Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH

A political economy approach to children’s health considers how the economic and political systems of a jurisdiction influence the public policies that shape children’s health. It moves beyond the concrete and observable to look at the societal structures and processes that distribute the material and social resources to families and children that can either support or threaten children’s health. This special issue presents a number of articles from Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States that show how profoundly important these issues are to understanding and acting to improve children’s health. As such, these articles provide a useful counterpoint to prevailing notions of children’s health, which all too often are focused solely on the creation and delivery of services and attempts to change health-related behaviours. While these other issues are important, it is essential to identify and act to modify the too-frequently neglected structures and processes of society that create the public policies that shape the essential social determinants of children’s health.
The Dynamics of Participation in the Sole Parent Pension

The length of time families spent on the Sole Parent Pension (SPP) is analysed using the FaCS Longitudinal Data Set covering the period from June 1995 to June 1999. It is found that lone mothers, relatively younger and older lone parents, and those with younger children had lower exit rates from SPP. There is significant regional variation in the SPP exit rate, and there is evidence this is related to the implicit subsidy of public housing. Lone parents with greater job attachment had substantially shorter stays on SPP. Program payment levels had a relatively small effect on the length of time on SPP.
Predict protein subnuclear location with ensemble adaboost classifier

Protein function prediction with computational method is becoming an important research field in protein science and bioinformatics. In eukaryotic cells, the knowledge of subnuclear localization is essential for understanding the life function of nucleus. In this study, A novel ensemble classifier is designed incorporating three AdaBoost classifiers to predict protein subnuclear localization. The base classifier algorithms in AdaBoost classifier is fuzzy K nearest neighbors (FKNN). Three parts amino acid pair compositions with different spaces are computed to construct features vector for representing a protein sample. Jackknife cross-validation test are used to evaluate performance of proposed with two benchmark datasets. Compared with prior works, promising results obtained indicate that the proposed method is more effective and practical. Current approach may also be used to improve the prediction quality of other protein attributes. The software written in Matlab are available freely by contacting the corresponding author.
Mechanism for extended inversion in the equity premium

In this paper we review arguments that risk preference models are not capable of providing the extended periods of negative equity premium that are found in historical data. Instead we find that productivity increases can bias an economy toward deflation, implying monetary intervention should be semi-permanent and allowing leverage between policy determined lower interest rates and intrinsic business returns to increase the equity premium, or vice versa if rates are increased. As long as productivity is elevated, the effect is maintained in equilibrium. Or if productivity is lowered, the opposite effect can be maintained. Long term growth and portfolio effects prevent equalization via equities. Rational banking and the monetary agent assure debt capital availability if it is not otherwise provided from mixed risk preferences in the market.
Microfinance institution costs: effects of gender, subsidies and technology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a statistical examination of the factors affecting the performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) operating in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Design/methodology/approach – Data on MFIs operating in Eastern Europe and Central Asia during the period 1999-2004 were used in this study. A statistical analysis of the performance of these MFIs was conducted utilizing a cost function approach, which was estimated using seemingly unrelated regressions. Findings – During the study time period, MFIs involved in the provision of group loans and with a higher percentage of loans to women had lower costs. The presence of subsidies is also found to be associated with higher MFI costs. Social implications – Providing financial services to women, and use of group loans was associated with lower costs in Eastern Europe and central Asian microfinance institutions in the early 2000s. Originality/value – This study focuses exclusively on efficiency of MFIs operating in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and the first to explicitly measure outreach efficiency when output is measured by number of active clients, rather than the value of the overall MFI lending portfolio.
Microbiological characteristics of Anevato: a traditional Greek cheese

Nine batches of Anevato, raw goat milk cheese, were examined throughout a 60 day storage time at three different periods within the lactation season of the goat. High mean log counts per gram of cheese for aerobic bacteria (7·92–9·56), lactic acid bacteria (7·78–9·32), Gram‐negative organisms 5·64–9·67), psychrotrophs (7·90–11·79) and proteolytic bacteria (7·57–9·36) were found. Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and yeasts were considerably lower. Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms in the curd of cheese made in May were lower by approximately 3·0 log10 cfu g−1 than counts in curd made in January, and were lower by about 2·5 log10 cfu g−1 than those in cheese made in March. This coincided with lower pH and higher counts of lactic acid bacteria in cheese made in March and May. Yeast populations were affected by the season and were higher in May than March and/or January. Lactococci dominated in the cheese until 15 days, but lactobacilli became predominant after 30 days. Lactococcus lactis was the most abundant species of lactic acid bacteria found in Anevato cheese. Results suggest the need for improving milk quality and/or using heat‐treated milk to produce Anevato cheese; the use of L. lactis as a starter would possibly eliminate or suppress the growth of undesirable organisms.
Correlation of expression pattern of aquaporin-1 in primary central nervous system tumors with tumor type, grade, proliferation, microvessel density, contrast-enhancement and perilesional edema.

