Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compositional Taint Analysis for Enforcing Security Policies at Scale

Automated static dataflow analysis is an effective technique for detecting security critical issues like sensitive data leak, and vulnerability to injection attacks. Ensuring high precision and recall requires an analysis that is context, field and object sensitive. However, it is challenging to attain high precision and recall and scale to large industrial code bases. Compositional style analyses in which individual software components are analyzed separately, independent from their usage contexts, compute reusable summaries of components. This is an essential feature when deploying such analyses in CI/CD at code-review time or when scanning deployed container images. In both these settings the majority of software components stay the same between subsequent scans. However, it is not obvious how to extend such analyses to check the kind of contextual taint specifications that arise in practice, while maintaining compositionality. In this work we present contextual dataflow modeling, an extension to the compositional analysis to check complex taint specifications and significantly increasing recall and precision. Furthermore, we show how such high-fidelity analysis can scale in production using three key optimizations: (i) discarding intermediate results for previously-analyzed components, an optimization exploiting the compositional nature of our analysis; (ii) a scope-reduction analysis to reduce the scope of the taint analysis w.r. t. the taint specifications being checked, and (iii) caching of analysis models. We show a 9.85% reduction in false positive rate on a comprehensive test suite comprising the OWASP open-source benchmarks as well as internal real-world code samples. We measure the performance and scalability impact of each individual optimization using open source JVM packages from the Maven central repository and internal AWS service codebases. This combination of high precision, recall, performance, and scalability has allowed us to enforce security policies at scale both internally within Amazon as well as for external customers.
Familiarity Alters the Bandwidth of Perceptual Awareness.

Results from paradigms like change blindness and inattentional blindness indicate that observers are unaware of numerous aspects of the visual world. However, intuition suggests that perceptual experience is richer than these results indicate. Why does it feel like we see so much when the data suggests we see so little? One possibility stems from the fact that experimental studies always present observers with stimuli that they have never seen before. Meanwhile, when forming intuitions about perceptual experience, observers reflect on their experiences with scenes with which they are highly familiar (e.g., their office). Does prior experience with a scene change the bandwidth of perceptual awareness? Here, we asked if observers were better at noticing alterations to the periphery in familiar scenes compared with unfamiliar scenes. Here, we found that observers noticed changes to the periphery more frequently with familiar stimuli. Signal detection theoretic analyses revealed that when observers are unfamiliar with a stimulus, they are less sensitive at noticing (d') and are more conservative in their response criterion (c). Taken together, these results suggest that prior knowledge expands the bandwidth of perceptual awareness. It should be stressed that these results challenge the widely held idea that prior knowledge fills in perception. Overall, these findings highlight how prior knowledge plays an important role in determining the limits of perceptual experience and is an important factor to consider when attempting to reconcile the tension between empirical observation and personal introspection.
Osteopontin‐driven T‐cell accumulation and function in adipose tissue and liver promoted insulin resistance and MAFLD

This study investigated the contribution of osteopontin/secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) to T‐cell regulation in initiation of obesity‐driven adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and macrophage infiltration and the subsequent impact on insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) development.
Coupling Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Network and Bayesian Inversion for Carbon Storage System

Characterization of geologic heterogeneity at a geological carbon storage (GCS) system is crucial for cost-effective carbon injection planning and reliable carbon storage. With recent advances in computational power and sensor technology, large-scale fine-resolution simulations of multi-phase flow and reactive transport processes have been available. However, traditional large-scale inversion approaches have limited utility for sites with complex subsurface structures such as faults and microfractures within the host rock matrix. In this work, we present a Bayesian inversion method with deep generative priors tailored for the computationally efficient and accurate characterization of GCS sites. Self-attention generative adversarial network (SAGAN) is used to learn the approximate subsurface property (e.g., permeability and porosity) distribution from discrete fracture network models as a prior and accelerated stochastic inversion is performed on the low-dimensional latent space in a Bayesian framework. Numerical examples with a synthetic fracture field with pressure and heat tracer data sets are presented to test the accuracy, speed, and uncertainty quantification capability of our proposed joint data inversion method.
A circRNA signature predicts postoperative recurrence in stage II/III colon cancer

