Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The double-tailed normal-incidence-monochromator beamline at CAMD

A high-resolution, high-intensity 3 m normal-incidence-monochromator beamline at the J. Bennett Johnston Sr. Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices is described. The beamline was designed primarily for high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy utilizing a Scienta electron analyzer, which is permanently placed as an endstation at the beamline. In order to expand utilization of the beamline, an additional beamline tail also has been designed. Optical design of the beamline and preliminary performance results are discussed.
Cell manipulation with magnetic particles toward microfluidic cytometry

Magnetic particles have become a promising tool for nearly all major lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications, from sample capturing, purification, enrichment, transport to detection. For biological applications, the use of magnetic particles is especially well established for immunomagnetic separation. There is a great amount of interest in the automation of cell sorting and counting with magnetic particles in LOC platforms. So far, despite great efforts, only few fully functional LOC devices have been described and further integration is necessary. In this review, we will describe the physics of magnetic cell sorting and counting in LOC formats with a special focus on recent progress in the field.
Adaptive time series filters to smooth and forecast economic variables

Four monthly Ukrainian trucking industry time series are investigated within period of January 2003 to February 2007. The AR(1) models are used to filter and predict real values of the series. The problems are solved on the basis of a differentiable matrix functional, defined on the coefficient matrix of the filter. The functional presents an information measure of the distribution parameters of the vector state and its tentative estimations and is well known as Kullback information divergence. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Damping Tollmien–Schlichting waves in a boundary layer using plasma actuators

The response of a zero pressure gradient boundary layer modified by flow-wise oriented momentum injection similar to that of a plasma actuator is calculated using a two-dimensional (bi-global) stability analysis. It is found that the addition of momentum into the boundary layer has a significant impact on Tollmien–Schlichting waves, which may be damped by up to two orders of magnitude. Changes to the exponential growth rate of the perturbations are also measured. These stabilizing effects are largely due to the momentum addition modifying the downstream boundary layer profiles, but localized stabilization effects are also noted. The relative stabilization of the TS wave appears to be a linear function with respect to the ratio of the plasma-induced wall jet velocity under quiescent conditions and the free-stream velocity for lower levels of plasma actuation (i.e. velocity ratios less than 0.1). For higher levels of plasma actuation, the relative stabilization of the TS wave appears to be exponential with respect to the total momentum addition to the boundary layer by the plasma actuator.
Optimal binary image design based on the branch and bound algorithm

Mathematical programming techniques for systematic determination of optimal binary masks for precompensation in incoherent optical systems are developed. The feasibility of applying combinatorial optimization techniques to binary mask design for optical lithography is demonstrated. The mask is optimized in such a way as to precompensate the distortions due to optical diffraction of the system. The problem is formulated as a binary linear programming problem and solved with the branch and bound algorithm. Two different formulations corresponding to two optimization criteria are proposed and evaluated. Variation of the optimal mask as a function of the optical system bandwidth is discussed. One- and two-dimensional examples involving bars and a corner are presented. <<ETX>>
The Low-level Symbolic Representation of Intensity Changes in an Image

Abstract : A family of symbols is defined by which much of the useful information in an image may be represented, and its choice is justified. The family includes symbols for the various commonly occurring intensity profiles that are associated with the edges of objects, and symbols for the gradual luminance changes that provide clues about a surface's shape. It is shown that these descriptors may readily be computed from measurements similar to those made by simple cells in the visual cortex of the cat. (Author)
Thermodynamic stability of pure black holes

The stability limits in a linear series of charged rotating black holes are found, assuming that the spectrum of eigenvalues of the matrix of second-order derivatives in the partition function is not degenerate. Among eight different ensembles, the four ensembles with mass-energy as control parameter are stable with respect to arbitrary, not necessarily small, axially symmetric perturbations. The results are valid when the radiation energy is a negligible fraction of the total energy and therefore the backreaction on the metric can be neglected as well. Three ensembles in a heat bath are unstable when the total mass is high compared to angular momentum and charge. They are less unstable and may be stable if the mass is low enough. Black holes with fixed temperature, angular velocity and electric potential are unstable. Also considered are the stability limits of 'inner-horizon thermodynamic' systems. The four ensembles with given mass are either stable or unstable. The same is true for inner horizons in a heat bath with fixed angular momentum and fixed charge or electric potential. Inner horizons in a heat bath at constant angular velocity and fixed charge or fixed electric potential are less unstable and may be stable with relatively high (rather than low) mass-energy. Signs of thermodynamic coefficients in gravitating systems are not indicators of stability. However, changes of signs and changes of stability are correlated. In the canonical ensemble heat capacities turn from + infinity in stable systems to - infinity in unstable system. Moments of inertia and electric capacities or their negative inverses behave in similar ways.
Low-order robust controller design for interval plants

