Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in continental‐scale temperature predictions

Anthropogenic climate change has been detected on continental‐scale regions on all inhabited continents of the World. From knowledge of the relative contributions of greenhouse gases and other forcings to observed temperature change it is possible to infer the likely rates of future warming, consistent with past observed temperature changes. Probabilistic forecasts of future warming rates in six continental‐scale regions have been calculated by assuming that there is a linear relationship between past and future fractional error in temperature change on these spatial scales. All regions are expected to warm over the next century with the largest uncertainty in future warming rates being in North America and Europe. More tightly constrained predictions are obtained if it is assumed that fractional errors in global mean temperature change scale the regional projections.
Effect of plant uptake strategy on the water−optimal root depth

The depth of plant roots depends on a variety of conditions, including soil properties, vegetation type, nutrient availability, and climate. A water‐optimal root depth is determined by equating the marginal carbon cost of deeper roots with the benefit of those roots to continued transpiration. This work compares the effect of two bounding strategies of plant uptake, conservative and intensive, on the water‐optimal root depth and the response of that depth to changes in precipitation. While there are some differences between the models, both indicate similar responses of root depth to climate. The deepest roots are found in climates for which precipitation and potential transpiration are approximately equal, and root depths are more sensitive to changes in precipitation depth than frequency under dry conditions and more sensitive to rainfall frequency when the climate is wet. For all climate conditions, the water‐optimal root depth is deeper and mean transpiration is lower when plant uptake is represented by the conservative model. These results highlight the explanatory power of water with respect to root depth and identify potential effects of a changing climate.
Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Content Profiles from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B Brightness Temperatures Near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Site

One of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program important goals is to develop and test radiation and cloud parameterizations of climate models using single column modeling (SCMs) (Randall et al. 1996). As forcing terms, SCMs need advection tendency of cloud condensates besides the tendencies of temperature, moisture and momentum. To compute the tendency terms of cloud condensates, 3D distribution of cloud condensates over a scale much larger than the climate model's grid scale is needed. Since they can cover a large area within a short time period, satellite measurements are useful utilities to provide advection tendency of cloud condensates for SCMs. However, so far, most satellite retrieval algorithms only retrieve vertically integrated quantities, for example, in the case of cloud ice, ice water path (IWP). To fulfill the requirement of 3D ice water content field for computing ice water advection, in this study, we develop an ice water content profile retrieval algorithm by combining the vertical distribution characteristics obtained from long-term surface radar observations and satellite high-frequency microwave observations that cover a large area. The algorithm is based on the Bayesian theorem using a priori database derived from analyzing cloud radar observations at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Themore » end product of the algorithm is a 3D ice water content covering 10{sup o} x 10{sup o} surrounding the SGP site during the passage of the satellite. This 3D ice water content, together with wind field analysis, can be used to compute the advection tendency of ice water for SCMs. « less
Guidelines for Evaluating Petroleum Source Rock Using Programmed Pyrolysis

Rock-Eval pyrolysis is used to rapidly evaluate the petroleum-generative potential and thermal maturity of rocks. Accurate conclusions require programs every 30-60 ft (9-18 m), understanding of interpretive pitfalls, and supporting data, such as visual kerogen, vitrinite reflectance, and elemental analyses. The generative potential of coals is commonly overestimated by pyrolysis and is best determined by elemental analysis and organic petrography. Most coals show high S2/S3 (>5) and low HI values (< 300 mg HC/g TOC). Migrated oil and mud additives, which alter Rock-Eval data, can sometimes be removed by special processing. For immature rocks, bimodal S2 peaks and PI values over 0.2 indicate contamination. Pyrolysis downgrades organic-poor, clay-rich rocks, which show lower HI and higher Tmax values than isolated kerogen because of adsorption of pyrolyzate on the clays. Tmax values for small S2 peaks (< 0.2 mg HC/g TOC) are unreliable. Tmax is affected by maturation, organic matter type, contamination, and the mineral matrix. S3 is sensitive to inorganic and adsorbed carbon dioxide, and to instrumentation problems. Acidification of carbonate-rich samples and proper maintenance improves S3 measurement. Constant sample weights (100 mg) are recommended. Below a threshold weight, Tmax increases by up to 10°C, and other parameters decrease. Organic-rich samples, which overload the detector, can be diluted with carbonate. Detector linearity is determined by pyrolyzing various weights of an organic-rich rock.
Psychological Empowerment and Monetary Compensation: The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation in the Banking Industry of Developing Country

