Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Cyclophosphamide Biotransformation in

The presence of therapeutically significant amounts of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-aldophosphamide in the blood of cyclophosphamide treated female C 57BL x DBA/2F1 mice was established by cochromatography of the isolated semicar bazone derivative with authentic aldophosphamide semicar bazone. The kidneys of these mice had been functionally removed before the administration of cyclophosphamide by tying off the renal arteries and veins. Radiochromatography was utilized for quentification. The total amount of radioactivity present in the blood reached a maximum within 30 mm after cyclophosphamide administration and remained at that level throughout the remainder of the 4-hr observation period. The blood concentration of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-aldo phosphamide reached a maximum of approximately 50 nmol/ ml (about 15% of the total radioactivity present in the blood) between 5 and 30 mm after the i.p. administration of cyclo phosphamide, 65 mg/kg. 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide-aldo phosphamide was rapidly converted to carboxyphosphamide; concomitant with the appearance of carboxyphosphamide was a fall in blood 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-aldophosphamide concentration to less than 3% of the total radioactivity present 90 mm after cyclophosphamide administration. Relative to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-aldophosphamide and carboxy phosphamide concentrations, the maximum amounts of all other metabolites found in the blood were small. These obser vations do not support the view that 4-hydroxycyclophospham ide-aldophosphamide is converted to other metabolites at the site of its formation so that it never enters the circulation in appreciable amounts. Rather, they support the contention that a transport form of the ultimate cytotoxic metabolite(s) of cyclo
A CMOS transconductance-C filter technique for very high frequencies

CMOS circuits for integrated analog filters at very high frequencies, based on transconductance-C integrators, are presented. First a differential transconductance element based on CMOS inverters is described. With this circuit a linear, tunable integrator for very-high-frequency integrated filters can be made. This integrator has good linearity properties and nondominant poles in the gigahertz range owing to the absence of internal nodes. The integrator has a tunable DC gain, resulting in a controllable integrator quality factor. Experimental results of a VHF CMOS transconductance-C low-pass filter realized in a 3- mu m CMOS process are given. Both the cutoff frequency and the quality factors can be tuned. The cutoff frequency was tuned from 22 to 98 MHz and the measured filter response is very close to the ideal response of the passive prototype filter. Furthermore, a novel circuit for automatically tuning the quality factors of integrated filters built with these transconductors is described. >
Information Structures of Extremum Problems of Feedback Capacity for General Channels with Memory

For any class of channel conditional distributions, with finite memory dependence on channel input RVs $A^n {\stackrel{\triangle}{=}} \{A_i: i=0, \ldots, n\}$ or channel output RVs $B^n {\stackrel{\triangle}{=}} \{B_i: i=0, \ldots, n\}$ or both, we characterize the subsets of channel input distributions ${\cal P}_{[0,n]}^{CI}\subseteq {\cal P}_{[0,n]} {\stackrel{\triangle}{=}} \big\{ {\bf P}_{A_i|A^{i-1}, B^{i-1}}: i=1, \ldots, n\big\}$, which satisfy conditional independence on past information, and maximize directed information, defined by $I(A^n \rightarrow B^n)$. We derive the corresponding expressions, called "characterizations of Finite Transmission Feedback Information (FTFI) capacity". We derive similar characterizations, when general transmission cost constraints are imposed. Moreover, we also show that the structural properties apply to general nonlinear and linear autoregressive channel models defined by discrete-time recursions on general alphabet spaces, and driven by arbitrary distributed noise processes. We derive these structural properties by invoking stochastic optimal control theory and variational equalities of directed information, to identify tight upper bounds on $I(A^n \rightarrow B^n)$, which are achievable over subsets of conditional independence distributions ${\cal P}_{[0,n]}^{CI} \subseteq {\cal P}_{[0,n]}$ and specified by the dependence of channel distributions and transmission cost functions on inputs and output symbols. We apply the characterizations to recursive Multiple Input Multiple Output Gaussian Linear Channel Models with limited memory on channel input and output sequences. The structural properties of optimal channel input distributions, generalize the structural properties of Memoryless Channels with feedback, to any channel distribution with memory, and settle various long standing problems in information theory.
Mining Complex Requirements Specifications to Mitigate Risk via Clustering

Requirements engineering for complex systems in resource-constrained environments produces an intricate set of dependencies. Finding ways to feasibly attain those requirements while adhering to resource limits can be extremely challenging. Here, we describe an approach that helps decisionmakers better explore this complex maze of data. The approach rests upon a combination of existing technologies drawn from the computer science milieu – most notably, heuristic search and clustering, coupled with appropriate visualizations. The context for this work is a requirements engineering method in use at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where its primary application area has been planning the development of spacecraft technologies. In this context there is a need to assess the range of risks that threaten to impede requirements attainment, and to plan for their satisfactory (i.e., cost-effective) mitigation. Because of cost and resource constraints, project managers are forced to make difficult choices among interrelated sets of mitigations activities. We show how the use of heuristic search reveals the overall cost-benefit space of requirements attainment, from knowledge of which the project managers can identify feasible solution neighborhoods. Within those neighborhoods clustering is then applied to distill from a plethora of solutions a manageable number of distinct solution categories. Visualizations are used to present this information in ways that assist managers to make their key decisions.
ECoG-based brain-computer interface using relative wavelet energy and probabilistic neural network

