calculated neutron fluxes agree.
Metal-insulator-metal plasmon nanocavities: Analysis of optical properties

We present detailed analysis of the optical properties of a structure called a nanosheet plasmon cavity. It is a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide with a finite length. First, propagation of the lowest-energy surface-plasmon mode of a MIM waveguide, which is the fundamental structure of our cavity, is analytically investigated. In addition to the dispersion relation, localization and dissipation of the electromagnetic energy are discussed. Next, the optical properties of the nanosheet plasmon cavity are numerically examined with the boundary element method. The nanosheet plasmon cavity is found to inherit various natures of the original MIM waveguide. The resonance in this cavity can be understood as a Fabry-Perot-like resonance caused by the reflection of the guided mode at the entrance and the exit surfaces. This enables easy design of a cavity on the basis of the analytical dispersion relation of a MIM waveguide. The fields in a MIM waveguide are localized around the dielectric core, and the wavelength of the surface plasmon becomes shorter with decreasing the thickness of the core. Therefore the electromagnetic energy can be confined in a volume as small as $0.001\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ in a nanosheet plasmon cavity. Another feature of this cavity is that the electric field is maximized at the core entrance. By only letting molecules be adsorbed on the surface of the core, the molecules are exposed to the maximum field. This exhibits great potential of the nanosheet plasmon cavity for enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Niels Bohr and the Quantum Atom: The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure 1913-1925

1. Atomic theory before 1913 2. On the constitution of atoms and molecules 3. Reception and early developments 4. The Bohr-Sommerfeld theory 5. A magic wand 6. Molecules and other failures 7. A theory of the chemical elements 8. The end of the Bohr atom 9. Appendix: The philosophers' atom
Real‐time audio rendering system for virtual reality

Systems of virtual acoustics are more and more coming into the focus of research and application. Creating a virtual sound scene with spatially distributed sources requires a technique for adding spatial cues to audio signals and an appropriate reproduction. A real‐time audio rendering system is introduced that combines room acoustics, dynamic crosstalk cancellation, and multitrack binaural synthesis for virtual acoustical imaging. The room acoustics component takes into account the full up‐to‐date algorithmic approach of specular reflections and scattering, but with real‐time processing. The real‐time performance of the software was reached by introduction of a flexible framework for the interactive auralisation of virtual environments. The concept of scene graphs for the efficient and flexible linkage of autonomous‐operating subscenes by means of so‐called portals has been incorporated into the existing framework, combined with an underlying BSP‐tree structure for processing geometry issues very fast. U.
A Novel Convex Optimization for Receive Antenna Selection

This paper proposes a new receive antenna selection algorithm based on the theory of convex optimization that improve the system performance over Rayleigh fading multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. The algorithm is based on approximated relaxed original optimization problem. The main effort in the approximated relaxed method is computing the Newton step for the centering problem, which consists of solving sets of linear equations constraints. The method produces not only a suboptimal choice of receive antennas, but also, a bound on how well the globally optimal choice does. The Monte-Carlo simulations show that the algorithm proposed can provide the performance very close to that of the optimal selection based on exhaustive search.
Design and Development of Structural Parameter Identification Software for Nonlinear Vibration Isolators

This paper developed an object-oriented software to facilitate parameter calibration of the quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator for engineering applications. Considering its advantages of convenient programming and high noise resistance, we employ the harmonic balance method to construct the identification core algorithm. The developed software consists of data pre-processing, parameter identification, and post-processing modules. The data pre-processing module imports and classifies all the required data. Then, the parameter identification module conducts preliminary nonlinearity analysis so that nonlinear structural parameter identification can be successfully carried out. After parameter identification, the data post-processing module displays and stores the identified results. The performance of the software is tested by a numerical example of a two-degree-of-freedom QZS vibration isolator, proving the software can give accurate identification results within a few user-friendly graphical interfaces. Based on this software, we hope that the application and promotion of nonlinear system parameter identification become more convenient.
Large-scale horizontal mixing in planetary atmospheres

Some implications of chaotic advection for mixing of potential vorticity and chemical species by large‐scale, two‐dimensional, atmospheric flows are examined. It is argued that such mixing is important in the Earth’s atmosphere and in those of the other rapidly rotating planets, but that the essential features of the mixing cannot be captured by an effective diffusivity. A means of identifying and characterizing chaotic mixing regions by examining patterns of spatial variation of finite‐time estimates of the Lyapunov exponents is proposed, and tested on a number of idealized cases. Some preliminary results on application of the method to Northern Hemisphere atmospheric data are reported. The principal mixing zones, characteristic mixing time, and barriers to transport are identified.
Structural Design and Simulation Analysis of Quadruped Tree Climbing Robot

Aiming at the problems of large size and complex structure of the existing tree-climbing robot, a new structure of the quadruped tree-climbing robot is designed based on the structure of the existing quadruped tree-climbing robot. We established a mathematical model using robotics, and carried out a positive kinematics analysis of the overall structure. The finite element simulation analysis of the key components and the simulation and verification of the transmission core components are carried out. The overall structure of the redesigned four-legged tree climbing robot is simple, weight, small endurance, high endurance and high finite element results show the grasping mechanism The reasonable stress distribution of the frame design is more uniform, and the robot has strong stability in the process of climbing trees.