Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of changes in the composition of the Martian atmosphere caused by CO2 condensation from GRS Ar measurements and its application to the rederivation of MGS radio occultation measurements

We propose a method to estimate seasonal changes in the composition of the Martian atmosphere, which is influenced by CO2 condensation due to the polar nights at southern high latitudes. The method relies on measurements of the Ar concentration obtained by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) onboard Mars Odyssey. We assume that the Martian atmosphere is composed of CO2, N2, and Ar, and is vertically well mixed. Since N2 and Ar do not condense even during the polar nights, the ratio of N2 and Ar remains constant, and the concentrations of N2 and CO2 can be estimated from Ar measurements. Estimates of the atmospheric composition were utilized for the rederivation of temperature and pressure profiles in the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation measurements (∼70 profiles of ∼20,000 profiles in the whole data set) at southern polar latitudes (90°S–75°S) during the autumn, winter, and spring seasons (Ls = 0°–240°). The rederived profiles indicated that use of the standard global composition overestimated the temperature by at least approximately 5 K at Ls = ∼120° (midwinter), when the largest CO2 depletion occurred and the CO2 volume mixing ratio fell to 78%. The occurrence and degree of CO2 supersaturation were several times higher and larger, respectively, in the rederived temperature profiles than in the original MGS profiles. This suggests that consideration of CO2 depletion during southern polar nights is needed when studying CO2 supersaturation using radio occultation profiles.
Radiotherapy-induced dynamic changes in the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with laryngeal cancer indicate poor prognosis

Aim We hypothesized that markers of inflammation correlate with response to radiotherapy in patients with non-metastatic laryngeal cancer (LC). Our aim was to assess peripheral and local markers of inflammation including lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes (TILsCD8), and programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1) expression. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center analysis of LC patients administered definitive (R-RT) or postoperative radiotherapy (PORT). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) in relation to peripheral and local inflammatory markers and their dynamic changes during RT. Results Study group included 215 patients (R-RT, n=116; PORT, n=99). The baseline (t0) NLR and LMR were significantly correlated with OS in the R-RT group. In patients with high and low NLR at t0, the five-year OS was 33% and 56% (p=0.010) and in high and low LMR at t0, the five-year OS was 56% and 27% (p=0.003), respectively. The LMR increase during R-RT predicted better prognosis: the five-year OS in high and low LMR was 57% and 31% at t2 (after 2 weeks of RT) (p=0.015), 49% and 26% at t4 (p< 0.001), and 50% and 25% at t6 (p=0.013), respectively. Multivariable analysis shows that the worse performance status (p=0.003), the presence of nodal metastases (p=0.0001), and low baseline LMR (p=0.049) in the R-RT group, and the presence of nodal metastases (p=0.035) and completion treatment on time (p=0.042) in PORT group were associated with poor prognosis. The PD-L1 expression had no significant prognostic value in any of the examined patients. Conclusion The baseline LMR and its dynamic changes during R-RT and baseline NLR are independent prognostic factors in patients with nonmetastatic LC. PD-L1 expression and number of TILsCD8 have no prognostic value in R-RT and PORT group.
The Oncolytic Effect of an Iraqi Newcastle Disease Virus Attenuated Strain (AMHA1) Against Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Objective: The most recent World Health Organization statistics show that colorectal cancer is the third foremost cause of death by cancer among Iraqis. It has become necessary to search and develop novel and unconventional treatment methods. Oncolytic virotherapy is one of the innovative cancer therapeutics that showed to be safe and selective and there is increased efforts in the recent years to move them to clinic. For the reason we were developing our Iraqi strain of oncolytic NDV to fight colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: This study tested the killing rate of Iraqi strain of Newcastle disease virus (AMHA1) on colorectal cancer cells and testing the safety on normal cells. The virus tittered using vero cells, and then the cytotoxic effect of the virus on both types of cells was determined using the crystal violet assay. Finally, we performed a morphological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Newcastle disease virus 0.3 MOI causes significant cytotoxicity with prominent cytopathic effect in the colorectal cancer cell line HRT-18G with 50% percentage of growth inhibition, but not in the normal human fibroblast (NHF) percentage of growth inhibition where it was less than 20%. Conclusion oncolytic NDV AMHA1 strain effective against colorectal cancer cells because it has selectivity in replication and safety profile.
SOME DEVIATIONS FROM ISOTROPY IN A LIGHTLY OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAY

Specimens of an apparently homogeneous clay, trimmed in different directions and tested in undrained shear, may exhibit different deviatoric stresses at failure. All such differences are collectively referred to in current literature as ‘anisotropy of the undrained strength’ of the clay. Considerable effort has been directed toward establishing the form of the directional variation in undrained strength with the angle of rotation of the principal stresses or with the inclination of the failure surface. The present study shows that some deviations from isotropy in clay soils are restricted to those states of stress commonly referred to as overconsolidated. These deviations terminate when the soil is consolidated to a normally consolidated state. Directional variations in the undrained strength that result from these deviations are influenced by the initial state of stress in the specimen as well as by the direction of the applied stresses. Alternative causes for the directional variation in the undrained s.
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY TO MEASURE EARTH'S SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND ITS DEFORMATION

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) from Earth-orbiting spacecraft provides a new tool to map global topography and deformation of the Earth's surface. Radar images taken from slightly different viewing directions allow the construction of digital elevation models of meter-scale accuracy. These data sets aid in the analysis and interpretation of tectonic and volcanic landscapes. If the Earth's surface deformed between two radar image acquisitions, a map of the surface dis- placement with tens-of-meters resolution and subcentimeter accuracy can be con- structed. This review gives a basic overview of InSAR for Earth scientists and presents a selection of geologic applications that demonstrate the unique capabilities of InSAR for mapping the topography and deformation of the Earth.
Sprites produced by quasi‐electrostatic heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere

Quasi-electrostatic (QE) fields that temporarily exist at high altitudes following the sudden removal (e.g., by a lightning discharge) of thundercloud charge at low altitudes lead to ambient electron heating (up to ∼5 eV average energy), ionization of neutrals, and excitation of optical emissions in the mesosphere/lower ionosphere. Model calculations predict the possibility of significant (several orders of magnitude) modification of the lower ionospheric conductivity in the form of depletions of electron density due to dissociative attachment to O2 molecules and/or in the form of enhancements of electron density due to breakdown ionization. Results indicate that the optical emission intensities of the 1st positive band of N2 corresponding to fast (∼ 1 ms) removal of 100–300 C of thundercloud charge from 10 km altitude are in good agreement with observations of the upper part (“head” and “hair” [Sentman et al., 1995]) of the sprites. The typical region of brightest optical emission has horizontal and vertical dimensions ∼10 km, centered at altitudes 70 km and is interpreted as the head of the sprite. The model also shows the formation of low intensity glow (“hair”) above this region due to the excitation of optical emissions at altitudes ∼ 85 km during ∼ 500 μs at the initial stage of the lightning discharge. Comparison of the optical emission intensities of the 1st and 2nd positive bands of N2, Meinel and 1st negative bands of , and 1st negative band of demonstrates that the 1st positive band of N2 is the dominating optical emission in the altitude range around ∼70 km, which accounts for the observed red color of sprites, in excellent agreement with recent spectroscopic observations of sprites. Results indicate that the optical emission levels are predominantly defined by the lightning discharge duration and the conductivity properties of the atmosphere/lower ionosphere (i.e., relaxation time of electric field in the conducting medium). The model demonstrates that for low ambient conductivities the lightning discharge duration can be significantly extended with no loss in production of optical emissions. The peak intensity of optical emissions is determined primarily by the value of the removed thundercloud charge and its altitude. The preexisting inhomogeneities in the mesospheric conductivity and the neutral density may contribute to the formation of a vertically striated fine structure of sprites and explain why sprites often repeatedly occur in the same place in the sky as well as their clustering. Comparison of the model results for different types of lightning discharges indicates that positive cloud to ground discharges lead to the largest electric fields and optical emissions at ionospheric altitudes since they are associated with the removal of larger amounts of charge from higher altitudes.
ÍNDICE DE ÁREA FOLIAR EM FLORESTA DE TRANSIÇÃO AMAZONIA CERRADO EM DIFERENTES MÉDOTOS DE ESTIMATIVA

