Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of Non-Indigenous Species Based on Their Impacts: Considerations for Application in Marine Management

Assessment of the ecological and economic/societal impacts of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is one of the primary focus areas of bioinvasion science in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is considered essential to management. A classification system of NIS, based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts, was recently proposed to assist management. Here, we consider the potential application of this classification scheme to the marine environment, and offer a complementary framework focussing on value sets in order to explicitly address marine management concerns. Since existing data on marine NIS impacts are scarce and successful marine removals are rare, we propose that management of marine NIS adopt a precautionary approach, which not only would emphasise preventing new incursions through pre-border and at-border controls but also should influence the categorisation of impacts. The study of marine invasion impacts requires urgent attention and significant investment, since we lack the luxury of waiting for the knowledge base to be acquired before the window of opportunity closes for feasible management.
Arresting Decline in Shared Governance: Towards a Flexible Model for Academic Participation

This paper considers tensions between ‘corporate’ models of governance focused on the governing body and more traditional, ‘consensual’ academic approaches. It argues that despite these tensions, a decline in the role of the academic community in matters of institutional governance (‘shared governance’) is neither desirable nor inevitable, and that successful academic participation is possible through a combination of the corporate and consensual modes. Tracing a decline in academic participation from its height in the 1970s, the paper evaluates the problematic nature of more recent corporate approaches to university governance and the work of Dearlove (1997), (2002) and Deem is used to reflect on ‘tensions between the logic of managerial control and the conventions of professional autonomy’ (Deem, 1998, p. 52). The paper ends by offering a broad and flexible model for successful shared governance, drawing on the role of academic departments and Clark’s strengthened steering core (1998).
Modelling and imaging cardiac repolarization abnormalities

Repolarization abnormalities, including those induced by the congenital or acquired long QT (LQT) syndrome, provide a substrate for life‐threatening cardiac arrhythmias. In this article, we use computational biology to link HERG mutations mechanistically to the resulting abnormalities of the whole‐cell action potential. We study how the kinetic properties of IKs (the slow delayed rectifier) that are conferred by molecular subunit interactions, facilitate its role in repolarization and ‘repolarization reserve’. A new noninvasive imaging modality (electrocardiographic imaging) is shown to image cardiac repolarization on the epicardial surface, suggesting its possible role in risk stratification, diagnosis and treatment of LQT syndrome.
An exploratory study of auditors’ responsibility for fraud detection in Barbados

Purpose – Recently, fraud has been brought to the forefront with the scandals of Enron and Worldcom. Fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets served to undermine investors’ confidence in audited financial statements. This study investigates how auditors and users perceive the auditors’ responsibility for uncovering fraud, the nature and extent of fraud in Barbados, and audit procedures utilised in Barbados since Enron.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 43 respondents (19 auditors and 24 users) were surveyed regarding their perceptions and experiences on fraud, using qualitative and quantitative approaches.Findings – Indicates that the expectation gap is wide, as auditors felt that the detection of fraud is management's responsibility, while users and management disagreed. Also finds that fraud is not a major issue in Barbados and that companies who have internal auditors, sound internal controls and effective audit committees are better equipped to deal with fraud prevention and.
[Evaluation of ganglion cells function with PERG test in normal tension glaucoma patients].

PURPOSE To evaluate bioelectrical function of inner retinal layers measured by PERG in normal tension glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 50 eyes of 30 patients with normal tension glaucoma the following examinations were performed: history, routine ophthalmic examination, standard static perimetry and pattern ERG test. RESULTS The most frequent abnormalities were incorrect N95/P50 amplitude ratio and increase latency of N95-wave. In analyzed glaucoma patients sensitivity of PERG test was 50% and specificity 87%. CONCLUSIONS In normal tension glaucoma, the ganglion cells dysfunction is present and can be detected with PERG test. PERG can be additional useful diagnostic test in patients with normal tension glaucoma, particulary for those with difficult to cooperate.
Pricing Commodity Swaptions in Multifactor Models

The menu of swaps available in the market today ranges far beyond the basic fixed-for-floating interest rateswap. Commodity swaps specifying a series of future cash flows, whereby one counterparty pays a fixed dollar amount and the other pays the price appreciation on some underlying commodity, are a prime example. And if commodity swaps become popular, commodity swaptions will naturally be introduced. But valuing commodity swaptions involves modeling the behavior of both future interest rates and future commodity prices for all of the payment dates. The standard approach is Monte Carlo simulation, which is complicated and time consuming. Here, Larsson introduces an approximation that is quite mild in terms of the error it introduces and for which the execution time for a given level of accuracy is improved by several orders of magnitude.
Redistribution through Minimum Wage Regulation: An Analysis of Program Linkages and Budgetary Spillovers

