Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tapping natural reservoirs of homing endonucleases for targeted gene modification

Homing endonucleases mobilize their own genes by generating double-strand breaks at individual target sites within potential host DNA. Because of their high specificity, these proteins are used for “genome editing” in higher eukaryotes. However, alteration of homing endonuclease specificity is quite challenging. Here we describe the identification and phylogenetic analysis of over 200 naturally occurring LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases (LHEs). Biochemical and structural characterization of endonucleases from one clade within the phylogenetic tree demonstrates strong conservation of protein structure contrasted against highly diverged DNA target sites and indicates that a significant fraction of these proteins are sufficiently stable and active to serve as engineering scaffolds. This information was exploited to create a targeting enzyme to disrupt the endogenous monoamine oxidase B gene in human cells. The ubiquitous presence and diversity of LHEs described in this study may facilitate the creation of many tailored nucleases for genome editing.
Extendibility of NiPt silicide to the 22-nm node CMOS technology

This paper shows ultra-low contact resistivities with standard NiPt silicide process that can reach 1times10-8 Omega-cm2 for both n+ and p+ Si by using novel test structures of small silicided contact with varied areas from 20-nm diameter to 260-nm diameter by e-beam lithography fabricated on highly doped substrate made by conventional source drain implantation. It demonstrates that NiPt silicide can fulfill CMOS technology requirements down to the ITRS 22nm node.
Intellectual capital and strategic human resource management in social service non-profit organisations in Australia

Very little systematic research has focused on the Intellectual Capital (IC) and Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) link in the social service non-profit sector. Using data gathered from Australian Social Service Non-profit Organisations (SSNPOs), this paper fills this gap by building a nascent body of literature that put forth that IC plays a central role in SHRM in SSNPOs. SSNPO executives perceived IC as a tool to capture a complete picture of organisational potential, thus providing the necessary picture to formulate strategy for long-term development. Finally, the paper proposes a new model which illustrates that IC drives SHRM in the social service non-profit sector.
An Exploratory Econometric Model of Financial Markets

The purpose of this study is to develop and estimate sectoral demand for money functions and an aggregate supply function for money within the framework of a simultaneous-equations model of major United States financial markets. The study is exploratory in nature in several respects. The final form of the behavioral equations is, of course, open to question. Also, the data used in the estimation of the behavioral equations have recently been revised by the Flow of Funds Section of the Federal Reserve Board.
Destination Branding Case Study: Tracking Brand Equity for an Emerging Destination Between 2003 and 2007

Place branding has become a major focus of operations for destination marketing organizations (DMOs) striving for differentiation in cluttered markets. The topic of destination branding has only received attention in the tourism literature since the late 1990s, and there has been relatively little research reported in relation to analyzing destination brand effectiveness over time. This article reports an attempt to operationalize the concept of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) for an emerging destination over two points in time. The purpose of the project was to track the effectiveness of the brand in 2007 against benchmarks that were established in a 2003 study at the commencement of a new destination brand campaign. The key finding was there was no change in perceived performance for the destination across the brand’s performance indicators and CBBE dimensions. Because of the common challenges faced by DMOs worldwide, it is suggested the CBBE hierarchy provides destination marketers with a practical tool for evaluating brand performance over time.
Diminishing marginal value of income without apology

This paper considers value functions for maximization problems where the objective function is maximized subject to several constraints. I show that such value functions exhibit diminishing marginal rates of substitution (MRS) between the resource endowments which define the constraints. For the household, this implies that an ordinally defined marginal value of income falls as income rises. I also derive conditions under which the value function is homothetic in the endowments, so that the MRS between two resources is a monotone function of the ratio of the endowments of those resources and under which the MRS between two resources declines when one resource is increased with the other held constant, i.e., under which the marginal rate of substitution declines when the households moves from one indirect indifference curve to another. I apply these results to a model with two linear constraints and to a model of asset choice under uncertainty. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
The Board of Directors in Family Firms: One Size Fits All?

