Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depression in older people in rural China.

BACKGROUND In Western countries depression is the most common psychiatric condition in older persons and related to low socioeconomic status and low social supports. Along with social deprivation, the rural communities in China retain many Chinese traditions that involve high levels of social supports. Studying such a population might offer insights into the cause and prevention of depression that may be applicable in developing and developed countries. METHODS Using a cross-sectional, household-based, community survey in rural China, we aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for depression among older people who had a low income (mean annual per capita income of about 280 US dollars) and high social support in 16 villages in Anhui Province. Participants included 754 men and 846 women aged 60 years or older. Depression was diagnosed using the Geriatric Mental State and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy. Risk factors, collected from the standard questionnaire and physical measurements, were examined in a stepwise multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS The prevalence of depression (world age standardized) was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8%-7.3%). Of all persons, 1374 older persons (85.9%) living with family members. Depression was significantly and independently associated with female gender, low family income, lack of social support, relationship problems, poor health status, and adverse life events in the past 2 years. The risk of depression increased in those eating meat less than once a week (multiple-adjusted odds ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.20-4.03), not watching television (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-3.00), and having undetected hypertension (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05-3.01). CONCLUSIONS Older people in rural China have a lower risk of depression than those in Western countries. Low socioeconomic status showed a "dose-response" relationship with depression, and social supports were much more common, which were protective for depression. Further exploration of Chinese culture and tradition may yield universal insights into preventive factors for depression in older people.
Individual differences in attitude structure and the accessibility of the affective and cognitive components of attitude

Research has demonstrated that some individuals possess attitudes that are highly consistent with both their feelings and beliefs, whereas other individuals possess attitudes that are less consistent with these sources of information (Haddock & Huskinson, 2004). The current research investigated whether individuals with strongly versus weakly structured attitudes differ in the accessibility of their affective and cognitive responses. In two experiments, participants provided timed affective and cognitive judgments toward different attitude objects. Overall, individuals with highly structured attitudes provided faster affective and cognitive attitudinal responses. Affective responses were also made more quickly than cognitive responses. Two additional experiments ruled out the possibility of a generalized response latency advantage for individuals with highly structured attitudes. The results speak to the importance of considering individual differences in how people organize their attitudes, as well as the distinction between the affective and cognitive components of attitude.
Early Afterdepolarizations: Mechanism of Induction and Block A Role for L‐Type Ca2+ Current

Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are a type of triggered activity found in heart muscle. We used voltage-clamped sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers to examine the mechanism underlying EADs induced near action potential plateau voltages with the Ca2+ current agonist Bay K 8644 and the effect of several interventions known to suppress or enhance these EADs. Bay K 8644 produced an inward shift of the steady-state current-voltage relation near plateau voltages. Tetrodotoxin, lidocaine, verapamil, nitrendipine, and raising [K]0 abolish EADs and shift the steady-state current-voltage relations outwardly. Using a two-pulse voltage-clamp protocol, an inward current transient was present at voltages where EADs were induced. The voltage-dependence of availability of the inward current transient and of EAD induction were similar. The time- dependence of recovery from inactivation of the inward current transient and of EAD amplitude were nearly identical. Without recovery of the inward current transient, EADs could not be elicited. The inward current transient was enhanced with Bay K 8644 and blocked by nitrendipine, but was not abolished by tetrodotoxin or replacement of [Na], with an impermeant cation. These results support a hypothesis that the induction of EADs near action potential plateau voltages requires 1) a conditioning phase controlled by the sum of membrane currents present near the action potential plateau and characterized by lengthening and flattening of the plateau within a voltage range where, 2) recovery from inactivation and reactivation of L-type Ca2+channels to carry the depolarizing charge can occur. Our results suggest an essential role for the L-type Ca1+ "window" current and provide a framework for understanding the role of several membrane currents in the Induction and block of EADs.
Detection of Borna Disease Virus-Reactive Antibodies from Patients with Psychiatric Disorders and from Horses by Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay

