Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model incorporating the effects of detector width in 2D PET

For decades, the Radon transform has been used as an approximate model for two-dimensional (2D) positron emission tomography (PET). Since this model assumes that detector tubes are represented by lines (hence have no area), PET reconstruction algorithms need to be modified to account for the nonzero width of detectors. To date, these modifications have been obtained by computational methods, so fail to exhibit any inherent mathematical structure of the PET transform which takes emission intensity to detector tube means. This paper contains a precise mathematical representation of this PET transform and exploits this representation to propose a new method for reconstructing PET images. This representation is achieved by expressing the probability that an emission at a point is detected in a detector tube, in terms of the Green function and Poisson kernel for Laplace's equation on the unit disc. This new PET transform involves four weighted line integrals of the emission intensity function, instead of the single unweighted line integral defining the 2D Radon transform. Despite the complexity of this model, a reconstruction method is obtained by using classical orthogonal series representations of the emission intensity and detection means in terms of circular harmonics, Bessel functions and Chebyshev polynomials.
Multidimensional Flux Difference Splitting Schemes

A novel alteration to the Cauchy–Kowalevski procedure is here presented to obtain essentially monotonic solutions for multidimensional flows. It is argued that this can be accomplished by splitting the cross-derivative terms among the several dimensions, such that the coefficient of the cross derivatives remains small compared to the coefficient of the normal derivatives. The approach naturally lends itself to extending the Roe flux difference splitting scheme to multiple dimensions and is advantaged over previous Cauchy–Kowalevski-based methods by yielding a solution free of spurious oscillations in the vicinity of oblique shock waves. Several test cases ranging from low-speed subsonic flows in channels to hypersonic flows over ramp injectors indicate that the proposed genuinely multidimensional method generally achieves a twofold or more increase in resolution along each dimension over the dimensionally split Roe scheme while retaining its appealing attributes: the scheme has a compact three-node-bandwi.
Design of a 200-kJ HTS SMES System

In this paper, optimization of an HTS SMES coil as a part of a 200-kJ HTS SMES system has been realized. A 1+1 evolution strategy with the line element method was used to optimize the shape of the coil. In order to ensure the desired energy storage capacity, final dimensions of the coil were recalculated with the finite element method (FEM).
The Linear Model Is a Very Special Case: How to Explore Data for Their Full Clinical Implications

There are clinically important structures of mappings between cases' locations in independent variable spaces and their locations in dependent variable spaces that are not well characterized by linear model methods. A general model of data presentation and exploration is presented in terms of sufficient condition causality. It can be used for discovering and portraying cause-and-effect mapping structures, for suggesting appropriate versions of the linear model for particular data sets, and for interpreting the results of studies, especially for clinical purposes. The linear model is shown to be a special case of this general model.
Space-variant point-spread-function deconvolution of Hubble imagery using the Connection Machine

The spherical aberration errors which are present in the Hubble Space Telescope optical system produce a space variant point spread function where only 20% of the photons are concentrated in an area corresponding to the diffraction limit of the telescope. Deconvolution techniques can be used to concentrate the remaining 80% of the photons into the Airy core of the images thus restoring diffraction limited performance. Since the point spread function is space variant the normal Fourier transform convolution techniques are difficult to implement. We have developed an image space based convolution routine on the Connection Machine which can be used with a variety of deconvolution algorithms. The space variant point spread function is approximated by assuming isoplanatic patches in the image which can vary in size from 2 X 2 to 32 X 32 pixels. We present timing examples of two popular deconvolution techniques: the Maximum Entropy Method and the Richardson-Lucy method. Thirty iterations of either algorithm on a 512 X 512 image using 256 different point spread functions is accomplished in 90 seconds. © (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Numerical simulations of sheared magnetic lines at the solar null line

Aims. We perform numerical simulations of sheared magnetic lines at the magnetic null line configuration of two magnetic arcades that are settled in a gravitationally stratified and magnetically confined solar corona. Methods. We developed a general analytical model of a 2.5D solar atmospheric structure. As a particular application of this model, we adopted it for the curved magnetic field lines with an inverted Y shape that compose the null line above two magnetic arcades, which are embedded in the solar atmosphere that is specified by the realistic temperature distribution. The physical system is described by 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic equations that are numerically solved by the FLASH code. Results. The magnetic field line shearing, implemented about 200 km below the transition region, results in Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves that are able to penetrate solar coronal regions above the magnetic null line. As a result of the coupling of these waves, partial reflection from the transition region and scattering from inhomogeneous regions the Alfven waves experience fast attenuation on time scales comparable to their wave periods, and the physical system relaxes in time. The attenuation time grows with the large amplitude and characteristic growing time of the shearing. Conclusions. By having chosen a di erent magnetic flux function, the analytical model we devised can be adopted to derive equilibrium conditions for a diversity of 2.5D magnetic structures in the solar atmosphere.
Parenting styles, maladaptive coping styles, and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors: a multiple mediation analysis in patients with feeding and eating disorders