Accurate risk stratification for patients with stage II/III colon cancer is pivotal for postoperative treatment decisions. Here, we aimed to identify and validate a circRNA‐based signature that could improve postoperative prognostic stratification for these patients. In current retrospective analysis, we included 667 patients with R0 resected stage II/III colon cancer. Using RNA‐seq analysis of 20 paired frozen tissues collected postoperation, we profiled differential circRNA expression between patients with and without recurrence, followed by quantitative validation. With clinical information, we generated a four‐circRNA‐based cirScore to classify patients into high‐risk and low‐risk groups in the training cohort. The patients with high cirScores in the training cohort had a shorter disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than patients with low cirScores. The prognostic capacity of the classifier was validated in the internal and external cohorts. Loss‐of‐function assays indicated that the selected circRNAs played functional roles in colon cancer progression. Overall, our four‐circRNA‐based classifier is a reliable prognostic tool for postoperative disease recurrence in patients with stage II/III colon cancer.
New Remote Sensing Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Forest Disturbance and Regeneration in the Eastern United States

Forest disturbances, such as wildfires, the southern pine beetle, and the hemlock woolly adelgid, affect millions of hectares of forest each year in North America with significant implications for forest health and management. This dissertation presents new methods to quantify and monitor disturbance through time in the forests of the eastern United States using remotely sensed imagery from the Landsat family of satellites, detect clouds and cloud-shadow in imagery, generate composite images from the clear-sky regions of multiple images acquired at different times, delineate the extents of disturbance events, identify the years in which they occur, and label those events with an agent and severity. These methods operate at a 30×30 m spatial resolution and a yearly temporal resolution. Overall accuracy for cloud and cloud-shadow detection is 98.7% and is significantly better than a leading method. Overall accuracy for designating a specific space and time as disturbed, stable, or regenerating is 85%, and accuracy for labeling disturbance events with a causal agent ranges from 42% to 90%, depending on agent, with overall accuracy, excluding samples marked as ‘uncertain’, of 81%. Due to the high spatial resolution of the imagery and resulting output, these methods are valuable for managers interested in monitoring specific forested areas. Additionally, these methods enable the discovery and quantification of forest dynamics at larger spatial scales in a way other datasets cannot. Applying these methods over the entire extent of the eastern United States highlands reveals significant differences in disturbance frequency by ecoregion, from less than 1% of forested area per year in the Central Appalachians, to over 5% in the Piedmont. Yearly variations from these means are substantial, with disturbance frequency being twice as high as the mean in some years. Additionally, these analyses reveal that some disturbance agents, such as the southern pine beetle, exhibit periodic dynamics. Finally, although these methods are applied here to the problem of forest disturbance in the eastern United States, the core innovations are easily extended to other locations or even to other applications of landscape change, such as vegetation succession, shifting coastlines, or urbanization.
Parameter testing with bounded degree graphs of subexponential growth

Parameter testing algorithms are using constant number of queries to estimate the value of a certain parameter of a very large finite graph. It is well-known that graph parameters such as the independence ratio or the edit-distance from 3-colorability are not testable in bounded degree graphs. We prove, however, that these and several other interesting graph parameters are testable in bounded degree graphs of subexponential growth.
Performance Evaluation of the Single-Phase Split-Source Inverter Using an Alternative DC–AC Configuration

This paper investigates and evaluates the performance of a single-phase split-source inverter (SSI), where an alternative unidirectional dc–ac configuration is used. Such configuration is utilized in order to use two common-cathode diodes in a single device instead of using two separate diodes, resulting in minimum parasitic inductance in the commutation paths. In this paper, the analysis and modulation of the single-phase SSI using this alternative configuration is discussed, and the analysis of the low-frequency component in the dc side is introduced. Moreover, the features behind employing the triangular, the trailing-edge sawtooth, and the leading-edge sawtooth carriers with the single-phase SSI are discussed, and the differences among these carriers are highlighted. In order to highlight the performance of the proposed SSI, a comparative study is conducted with the two-stage architecture and the single-phase quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI). The introduced analysis is enhanced with simulation results using MATLAB/PLECS models, where a 1-kVA single-phase SSI is designed and simulated. Finally, the designed 1-kVA single-phase SSI is implemented experimentally and tested at different operating points, i.e., at different voltage gains, and a maximum efficiency of $95.5\%$ is obtained.
The determination of optimal cluster number by Silhouette index at clustering of the European Union member countries and candidate Turkey by waste indicators Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeler ve aday olan Türkiye’nin atık indikatörlerine göre kümelenmesinde optimum küme sayısının Silhouette indeksi

