Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SelectFuzz: Efficient Directed Fuzzing with Selective Path Exploration

Directed grey-box fuzzers specialize in testing specific target code. They have been applied to many security applications such as reproducing known crashes and detecting vulnerabilities caused by incomplete patches. However, existing directed fuzzers favor the inputs discovering new code regardless whether the newly uncovered code is relevant to the target code or not. As a result, the fuzzers would extensively explore irrelevant code and suffer from low efficiency.In this paper, we distinguish relevant code in the target program from the irrelevant one that does not help trigger the vulnerabilities in target code. We present SelectFuzz, a new directed fuzzer that selectively explores relevant program paths for efficient crash reproduction and vulnerability detection. It identifies two types of relevant code—path-divergent code and data-dependent code, that respectively captures the control-and data- dependency with the target code. It then selectively instruments and explores only the relevant code blocks. We also propose a new distance metric that accurately measures the reaching probability of different program paths and inputs.We evaluated SelectFuzz with real-world vulnerabilities in sets of diverse programs. SelectFuzz significantly outperformed a baseline directed fuzzer by up to 46.31×, and performed the best in the Google Fuzzer Test Suite. Our experiments also demonstrated that SelectFuzz and the existing techniques such as path pruning are complementary. Finally, with SelectFuzz, we detected 14 previously unknown vulnerabilities—including 6 new CVE IDs—in well tested real-world software. Our report has led to the fix of 11 vulnerabilities.
LONGITUDINAL AND DAY-TO-DAY VARIATIONS OF EQUATORIAL SPREAD F OCCURRENCE FROM OBSERVATIONS OVER SOUTH AMERICA

ABSTRACT. In this work we studied the longitudinal and day-to-day variability of equatorial spread F occurrence over South America. Digisonde from the equatorial stations of Sao Luis and Jicamarca, and Total Electron Content (TEC) data from several GPS receivers were used to analyse the ionospheric conditions conductive to ionospheric plasma irregularity generation during the solar minimum months of September 2009 to January 2010. To support this analysis an Automatic-Bubble- Detection-Algorithm was used to detect abrupt decreases that plasma bubbles introduce in the TEC values. The bubble occurrence pattern over SA observed in this work maximizes on September-October (equinox) in the west and November-January (December solstice) in the east-longitudes. However, on a day-to-day basis bubble signatures are also detected all over SA during this period. Besides being observed during days with pronounced prereversal enhancement (PRE), as expected, the TEC depletions were also observed during days without PRE, during equinox at Jicamarca and December solstice at Sao Luis. This unexpected occurrence of TEC depletions (TECds) suggests that seeding mechanisms, like periodic structures are present and modify the onset conditions of bubble-events. In this report are shown evidences of wave-like structures previous to bubble development. Keywords : day-to-day variation, equatorial spread F, aeronomy. RESUMO. Neste trabalho estuda-se a variabilidade longitudinal e dia-a-dia da ocorrencia do spread F equatorial sobre America do Sul. Digissondas das estacoes equatoriais de Sao Luis e Jicamarca, e dados de Conteudo Eletronico Total (TEC) de varios receptores GPS foram usados para analisar as condicoes ionosfericas para a geracao de irregularidades de plasma ionosferico durante os meses de minimo solar de Setembro 2009 a Janeiro 2010. Para dar suporte a esta analise um Algoritmo de Deteccao Automatica de Bolhas foi usado para detectar decrescimos abruptos nos valores de TEC. O padrao de ocorrencia de bolhas sobre SA observado neste trabalho sao Setembro-Outubro (equinocio) no leste e Novembro-Janeiro (solsticio de Dezembro) nas longitudes leste. Entretanto, na observacao dia-a-dia as assinaturas de bolhas sao tambem detectadas sobre toda SA neste periodo. Alem de ter sido observado durante dias com pronunciado pre-reversal enhancement (PRE), como esperado, as deplecoes TEC foram tambem observadas durante dias sem PRE, durante equinocio em Jicamarca e solsticio de Dezembro em Sao Luis. Esta ocorrencia inesperada de deplecoes TEC (TECds) sugere que mecanismos geradores, como estruturas periodicas estao presentes e modificam as condicoes de inicio de eventos-bolhas. Neste trabalho sao apresentados resultados mostrando evidencias de estruturas tipo onda previo ao desenvolvimento de uma bolha. Palavras-chave : variabilidade dia a dia, spread F equatorial, aeronomia.
Saccopetalum tomentosum: Review of Its Botany, Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemistry

Green medicine, or pharmaceuticals made from plants, has gained widespread interest since they are thought to be more trustworthy and safe than expensive synthetic drugs with side effects. Miliusa species include Saccopetalum tomentosum (S. tomentosum). Plants of S. tomentosum are abundant in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly in mainland Asia. In examining phytochemical and pharmacological features, more than ten Miliusa species were highlighted. S. tomentosum from Vietnam, Taiwan, and China was one of the main targets for phytochemical research. The isolation of numerous secondary metabolites has been successful. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, styryls, and lactones are just a few of the chemical components obtained from S. tomentosum, but serial new derivatives of geranylated homogentisic acid may serve as biomarkers for differentiating Miliusa species. Simple, alternating, ovate, pubescent to glabrous, membranous leaves. Flowers solitary, fascicled or in cymes, extra-axillary or axillary, with oval or obovate bracts, monoecious, dioecious, or occasionally polygamous. Three sepals, valvate, Petals are arranged in two series, six in total, and are valvate in the buds. The outer petals resemble sepals in size and shape, while the inner petals are larger and thinner. Anthers are globose and extrorse, the connectives are slightly apiculate, and the stamens can be definite or indeterminate. Ovules 1–10, stigma club-shaped, style often short, and carpels indefinitely linear-oblong in shape. Numerous, stalked or subsessile, ovoid or rectangular, ripe carpels 1-2 or more seeds. Keywords: S. tomentosum, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Ayurveda, Medicinal uses
On representation theory and near-vector spaces

ABSTRACT Topics relating to representation theory and near-vector spaces are explored. The general form of finite dimensional near-vector spaces of finite fields is given. We show that a near-vector space can be associated with a particular representation and in the case where F is a finite field, properties of these near-vector spaces are given.
Negative transgression in the context of empathy and anxiety in prisoners: A perpetrators of violence

Background: The concept of negative transgression describes behavior as crossing personal limits in destruction against oneself or other people. Theoretically, personality dimensions have been distinguished that may trigger or weaken negative transgression, e.g. empathy and anxiety. Aims: The goal of this study was to empirically verify the relationship between negative transgression and empathy and fear in the perpetrators of violence against close relatives. Our hypothesis was that negative transgression would be associated with poor empathy, but with a high level of anxiety. Methods: The examined persons from the group of male prisoners (N = 50) were recruited in one of the prisons in Poland. The participants were convicted of domestic violence – or intimate partner violence. Their age ranged from 21 to 50 years. Results: The results obtained confirm the hypotheses established, showing that prisoners have an increased level of negative transgression and anxiety, and a decreased level of empathy. Conclusions: This first study shows that more research is needed on negative transgression with different personality dimensions. Also in the process of reclamation of prisoners, it is worth developing empathy and dealing with anxiety. Then the number of negative behaviors in close relationships will decrease.
The impact of experimental manipulation of body schema on creative potential in mid-adolescence

: The study explored the impact of experimental manipulation of body schema on creative potential in mid-adolescence. The experiment was conducted in a group of 140 adolescents at the age of 14-16: 68 boys (M = 15.03; SD = .93) and 72 girls (M = 15.01; SD = .81), randomly allocated to equinumerous groups: experimental and control. The aim of experimental manipulation was to obtain a temporarily disturbance of body schema. It was gained by the use of glasses reversing the field of vision in the vertical up/down plane, and measured by the Body Schema Disturbance Questionnaire. In both groups the Urban and Jellen’s Test for Creative Thinking – Drawing Production (TCT-DP, Urban & Jellen, 1986) was administered twice (in A and B versions, randomly selected). Statistical analyses was run with a mixed model ANOVA (2 drawings x 2 groups x 2 sexes). The interaction effect of drawing production and group assignment on creative potential was significant, while the interaction effect of drawing production and sex on creative potential turned out to be insignificant.
Constructing compressed number lines of latent variables using a cognitive model of memory and deep neural networks

Humans use log-compressed number lines to represent different quantities, including elapsed time, traveled distance, numerosity, sound frequency, etc. Inspired by recent cognitive science and computational neuroscience work, we developed a neural network that learns to construct log-compressed number lines from a cognitive model of working memory. The network computes a discrete approximation of a real-domain Laplace transform using an RNN with analytically derived weights giving rise to a log-compressed timeline of the past. The network learns to extract latent variables from the input and uses them for global modulation of the recurrent weights turning a timeline into a number line over relevant dimensions. The number line representation greatly simplifies learning on a set of problems that require learning associations in different spaces – problems that humans can typically solve easily. This approach illustrates how combining deep learning with cognitive models can result in systems that learn to represent latent variables in a brain-like manner and exhibit human-like behavior manifested through Weber-Fechner law.
The global correlation between internal-tide generation and the depth-distribution of cold-water corals

