Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serotonin–GABA interactions modulate MDMA‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release

3,4,‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) acts at monoamine nerve terminals to alter the release and re‐uptake of dopamine and 5‐HT. The present study used microdialysis in awake rats to measure MDMA‐induced changes in extracellular GABA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), simultaneous with measures of extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) shell. (+)‐MDMA (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased GABA efflux in the VTA with a bell‐shaped dose–response. This increase was blocked by application of TTX through the VTA probe. MDMA (5 mg/kg) increased 5‐HT efflux in VTA by 1037% (p < 0.05). The local perfusion of the 5‐HT2B/2C antagonist SB 206553 into the VTA reduced VTA GABA efflux after MDMA from a maximum of 229% to a maximum of 126% of basal values (p < 0.05), while having no effect on basal extracellular GABA concentrations. DA concentrations measured simultaneously in the NAC shell were increased from a maximum of 486% to 1320% (p < 0.05). The selective DA releaser d‐amphetamine (AMPH) (4 mg/kg) also increased VTA GABA efflux (180%), did not alter 5‐HT and increased NAC DA (875%) (p < 0.05), but the perfusion of SB 206553 into the VTA failed to alter these effects. These results suggest that MDMA‐mediated increases in DA within the NAC shell are dampened by increases in VTA GABA subsequent to activation of 5‐HT2B/2C receptors in the VTA.
Mei-P26 regulates the maintenance of ovarian germline stem cells by promoting BMP signaling

In the Drosophila ovary, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands maintain germline stem cells (GSCs) in an undifferentiated state. The activation of the BMP pathway within GSCs results in the transcriptional repression of the differentiation factor bag of marbles (bam). The Nanos-Pumilio translational repressor complex and the miRNA pathway also help to promote GSC self-renewal. How the activities of different transcriptional and translational regulators are coordinated to keep the GSC in an undifferentiated state remains uncertain. Data presented here show that Mei-P26 cell-autonomously regulates GSC maintenance in addition to its previously described role of promoting germline cyst development. Within undifferentiated germ cells, Mei-P26 associates with miRNA pathway components and represses the translation of a shared target mRNA, suggesting that Mei-P26 can enhance miRNA-mediated silencing in specific contexts. In addition, disruption of mei-P26 compromises BMP signaling, resulting in the inappropriate expression of bam in germ cells immediately adjacent to the cap cell niche. Loss of mei-P26 results in premature translation of the BMP antagonist Brat in germline stem cells. These data suggest that Mei-P26 has distinct functions in the ovary and participates in regulating the fates of both GSCs and their differentiating daughters.
Account Space: How Accountability Requirements Shape Nonprofit Practice

Improving nonprofit accountability is one of the most important issues facing the sector. Improving nonprofit accountability in ways that are attentive to what we might consider unique and valuable about how nonprofits address public problems is the challenge at hand. This article presents a framework for examining the consequences of accountability systems for nonprofit practice. Drawing on empirical findings from three case studies and early sociological work on accounts, the framework considers four questions (i.e., When do organizations give accounts? What is the purpose of the account? When are those accounts accepted or rejected by important stakeholders? And with what consequence? ) but makes a distinction between a verification and explanatory accountability process. By making this distinction and clarifying the relationship between these two accountability processes, the proposed framework can be used to identify conflicts between accountability systems and nonprofit practice and to understand how efforts to ensure accountability can spur a change in nonprofit practice, change stakeholder expectations for nonprofits or leave both intact.
Use of Simulated Intestinal Fluids with Caco-2 Cells and Rat Ileum

ABSTRACT In most in vitro studies of oral drug permeability, little attempt is made to reproduce the gastrointestinal lumenal environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) solutions with Caco-2 cell monolayers and Ussing chamber-mounted rat ileum under standard permeability experiment protocols. In preliminary experiments, fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) solutions based on the dissolution medium formulae of were modified for compatibility with Caco-2 cells to produce FaS‐SIF and FeSSIF “transport” solutions for use with in vitro permeability models. For Caco-2 cells exposed to FaSSIF and FESSIF transport solutions, the transepithelial electrical resistance was maintained for over 4 h and mannitol permeability was equivalent to that in control (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution-treated) cell layers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that microvilli generally maintained a normal distribution, although some shortening of microvilli and occasional small areas of denudation were observed. For rat ileum in the Ussing chambers, the potential difference (PD) collapsed to zero over 120 min when exposed to the FaSSIF transport solution and an even faster collapse of the PD was observed when the FeSSIF transport solution was used. Electron micrographs revealed erosion of the villi tips and substantial denudation of the microvilli after exposure of ileal tissue to FaSSIF and FeSSIF solutions, and permeability to mannitol was increased by almost two-fold. This study indicated that FaSSIF and FeSSIF transport solutions can be used with Caco-2 monolayers to evaluate drug permeability, but rat ileum in Ussing chambers is adversely affected by these solutions. Metoprolol permeability in Caco-2 experiments was reduced by 33% using the FaSSIF and 75% using the FeSSIF compared to permeability measured using HBSS. This illustrates that using physiological solutions can influence permeability measurements.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Post-Traumatic Stress for Sexually Abused Females