Öz This study aims to identify cluster structure of European Union (EU) Member countries and Candidate Turkey in terms of environmental waste indicators and to determine the other member countries which are classified in the same cluster with Turkey. Hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering methods were used to determine clusters of 28 member countries and Turkey according to the total 8 environmental waste indicators. The optimal cluster number and the best method were identified with the silhouette index which is a cluster validity index. The results from the cluster analysis using the hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods showed that there are six clusters according to the environmental waste indicators of EU countries and Turkey. The average Silhouette index shows that the k-means gives more valid results than the ward. According to the Silhouette index obtained by kmeans method, Turkey has been found to be classified in the same cluster with %50 of the EU countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Latvia etc. Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ve aday olan Türkiye’nin çevresel atık göstergeleri açısından kümelenme yapısını tanımlamayı ve Türkiye ile aynı kümede sınıflandırılan diğer üye ülkeleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 28 üye ülkenin ve Türkiye'nin toplam 8 çevresel atık göstergesine göre kümelenmesinin belirlenmesinde hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan kümelenme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. En iyi kümeleme metodu ve optimum küme sayısını belirlemek için küme geçerlilik indeksi olan Silhouette indeksi kullanılmıştır. Hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan yöntemler kullanılarak elde edilen küme analizi sonuçları göstermiştir ki, AB üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye çevresel atık göstergelerine göre altı kümeden oluşmaktadır. Ortalama Silhouette indeksi göstermiştir ki, K-ortalamalar yöntemi Ward yöntemine göre daha geçerli sonuç vermiştir. K-ortalamalar yöntemi ile elde edilen Silhouette indeksine göre Türkiye; Polonya, Macaristan ve Letonya gibi AB ülkelerinin% 50'si ile aynı kümede sınıflandırmıştır.
Safety of Nuclear Power Plants against Flooding

For flood protection of nuclear power plants at German tidal coasts sea dikes were built. Apart from the wave run-up at the dike their construction height is based on a design water level providing a recurrence probability of 10 -4 . The extrapolation to a 10000 years recurrence interval on the basis of 100 years of measured data on tidal water levels is discussed with respect to uncertainties resulting from data inhomogeneity as well as from different statistical models. For the different design water levels, waves and wave run-up at the sea dikes are determined by numerical modelling. Assuming wave overtopping at sea dikes as the most important failure mode the required dike height is determined. In case of a dike breach the sensitivity of the inundation process on the width and depth of the breach is analysed.
Algal, invertebrate, and fish production in headwater streams along a forested gradient

As urban populations increase globally, the conversion o f natural land cover to anthropogenic land use is on the rise. Diffuse perturbations that accompany such land use changes are considered a chief threat to headwater streams, which provide habitat for diverse faunas o f macroinvertebrates, fish, and amphibians and are important sources o f sediments, nutrients, and organic matter for downstream systems. Although environmental assessments o f stream ecosystems generally measure responses to these perturbations as shifts in community structures, functional rather than structural properties may provide a better indicator o f land use impacts since measures o f ecosystem function can reveal more about the mechanisms that alter running water ecosystems. The primary objective o f this thesis was to quantify stream productivity along a gradient o f forest cover and assess bottom-up and top-down mechanisms for observed patterns in stream productivity. In the first chapter, I quantified algal, invertebrate, and fish biomass, the single best correlate o f productivity, at 38 first-third order streams along a forest cover gradient at 55 spatial scales and determined that subcatchment forest cover was consistently the best predictor o f biomass at all trophic levels in terms o f the variation explained by forest cover and the unexplained residual variance. W hen considering the independent effects o f forest cover on biomass at three coarse scales, subcatchment forest cover was the only significant predictor o f biomass, suggesting that the common practice o f maintaining riparian buffers is an ineffective management practice for protecting stream function from catchment-wide impacts. In the second chapter, I developed two time-saving approaches for processing benthic invertebrate samples that reduced laboratory processing time by 37% and 82% and
Choosing the Optimal Variant of the Shape and Relative Area of the Blade of the Wind Wheel of a Low-power Wind Power Plant

The creation and use of renewable energy sources, in particular, wind turbines, creates favorable conditions for sustainable socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this paper, attention is focused on improving the efficiency of wind power and wind-lifting installations of low power. The purpose of the work is to study the parameters of the wind wheel of a low-power wind power plant. The main tasks set in this study consist of: conducting a study of the dependence of the torque of the rotational speed and power developed by the wind wheel on its design parameters, namely: the shape of the blade (its design), the number of blades, the angle of installation and the relative area of the blade. In addition, a comparative analysis of the efficiency of wind wheels without a fairing and with a fairing was carried out. The study was carried out on existing models using a wind tunnel. In this article, the optimal design parameters of the wind wheel are identified; the number of blades is eight, the installation angle is 15°, the relative area of the blade is 0.05.
Effects of Endotracheal Tube with Adhesive Superficial Laryngeal Electrodes for Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring on Laryngopharyngeal Complications during Thyroidectomy