OBJECTIVES Brain edema, a hallmark of malignant brain tumors, continues to be a major cause of mortality. The underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood and thought to be mediated through membrane water-channels: aquaporins (AQP1,4,9). The abnormal upregulation of AQP1 in certain glial neoplasms has suggested a potential role in tumor pathogenesis, apart from being a novel target for newer therapeutic regimen. This study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of AQP1 in primary CNS tumors of various histologic types and grades, and its correlation with contrast-enhancement, perilesional edema, histomorphology, proliferation index and microvessel density. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsy tissues from 30 patients (10 each from gliomas, meningiomas and other primary CNS tumors) were studied. Autopsy brain sections served as control. AQP1-immunoreactivity was correlated with histomorphology, radiology, proliferation index and microvessel density (MVD). RESULTS AQP1 expression was increased in gliomas and ependymal tumors as compared to meningiomas. Intratumoral expression was homogenous in high-grade and membranous in low-grade neoplasms, while peritumoral areas showed expression around vessels and reactive astrocytes. High-grade tumors showed peritumoral upregulation, while low-grade had intense intratumoral expression. A trend of positive correlation was observed between AQP1-immunopositivity and increasing grade, higher MIB-1LI, increasing contrast-enhancement and more perilesional edema, and elevated MVD with raised AQP1:MVD ratio. CONCLUSIONS AQP1-immunoexpression had a good correlation with high-grade tumors. AQP-upregulation in perilesional areas of high-grade tumors suggests its role in vasogenic edema. Further studies involving other AQP molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) should be undertaken to evaluate its possible role as a potential surrogate marker of high-grade tumors heralding poor outcome, inhibition of which may serve as the basis for future targeted therapy.
The Voting Rights Act: Disfranchisement, Dilution, and Alternative Election Systems

The Voting Rights Act (VRA) (79 Stat. 667) is widely regarded as the most effective piece of civil rights legislation enacted in the United States. Adopted initially in 1965 to protect the voting rights of African Americans, it was expanded in 1975 to protect the voting rights of specified language minorities: Hispanice, Native Americans, Native Alaskans, and Asian Americans. A number of important changes in American politics can be traced directly to the VRA. The first is the dramatic increase in the number of minority voters. The major barriers to minority group members registering to vote and casting ballots have been removed as a result of the Act; consequently, minority disfranchisement is only rarely an issue today. The expansion of the minority electorate was critical to another important change, the increase in the number of minority elected officials. Minority voter support has usually been essential to the electoral success of minority candidates. Growth in the minority electorate in the United States was followed by an increase in minority officeholders. The magnitude of this increase, however, has been dependent on additional VRA provisions.
Explaining the Variance of Price Dividend Ratios

This paper presents a bound on the variance of the price-dividend ratio and a decomposition of the variance of the price-dividend ratio into components that reflect variation in expected future discount rates and variation in expected future dividend growth. Unobserved discount rates needed to make the variance bound and variance decomposition hold are characterized, and the variance bound and variance decomposition are tested for several discount rate models, including the consumption based model, and models based on interest rates plus a constant risk premium.
Attitudes toward employee participation in decision‐making: A comparison of european and american managers in a united states multinational company

This article examines an American multinational company to uncover any crossnational differences in managerial attitudes toward employee participation in decision-making. Human resource practices of the parent company toward its European subsidiaries were also examined, especially those relevant to employee participation issues. Data were collected from the company's manufacturing facilities in Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States. Managers were interviewed and then surveyed regarding their attitudes toward participation. The interviews revealed resistance to the parent company's efforts to “export” an American vision of employee participation to its European subsidiaries. The survey data revealed attitudinal differences among European managers as well as among their American counterparts. Possible explanations, implications for human resource executives and research directions are discussed. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Productive efficiency of public enterprises: a macroeconomic analysis based on cross-section estimation of a neoclassical production function

