Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Planning with Nondeterministic Actions and Sensing

Many planning problems involve nondeterministic actions actions whose effects are not completely determined by the state of the world before the action is executed. In this paper we consider the computational complexity of planning in domains where such actions are available. We give a formal model of nondeterministic actions and sensing, together with an action language for specifying planning domains. Then, we examine the cases of complete observability, partial observability and no observability, assuming that sensing is done automatically or needs to be done explicitly. We restrict our attention to plans of tractable plan-size or depth. We show that planning with nondeterministic actions for polynomially represented plans has computational complexity equivalent to that of planning with deterministic actions under incomplete knowledge about the initial state, if we the domains include no observability or full observability, and consider an assumption on executability of actions. If the latter takes polynomial time, then our complexity class for all these problems is -complete. If the problem of checking executability of actions is NP-complete (the general case), or we allow partial observability or sensing actions, then our complexity class is -complete. For plans of polynomial depth, we find that planning in nondeterministic systems with no observations is in -complete, contrary to previous conjectures of PSPACE-completeness (Haslum & Jonsson 1999). We also find that planning in nondeterministic systems with full observability or partial observability (with and without sensing actions) is PSPACE-complete for polynomial-depth plans. These results point out cases where it may be useful to use encodings in boolean formulae to perform planning, and they carefully draw the distinctions between the different scenarios involved.
Min-Wise Independent Linear Permutations

A set of permutations ${\cal F} \subseteq S_n$ is min-wise independent if for any set $X \subseteq [n]$ and any $x \in X$, when $\pi$ is chosen at random in ${\cal F}$ we have ${\bf P} \left(\min\{\pi(X)\} = \pi(x)\right) = {{1}\over {|X|}}$. This notion was introduced by Broder, Charikar, Frieze and Mitzenmacher and is motivated by an algorithm for filtering near-duplicate web documents. Linear permutations are an important class of permutations. Let $p$ be a (large) prime and let ${\cal F}_p=\{p_{a,b}:\;1\leq a\leq p-1,\,0\leq b\leq p-1\}$ where for $x\in [p]=\{0,1,\ldots,p-1\}$, $p_{a,b}(x)=ax+b\pmod p$. For $X\subseteq [p]$ we let $F(X)=\max_{x\in X}\left\{{\bf P}_{a,b}(\min\{p(X)\}=p(x))\right\}$ where ${\bf P}_{a,b}$ is over $p$ chosen uniformly at random from ${\cal F}_p$. We show that as $k,p \to\infty$, ${\bf E}_X[F(X)]={{1}\over {k}}+O\left({(\log k)^3}\over {k^{3/2}}\right)$ confirming that a simply chosen random linear permutation will suffice for an average set from the point of view of approximate min-wise independence.
Evaluation of fine-granular GPS tracking on smartphones

Smartphones with their GPS capabilities allow tracking in numerous scenarios at low costs. Whereas most scenarios need only coarse tracking, real-time tracking of competitors in sport events require fine-granular localization with high refresh frequencies. This work is conducted in the context of the sailing sports and tests the applicability of scenarios with fine-granularity requirements to today's available smartphones. We first describe our methodology to test smartphones for their suitability for fine-granular tracking. We execute a comparative study involving six modern smartphones running on three different mobile platforms and an additional dedicated GPS tracker. The GPS performance metrics accuracy, battery life, integrity and continuity were tested in four experimental setups, which were chosen with the intent to make the results applicable to real-world sports tracking scenarios. Our results show that with many of today's smartphones it is possible to fulfill fine-granularity requirements. But they also point out some devices' deficiency in integrity and continuity. Our results lead to guidelines relevant for GIS: tracking performance measurement, mobile platform and device selection, tracking application development and operation.
Model-checking Counting Temporal Logics on Flat Structures

We study several extensions of linear-time and computation-tree temporal logics with quantifiers that allow for counting how often certain properties hold. For most of these extensions, the model-checking problem is undecidable, but we show that decidability can be recovered by considering flat Kripke structures where each state belongs to at most one simple loop. Most decision procedures are based on results on (flat) counter systems where counters are used to implement the evaluation of counting operators.
Late Complications of Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis Primary Fusions to L4 and Above: The Effect of Age and Distal Fusion Level