Background Although preliminary studies support the roles of unhealthy parenting styles and maladaptive coping styles in increasing rates of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors (EAB) and clinically significant feeding and eating disorders (FED), underlying mechanisms have not been well-recognized. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with disturbed EAB and the mediating roles of overcompensation and avoidance coping styles in the relationship between different types of parenting styles and disturbed EAB among patients with FED. Methods A total of 102 patients with FED in Zahedan, Iran, participating in this cross-sectional study (from April to March 2022) completed a sociodemographic information form and self-report measures of parenting styles, maladaptive coping styles, and EAB. Model 4 of Hayes’ PROCESS macro in SPSS was employed to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between study variables. Results The results showed that authoritarian parenting style, overcompensation and avoidance coping styles, and female gender might be related to disturbed EAB. The overall hypothesis that overcompensation and avoidance coping styles mediated the effect of fathers’ and mothers’ authoritarian parenting styles on disturbed EAB was also supported. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the necessity of evaluating particular unhealthy parenting styles and maladaptive coping styles as the important possible risk factors in the development and maintenance of higher level of disturbance in EAB among patients with FED. However, more research is needed to explore individual, family, and peer risk factors for disturbed EAB among these patients.
Machine-learning approach for quantified resolvability enhancement of low-dose STEM data

High-resolution electron microscopy is achievable only when a high electron dose is employed, a practice that may cause damage to the specimen and, in general, affects the observation. This drawback sets some limitations on the range of applications of high-resolution electron microscopy. Our work proposes a strategy, based on machine learning, which enables a significant improvement in the quality of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope images generated at low electron dose, strongly affected by Poisson noise. In particular, we develop an autoencoder, trained on a large database of images, which is thoroughly tested on both synthetic and actual microscopy data. The algorithm is demonstrated to drastically reduce the noise level and approach ground-truth precision over a broad range of electron beam intensities. Importantly, it does not require human data pre-processing or the explicit knowledge of the dose level employed and can run at a speed compatible with live data acquisition. Furthermore, a quantitative unbiased benchmarking protocol is proposed to compare different denoising workflows.
Stability margin loss due to wavefront sensor misregistration: amelioration with spatial filtering techniques

A phase reconstructor for an adaptive optics system depends on a model of the response of commands to the deformable mirror in the gradient sensor. Errors in this model may be due to actuator/sensor misregistration. The level of misregistration which produces closed loop instability is calculated for several systems (2 X 2, 4 X 4, and 15 X 15 subapertures). Depending on the servo law, the 15 X 15 system may be stable for misregistration up to 17% of a subaperture but loses 30 degrees of phase margin at 5%. The effects of system size, servo bandwidth, latency, and actuator slaving are illustrated. It is also shown that spatially filtering the reconstructed phase can dramatically reduce the sensitivity to misregistration.
The role of openness and cultural intelligence in students' intention to study abroad

PurposeHigher education performance is boosted through cross-border cooperation and increased transnational mobility of students. In addition, exchange students have better employability skills after staying abroad compared to the students' peers. A number of studies have investigated factors that determine whether a student studies abroad. In this study, the authors focused on the role of personality trait openness to experience and cultural intelligence (CI) in explaining Croatian students' experience with and/or intention to travel abroad for studying purposes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analyzed results from 482 students (M = 22.61, standard deviation (SD) = 2.24, 66% female), of whom 35% reported that they studied abroad or intended to study abroad. They filled in The Cultural Intelligence Scale and openness facets items from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-300) questionnaire.FindingsThe authors conducted a hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis and found that students who were younger, had higher adventurousness and higher motivational CI were more likely to study abroad. Results of the mediation analysis showed that the association between openness to experience facet adventurousness and intention to study abroad was partially mediated by the motivational aspect of CI.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the better understanding of complex interrelations between personality traits and CI in the context of higher education internationalization processes. This study offers unique insight into the mediating role CI has in the association between personality and mobility behavior.
Autonomous Vehicle Dataset with Real Multi-Driver Scenes and Biometric Data