Boards of directors are governance bodies that serve important functions for organizations, ranging from monitoring management on behalf of different shareholders to providing resources. Board roles and characteristics vary widely among national cultures and, within each country, among different company types. Despite such variety, research on family business boards has been dominated by prescriptions and by the lack of an explicit recognition of family firm types characterized by different governance requirements. We argue that a contingency approach to defining board structure, activity, and roles offers useful guidance in understanding board contributions to family business performance. We develop a theory to show how board characteristics are a reflection of a family firm's power, experience, and culture makeup. This theory provides insight into descriptions of existing board choices and prescriptions for family firms interested in starting or adapting their board of directors.
Junction and Device Characteristics of Gate-Last Ge p- and n-MOSFETs With ALD- $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ Gate Dielectric

In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of Ge junction diodes and gate-last p- and n-metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with the atomic-layer-deposited- Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> gate dielectrics. The magnitudes of the rectifying ratios for the Ge p<sup>+</sup>-n and n<sup>+</sup>-p junctions exceeded three and four orders of magnitude (in the voltage range of plusmn1 V), respectively, with accompanying reverse leakages of ca. 10<sup>-2</sup> and 10<sup>-4</sup> A ldr cm<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. The site of the primary leakage path, at either the surface periphery or junction area, was determined by the following conditions: 1) the thermal budget during dopant activation, and 2) whether forming gas annealing (FGA) was employed or not. In addition, performing FGA at 300degC boosted the device on-current, decreased the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Ge interface states to 8 times 10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> ldr eV<sup>-1</sup>, and improved the reliability of bias temperature instability. The peak mobility and on/off ratio reached as high as 225 cm<sup>2</sup> ldr V<sup>-1</sup> ldr s<sup>-1</sup> and > 10<sup>3</sup>, respectively, for the p-FET (<i>W</i>/<i>L</i> = 100 mum/4 mum), while these values were less than 100 cm<sup>2</sup> ldr V<sup>-1</sup> ldr s<sup>-1</sup> and ca. 10<sup>3</sup>, respectively, for the n-FET (<i>W</i>/<i>L</i> = 100 mum/9 mum). The relatively inferior n-FET performance resulted from the larger source/drain contact resistance, higher surface states scattering, and lower substrate-doping concentration.
Discussion of ‘Disclosure and the cost of capital: what do we know?’

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Characterization of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transcriptional Terminations

ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) has a tripartite negative-strand genome and causes a mosquito-borne disease among humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African and Arabian Peninsula countries. Phlebovirus L, M, and N mRNAs are synthesized from the virus-sense RNA segments, while NSs mRNA is transcribed from the anti-virus-sense S segment. The present study determined the 3′ termini of all RVFV mRNAs. The 3′ termini of N and NSs mRNAs were mapped within the S-segment intergenic region and were complementary to each other by 30 to 60 nucleotides. The termini of M and L mRNAs were mapped within 122 to 107 nucleotides and 16 to 41 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5′ ends of their templates. Viral RNA elements that control phlebovirus transcriptional terminations are largely unknown. Our studies suggested the importance of a pentanucleotide sequence, CGUCG, for N, NSs, and M mRNA transcription terminations. Homopolymeric tracts of C sequences, which were located upstream of the pentanucleotide sequence, promoted N and M mRNA terminations. Likewise, the homopolymeric tracts of G sequences that are found upstream of the pentanucleotide sequence promoted NSs mRNA termination. The L-segment 5′-untranslated region (L-5′ UTR) had neither the pentanucleotide sequence nor homopolymeric sequences, yet replacement of the S-segment intergenic region with the L-5′ UTR exerted N mRNA termination in an infectious virus. The L-5′ UTR contained two 13-nucleotide-long complete complementary sequences, and their sequence complementarities were important for L mRNA termination. A computer-mediated RNA secondary structure analysis further suggested that RNA secondary structures formed by the sections of the two 13-nucleotide-long sequences and by the sequence between them may have a role in L mRNA termination. Our data demonstrated that viral RNA elements that govern L mRNA termination differed from those that regulate mRNA terminations in the M and S segments.
Programmed and Induced Phenotype of the Hippocampal Granule Cells