Over the past decade the role of public enterprise in the economic development process has been a subject of active debate.Using cross -section estimates of a neoclassical production function incorporating vakue-addition of the parasatal sector as a variable supplementary to the factors and capital,it is shown,onthe basis of macroeconomic data for the periods 1970–81and 1970–85,that hypothesis derived fromm the propely rights,bureaucracy and X-inefficiency cannot be rejected.
Term Premium and Long-range Dependence in Volatility: A FIGARCH-M Estimation on Some Asian Countries

Recent events in financial markets put forward the relevance of a study relating to the Asian interest rate term premia volatility series. More specifically, our object is to test whether long-term dependent processes, such as FIGARCH ones, are appropriated for modelling volatility series. Results suggest that the considered Asian series of volatility are characterised by a strong dependent structure, which indicates that shocks to volatility have persistent consequences. Moreover, through the estimation of FIGARCH in mean processes, we show that the long-term component of volatility has an impact on term premia series.
Weather biases in the NFL totals market

I examine outcome predictability in the National Football League totals betting market using data from the 1984 through 2004 seasons. Results suggest that while weather is an important determinant of scoring, the market does not accurately incorporate the effects of adverse conditions into totals bet prices. Specifically, I demonstrate that heat, wind and rain reduce point production, and provide evidence that bettors underestimate this effect. I also present a betting strategy that accounts for expected weather conditions and produces an out-of-sample win rate significantly above the 52.38% profitability threshold.
Anterior neural induction by nodes from rabbits and mice.

The organizer of vertebrate embryos represents the major regulatory center for the formation of the embryonic axis during gastrulation. The early blastopore lip of amphibia and Hensen's node of the chick at the full-length primitive streak stage possess both a head- and a trunk-inducing potential. In mice, a head-inducing activity was identified in the extraembryonic, anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) by tissue ablation and genetic experiments. Evidence for a similar activity in the AVE from the rabbit was obtained by transplanting below the avian epiblast. However, it was still unclear whether the AVE is the exclusive origin of anterior neural induction or if this activity is recapitulated by the node and/or its derivatives. We report here that nodes from both rabbit and mouse embryos can induce a complete neural axis including forebrain structures upon grafting to chick hosts. Thus, in rabbits and mice not only the AVE, but also the node, possesses a potential for the induction of anterior neural tissue.
Noncortical Origins of the Spinal Motor Evoked Potential in Rats

&NA; Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the spinal cord, sciatic nerve, or both during transcortical electrical stimulation in the rat. Four peaks could be consistently identified in the spinal MEP. The latency and amplitude of the peaks varied differentially with intensity and polarity of stimulation. Conduction velocity for Peak 1 of the MEP was 43 m/sec. Bilateral sciatic nerve MEPs were present after unilateral cortical stimulation. The spinal MEP was elicited by stimulation of areas outside the motor cortex, and the response persisted during subcortical stimulation and after motor cortex ablation. We present evidence suggesting that components of the spinal MEP in rats arise from pathways outside the motor cortex.
The China Model: one country, six authors

The rapid economic development of the People's Republic of China has not only been spectacular since 1978 but also suggests that there is a specific China Model of the relationship between the state, society and the market. In particular, this model would seem to have particular application to the less developed economies of the world. Certainly the emergence of a Beijing Consensus to replace the democratic capitalist Washington Consensus of the 1990s would seem to suggest the purchase that China's rise has brought in many parts of the world. An examination of six prominent different accounts of China's growing economic and political importance suggests that there are distinct limits to the conceptualisation of China's development in terms of a model, though there may be lessons about the interaction of public and private to be learnt more widely.
Alternative Models for the Conditional Heteroscedasticity of Stock Returns

This article compares econometric model specifications that have been proposed to explain the commonly observed characteristics of the unconditional distribution of daily stock returns. The empirical results indicate that the most likely ranking is (1) intertemporal dependence models, (2) Student t, (3) generalized mixture-of-normal distributions, (4) Poisson jump, and (5) the stationary normal. Among the intertemporal dependence models for conditional heteroscedasticity, those with a leverage (or asymmetry) effect are superior. The Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle specification is the most descriptive for individual stocks, while Nelson's exponential model is the most likely for stock indexes. Copyright 1994 by University of Chicago Press.
Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and B-cell follicles in the multiple sclerosis brain: what you find depends on how and where you look.

