Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated Circuit (IC) Decamouflaging: Reverse Engineering Camouflaged ICs within Minutes

Circuit camouflaging is a recently proposed defense mechanism to protect digital integrated circuits (ICs) from reverse engineering attacks by using camouflaged gates, i.e., logic gates whose functionality cannot be precisely determined by the attacker. Recent work appears to establish that an attacker requires time that is exponential in the number of camouflaged gates to reverse engineer a circuit, if the gates that are camouflaged are chosen using a procedure proposed in that work. Consequently, it appears to be the case that even by camouflaging a relatively small number of gates in the circuit, the attacker is forced to undertake several thousands of years of work. In this paper, we refute such claims. With an underlying complexity-theoretic mindset, we show that the same benchmark circuits with the camouflaged gates chosen the same way as prior work, we can decamouflage the circuit in minutes, and not years. As part of constructing our attack, we provide a precise characterization of two problems that the attacker seeks to solve to carry out his attack, and their computational complexity. A composition of solvers for the two problems is our attack procedure. We show that the two problems are co-NP-complete and NP-complete respectively, and our reduction to boolean satisfiability (SAT) and the use of off-the-shelf SAT solvers results in a highly effective attack. We also propose a new notion that we call a discriminating set of input patterns, that soundly captures the attacker’s difficulty. Our extensive empirical studies reveal that the discriminating sets of inputs for realistic circuits are surprising small, thereby providing an explanation for the effectiveness of our attack. We provide additional insights by comparing the procedure of choosing gates to be camouflaged proposed in prior work to simply choosing them randomly. After presenting the results from our attack, we provide insights into the fundamental effectiveness of IC camouflaging. Our work serves as a strong caution to designers of ICs that seek security through IC camouflaging.
Dual Aurora A and JAK2 kinase blockade effectively suppresses malignant transformation

Aurora A and JAK2 kinases are involved in cell division and tumor cell survival, respectively. Here we demonstrate that ectopic expression of Aurora A and JAK2 together is more effective than each alone at inducing non-transformed cells to grow in an anchorage-independent manner and to invade. Furthermore, siRNA silencing or pharmacological inhibition of Aurora A and JAK2 with Alisertib and Ruxolitinib, respectively, is more effective than blocking each kinase alone at suppressing anchorage-dependent and –independent growth and invasion as well as at inducing apoptosis. Importantly, we have developed dual Aurora and JAK inhibitors, AJI-214 and AJI-100, which potently inhibit Aurora A, Aurora B and JAK2 in vitro. In human cancer cells, these dual inhibitors block the auto-phosphorylation of Aurora A (Thr-288) and the phosphorylation of the Aurora B substrate histone H3 (Ser-10) and the JAK2 substrate STAT3 (Tyr-705). Furthermore, AJI-214 and AJI-100 inhibit anchorage dependent and independent cell growth and invasion and induce G2/M cell cycle accumulation and apoptosis. Finally, AJI-100 caused regression of human tumor xenografts in mice. Taken together, our genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that targeting Aurora A and JAK2 together is a more effective approach than each kinase alone at inhibiting malignant transformation and warrant further advanced pre clinical investigations of dual Aurora A/JAK2 inhibitors as potential anti tumor agents.
Research on the wave front gradient control technology of aspherical lens based on CCOS

The wave front gradient is a key parameter to the low frequency wave front of the aspherical components, which ultimately affects the focusing performance of the optical system. CCOS（Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing）is a technique widely used in precision polishing of aspherical lens. First of all, the reasons for the deterioration of the gradient are analyzed. Secondly, the control technology is designed for various main factors. This paper also found a technological scheme that could inhibit the error of the wave pattern in theory. Finally, combined with the actual conditions of engineering processing, the results of control process methods are verified. The results show that GRMS value of a large aperture（400mm × 400mm）aspheric element is reduced from 0.013 λ/cm to 0. 008λ/cm.
The Local Gaze: Social Inhibitors to Engagement in the Maldivian Tourism Industry

Advocators of tourism development in small island developing states (SIDS) promote tourism in policy agendas on the grounds that it can enhance the lives of local people through the creation of employment and income streams. However, empirical research conducted in the Maldives, a SIDS in the Indian Ocean, highlighted an array of social, human resource, economic, institutional and religious factors that inhibit the participation of the local community in the Maldivian tourism labour market. This paper specifically examines the findings related to the social factors that were identified as: negative images of the industry; proximity to home and work; social isolation; parental influence; effect on family life while working away from home island; role of woman as mother; the lack of awareness of tourism jobs; social problems at workplace; disinterest in tourism employment; tourism industry being male dominated; and issues with safety and security at the workplace. A number of these findings are discussed, as is the role of tourism operators and the Government in addressing the social inhibitors to tourism employment in the Maldives.
Impact of non-smooth observation operators on variational and sequential data assimilation for a limited-area shallow-water equation model