The goal of this study was to evaluate Joseph, Williams, and Yule's cognitive-behavioral model of response to traumatic stress when applied to a sample of 122 female sexual abuse survivors. Participants completed surveys that measured each variable presented in Joseph, Williams, and Yule's model (i.e., event stimuli, personality, appraisals, coping, crisis support, event cognitions, and emotional states). Path analysis showed that although Joseph, Williams, and Yule's model did not fit the data, a modified version based on the sexual abuse literature fit the data well. Modifications to the model included the removal of the variable coping and the addition of paths from event characteristics to crisis support and from personality to event characteristics.
Optimal Crawling Strategies for Multimedia Search Engines

In this paper we propose a novel optimal crawling strategy for next-generation multimedia search engines. We consider here a Web crawl as a two-dimensional (2D) random walker on a graph whose vertices are the Web pages and whose edges are the hyperlinks. The proposed crawler is a two-part scheme optimizing the crawling process in such a way that the average level of staleness over all pages is minimized and the quality of search engine from user’s perspective is maximized. In doing so, we employ techniques from probability theory and the theory of functional equations which are highly computationally efficient-crucial for practicality because the size of the problem in the Web environment is immense. We show that a combination of breadth-depth crawling including the largest sites is a practical and optimal strategy. In particular, several probabilistic models for user browsing in infinite Web are proposed and studied to estimate how deep and breadth a crawler must go to download a significant portion of the Web site that is actually visited. Experimental and simulation results show that a crawler needs to download just a few levels in depth and breadth to reach the maximum number of pages that users actually visit. It also suggests that the largest sites should be included in the crawling process.
Self-assembled ferromagnetic cobalt/yttria-stabilized zirconia nanocomposites for ultrahigh density storage applications

We report on a low-cost, innovative approach for synthesizing prepatterned, magnetic nanostructures, the shapes and dimensions of which can be easily tuned to meet requirements for next-generation data storage technology. The magnetic nanostructures consist of self-assembled Co nanodots and nanowires embedded in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) matrices. The controllable size and aspect ratio of the nanostructures allows the selection of morphologies ranging from nanodots to nanowires. Co nanowires show strong shape anisotropy and large remanence at 300 K. In contrast, Co nanodots display minimal effects of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and superparamagnetic relaxation above the blocking temperature. These prepatterned magnetic nanostructures are very promising candidates for data storage technology with an ultrahigh density of 1 terabit in−2 or higher.
Creating a Crisis:German Mass Media andOil Supply in 1973-74

In the winter of 1973-74, the German Federal Republic imported more oil than in any other year before or since. Nevertheless, the mass media were warning that an energy crisis might occur. Thereupon the population became nervous and bought more crude oil products than ever before. As a consequence, short-term difficulties of supply from industrial producers seemed to confirm the warnings. Hans Mathias Kepplinger is Professor of Communication Research, University of Mainz, FRG. Herbert Roth is a freelance writer in Mainz. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1979 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/79/0043-285/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.17 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 05:20:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 286 HANS MATHIAS KEPPLINGER AND HERBERT ROTH Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qator, Abu Dhabi, Iraq, and Iran) raised the "posted price" (the base price used for tax figuring purposes in oil supply countries), by as much as 70 percent. On October 17, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Libya, together with six other Arab countries, resolved to decrease their crude oil deliveries by 5 percent, compared to the previous year. Moreover, they resolved further monthly 5 percent decreases for as long as Israel occupied the territories it captured in 1967. On October 18, Abu Dhabi stopped its oil delivery to the United States completely, and within a few days boycott procedures by Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Arab countries followed. The Arab countries imposed no direct delivery cutbacks on the Federal Republic of Germany, but since a large portion of the Federal Republic's crude oil and crude oil products were delivered via Rotterdam seaport in Holland, the boycott against Holland affected the Federal Republic's oil supply. Despite the oil extraction limitations and the boycott directed against Holland, a considerable increase in the amount of crude oil imported into the Federal Repub! ic was seen in October and November 1973, compared to October and November 1972. There were several reasons for the good supply of crude oil and crude oil products received by the Federal Republic of Germany in
Prediction Models for BPMN Usability and Maintainability