Psychological empowerment (PE) and monetary compensation are necessary rudiments of stimulation for individuals to utilize their potential and exert full efforts. This particular research aims to assess the influence of PE and monetary compensation on work performance and the mediation effect of intrinsic motivation between PE and work performance among employees of commercial banks. Data was collected from employees of different commercial banks located in the federal capital territory (FCT) Islamabad and Rawalpindi city of Punjab, Pakistan, through a questionnaire, and structural equational modeling (SEM) was executed on a sample of 388 employees to test the hypotheses. We used AMOS for data analysis and the results exposed that PE and monetary compensation positively significantly affect the work performance of individuals, but monetary compensation is a stronger predictor than PE. Similarly, intrinsic motivation exhibited partial mediation between the association of PE and monetary compensation with work performance among commercial bank employees. Current research provided the theoretical and practical implications for organizations, particularly in the banking sector. This research extends the PE and expectancy theory and the combination of both theories is recommended in the context of psychological autonomy and financial remuneration. Moreover, organizations should provide performance-based rewards and enhance individual empowerment to make decision-making for better work performance.
High-Performance Vertical Light-Emitting Transistors Based on ZnO Transistor/Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diode Integration and Electron Injection Layer Modification

Vertical light-emitting transistors (VLETs) consisting of vertically stacked unipolar transistors and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been proposed as a prospective building block for display technologies. In addition to OLEDs, quantum-dot (QD) LEDs (QLEDs) with high brightness and high color purity have also become attractive light-emitting devices for display applications. However, few studies have attempted to integrate QLEDs into VLETs, as this not only involves technical issues such as compatible solution process of QDs and fine patterning of electrodes in multilayer stacked geometries but also requires a high driving current that is demanding on transistor design. Here we show that these integration issues of QLEDs can be addressed by using inorganic transistors with robust processability and high mobility, such as the studied ZnO transistor, which facilitates simple fabrication of QD VLETs (QVLETs) with efficient emission in the patterned channel area, suitable for high-resolution display applications. We perform a detailed optimization of QVLET by modifying ZnO:polyethylenimine nanocomposite as the electron injection layer (EIL) between the integrated ZnO transistor/QLED, and achieve the highest external quantum efficiency of ~3% and uniform emission in the patterned transistor channel. Furthermore, combined with a systematic study of corresponding QLEDs, electron-only diodes, and electroluminescence images, we provide a deeper understanding of the effect of EIL modification on current balance and distribution, and thus on QVLET performance.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Induced by Stress From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and a Mechanical Fall

Named after the Japanese octopus trap, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an acute myocardial condition characterized by a reversible ventricular dysfunction with ballooning of the left ventricle (LV) during systole. A catecholamine surge is likely the primary mechanism responsible for myocardial damage in this condition. The association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has not been well established. We present a unique case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy diagnosed in a patient with ALS who presented after a fall with shortness of breath, generalized weakness, and hypotension. She was found to have troponinemia, elevated brain natriuretic peptide, and Osborn waves without ST-segment changes noted on electrocardiography (EKG). The diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was confirmed via transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), which revealed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, apical ballooning of the LV, akinesis of the ventricular apex, and hyperkinesis of the base of the heart. Coronary angiography revealed no coronary artery disease. She was managed medically and was hemodynamically stable at the time of discharge.
Genetic diversity for sustainability of rice crop in Indian Punjab and its implications

The varietal diversity in rice crop in Indian Punjab has been increasing at a fast rate due to variable soil and climatic conditions and variable objective functions of the farmers. In spite of the fact that productivity of rice increased over time, as a result of improvement in technology and its fast adoption, the declining resource base, particularly water, soil health and pest resistance, the genetic diversity of rice crop has been able to sustain the yield improvement as compared to wheat crop which witnessed a reverse trend of decline in genetic diversity.
Enhancement of intonational contrasts in American English

We test a subset of intonational contrasts proposed in the Autosegmental-Metrical model for American English for evidence of contrast enhancement in phonologically and phonetically longer vs. shorter intervals. F0 trajectories were assessed from 32 speakers’ imitated productions of six tonally distinct tunes, e.g., HHH, HHL. Maximally three tune shapes emerge from clustering analyses of imitated f0 trajectories, each cluster comprising imitations of two phonetically similar but phonologically distinct tunes. We find enhancement of tune contrasts between the emergent clusters in measures of f0 differences (RMSD, end f0, center of gravity). There is no evidence of enhancement for phonetically similar tunes grouped within the same cluster, though fine-grained phonetic distinctions are detected for these “lost” tune contrasts, suggesting a reanalysis as within-category variation.
Paleoecological and Sedimentological Data from: “A Classification for Macroscopic Charcoal Morphologies Found in Holocene Lacustrine Sediments”