In this study, a brain-computer interface (BCI) using electrocorticograms (ECoG) is proposed. Feature extraction is an important task that significantly affects the classification results. First, the discrete wavelet transform was applied to ECoG signals from one subject performing imagined movements of either the left small-finger or the tongue. After preprocessing, relative wavelet energy of selected 8 channels were extracted and built 40 dimension feature vector. Then the dimension of feature vector was reduced using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, probabilistic neural network (PNN) was used to classify. The average classification accuracy rate reached a maximum of 91.8% when spread of radial basis functions was 0.11. The offline analysis results showed that ECoG signals could be used in BCI design, and gave new ideas and methods for feature extraction and classification of imaginary movements in ECoG-based BCI research.
Serum platelet factor 4 is a reliable activity parameter in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract To investigate the diagnostic utility of serum platelet factor 4 (PF4) levels and to assess its accuracy in detecting inflammatory bowel disease activity. This study included 45 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 45 patients with Crohn disease (CD), and 30 control subjects at Jinling Hospital between May 2014 and July 2015. Laboratory tests measured white blood count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count. PF4 was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to disease activity: active and inactive. Median PF4 values dramatically increased in UC and CD patients compared with the healthy group (UC: 26.64 [20.00–36.22] mg/mL vs 20.02 [14.63–26.83] mg/mL, P = 0.002; CD: 25.56 [18.57–36.36] mg/mL vs 20.02 [14.63–26.83] mg/mL, P = 0.014); however, the serum PF4 levels between UC and CD failed to show a significant difference (26.64 [20.00–36.22] mg/mL vs 25.56 [18.57–36.36] mg/mL, P = 0.521). Furthermore, serum PF4 levels were elevated in both UC and CD patients with active disease (UC: 20.19 [14.89–23.53] mg/mL vs 28.86 [22.57–37.29] mg/mL, P < 0.001; CD: 18.33 [16.72–25.77] mg/mL vs 34.38 [22.58–39.92] mg/mL, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed higher PF4 level as an independent predictor of disease activity in UC and CD patients (UC: odds ratio 30.375, P = 0.002; CD: odds ratio 54.167, P < 0.001). The cut-off level of PF4 for distinguishing active from inactive UC patients was 24.1 mg/mL. While in CD patients, the cut-off level of PF4 was 19.24 mg/mL. Serum PF4 levels could be a potential biomarker for monitoring the disease activity of inflammatory bowel disease.
Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Two Wheat Genotypes, with Contrasting Levels of Minerals in Grains, Shows Expression Differences during Grain Filling

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. To identify the candidate genes for mineral accumulation, it is important to examine differential transcriptome between wheat genotypes, with contrasting levels of minerals in grains. A transcriptional comparison of developing grains was carried out between two wheat genotypes- Triticum aestivum Cv. WL711 (low grain mineral), and T. aestivum L. IITR26 (high grain mineral), using Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array. The study identified a total of 580 probe sets as differentially expressed (with log2 fold change of ≥2 at p≤0.01) between the two genotypes, during grain filling. Transcripts with significant differences in induction or repression between the two genotypes included genes related to metal homeostasis, metal tolerance, lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis, amino acid and protein transport, vacuolar-sorting receptor, aquaporins, and stress responses. Meta-analysis revealed spatial and temporal signatures of a majority of the differentially regulated transcripts.
The Upstream Enhancer Is Necessary and Sufficient for the Expression of the Pre-T Cell Receptor α Gene in Immature T Lymphocytes

The expression of the pre-T cell receptor α (pTa) gene occurs exclusively in immature T lymphocytes and is regulated by poorly defined mechanisms. We have analyzed the role of the upstream enhancer in pTa expression using conventional and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporter transgenes. The deletion of the enhancer completely abolished the expression of pTa BAC reporter in transgenic mice. Conversely, the combination of pTa enhancer and promoter targeted transgenes specifically to immature thymocytes, recapitulating the expression pattern of pTa. The core enhancer is conserved between mice and humans and contains a critical binding site for the transcription factor c-Myb. We also show that pTa promoter contains a conserved tandem E box site activated by E protein, HEB. These data establish the enhancer as a critical element regulating pTa gene expression and identify additional targets for c-Myb and E proteins in T cell development.
Computational cost of Chirp Z-transform and Generalized Goertzel algorithm

Two natural competitors in the area of narrow-band spectrum analysis, namely the Chirp Z-transform (CZT) and the Generalized Goertzel algorithm (GGA), are taken and compared, with the focus on the computational cost. We present results showing that for real-input data, the GGA is preferable over the CZT in a range of practical situations. This is shown both in theory and in practice.
External and Internal Memory Aids : When and How Often Do We Use Them ?