The measurement of a business process in the earlystages of the lifecycle, such as the design andmodelling stages, could reduce costs and effort infuture maintenance tasks. In this paper we present aset of measures for assessing the structural complexityof business processes models at a conceptual level. Theaim is to obtain useful information about processmaintenance and to estimate the quality of the processmodel in the early stages. Empirical validation of themeasures was carried out along with a linearregression analysis aimed at estimating process modelquality in terms of modifiability and understandability.
O nexo comensurabilidade-mercadorização e as limitações da análise custo-benefício como guia para a acção dos poderes públicos

Este artigo pretende escrutinar os pressupostos teoricos e as implicacoes praticas da analise custo-beneficio (ACB), actualmente um dos mais influentes e controversos instrumentos de avaliacao das politicas publicas proposto pela ciencia economica. O ponto de partida e o que designamos por nexo comensurabilidade-mercadorizacao que, como procuraremos demonstrar, estrutura o discurso e as recomendacoes de politica da analise custo-beneficio. Por nexo comensurabilidade-mercadorizacao entendemos a associacao entre a defesa da comensurabilidade, ou seja, da ideia de que e sempre possivel e desejavel reduzir as diferentes dimensoes de valor dos bens a uma mesma medida, podendo-lhes atribuir um preco, e a defesa da extensao dos mecanismos de mercado a esferas crescentes da vida social. A teoria da escolha racional e o esteio teorico da ACB, esteio cujas fragilidades na analise do comportamento dos individuos nem sempre estao claras quando se discutem os meritos e demeritos deste instrumento.
Micro-Synchrophasors for Power Distribution Monitoring, a Technology Review

The smart grid revolution is creating a paradigm shift in distribution networks that is marked by new, significant intermittencies and uncertainties in power supply and demand. These developments include the dramatic increase in the adoption of distributed energy resources (DER), electric vehicles, energy storage, and controllable loads. This transformation imposes new challenges on existing distribution infrastructure and system operations for stockholders, engineers, operators and customers. Unfortunately, distribution networks historically lag behind transmission networks in terms of observability, measurement accuracy, and data granularity. The changes in the operation of the electric grid dramatically increase the need for tools to monitor and manage distribution networks in a fast, reliable and accurate fashion. This paper describes the development process of a network of high-precision micro phasor measurement units or uPMUs, beginning with an overview of the uPMU technology that provides synchronous measurements of voltage phase angles, or synchrophasors. Next, the uPMU network and communications infrastructure are discussed, followed by an analysis of potential diagnostic and control applications of uPMU data in the electric grid at the distribution level.
Dimensional Analysis of Psychosocial Barriers to Prevention of Early Childhood Caries Among Recent Immigrants

The objective of this article is to define the underlying dimensions of psychosocial barriers to obtaining and providing dental care for young children among recent immigrants. Fifteen focus groups were conducted with 99 primary caregivers from African, South Asian, and Chinese recent immigrants. A secondary analysis of identified barriers using dimensional analysis methodology was performed to determine dimensions and properties of barriers. The analysis continued until irreducible properties were found or emerging dimensions were not relevant to the study. Identified dimensions were associated with barriers and individuals. Type, number, level, objectiveness, nature, and impact were barrier-related; awareness and controllability were individual-related dimensions. Type refers to barriers themselves. Number and level indicate the amount and location of barriers, respectively. Objectiveness refers to the extent that perceived barrier reflects reality and nature indicates its intrinsic characteristic. Impact concerns behaviors, goals, and outcomes compromised by barriers. Awareness alludes to the extent that individuals are aware of the barriers and controllability explains how much control people perceive to have over barriers. Identified dimensions are useful for better understanding and addressing existing barriers to children’s optimal oral health.
Motivation before Meaning: Motivational Information Encoded in Meerkat Alarm Calls Develops Earlier than Referential Information

In contrast to historical assumptions about the affective nature of animal vocalizations, it is now clear that many vertebrates are capable of producing specific alarm calls in response to different predators, calls that provide information that goes beyond the motivational state of a caller. However, although these calls function referentially, it does not mean that they are devoid of motivational content. Studies on meerkats (Suricata suricatta) directly support this conclusion. The acoustic structure of their alarm calls simultaneously encodes information that is both motivational (level of urgency) and referential (predator specific). In this study, we investigated whether alarm calls of young meerkats undergo developmental modification and whether the motivational or the referential aspect of calls changes more over time. We found that, based on their acoustic structure, calls of young showed a high correct assignment to low‐ and high‐urgency contexts but, in contrast to adults, low assignment to specific predator types. However, the discrimination among predator types was better in high‐urgency than in low‐urgency contexts. Our results suggest that acoustic features related to level of urgency are expressed earlier than those related to predator‐specific information and may support the idea that referential calls evolve from motivational signals.
Challenging behaviour in Mental Health Services: Combining psychological perspectives