Internal tides are known to be an important source of mixing in the oceans, especially in the bottom boundary layer. The depth of internal-tide generation therefore seems important for benthic life and the formation of cold-water coral mounds, but internal-tidal conversion is generally investigated in a depth-integrated sense. Using both idealized and realistic simulations on continental slopes, we found that the depth of internal-tide generation increases with increasing slope steepness and decreases with intensified shallow stratification. The depth of internal-tide generation also shows a typical latitudinal 15 dependency. Using a global database of cold-water corals, we found that the depth-pattern of internal-tide generation is remarkably similar to the depth-pattern of cold-water corals globally: shallowest near the poles and deepest around the equator with a shoaling around 25 degrees South and North and shallower north of the equator than south of the equator. We further found that cold-water corals are, more than what would be expected by chance, associated to the (super)critical reflection of internal tides (i.e., situated on topography that is steeper than the internal tidal beam) and to trapped internal tides 20 (i.e., above the critical latitude of 70 degrees for semidiurnal tides and 30 degrees for diurnal tides). The (super)critical reflection of internal tides and trapped internal tides therefore provide an interesting new angle of food supply mechanisms that has not yet been considered in cold-water coral studies. With climate change, stratification is expected to increase.
Optimal design of blade parameters for fracturing tea-picking machine

The blade is one of the most critical components in the fracturing tea-picking machine, and this study is conducted to optimize the blade's working parameters. In this study, the effects of blade width, blade thickness, and cutting angle on the maximum fracturing force of tea stems were analyzed using the L9 (34) standard orthogonal table, with the maximum fracturing force used as the evaluation index. The results indicate that the main factors affecting the maximum fracturing force (MFF) of tea stems are cutting angle (CA), blade width (BW), and blade thickness (BT) in that order. Furthermore, microscopic observation of the fracture surface revealed that compared with the thickness of the other two blades, the thickness of 0 mm caused the cross-section uneven and had lots of burrs, correspondingly resulting in the section's oxidation and the deterioration of tea leaf quality. Therefore, the optimal combination of design parameters was a cutting angle of 90°, a blade width of 2.0 mm, and a blade thickness of 0.5 mm. The findings of this study can provide reference for blade design to reduce the fracturing force of tea-picking machines, lower the working power consumption, and improve the quality of freshly plucked tea leaves.
Reciprocal determinism between students' mathematics self-concept and achievement in an African context

The study tests the theoretical and methodological models of the direct feedback loop in which mathematics self-concept and achievement are specified as both causes and effects of each other using the TIMSS–2011 cross-sectional data set. The participants were students in grades 8–9 from five African countries participating in TIMSS–2011 (N=38,806, MAge =15.42, SD =1.37). Using nonrecursive structural equation models, the author examined the reciprocal-effects model indicating that achievement has an effect on self-concept (skill-development model) and that mathematics self-concept has an effect on achievement (self-enhancement model). There was support for the skill-development, self-enhancement as well as direct feedback loop models. Discussion centres on the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results.
Supplementary Material for: Improving Generalization with Domain Convex Game

Our work focuses on domain generalization and attempts to make each training domain contribute to model generalization, which validates and further enhances the effectiveness of domain augmentation strand. This method produces a positive impact on the society and community, saves the cost and time of data annotation, boosts the reusability of knowledge across domains, and greatly improves the efficiency. Nevertheless, this work suffers from some negative influences, which is worthy of further research and exploration. Specifically, more jobs of classification or target detection for rare or variable conditions may be cancelled. Moerover, we should be cautious about the result of the failure of the system, which could render people believe that classification was unbiased. Still, it might be not, which might be misleading, e.g., when using the system in a highly variable unseen target domain.
Contrail formation on ambient aerosol particles for aircraft with hydrogen combustion: a box model trajectory study

Abstract. Future air traffic using (green) hydrogen (H2) promises zero carbon emissions, but the effects of contrails from this new technology have hardly been investigated. We study contrail formation behind aircraft with H2 combustion by means of the particle-based Lagrangian Cloud Module (LCM) box model. Assuming the absence of soot and ultrafine volatile particle formation, contrail ice crystals form solely on atmospheric background particles mixed into the plume. While a recent study extended the original LCM with regard to the contrail formation on soot particles, we further advance the LCM to cover the contrail formation on ambient particles. For each simulation, we perform an ensemble of box model runs using the dilution along 1000 different plume trajectories. The formation threshold temperature of H2 contrails is around 10 K higher than for conventional contrails (which form behind aircraft with kerosene combustion). Then, contrail formation becomes primarily limited by the homogeneous freezing temperature of the water droplets such that contrails can form at temperatures down to around 234 K. The number of ice crystals formed varies strongly with ambient temperature even far away from the contrail formation threshold. The contrail ice crystal number clearly increases with ambient aerosol number concentration and decreases significantly for ambient particles with mean dry radii ⪅ 10 nm due to the Kelvin effect. Besides simulations with one aerosol particle ensemble, we analyze contrail formation scenarios with two co-existing aerosol particle ensembles with different mean dry sizes or hygroscopicity parameters. We compare them to scenarios with a single ensemble that is the average of the two aerosol ensembles. We find that the total ice crystal number can differ significantly between the two cases, in particular if nucleation-mode particles are involved. Due to the absence of soot particle emissions, the ice crystal number in H2 contrails is typically reduced by more than 80 %–90 % compared to conventional contrails. The contrail optical thickness is significantly reduced, and H2 contrails either become visible later than kerosene contrails or are not visible at all for low ambient particle number concentrations. On the other hand, H2 contrails can form at lower flight altitudes where conventional contrails would not form.
The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Negative Emotions Among Chinese Medical College Students: The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out and the Moderating Role of Resilience