What kinds of memory aids do people use to help them remember in their daily lives? Depending on the situation, they may use internal aids (e.g., mental rehearsal, imagery) of the types usually studied in the laboratory or external aids (e.g., reminder notes, asking someone else), which are rarely investigated but may be often used. College students indicated that they used external memory aids more often than internal aids (a) to prepare for future remembering than to remember past situations, (b) to remember spatial tasks than to remember verbal tasks, and (c) to remember to do things in the past than to remember information from the past. External aids were rated as more dependable, easier to use, more accurate, and more preferred than internal ones. At least one external aid, taking notes, affects encoding and not just retrieval, as shown by (a) its facilitation of remembering even when the notes were not available as retrieval cues, and (b) its induction of greater categorization of the to-be-remembered items than the use of some other memory aids.
An Estimation Model on Stress and Relaxed States for QOL Visualization and Its Evaluation

Recently, lifestyle-related diseases, which are caused by accumulated disordered lifestyle, have been a considerable problem. Though someone might be able to change such lifestyle by becoming aware of the style problems, it is not easy to be always conscious of health in everyday life and also to visualize their lifestyle individually. Currently, we can use various sensor devices to solve these problems. Improving of sensing technologies makes it possible to collect various kinds of vital information daily and easily. From these backgrounds, we have studied on a Quality of Life (QOL) visualization system, whose target is to improve our lifestyle on a daily basis by using vital information collected from wearable devices. In this paper, we propose a QOL indicator called SRV (Stress and Relaxed Value) as one of the functions of the QOL visualization system. That is an estimation model on stress and relaxed states by using the instantaneous pulse rate. We also verify the effectiveness of the proposed model by conducting evaluation experiments using a pulse sensor.
Modeling and verification of facial expression display mechanism for developing a sociable robot face

Sociable robots can afford the ability to express emotive experiences in a realistic manner if they are able to appropriately display facial expressions and conform to the normative emotion display rules. Displaying similar-to-human emotive experience on a robot face would require control over the speed of facial expression appearance/disappearance, and the duration of expression display. Effectively controlling these two features would also influence perceiver's interpretation of the displayed expression. We treat expression of an affective state as a time-constrained behavior of facial physiognomy and regard the facial physiognomic features as components of a concurrent system. Just as a time-constrained concurrent system can be modelled as Time Petri Net (TPN), facial expressions of emotive experiences can be represented as Facial Expression Time Petri Net (FETPN). This paper reports development and implementation of a FETPN model for displaying facial expressions on a robotic face. The paper also demonstrates that the FETPN can be used to develop a facial expression display mechanism for sociable robots.
Non Verbal Communication for Analyzing the Malpractice in Examinations– An Overview

Nonverbal communication can specify the psychosomatic behavior of people involved in interpersonal communication. Many researchers have specified the importance of gesture intimation. In the paper, we shall apply the previously used computer vision hardware and Machine Learning techniques for capturing the postures students undergoing examination in the classroom atmosphere. The main intention is to classify the people who involved in misbehavior such as copying, prompting answers, sharing the answer scripts and any other such practices. Current situation prevailing is though a physical monitor, invigilator is available in the exam hall the students attempt to misbehave in various ways mentioned above. We discuss about the techniques to be employed to get an analysis of the behavior of each student involved in exam.
IS Project Characteristics and Performance: A Kuwaiti Illustration

Empirical research on project-level success of systems development in developing regions is lacking. Managers cannot rely on prescriptions suggested by IS projects research in developed countries to understand IS projects in developing countries without empirical evidence supporting the applicability of these guidelines. We collect data from 61 IS project leaders to test eight research hypotheses tapping the relationship between IS project characteristics and performance in a developing country. Our analyses reveal that adequacy of development tools, formal planning, management support, and participation are positively related to IS project performance. However, the data find no support for a significant relationship between membersâ€™ abilities, project uncertainty and conflict and performance. Contrary to previously reported findings, our data highlight the possible damaging effect of increased horizontal coordination in IS projects. We discuss these results and suggest directions for future research.
Software Feathers figurative visualization of software metrics

In order to give the code entities of a software system a discernible and recognizable face, this paper presents Software Feathers, an approach for mapping characteristics of object-oriented code entities to features of artificially generated feathers. A parameterized drawing algorithm is described that generates pseudo-realistic feathers as 2D graphics. The parameters of the feathers are connected to characteristic software metrics measuring, among others, the size, complexity, and quality of interfaces and classes. Applying the approach demonstrates that categories of code entities can be discerned, problems in the code can be detected, and the evolution of code can be studied. A promising application is embedding the feathers into documentation and IDEs for improving navigation and unobtrusively educating software developers in software metrics.
Barn owl (Tyto alba) siblings vocally negotiate resources