The development of autonomous vehicles is becoming increasingly popular and gathering real-world data is considered a valuable task. Many datasets have been published recently in the autonomous vehicle sector, with synthetic datasets gaining particular interest due to availability and cost. For a real implementation and correct evaluation of vehicles at higher levels of autonomy, it is also necessary to consider human interaction, which is precisely something that lacks in existing datasets. In this article the UPCT dataset is presented, a public dataset containing high quality, multimodal data obtained using state-of-the-art sensors and equipment installed onboard the UPCT’s CICar autonomous vehicle. The dataset includes data from a variety of perception sensors including 3D LiDAR, cameras, IMU, GPS, encoders, as well as driver biometric data and driver behaviour questionnaires. In addition to the dataset, the software developed for data synchronisation and processing has been made available. The quality of the dataset was validated using an end-to-end neural network model with multiple inputs to obtain the speed and steering wheel angle and it obtained very promising results.
MM5 Ensemble Mean Forecasts in the Taiwan Area for the 2003 Mei-Yu Season

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation study of a real-time fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) mesoscale ensemble prediction system in the Taiwan area during the 2003 mei-yu season. The ensemble system consists of 16 members that used the same nested domains of 45- and 15-km resolutions, but different model settings of the initial conditions (ICs), the cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS), and the microphysics scheme (MS). Verification of geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, and winds in the 15-km grid shows that the members using the Kain–Fritsch CPS performed better than those using the Grell CPS, and those using the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) Nonhydrostatic Forecast System (NFS) ICs fared better than those using the CWB Global Forecast System (GFS) ICs. The members applying the mixed-phase MS generally exhibited the smallest errors among the four MSs. Precipitation verification shows that the members using the Grell CPS, in general, had high.
Regulation of alternative splicing by retrograde and light signals converges to control chloroplast proteins

Retrograde signals sent by chloroplasts control transcription in the nucleus. These signals antagonistically converge with light signals to coordinate the expression of genes involved in chloroplast functioning and seedling development. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular interplay between light and retrograde signals at the transcriptional level, little is known about their interconnection at the post-transcriptional level. By using different publicly available datasets, this study addresses the influence of retrograde signaling on alternative splicing and defines the molecular and biological functions of this regulation. These analyses revealed that alternative splicing mimics transcriptional responses triggered by retrograde signals at different levels. First, both molecular processes similarly depend on the chloroplast-localized pentatricopeptide-repeat protein GUN1 to modulate the nuclear transcriptome. Secondly, as described for transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing coupled with the nonsense-mediated decay pathway effectively downregulates expression of chloroplast proteins in response to retrograde signals. Finally, light signals were found to antagonistically control retrograde signaling-regulated splicing isoforms, which consequently generates opposite splicing outcomes that likely contribute to the opposite roles these signals play in controlling chloroplast functioning and seedling development.
Activity-Induced Radial Velocity Variation of M Dwarf Stars

Abstract Stellar magnetic activity manifests itself in a variety of ways including starspots–cool, dark regions on the stellar surface. Starspots can cause variations (‘jitter’) in spectral line-profiles which can mimic the radial velocity (RV) variations caused by an orbiting planet, or create RV noise that can drown out a planetary signature. Cool, low-mass M dwarf stars can be highly active, which can make detection of potentially habitable planets around these stars difficult. We investigate radial velocity variations caused by different activity (spot) patterns on M dwarf stars in order to determine the limits of detectability for small planets orbiting active M dwarfs. We report on our progress toward the aim of answering the following questions: What types of spot patterns are realistic for M dwarf stars? What effect will spots have on M dwarf RV measurements? Can jitter from M dwarf spots mimic planetary signals? What is the ideal observing wavelength to reduce M dwarf jitter?
Highly efficient biexciton preparation for quantum-dot entangled photon generation

A pulsed laser scenario, designed to prepare a variety of self-assembled quantum dots with nearly 100% population in a biexciton state, is proposed. We use realistic parameters for typical self-assembled quantum dots and show that two-colour sequential as well as concurrent excitation of the biexciton state can virtually eliminate unwanted exciton population and prepare a quantum dot in the biexciton state with near-deterministic accuracy. The ensuing radiative emission would be a prerequisite for a high rate, on-demand, source of entangled photons.
Retinal images in a model of a pseudophakic eye with classic and hybrid intraocular lenses