This dataset contains sedimentological and paleoenvironmental measurements from a 351.5 cm sediment core that was collected from Pyatts Lake, south-east British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentological data include: radiocarbon dates and age-depth model, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition values, and particle size distributions. Palaeoecological data include: macroscopic charcoal (>150 μm), charcoal morphotypes; aquatic macroremains; pollen spectra, conifer stomata, microscopic charcoal and total fungal spores. These data were used to investigate the potential for charcoal morphotype assemblages for paleoenvironmental interpretations in montane mixed conifer forests. These data were collected from analytical laboratory and optical microscopy analyses. Data are presented in a multiple tabbed spreadsheet. These data can be used for direct comparison with other sedimentological, vegetation, and disturbance histories during the Holocene and may be compared to prior geologic time periods in an analogue context. The charcoal data can be applied to syntheses of biomass burning from local to global scales and pollen data can be combined into pollen database analyses.
Design and Assessment of a Microemulsion-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Meloxicam; Examination of Formulation Ingredients

Background: The goal of creating meloxicam-loaded microemulsion formulations was to increase meloxicam permeability through the skin. Using pseudo-ternary phase diagram construction and full factorial design, eight formulations with three independent variables (water percent, oil percent, and surfactant/co-surfactant percent) were selected to be prepared. Methods: This research evaluated the formulation's characteristics, including particle size, viscosity, and release profile. FT-IR and DSC techniques were also utilized to investigate the effect of microemulsion components on rat abdomen skin, and the permeability of meloxicam-loaded microemulsions via rat abdomen skin was also evaluated by calculating permeability parameters such as Jss, Dapp, Tlag, ERflux, ERD, and ERP. Results: When compared to a saturated aqueous solution of meloxicam as a reference, the findings showed that all microemulsion (ME) formulations considerably increased meloxicam permeability through rat skin. Water percent had a direct and significant relationship with Jss, and oil percent had a direct and significant relationship with Dapp, according to analysis regression. Conclusion: ME components also caused alterations in the skin's lipoprotein bilayers, which might enhance formulation permeability through the skin.
Summertime Evolution of Decadal Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Midlatitude North Pacific

Abstract To clarify the summertime evolution of decadal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and related physical processes in the midlatitudes of the North Pacific, numerical solutions of a three-dimensional bulk mixed layer model are analyzed, focusing on the contribution of the net shortwave radiative forcing at the sea surface. A quantitative heat budget analysis for the ocean mixed layer relating to late-1980s decadal SST change reveals that the decadal SST anomalies decay from late spring to early summer over the entire midlatitudes of the North Pacific. This quasi-seasonal decay of the decadal SST anomalies is controlled by an anomalous local thermal damping (i.e., anomalous surface heat fluxes). From midsummer to early autumn the anomalous net shortwave radiation flux associated with a meridional shift of the storm track acts to induce strong seasonal damping of the decadal SST anomaly in the northern Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension region. In contrast, in the north of the subtropical frontal region.
Smart Crop Cultivation System Using Automated Agriculture Monitoring Environment in the Context of Bangladesh Agriculture

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that is reshaping industries and daily life, leading us towards a connected future that is full of possibilities and innovations. In this paper, we present a robust framework for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. The framework encompasses the integration of IoT, data mining techniques, and cloud monitoring systems to enhance productivity, improve water management, and provide real-time crop forecasting. We conducted rigorous experimentation on the framework. We achieve an accuracy of 87.38% for the proposed model in predicting data harvest. Our findings highlight the effectiveness and transparency of the framework, underscoring the significant potential of the IoT in transforming agriculture and empowering farmers with data-driven decision-making capabilities. The proposed framework might be very impactful in real-life agriculture, especially for monsoon agriculture-based countries like Bangladesh.
Limits on oxygen concentration in the prebiological atmosphere and the rate of abiotic fixation of nitrogen

Two possible scenarios in early terrestrial atmospheric evolution are examined using a one-dimensional chemistry and flow model of the atmosphere. In each case the production of oxygen results from photolysis of H2O followed by the escape of hydrogen to space. In case 1 the rate of release of reduced volcanic gases is assumed to be greater than the oxygen production rate. This leads to ground-level oxygen concentrations on the order of 10−13 PAL (present atmospheric level). In case 2 the volcanic reduced gas source is omitted, as might have been the case during an extended period of decreased tectonic activity. The oxygen concentration would then have been limited to ∼4 × 10−8 PAL by reaction with dissolved ferrous iron in the early oceans. The case 1 atmosphere is shown to be reducing, and the case 2 atmosphere oxidizing, based on the relative concentrations of reduced versus oxidized radical species present in the troposphere. Redbeds should have been able to form under case 2 conditions, but not under case 1. The NO produced by lightning discharges is converted primarily to HNO in case 1 and to HNO3 in case 2. In either case, fixed nitrogen was probably sufficiently scarce to be a limiting nutrient for marine organisms.
Quantitative causality, causality-guided scientific discovery, and causal machine learning