Certain neurons choose the neurotransmitter they use in an activity-dependent manner, and trophic factors are involved in this phenotypic differentiation during development. Developing hippocampal granule cells (GCs) constitutively express the markers of the glutamatergic and GABAergic phenotypes, but when development is completed, the GABAergic phenotype shuts off. With electrophysiological, single-cell reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistological techniques, we show here that short-term (24 h) cultures of fully differentiated adult glutamatergic GCs, which express glutamate, VGlut-1 (vesicular glutamate transporter) mRNA, calbindin, and dynorphin mRNA, can be induced to reexpress the GABAergic markers GABA, GAD67 (glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform), and VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter) mRNA, by sustained synaptic or direct activation of glutamate receptors and by activation of TrkB (tyrosine receptor kinase B) receptors, with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (30 min). The expression of the GABAergic markers was prevented by the blockade of glutamate receptors and sodium or calcium channels, and by inhibitors of protein kinases and protein synthesis. In hippocampal slices of epileptic rats and in BDNF-treated slices from naive rats, we confirmed the appearance of monosynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated responses to GC stimulation, in the presence of glutamate receptors blockers. Accordingly, GC cultures prepared from these slices showed the coexpression of the glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. Our results demonstrate that the neurotransmitter choice of the GCs, which are unique in terms of their continuing birth and death throughout life, depends on programmed and environmental factors, and this process is neither limited by a critical developmental period nor restricted by their insertion in their natural network.
Time estimation in young children: an initial force rule governing time production.

Children aged 3 and 5 1/2 years were asked to carry out a response duration task in two sessions under "minimal", "temporal" and "force" instructions. In session 1, they were told to press "long enough" for the temporal instructions and "hard enough" for the force instructions. In session 2, they were asked to press "longer" or "harder" than in the previous session. Results showed that the force instructions, but not the temporal instructions, improved the 3-year-olds' timing accuracy. Furthermore, when instructed to press harder, 3-year-olds pressed longer. In contrast, 5 1/2-year-olds were more accurate with the temporal than with the force instructions; and when asked to press harder, they did not press longer. These findings suggest that 3-year-olds rely on a certain amount of force to produce correct response durations. The marked dissociation between force and duration only emerges between the ages of 3 and 5 1/2.
Innovative Laser and Light Techniques in Facial Aesthetics

In a culture in which beauty and youthful skin are highly desired attributes, patients are constantly seeking innovative technologies to help them maintain or rejuvenate their appearance. The face is the center of a patient’s appearance and is always on display which is why changes and abnormalities in this area cause great concern for patients and can greatly affect their self-esteem, quality of life, and psychological health. Innovative laser and light technology have made great progress in the treatment of facial abnormalities. Ophthalmologists are already well versed in laser technology because of its wide application in the anterior segment and retina. Applying similar technology to help benefit patients’ aesthetic appearance is a predictable extension. Ophthalmologists may encounter several common aesthetic facial problems including vascular abnormalities, rhytides, and scars that may be targeted with current laser and light technology.
Measuring the Attributes of Poverty and its Persistence: A Case Study of Eritrea

This paper tries to identify the correlates of poverty in urban Eritrea using an estimation technique (the DOGEV model) that also allows for the inclusion of a measure of persistence- in poverty levels from cross-sectional estimation. The results suggest that 17 percent of the probability of being moderately poor and 22 percent of the probability of being extremely poor in Eritrea was attributable to this persistence - a predisposition toward poverty likely due to latent attributes related to past experience of poverty itself. The results also suggest that, in the post-war economy of the mid-1990s, those with vocational training fared best among all education groups. Being a war veteran also had a strong negative association with the poverty - reflecting successful attempts to support that group. The receipt of remittances also reduced the likelihood of poverty; though receipts from outside Eritrea had a much stronger effect than receipts from within Eritrea.
Customer Focus – An Accountability Dilemma

Abstract Customer-related measures are today often included in management accounting systems. In this paper, two situations are displayed where these measures are problematic to the managing process. The main argument of the paper is that customer accountability may serve to question demands for hierarchical accountability, as put forward in management accounting systems. The paper is based on a case study, in which two groups show strong customer accountability which is disturbing to the managing process. In the first group, socializing accountability processes to the customers override hierarchical accountability concerning delivery performance. In the second group, aligned accountability to customers and managers for customer-related measures override hierarchical demands for accountability for financial performance. The argument of the paper may be taken as a basis to question the broadening of management accounting to incorporate customer-related aspects. An organization needs to be managed in a balanced way. However, it should not be taken for granted that all aspects need to be incorporated into management accounting. With strong customer accountability, management accounting may need to be devoted to classical tasks of emphasizing financial performance and formalized processes.
Corporate Taxation and the Cost of Holding Inventories

