Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Logic of Category Definitions

In their paper on category structures, [Gazdar et al., 1988] define a constraint language LC for categories and a logic ΛC of admissible category structures.1 The intuitive idea is that for a constraint φ expressed in LC, φ is a nontrivial constraint if and only if ΛC 2 φ; and it is a satisfiable constraint if and only if ΛC 2 ¬φ. From a practical point of view it is therefore important to know whether ΛC is decidable and even better that the decision can be given in a time bounded by a recursive function on the length of φ. However, the remarks made in their paper only suffice to show that the modal fragment of ΛC contains S4.Grz = K( p→ p, p→ p, ( (p→ p)→ p)→ p), which does not show that this fragment is decidable. In this note, I will establish both that the modal fragment of ΛC and ΛC itself are decidable, and I will prove it in that order. As a result, I will also axiomatize ΛC. Thus I show first that the modal reduct of ΛC, which I call ΛM, is decidable. This paper will be rather hard going for anyone not acquainted with modal logic. We advise the reader to have [Gazdar et al., 1988] at hand while reading this paper, or better still, to read it once through beforehand. For the modal logics we refer the reader to [Boolos, 1994], [Harel, 1984], and [Segerberg, 1971], but in principle any introduction to modal logic will provide enough background
[Screening of high taxol producing fungi by mutagenesis and construction of subtracted cDNA library by suppression subtracted hybridization for differentially expressed genes].

OBJECTIVE To screen mutants with high yield of taxol, and construct cDNA subtractive library of obtained mutant and primary strain HD(1-3). METHODS The spores of taxol-producing fungus HD(1-3) were treated by diethyl sulphate (DES), ultraviolet radiation and diethyl sulphate (UV + DES). cDNA subtractive library of taxol producing fungi from the mRNA of obtained mutant with high yield of taxol tester and HD(1-3) driver was constructed by using suppression subtracted hybridization (SSH). RESULTS The optimal conditions for mutagenesis of strain HD(1-3) were as follows: the spore suspension was treated with 8% DES for 15 min, followed by UV irradiation (30 w, 30 cm distance) for 45 sec under magnetic stirring, a mutant UD(14-1) which was able to produce taxol with high yield and could be stably passed on genetics was found. Its ability to produce taxol was improved from 232.73 +/- 4.61 microg/L (strain HD(1-3)) to 312.81 +/- 7.51 microg/L (strain UD(14-1)). The tilter of the constructed cDNA library was 1.2 x 10(7) cfu/mL, the recombinant rate reached to 75.3% and the length of the inserted fragments was mostly 300 bp-1.0 kb. CONCLUSION A mutant UD(14-11) with high yield was obtained, and cDNA subtractive library of the mutant UD(14-11) and strain HD(1-3) was constructed. The study laid solid foundation for isolation of taxol biosynthesis related genes and construction of engineering strains with high yield of taxol by genetic techniques.
Analysis of the Signaling Hypothesis in Higher Education Marketing via Classroom Experiment

