Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Advanced Information Technology

Over the years Information Systems (IS) have become increasingly complex and are difficult to grapple. The complexity of recent novel technologies like blockchain (BCT), artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing constitutes a genuine challenge to IT-auditors tasked with auditing these IS to provide assurance. Recognizing this challenge this book aims to aid IT-auditors in their audit of such complex IS. This book provides novel insights into these complex IS by demonstrating how control frameworks can be applied to these technologies using several real-life case studies. The chapters that follow hereafter each discuss a different technology. Each of the aforementioned IS complex, and therefore particularities of the technologies discussed in this book may not be well understood. This chapter discusses the inner-workings, intricacies, and concepts related to these technologies to provide the background necessary to perform an audit using the frameworks presented in the chapters hereafter. In Sect. 2 background is provided about blockchain technology. Section 3 expounds on artificial intelligence, more specifically how it can be perceived and how it is practically used. Similar to the outline of this book, the final technology discussed in the chapter in Sect. 4 is cloud computing. It is strongly recommended to read this chapter before continuing to read the other chapters.
H2 emission from non-stationary magnetized bow shocks

When a fast moving star or a protostellar jet hits an interstellar cloud, the surrounding gas gets heated and illuminated: a bow shock is born that delineates the wake of the impact. In such a process, the new molecules that are formed and excited in the gas phase become accessible to observations. In this paper, we revisit models of H 2 emission in these bow shocks. We approximate the bow shock by a statistical distribution of planar shocks computed with a magnetized shock model. We improve on previous works by considering arbitrary bow shapes, a finite irradiation field and by including the age effect of non-stationary C-type shocks on the excitation diagram and line profiles of H 2. We also examine the dependence of the line profiles on the shock velocity and on the viewing angle: we suggest that spectrally resolved observations may greatly help to probe the dynamics inside the bow shock. For reasonable bow shapes, our analysis shows that low-velocity shocks largely contribute to H 2 excitation diagram. This can result in an observational bias towards low velocities when planar shocks are used to interpret H 2 emission from an unresolved bow. We also report a large magnetization bias when the velocity of the planar model is set independently. Our 3D models reproduce excitation diagrams in BHR 71 and Orion bow shocks better than previous 1D models. Our 3D model is also able to reproduce the shape and width of the broad H 2 1–0S(1) line profile in an Orion bow shock (Brand et al. 1989).
Longitudinal force on a moving potential

Department of Physics, University of Washington, Box 351560, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560~Received 2 July 1998! We show a formal result of the longitudinal force acting on a moving potential. The potential can be velocitydependent, which appears in various interesting physical systems, such as electrons in the presence of amagnetic ﬂux line, or phonons scattering off a moving vortex. By using the phase-shift analysis, we are ableto show the equivalence between the adiabatic perturbation theory and the kinetic theory for the longitudinalforce in the dilute gas limit. @S0163-1829~98! 01446-5#I. INTRODUCTION
Cultural Variations in Perceived Partner Responsiveness: The Role of Self-Consistency

Past research has shown that perceived partner responsiveness (PPR) is a key process contributing to individual and relational outcomes and identified dispositional, relational, and situational factors that can influence it. However, little is known about how cultural factors play a role in the process of PPR. In Studies 1 (n = 4,041) and 2 (n = 414), we examined whether the degree of PPR differs across cultures by comparing European Americans and East Asians. We found that East Asians are less likely to experience perceived responsiveness from others than European Americans (Cohen’s d = 1.11–1.25 for Study 1 and Cohen’s d = 0.23 for Study 2). Furthermore, we found that self-consistency explained the cultural difference in PPR, indicating that East Asians underperceived partner responsiveness compared with European Americans because they behave less consistently across social situations. We conclude by highlighting the importance of exploring the process of PPR from a cultural perspective.
The Ring Produced by an Extra-Galactic Superbubble in Flat Cosmology

A superbubble which advances in a symmetric Navarro-Frenk-White density profile or in an auto-gravitating density profile generates a thick shell with a radius that can reach 10 kpc. The application of the symmetric and asymmetric image theory to this thick 3D shell produces a ring in the 2D map of intensity and a characteristic “U” shape in the case of 1D cut of the intensity. A comparison of such a ring originating from a superbubble is made with the Einstein’s ring. A Taylor approximation of order 10 for the angular diameter distance is derived in order to deal with high values of the redshift.
Renormalization group approach to two-body scattering in the presence of long-range forces