The endotracheal tube (ETT) with laryngeal adhesive electrodes for intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) may be related to laryngopharyngeal complications, such as postoperative sore throat (POST), hoarseness, and coughing. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the ETT with laryngeal adhesive electrodes for IONM on the occurrence of laryngopharyngeal complications during thyroidectomy. In this retrospective study, we included 176 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer between September 2020 and February 2021. The patients were categorized into control (n = 108) and IONM (n = 68) groups. Patients in the IONM group were intubated with the ETT with surface electrodes. Characteristics of the patients and surgery, perioperative variables, and laryngopharyngeal complications, including POST, hoarseness, and cough, were evaluated. The severity and incidence of POST were comparable between the two groups on postoperative days 0, 1, and 2 (p = 0.103, 0.386, and 0.056, respectively). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the occurrence of postoperative hoarseness and cough between the groups. The ETT with laryngeal adhesive electrodes for IONM during thyroidectomy did not affect the incidence and severity of postoperative laryngopharyngeal complications, including POST, hoarseness, and cough. Further prospective, double-blinded, randomized clinical trials are required to gain a clearer understanding.
CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND BELIEF OF THE IN-GROUP “If they believe, then so shall I”: Perceived beliefs of the in-group predict conspiracy theory belief

Conspiracy beliefs are widespread and can have detrimental consequences. As perceived social norms can exert a powerful influence on individuals, we investigated the relationship between perceived norms of conspiracy beliefs and personal endorsement and whether conspiracy belief amongst others is overestimated. In Study 1, UK university students (n = 111) completed measures of their personal conspiracy beliefs and estimations of others’ beliefs (an in-group and out-group they chose, and a prescribed in-group). The perceived belief of the ingroups strongly predicted personal conspiracy belief; the out-group did not. Study 2 and 3 replicated these findings in a British community sample (n = 177) and a UK parent sample (n = 197) focusing on anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. All studies demonstrated that people overestimate the conspiracy beliefs of others. This is the first demonstration of the association between perceived social norms of in-group conspiracy belief and individuals’ personal conspiracy beliefs. Interventions challenging misperceived norms could be effective in reducing conspiracy beliefs.
Ani ATP-dependent supercoaing toposoner of Chkunydomonas reihoU affects accumulation of specific chiorophs transcripts

We have found that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells contain an ATP-dependent topoisomerase activity that supercoils circular DNA in vitro. Subsequent addition of a type I topoisomerase eliminates the supercoils. Like bacterial gyrase, this activity is inhibited by low concentrations of novobiocin (<0.1 p1) and by nalidixic acid (<0.1 mM). We have examined the effects of these topoisomerase inhibitors on accumulation of various chloroplast transcripts in vivo. Novobiocin differentially affected such transcripts; some transcripts became more abundant while many others were reduced in the presence of this drug. Nalidixic acid on the other hand caused many transcripts to become more abundant albeit to varying degrees. Inhibitors of this algal topoisomerase specifically stimulate a family of related transcripts which we have previously shown to be under light-dark control. We discuss how the inhibitors of this topoisomerase might exert their in vivo effects.
A study of the large-scale climatic effects of a possible disappearance of high-latitude inland water surfaces during the 21st century

This study evaluates the climatic impact of possible future changes in high-latitude inland water surface (IWS) area. We carried out a set of climate-change experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model in which different scenarios of future changes of IWS extent were prescribed. The simulations are based on the SRES-A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario and represent the transient climatic state at the end of the 21st century.Our results indicate that the impact of a reduction in IWS extent depends on the season considered: the total disappearance of IWS would lead to cooling during cold seasons and to warming in summer. In the annual mean, the cooling effect would be dominant. In an experiment in which the future change of prescribed IWS extent is prescribed as a function of the simulated changes of permafrost extent, we find that these changes are self-consistent in the sense that their effects on the simulated temperature and precipitation patterns would not be contradictory to the underlying scenario of changes in IWS extent. In this best guess simulation, the projected changes in IWS extent would reduce future nearsurface warming over large parts of northern Eurasia by about 20% during the cold season, while the impact in North America and during summer is less clear. As a whole, the direct climatic impact of future IWS changes is likely to be moderate.