Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biological availability of commercial feed phosphates.

Abstract Nine feed grade phosphates were assayed for biological availability to chicks using tibia bone ash as the criterion of availability and phosphoric acid as the reference standard. “Dicalcium phosphates” containing 21% phosphorus were equally available regardless of manufacturer. These phosphates contain a high proportion of monocalcium phosphate which is water-soluble. “Dicalcium phosphates” containing 18.5% phosphorus contain varying amounts of monocalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate, depending on the method of manufacture. “Dicalcium phosphates,” 18.5% P. with a high proportion of dicalcium phosphate are less available than those with a high proportion of monocalcium phosphate. The defluorinated phosphate studied was the least available of the phosphates tested.
Impredicative Encodings of (Higher) Inductive Types

Postulating an impredicative universe in dependent type theory allows System F style encodings of finitary inductive types, but these fail to satisfy the relevant η-equalities and consequently do not admit dependent eliminators. To recover η and dependent elimination, we present a method to construct refinements of these impredicative encodings, using ideas from homotopy type theory. We then extend our method to construct impredicative encodings of some higher inductive types, such as 1-truncation and the unit circle S1.
Relative bioavailability of L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate in broiler chickens.

Broiler chick diets and drinking water were supplemented with two sources of vitamin C: crystalline L-ascorbic acid (AsA) or L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) to provide 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 ppm (mg/kg) AsA. The bioavailability of APP relative to AsA, as estimated by the change in plasma AsA concentration, was evaluated during 24-h periods of supplementation. When provided in the feed, no differences in dietary AsA content were attributed to vitamin source. In contrast, APP administration at 25 and 50 ppm, resulted in higher (P < .001) AsA values in drinking water when compared with AsA supplementation. Plasma AsA values were elevated (P < .05) above baseline when either AsA or APP were supplemented in the feed or water at a level of 400 ppm or greater. Plasma AsA concentrations, following supplementation of the diets, were higher (P < .05) in AsA-treated (800 ppm) chicks when compared with APP-supplemented chicks. During water supplementation, AsA (800 ppm) and APP (3,200 ppm) administration resulted in higher plasma AsA values when compared with their alternate vitamin source. At all other levels of water supplementation, no differences in plasma AsA were associated with vitamin source. The absence of a consistent difference in plasma AsA, relative to vitamin source, suggests that the isolated differences observed may be due to chance. It was concluded that APP was of similar bioavailability to that of AsA, as estimated by the ability to elevate plasma AsA concentrations in broiler chicks.
Replicated divergent selection of broiler chickens for high or low early antibody response to Escherichia coli vaccination.

Four sublines of broiler chickens were selected from a base population for three generations for high or low antibody response to vaccination with Escherichia coli at 10 days of age. Two sublines were selected for a high response (HC) and two for a low response (LC). Realized heritability estimates over three generations of selection for each pair of replicated lines averaged . 23 in HC lines and . 32 in LC lines. No correlated response in the important production trait, body weight at marketing age, was observed. The ability to survive pathogenic E. coli challenge with or without prevaccination showed no differences between the lines in the unvaccinated chicks, although following vaccination there was higher mortality and morbidity in the LC lines. These data suggest that the use of antibody response in young chicks to E. coli vaccine may be a useful genetic indication of more general disease resistance.
Electrostrictive polymers for mechanical energy harvesting

This article reviews the developments in electrostrictive polymers for energy harvesting. Electrostrictive polymers are a variety of electroactive polymers that deform due to the electrostatic and polarization interaction between two electrodes with opposite electric charge. Electrostrictive polymers have been the subject of much interest and research over the past decade. In earlier years, much of the focus was placed on actuator configurations, and in more recent years, the focus has turned to investigating material properties that may enhance electromechanical activities. Since the last 5 years and with the development of low-power electronics, the possibility of using these materials for energy harvesting has been investigated. This review outlines the operating principle in energy scavenging mode and conversion mechanisms behind this generator technology, highlights some of its advantages over existing actuator technologies, identifies some of the challenges associated with its development, and examines the main focus of research within this field, including some of the potential applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Cdc48 regulates a deubiquitylase cascade critical for mitochondrial fusion