The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a vegetation biophysical variableused for various primary production models across scales and global modelsof climate, hydrology, biogeochemistry and ecology. This paper comparesthree estimates of LAI by at transitional forest Amazon Cerrado. LAI isestimated on field measurements where were utilized light canopytransmittance through the Beer-Lambert equation, remotely sensedModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly LAIproduct and hemispherical photographs. LAI based on field observationsfor Beer-Lambert equation presented seasonality, obtaining an annual meanvalue of 3.21 to 3.74 m2 m-2 in 2001 to 2003. LAI through MODIS sensorLAI product presented value of 5.25 a 5.54 m2 m-2 in 2001 to 2003. LAIbased on hemispherical photographs presented value of 3.05±0.52 to4.12±0.56 m2 m-2 in Jun/2004 to May/2005 (Silva, 2006). The MODISproduct did not presented significant correlation with others methods. TheMODIS LAI product for transitional forest and tropical forest tropicalcould be important for studies of canopy dynamics and need to be validatedto be used reliable in coupling biosphere atmosphere models.
Characteristics of Using Feed Impact on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Culture Using a Dynamics System Approach

Feed was the most important part in aquaculture. Not only affecting growth, but the feed also impacted the cultivation environment. Poor feeding management in the use of feed will have a negative impact on the cultivation process. The purpose of the research was to create a dynamic system model. In the model a systemized algorithm was structured that would assist cultivators in carrying out aquaculture activities and with this model, problems that occurred were immediately resolved. The dynamic system model was the method used in this research. This model was used to determine the optimization of feed use based on several variables that support the process of using the feed. In this research, the production of Oreochromis niloticus was 14 kg, the amount of feed used was 10 kg, which affects the increase in the amount of organic matter, which was 3626.4 g (total feces + uneaten feed) in 65 days cultivation period. The result showed that the total feed was connected with organic waste, namely total N, total P, total feces, and total uneaten feed. The results obtained from this research were then poured into a dynamic system and the results were found, namely the relationship between feeding and organic waste, namely linear or perpendicular. The design of this dynamic system model was expected to enable tilapia cultivators to develop aquaculture businesses that were more environmentally friendly, effective, and efficient.
Projections of future beach loss along the Chinese coastline due to sea level rise

ABSTRACT Beach loss caused by sea level rise (SLR) has become one of the most severe worldwide issues. China is also affected because of its dense population and developed economy along the long coastline. For a better understanding of the beach loss situation due to future SLR, this study developed a database of beach length and width along the Chinese coast and then projected the future beach loss along the Chinese coastline by using the Bruun rule against future projection datasets (CMIP5/CMIP6) of SLR. The total beach length along the Chinese coastline is 1731.3 km, while Hainan, Guangdong, and Fujian have the most account of sandy beaches, with 34%, 28%, and 15%, respectively. The worst-case projections along Chinese coasts show future beach loss of 61% and 63.7 km2 for the RCP 8.5 scenario, and 71% and 74.9 km2 for the SSP5_8.5 scenario. The difference in beach loss rate projections is 1% between the global sea level rise (GMSLR) for the RCP 8.5/SSP5_8.5 scenario in 2100. Under the worst-case scenario (SSP5_8.5), 43% of the sandy beach coastline will lose all the beaches. Adaptation measures considering the characteristics of each zone are needed for better coastal management.
Capacity and duration of iconic memory from partial reporting of brief stimuli: A replication of Sperling’s experiment (1960)