In the international literature of information asymmetry research on the field of marketing has been published since the 1970s. Several authors revealed the signal function of the quantity and specificity of the information in the marketing communication activities mainly in case of experience goods, i.e. sellers of better quality products and services communicate a higher quantity of and more specific pieces of information voluntarily because this causes less risk for them than for their weaker competitors. If this practice is well-known by the customers and for this reason they trust in the products and services about which they possess more and/or more accurate pieces of information, then this business behaviour pays off for the firm with higher quality products in the higher prices and repurchases and becomes permanent. On the other hand, for the firms with lower quality products the behaviour of publishing no, less or less specific pieces of information becomes the norm. This paper examines this phenomenon in the market of higher education institutions. Our research questions therefore are the following: How does the quantity and quality of the information published by the higher education institutions affect customers' evaluation on them? Is there any difference in this effect according to how much the published information is connected to the usual educational quality measures? To answer these questions we used quantitative classroom experiment method with 101 higher education students. The results of this experiment confirmed our hypotheses that the better universities and colleges gain competitive advantage by publishing more and highly specific information about themselves. Especially the information that is related strongly to the academic quality measures is important. In contrast, more informative behaviour contributes to the competitive disadvantage for the lower quality institutions. Our findings aim to contribute to the better understanding of the informational behaviour of higher education institutions. These results can also be useful for those responsible for the marketing communication of such organisations and for those who base their decisions on this communication.
In vivo effect of propranolol dose and timing on cerebral perfusion after traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND In vivo models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrate increased cerebral perfusion, decreased cerebral hypoxia, reduced cerebral edema, and improved neurologic recovery with propranolol administration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different propranolol doses and timing on cerebral perfusion in a murine TBI model. METHODS Fifteen minutes after TBI, three groups of mice (four mice per group) were randomized to receive intravenous injections of placebo, 4 mg/kg propranolol, or 1 mg/kg propranolol. Two delayed treatment groups were randomized to receive placebo or 4 mg/kg propranolol 60 minutes after TBI. Cerebral perfusion was then imaged by micropositron emission tomography. RESULTS With placebo injection 15 minutes after TBI, the standard uptake value (SUV) mean was 0.395 +/- 0.01; with 4 mg/kg propranolol, the SUV mean was 0.515 +/- 0.04; and with 1 mg/kg propranolol, the SUV mean was 0.46 +/- 0.01. Animals receiving 4 mg/kg propranolol demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.01) in cerebral perfusion compared with placebo and compared with 1 mg/kg propranolol. With placebo injection at 60 minutes after TBI, the SUV mean was 0.26 +/- 0.03; and with 4 mg/kg propranolol, the SUV mean was 0.43 +/- 0.02. After 60 minutes, animals receiving 4 mg/kg propranolol demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.01) in cerebral perfusion compared with placebo. CONCLUSION In a murine model of TBI, higher doses of propranolol were preferable to lower doses and both early and late propranolol administration improved cerebral perfusion. Potential mechanisms and therapeutic potential require further research.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Grouper Iridovirus and Comparison of Genomic Organization with Those of Other Iridoviruses

ABSTRACT The complete DNA sequence of grouper iridovirus (GIV) was determined using a whole-genome shotgun approach on virion DNA. The circular form genome was 139,793 bp in length with a 49% G+C content. It contained 120 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) with coding capacities ranging from 62 to 1,268 amino acids. A total of 21% (25 of 120) of GIV ORFs are conserved in the other five sequenced iridovirus genomes, including DNA replication, transcription, nucleotide metabolism, protein modification, viral structure, and virus-host interaction genes. The whole-genome nucleotide pairwise comparison showed that GIV virus was partially colinear with counterparts of previously sequenced ranaviruses (ATV and TFV). Besides, sequence analysis revealed that GIV possesses several unique features which are different from those of other complete sequenced iridovirus genomes: (i) GIV is the first ranavirus-like virus which has been sequenced completely and which infects fish other than amphibians, (ii) GIV is the only vertebrate iridovirus without CpG sequence methylation and lacking DNA methyltransferase, (iii) GIV contains a purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene which is not found in other iridoviruses or in any other viruses, (iv) GIV contains 17 sets of repeat sequence, with basic unit sizes ranging from 9 to 63 bp, dispersed throughout the whole genome. These distinctive features of GIV further extend our understanding of molecular events taking place between ranavirus and its hosts and the iridovirus evolution.
Build your own robosub [Hands On]

With a remotely operated underwater vehicle, you can explore the depths without getting wet – Last year at about this time, crews in the Gulf of Mexico were working feverishly to bring BP's blown-out oil well under control. Some of the more spectacular parts of that effort, as you may recall, involved the use of remotely operated vehicles, or ROVs. Perhaps you had the same thought as I did–that it would be cool to build one.
Bloch Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves in Twist-Symmetric Lines

We discuss here under which conditions a periodic line with a twist-symmetric shape can be replaced by an equivalent non-twist symmetric structure having the same dispersive behavior. To this aim, we explain the effect of twist symmetry in terms of coupling among adjacent cells through higher-order waveguide modes. We use several waveguide modes to accurately derive the dispersion diagram of a line through a multimodal transmission matrix. With this method, we can calculate both the phase and attenuation constants of Bloch modes, both in shielded and open structures. In addition, we use the higher symmetry of these structures to further reduce the computational cost by restricting the analysis to a subunit cell of the structure instead of the entire unit cell. We confirm the validity of our analysis by comparing our results with those of a commercial software.
Buying Food on Sale: A Mixed Methods Study With Shoppers at an Urban Supermarket, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010–2012