Background: The shift of emphasis from hospital to community care in mental health services means that patients in hospital present some of the most complex and challenging problems. High levels of staff stress are likely consequences, and so staff working under these circumstances need both appropriate skills and emotional support. Aims: To review evidence on the causes and management of challenging behaviour in mental health services and its impact on direct care staff, and report on an innovative approach that integrates different bodies of knowledge and psychological theories to provide a coherent approach to training and supporting the staff group. Method: Literature review and description of behaviour analysis and training and support (BAITS) and its relation to this evidence. Results: There is sufficient evidence to recommend psychological approaches that address the problem of challenging behaviour in mental health services. These are based on functional analysis and address staff motivation as a central concern. BAITS is one such approach. Conclusions: BAITS integrates diverse psychological approaches and provides services that have been highly valued by the direct care staff receiving them. There is preliminary evidence of benefits to service users and staff. There is a need for further effectiveness research.
Analyzing and geo-visualizing individual human mobility patterns using mobile call records

Understanding the dynamics of the individuals' daily mobility patterns is very important in a wide range of fields. However, lacking of tools to monitor the time-resolved location of individuals makes this research consume both tremendous time and money in the past. Nowadays, the rapidly developing ability to collect space-time activity (STA) data through new information technologies such as cellular phones, WiFi, and GPS methods is improving the quantity and quality of these data and reducing their cost. Also, “People-Based GIS” gives us a new perspective for analyzing and visualizing these data. In this paper, we introduce several preprocessing and spatiotemporal analysis methods for such new ICT data in individual human mobility patterns mining and urban analysis under the time geography framework. By using millions of raw mobile call records of a large city in China, we compute statistical characteristic of cell phone usage both at different time of a day and on different days of a week to derive aggregated mobility patterns for millions of mobile phone users and individual mobility patterns for different groups which are divided by some selected social factors, such as gender and age. The research methods and results also illustrate how to make 3D or 2D graphic representations of individual activities patterns and their evolution through space and time.
Displacement and gratitude: accounting for the political obligation of refugees

On what basis, and to what extent, are refugees obligated to obey the laws of their host countries? Consideration of the specific case of asylum-seekers generates, I think, two competing intuitions: (1) the refugee has a prima facie obligation to obey the laws of her host country and (2) none of the popularly canvassed substrates of political obligation—consent, tacit consent, fairness, or social role—is at all apt to explain the presence of this obligation. I contend that the unfashionable gratitude account of political obligation does the best job of accounting for the intuitions. As has been noticed by other commentators, obligations of gratitude are difficult to specify and subject to numerous cancelling conditions. I analyze these conditions in detail and conclude that if one accepts that gratitude is the basis of the political obligation of the refugee, then one must face up to just how frangible the obligation is. In particular, the obligation is conditional on the fair and generous treatment of refugees that is consistent with their dignity as human beings.
GSK-3–mediated phosphorylation couples ER–Golgi transport and nuclear stabilization of the CREB-H transcription factor to mediate apolipoprotein secretion

CREB-H plays a key role in regulating secretion in metabolic pathways, particularly triglyceride homeostasis. Phosphorylation at a conserved serine motif, the P-motif, provides an integrated control mechanism of CREB-H function, coupling intercompartmental transport in the cytoplasm with stabilization of the active form in the nucleus.
The syntaxin 31-induced gene, LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1), functions in Glycine max defense to the root parasite Heterodera glycines

Experiments show the membrane fusion genes α soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP) and syntaxin 31 (Gm-SYP38) contribute to the ability of Glycine max to defend itself from infection by the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Accompanying their expression is the transcriptional activation of the defense genes ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1) that function in salicylic acid (SA) signaling. These results implicate the added involvement of the antiapoptotic, environmental response gene LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1 (LSD1) in defense. Roots engineered to overexpress the G. max defense genes Gm-α-SNAP, SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] have induced Gm-LSD1 (Gm-LSD1–2) transcriptional activity. In reciprocal experiments, roots engineered to overexpress Gm-LSD1–2 in the susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] have induced levels of SYP38, EDS1, NPR1, BIK1 and XTH, but not α-SNAP prior to infection. In tests examining the role of Gm-LSD1–2 in defense, its overexpression results in ∼52 to 68% reduction in nematode parasitism. In contrast, RNA interference (RNAi) of Gm-LSD1–2 in the resistant genotype G. max[Peking/PI 548402] results in an 3.24–10.42 fold increased ability of H. glycines to parasitize. The results identify that Gm-LSD1–2 functions in the defense response of G. max to H. glycines parasitism. It is proposed that LSD1, as an antiapoptotic protein, may establish an environment whereby the protected, living plant cell could secrete materials in the vicinity of the parasitizing nematode to disarm it. After the targeted incapacitation of the nematode the parasitized cell succumbs to its targeted demise as the infected root region is becoming fortified.