It has been widely accepted that iconic memory has a capacity of minimally 9 elements and a duration of approximately 0.3 seconds. However, Sperling’s (1960) partial report methodology influenced the study of iconic memory by demonstrating its larger capacity than previously considered. Due to the limited number of participants in the original study, a replication study was necessary to corroborate the results of Sperling (1960) to validate the scientific merit of results, thereby strengthening the validity of the study. The present study aimed to replicate Sperling’s (1960) partial report experiment with modern technology amongst a larger and demographically heterogeneous sample. Male and female participants (n = 64) aged 18-59 years old (M = 30.61, SD = 13.211) were recruited to complete four online tasks via Qualtrics. Tasks 1 and 4 involved the recall of briefly presented sequences of 3, 4, 5, and 6 letters. Tasks 2 and 3 required participants to recall an array of 3 and 4 letters and numbers presented in 2 and 3 rows respectively. In Tasks 2 and 3, an auditory cue was presented for 0.05 s at two (high and low) and three different frequencies (high, medium, low), respectively, which indicated the row to be reported at different interstimulus intervals (-0.10, 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.50, 1.0 s) relative to the presented stimuli. Analyses revealed that the interaction between the number of letters and the interstimulus interval, the number of rows and the interstimulus interval, as well as the number of letters and number of rows was statistically significant. The findings of this replication study support the results of Sperling (1960) suggesting that partial report accuracy is influenced by the number of briefly presented characters. Future studies should explore the influence of a controlled environment to explain the effects of the variables on recall abilities.
Parametric studies on urban geometry, airflow and temperature

In low-latitude cities, urban heat islands contribute to the urban dweller’s summer discomfort and significantly higher air conditioning loads. One of the main reasons for the heat island is poor ventilation. Detailed study of the air flow can help to explore how urban canyon effect can be utilized beneficially by designing the canyons in such a way that more parts of the city can be ventilated, thus optimizing heat extraction. High-rise towers distributed randomly are very common in the Central Business District (CBD) area of Singapore. However, the effect of high-rise towers on the velocity and temperature was not well documented. In addition, air flow patterns as well as the temperature distributions in deep and long canyons have received less attention. Hence, this study is a preliminary investigation of the effect of geometric modifications on the air flow as well as temperature patterns within the urban canyons using numerical simulations. It was found that strategically placing a few blocks of high-rise towers will actually help to enhance the velocity thereby reducing the temperature within the canyon when the wind flow in parallel or perpendicular to the canyon.
Fluviodeltaic sedimentology and ichnology of part of the Silurian Grampians Group, western Victoria

The mid‐Silurian Major Mitchell Sandstone of the Grampians Group outcrops at Mt Bepcha, western Victoria, represent a prograding fluviodeltaic sequence comprising four lithofacies and five ichnofacies. The stratigraphically lowest Interbedded Sandstone/Siltstone Facies is characterised by thin sandstone and siltstone beds with soft‐sediment deformation and scours with gravelly lag deposits. This lithofacies contains Thalassinoides, Palaeophycus, Rhizocorallium and intrastratal burrows, together indicative of the Cruziana Ichnofacies, and is interpreted as a shallow‐marine depositional environment on a low‐energy delta front with minor tidal influences. The overlying Massive Sandstone Facies lacks silt, and consists of predominantly massive and some plane‐laminated sandstone, abundant Skolithos linearis , rare Palaeophycus and a single small Cruziana problematica ; the trace‐fossil assemblage is assigned to the Skolithos Ichnofacies. This facies is believed to have been deposited in a marine high‐energy shoreface environment with continuously shifting sands, affected by periodic flooding events from the mouth of a nearby river. Above this is the Trough Cross‐bedded Facies, which contains trough cross‐bedding with gravelly lag deposits, a northwest palaeocurrent direction and large Taenidium barretti burrows (Burrowed Ichnofacies). This facies also contains abundant plane‐laminated sandstone with a northeast‐southwest palaeocurrent direction and ichnofossils of Scoyenia and Daedalus , representing the Scoyenia Ichnofacies. The Trough Cross‐bedded Facies is interpreted to have been deposited in shallow low‐sinuosity channels by overbank‐flooding events, most likely on a delta plain. The uppermost facies, the Plane‐laminated Facies, contains thin beds of current‐lineated, plane‐laminated graded coarse to fine sandstone that preserve arthropod trackways (Arthropod Ichnofacies). This facies was deposited on a periodically sheet‐flooded, subaerially exposed delta plain.
Guided wave propagation across sharp lateral heterogeneities: the complete wavefield at a cylindrical inclusion