Study Design. A retrospective analysis of primary cases of adult idiopathic scoliosis treated with long instrumented fusions from the thoracic spine proximally to segments that range from T11 to L4 distally. Objective. To analyze whether patients requiring revision surgery had lower postoperative SRS-24 scores; age ≥40 years correlated with higher rates of revision surgery; disc degeneration below the fusion occurred more commonly with a more distal lowest instrumented vertebra or older patient age (≥40 years); and whether smokers had higher rates of major complications or revision surgery. Summary of Background Data. Few reports describe complications related to primary long fusions using modern 2+ rods, hook/pedicle screw instrumentation methods in the treatment of adult idiopathic scoliosis. Methods. Sixty-seven patients were analyzed with an average age of 38.8 years (range 21–61 years). The average clinical follow-up was 7.8 years (range 2–16 years): 42 patients had >5 years follow-up, including 23 patients with >10 years follow-up. Patients were categorized by age (< or ≥40 years) and level of the lowest instrumented vertebra (T11–L2 vs. L3–L4). Upright radiographs and postoperative SRS-24 questionnaires from the latest follow-up date were analyzed. Results. Patients requiring revision surgery had lower total score (average 72.0) than those that did not (total score = 94.2; P = 0.01). More specifically, patients with pseudarthrosis had lower total scores (average 74.7) than those without (average total score = 93.5; P = 0.02). When analyzing age, there were similar rates of pseudarthrosis, but higher rates of transition syndrome (2) and sagittal/coronal imbalance (1 each) in patients ≥40 years. Subsequent distal disc degeneration did not correlate significantly with more distal lowest instrumented vertebra or older patient age. Smokers did not have higher rates of major complications or revision surgery than nonsmokers. Conclusions. Patients with adult idiopathic scoliosis and long fusions had similar pseudarthrosis rates, but higher rates of transition syndrome when lowest instrumented vertebra was L3–L4 relative to levels T11–L2. When categorized by age, complication rates were similar in each group. Patients with pseudarthroses or other diagnoses requiring revision surgery had lower SRS-24 total scores than those without (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively).
Remisión sintomática y recuperación funcional en pacientes que padecen esquizofrenia

SUMMARY A recently proposed definition for remission and recovery in schizophrenia is receiving increased attention by clinicians and researchers. The interest on these issues is based on the recent proposed definition for symptomatic remission, and the development of operational criteria for its assessment, by the Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group (RSWG), in the United States, in 2005. Remission is assessed using eight items of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), all of which have to be scored with a symptom severity of ≤3 points (mild or better), sustained for a minimum duration of six months. In Europe, since 2006, proposed definition criteria about response and remission were introduced. Response can be assessed, with the PANSS, using a cut-off of at least 50% reduction of the baseline score for the acutely ill, and a cut-off of at least of 25% reduction for refractory patients. Remission could be assessed using a formula for calculating percentage PANSS reduction from baseline. Definition criteria have also been introduced to assess functional recovery that includes the combination of clinical and social outcomes for two consecutive years, including dimensions such as psychosocial functioning, cognition, and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to examine existing research on symptomatic remission and functional recovery in schizophrenia. We included clinical and epidemiological studies, reviews and meta-analyses published between January 1970 and July 2013. Sixty two studies on remission and recovery were included, with a total of 94 940 patients, comprising six months to 37 years follow-up. Thirty two studies on functional recovery were included, with a total of 6 483 patients with a range of six months to 42 years follow-up. Research indicates that symptomatic remission can be achieved in 20-97%, and functional recovery in 10-68% of people with schizophrenia. The use of remission and recovery criteria has been recommended for clinical practice and scientific research.
Tabu Search for Multiobjective Optimization: MOTS

: This paper presents the multiobjective tabu search method, MOTS. Being an adaptation of the well known tabu search, it is used heuristically to generate non-dominated alternatives to multiobjective combinatorial optimization problems. MOTS works with a set of current solutions which, through manipulation of weights, are optimized towards the non-dominated frontier while at the same time seek to disperse over the frontier. The general procedure and some extensions to it are given, as well as suggestions of usage in interactive procedures. A computational experiment is also presented
A Study of the Difference in Volume of Information in Chief Complaint and Present Illness between Electronic and Paper Medical Records

