Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation – IV. UV luminosity functions of high-redshift galaxies

In this paper we present calculations of the UV luminosity function from the Dark-ages Reionization And Galaxy-formation Observables from Numerical Simulations (DRAGONS) project, which combines N-body, semi-analytic and semi-numerical modelling designed to study galaxy formation during the Epoch of Reionization. Using galaxy formation physics including supernova feedback, the model naturally reproduces the UV LFs for high-redshift star-forming galaxies from $z{\sim}5$ through to $z{\sim}10$. We investigate the luminosity--star formation rate (SFR) relation, finding that variable SFR histories of galaxies result in a scatter around the median relation of $0.1$--$0.3$ dex depending on UV luminosity. We find close agreement between the model and observationally derived SFR functions. We use our calculated luminosities to investigate the luminosity function below current detection limits, and the ionizing photon budget for reionization. We predict that the slope of the UV LF remains steep below current detection limits and becomes flat at $M_\mathrm{UV}{\gtrsim}{-14}$. We find that $48$ ($17$) per cent of the total UV flux at $z{\sim}6$ ($10$) has been detected above an observational limit of $M_\mathrm{UV}{\sim}{-17}$, and that galaxies fainter than $M_\mathrm{UV}{\sim}{-17}$ are the main source of ionizing photons for reionization. We investigate the luminosity--stellar mass relation, and find a correlation for galaxies with $M_\mathrm{UV}{<}{-14}$ that has the form $M_*{\propto}10^{-0. 47M_\mathrm{UV}}$, in good agreement with observations, but which flattens for fainter galaxies. We determine the luminosity--halo mass relation to be $M_\mathrm{vir}{\propto}10^{-0.35M_\mathrm{UV}}$, finding that galaxies with $M_\mathrm{UV}{=}{-20}$ reside in host dark matter haloes of $10^{11.0\pm 0.1}\mathrm{M_\odot}$ at $z{\sim}6$, and that this mass decreases towards high redshift.
Black holes formed by direct collapse: observational evidences

Abstract Binary black holes as the recently detected sources of gravitational waves can be formed from massive stellar binaries in the field or by dynamical interactions in clusters of high stellar density, if the black holes are the remnants of massive stars that collapsed without natal kicks that would disrupt the binary system or eject the black holes from the cluster before binary black hole formation. Here are summarized and discussed the kinematics in three dimensions of space of five Galactic black hole X-ray binaries. For Cygnus X-1 and GRS 1915+105 it is found that the black holes of ~15 M⊙ and ~10 M⊙ in these sources were formed in situ, without energetic kicks. These observations suggest that binary black holes with components of ~10 M⊙ may have been prolifically produced in the universe.
Angular Momentum and Vortex Formation in Bose-Einstein-Condensed Cold Dark Matter Haloes

(Abridged) Extensions of the standard model of particle physics predict very light bosons, ranging from about 10^{-5} eV for the QCD axion to 10^{-33} eV for ultra-light particles, which could be the cold dark matter (CDM) in the Universe. If so, their phase-space density must be high enough to form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). The fluid-like nature of BEC-CDM dynamics differs from that of standard collisionless CDM (sCDM), so observations of galactic haloes may distinguish them. sCDM has problems with galaxy observations on small scales, which BEC-CDM may overcome for a large range of particle mass m and self-interaction strength g. For quantum-coherence on galactic scales of radius R and mass M, either the de-Broglie wavelength lambda_deB ~ m_H \cong 10^{-25}(R/100 kpc)^{-1/2}(M/10^{12} M_solar)^{-1/2} eV, or else lambda_deB > m_H and g >> g_H \cong 2 x 10^{-64} (R/100 kpc)(M/10^{12} M_solar)^{-1} eV cm^3. Here we study the largely-neglected effects of angular momentum. Spin parameters lambda \cong 0.05 are expected from tidal-torquing by large-scale structure, just as for sCDM. Since lab BECs develop quantum vortices if rotated rapidly enough, we ask if this angular momentum is sufficient to form vortices in BEC haloes, affecting their structure with potentially observable consequences. The minimum angular momentum for this, L_{QM} = $\hbar M/m$, requires m >= 9.5 m_H for lambda = 0.05, close to the particle mass required to influence structure on galactic scales. We study the equilibrium of self-gravitating, rotating BEC haloes which satisfy the Gross-Pitaevskii-Poisson equations, to calculate if and when vortices are energetically favoured. Vortices form as long as self-interaction is strong enough, which includes a large part of the range of m and g of interest for BEC-CDM haloes.
Discovery of Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitors as Anticancer and Radiosensitizer Drugs Based on Compensatory Stimulation of Lactate Release