Program linkages and budgetary spillovers can significantly complicate efforts to project a policy change’s effects. I illustrate this point in the context of recent increases in the federal minimum wage. Previous analysis finds that these particular minimum wage increases had significant effects on employment. Employment declines were sufficiently large that the average earnings of targeted individuals declined. Payroll tax revenues, thus, also fell. I find that transfers to affected individuals through programs including unemployment insurance, food stamp benefits, and cash welfare assistance changed little. These programs, thus, offset relatively little of the earnings declines experienced by individuals who lost employment. I discuss how this broad range of spillovers matters for assessing the relevant minimum wage change’s welfare implications.
Modelling the smart city performance

This paper aims to offer a profound analysis of the interrelations between smart city components connecting the cornerstones of the triple helix. The triple helix model has emerged as a reference framework for the analysis of knowledge-based innovation systems, and relates the multiple and reciprocal relationships between the three main agencies in the process of knowledge creation and capitalization: university, industry and government. This analysis of the triple helix will be augmented using the Analytic Network Process to model, cluster and begin measuring the performance of smart cities. The model obtained allows interactions and feedbacks within and between clusters, providing a process to derive ratio scales priorities from elements. This offers a more truthful and realistic representation for supporting policy-making. The application of this model is still to be developed, but a full list of indicators, available at urban level, has been identified and selected from literature review.
Merit pay, performance appraisal, and individual motivation: An analysis and alternative

Theories of motivation and common expectation argue that people who contribute more to an undertaking should receive more from it. This expectation has significantly influenced the design of compensation systems. Merit pay reflects this influence. Nonetheless, in spite of intuitive appeal and apparent theoretical support, merit pay rarely achieves its objectives. This article reviews five common implementation issues. It also argues that merit plans underemphasize important attribution biases that affect performance judgments. These biases suggest that such plans would still have limited effectiveness, even if implementation problems were overcome. The article presents an alternative focused on group accomplishment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accounting Issues in Franchising

Accounting practices designed to show realistic earnings of franchise companies are viewed as paramount to protect the investing public, financial institutions, and the small businessman the franchisee. This article is based on an address to be given by Robert P. Leone, C.P.A. , at the Franchising in the Hospitality Field seminar to be held November 16 to 18 at the School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University. Additional reports of this seminar will appear in future issues. Editor
Capture or Exchange? Business Lobbying in Russia

tween business and the state. This redefinition has been particularly difficult in Russia, where policy makers and scholars alike have cited an incestuous relationship between business and the state as a key impediment to an orderly market economy.1 However, we have few empirical studies of business lobbying in Russia.2 Views about lobbying are extensively coloured by writings about the oligarchs-a small group of powerful industrialists and financiers that is by definition atypical.3 In addition, analyses of lobbying tend to focus on sectors or regions rather than firms.4 Most important, discussions of business-state relations in the region tend to concentrate on successful lobbyists and ignore firms that are not influential. By examining only cases where firms influence policy, observers risk distorting perceptions of the extent and significance of lobbying. Many questions remain about lobbying in Russia. What types of firms are successful lobbyists and at what levels of government can they exercise influence? What means do they employ? Are business-state relations closer to a form of capture in which powerful firms have great sway over the state and bear little cost for their influence? Or are they better seen as a form of elite exchange in which firms receive favourable treatment in return for providing benefits to state agents? These questions are hardly unique to Russia. Observers have expressed concern over the tight links between business and the state in other post-communist countries as well.5 Privatisation in the Czech Republic often led to opaque ownership structures that allowed state-owned banks, their related voucher funds and industrial holding companies to serve as powerful lobbies.6 In Bulgaria the parastatal association of firms known as Multi-Group used its privileged access to state officials to gain control over state assets, which were then largely used for personal consumption.7 The close relations between business and the state that mark many post-communist countries smack of the crony capitalism that contributed to the collapse of the Asian economies in 1998.8 Indeed, good governance has become a mantra of international financial organisations.9 This article examines business lobbying in Russia using an original survey of 500 firms conducted between October and December 2000 in eight cities and presents three findings. First, the sources of lobbying power vary by level of government and by type of firm. While large firms claim to be able to influence legislation at all levels of government, the impact of property type-whether a firm is state-owned, privatised
Intellectual Property and the Tourism Industry: From ACTA Protests towards a Restrictive Interpretation of Innovation Regulations