We investigate the issue of variational and sequential data assimilation with nonlinear and non-smooth observation operators using a two-dimensional limitedarea shallow-water equation model and its adjoint. The performance of the four-dimensional variational approach (4D-Var: two dimensions plus time) compared with that of the maximum-likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF), a hybrid ensemble/variational method, is tested in the presence of non-smooth observation operators. Following the work of Lewis & Overton and Karmitsa, we investigate minimization of the data-assimilation cost functional using the limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) quasi-Newton algorithm originally intended for smooth optimization and the limited-memory bundle method (LMBM) algorithm specifically designed to address large-scale non-smooth minimization problems. Numerical results obtained for the MLEF method show that the LMBM algorithm yields results superior to the L-BFGS method. Results for 4D-Var suggest that L-BFGS performs well when the non-smoothness is not extreme, but fails for nonsmooth functions with large Lipschitz constants. The LMBM method is found to be a suitable choice for large-scale non-smooth optimization, although additional work is needed to improve its numerical stability. Finally, the results and methodologies of 4D-Var and MLEF are compared and contrasted. Copyright c © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
QoS Routing Mechanisms and OSPF Extensions

This memo describes extensions to the OSPF [Moy98] protocol to support QoS routes. The focus of this document is on the algorithms used to compute QoS routes and on the necessary modifications to OSPF to support this function, e.g., the information needed, its format, how it is distributed, and how it is used by the QoS path selection process. Aspects related to how QoS routes are established and managed are also briefly discussed. The goal of this document is to identify a framework and possible approaches to allow deployment of QoS routing capabilities with the minimum possible impact to the existing routing infrastructure.
Sustainable Societal Infrastructures: A Resilient Approach to Prevent Conflicting Claims of Drinking Water and Other Infrastructures

Societal infrastructures are the lifeblood of societies, and the sustainability of infrastructures is very important. Societal infrastructures can experience conflicting spatial claims with other societal infrastructures, disturbing the sustainable situation. The objective of this paper is to design large infrastructures, with a focus on the Drinking Water Infrastructure (DWI), in a more sustainable way by using the resilience concept. To study this, a case study was done in the Netherlands, where an overlap is present between the DWI and the protection zones, and a new railroad and water safety measures in the river IJssel. The case showed that conflicting infrastructures are inflexible and unable to adapt to change due to several reasons in the governance and in the infrastructure system itself. The case was useful for identifying eight design principles to prevent conflicting claims between large infrastructures.
Financial Institutions Center Financial Asset Returns , Direction-of-Change Forecasting , and Volatility Dynamics

We consider three sets of phenomena that feature prominently – and separately – in the financial economics literature: conditional mean dependence (or lack thereof) in asset returns, dependence (and hence forecastability) in asset return signs, and dependence (and hence forecastability) in asset return volatilities. We show that they are very much interrelated, and we explore the relationships in detail. Among other things, we show that: (a) Volatility dependence produces sign dependence, so long as expected returns are nonzero, so that one should expect sign dependence, given the overwhelming evidence of volatility dependence; (b) The standard finding of little or no conditional mean dependence is entirely consistent with a significant degree of sign dependence and volatility dependence; (c) Sign dependence is not likely to be found via analysis of sign autocorrelations, runs tests, or traditional market timing tests, because of the special nonlinear nature of sign dependence; (d) Sign dependence is not likely to be found in very high-frequency (e.g., daily) or very low-frequency (e.g., annual) returns; instead, it is more likely to be found at intermediate return horizons; (e) Sign dependence is very much present in actual U.S. equity returns, and its properties match closely our theoretical predictions; (f) The link between volatility forecastability and sign forecastability remains intact in conditionally nonGaussian environments, as for example with time-varying conditional skewness and/or kurtosis. Acknowledgments: This work is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, FCAR, IFM2 and SSHRC. For helpful comments we thank David Bates, Antulio Bomfim, Michael Brandt, Michel Dacorogna, Graham Elliott, Rene Garcia, Christian Gourieroux, Clive Granger, Joanna Jasiak, Michael Johannes, Blake LeBaron, Bruce Lehman, Martin Lettau, Nour Meddahi, Sergei Sarkissian, Frank Schorfheide, Allan Timmermann, Pietro Veronesi, Ken West, Hal White, Jonathan Wright, and seminar participants at the European Central Bank, the Federal Reserve Board, McGill University, UCSD, Penn, the Third Annual Conference on Financial Econometrics at the University of Waterloo, the Econometric Society Winter Meetings in Washington DC, the NBER/NSF Time Series Meeting in Philadelphia, and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Sean Campbell and Clara Vega provided outstanding research assistance. All inadequacies are ours alone.
Kinase dynamics. Using ancient protein kinases to unravel a modern cancer drug's mechanism.