ABSTRACT The prevalence of Borna disease virus (BDV)-specific antibodies among patients with psychiatric disorders and healthy individuals has varied in several reports using several different serological assay methods. A reliable and specific method for anti-BDV antibodies needs to be developed to clarify the pathological significance of BDV infections in humans. We developed a new electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for the antibody to BDV that uses two recombinant proteins of BDV, p40 and p24 (full length). Using this ECLIA, we examined 3,476 serum samples from humans with various diseases and 917 sera from blood donors in Japan for the presence of anti-BDV antibodies. By ECLIA, 26 (3.08%) of 845 schizophrenia patients and 9 (3.59%) of 251 patients with mood disorders were seropositive for BDV. Among 323 patients with other psychiatric diseases, 114 with neurological diseases, 75 with chronic fatigue syndrome, 85 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, 50 with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis and 17 with leprosy, there was no positive case except one case each with alcohol addiction, AIDS, and dementia. Although 19 (1.36%) of 1,393 patients with various ocular diseases, 10 (1.09%) of 917 blood donors, and 3 (4.55%) of 66 multitransfused patients were seropositive for BDV-specific antigen, high levels of seroprevalence in schizophrenia patients and young patients (16 to 59 years old) with mood disorders were statistically significant. The immunoreactivity of seropositive sera could be verified for specificity by blocking with soluble p40 and/or p24 recombinant protein. Anti-p24 antibody was more frequent than p40 antibody in most cases, and in some psychotic patients antibody profiles showed only p40 antibody. Although serum positive for both p40 and p24 antibodies was not found in this study, the p40 ECLIA count in schizophrenia patients was higher than that of blood donors. Furthermore, we examined 90 sera from Japanese feral horses. Antibody profiles of control human samples are similar to that of naturally BDV-infected feral horses. We concluded that BDV infection was associated in some way with psychiatric disorders.
Ecological Analysis of Smart City Based on the Numerical Simulation Technology

Ecology and human ecology environment are closely related, with very strong practicality, ecology has the widespread application value in natural science, social science and society development relevant to many aspects. Ecology also has an important guiding significance on the development of smart city management. Smart city system has similar structure and characteristics to ecological system, there is an essential relation. Smart city is a complex system of innovation network, and also is a widely interaction system. Smart city has the adaptability to environment, the innovation and development of smart city system is a co evolutionary process, innovation jointed in different areas promote the overall development of smart city system. Smart city management system continuously adjust and improve the innovative organizational structure, improve the system innovation, the formation the order system, and guide the healthy development of city system. Smart city system has metabolism rules, city system continued on the city's vitality by constantly produce new organizations, new mechanism and new initiatives.
Intentional Explanation and Its Limits

second situation, a temporal order is proposed in which activity rise follows anger expression. If these were observed facts, the differential pattern would be impressive support for the levels theory. However, the data analysis provided here does not afford the necessary degree of temporal detail. The blocks of 3-min phases do not permit a view of acquisition or reaction to frustration. It would have been very interesting to see when the joy expression (the average being about 1 per subject) occurred in the course of initial exposure to contingency. Similarly, it would have been interesting to see when anger expressions were judged to arise in relation to heightened behavior rate in the extinction period. In closing, I return to my cat. If she is looking for evidence of intention, then I would say she could benefit greatly by studying Lewis's theory of intentional levels. As we consider her, or any other intentional system, as itself possibly examining intentions in others, we may ask when and how it comes to do that. Following his "second principle of social cognition" (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979, p. 231), I expect Lewis would predict that young children's awareness of intention in others arises as they become aware of intentions in. themselves.
Inequalities between Gamma-Polynomials of Graph-Associahedra

We prove a conjecture of Postnikov, Reiner and Williams by defining a partial order on the set of tree graphs with $n$ vertices that induces inequalities between the $\gamma$-polynomials of their associated graph-associahedra. The partial order is given by relating trees that can be obtained from one another by operations called tree shifts. We also show that tree shifts lower the $\gamma$-polynomials of graphs that are not trees, as do the flossing moves of Babson and Reiner.
Respiratory and skin hypersensitivity reactions caused by a peptide coupling reagent

TBTU (2-[1H-benzotriazol-1-yl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate; CAS No: 125700-67-6) and HBTU (2-[1H-benzotriazol-1-yl]-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate; CAS No: 94790-37-1) are increasingly used as coupling reagents for the stepwise synthesis of peptides. There have been isolated reports describing the development of rhinitis, urticaria and contact dermatitis1–4 caused by these uronium compounds. We evaluated six workers exposed to TBTU in a laboratory producing a wide variety of biologically active peptides. Three times a week, they weighed 30–50 g of TBTU powder into separate aliquots which were dissolved in dimethylformamide in closed vials and connected to an automated synthesiser. The survey included a detailed questionnaire and skin-prick tests with five common inhalant allergens, natural rubber latex, and freshly prepared dilutions of TBTU, HBTU and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (1 and 10 mg/ml) in sterile saline. The protocol of …
Acceptance by undergraduates of the immediate feedback assessment technique for multiple‐choice testing