This paper deals with robust controller design for SISO linear plants subject to interval parametric uncertainty, a longstanding open problem of control theory. Based on Hermite-Fujiwara matrices and the generalized Kharitonov's theorem, a sufficient condition is derived for the existence of a robustly stabilizing controller of order up to three. This condition is formulated as a non-convex rank-one LMI feasibility problem in the controller parameters. This optimization problem is addressed by two standard heuristics relying upon semidefinite programming. In spite of the potentially conservative nature of the stabilizability condition and the lack of convergence of the proposed algorithms, several numerical examples bear out the usefulness of our approach for designing robust controllers of small order at low computational cost.
Homogenization and inverse homogenization for 3D composites of complex architecture

Purpose – To describe the mathematics, mechanics and computer code that are involved in deriving the mechanical properties of a 3D composite material with a complicated internal architecture. To inform the reader how an application programming interface (API) can be used with a commercial FEA code to undertake the task. Finally to validate the process an demonstrate the versatility of the process.Design/methodology/approach – The complex architecture of the composite is imported to an FEA environment and meshed. The special code is written in Pascal that applies six sets of constraints to simulate unit strain vectors on a cell of the composite. After six separate analyses are undertaken, the forces necessary to achieve the boundary constraints are summed to provide stresses and hence the necessary coefficients in the stress to strain relationship for the composite. After global FEA the strains in the homogenized material are used as input to the inverse homogenizer so that stress and strain levels in the .
Object category recognition using boosting tree with heterogenous features

The problem of object category recognition has long challenged the computer vision community. In this paper, we address these tasks via learning two-class and multi-class discriminative models. The proposed approach integrates the Adaboost algorithm into the decision tree structure, called DB-Tree, and each tree node combines a number of weak classifiers into a strong classifier (a conditional posterior probability). In the learning stage, each boosted classifier in a tree node is trained to split the training set to left and right sub-trees, and the classifier is thus used not to return the class of the sample but rather to assign the sample to the left or right sub-tree. Therefore, the DB-Tree can be built up automatically and recursively. In the testing stage, the posterior probability of each node is computed by the weighted conditional probability of left and right sub-trees. Thus, the top node of the tree can output the overall posterior probability. In addition, the multi-class and two-class learning procedures become unified, through treating the multi-class classification problem as a special two-class classification problem, and either a positive or negative label is assigned to each class in minimizing the total entropy in each node.
An extension of a theorem of Nagano on transitive Lie algebras

Let M be a real analytic manifold, and let L be a transitive Lie algebra of real analytic vector fields on M. A concept of completeness is introduced for such Lie algebras. Roughly speaking, L is said to be complete if the integral trajectories of vector fields in L are defined "as far as L permits". Examples of situations where this assumption is satisfied: (i) L = a transitive Lie algebra all of whose elements are complete vector fields, and (ii) L = the set V(M) of all real analytic vector fields on M. Our main result is: if M, M are connected manifolds, then every Lie algebra isomorphism F: L L' between complete transitive Lie algebras of real analytic vector fields on M, MI which carries the isotropy subalgebra Lm of a point m of M to the isotropy subalgebra Lml of m' EM is induced by a (unique) real analytic diffeomorphism f: M M' such that f(m) m', provided that one of the following two conditions is satisfied: (1) M and M are simply connected, or (2) the Lie algebras L and L ' separate points. Nagano had proved this result for the case L = V(M), L' V(M ), M and M' compact.
Phase transition in crystalline GeTe: Pitfalls of averaging effects

For the case example of GeTe, we demonstrate that the use of techniques that probe the average structure may lead to misleading conclusions regarding the nature of phase change. GeTe is a narrow band-gap semiconductor and a ferroelectric with the simplest conceivable structure that—according to previous studies— undergoes a ferroelectric-to-paraelectric displacive phase transition at 705 K. In this work, we provide direct experimental evidence that, contrary to the existing paradigm, the local distortion remains essentially unchanged with temperature and argue that the previous conclusion about the displacive nature of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition was due to misinterpretation of Bragg diffraction, a technique that is only sensitive to the average structure and does not “see” random local distortions. The reported results have far-reaching implications for other materials exhibiting displacive phase transitions where conclusions have been reached based on results obtained using averaging techniques.
A variable projection method for solving separable nonlinear least squares problems

AbstractConsider the separable nonlinear least squares problem of findinga εRn and α εRk which, for given data (yi,ti),i=1,2,. m, and functions ϕj(α,t),j=1,2,. ,n(m>n), minimize the functional $$r(a,\alpha ) = \left\| {y - \Phi (\alpha )a} \right\|_2^2$$ where θ(α)ij=ϕj(α,ti). Golub and Pereyra have shown that this problem can be reduced to a nonlinear least squares problem involvingα only, and a linear least squares problem involvinga only. In this paper we propose a new method for determining the optimalα which computationally has proved more efficient than the Golub-Pereyra scheme.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION WITH DENSITY INVERSION IN A SQUARE CAVITY