Cdc48/p97, a ubiquitin-selective chaperone, orchestrates the function of E3 ligases and deubiquitylases (DUBs). Here, we identify a new function of Cdc48 in ubiquitin-dependent regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. The DUBs Ubp12 and Ubp2 exert opposing effects on mitochondrial fusion and cleave different ubiquitin chains on the mitofusin Fzo1. We demonstrate that Cdc48 integrates the activities of these two DUBs, which are themselves ubiquitylated. First, Cdc48 promotes proteolysis of Ubp12, stabilizing pro-fusion ubiquitylation on Fzo1. Second, loss of Ubp12 stabilizes Ubp2 and thereby facilitates removal of ubiquitin chains on Fzo1 inhibiting fusion. Thus, Cdc48 synergistically regulates the ubiquitylation status of Fzo1, allowing to control the balance between activation or repression of mitochondrial fusion. In conclusion, we unravel a new cascade of ubiquitylation events, comprising Cdc48 and two DUBs, fine-tuning the fusogenic activity of Fzo1.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GREATER SAGE-GROUSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH WEST NILE VIRUS

Populations of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined 45– 80% in North America since 1950. Although much of this decline has been attributed to habitat loss, recent field studies have indicated that West Nile virus (WNV) has had a significant negative impact on local populations of grouse. We confirm the susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to WNV infection in laboratory experimental studies. Grouse were challenged by subcutaneous injection of WNV (103.2 plaque-forming units [PFUs]). All grouse died within 6 days of infection. The Kaplan-Meier estimate for 50% survival was 4.5 days. Mean peak viremia for nonvaccinated birds was 106.4 PFUs/ml (±100.2 PFUs/ml, standard error of the mean [SEM]). Virus was shed cloacally and orally. Four of the five vaccinated grouse died, but survival time was increased (50% survival=9.5 days), with 1 grouse surviving to the end-point of the experiment (14 days) with no signs of illness. Mean peak viremia for the vaccinated birds was 102.3 PFUs/ml (±100.6 PFUs/ml, SEM). Two birds cleared the virus from their blood before death or euthanasia. These data emphasize the high susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to infection with WNV.
Acknowledging tissue donation: Human cadaveric specimens in musculoskeletal research

Human cadaveric specimens are an important resource for research, particularly in biomechanical studies, but their use also raises ethical questions and cannot simply be taken for granted. It was asked how much information authors publishing musculoskeletal research actually give about such specimens and about how they were acquired. The aim was to formulate recommendations on how this reporting might be improved. Relevant articles published between 2009 and 2012 in four North American or European journals were scanned for information regarding the characteristics of the human specimens used, their institutional source and the ethical or legal context of their acquisition. While the majority of articles report biological characteristics of specimens (sex, age at death, preservation method), only 40% of articles refer to body donation, only 23% report the institution that provided specimens, and only 17% refer to some kind of formalized approval of their research. There were regional and journal‐to‐journal differences. No standard for reporting studies involving human specimens could be detected. It is suggested that such a standard be developed by researchers and editors. Information on the source of specimens and on the ethical or legal basis should be regularly reported to acknowledge this unique research resource and to preserve the good relationship between researchers and the communities, that provide the required specimens by body donation and upon which researchers depend. Clin. Anat. 29:65–69, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Should Recommendations be made to reduce dietary sodium intake? The case against recommendations

