Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure and Statistics of the Self-Power Map

We investigate the structure of a function relevant to cryptography, given by f : x 7→ xx mod p, for p a prime. We call f the self-power map. Given x, it is easy to calculate f(x) ≡ xx (mod p). However, it is thought to be difficult to quickly calculate f−1(xx). That is, given xx ≡ c (mod p), for a fixed c, it is difficult to quickly solve for x. We call the problem of finding the inverse of the self-power map the Self-Power Problem. As a variation of the Discrete Logarithm Problem, the Self-Power Problem is thought to be difficult to solve and therefore considered safe for use in some versions of the ElGamal Digital Signature Algorithm. Nonetheless, utilizing functional graphs to represent the map has revealed non-random structural properties, which we describe primarily through number theory and statistics. Acknowledgements: This work was done at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Number Theory REU 2010. We thank D. Cloutier, N. Lindle, and A. Hoffman for their code that allowed us to collect our data in a timely manner. We also thank the NSF for the grant that supported our REU program. Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to Josh Holden for his invaluable guidance and unwavering support throughout this project. Page 108 RHIT Undergrad. Math. J., Vol. 11, No. 2
Storeless semantics and alias logic

Pioneering work has been done by Jonkers [18] to define a semantics of pointer manipulating programs that is abstract in the sense of ignoring low-level aspects such as dangling pointers and garbage objects. We explore the principles of such storeless semantics from a logical point of view, first defining a simple logic to completely characterize heap structures up to isomorphism. Second, we extend this language to a full-blown alias logic (AL) that allows to express regular properties of unbounded heap structures. Along the development, we present an operational storeless semantics and give sound and complete total correctness axioms for deterministic programs in the form of Hoare triples, using AL.
Real-Time Detection of Interturn Faults in PM Drives Using Back-EMF Estimation and Residual Analysis

Interturn stator winding fault is one of the most frequent faults in permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). In this paper, we present a new technique for online detection of this fault in PMSMs. It is based on a residual analysis improved by taking into account back-electromotive force waveform estimation, inverter model, and unbalanced inductance matrix. Then, a current residual monitoring block permits to detect the fault and its severity. The simulation and experimental results validate the proposed method and its efficiency.
Quid Pro Quo: Information Sharing in Leisure Activities

This article explores information sharing in the context of amateur genealogists researching their Irish ancestry. Information sharing is an important feature of this hobby, with individuals networking with others to supplement information they have found when searching sources. Because of the nature of the hobby, reciprocal sharing behavior may be significant in this process. This study adopted a multi-case, exploratory approach to learning about amateur genealogists' sharing behavior associated with their information seeking. Twenty-four amateur genealogists from around the world participated in semi-structured telephone interviews about their hunt for their Irish ancestors. Data were transcribed and analyzed to identify patterns and conditions of information sharing between participants as they researched their genealogy. Participants in this study were avid information seekers, who prized information sharing as a means of advancing their research. The Internet played a central role in information sharing. Particular social norms surrounded the sharing of information that shaped interactions, including expectations of reciprocal information sharing. The findings of this study suggest that information sharing is an important feature of hobby participation for amateur genealogists, supporting learning as well as achievement in locating one's ancestors. Reciprocal information behavior strengthened social relationships between genealogists and multiple information sharing events solidified the network positions of individuals as information champions.
Nonparametric one-sided testing for the mean and related extremum problems

We consider the nonparametric model of n i. i. d. nonnegative real random variables whose distribution is unknown. An interesting parameter of that distribution is its expectation μ. Wang & Zhao (2003) studied the problem of testing the one-sided hypotheses H0 : μ ≤ μ0 vs. H1 : μ > μ0 (with a given μ0 > 0, where w.l.g. one may take μ0 = 1). For n = 1 there is a UMP nonrandomized level α test. Somewhat surprisingly, for n = 2 Wang & Zhao obtained a UMP nonrandomized monotone symmetric level α test. However, they conjectured that the result will not carry over to larger sample size n ≥ 3. Unfortunately, their conjecture is true as we will show. Also, we present an alternative proof of their (positive) result for n = 2. Our derivations are based on a study of related classes of extremum problems on products of probability measures.
Fast and Robust Meter and Tempo Recognition for the Automatic Discrimination of Ballroom Dance Styles