Undergraduates completed a questionnaire after using the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT), a commercially available answer form for multiple‐choice (MC) testing that can be used easily and conveniently with large classes. This simple new technique for MC testing provides immediate feedback for each item in an answer‐until‐correct format and permits the earning of partial credit when the student's initial response is incorrect. Reaction to the IFAT was extremely positive, with students saying it was easy to use and contributed to their learning, and they indicated a strong desire to use the IFAT for all MC tests. Liking for the IFAT was not related to either personal characteristics or test performance variables, indicating that it has broad appeal to students.
Heart Strings and Purse Strings

We examined the impact of specific emotions on the endowment effect, the tendency for selling prices to exceed buying or “choice” prices for the same object. As predicted by appraisal-tendency theory, disgust induced by a prior, irrelevant situation carried over to normatively unrelated economic decisions, reducing selling and choice prices and eliminating the endowment effect. Sadness also carried over, reducing selling prices but increasing choice prices—producing a “reverse endowment effect” in which choice prices exceeded selling prices. The results demonstrate that incidental emotions can influence decisions even when real money is at stake, and that emotions of the same valence can have opposing effects on such decisions.
Intelligence and attractiveness in the face: Beyond the attractiveness halo effect

Abstract Positive relationships between perceived intelligence, actual intelligence and facial attractiveness have been attributed to (a) an attractiveness halo effect in which attractive individuals are attributed with positive personality traits and (b) a “good genes” model of mate choice. We sought to determine whether cues to intelligence exist in the face beyond an attractiveness halo effect and to explore relationships between residual cues to intelligence and personality attributions in male and female faces. In Study 1, we attempted to parametrically manipulate the perceived intelligence of faces while controlling for attractiveness. Results demonstrated that we manipulated perceived intelligence but may not have adequately controlled for an attractiveness halo effect: faces that were manipulated to look high in perceived intelligence were rated as more attractive. In Study 2, we found perceived intelligence to be related positively to perceived friendliness and sense of humour in male and female .
Towards analysis of IP communication in a constrained environment of tactical radio networks

The trend of unifying communication by deploying TCP/IP also influenced the domain of tactical networks. Commonly used narrowband waveform tactical radios offer only the low bandwidth data transfer. Because of very restricted resources available in these systems running the unmodified TCP/IP protocol stack is problematic if not impossible. This paper presents a simulation-based approach to a systematic analysis of TCP/IP communication in the narrowband tactical radio networks. The aim is to provide a framework able to analysis the source of problems that avoid deploying TCP/IP in tactical radio communication. The proposed method is demonstrated by providing an analysis of a few Internet protocols and evaluation of the suggested simple improvement to address resolution protocol that reduces the number of the required broadcast messages.
The Quality of Life scale for Children (QoL-C)

Purpose – There is a lack of valid and reliable generic measures of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for children under eight. The purpose of this paper is to assess the psychometric properties of the newly formulated Quality of Life Scale for Children (QoL-C), which uses a pictorial response format. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 335 primary school children completed the QoL-C on two occasions, two weeks apart. Children aged four to seven were interviewed one-to-one while children aged eight to nine completed the measure as a class activity. Test-re-test reliability, convergent validity and child-parent concordance were assessed. Findings – Only one child refused to complete the QoL-C, which suggests the measure is user-friendly. Test-re-test reliability was moderate for the measure's total score (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.48, 95 percent CI 0.39, 0.57) but low to fair for individual items (K from 0.13 to 0.37). Internal consistency was moderate (α=0.42 time one, 0.53 time two).
Androgens in Postmenopausal Women: Production, Possible Role, and Replacement Options

The physiology of normal androgen production in women has not been well understood. Aging, per se, accounts for much of the reduction in both ovarian and adrenal androgen production; and natural menopause does not result in an abrupt decline in testosterone production. Therefore, the definition of an androgen deficiency state in women, in the absence of adrenal suppression and/or bilateral oophorectomy, has been difficult. Nevertheless there are well-documented beneficial effects of androgen on many organ systems, including bone and the brain. This review focuses on the physiology of androgens in postmenopausal women and includes a discussion of the definition of an androgen deficiency state, the anticipated effects of androgen on several parameters of health, and possible ways in which androgens may be administered to women. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to explain the physiology of androgen production in women, outline the risks of androgen replacement, and summarize the treatment options for a women with relative androgen deficiency.
A Sport Capital Model to Explain Life Quality in Taiwan's Rural Communities