We are here to consider whether the evidence of benefit from reducing dietary sodium in hypertensive patients or in the population at large is sufficient to justify recommendation to the general public that dietary Na is reduced. I shall concentrate on four questions. First, and most important, when reduction of dietary Na lowers blood pressure will the risks associated with high blood pressure be reversed? Clearly it is pointless lowering blood pressure if the risks are not reversed. Indeed, there are circumstances in which it is known that lowering blood pressure in hypertension does not reverse risks associated with high blood pressure. Second, also important, but I believe less relevant to the debate, is dietary Na involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension? It does not matter so far as recommendations are concerned if Na is or is not involved in pathogenesis provided reduction of dietary Na lowers blood pressure and this reduces the risks associated with high blood pressure. Third, does reduction of dietary Na within the range one can expect to achieve in a general population lower blood pressure in hypertensive and normal individuals? Fourth, and finally, how feasible is it to reduce dietary Na? It was claimed recently in a review of three prospective randomized control trials (which we shall consider later) that practical Na restriction lowered blood pressure by 8 mmHg and that such a decrease would lower cardiovascular mortality by 10-15%. This optimistic prediction is based on a false premise. It is true that Na restriction did lower blood pressure by 8 mmHg in these trials, but the patients were hypertensive. The figure of 10-15% was taken from a different study, not concerned with hypertensive patients, and had no information on the effect of reducing blood pressure. Indeed, there is no evidence in normal or hypertensive subjects that a reduction of this order by any treatment would lower mortality. In particular, I know of no evidence that risk is reduced by dietary Na deprivation. In our own experience of treatment in hypertensive patients using drugs, a reduction of blood pressure lowered risk but not to the level found in the general population, even when blood pressure was reduced to that of the general population (Isles et al. 1986). Most of the evidence in favour of recommendations on dietary salt intake comes from epidemiology. A wide range of populations has k n studied, from primitive societies with an individual daily intake of 10 mmol Na to industrial societies with intakes twenty times higher than this. There is without doubt a reaeonably good relation between average blood pressure of these populations and their average
Bio-Inspired Distributed Transmission Power Control Considering QoS Fairness in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Recently, the development of wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) has accelerated due to the rapid development of wireless technology. In the WBASN environment, many WBASNs coexist where communication ranges overlap with each other, resulting in the possibility of interference. Although nodes in a WBASN typically operate at a low power level, to avoid adversely affecting the human body, high transmission rates may be required to support some applications. In addition to this, since many varieties of applications exist in the WBASN environment, each prospective user may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Hence, the following issues should be considered in the WBASN environment: (1) interference between adjacent WBASNs, which influences the performance of a specific system, and (2) the degree of satisfaction on the QoS of each user, i.e., the required QoS such as user throughput should be considered to ensure that all users in the network are provided with a fair QoS satisfaction. Thus, in this paper, we propose a transmission power adjustment algorithm that addresses interference problems and guarantees QoS fairness between users. First, we use a new utility function to measure the degree of the satisfaction on the QoS for each user. Then, the transmission power of each sensor node is calculated using the Cucker–Smale model, and the QoS satisfaction of each user is synchronized dispersively. The results of simulations show that the proposed algorithm performs better than existing algorithms, with respect to QoS fairness and energy efficiency.
The Probiotic Compound VSL#3 Modulates Mucosal, Peripheral, and Systemic Immunity Following Murine Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment

There is compelling evidence linking the commensal intestinal microbiota with host health and, in turn, antibiotic induced perturbations of microbiota composition with distinct pathologies. Despite the attractiveness of probiotic therapy as a tool to beneficially alter the intestinal microbiota, its immunological effects are still incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of the probiotic formulation VSL#3 consisting of eight distinct bacterial species (including Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus) in reversing immunological effects of microbiota depletion as compared to reassociation with a complex murine microbiota. To address this, conventional mice were subjected to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for 8 weeks and perorally reassociated with either VSL#3 bacteria or a complex murine microbiota. VSL#3 recolonization resulted in restored CD4+ and CD8+ cell numbers in the small and large intestinal lamina propria as well as in B220+ cell numbers in the former, whereas probiotic intervention was not sufficient to reverse the antibiotic induced changes of respective cell populations in the spleen. However, VSL#3 application was as efficient as complex microbiota reassociation to attenuate the frequencies of regulatory T cells, activated dendritic cells and memory/effector T cells in the small intestine, colon, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. Whereas broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment resulted in decreased production of cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-10 by CD4+ cells in respective immunological compartments, VSL#3 recolonization was sufficient to completely recover the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 without affecting pro-inflammatory mediators. In summary, the probiotic compound VSL#3 has an extensive impact on mucosal, peripheral, and systemic innate as well as adaptive immunity, exerting beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal as well as systemic compartments. Hence, VSL#3 might be considered a therapeutic immunomodulatory tool following antibiotic therapy.
Environmental temperature and dietary lysine effects on free amino acids in plasma.

Abstract Broiler chicks were reared to 5 weeks of age in environmental chambers maintained at 7.2°C. and 32.2°C. with dewpoints of 0° and 10°C. , respectively. In 2 trials chicks were fed commercial broiler diets and in 3 trials they were fed diets supplying 60, 100 and 130 percent of the dietary lysine requirement. Free amino acids in plasma were measured. Chicks at 7.2°C. had reduced concentrations of alanine, arginine and tyrosine but had increased levels of cystine, ornithine and lysine, when compared to the values for chicks at 32.2°C. The increased plasma lysine could result from its relative difficulty of catabolism in comparison with the other amino acids. It is suggested that the high level of plasma lysine in chicks kept at 7.2°C. results in an increased breakdown of arginine to ornithine.
Ovarian follicular development in egg and growth lines of Japanese quail.