In order to restore clear vision in the case of cataracts the opaque crystalline lens of the diseased eye is extracted and an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted in its place. Different designs of IOLs are used in practice. The retinal image quality in such an eye (pseudophakic) depends on the parameters of the implanted IOL, in particular on its chromatic aberration. Since the dispersive properties of IOL material differ from that of a crystalline lens, the chromatic aberration of a pseudophakic eye is much greater than in a healthy eye. This paper studies a hybrid (refractive–diffractive) IOL of chromatic aberration chosen in a such way that the overall longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the pseudophakic eye is equal to that of the healthy eye. Simulated retinal images calculated with the help of typical lens design software ZEMAX® illustrate the usefulness of such a solution.
Changing Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Results From a 21-Year, Prospective, Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate changes in the clinical presentation and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) in an academic, US medical center. METHODS Consecutive patients with monomicrobial SAB were enrolled from January 1995 to December 2015. Each person's initial bloodstream S. aureus isolate was genotyped using spa typing. Clonal complexes (CCs) were assigned using Ridom StaphType software. Changes over time in both the patient and bacterial characteristics were estimated with linear regression. Associations between genotypes or clinical characteristics and complications were estimated using multivariable regression models. RESULTS Among the 2348 eligible participants, 54.2% had an implantable, foreign body of some type. This proportion increased significantly during the 21-year study period, by 0.96% annually (P = .002), as did comorbid conditions and acquisition outside of the hospital. Rates of any metastatic complication also significantly increased, by 0.94% annually (P = .019). Among the corresponding bloodstream S. aureus isolates, spa-CC012 (multi-locus sequence type [MLST] CC30), -CC004 (MLST CC45), -CC189 (MLST CC1), and -CC084 (MLST CC15) all significantly declined during the study period, while spa-CC008 (MLST CC8) significantly increased. Patients with SAB due to spa-CC008 were significantly more likely to develop metastatic complications in general, and abscesses, septic emboli, and persistent bacteremia in particular. After adjusting for demographic, racial, and clinical variables, the USA300 variant of spa-CC008 was independently associated with metastatic complications (odds ratio 1.42; 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.99). CONCLUSIONS Systematic approaches for monitoring complications of SAB and genotyping the corresponding bloodstream isolates will help identify the emergence of hypervirulent clones and likely improve clinical management of this syndrome.
Dynamic user clustering with hybrid beamforming in millimeter wave non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and power allocation using teaching learning based optimization (TLBO)

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a most promising candidate in future wireless networks to improve user fairness and spectral / energy efficiency in multiuser scenarios. In this work, we investigate a clustered multi‐user millimeter wave (mmWave) downlink NOMA system with a hybrid beamforming architecture. In most existing research with dynamic user clustering, the number of users in each cluster varies from one to any number. A single user in a cluster corresponds to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) case, which is not beneficial. At the same time, clusters with more than one user employ the NOMA technique. However, the main limitation of NOMA with a large number of users is the successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding complexity which increases with the number of users. Moreover, this also causes a delay in decoding the data at the users. This problem is addressed in our proposed algorithm, where each cluster has a minimum of two users to a maximum of a fixed number of users. Together with the dynamic clustering, a hybrid beamforming vector is also designed. Then, a single‐step power allocation algorithm using teaching‐learning based optimization (TLBO) to maximize sum spectral efficiency is proposed, which is less complex than the existing suboptimal methods.
Plasma electrostatic turbulence in TCV tokamak edge: direct comparison of experiment with 2D simulation

Experimentally, radial transport in the tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) has long been measured to occur at anom- alously high rates (1), often 100 − 1000× faster than ex- pected on the basis of collisional, non-turbulent diffusion (2). Nowadays the transport is believed to occur through convection in the form of coherent structures (blobs) which propagate radially through the SOL. Charge sepa- ration inside the blobs, caused by magnetic guiding center drifts, leads to a poloidal electric field and thus a radial ad- vection due to the corresponding electric drift. This con- tribution presents a comparison between measurements of electrostatic turbulence in the TCV SOL with the results of two-dimensional fluid turbulence simulations and will show for the first time that much of the statistical charac- ter seen in experiment can be quantitatively captured by