Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Usual Intake of Key Minerals among Children in the Second Year of Life, NHANES 2003–2012

Iron, calcium, and zinc are important nutrients for the young, developing child. This study describes the usual intake of iron, calcium, and zinc among US children in the second year of life using two days of dietary intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012. Estimates were calculated using PC-SIDE to account for within and between person variation. Mean usual iron, calcium, and zinc intakes were 9.5 mg/day, 1046 mg/day, and 7.1 mg/day, respectively. Over a quarter of children had usual iron intakes less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (26.1%). Eleven percent of children had usual calcium intakes below the RDA and over half of children had usual intakes of zinc that exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL). Two percent or less had usual intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for iron, calcium, and zinc. Our findings suggest that during 2003–2012, one in four children and one in ten children had usual intakes below the RDA for iron and calcium, respectively. Children who are not meeting their nutrient requirements could be at increased risk for developing deficiencies such as iron deficiency or could lead to a shortage in adequate nutrients required for growth and development. One in every two children is exceeding the UL for zinc, but the interpretation of these estimates should be done with caution given the limited data on adverse health outcomes. Continued monitoring of zinc intake and further assessment for the potential of adverse health outcomes associated with high zinc intakes may be needed.
Chapter XIX: Multi-Modal Biometrics Fusion for Human Recognition in Video

This chapter introduces a new video based recognition system to recognize non-cooperating individuals at a distance in video, who expose side views to the camera. Information from two biometric sources, side face and gait, is utilized and integrated for recognition. For side face, an Enhanced Side Face Image (ESFI), a higher resolution image compared with the image directly obtained from a single video frame, is constructed, which integrates face information from multiple video frames. For gait, the Gait Energy Image (GEI), a spatio-temporal compact representation of gait in video, is used to characterize human walking properties. The features of face and gait are extracted from ESFI and GEI, respectively. They are integrated at both of the match score level and the feature level by using different fusion strategies. The system is tested on a database of video sequences, corresponding to 45 people, which are collected over several months. The performance of different fusion methods are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that (a) the idea of constructing ESFI from multiple frames is promising for human recognition in video and better face features are extracted from ESFI compared to those from the original side face images; (b) the synchronization of face and gait is not necessary for face template ESFI and gait template GEI. (c) integrated information from side face and gait is effective for human recognition in video. The feature level fusion methods achieve better performance than the match score level methods fusion overall.
Mitigation techniques for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and Optical Beat Interference in OFDMA-PONs

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Optical Beat Interference (OBI) is examined thoroughly in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA)-Passive Optical Networks (PONs). Four techniques for mitigating the PAPR/OBI problem are evaluated, namely the bit-loading algorithm and clipping for the PAPR, and the power-loading and thermal detuning for the OBI.
Overview of CLIR Task at the Third NTCIR Workshop

This report is an overview of Cross-Language Information Retrieval Task (CLIR) at the third NTCIR Workshop. There are 3 tracks in CLIR: Single Language IR (SLIR), Bilingual CLIR (BLIR), and Multilingual CLIR (MLIR). The scope, schedule, test collections, search results, relevance judgment, scoring results, and the preliminary analyses are described in the report.
Higher order statistics and spectra analysis of sleep spindles

In this paper we analyze sleep spindles, observed in EEG recorded from humans during sleep, using both time and frequency domain methods which depend on higher order statistics and spectra. The time domain method combines the use of second and third order correlations to reveal information on the stationarity of periodic spindle rhythms, detecting transitions between multiple activities. The frequency domain method, based on the normalized bispectrum, describes the frequency interactions associated with the second order nonlinearities occuring in the observed EEG. Results for real data are presented.
Efficient Encryption-Authentication of Shared Bus-Memory in SMP System

To build secure SMP system with resistance against physical attacks, the essential requirements is to make data encryption and data authentication for both the shared bus and the shared memory. Analysis of such problem educes that it must combine the counter mode encryption with the hash tree based authentication, and such combination must inosculate with the architecture characters of SMP system to decrease additional burdens. Protecting method mainly consists of: (1) associate each data with its MAC and IV to form a (data, MAC, IV) pair, and the un-tampered IV can ensure data to be un-broken; (2) generate IV through tracing the shared bus sequence number, to complete bus data protection; (3) check the stored IV by hash tree, to realize memory data protection; (4) build the entire hash tree into MCH, to eliminate synchronization of tree root among processors; (5) spread tree root authentication result from MCH to processors through the safeguard IV-channel, to connect bus protection and memory protection smoothly to avoid introducing any additional data re-encryption/re-authentication on data path. Other optimizing measures are also applied. Simulations inspect this method, and prove that it is an efficient way to construct SMP data protection system.
A 17.5-dBm D-band power amplifier and doubler chain in SiGe BiCMOS technology