SUMMARY We present an exact treatment of wave propagation across a cylindrical inclusion embedded in a layered waveguide, which may serve as a test case allowing an estimation of the accuracy and validity range of approximation methods applied to surface wave propagation. Since, in contrast to a plane vertical interface, a cylindrical inclusion is of finite spatial extent, the test case presented here is especially well suited to assess the quality of approaches based on scattering theory. The wavefield is represented by Love and Rayleigh type modes. A 3-D orthonormality relation is derived, expressed as an integral over the cylinder surface which allows a direct and unique computation of basis solutions. After solving a linear system of equations these basis solutions are superimposed to form the complete wavefield both within and outside the cylinder. It is shown that exact continuity of displacements and tractions at the interface can not be achieved with propagating modes only. Non-propagating modes, which have complex wavenumbers and hence decay in the propagation direction, have to be included in the modal series. In contrast to propagating modes, complex modes have vanishing energy flux. Numerical results are presented for a layered halfspace, where only propagating modes were used, and for a layered waveguide for various sizes of the cylindrical inclusion. Astonishingly, vertical and horizontal displacements behave very differently. For instance, the scattered vertical displacement generated by an incoming Rayleigh fundamental mode is clearly dominated by the mode itself, while the scattered horizontal displacement is severely influenced by the excited higher Rayleigh modes. This might explain the difficulties met when interpreting horizontal components of surface wave data within a single-mode concept.
Tales from the Front: Industrial Experience with Formal Validation

A gas turbine engine of a gas-coupled type suited for driving a vehicle has auxiliary devices such as an air conditioning compressor and a generator driven by the gas generator turbine. To facilitate acceleration of the gas generator and thus acceleration of the vehicle from idling or low power condition, these auxiliary devices are temporarily declutched from the engine during such acceleration.
Xrcc5/KU80 is not required for the survival or activation of prophase-arrested oocytes in primordial follicles

Introduction The non-growing, meiotically-arrested oocytes housed within primordial follicles are exquisitely sensitive to genotoxic insults from endogenous and exogenous sources. Even a single DNA double-strand break (DSB) can trigger oocyte apoptosis, which can lead to accelerated depletion of the ovarian reserve, early loss of fertility and menopause. Therefore, repair of DNA damage is important for preserving the quality of oocytes to sustain fertility across the reproductive lifespan. This study aimed to evaluate the role of KU80 (encoded by the XRCC5 gene) – an essential component of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway – in the repair of oocyte DNA DSBs during reproductive ageing, and following insult caused by the DNA-damaging chemotherapies cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. Methods To investigate the importance of KU80 following endogenous and exogenous DNA damage, ovaries from conditional oocyte-specific Xrcc5 knockout (Xrcc5 cKO) and wildtype (WT) mice that were aged or exposed to DNA damage-inducing chemotherapy were compared. Ovarian follicles and oocytes were quantified, morphologically assessed and analysed via immunohistochemistry for markers of DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition, chemotherapy exposed mice were superovulated, and the numbers and quality of mature metaphase- II (MII) oocytes were assessed. Results The number of healthy follicles, atretic (dying) follicles, and corpora lutea were similar in Xrcc5 cKO and WT mice at PN50, PN200 and PN300. Additionally, primordial follicle number and ovulation rates were similar in young adult Xrcc5 cKO and WT mice following treatment with cyclophosphamide (75mg/kg), cisplatin (4mg/kg), or vehicle control (saline). Furthermore, KU80 was not essential for the repair of exogenously induced DNA damage in primordial follicle oocytes. Discussion These data indicate that KU80 is not required for maintenance of the ovarian reserve, follicle development, or ovulation during maternal ageing. Similarly, this study also indicates that KU80 is not required for the repair of exogenously induced DSBs in the prophase-arrested oocytes of primordial follicles.