In 2012 became reality James Boyle’s desire exposed in his essay from 1997 regarding a politics of intellectual property concerning the great deal of attention that must be paid to the Intellectual Property. At that time Boyle was disappointed by the lack of attention from lawyers, scholars, legal academics and the media for the Clinton administration’s proposal for copyright on the Net, a document that provided the blueprint of domestic and international regulatory efforts to expand intellectual property rights. Certainly this was not the case with ACTA where the public media forced by the private citizen’s protests tried to weight both the benefits and the costs of the new protection standards brought by the new international convention. After those moments Intellectual Property regulations are no more an esoteric and arcane field, something that is only interesting and comprehensible to the practitioners in the field, but a matter of public interests like the environment which arouse the attention of all the persons. In this way we all become aware that intellectual property radiates beyond the legal frame and interferes with several aspects of our lives, including our free time and the tourism consequently.
Actual, Adjacent, and Potential Competition Estimating the Full Effect of Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines is frequently credited with having an important influence on the success of airline deregulation in the United States. This paper uses an original set of competition variables to estimate the extent of that influence in 1998. The estimated savings - due to actual, adjacent, and potential competition from Southwest - were d12.9 billion. Southwest's low fares were directly responsible for d3.4 billion of these savings to passengers. The remaining d9.5 billion represents the effect that actual, adjacent, and potential competition from Southwest had on other carriers' fares. These savings amount to 20 per cent of the airline industry's 1998 domestic scheduled passenger revenue and slightly more than half the fare reductions attributed to airline deregulation. From a policy perspective, these results are both troubling and encouraging. On the one hand, it is troubling to find that a large part of the fare reductions from airline deregulation is due to one carrier. On the other hand, if entry by a carrier with the appropriate characteristics can make such a difference, policies that encourage entry - for example, relaxing the restriction on entry by foreign-owned carriers - may have a large impact on passenger welfare. The London School of Economics and the University of Bath 2001
Judicial Impartiality, Campaign Contributions, and Recusals: Results from a National Survey

Legal scholars have of late become quite worried about how citizens form their impressions of the fairness of courts. This concern reflects the changing environments of courts, especially elected state courts, and what might generally be termed the politicization of the judiciary. The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of judicial recusals at rehabilitating a court/judge tainted by perceived conflicts of interest associated with campaign activities by litigants. Based on an experimental design embedded in a nationally representative sample, our data first confirm that direct campaign contributions undermine perceptions of fairness; but, unexpectedly, so, too, does independent support for the candidate. Most important, recusal does indeed restore some perceived fairness; unfortunately, the repair to public perceptions is not to the level enjoyed when no conflict of interest exists. In a post‐Citizens United world, these findings therefore point to significant threats to the legitimacy of elected state courts.
Do Immigrants Work in Worse Jobs than U.S. Natives? Evidence from California

In the debate over immigration reform, it is frequently asserted that immigrants take jobs that U.S. natives do not want. Using data from the 2000 Census merged with O*NET data on occupation characteristics, I show that the jobs held by immigrants are more physically arduous than the jobs held by U.S. natives. However, data from the California Work and Health Survey on self-reported physical job demands indicate that immigrants do not perceive their jobs as requiring more physical effort than U.S. natives. Immigrants thus have worse jobs than natives but do not view them as such.
Treatment of severe heart failure: quantity or quality of life? A trial of enoximone. Enoximone Investigators.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the effects of enoximone on mortality and quality of life in patients with severe end stage heart failure. DESIGN--A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of the addition of enoximone to conventional treatment. Planned minimum follow up of one year. SETTING--District general hospitals and cardiological referral centres in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS--Planned 200 patients with severe, symptomatic heart failure despite treatment with diuretics and where appropriate and tolerated angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and digoxin. RESULTS--The study was ended early by the ethics committee after 151 patients had been recruited because of an excess mortality in the enoximone group: 27 deaths compared with 18 in the placebo group (P < 0.05). Quality of life measured with a disease specific questionnaire showed a clinically significant improvement at week 2 with a mean increase score of 0.48 in the enoximone treated patients compared with 0.14 in those receiving placebo (P = 0.0086). With the Nottingham health profile questionnaire the physical mobility score was improved after three months in the enoximone group, median 21.3 compared with 41.8 in the placebo group (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS--In patients with severe heart failure who remain incapacitated despite conventional treatment enoximone reduced survival but had a beneficial effect on the quality of life. Drugs that improve symptoms in severe end stage heart failure should not be discarded lightly.
Is the annual budget really dead?