: Macromolecular function is rooted in energy landscapes, where sequence determines not a single structure but an ensemble of conformations. Hence, evolution modifies a protein's function by altering its energy landscape. Here, we recreate the evolutionary pathway between two modern human oncogenes, Src and Abl, by reconstructing their common ancestors. Our evolutionary reconstruction combined with x-ray structures of the common ancestor and pre-steady-state kinetics reveals a detailed atomistic mechanism for selectivity of the successful cancer drug Gleevec. Gleevec affinity is gained during the evolutionary trajectory toward Abl and lost toward Src, primarily by shifting an induced-fit equilibrium that is also disrupted in the clinical T315I resistance mutation. This work reveals the mechanism of Gleevec specificity while offering insights into how energy landscapes evolve.
AN INSIGHT INTO THE WORLD OF SELF-INJURY

Johnson Leah D. _______ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) An Insight Into the World of Self-injury_______________________________________ (Title) Guidance and Counseling Amy Gillett May 2003 34_____ (Graduate Major) (Research Advisor) (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual – 5 edition__________ (Name of Style Manual Style Used in this Study) The purpose of this paper was to provide general information regarding self-injury in the adolescent population. This paper addressed various aspects of self-injury including the following: typical characteristics of self-injurers, possible reasons as to why individuals self-injure, treatment options, and recommendations for those who work with selfinjurers. Also included in this paper are a critique of the current research and recommendations for future research. One of the recommendations is to research the possibility of including self-injury as a separate classification in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Another recommendation for future research is to classify self-injurious behavior according to the motive behind the behavior (i.e. manipulative intent or tension release). A third recommendation for future research is to focus on the reactions of those involved who work with self-injurers (i.e. parents, school counselors, and siblings). The reaction of these individuals may influence self-injurers in a positive or negative way.
Roles of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A and B in cell proliferation

Overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) A2 and B1 has been observed in a variety of tumour types, however, it is unknown whether this dysregulation is a consequence of, or a driving force for, unregulated cell proliferation. We have shown that the levels of hnRNPs A1, A2 and B1, but not A3, are modulated during the cell cycle of Colo16 squamous carcinoma cells and HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes, suggesting that A1, A2 and B1 are needed at particular cell cycle stages. However, the levels of hnRNP A1, A2 and B1 mRNAs were constant, indicating that regulation of protein levels was controlled at the level of translation. RNAi suppression of hnRNP A1 or A3 alone did not affect the proliferation of Colo16 cells but the proliferation rate was significantly reduced when both were suppressed simultaneously, or when either was suppressed together with hnRNP A2. Reducing hnRNP A2 expression in Colo16 and HaCaT cells by RNAi led to a non-apoptotic-related decrease in cell proliferation, reinforcing the view that this protein is required for cell proliferation. Suppression of hnRNP A2 in Colo16 cells was associated with increased p21 levels but p53 levels remained unchanged. In addition, expression of BRCA1 was downregulated, at both mRNA and protein levels. The observed effects of hnRNP A2 and its isoforms on cell proliferation and their correlation with BRCA1 and p21 expression suggest that these hnRNP proteins play a role in cell proliferation.
Basic mechanisms of DBS for Parkinson ’ s disease : computational and experimental studies on neural dynamics

In this experimental study, we use an in-vitro rat thalamic slice preparation to investigate how low frequency (LF, 2-6 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 30-130 Hz) sinusoidal current injections modulate the membrane dynamics of thalamocortical relay (TCR) neurons. We observe that LF sinusoidal current injection induces phase related firing. Amplitude of the LF input determines phase of TCR spiking. Superimposing a HF sinusoidal input, initially delays spiking activity phase locked to the LF component. Increasing the amplitude of the HF component gives rise to action potential generation at sub-harmonics of the LF input and further increasing the amplitude of the HF component, completely suppresses spiking activity. Application of a pulse-train, phase locked to the LF sinusoidal input, modulates the response of TCR neurons in a similar fashion. Overall effect of the phaselocked pulse-train is dependent on at which phase of the LF sinusoidal input the pulse train is applied and amplitude of the LF input.
Plant communities on the flat ridge of the “Piotrawin” quarry located in the vicinity of Vistula near Józefów on the Vistula in Opole Lubelskie county