Simple Summary To identify inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration as potential anticancer drugs is not an easy matter since cancer cells cultured as monolayers may escape by shifting their metabolic preference toward the use of glycolysis. Here we propose to capitalize on this apparent weakness to exploit the associated increase in L-lactate release as a primary screening assay to identify and optimize the development of inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. As a secondary assay, we used a protocol based on O2 consumption rate in permeabilized cancer cells to get further insights on a possible direct or indirect inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain. Finally, 3D tumor spheroids helped us to further select drug candidates endowed with the capacity to exert growth inhibitory effects in tumor-mimicking conditions but also to act as potent radiosensitizers by promoting reoxygenation. Abstract Cancer cells may stimulate glycolytic flux when O2 becomes insufficient. Increase in L-lactate release therefore appears as an escape mechanism to drugs targeting mitochondrial respiration but also represents a response that may be exploited to screen for compounds blocking either mitochondrial carriers of oxidizable substrates or the electron transport chain. Here, we developed a screening procedure based on the capacity of cancer cells to release L-lactate to gain insights on the development of mitochondrial complex I inhibitors. For this purpose, we synthesized derivatives of carboxyamidotriazole, a compound previously described as a potential OXPHOS inhibitor. Two series of derivatives were generated by cycloaddition between benzylazide and either cyanoacetamides or alkynes. A primary assay measuring L-lactate release as a compensatory mechanism upon OXPHOS inhibition led us to identify 15 hits among 28 derivatives. A secondary assay measuring O2 consumption in permeabilized cancer cells confirmed that 12 compounds among the hits exhibited reversible complex I inhibitory activity. Anticancer effects of a short list of 5 compounds identified to induce more L-lactate release than reference compound were then evaluated on cancer cells and tumor-mimicking 3D spheroids. Human and mouse cancer cell monolayers exhibiting high level of respiration in basal conditions were up to 3-fold more sensitive than less oxidative cancer cells. 3D tumor spheroids further revealed potency differences between selected compounds in terms of cytotoxicity but also radiosensitizing activity resulting from local reoxygenation. In conclusion, this study documents the feasibility to efficiently screen in 96-well plate format for mitochondrial complex I inhibitors based on the capacity of drug candidates to induce L-lactate release.
A COMMON STOCHASTIC PROCESS RULES GAMMA-RAY BURST PROMPT EMISSION AND X-RAY FLARES

Prompt γ-ray and early X-ray afterglow emissions in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are characterized by a bursty behavior and are often interspersed with long quiescent times. There is compelling evidence that X-ray flares are linked to prompt γ-rays. However, the physical mechanism that leads to the complex temporal distribution of γ-ray pulses and X-ray flares is not understood. Here we show that the waiting time distribution (WTD) of pulses and flares exhibits a power-law tail extending over four decades with an index of about two and can be the manifestation of a common time-dependent Poisson process. This result is robust and is obtained on different catalogs. Surprisingly, GRBs with many ( ≥ 8 ? > ) γ-ray pulses are very unlikely to be accompanied by X-ray flares after the end of the prompt emission (3.1σ Gaussian confidence). These results are consistent with a simple interpretation: a hyperaccreting disk breaks up into one or a few groups of fragments, each of which is independently accreted with the same probability per unit time. Prompt γ-rays and late X-ray flares are nothing but different fragments being accreted at the beginning and at the end, respectively, following the very same stochastic process and likely the same mechanism.
A STRONG DICHOTOMY IN S0 DISK PROFILES BETWEEN THE VIRGO CLUSTER AND THE FIELD