Objective This study aimed to examine the mediating role of fear of missing out (FoMO) and the moderating role of resilience in the association between social media use and negative emotions among medical college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants and Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted, medical college students from Qiqihar Medical University, China participated in the study. A total of 470 medical college students were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on social media use, FoMO, resilience, and negative emotions. Results Social media use was positively associated with FoMO and negative emotions among medical students (p < 0.01). The total effect of social media use on negative emotions was significant (β = 1.101, SE = 0.079, p < 0.001). Social media use had no significant direct effect on negative emotions (β = 0.168, SE = 0.096, p > 0.05), but it had an indirect effect on negative emotions via mediation of FoMO (β = 0.933, SE = 0.106, 95% CI: 0.731 to 1.149). Moreover, resilience had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between FoMO and negative emotions (β = −0.021, SE = 0.005, 95% CI: −0.032 to −0.012). FoMO had a significant positive predictive effect on negative emotions at both levels of resilience (low resilience individuals: β = 1.079, SE = 0.076, p < 0.001; high resilience individuals: β = 0.212, SE = 0.094, p < 0.05). Conclusion Social media use and FoMO may be risk factors for increased negative emotions, and resilience should be considered in prevention and intervention strategies designed to mitigate negative emotions among medical college students.
Statistical Power of the Multiple Domain Latent Growth Model for Detecting Group Differences

The latent growth model (LGM) in structural equation modeling (SEM) may be extended to allow for the modeling of associations among multiple latent growth trajectories, resulting in a multiple domain latent growth model (MDLGM). While the MDLGM is conceived as a more powerful multivariate analysis technique, the examination of its methodological performance is very limited. Hence, the present study compared the power of the MDLGM with that of a set of univariate LGMs for detecting group differences in growth rates over time using a Monte Carlo study with a two-group and two-domain design. The results indicated that there were different scenarios where the power rates for the MDLGM were greater than that of the set of LGMs (and vice versa) due to a joint function of the two domains’ intercorrelation size and the group difference effect size.
The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the total column ozone over the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau (TP, approximately 27.5–37.5 ° N, 75.5–105.5 ° E) is the highest and largest plateau on Earth with a mean elevation of over 4 km. This special geography causes strong surface solar ultraviolet radiation (UV), with potential risks to human and ecosystem health, and which is controlled by the local total column ozone (TCO). The El Niño– 15 Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of interannual variability on Earth, is characterized by warming of central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) for the El Niño phase and cooling for the La Niña phase. Although some studies have suggested that there exists a positive correlation between ENSO and the TP TCO, the mechanism underlying this effect of ENSO is not fully understood. Here we use the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) merged satellite dataset and the TOMCAT 3–dimensional (3D) 20 offline chemical transport model forced by ERA5 meteorological reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium–Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) over the period 1979–2021 to investigate the influence of ENSO on the TCO over the TP. The correlation coefficient of the time series of monthly TCO anomalies over the TP between the TOMCAT output and C3S dataset is ~0.92 with statistical significance above 99%. In particular, the correlation coefficients (December–May) are above 0.95, indicating that the TCO variability in TOMCAT is very consistent with the merged satellite observations. Based on the lead 25 correlation between the ENSO index (Niño 3.4 index from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and TP TCO time series, we find that ENSO has a significant impact on the TCO, especially from the December of its mature phase to the May of its decaying phase (December–May). That is, the El Niño (La Niña) events induce positive (negative) TCO anomalies over the TP. Through studying the ozone profile from the Stratospheric Water and OzOne Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) dataset and TOMCAT results over their overlapping period (1984–2021), we attribute the positive (negative) 30 TCO anomalies mainly to the increased (decreased) ozone at the 200–70 hPa levels caused by the downward (upward) shift of ozone profile associated with the lower (higher) tropopause height during the El Niño (La Niña) events. Our results suggest that the El Niño events lead to the descending upper–level geopotential height and hence cause the decreasing air column