In 1998, three years after technical and biological reclamation, 29 relevés were made in the ridge area (the crown of the excavation) of the quarry “Piotrawin”. Two segetal associations were distinguished (Sileno inflatae-Linarietum minoris and Lathyro-Melandrietum noctiflori) as well as one xerothermic grassland association (Inuletum ensifoliae). The communities are floristically very rich. The number of taxa in the individual associations is varied and it ranges from 120 (Lathyro-Melandrietum noctiflori) to 147 (Sileno inflatae-Linarietum minoris). The average number of taxa in a relevé of individual communities is very high and it 80 I. Kutyna and K. Malinowska ranges from 60 to 62. The dominant syntaxon in these communities is Stellarietea mediae, the number of taxa ranges from 26 to 39. Moreover, the communities are characterised by a numerous participation of ruderal communities species (Artemisietea vulgaris), xerothermic grasslands (Festuco-Brometea) and seminatural grasslands (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). The aforementioned communities have close mutual floristic similarities determined on the basis of the degree of phytosociological stability. High mutual similarity, at the level of 76.8%, is demonstrated by segetal communities. Smaller mutual similarity (72.1%) occurs between Sileno inflatae-Linarietum minoris and Inuletum ensifoliae. After three years, the segetal communities were still dominant in the researched ridge area of the quarry, but during a reconnaissance performed in 2013 a significant floristic transformation of the community was noted, which tends to the infestation of the area with xerothermic grasslands communities species and scrubs of Rhamno-Prunetea class.
Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent and Hole Transporting Rod-Coil Polymers

Luminescent cyano-substituted distyrylbenzene derivatives were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation reactions. By using these compounds as initiators, a series of rod-coil polymers were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylate containing hole transporting carbazole moiety in high yields except the initiator with dicyanovinyl end groups. Molecular weight up to 37000 and polydispersity indices not exceeding 1.6 were obtained. Photoluminescent spectra revealed the aggregation of the rod parts in the solid state. The rod parts containing fluorinated alkyl groups were further aggregated by the heat treatment. The contact angle measurements suggested the fluoro alkyl groups dominated the film surface in the aggregation process. Microporous films with the open pore diameter of 1.1 or 3.7 m were fabricated by casting the polymer solution under a moist air flow. Transmission spectrum showed the dip originated from the periodic arrangement of micropores.
An Effective Screening Method and a Reliable Screening Trait for Salt Tolerance of Brassica napus at the Germination Stage

Salinity is a major and complex abiotic stress that inhibits plant growth and reduces crop yield. Given the global increase in soil salinity, there is a need to develop salt-tolerant species. Brassica napus L. is an important oilseed crop with some level of salt tolerance. However, few studies have evaluated its salt tolerance thoroughly or screened for traits that can be reliably evaluated for salt tolerance. Here, we evaluated salt tolerance in 549 B. napus inbred lines with different genetic backgrounds using the membership function value (MFV) of certain traits, including the germination rate, root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh weight, and total fresh weight. According to the evaluation criteria-mean MFV, 50 highly salt-tolerant, 115 salt-tolerant, 71 moderately salt-tolerant, 202 salt-sensitive, and 111 highly salt-sensitive inbred lines were screened at the germination stage. We also developed a mathematical evaluation model and identified that the salt tolerance index of shoot fresh weight is a single trait that reliably represents the salt tolerance of B. napus germplasm at the germination stage. These results are useful for evaluating and breeding salt-tolerant B. napus germplasm.
EXPLAINING THE FAILURE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA / доклад на 25 конференции IAAE, Reshaping Agriculture’s Contribution to Society, International Convention Centre, Durban, South Africa, 16-23 August 2003

This paper examines changes in agricultural productivity in 10 Sub-saharan countries. The relative performance of agricultural sector was gauged using data envelopment analysis. From a panel data set of the 10 countries which included the 28-year period 1972-1999, mathematical programming methods were used to measure Malmquist indexes of total factor productivity. It was found that, during that period, total factor productivity have experienced a negative evolution in sample countries. A decomposition of those measures suggest that, most of the weak performance of factors productivity is attributable more to technological change than technical efficiency change. French-speaking countries better succeeded to raise their productivity than English-speaking countries do. In addition, it have been found that Sahelian countries failed to rise their agricultural productivity compared to forest countries where a positive evolution have been detected.