It has been said, arguably, that causality analysis should pave a promising way to interpretable deep learning and generalization. Incorporation of causality into artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, however, is challenged with its vagueness, non-quantitiveness, computational inefficiency, etc. During the past 18 years, these challenges have been essentially resolved, with the establishment of a rigorous formalism of causality analysis initially motivated from atmospheric predictability. This not only opens a new field in the atmosphere-ocean science, namely, information flow, but also has led to scientific discoveries in other disciplines, such as quantum mechanics, neuroscience, financial economics, etc., through various applications. This note provides a brief review of the decade-long effort, including a list of major theoretical results, a sketch of the causal deep learning framework, and some representative real-world applications in geoscience pertaining to this journal, such as those on the anthropogenic cause of global warming, the decadal prediction of El Ni\~no Modoki, the forecasting of an extreme drought in China, among others.
Adiposomes from Obese-Diabetic Individuals Promote Endothelial Dysfunction and Loss of Surface Caveolae

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are products of lipid glycosylation that have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In diabetes, the adipocyte microenvironment is characterized by hyperglycemia and inflammation, resulting in high levels of GSLs. Therefore, we sought to assess the GSL content in extracellular vesicles derived from the adipose tissues (adiposomes) of obese-diabetic (OB-T2D) subjects and their impact on endothelial cell function. To this end, endothelial cells were exposed to adiposomes isolated from OB-T2D versus healthy subjects. Cells were assessed for caveolar integrity and related signaling, such as Src-kinase and caveolin-1 (cav-1) phosphorylation, and functional pathways, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Compared with adiposomes from healthy subjects, OB-T2D adiposomes had higher levels of GSLs, especially LacCer and GM3; they promoted cav-1 phosphorylation coupled to an obvious loss of endothelial surface caveolae and induced eNOS-uncoupling, peroxynitrite generation, and cav-1 nitrosylation. These effects were abolished by Src kinase inhibition and were not observed in GSL-depleted adiposomes. At the functional levels, OB-T2D adiposomes reduced nitric oxide production, shear response, and albumin intake in endothelial cells and impaired flow-induced dilation in healthy arterioles. In conclusion, OB-T2D adiposomes carried a detrimental GSL cargo that disturbed endothelial caveolae and the associated signaling.
The Fraser Complex: High‐grade metamorphic, igneous and mylonitic rocks in central Westland, New Zealand

Abstract Diverse, mappable, and variably mylonitised high‐grade gneisses and granitoids, and lamprophyre, trachyte, and basalt dikes comprise the Fraser Complex, which is a new name proposed to replace the existing Fraser Formation. Sillimanite‐bearing pelitic gneisses have an upper amphibolite facies metapelitic mineralogy, indicating temperatures >600°C. Quartzofeldspathic gneisses, lacking sillimanite, are migmatitic, and hornblende gneisses have a diverse epidote‐amphibolite mineralogy. The high‐grade gneisses form a metamorphic suite within the Fraser Complex. Granite, granodiorite, and tonalite are intrusive into the high‐grade gneiss suite, and may have been derived from partial melts of the high‐grade gneisses. Swarms of camptonite lamprophyre, trachyte, and basalt dikes intrude the high‐grade gneisses and the granitoids. Mylonite zones now envelop the gneisses, granitoids, and dikes, and mylonitic deformation occurred at mid‐greenschist facies conditions and resulted in some retrogressive alterat.
Scanning electron microscopy of daughter minerals in fluid inclusions

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a powerful new tool for the study of daughter minerals in fluid inclusions, particularly when the instrument is equipped with a solid-state X-ray detector. The general character and abundance of inclusions is first established by conventional optical study of polished plates of the host crystal. These plates or other pieces of the same material are cleaned and then opened by chipping or cleaving. Under the SEM, open inclusions appear as pits in the newly broken surfaces. Upon enlargement, daughter crystal morphology is revealed in great detail and the electron beam produces characteristic X-ray spectra of the daughter mineral which are collected by an energy dispersive detector and visually displayed on a multichannel analyzer. The resulting chemical and morphological information, coupled with previous optical observations, defines or greatly limits the possible identity of the daughter mineral.Three applications of the SEM technique are presented in this paper. The method is first applied to complex inclusions in fluorite of the Emmett mine. Jamestown, Colorado, in which nine previously unidentified daughter minerals were found. Dawsonite [NaAl(CO 3 )(OH) 2 ] is confirmed as a daughter precipitate in inclusions in gold-quartz veins of the Oriental mine, Alleghany, California. Finally, the SEM is used to identify daughter minerals in both magmatic and hydrothermal inclusions from the carbonatite at Magnet Cove, Arkansas.