A D-Band ×2 frequency multiplier-amplifier chain implemented in a fT/fMAX = 200/250GHz 0. 12μm SiGe BiCMOS technology is presented. The chain achieves a peak output power of 17.5dBm at 115GHz and consists of input balun and push-push frequency doubler which drives a balanced three stages Power Amplifier (PA). It operates from 108GHz to 128GHz (3 dB power bandwidth) with 3dBm input power at V-Band and consumes a total DC power of 600mW. The PA achieves output 1dB compression point and saturated power of 13.3 and 17.1dBm, respectively, at 120GHz and peak small signal gain of 25.5dB.
Natural Language Descriptions of Visual Scenes Corpus Generation and Analysis

As video contents continue to expand, it is increasingly important to properly annotate videos for effective search, mining and retrieval purposes. While the idea of annotating images with keywords is relatively well explored, work is still needed for annotating videos with natural language to improve the quality of video search. The focus of this work is to present a video dataset with natural language descriptions which is a step ahead of keywords based tagging. We describe our initial experiences with a corpus consisting of descriptions for video segments crafted from TREC video data. Analysis of the descriptions created by 13 annotators presents insights into humans' interests and thoughts on videos. Such resource can also be used to evaluate automatic natural language generation systems for video.
De plattelandseconomie in Nederland: een verkenning van definities, indicatoren, instituties en beleid

In deze studie wordt een beeld geschetst van de plattelandseconomie in Nederland en wordt onderzocht hoe de plattelandseconomie kan worden versterkt. Er wordt met twee verschillende ruimtelijke afbakeningen van de plattelandseconomie gewerkt: COROPgebieden en het landelijk gebied buiten de dorpen en steden. Het behoud van de duurzame kwaliteit van het landschap blijkt een belangrijk zorgpunt in de Nederlandse plattelandseconomie te zijn. Uit een voorlopige toetsing van een aantal beleidsinstrumenten, waarbij uitdrukkelijk aandacht wordt besteed aan institutionele aspecten, komt naar voren dat het Programma Beheer, Beheer door Staatsbosbeheer en Grondverwerving veelbelovende instrumenten lijken te zijn ter ondersteuning van de kwaliteit van het landschap. In this study, an overview of the Dutch rural economy is given and it is explored by which means the Dutch rural economy can be strengthened. Two different spatial approaches of the rural economy are used: the first at NUTS 3 level, whereas the second one focuses on rural areas outside towns and villages. The maintenance of a sustainable quality of landscape appears to be a main concern of the Dutch rural economy. A provisional analysis of policy instruments with specific attention to institutional aspects reveals that the so-called 'Programma Beheer', 'Beheer door Staatsbosbeheer' and 'Grondverwerving' (instruments all directed at landscape management by farmers or nature organisations) are amongst the promising instruments for supporting landscape quality.
Frontal-Subcortical Dementias

Whereas Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementing illness, is typically characterized by initial deterioration within limbic and reticular structures (hippocampal/ entorhinal regions and basal forebrain cholinergic systems) with later involvement of the neocortex (particularly in temporal and parietal cortices), a second and diverse group of dementias do not initially present with a primary amnestic syndrome or initial pathology in regions affected in AD. Instead, these conditions are characterized by variable but primary changes in personality, working memory, attentional and executive function, and affective regulation and behavioral organization. These conditions constitute a large and heterogeneous group of conditions termed frontal-subcortical dementias (Bonelli & Cummings, 2008; Stewart, 2006; Bak, Crawford, Berrios, & Hodges, 2010). Unlike most typical presentations of AD, this group of dementias is typically characterized by primary deterioration in the prefrontal cortices, in various regions of the basal ganglia, within the white matter tracts connecting these regions, or in other associated subcortical systems in a functional partnership with prefrontal systems. As a result, these dementias can have very diverse etiologies, with clinical phenotypes mapping onto any number of etiologic substrates, making correlation of clinical syndrome and underlying etiology often difficult and challenging (Manes et al., 2010; Chow et al., 2008). Any disease process that affects the frontal lobes and/or their connections to subcortical structures, including basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, or reticular activating systems, can generate a frontal system dementia phenotype. Additional complexities emerge from a host of low-grade encephalopathic conditions (see Chapter 19) that produce a subsyndromal presentation of confusional states that can closely mimic several behavioral and cognitive phenotypes of these frontal-subcortical dementias, with varying degrees of apathy versus behavioral and affective disinhibition along with cognitive disorganization, but shy of a full-blown delirium. These wide-ranging mild encephalopathic conditions can also mimic the neurocognitive phenotype of these frontal-subcortical dementias. Because of this enormous diversity of etiologies, the differential diagnosis of any condition presenting with the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of a frontal-subcortical dementia is particularly challenging to the clinician, even if one is confident that the etiology is neurodegenerative (Duff et al., 2010) and not due to a low-grade reversible encephalopathy. Thus, this group of frontalsubcortical dementias has highly diverse neuropathologies associated with a group of common clinical syndromes; diverse treatment implications, depending on neuropsychological phenotype and behavioral issues; as well as underlying etiology.
The Private Sector in Agricultural RD: Policies and Institutions to Foster its Growth in Developing Countries