We report evidence for a striking difference between S0 galaxies in the local field and the Virgo Cluster. While field S0 galaxies have disks whose surface-brightness profiles are roughly equally divided between the three main types (Types I, II, and III: single-exponential, truncated, and antitruncated), Virgo S0s appear to be entirely lacking in disk truncations. More specifically, the fraction of truncations in S0 galaxies with MB < −17 is 28+7− 6% for the field versus 0+4− 0% for the Virgo Cluster galaxies; the difference is significant at the 99.7% level. The discrepancy is made up almost entirely by Type I profiles, which are almost twice as frequent in the Virgo Cluster as they are in the field. This suggests that S0 formation may be driven by different processes in cluster and field environments, and that outer-disk effects can be useful tests of S0 formation models.
Influence of Group-IVA Doping on Electronic and Optical Properties of ZnS Monolayer: A First-Principles Study

Element doping is a universal way to improve the electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we investigate the influence of group−ⅣA element (C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) doping on the electronic and optical properties of the ZnS monolayer with a tetragonal phase by using first-principles calculations. The results indicate that the doping atoms tend to form tetrahedral structures with neighboring S atoms. In these doped models, the formation energies are all negative, indicating that the formation processes of the doped models will release energy. The formation energy is smallest for C−doped ZnS and gradually increases with the metallicity of the doping element. The doped ZnS monolayer retains a direct band gap, with this band gap changing little in other element doping cases. Moreover, intermediate states are observed that are induced by the sp3 hybridization from the doping atoms and S atoms. Such intermediate states expand the optical absorption range into the visible spectrum. Our findings provide an in-depth understanding of the electronic and optical properties of the ZnS monolayer and the associated doping structures, which is helpful for application in optoelectronic devices.
Subjective Sleep Disruption and Mood Disorders are Associated with the Risk of Chronic Pain in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic pain and its risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods A total of 145 patients diagnosed with OSA were consecutively recruited from the Sleep Medicine Center in West China Hospital. All patients were divided into two groups including OSA with and without chronic pain. They were assessed the subjective sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index), objective sleep (polysomnography), mood symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), and pain characteristics (Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire). Demographic, clinical, subjective and objective sleep parameters were compared between OSA patients with and without chronic pain. Binary logistic regression models and linear regression models were used to examine the risk factors of chronic pain in OSA. Results Fifty-five (37.9%) patients with OSA were diagnosed with chronic pain. There were more severe subjective sleep disruption and symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic pain compared to those without chronic pain. After controlling for potential confounders, poor subjective sleep quality and severe insomnia and mood disorders (all ps < 0.05), but not objective sleep fragmentation or nocturnal hypoxemia (all ps > 0.05) were associated with the increased risk of pain and pain intensity, respectively. Conclusion More than one-third of patients with OSA had chronic pain. Subjective sleep disruption and mood disorders are the risk factors of chronic pain in OSA. Our findings suggest that subjective sleep quality should be valued highly in the relationship between OSA and pain.
Antibacterial activity of pepsin hydrolyzed goat whey protein and its application in pasteurized milk