Abstract Ovarian follicular development in a line of quail selected for 14 generations for increased 4-week body weight (mean female mature body weight of about 220 g.) was compared to a control line (mean female mature body weight of about 138 g.). Egg weight and yolk weight were greater in the larger bodied (P line) than in the smaller (C line) birds. Follicular rapid development and rest period were of longer duration in the P line than in the C line in young birds but not in older ones. Significant correlations were noted between yolk weight and egg weight (.88 and .87), and yolk weight and the duration of rapid development (.62 and .47) in both young and older birds, respectively. A correlation of . 39 (P
Benchmarking Dependability of MapReduce Systems

MapReduce is a popular programming model for distributed data processing. Extensive research has been conducted on the reliability of MapReduce, ranging from adaptive and on-demand fault-tolerance to new fault-tolerance models. However, realistic benchmarks are still missing to analyze and compare the effectiveness of these proposals. To date, most MapReduce fault-tolerance solutions have been evaluated using micro benchmarks in an ad-hoc and overly simplified setting, which may not be representative of real-world applications. This paper presents MRBS, a comprehensive benchmark suite for evaluating the dependability of MapReduce systems. MRBS includes five benchmarks covering several application domains and a wide range of execution scenarios such as data-intensive vs. compute-intensive applications, or batch applications vs. online interactive applications. MRBS allows to inject various types of faults at different rates. It also considers different application workloads and data loads, and produces extensive reliability, availability and performance statistics. We illustrate the use of MRBS with Hadoop clusters running on Amazon EC2, and on a private cloud.
PLD Grown 3C-SiC Thin Films on Si: Morphology and Structure

Silicon carbide thin films were obtained on Si (100) and (111) substrates by means of vacuum laser ablation of α-SiC ceramic target. The influence of substrate temperature on composition, structure and surface morphology of experimental samples was examined using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods.
Nonlinear optical properties of manganese porphyrin- incorporated PVC film

We measured thermally originated solid phase nonlinear optical properties of manganese porphyrin-incorporated PVC polymer film using CW low-power Z-scan and optical power limiting methods. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) of this porphyrin film is estimated to have a negative value of 7.2 × 10 -5 cm 2 /W at 632.8 nm and to be larger than that of ZnTPP in the Nafion film. The photodegradation effect common in the solution phase appears to be minor in this solid phase system. The large nonlinear effect is thought to limit the optical power due to the aperture effect.
Measuring physical activity using accelerometry in 13–15-year-old adolescents: the importance of including non-wear activities

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to examine the impact of non-wear activities registered in diaries when using accelerometers to assess physical activity (PA) in young adolescents. Design Data arise from a large-scale cross-sectional study on PA. PA was objectively assessed using Actigraph™ accelerometers (Actigraph MTI, Manufacturing Technology Inc., Pensacola, FL, USA) during seven consecutive days. Non-wear time activity diaries were provided to register the activities for which the accelerometer was removed. After correction to deal with over-reporting, the registered minutes of PA were used to replace periods of non-wear time measured by the accelerometer. Setting Between October 2008 and May 2009 adolescents were recruited by home visits in Ghent (Belgium). Subjects Young adolescents (n 513; 48·6 % boys) aged 13 to 15 years. Results Of the total sample, 49·9 % registered at least one activity of moderate to vigorous intensity in the non-wear time activity diary. More adolescents registered an activity performed on a weekday than on a weekend day and the registered mean number of minutes of moderate to vigorous PA were higher on weekend days. Repeated-measures (M)ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between the mean minutes with and without non-wear activities for all PA intensities, regardless of adolescents’ socio-economic status or gender. More adolescents achieved the PA recommendations after inclusion of the non-wear activities irrespective of accelerometer thresholds used. Conclusions The collection of information regarding non-wear time by non-wear time activity diaries when using accelerometers in 13–15-year-old adolescents can lead to different PA outcomes at the individual level and therefore can improve the ability to accurately measure PA.