Water has its density maximum at 4oC, and natural convection around the temperature is complicated. In this study, natural convection with density inversion in a two-dimensional vertical square cavity is investigated numerically. To express the average Nusselt number nondimensionally, some parameters are chosen by observing the calculated flow-temperature fields. Then a simple expression of heat transfer correlation as a function of Galilei number, wall temperature ratio, and density function is proposed. The present correlation has a deviation of about 10%.
New approximate boundary conditions for large eddy simulations of wall-bounded flows

Two new approximate boundary conditions have been applied to the large eddy simulation of channel flow with and without transpiration. These new boundary conditions give more accurate results than those previously in use, and allow significant reduction of the required CPU time over simulations in which no‐slip conditions are applied. Mean velocity profiles and turbulence intensities compare well both with experimental data and with the results of resolved simulations. The influence of the approximate boundary conditions remains confined near the point of application and does not affect the turbulence statistics in the core of the flow.
An efficient multiparty quantum key distribution scheme

We propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme in which four parties can simultaneously share a secret key via optical device. The participants divide the communication into two modes, namely, detecting mode and message mode. Taking advantage of controlled secret short key technology, the participants together can achieve the detecting mode or the message mode by switching between their two sets of optical devices. In the detecting mode, the key distributer Alice utilizes a single-photon state resource and two beam splitters and the other three participants Bob, Charlie and Dick use first-type devices to detect the superposition of vacuum and single-particle states. Hence, any eavesdropping can be found by using a variant of Bell's inequality. In the message mode, Alice uses a two-photon Bell-state resource and two polarization beam splitters instead of the single-particle state resource and beam splitters used in the detecting mode and the other three participants use second-type devices to detect photons. In this case, the secret key can be successfully distributed from Alice to the other three ones. Moreover, the present four-party QKD scheme can be generalized to a 2n-party QKD scheme by using n-photon Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger.
Travelling Planetary Waves

The oscillation of longitudinal position of the very long atmospheric waves, of wave-number 1, 2, and 3 has been described by KUBOTA and IIDA (1954), ELIASEN (1958), and others. In this note the motions of these waves are further examined, the data being Fourier zonal harmonics of the 500 mb height at latitudes 40", 50 ", and 60" N for the period October 1, 1951, to March 31, 1952. In the following, the phase-angle represents displacement west of Greenwich, so that it decreases for a progressive, easterly moving wave. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964. tb00166.x
Solution of arbitrarily dimensional matrix equation in computational electromagnetics by fast lifting wavelet‐like transform

A new wavelet matrix transform (WMT), operated by lifting wavelet‐like transform (LWLT), is applied to the solution of matrix equations in computational electromagnetics. The method can speedup the WMT without allocating auxiliary memory for transform matrices and can be implemented with the absence of the fast Fourier transform. Furthermore, to handle the matrix equation of arbitrarily dimension, a new in‐space preprocessing technique based on LWLT is constructed to eliminate the limitation in matrix dimension. Complexity analysis and numerical simulation show the superiority of the proposed algorithm in saving CPU time. Numerical simulations for scattering analysis of differently shaped objects are considered to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, due to its generality, the proposed preprocessing technique can be extended to other engineering areas and therefore can pave a broad way for the application of the WMT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution network expansion planning under uncertainty: a hedging algorithm in an evolutionary approach

The paper addresses the problem of distribution network expansion planning under uncertainty. The deterministic problem is itself a large-scale, complex, difficult-to-define one; the combinatorial nature of the decision making can be efficiently handled by a specific evolutionary approach, We develop, in the evolutionary optimization context, a hedging algorithm to deal with scenario representation of uncertainty; decision making results in a convergence process for the first stage naturally conflicting decisions. The process robustness is discussed and illustration is provided for a comprehensive example.
Isomorphism of Modular Group Algebras of p-Mixed Abelian Groups

Let A be a torsion-free abelian group and F a free subgroup of A. We prove that if A/F is a reduced p-group and A/(F + C) is reduced for every p-pure subgroup C of A, then A is free. Let KG be the group algebra of an abelian group G over a field K of prime characteristic p. Denote by S(KG) the p-component of the group V(KG) of normalized units of KG (of augmentation 1). Let H be an arbitrary group and KH ≅ KG as K-algebras. We prove the following. First, assume that G is a splitting group, the p-component G p of G is simply presented, and the field K is perfect. Then H p ≅ G p . If, in addition, G is p-mixed, then G p is a direct factor of S(KG), and G is a direct factor of V(KG), each with the same simply presented complement. Secondly, we introduce a class of special p-mixed abelian groups and prove that, if G belong to this class, then any group basis of the group algebra KG splits. Besides, H is p-mixed and splits. Thirdly, if G is a special p-mixed abelian group and G p is a reduced totally projective p-group, then H ≅ G. These results correct some essential inaccuracies and incompleteness in the proofs of results in this direction of Danchev [3-8].
On the application of some stochastic models to precipitation forecasting