Current theory proposes that nestlings beg to signal hunger level to parents honestly, or that siblings compete by escalating begging to attract the attention of parents. Although begging is assumed to be directed at parents, barn owl (Tyto alba) nestlings vocalize in the presence but also in the absence of the parents. Applying the theory of asymmetrical contests we experimentally tested three predictions of the novel hypothesis that in the absence of the parents siblings vocally settle contests over prey items to be delivered next by a parent. This ‘sibling negotiation hypothesis’ proposes that offspring use each others' begging vocalization as a source of information about their relative willingness to contest the next prey item delivered. In line with the hypothesis we found that (i) a nestling barn owl refrains from vocalization when a rival is more hungry, but (ii) escalates once the rival has been fed by a parent, and (iii) nestlings refrain from and escalate vocalization in experimentally enlarged and reduced broods, respectively. Thus, when parents are not at the nest a nestling vocally refrains when the value of the next delivered prey item will be higher for its nest–mates. These findings are the exact opposite of what current models predict for begging calls produced in the presence of the parents.
Novel object recognition based on hypothesis generation and verification

In this paper, a novel two-stage object recognition algorithm is proposed. As an iterative line search optimization method, the mean shift technique is used for fast generalizing of a set of hypothesis. During the hypothesis generalization procedure, the weighted global shape context is integrated with weighted gray histogram to enhance object representation. As a measure for the discriminative power of probability distributions, the symmetric discrete KL divergence is adopted instead of Bhattacharyya coefficient. In order to handle the problem of negative weights for samples, a new weight regulation method is introduced. For the verification stage, a robust circular Gabor-based object matching algorithm using weighted Hausdorff distance is adopted to give final verification for the set of hypothesis.
Rare Earth Elements in Soils of Jharia Coal Field

There are many sources trough which the soil get enriched and contaminated with REEs. The determination of REEs in environmental samples has been limited because of the lack of sensitive analytical techniques. Soil samples were collected from four sites including open cast coal mine, natural coal burning, coal washery and control in the coal field located in Dhanbad, India. Total concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined using the inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry in order to assess enrichment status in the coal field. Results showed that the mean concentrations of La, Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm in open cast mine and natural coal burning sites were elevated compared to the reference concentrations, while Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd were elevated in coal washery site. When compared to reference soil, heavy REEs (HREEs) were enriched in open cast mines and natural coal burning affected soils, however, the HREEs were depleted in the coal washery sites. But, the Chondrite-normalization diagram showed significant enrichment for light REEs (LREEs) in all the soils. High concentration of Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu in coal mining and coal burning sites may pose human health risks. Factor analysis showed that distribution and relative abundance of REEs of the coal washery site is comparable with the control. Eventually washing or cleaning of coal could significantly decrease the emission of REEs from coal into the environment.
OPEN PROBLEMS IN MONTE CARLO RENORMALIZATION GROUP APPLICATIONS TO CRITICAL PHENOMENON

The Nlonw Carlo Renormalization Group (A4CRG) methods and the theory behind thcm arc reviewed, The Cllpta-Cordcry improved A4CRG method is described and cumparcd with the standard one. The emphasis is on the progress made in understanding the truncation errols in the Linearized Transformation Ma+,rix and on open problems. Lastly, some of t! lc existing methods for calculating the renormalized Hamiltonian arc reviewed and
Posttranslational Regulation of Tristetraprolin Subcellular Localization and Protein Stability by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathways

ABSTRACT The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, acting through the downstream kinase MK2, regulates the stability of many proinflammatory mRNAs that contain adenosine/uridine-rich elements (AREs). It is thought to do this by modulating the expression or activity of ARE-binding proteins that regulate mRNA turnover. MK2 phosphorylates the ARE-binding and mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin (TTP) at serines 52 and 178. Here we show that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates the subcellular localization and stability of TTP protein. A p38 MAPK inhibitor causes rapid dephosphorylation of TTP, relocalization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and degradation by the 20S/26S proteasome. Hence, continuous activity of the p38 MAPK pathway is required to maintain the phosphorylation status, cytoplasmic localization, and stability of TTP protein. The regulation of both subcellular localization and protein stability is dependent on MK2 and on the integrity of serines 52 and 178. Furthermore, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway synergizes with the p38 MAPK pathway to regulate both stability and localization of TTP. This effect is independent of kinases that are known to be synergistically activated by ERK and p38 MAPK. We present a model for the actions of TTP and the p38 MAPK pathway during distinct phases of the inflammatory response.