Introduction The obesity epidemic has drawn attention to food marketing practices that may increase the likelihood of caloric overconsumption and weight gain. We explored the associations of discounted prices on supermarket purchases of selected high-calorie foods (HCF) and more healthful, low-calorie foods (LCF) by a demographic group at high risk of obesity. Methods Our mixed methods design used electronic supermarket purchase data from 82 low-income (primarily African American female) shoppers for households with children and qualitative data from focus groups with demographically similar shoppers. Results In analyses of 6,493 food purchase transactions over 65 weeks, the odds of buying foods on sale versus at full price were higher for grain-based snacks, sweet snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages (odds ratios: 6.6, 5.9, and 2.6, respectively; all P < .001) but not for savory snacks. The odds of buying foods on sale versus full price were not higher for any of any of the LCF (P ≥ .07). Without controlling for quantities purchased, we found that spending increased as percentage saved from the full price increased for all HCF and for fruits and vegetables (P ≤ .002). Focus group participants emphasized the lure of sale items and took advantage of sales to stock up. Conclusion Strategies that shift supermarket sales promotions from price reductions for HCF to price reductions for LCF might help prevent obesity by decreasing purchases of HCF.
When Scientists Politicize Science

Instead of the futile effort to keep science and politics separate, it may make more sense to ask scientists to engage more substantively in policy debate, not by taking sides but instead by serving as "honest brokers of policy alternatives. " This would have the effect of depoliticizing science in policy deliberations without having to achieve the utopian ideal of separating science from politics.
Profits, Investment, and Causality: An Examination of Alternative Paradigms

Determinants of the level of profits and the share of these profits in national income in the short run have received only limited attention from economists. Most paradigms such as the neo-classical, neo-Keynesian and neo-Marxian theories have, in general, attempted to explain distributive shares in long run equilibrium/disequilibrium or steady state growth frameworks. ' Further, there is little discussion of the behavioral relationships of various economic agents who affect and are affected by changes in distributive shares. Kalecki [19] argued for determination of profits and wages by the expenditure behavior of capitalists and by the "distribution factors" such as the degree of monopoly in output and input markets-particularly the labor market.2 Capitalists' expenditure together with the "distribution factors" determine workers' consumption and, consequently, national output and employment. "The national output will be pushed to the point where profits carved out of it in accordance with the 'distribution factors' are equal to the sum of capitalists' consumption and investment" [19, 81]. Further Kalecki argued at length that, given the distribution factors in the short run, "It is their [capitalists'] consumption and investment that determine profits, and not vice versa" [19, 79]. Similar behavioral roles of different economic classes are emphasized in the works of Keynes [20], Kaldor [18], and Pasinetti [25]. Keynesians/neo-Keynesians also ascribe a leading role to investment; however there are differences in detail between the popular Keynesian paradigm and that of Keynes's own work [10; 23]. Neo-classical theory, on the other hand, seems to reverse this direction of causation between investment and profits due to the absence of an independent investment function.
Understanding the interaction between performance and power consumption in mobile systems to accurately predict battery life

When designing and using a wearable system, it is important to find the appropriate trade-off between system performance and battery life. Methods currently used for evaluating battery life over a range of CPU clock frequencies are often inaccurate because they fail to account for the fact that overall system performance usually does not scale proportionally to CPU clock frequency. We present a modified method that works in all cases, and characterize the battery life of the test system over a range of frequencies.
Concentrations and magnetization transfer ratios of metabolites in gray and white matter

The concentrations and magnetization transfer ratios (MTRs) in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myo‐inositol (Ins), and glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) were investigated using magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). The macromolecule (MM) baseline was studied separately using a metabolite‐nulling inversion. Three data sets were collected from a point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS)‐selected volume (TE/TR = 30/3000 ms) of human frontal lobe in vivo: one with MT pulses applied, one with an inversion pulse to null small metabolites, and one with no inversion or MT pulses. The MM signal, which was analyzed by integrating the metabolite‐nulled spectrum between 0 and 3 ppm, was estimated to be 38% higher in GM than in WM. MM subtraction decreased the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and also decreased the reliability of LCModel quantification of most metabolites, but may have improved the accuracy of quantification of Glx. Glx and Cr were both found to correlate strongly with the GM volume fraction of the voxels. Cr showed the highest MTR, but the other metabolites also showed some attenuation of signal when the MT pulses were applied. The MTRs did not correlate with the GM volume fraction, which implies that the local environment of metabolites does not differ markedly between GM and WM. Magn Reson Med 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why commuting matters: Horizontal and vertical tax externalities in the Belgian federation