This paper investigates the impact of the corporate tax system and inflation upon the user cost of holding inventories. A simple dynamic model of the firm is set up in which the firm chooses an output and an inventory policy so as to maximize its equity value. The firm finances its inventory stock through equity and debt. Expressions for the user cost of inventory capital are derived when the firm is allowed FIFO and LIFO accounting for tax purposes. It is shown that an increase in the inflation rate will reduce the user cost under LIFO but will have an ambiguous effect under FIFO. Increases in the corporate tax rate have an ambiguous effect on the user cost. We then examine circumstances under which corporate taxation and inflation will not alter the inventory and output decisions. The model is extended to include personal taxation and the inventory deduction, and a numerical calculation of the user cost of capital using stylized facts for Canada is given. Impot slur les societes et coait des inventaires. Ce m6moire 6tudie l'impact du systeme d'imposition des soci6t6s et de l'inflation sur les cofits d'inventaires. On developpe un modele dynamique de l'entreprise dans lequel la firme choisit un niveau de production et une politique d'inventaires de facon h maximiser la valeur de l'avoir des actionnaires. L'entreprise finance ses inventaires par capital-actions et par emprunts. Les cofits d'inventaires sont d6riv6s sous l'un et l'autre des r6gimes de comptabilit6 permis aux fins du calcul de l'imp6t: le r6gime FIFO (first-in-first-out) et le r6gime LIFO (last-in-first-out). On montre que l'acc6leration du taux d'inflation r6duit les cofuts d'inventaires en r6gime LIFO mais a des effets ambigus en r6gime FIFO. L'impact sur les cofits d'inventaires d'un accroissement du taux d'imposition sur les soci6t6s est aussi ambigu. Les auteurs s'attachent a etablir les conditions dans lesquelles l'imposition des societ6s et l'inflation n'affectent pas les d6cisions quant au niveau de production ou h la politique d'inventaires. Le modele de base est enrichi pour pouvoir tenir compte de l'imp6t personnel et des degrevements permis sur les inventaires et les auteurs ajoutent un exemple num6rique du calcul des cofits d'inventaires pour un contexte stylis6 approximant le cas canadien. An earlier version of this paper was presented at Stanford University and at the Canadian Economics Association meetings in Halifax. The authors are grateful to participants at these presentations and to the editors and referees of this journal for many useful suggestions and comments. Financial assistance from the SSHRC is gratefully acknowledged. Car. >dian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, XV, No. 2 May / mai 1982. Printed in Canada / Imprim6 au Canada 0008-4085 / 82 / 0000-0278 $01.50 ? 1982 Canadian Economics Association This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.203 on Wed, 14 Jun 2017 18:06:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms Corporate taxation and the cost of holding inventories / 279
The Provision of Benefits by Interest Groups in the United States

With a sample of nearly 900 voluntary associations, we give a detailed account of what membership benefits are provided by interest groups, and we place these results in the context of a typology of groups. Using a multivariate analysis of membership inducements, we show that the pursuit of collective goods by groups is not always a mere "by-product" made possible by the provision of selective material incentives, as Olson (1965) contended. Three things help groups overcome the collective goods dilemma: (1) members representing institutions are more likely than autonomous individuals to value the pursuit of collective goods; (2) group patrons and large donors who subsidize associations place a high value upon representation before government and are not interested in paying for benefits that are distributed to individual group members; and (3) once a threatening environment of policy conflict emerges, autonomous individuals are more likely to realize that cherished rights, programs, or group goals are threatened, and they are increasingly willing to join and support groups in exchange for only collective benefits. We also show that about half of the groups in Washington, DC, count institutions--not autonomous individuals--among their members, and we call for a theory of group membership that accounts for the differences among members.
Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease

A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial abnormalities are involved in aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer, diabetes, and several other diseases known to be affected by mitochondria. Causal factors for most age-related neurodegenerative diseases—including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Friedrich ataxia (FRDA)—are largely unknown. Genetic defects are reported to cause a small number of neurodegenerative diseases (Slide 1), but cellular, molecular, and pathological mechanisms of disease progression and selective neuronal cell death are not understood fully in these diseases. However, based on several cellular, molecular, and animal model studies of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS, FRDA, cancer, and diabetes, aging may play a large role in cell death in these diseases. Age-dependent, mitochondrially-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as important factors responsible for disease progression and cell death, particularly in late-onset diseases, in which genetic mutations are not causal factors.