We apply renormalization-group methods to two-body scattering by combination of known long-range and unknown short-range potentials. We impose a cutoff in the basis of distorted waves of the long-range potential and identify possible fixed points of the short-range potential as this cutoff is lowered to zero. The expansions around these fixed points define the power countings for the corresponding effective field theories. Expansions around nontrivial fixed points are shown to correspond to distorted-wave versions of the effective-range expansion. These methods applied to scattering the presence of Coulomb, Yukawa, and repulsive inverse-square potentials.
Testing convection in stellar models using detached eclipsing binaries

Abstract The fundamental properties of detached eclipsing binary stars can be measured very accurately, which could make them important objects for constraining the treatment of convection in theoretical stellar models. However, only four or five pieces of information can be found for the average system, which is not enough. We discuss studies of more interesting and useful objects: eclipsing binaries in clusters and eclipsing binaries with pulsating components.
Gauge fields emerging from time-reversal symmetry breaking for spin-5/2 fermions in a honeycomb lattice

We propose an experimentally feasible setup with ultracold alkaline-earth-metal atoms to simulate the dynamics of U(1) lattice gauge theories in 2 + 1 dimensions with a Chern-Simons term. To this end we consider the ground-state properties of spin-5/2 alkaline-earth-metal fermions in a honeycomb lattice. We use the Gutzwiller projected variational approach in the strongly repulsive regime in the case of filling 1/6. The ground state of the system is a chiral spin-liquid state with 2{pi}/3 flux per plaquette, which violates time-reversal invariance. We demonstrate that due to the breaking of time-reversal symmetry the system exhibits quantum Hall effect and chiral edge states. We relate the experimentally accessible spin fluctuations to the emerging gauge-field dynamics. We discuss also properties of the lowest energy competing orders.
Hawking-Unruh Thermal Radiance as Relativistic Exponential Scaling of Quantum Noise

The Hawking-Unruh effect of thermal radiance from a black hole or observed by an accelerated detector is usually viewed as a geometric effect related to the existence of an event horizon. Here we propose a new viewpoint, that the detection of thermal radiance in these systems is a local, kinematic effect arising from the vacuum being subjected to a relativistic exponential scale transformation. This kinematic effect alters the relative weight of quantum versus thermal fluctuations (noise) between the two vacua. This approach can treat conditions which the geometric approach cannot, such as systems which do not even have an event horizon. An example is the case of an observer whose acceleration is nonuniform or only asymptotically uniform. Since this approach is based on concepts and techniques of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, it is more adept to dynamical problems, such as the dissipation, fluctuation, and entropy aspects of particle creation and phase transitions in black hole collapse and in the early universe.
Effects of Cross-Age Peer Mentoring Program within a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract This paper summarizes results from an impact study that employed a randomized controlled trial to estimate the efficacy of a cross-age peer mentor program designed to prevent school dropout during the transition from middle to high school. We present findings from the intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses, which included 1,351 ninth-grade students, alongside those of two different methods that estimate the complier average causal effect (CACE) of participating in the program. Although the confirmatory study, which investigated impact on attendance and credit accrual in ninth grade, was null, ITT analyses on exploratory outcomes indicate modest, yet potentially meaningful program impact on ninth-grade outcomes of discipline, school attachment, and expectations of degree attainment across varying dosage levels. CACE estimates also suggest that a threshold level of program participation broadens the program’s impact on additional exploratory academic achievement and social and emotional learning outcomes. Given the adverse effects of the transition to high school, this promising evidence indicates that the cross-age peer mentoring intervention could be an effective strategy for high schools to implement that leverages existing staff and students.
The Sex-Specific Splicing of Doublesex in Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana

The understanding of sex determination and differentiation in animals has recently made remarkable strides through the use of advanced research tools. At the gene level, the Mab-3-related transcription factor (Dmrt) gene family, which encodes for the typical DNA-binding doublesex/Mab-3 (DM) domain in their protein, is known for its contribution to sex determination and differentiation in insects. In this study, DNA-binding DM domain screening has identified eight transcripts from Artemia franciscana transcriptomic that encode proteins containing one conserved DNA-binding DM domain. The genome mapping confirmed that these eight transcripts are transcribed from six different loci on the A. franciscana genome assembly. One of those loci, the Af.dsx-4 locus, is closely related to Doublesex, a gene belonging to the Dmrt gene family. This locus could be transcribed into three alternative transcripts, namely Af.dsx4, Af.dsxF and Af.dsxM. While Af.dsx4 and Af.dsxF could putatively be translated to form an identical Af.dsxF protein of 186 aa long, Af.dsxM translates for an Af.dsxM protein of 289 aa long but shares a DNA-binding DM domain. Interestingly, Af.dsxF and Af.dsxM are confirmed as sex-specific transcripts, Af.dsxF is only present in females, and Af.dsxM is only present in male individuals. The results suggest that the sex-specific splicing mechanism of the doublesex described in insects is also present in A. franciscana. Af.dxs-4 locus can be used in further studies to clarify the sex determination pathways in A. fracnciscana.
Antihypertensive Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre (Euphorbiaceae) in Wistar Rat