Looking at the Belgian federation, where 10% of the working population commutes across the borders of three small regions, a case can be made for studying commuting flows in a federal constellation. In this paper, commuting is introduced to a federal setting where an ad valorem residence based tax on labour income is fully decentralised. This has lower-level (state) governments set inefficiently low taxes not to attract more workers, but to boost labour supply of own residents and hamper labour supplied by non-residents. When the labour tax base is co-occupied by the federal and state governments alternatively, either public under- or overprovision may occur. Our model identifies clear conditions for states to overprovide, i.e. for the overall fiscal externality to be negative. Moreover, such a negative externality may arise even when the vertical as well as horizontal externalities are positive in isolation, and one would rather expect underprovision. Lastly, when states differ in terms of preferences and technology, an inflow of commuters will make it more likely for states to set taxes inefficiently low. Second choice for topic: Special Session - S_J
The Effects of Free‐Living Physical Activity on Mortality After Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis

Previous research demonstrates greater survival among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who engage in cardiac rehabilitation. No national prospective studies, however, have examined the effects of objectively measured free‐living physical activity on mortality among CAD patients, which is important because only 25% of eligible cardiac patients participate in cardiac rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between objectively measured free‐living physical activity on all‐cause mortality among a national sample of CAD patients.
Vaccination rate and seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in chronic-hepatitis-B-infected individuals in the korean army.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) is recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), since they are potentially at an increased risk of HAV-related morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the adherence to these recommendations in the community. This study evaluated the current vaccination status and immunity against HAV among Korean military soldiers with CHB. METHODS We performed a prospective study of Korean military soldiers from August 2008 to January 2009. We enrolled 96 soldiers with CHB on a consecutive basis. We assessed their vaccination history and the presence of anti-HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG). RESULTS The HAV vaccination rate of the soldiers enrolled in our study was 2% (2 of the 96 soldiers). The seroprevalence rates of anti-HAV IgG among military soldiers without a vaccination history were 0%, 50%, and 100% for those aged 19-29 years (n=71), 30-39 years (n=8), and 40 years or older (n=15), respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The HAV vaccination rate is very low among military soldiers. Public health efforts aimed at raising awareness about HAV vaccination in patients with CHB should be strongly encouraged.
Impact of Agricultural Practices on the Zea mays L. Endophytic Community

ABSTRACT Agricultural practices are known to alter bulk soil microbial communities, but little is known about the effect of such practices on the plant endophytic community. We assessed the influence of long-term applications (20 years) of herbicides and different fertilizer types on the endophytic community of maize plants grown in different field experiments. Nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses targeting general bacteria, type I or II methanotrophs, actinomycetes, and general fungi were used to fingerprint the endophytic community in the roots of Zea mays L. Low intraplant variability (reproducible DGGE patterns) was observed for the bacterial, type I methanotroph, and fungal communities, whereas the patterns for endophytic actinomycetes exhibited high intraplant variability. No endophytic amplification product was obtained for type II methanotrophs. Cluster and stability analysis of the endophytic type I methanotroph patterns differentiated maize plants cultivated by using mineral fertilizer from plants cultivated by using organic fertilizer with a 100% success rate. In addition, lower methanotroph richness was observed for mineral-fertilized plants than for organically fertilized plants. The use of herbicides could not be traced by fingerprinting the endophytic type I methanotrophs or by evaluating any other endophytic microbial group. Our results indicate that the effect of agrochemicals is not limited to the bulk microbial community but also includes the root endophytic community. It is not clear if this effect is due to a direct effect on the root endophytic community or is due to changes in the bulk community, which are then reflected in the root endophytic community.
Effects of cellulose whiskers on properties of soy protein thermoplastics.

Environmentally-friendly SPI/cellulose whisker composites were successfully prepared using a colloidal suspension of cellulose whiskers, to reinforce soy protein isolate (SPI) plastics. The cellulose whiskers, having an average length of 1.2 microm and diameter of 90 nm, respectively, were prepared from cotton linter pulp by hydrolyzing with sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The effects of the whisker content on the morphology and properties of the glycerol-plasticized SPI composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, water-resistivity testing and tensile testing. The results indicated that, with the addition of 0 to 30 wt. -% of cellulose whiskers, strong interactions occurred both between the whiskers and between the filler and the SPI matrix, reinforcing the composites and preserving their biodegradability. Both the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the SPI/cellulose whisker composites increased from 5.8 to 8.1 MPa and from 44.7 to 133.2 MPa, respectively, at a relative humidity of 43%, following an increase of the whisker content from 0 to 30 wt. -%. Furthermore, the incorporation of the cellulose whiskers into the SPI matrix led to an improvement in the water resistance for the SPI-based composites.