This study adopted residents' perspective to develop a model explaining life quality with antecedents of residents' economic, cultural capital, perceived community sport capital of green exercise, and healthy lifestyle in a Taiwan's rural community. People who have high economic and cultural capital and perceive high sport capital of green exercise are likely to have more resources, knowledge, and interest to pursue healthy lifestyle and quality of life. Educational level was used as an index to measure a person's cultural capital, whereas income was used as an index to measure a person's economic capital. The construct of community sport capital of green exercise was identified with five dimensions (environmental consciousness, natural environments, sport facilities, sport organizations, and social support), each including 3 items. Four items were used to measure the healthy lifestyle, and six items were used to measure the quality of life. The reliabilities of the sport capital, healthy lifestyle, and life quality scales were between 0.85 and 0.91. Data (N=322) were collected from the Luo Tsuo community in central Taiwan by using questionnaires. The results showed that the influences of cultural capital were not significant. The influence of economic capital was not significant on healthy lifestyle, but was significant on life quality. Correlation and regression analyses showed that the healthy lifestyle partially mediated a relationship between perceived community sport capital and life quality. In short, the proposed model was partly supported in the Luo Tsuo community. Further studies are required to compare different communities. If the analysis units are different communities, cultural and economic capitals might have their impacts.
Early recurrent feedback facilitates visual object recognition under challenging conditions

Standard models of the visual object recognition pathway hold that a largely feedforward process from the retina through inferotemporal cortex leads to object identification. A subsequent feedback process originating in frontoparietal areas through reciprocal connections to striate cortex provides attentional support to salient or behaviorally-relevant features. Here, we review mounting evidence that feedback signals also originate within extrastriate regions and begin during the initial feedforward process. This feedback process is temporally dissociable from attention and provides important functions such as grouping, associational reinforcement, and filling-in of features. Local feedback signals operating concurrently with feedforward processing are important for object identification in noisy real-world situations, particularly when objects are partially occluded, unclear, or otherwise ambiguous. Altogether, the dissociation of early and late feedback processes presented here expands on current models of object identification, and suggests a dual role for descending feedback projections.
The cross-over to magnetostrophic convection in planetary dynamo systems

Global scale magnetostrophic balance, in which Lorentz and Coriolis forces comprise the leading-order force balance, has long been thought to describe the natural state of planetary dynamo systems. This argument arises from consideration of the linear theory of rotating magnetoconvection. Here we test this long-held tenet by directly comparing linear predictions against dynamo modelling results. This comparison shows that dynamo modelling results are not typically in the global magnetostrophic state predicted by linear theory. Then, in order to estimate at what scale (if any) magnetostrophic balance will arise in nonlinear dynamo systems, we carry out a simple scaling analysis of the Elsasser number Λ, yielding an improved estimate of the ratio of Lorentz and Coriolis forces. From this, we deduce that there is a magnetostrophic cross-over length scale, LX≈(Λo2/Rmo)D, where Λo is the linear (or traditional) Elsasser number, Rmo is the system scale magnetic Reynolds number and D is the length scale of the system. On scales well above LX, magnetostrophic convection dynamics should not be possible. Only on scales smaller than LX should it be possible for the convective behaviours to follow the predictions for the magnetostrophic branch of convection. Because LX is significantly smaller than the system scale in most dynamo models, their large-scale flows should be quasi-geostrophic, as is confirmed in many dynamo simulations. Estimating Λo≃1 and Rmo≃103 in Earth’s core, the cross-over scale is approximately 1/1000 that of the system scale, suggesting that magnetostrophic convection dynamics exists in the core only on small scales below those that can be characterized by geomagnetic observations.
Book Review: H. Holgate, R. Evans and F.Yuen (eds), Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood: Global Perspectives, Issues and Intervention, Routledge, London/New York, 2006, £20.99 Pb, ISBN 978—0—41534—626—9

much to public safety once these [offenders] were released on parole’ (p. 263). Young people are particularly disadvantaged by the ‘Three Strikes’ law, where the second conviction can result in a doubling of the prison sentence, and the third conviction (for often minor offences) will thus be delayed until their mid-twenties, at a time when they are, in any event, likely to desist from further offending. The authors stress the need for further research into the likelihood that positive change in the behaviour patterns of young people will be greatly enhanced by strengthening social bonds through inclusive practice, rather than by selective incapacitation policies. Proponents of the recent antisocial behaviour orders and other youth justice legislation in the UK should take note.