New technologies are critical to enhancing agricultural productivity and reducing poverty in many developing countries. While public-sector investment in research has historically driven technological change in agriculture, recent trends suggest that the public sector’s role may not be as significant in the future. There is much optimism about the private sector’s capacity to deliver new technologies, even though current levels of private investment in research in developing countries remain low. This paper examines the determinants of private investment in agricultural research and development in developing countries, the market and institutional constraints that limit private investment growth, and the incentive mechanisms that can strengthen private investment responses in agricultural R&D—from both the demand and supply sides—particularly in relation to pro-poor growth.
Localization of a vocal pattern generator in the pontine brainstem of the squirrel monkey

Very little is known about the coordination of muscles involved in mammalian vocalization at the level of single neurons. In the present study, a telemetric single‐unit recording technique was used to explore the ventrolateral pontine brainstem for vocalization‐correlated activity in the squirrel monkey during vocal communication. We found a discrete area in the reticular formation just above the superior olivary complex showing vocalization‐correlated activity. These neurons showed an increase in neuronal activity exclusively just before and during vocalization; none of them was active during mastication, swallowing or quiet respiration. Furthermore, the neuronal activity of these neurons reflected acoustic features, such as call duration or syllable structure of frequency‐modulated vocalization, directly. Based on these findings and previously reported anatomical data, we propose that this area serves as a vocal pattern generator for frequency‐modulated call types.
* This research was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract DACA76-97-K-0001 and monitored by the Topographic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army.

An approach that allows a user to assist an automatic system in modeling buildings is described. The approach is designed to be efficient in user time and effort while preserving the quality of the models created. Currently our system is able to handle the rectangular buildings with flat roof or symmetric gabled roof. Models can be created by only one or two clicks in many cases. Efficient editing of automatically derived models is also possible.
Multi-view indoor scene reconstruction from compressed through-wall radar measurements using a joint bayesian sparse representation

This paper addresses the problem of scene reconstruction, incorporating wall-clutter mitigation, for compressed multi-view through-the-wall radar imaging. We consider the problem where the scene is sensed using different reduced sets of frequencies at different antennas. A joint Bayesian sparse recovery framework is first employed to estimate the antenna signal coefficients simultaneously, by exploiting the sparsity and correlations between antenna signals. Following joint signal coefficient estimation, a subspace projection technique is applied to segregate the target coefficients from the wall contributions. Furthermore, a multitask linear model is developed to relate the target coefficients to the scene, and a composite scene image is reconstructed by a joint Bayesian sparse framework, taking into account the inter-view dependencies. Experimental results show that the proposed approach improves reconstruction accuracy and produces a composite scene image in which the targets are enhanced and the background clutter is attenuated.
Campaign Rhetoric: A Model of Reputation

We analyze conditions under which a candidate's campaign rhetoric may affect the beliefs of the voters over what policy the candidate will implement in case he wins the election. We develop a model of repeated elections with complete information in which candidates are purely ideological. Voter's strategies involve a credible threat to punish candidates that renege of their campaign promises, and in equilibrium all campaign promises are believed by voters, and honored by candidates. We obtain that the degree to which promises are credible in equilibrium is an increasing function of the value of a candidate's reputation.
A 7 µm mini-beam improves diffraction data from small or imperfect crystals of macromolecules

An X-ray mini-beam of 8 × 6 µm cross-section was used to collect diffraction data from protein microcrystals with volumes as small as 150–300 µm3. The benefits of the mini-beam for experiments with small crystals and with large inhomogeneous crystals are investigated.
The Effect of Varying Diagnostic Thresholds upon Clinical Caries Data for a Low Prevalence Group