Fast and robust recognition of a song's meter, and quarter note tempo is crucial in many music information retrieval tasks dealing especially with large databases or real-time musical stream processing. We therefore introduce a novel approach that is capable of extracting musical meter features and tempo in beats per minute. The method is extendable in order to return the locations of beat onsets suitable for example for beat synchronization or musical audio segmentation. We use a simplified psychoacoustic model to split the input into audible frequency bands and two phase comb filtering on those bands to find the quarter note tempo and metrical structure. Based on these features we discriminate the nine classic ballroom dance styles and duple or triple meter by support-vector-machines as exemplary application. Test-runs are carried out on a public ballroom dance music database containing 1.8 k titles and the public MTV-Europe Most Wanted 1981-2000 to demonstrate the high effectiveness for popular music with respect to meter, tempo and ballroom dance style recognition.
HYBRID OPTIMISATION SCHEMES FOR THE CLEARANCE OF FLIGHT CONTROL LAWS

Abstract The application of two evolutionary optimisation schemes to the problem of flight clearance of nonlinear control laws for highly augmented aircraft is described. Hybrid versions of both schemes incorporating local gradient-based optimisation are also developed and evaluated. Comparisons of computational complexity and global convergence are conducted by checking for violations of a nonlinear clearance criterion for a detailed simulation model of a high performance aircraft with a full authority flight control law. The recently introduced differential evolution approach, when appropriately augmented with local optimisation methods, is shown to have significant potential for improving the reliability and efficiency of the current industrial flight clearance process.
Evidence‐based path to newborn screening for duchenne muscular dystrophy

Creatine kinase (CK) levels are increased on dried blood spots in newborns related to the birthing process. As a marker for newborn screening, CK in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in false‐positive testing. In this report, we introduce a 2‐tier system using the dried blood spot to first assess CK with follow‐up DMD gene testing.
Emitter location based on the linearization of quadratic TDOA and FDOA curves

This paper proposes a straightforward method producing the coarse estimate of an emitter position without the constraints of initialization and sensor-pair combination. The method derives two straight lines from a pair of quadratic TDOA and FDOA curves, and then employs a least squares minimization to estimate the emitter position. Simulation results are included to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with varying the emitter position.
Flexible sensors based on piezoelectret films

Piezoelectrets, also known as ferroelectrets, are flexible space-charge electrets with piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectret has features such as strong piezoelectric d33 coefficient, flexibility, low dielectric constant, small acoustic impedance, and so on. In this article, the fabrication of the flexible film sensors based on polypropylene (PP) piezoelectrets is described first. And then the sensitivity, linearity and thermal stability of the flexible film sensors are investigated. The results show that the sensitivity of the fabricated sensors up to 200 pC/N is achieved. The sensitivity is constant in the range of the applied pressure from 0.06 to 15 kPa. After an aging at the temperature of 70°C for 100h, the remaining sensitivity of the sensors is 50% of the initial value. The thermal stability of such flexible film sensors can be improved by a pre-aging treatment. The flexible film sensors fabricated in this study could be used in the intelligent transportation system, smart clothing and energy harvesting, etc.
Towards a Principle-based Classification of Structural Design Smells

Fred Brooks in his book "The Mythical Man Month" describes how the inherent properties of software (i.e. complexity, conformity, change- ability, and invisibility) make its design an "essential" diculty. Good design practices are fundamental requisites to address this diculty. One such good practice is that a software designer should be aware of and address "design smells" that can manifest as a result of his design decisions. However, our study of the vast literature on object-oriented design smells reveals the lack of an eective organization of smells that could better guide a designer in understanding and addressing potential issues in his design. In order to address this gap, we have adopted a novel approach to classify and catalog a number of recurring structural design smells based on how they violate key object oriented (OO) design principles. To evaluate the usefulness of our design smell catalog, we first asked Siemens CT DC AA architects to use it to identify design smells in their projects, and later elicited feedback from them about their experience. The feedback received indicates that these architects found the catalog to be very useful. In this paper, we present our catalog, classification, and naming scheme for design smells and also highlight several interesting observations and insights that result from our work.
Characterization of NF-κB Reporter U937 Cells and Their Application for the Detection of Inflammatory Immune-Complexes