The introduction of an electronic medical record (EMR) has been rapidly accelerating in South Korea. The EMR was expected to improve quality of care, readability, availability, and the quality of data. However, the reluctance of healthcare providers to use the EMR may have caused a reduction of information recorded in EMRs. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there was any loss of information following the introduction of a narrative text-based EMR in the recording of chief complaint and present illness in inpatient medical records. Inpatient medical records of a university hospital were retrospectively evaluated for one month before and one month after the introduction of the EMR in June 2006. The volume of information for chief complaint and present illness was measured by number of words in Korean and normalised bytes. Change in volume of information was measured by two-way ANOVA and multiple regression analyses, controlling for doctors' gender, age, and grade/year of residents, patients' readmission status, reasons for admission and service department to assess any effect of the introduction of an EMR. Total numbers of paper-based medical records (PMRs) and EMRs for analysis were 1,159 and 1,122, respectively. Forty-three doctors participated in the study. Thirty-one (72%) doctors were less than 30 years of age. Number of words proved a better outcome measure (R2=.22 for CC, R2=.36 for PI) than normalised bytes (R2=.18 for CC, R2=.35 for PI) for measuring volume of information. Results showed that the volume of information in the chief complaint and present illness was not decreased after the introduction of the EMR, except when the dependent variable was measured by number of words in the present illness. The study showed that the introduction of the EMR did not reduce the volume of information documented for chief complaint and present illness in inpatient medical records. However, further studies are needed to identify how to control the probable loss of information as showed in present illness measured by number of words.
Detection and blanking of GSM interference in radio-astronomical observations

Radio-astronomical observations are increasingly disturbed by man-made communication signals, satellite and broadcast services. In particular, the GSM band is a highly saturated domain, full with interferers which are much stronger than radio astronomical signals. We propose a strategy to reduce this interference using its non-stationary nature. We describe a multichannel interference detector which enables us to reduce the interference by rejecting corrupted time-frequency slots. The use of multichannel detection greatly improves performance over previously suggested single channel detectors. This paper is the first to propose the implementation of advanced array signal processing methods for interference detection in radio astronomical observations.
Extremely High Phosphate Sorption Capacity in Cu-Pb-Zn Mine Tailings

Elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations in pore water of amended tailings under direct revegetation may cause toxicity in some native woody species but not native forbs or herb species, all of which are key constituents in target native plant communities for phytostabilizing base metal mine tailings. As a result, Pi sorption capacity has been quantified by a conventional batch procedure in three types of base metal mine tailings sampled from two copper (Cu)-lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mines, as the basis for Pi-fertiliser addition. It was found that the Pi-sorption capacity in the tailings and local soil was extremely high, far higher than highly weathered agricultural soils in literature, but similar to those of volcanic ash soils. The Langmuir P-sorption maximum was up to 7.72, 4.12, 4.02 and 3.62 mg P g-1 tailings, in the fresh tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD7), the weathered tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD5), EHM-TD (fresh Cu-stream, high magnetite content) and local soil (weathered shale and schist), respectively. Physicochemical factors highly correlated with the high Pi-sorption in the tailings were fine particle distribution, oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable Fe (FeO and Fed), oxalate-extractable Al and Mn, and the levels of soluble Cd and Zn, and total S and Fe. Large amounts of amorphous Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides may have been formed from the oxidation of pyritic materials and redox cycles of Fe-minerals (such as pyrite (FeS2), ankerite (Ca(Fe Mg)(CO3)2 and siderite (FeCO3), as indicated by the extractable FeO values. The likely formation of sparingly soluble Zn-phosphate in the Pb-Zn tailings containing high levels of Zn (from sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S, ZnS, (Zn,Cd)S)) may substantially lower soluble Zn levels in the tailings through high rates of Pi-fertiliser addition. As a result, the possibility of P-toxicity in native plant species caused by the addition of soluble phosphate fertilizers would be minimal.
Anonymous and secure on-demand routing protocol for multi-hop cellular networks

In single cellular networks, the mobile stations cannot communicate directly with each other. All communications are relayed through the base stations. Such topology suffers from many limitations such as the congestion problem when a large number of users are communicating in the same time to a base station. In this context, the device-to-device communications have been proposed to overcome the limitations of the conventional cellular architecture. Indeed, a mobile station can allow two nearby stations to communicate with each other without involving a base station. However, security becomes an important challenge that must be taken into consideration as the mobile stations participate in routing data between each other. For that reason, we propose in this paper a secure routing protocol for Multi-hop Cellular Networks (MCNs). Our goal is to discover a secure and short route between the source and the destination. To evaluate this proposed protocol, we perform some simulations based on Network Simulator (NS-2) and crypto++ library. The simulation results show that it provides acceptable performance in terms of throughput and routing overhead as comparing with SAODV.
Intermittent presentations of ethanol sipper tube induce ethanol drinking in rats.