Keywords In light of current trends favoring healthy foods, there is growing interest in goat milk and its derivatives. Goat milk is more nutritious than cow milk, especially in terms of fat and protein. Goat milk whey protein has gotten a lot of attention as a result of its diverse biological activities, particularly with enzymatic hydrolysis. So, the aim of current study was to measure antibacterial activity of goat`s whey protein hydrolysates and probability of its application in pasteurized milk. Goat whey protein was separated from whole goat`s milk, then hydrolyzed using pepsin enzyme at 2:100 E/S (Enzyme/Substrate) ratio at different times (30, 60, 120 and 240 min), Antimicrobial activity of the produced hydrolysates was tested in -vitro against E.coli and S.aureus , then tested in-vivo in food model as pasteurized milk. Results revealed that degree of hydrolysis (D.H) is significantly higher after 240 min of hydrolysis, at concentration 10 mg mL −1 . Goat milk whey protein hydrolysates 120 (GMWH 120) completely inhibited both E.coli and S. aureus . Application of hydrolysates in pasteurized cow`s milk reduced bacterial population about 4 log and 2.5 log in case of E.coli and S. aureus , respectively. So, the present study highlights the great potential effect of GMWH to be used as a safe bio preservative in the dairy industry.
Rapid Capillary Electrophoresis Method for Simultaneous Determination of Abemaciclib, Ribociclib, and Palbociclib in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: A Green Approach

Advances in the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer phenotype have been made with the introduction of abemaciclib, ribociclib, and palbociclib, inhibitors of cyclin D dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). Here, a novel, fast, cheap, and green CE method for the simultaneous determination of these three CDK4/6 inhibitors in less than 4 min is proposed for the first time. Separation was achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis in an acidic medium, in accordance with the structures of the analytes and their pKa values. The optimal pH of the running buffer was found to be 2.9. The optimal method conditions were 27.5 kV separation voltage, 30 °C, 5 s injection time under 50 mbar pressure, and 50 mM phosphate background buffer with benzimidazole as an internal standard. The developed method was validated with respect to robustness, selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and limits of detection. The method was shown to be linear in the range of 10 to 100 µg mL−1 with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9981. A greenness assessment of the proposed method was performed, and the method was shown to be green. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms of all CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Environmental sensitivity of n-i-n and undoped single GaN nanowire photodetectors

In this work, we compare the photodetector performance of single nearly defect-free undoped and n-i-n GaN nanowires (NWs). Undoped NWs present a dark current three orders of magnitude lower than n-i-n structures, about ten times lower gain, and a strong dependence of the measurement environment. In vacuum, undoped NWs react with an increase of their responsivity, accompanied by stronger nonlinearities and persistent photoconductivity effects. This behavior is attributed to the unpinned Fermi level at the m-plane NW sidewalls, which enhances the role of surface states in the photodetection dynamics. In the air, adsorbed oxygen accelerates the carrier dynamics at the price of reducing the photoresponse. In contrast, in n-i-n NWs, the Fermi level pinning at the contact regions limits the photoinduced sweep of the surface band bending, hence reducing the environment sensitivity and preventing persistent effects even in vacuum.
TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRATION BEHIND THE SHOCK FRONT: AN OPTICAL AND X-RAY STUDY OF RCW 86

We study the electron–proton temperature equilibration behind several shocks of the RCW 86 supernova remnant. To measure the proton temperature, we use published and new optical spectra, all from different locations on the remnant. For each location, we determine the electron temperature from X-ray spectra, and correct for temperature equilibration between the shock front and the location of the X-ray spectrum. We confirm the result of previous studies that the electron and proton temperatures behind shock fronts are consistent with equilibration for slow shocks and deviate for faster shocks. However, we cannot confirm the previously reported trend of Te/Tp∝1/v2s.
Memory cost of temporal correlations

A possible notion of nonclassicality for single systems can be defined on the basis of the notion of memory cost of classically simulating probabilities observed in a temporal sequence of measurements. We further explore this idea in a theory-independent framework, namely, from the perspective of general probability theories (GPTs), which includes classical and quantum theory as special examples. Under the assumption that each system has a finite memory capacity, identified with the maximal number of states perfectly distinguishable with a single measurement, we investigate what are the temporal correlations achievable with different theories, namely, classical, quantum, and GPTs beyond quantum mechanics. Already for the simplest nontrivial scenario, we derive inequalities able to distinguish temporal correlations where the underlying system is classical, quantum, or more general.
OBSERVATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF A CURRENT SHEET IN A SOLAR FLARE