The equivalent of 157 rainfall records for South Africa have been subjected to various statistical modelling techniques. These include: autoregression; multiple linear and trigonometric regression; and exponential smoothing. Between them the models cover short- and long-term forecasting. the trigonometric model provides a useful forecasting aid. Estimation of the parameters in this model stem from the spectra of the raw rainfall data. the models described are limited neither to rainfall nor the area of the globe from which the present data were obtained.
The Additive Inverse Eigenvalue Problem for Lie Perturbations

Motivated by several examples arising in linear systems theory, the problem considered here is the inverse eigenvalue problem for an arbitrary square matrix and for arbitrary additive perturbations belonging to a matrix Lie algebra. For an algebraically closed field with characteristic zero, the main theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the positive solution of the corresponding additive inverse eigenvalue problem. There are, of course, several antecedents of this result in the literature involving special coordinate systems and special representations of particular matrix Lie algebras, most notable among these being the result due to S. Friedland on the inverse eigenvalue problem for diagonal perturbations.
Paradigm change in prediction

This paper describes the fundamental change in paradigm in time series prediction that has occurred in the last decade. The examples are drawn from the Santa Fe Time Series Prediction and Analysis Competition. In 1979, the results of an earlier competition were published by the Royal Society. In that competition, and also in the follow up five years later, relatively large numbers of time series were provided (111 and 1001, respectively), taken from business (forecasting sales), economics (predicting recovery from the recession), finance, and the social sciences. However, all of the series used were very short, generally less than 100 values long. Most of the algorithms entered were fully automated, and most of the discussion centred around linear models. In contrast, the Santa Fe Competition focused on only six data-sets, ranging from 1000 to 100 000 points. All of the successful entries were fundamentally nonlinear and, even though significantly more computer power was used to analyse the larger data-sets with more complex models, the application of the techniques required more careful manual control than in the past. There was a general failure of simplistic ‘black-box’ approaches. In all successful entries, exploratory data analysis preceded the application of the algorithm. The Santa Fe Competition showed examples of nonlinear results going far beyond what is possible within the canon of linear systems analysis, but also showed that there are unprecedented opportunities for the analysis to go astray.
An adaptive boundary element method

This paper explores the concept of moving singularities in the boundary element analysis. The singularities are placed on an auxiliary boundary which is located outside the domain of the problem and are allowed to move as part of the solution process. This results in a highly adaptive but non-linear method. Examples involving the two- and three-dimensional Laplace's equations are solved. Excellent agreement with exact solutions is obtained using a minimal number of singularities. Also, the trajectories of the singularity motion are plotted. The behaviour seen here is that, as the solution approaches convergence, the singularities exhibit a general trend of moving away from the domain of the problem.
Klassische statistische Mechanik der Teilchen-Mischungen mit sortenabhängigen weitreichenden zwischenmolekularen Wechselwirkungen

Es werden Formeln fur das Grenzgesetz und die radialen Verteilungsfunktionen einer Teilchenmischung mit weitreichenden allgemeinen sortenabhangigen zwischenmolekularen Potentialen abgeleitet. benutzt wird das Verfahren der Hilfsvariablen. Anwendungen ergeben sich in der Theorie der starken Elektrolyte und des Quantenplasmas.
Vortex Interactions with Walls

Situations where an effectively irrotational freest ream contains regions of concentrated vorticity are common in external aerodynamics, where vortices are known to play an important role in the flight of modern helicopters (Carr 1988) and aircraft (Cunningham 1989, Mabey 1989). Vortices may arise as a consequence of shedding from some upstream surface or near certain three-dimensional boundary geometries that act to promote vortex formation. Examples of the former type of vortex gen­ eration include: 1. vortices that trail from the tips of airfoils (Harvey & Perry 1971) and control surfaces on submarines (Lugt 1983), 2. transverse vortices shed from maneuvering airfoil surfaces and helicopter blades in a process known as dynamic stall (McCroskey 1982, Francis & Keesee 1985, Carr 1988), and 3. shedding from stationary obstacles. Geometry-induced creation can occur in any situation where a flow along a wall approaches a surface-mounted obstacle; examples include: 1. airframe features such as wing/body junctions, 2. conning towers on submarines, and 3 . computer chips mounted on electrical circuit boards. Similar geometries are en-