AIMS Intermittent presentations of the ethanol sipper have been reported to induce more ethanol drinking in rats than when the ethanol sipper was continuously available during the session. This intermittent sipper effect was observed in a social drinking situation, in which subjects experienced intermittent opportunities to interact briefly with a conspecific rat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the intermittent sipper procedure in situations providing for intermittent presentations of food, and, in addition, in situations that do not provide for intermittent presentations of another rewarding event. METHODS Four groups of male Long-Evans hooded rats, arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of Sipper Procedure (Intermittent vs Continuous) and two levels of Food procedure (Food vs No Food), were trained in drinking chambers. During each daily session, Intermittent Sipper groups received access to the ethanol sipper during each of 25 trials of 10 s each, while Continuous Sipper groups had access to the ethanol sipper during the entire session (approximately 30 min). During each session, Food groups received 25 presentations of food pellets while No Food groups received no food pellets. Ethanol concentrations in the sipper [3, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (vol./vol.)] increased across sessions. RESULTS More rapid escalation of ethanol intake was observed in the Intermittent Sipper groups than in the Continuous Sipper groups, and this effect was observed in both the Food and No Food conditions (P's < 0.05), which did not differ from one another. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent Sipper procedures provide less access to the ethanol sipper, yet induced more ethanol drinking than Continuous Sipper procedures. The intermittent sipper effect is not dependent on presentations of food. Implications for schedule-induced polydipsia and Pavlovian autoshaping are discussed.
Paleoanthropology and Race

As the study of human variation over space and time, biological anthropology has been deeply affected by the race concept. It was a science that errantly validated the existence of biological race and also justified social inequality. It was a science that defined races (the number of racial types, their constituents, and their attributes), and the history of the racial groups so defined. The history of biological anthropology is replete with studies designed to demonstrate the intrinsic inequality of races; since races are “biologized” social categories, social inequalities have long been justified as the result of biological differences. From the use of polygenism to justify slavery, to the use of eugenics to justify unfair immigration laws, sterilization of the poor, and even genocide, biological anthropology has had a sordid history. Cognizant of this history, modern anthropologists are among the first to discredit scientific racism when it appears today (Edgar and Hunley 2009). The role of anthropological science in the history of race and racism has been well described (e.g., Montagu 1942 ; Marks 1995 ; Blakey 1999 ; Jackson 2001 ; Lieberman 2001 ; Caspari 2003 ; Kaszycka and Strzalko 2003 ; Brace 2005 ), and it is beyond the scope of this paper to recount it here. Less attention, however, has been paid to the relationship between the race concept and paleoanthropology specifically. In this chapter, we focus on this relationship. At its core lies polygenism, the idea that links the race concept to the study of human evolution through the phylogenetic treatment of human variation.
ℋ∞ control of discrete-time switched itô stochastic systems via dynamic output feedback

This paper is concerned with the ℋ<inf>∞</inf> dynamic output feedback (DOF) control problem for discrete-time switched Itô stochastic hybrid systems. By applying the average dwell time method and the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, a sufficient condition is first proposed, which guarantees the closed-loop switched stochastic system to be mean-square exponentially stable with a weighted ℋ<inf>∞</inf> performance. Then the solvability condition for the ℋ<inf>∞</inf> DOF control is also established, by which the DOF controller can be found by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
SHORT COMMUNICATION Antioxidant activities and quali-quantitative analysis of different Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson] landrace extracts

Five landraces of Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson], known as yacon, were investigated in total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of ethanol extracts (EEs) and decoction extracts (DEs). The results demonstrated that DEs are rich in phenolic acids as caffeic acid, while the EEs show an higher amount of flavonoids, as luteolin 30,7-O-diglucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside. These flavonoid glycosides were identified for the first time in yacon extracts, together with apigenin and luteolin. The phytochemical profile explains the different antioxidant activities shown in our study. The landraces PER6-DE and PER4-DE showed the highest radical-scavenging activity and reducing power related to their polyphenolic contents. Results also show that yacon can be considered an important source of bioactive compounds with significant differences among the analysed landraces.