We report multi-wavelength and multi-viewpoint observations of a solar eruptive event that involves loop–loop interactions. During a C2.0 flare, motions associated with inflowing and outflowing plasma provide evidence for ongoing magnetic reconnection. The flare loop top and a rising “concave-up” feature are connected by a current-sheet-like structure (CSLS). The physical properties (thickness, length, temperature, and density) of the CSLS are evaluated. In regions adjacent to the CSLS, the EUV emission (characteristic temperature at 1.6 MK) begins to increase more than 10 minutes prior to the onset of the flare, and steeply decreases during the decay phase. The reduction of the emission resembles that expected from coronal dimming. The dynamics of this event imply a magnetic reconnection rate in the range 0.01–0.05.
CO EMISSION IN OPTICALLY OBSCURED (TYPE-2) QUASARS AT REDSHIFTS z ≈ 0.1–0.4

We present a search for CO emission in a sample of 10 type-2 quasar host galaxies with redshifts of z ≈ 0.1–0.4. We detect CO(J = 1–0) line emission with ⩾5σ in the velocity integrated intensity maps of five sources. A sixth source shows a tentative detection at the ∼4. 5σ level of its CO(J = 1–0) line emission. The CO emission of all six sources is spatially coincident with the position at optical, infrared, or radio wavelengths. The spectroscopic redshifts derived from the CO(J = 1–0) line are very close to the photometric ones for all five detections except for the tentative detection for which we find a much larger discrepancy. We derive gas masses of ∼(2–16) × 109 M☉ for the CO emission in the six detected sources, while we constrain the gas masses to upper limits of Mgas ⩽ 8 × 109 M☉ for the four non-detections. These values are of the order or slightly lower than those derived for type-1 quasars. The line profiles of the CO(J = 1–0) emission are rather narrow (≲300 km s−1) and single peaked, unveiling no typical signatures for current or recent merger activity, and are comparable to that of type-1 quasars. However, at least one of the observed sources shows a tidal-tail-like emission in the optical that is indicative of an ongoing or past merging event. We also address the problem of detecting spurious ∼5σ emission peaks within the field of view.
Nonforward Compton scattering in AdS/CFT correspondence

We study the nonforward Compton scattering, in particular, the deeply virtual Compton scattering from AdS/CFT. We first calculate the contributions from the s-channel and u-channel supergravity diagrams as well as the four-point interaction diagram which correspond to the Compton scatterings on a dilaton target in CFT. Furthermore, we study the Compton scattering on a dilatino target. Assuming that protons can be identified as supergravity modes of the dilatino, we compare the calculated deeply virtual Compton scattering cross section to the low-energy experimental data from the H1 and ZEUS collaborations and find good agreement. We also discuss the t-channel graviton exchange contribution and show that it should be dominant in the high-energy limit.
Distortion of Interference Fringes and the Resulting Vortex Production of Merging Bose-Einstein Condensates

We investigate the distortion of interference fringes in colliding and merging Bose-Einstein Condensates due to inter-atomic interaction effects. We also consider the effect of the distortion on the spontaneous formation of vortices. The interference pattern depends crucially on two relevant parameters, the relative center-of-mass velocity and peak density of the initial state, which comprises a pair of initially well-separated, but coherent, condensate clouds. We identify three qualitatively distinct regimes of behavior during the subsequent evolution of the condensates: collision; expansion; merging. Using a comprehensive set of numerical simulations based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we specify the cross-overs between these regimes and identify the system parameters required for dynamical instabilities and vortex creation. Interference fringes, which would be planar in the absence of interactions, are distorted by the combined effects of interaction and the nonuniform density profile of a harmonically trapped condensate. In appropriate parameter regimes, the distortion is sufficiently large to produce a net circulation and thereby a dynamical instability occurs by which vortices form with their cores on the interference minima.