Ricinodendron heudelotii stem bark is commonly used in Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the antihypertensive and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii in salt-induced hypertensive rats. Analysis by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify various chemical components of the extract. A total of thirty rats were used for each test. High-salt hypertension was induced in rats by oral administration of NaCl for 12 weeks. Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored by noninvasive methods. Oral administration of Ricinodendron heudelotii significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the increase of mean blood pressure (23.12%, 26.14%, and 24.34%) and heart rate (31.19%, 31.09%, and 26.98%), respectively, at the doses of 40, 20, and 6 mg/kg, compared to the hypertensive group. All the doses tested significantly reduced or/and ameliorated biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. Histological analysis showed that Ricinodendron heudelotii restored renal disorders induced by the administration of salt. The aqueous extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii exerts a cardioprotective effect, and the antihypertensive activity seems associated with an improvement in antioxidant status. Overall, the results justify and support the traditional use of Ricinodendron heudelotii.
Questioning the existence of a unique ground-state structure for Si clusters

Density functional and quantum Monte Carlo calculations challenge the existence of a unique ground-state structure for certain Si clusters. For Si clusters with more than a dozen atoms the lowest ten isomers are close in energy and for some clusters entropic effects change the energetic ordering of the configurations. Isotope pure configurations with rotational symmetry and symmetric configurations containing one additional isotope are disfavored by these effects. Comparisons with experiment are thus difficult since a mixture of configurations is to be expected at thermal equilibrium.
Orbital-selective Mott-Hubbard transition in the two-band Hubbard model

Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Festk¨orperforschung, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany(Dated: October 18, 2005)Recent advances in the ﬁeld of quantum Monte Carlo simulations for impurity problems allow–within dynamical mean ﬁeld theory– for a more thorough investigation of the two-band Hubbardmodel with narrow/wide band and SU(2)-symmetric Hund’s exchange. The nature of this transitionhas been controversial, and we establish that an orbital-selective Mott-Hubbard transition exists.Thereby, the wide band still shows metallic behavior after the narrow band became insulating -nota pseudogap as for an Ising Hund’s exchange. The coexistence of two solutions with metallic wideband and insulating or metallic narrow band indicates, in general, ﬁrst-order transitions.
Simulations of grafted polymers in a good solvent

We present improved simulations of three-dimensional self-avoiding walks with one end attached to an impenetrable surface on the simple cubic lattice. This surface can either be a-thermal, having thus only an entropic effect, or attractive. In the latter case we concentrate on the adsorption transition. We find clear evidence for the cross-over exponent to be smaller than 1/2, in contrast to all previous simulations but in agreement with a re-summed field theoretic -expansion. Since we use the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM) which allows very precise estimates of the partition sum itself, we also obtain improved estimates for all entropic critical exponents.
Abundances in planetary nebulae: NGC 1535, NGC 6629, He2-108, and Tc1

Context. Models have been made of stars of a given mass that produce planetary nebulae that usually begin on the AGB (although they may begin earlier) and run to the white dwarf stage. While these models cover the so-called dredge-up phases when nuclear reactions occur and the newly formed products are brought to the surface, it is important to compare the abundances predicted by the models with the abundances actually observed in PNe. Aims: The aim of the paper is to determine the abundances in a group of PNe with uniform morphological and kinematic properties. The PNe we discuss are circular with rather low-temperature central stars and are rather far from the galactic plane. We discuss the effect these abundances have on determining the evolution of the central stars of these PNe. Methods: The mid-infrared spectra of the planetary nebulae NGC 1535, NGC 6629, He2-108, and Tc1 (IC 1266) taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope are presented. These spectra were combined with the ultraviolet IUE spectra and with the spectra in the visual wavelength region to obtain complete, extinction-corrected spectra. The chemical composition of these nebulae is then found by directly calculating and adding individual ion abundances. For two of these PNe, we attempted to reproduce the observed spectrum by making a model nebula. This proved impossible for one of the nebulae and the reason for this is discussed. The resulting abundances are more accurate than earlier studies for several reasons, the most important is that inclusion of the far infrared spectra increases the number of observed ions and makes it possible to include the nebular temperature gradient in the abundance calculations. Results: The abundances of the above four PNe have been determined and compared to the abundances found in five other PNe with similar properties studied earlier. These abundances are further compared with values predicted by the models of Karakas (2003). From this comparison we conclude that the central stars of these PNe originally had a low mass, probably between 1 M⊙ and 2.5 M⊙. A further comparison is made with the stellar evolution models on the HR diagram, from which we conclude that the core mass of these PNe is between 0.56 M⊙ and 0.63 M⊙. Conclusions: A consistent picture of the evolution of this group of PNe is found that agrees with the predictions of the models concerning the present nebular abundances, the individual masses, and luminosities of these PNe. The distance of these PNe can be determined as well. Based on observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
Quantum Information and Computation for Chemistry