Sir, The research article by Willis et al . (2009) and the letter to the editor by Peferoen et al . (2010) challenge our earlier finding that infection with Epstein–Barr virus is a common feature in the multiple sclerosis brain, provided that autopsy samples containing immune infiltrates are analysed (Serafini et al ., 2007). Both groups also fail to detect meningeal B-cell follicles, the structures we first found in a proportion of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (Serafini et al ., 2004; Magliozzi et al ., 2007; Howell et al ., 2009) and then identified as main, though not unique, intracerebral sites of Epstein–Barr virus persistence and reactivation (Serafini et al ., 2007). Based on their inability to find follicle-like structures in 94 multiple sclerosis brain specimens collected by the Netherlands Brain Bank and in a small number of specimens obtained from the UK Multiple Sclerosis Tissue Bank, Peferoen et al . (2010) ‘question the importance and significance of ectopic B cell follicles as a pathogenic feature of multiple sclerosis’, a scenario we proposed by showing that these structures are associated with more extensive cortical pathology and aggressive clinical course (Magliozzi et al ., 2007; Howell et al ., 2009). Inability to detect meningeal B-cell follicles in brain tissue of the Dutch Multiple Sclerosis cohort was recently reported also by Kooi et al . (2009) and Torkildsen et al . (2010). Given the mounting serological evidence (Ascherio and Munger, 2007; Farrell et al ., 2009; Sundstrom et al ., 2009; Levin et al ., 2010; Lunemann et al ., 2010) and immunological (Jilek et al ., 2008; Lunemann and Munz, 2009; Pender, 2009; Jaquiery et al ., 2010) of an association between Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis, understanding …
ABC Information, Fairness Perceptions, and Interfirm Negotiations

ABSTRACT: We examine the effect of more precise cost information on contract renegotiations between supply-chain parties. Specifically, we experimentally investigate the benefits of activity-based costing (ABC) information to address common supply-chain inefficiencies that are caused by the buyer or the seller, but have the same underlying costs. Results suggest that the impact of more precise cost information depends crucially on the cause of the inefficiency that parties need to address during the negotiation. ABC information increases the total joint profit in the supply chain. However, ABC information increases the seller's perceptions of the fairness of the buyer's arguments for contract changes only when the buyer causes the inefficiency but not when the seller causes the inefficiency. The combined effect of ABC information on joint profit and fairness perceptions thus increases the buyer's profit only when buyer causes the inefficiency but not when the seller causes the inefficiency. Data Availabil.
Understanding Changing Patron Expectations of Club Offerings

ABSTRACT This article adopts a consumer behavioural approach to investigating the needs, wants, and expectations of club patrons and reviews the differing requirements of three existing segments of club patrons and two demographic sub-groups. The article applies a consumer behavioural framework and suggests that demographics, culture, values, reference groups, and attitudes underpin the differing needs, wants, and expectations of patrons. The article suggests that attitude is the specific determinant of consumer behaviour that may be of most interest to club marketers and suggests the application of the Theory of Reasoned Action in order to change sub-group attitudes and increase patronage. This suggestion is illustrated through the presentation of a case study. The article concludes by suggesting that further research be conducted to determine how clubs may be able to remain true to their historical roots and traditional membership base, whilst actively catering to the market orientation of current and future generations of potential members.
Exploring destination satisfaction: a case of kizkalesi, Turkey

This study sought to determine if there were any significant differences on overall destination satisfaction in Turkish tourists with different demographic and travel behavior characteristics. In addition, we analyzed differences in the destination attributes in relation to tourists' demographic and travel behavior characteristics. Study data were collected from 233 Turkish tourists in Kizkalesi, Turkey. We performed factor analysis to reduce the number of destination attributes and to obtain correlated variable composites from the original destination attributes. ANOVA was used to determine significant differences in the overall satisfaction of tourists by demographics and travel behavior characteristics. ANOVA was also used to determine whether individuals' responses to the general destination attributes differed in relation to sociodemographic and travel behavior variables. Results indicated that a significant relationship does exist between overall destination satisfaction and travelers' sociodemographic and trip variables. In addition, we found a significant relationship between specific destination attributes and travelers' demographic and trip variables.