Our study tested the hypothesis that immunoglobulins differ in their ability to activate the nuclear factor-κB pathway mediated cellular responses. These responses are modulated by several properties of the immune complex, including the ratio of antibody isotypes binding to antigen. Immunoassays allow the measurement of antigen specific antibodies belonging to distinct immunoglobulin classes and subclasses but not the net biological effect of the combination of these antibodies. We set out to develop a biosensor that is suitable for the detection and characterization of antigen specific serum antibodies. We genetically modified the monocytoid U937 cell line carrying Fc receptors with a plasmid encoding NF-κB promoter-driven GFP. This clone, U937-NF-κB, was characterized with respect to FcR expression and response to solid-phase immunoglobulins. Human IgG3, IgG4 and IgG1 induced GFP production in a time- and dose-dependent manner, in this order of efficacy, while IgG2 triggered no activation at the concentrations tested. IgA elicited no response alone but showed significant synergism with IgG3 and IgG4. We confirmed the importance of activation via FcγRI by direct stimulation with monoclonal antibody and by competition assays. We used citrullinated peptides and serum from rheumatoid arthritis patients to generate immune complexes and to study the activation of U937-NF-κB, observing again a synergistic effect between IgG and IgA. Our results show that immunoglobulins have distinct pro-inflammatory potential, and that U937-NF-κB is suitable for the estimation of biological effects of immune-complexes, offering insight into monocyte activation and pathogenesis of antibody mediated diseases.
Instrumentation with Hall sensors for JET magnetic diagnostics. The results of the recent deuterium campaign at JET in 2009

Magnetic diagnostics is one of the main diagnostics in thermonuclear reactors, and thus enhancing the accuracy of the magnetic field measurement is a relevant task. The paper discusses the principles of construction for magnetic measuring instrumentation based upon the application of steady-state radiation-resistant semiconductor sensors, and the results of its implementation for magnetic field measurement in one of the largest operating reactors JET (Joint European Torus) during the recent deuterium campaign.
A simple and robust binaural sound source localization system using interaural time difference as a cue

This paper handles development of binaural robotic audition system which is capable of localizing sound source in the horizontal plane and proposes two simple and robust binaural sound localization algorithms using interaural time difference (ITD) as a cue. Presented algorithms for determination of ITD from recorded binaural signal are both based on interaural phase difference (IPD) spectrum which is easily obtained by performing Fourier analysis on recorded binaural signal. They are also fairly simple in nature, require no a-priori information like measurements of HRTF and/or physical parameters of the room, and the computational costs necessary for ITD identification are low. Results reported in this paper indicate that robust binaural sound source localization under various recording conditions is feasible with the proposed simple algorithms.
Dynamic Trace-Level Reuse across Multiple Executions

Trace level reuse is a mechanism of using the results of previous traces, thereby reducing redundant computations and data dependencies. These mechanisms do not retain the results after the termination of the program. In this paper, we propose a reuse mechanism, which stores the results of traces of previous executions of the program, and uses these results for later executions of the program. Apart from reusing trace results within the same execution, our scheme retains the trace reusability information for successive runs of the program. We analyze the performance improvement achieved using this technique, and propose an implementation model. This method leads to increased reuse factor of a trace, compared to normal trace-level reuse mechanisms.
An Urban Myth? New Evidence of Equity, Adequacy and the Efficiency of Educational Resources

In this article, we offer an empirical rejoinder to the oft-told story that large urban districts, like Philadelphia, are inefficient. We situate our study during the very short period in Pennsylvania’s recent history when efforts were dedicated to addressing the inequitable distribution of resources through a fair funding formula and to increasing the amount of resources available for education spending. Even in the presence of a funding formula, school districts like Philadelphia (SDP) with its large percentage of low-income students and English language learners were disproportionately burdened. Unsurprisingly, the SDP, like many districts across the nation, did not receive sufficient resources to educate its students. However, we find that contrary to conventional wisdom, SDP did more per pupil with the resources at its disposal than the average peer district in terms of student poverty and achievement. Disciplines Economics | Education Economics | Education Policy Comments View on the CPRE website. This working paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/cpre_workingpapers/1 An Urban Myth? New Evidence on Equity, Adequacy and the Efficiency of Educational Resources Matthew P. Steinberg Assistant Professor of Education Graduate School of Education University of Pennsylvania 3700 Walnut Street, Office 408 Philadelphia, PA 19104 Email: steima@gse.upenn. edu Phone: (215) 898-9336 Rand Quinn Assistant Professor of Education Graduate School of Education University of Pennsylvania 3700 Walnut Street, Office 407 Philadelphia, PA 19104 Email: raq@gse.upenn. edu Phone: (215) 898-9330
Discussion of Treelets by Lee , Nadler and

The authors’ emphasis is on the method as a useful way of representing data analogous to a wavelet representation where X = X(t) with t genuinely identified with a point on the line and observartion at p time points ,but where the time points have been permuted. As such this can be viewed as a clustering method which, from their examples, gives very reasonable answers. However, to make more general theoretical statements and to permit comparison to other methods they necessarily introduce the model
Coverage Optimization in Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks

The coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the most important measurement criteria of Qos. Optimal coverage of sensors is propitious to the maximum possible utilization of the available sensors. It can balance node energy consumption, and elongate network lifetime. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach is applied to maximize the coverage of mobile sensor networks. We first analyze the node distribution of random deployed sensor networks. There are big coverage holes as the network size grows. In order to reduce energy consumption during node move process, we study the sensor network coverage optimization in the limited mobility model. The simulation results show that sensor node move in the limited region can also realize the coverage optimization, and it can reduce the moving distance greatly.
Ghost condensation and a consistent infrared modification of gravity

We propose a theoretically consistent modification of gravity in the infrared, which is compatible with all current experimental observations. This is an analog of the Higgs mechanism in general relativity, and can be thought of as arising from ghost condensation — a background where a scalar field has a constant velocity, = M2. The ghost condensate is a new kind of fluid that can fill the universe, which has the same equation of state, ρ = −p, as a cosmological constant, and can hence drive de Sitter expansion of the universe. However, unlike a cosmological constant, it is a physical fluid with a physical scalar excitation, which can be described by a systematic effective field theory at low energies. The excitation has an unusual low-energy dispersion relation ω2 ~ 4/M2. If coupled to matter directly, it gives rise to small Lorentz-violating effects and a new long-range 1/r2 spin dependent force. In the ghost condensate, the energy that gravitates is not the same as the particle physics energy, leading to the possibility of both sources that can gravitate and anti-gravitate. The newtonian potential is modified with an oscillatory behavior starting at the distance scale MPl/M2 and the time scale MPl2/M3. This theory opens up a number of new avenues for attacking cosmological problems, including inflation, dark matter and dark energy.
Perceptual decisions are biased by the cost to act

Perceptual decisions are classically thought to depend mainly on the stimulus characteristics, probability and associated reward. However, in many cases, the motor response is considered to be a neutral output channel that only reflects the upstream decision. Contrary to this view, we show that perceptual decisions can be recursively influenced by the physical resistance applied to the response. When participants reported the direction of the visual motion by left or right manual reaching movement with different resistances, their reports were biased towards the direction associated with less effortful option. Repeated exposure to such resistance on hand during perceptual judgements also biased subsequent judgements using voice, indicating that effector-dependent motor costs not only biases the report at the stage of motor response, but also changed how the sensory inputs are transformed into decisions. This demonstrates that the cost to act can influence our decisions beyond the context of the specific action. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.18422. 001
Modelling the Galactic Interstellar Extinction Distribution in Three Dimensions

Aims. The Two Micron All Sky Survey, along with the Stellar Population Synthesis Model of the Galaxy, developed in Besancon, is used to calculate the extinction distribution along different lines of sight. By combining many lines of sight, the large scale distribution of interstellar material can be deduced. Methods. The Galaxy model is used to provide the intrinsic colour of stars and their probable distances, so that the near infrared colour excess, and hence the extinction, may be calculated and its distance evaluated. Such a technique is dependent on the model used, however we are able to show that moderate changes in the model parameters result in insignificant changes in the predicted extinction. Results. This technique has now been applied to over 64 000 lines of sight, each separated by 15´, in the inner Galaxy ($|l|\le$ 100°, $|b|\le$ 10°). We have projected our three dimensional results onto a two dimensional plane in order to compare them with existing two dimensional extinction maps and CO surveys. We find that although differences exist due to the different methods used or the medium traced, the same large scale structures are visible in each of the different maps. Using our extinction map, we have derived the main characteristics of the large scale structure of the dust distribution. The scale height of the interstellar matter is found to be $125^{+17}_{-7}$ pc. The dust distribution is found to be asymmetrically warped, in agreement with CO and HI observations of the ISM. However, the slope of the dust warp and the galactocentric distance where it starts are found to be smaller than the values measured for the external HI disc: for positive longitudes the angle is $\theta=$ $89\degr$, it starts at 8.7 kpc from the Galactic center and grows with a slope of 0.14, while at negative longitudes, the angle of the maximum is at $\theta=$ $272\degr$, the starting radius 7.8 kpc and the slope 0.11. Finally, the presence of dust is detected in the Galactic bulge. It forms an elongated structure approximately 5.2 kpc long and lies at an angle of 30 ± $5\degr$ with respect to the Sun-Galactic centre direction. This may be interpreted as a dust lane along the Galactic bar. This resulting extinction map will be useful for studies of the inner Galaxy and its stellar populations.