The NSF Workshop in Quantum Information and Computation for Chemistry assembled experts from directly quantum-oriented fields such as algorithms, chemistry, machine learning, optics, simulation, and metrology, as well as experts in related fields such as condensed matter physics, biochemistry, physical chemistry, inorganic and organic chemistry, and spectroscopy. The goal of the workshop was to summarize recent progress in research at the interface of quantum information science and chemistry as well as to discuss the promising research challenges and opportunities in the field. Furthermore, the workshop hoped to identify target areas where cross fertilization among these fields would result in the largest payoff for developments in theory, algorithms, and experimental techniques. The ideas can be broadly categorized in two distinct areas of research that obviously have interactions and are not separated cleanly. The first area is quantum information for chemistry, or how quantum information tools, both experimental and theoretical can aid in our understanding of a wide range of problems pertaining to chemistry. The second area is chemistry for quantum information, which aims to discuss the several aspects where research in the chemical sciences can aid progress in quantum information science and technology. The results of the workshop are summarized in this report.
The travelling salesman and the quadratic assignment problems: integration, modelling and genetic algorithm

The traveling salesman problem and the quadratic assignment problem are the two of the most commonly studied optimization problems in Operations Research because of their wide applicability. Due to their NP-hard nature, the individual problems are already complex and difficult to solve. In this paper, the two hard problems are integrated together first, that is called the integrated problem of which the complexity is absolutely much higher than that of the individual ones. Not only a complete mathematical model which integrates both the traveling salesman and the quadratic assignment problems together is built, but also a genetic algorithm hybridized with several improved heuristics is developed to tackle the problem.
Boxy Orbital Structures in Rotating Bar Models

We investigate regular and chaotic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) orbits of stars in models of a galactic potential consisting of a disk, a halo, and a bar to find the origin of boxy components that are part of the bar or (almost) the bar itself. Our models originate in snapshots of an N-body simulation, which develops a strong bar. We consider three snapshots of the simulation, and, for the orbital study, we treat each snapshot independently, as an autonomous Hamiltonian system. The calculated corotation–to–bar length ratios indicate that in all three cases, the bar rotates slowly, while the orientation of the orbits of the main family of periodic orbits changes along its characteristic. We characterize the orbits as regular, sticky, or chaotic after integrating them for a 10 Gyr period by using the GALI2 index. Boxiness in the equatorial plane is associated either with quasi-periodic orbits in the outer parts of stability islands or with sticky orbits around them, which can be found in a large range of energies. We indicate the location of such orbits in diagrams, which include the characteristic of the main family. They are always found about the transition region from order to chaos. By perturbing such orbits in the vertical direction, we find a class of 3D nonperiodic orbits, which have boxy projections both in their face-on and side-on views.
Doubly charmed tetraquarks in a diquark–antidiquark model

We study the spectra of the doubly charmed tetraquark states in a diquark–antidiquark model. The doubly charmed tetraquark states form an antitriplet and sextet configurations according to flavor SU(3) symmetry. For the tetraquark state [Formula: see text], we show the mass for both bound and excited states. The two-body decays of tetraquark states [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] to charmed mesons have also been studied. In the end, the doubly charmed tetraquarks decays to a charmed baryon and a light baryon have been studied in the SU(3) flavor symmetry.
The tightly bound nuclei in the liquid drop model

In this paper, we shall maximise the binding energy per nucleon function in the semi-empirical mass formula of the liquid drop model of the atomic nuclei to analytically prove that the mean binding energy per nucleon curve has local extrema at A ≈ 58.6960, Z ≈ 26.3908 and at A ≈ 62.0178, Z ≈ 27.7506. The Lagrange method of multipliers is used to arrive at these results, while we have let the values of A and Z take continuous fractional values. The shell model that shows why 62Ni is the most tightly bound nucleus is outlined. A brief account on stellar nucleosynthesis is presented to show why 56Fe is more abundant than 62Ni and 58Fe. We believe that the analytical proof presented in this paper can be a useful tool to the instructors to introduce the nucleus with the highest mean binding energy per nucleon.