In recent years the traditional, annual budget has been accused of being incapable of meeting the demands of the competitive environment in the information age. Seeing that some of the most ardent critics are management consultants, with a vested interest in trying to persuade companies to change their management models, part of the criticism may perhaps be classified as hyperbole. Be this as it may, the criticism has resulted in more than just talk. Some real action can also be observed –; especially in Sweden, where several large companies have abandoned the traditional budget altogether. To date, academic researchers have shown very little interest in this phenomenon. The present study aims to investigate the validity of the criticism as perceived by chief financial officers and other high-ranking officers in large Finnish companies. The results of a postal survey indicate that relatively few companies are planning to abandon the annual budget completely. Even so, a considerable number of respondents who represent companies that intend to hold on to the annual budget indicate strong agreement with the main elements of the criticism. Comments made by several respondents also indicate that alternative, or rather, complementary, systems, such as rolling forecasts and monitoring systems similar to the Balanced Scorecard already exist, running parallel with the annual budget. Apparently, the latter still has a role to play as a means of maintaining internal effectiveness and communicating information to shareholders and other interested parties.
How Does Leadership Decapitation Affect Violence? The Case of Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico

Many governments target leaders of violent groups, but consequences of this strategy are unclear. Additionally, most studies examine political groups such as terrorists, ignoring criminal organizations—even though they can represent serious threats to security. This article presents a theoretical framework for how political and criminal groups differ and uses the framework to explain how group type should condition leadership removal’s effects. Decapitation should weaken criminal organizations, temporarily reducing violence. However, as groups fragment and newer groups emerge to address market demands, violence increases in the longer term. Empirical analysis using original data on Mexican criminal organizations generally supports the argument. Interestingly, the short-term violence reduction is only associated with leaders arrested (not killed) and when the target is a midlevel leader as opposed to the top leader. These results differ markedly from those found in studies of political groups.1
The LAZ3(BCL-6) oncoprotein recruits a SMRT/mSIN3A/histone deacetylase containing complex to mediate transcriptional repression.

Recent works demonstrated that some transcriptional repressors recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs) either through direct interaction, or as a member of a multisubunit repressing complex containing other components referred to as corepressors. For instance, the bHLH-Zip transcriptional repressors MAD/MXI recruit HDACs together with the mSIN3 corepressors, whereas unliganded nuclear receptors contact another corepressor, SMRT (or its relative N-CoR), which, in turn, associates with both mSIN3 and HDACs to form the repressor complex. Recently, we reported that SMRT also directly associates with LAZ3(BCL-6), a POZ/Zn finger transcriptional repressor involvedin the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. However, whether LAZ3 recruits the HDACs-containing repression complex is currently unknown. We report here that LAZ3 associates with corepressor mSIN3A both in vivo and in vitro , and found that a central region, which harbours autonomous repression activity, is mainly responsible for this interaction. Conversely, the N-terminal half of mSIN3A is both necessary and sufficient to bind LAZ3. Moreover, we show that LAZ3 also interacts with an HDAC (HDAC-1) through its POZ domain in vitro while the immunoprecipitation of LAZ3 results in the coretention of an endogenous HDAC activity in vivo . Finally, inhibitors of HDACs significantly reduce the LAZ3-mediated repression. Taken together, we conclude that LAZ3 recruits a repressing complex containing SMRT, mSIN3A and a HDAC, and that its full repressing potential on transcription requires HDACs activity. Our results identify HDACs as molecular targets of LAZ3 oncogene and further strengthen the connection between aberrant chromatin acetylation and human cancers.
Business model innovation: it's not just about technology anymore

Purpose – To innovate the company business model, executives must first understand what it is, and then examine what paths exist for them to improve on it. This article aims to examine this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The article provides a practical definition of business models and offers a Business Model Framework (BMF) that illuminates the opportunities for business model innovation.Findings – The article finds that BMF sequences possible business models from very basic (and not very valuable) models to far more advanced (and very valuable) models. Using the BMF, companies can assess where their current business model stands in relation to its potential and then define appropriate next steps for the further advancement of it.Practical implications – An organization must give a senior manager the resources and authority to define and launch business‐model experiments.Originality/value – The article provides a cogent model for assessing the potential for new business model innovation, a framewor.