This study investigated the impact of employing differing diagnostic thresholds on clinical caries data in studies of groups with low caries prevalence. Data from clinical examinations of 287 Hong Kong dental students were analyzed by means of the CARIES microcomputer software package. This software allows for re-calculation of raw data according to three different diagnostic thresholds (D3, D2, and D1). When "enamel" and "initial" lesions (as defined by WHO criteria) were included in the calculation of DMFT, its value increased from 3.0 (D3) to 5.9 (D1), while the percentage of individuals considered "caries-free" decreased from 28.2% to 7.0%. Little change was found in the magnitude of the intra-examiner reproducibility, when calculated at each threshold, for a random 10% of the subjects. It was unfortunately not possible to calculate inter-examiner reproducibility in this study. The use of criteria which might be misinterpreted as being similar, but which use differing effective diagnostic thresholds, can dramatically influence the reported level of dental caries. In view of these findings, it may be necessary for the question of diagnostic thresholds to be re-examined and to receive greater emphasis in future studies.
Inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway: the current landscape and barriers to clinical application

The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) is a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that has a fundamental role in many biologic processes including embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that this pathway plays a critical role in oncogenesis via gene amplification, activating mutations, or translocation in tumors of various histologies. With multiplex sequencing technology, the detection of FGFR aberrations has become more common and is tied to cancer cell proliferation, resistance to anticancer therapies, and neoangiogenesis. Inhibition of FGFR signaling appears promising in preclinical studies, suggesting a pathway of clinical interest in the development of targeted therapy. Phase I trials have demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile. Currently, there are multiple FGFR inhibitors under study with many non-selective (multi-kinase) inhibitors demonstrating limited clinical responses. As we progress from the first generation of non-selective drugs to the second generation of selective FGFR inhibitors, it is clear that FGFR aberrations do not behave uniformly across cancer types; thus, a deeper understanding of biomarker strategies is undoubtedly warranted. This review aims to consolidate data from recent clinical trials with a focus on selective FGFR inhibitors. As Phase II clinical trials emerge, concentration on patient selection as it pertains to predicting response to therapy, feasible methods for overcoming toxicity, and the likelihood of combination therapies should be utilized. We will also discuss qualities that may be desirable in future generations of FGFR inhibitors, with the hope that overcoming these current barriers will expedite the availability of this novel class of medications.
Chemical space visualization using ViFrame

Exploration of the chemical space is an important component of drug discovery process and its importance grows with the increase in the computation power which allows to explore larger areas of the chemical space. Recently, there emerged new algorithms proposed to automatically generate and search for compounds (objects in the chemical space) with desired properties. Although these approaches can be a big help, human interaction is usually still inevitable in the end. Visualization of the space can help make sense of the generated data and therefore visualization techniques are usually an integral part of any task related to chemical space exploration. Currently, there exist methods dealing with visualization of the chemical space but there is no framework supporting simple development of new methods. The purpose of this paper is to introduce such a modular framework called ViFrame. ViFrame offers the possibility to implement every single part of the visualization pipeline consisting of steps such as reading and merging molecules from multiple data sources, applying transformations and, of course, visualization of the data set in 2D space. The advantage of the framework consists in providing an environment where the user can focus on the development of the previously mentioned tasks while the framework supports seamless integration of the developed components. The framework also incorporates an application that provides the user with graphical interface for modules manipulation and presentation of the visualization results. For simple utilization of the application without the necessity of implementation of one's own module, several visualization methods have been implemented.
Nontargeted Identification of the Phenolic and Other Compounds of Saraca asoca by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Positive Electrospray Ionization and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for separation and identification of phenolic and other compounds in the water extracts of Saraca asoca (Roxb.), De. Wilde. The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the distribution of phenolic compounds in the different parts of the plant. The identity of compounds was established through the comparison with standards and characteristic base peaks as well as other daughter ions. In crude extracts, 34 catechin derivatives, 34 flavonoids, and 17 other compounds were identified. Interestingly, further analysis of compounds showed plant part specific unique pattern of metabolites; that is, regenerated bark is observed to be the best source for catechin/catechin derivative while flowers were found to be the source for wide variety of flavonoids. Moreover, these plant part specific compounds can be used as biomarkers for the identification of plant material or herbal drugs. Overall, the present study provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the phenolic components of this herb which may be helpful not only to understand their usage but also to contribute to quality control as well.