Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of lunar regolith thermal energy storage

The concept of using lunar regolith as a thermal energy storage medium was evaluated. The concept was examined by mathematically modeling the absorption and transfer of heat by the lunar regolith. Regolith thermal and physical properties were established through various sources as functions of temperature. Two cases were considered: a semi-infinite, constant temperature, cylindrical heat source embedded in a continuum of lunar regolith and a spherically shaped molten zone of lunar regolith set with an initial temperature profile. The cylindrical analysis was performed in order to examine the amount of energy which can be stored in the regolith during the day. At night, the cylinder acted as a perfect insulator. This cycling was performed until a steady state situation was reached in the surrounding regolith. It was determined that a cycling steady state occurs after approximately 15 day/night cycles. Results were obtained for cylinders of various diameters. The spherical molten zone analysis was performed to establish the amount of thermal energy, within the regolith, necessary to maintain some molten material throughout a nighttime period. This surrounding temperature profile was modeled after the cycling steady state temperature profile established by the cylindrical analysis. It was determined that a molten sphere diameter of 4.76 m is needed to maintain a core temperature near the low end of the melting temperature range throughout one nighttime period.
PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Thirtieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, August 2005 TECTONICS AND REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF SERAM AND THE BANDA ARC

Seram and the Banda Sea lie between the passive margin tectonics of Australia’s Northwest Shelf and the active margin tectonics of New Guinea, both of which have played an important role in the structure, facies distribution and hydrocarbon prospectivity of the area. A restored cross section across Seram and a 3D model reconstruction of the Miocene evolution of the Banda Arc reveal the history of the area. The Proto-Banda Sea is considered to have formed in the Permian, including a marginal basin with Permian oceanic crust. Extension was terminated by Triassic orogenesis in New Guinea supplying vast amounts of Triassic detritus (Kanikeh) to the stretched Banda margins. In the Late Triassic, the sediment supply was diminished in part due to the renewed onset of extension along the New Guinea margin. It is notable that the Triassic orogeny was very similar to the Miocene to Recent orogeny in New Guinea. As Triassic sediment supply was reduced, carbonate banks were locally built up (Manusela reservoir) surrounded by starved source rock facies. The margin subsided in the Jurassic and was starved of sediment until the Tertiary when renewed tectonic activity in New Guinea supplied distal carbonates and marls, mainly in the Miocene. Around 10Ma, the Indonesian Arc impinged on the Permian oceanic lithosphere of the Proto-Banda Sea, which was then rapidly subducted, sinking under its own weight. The Arc advanced rapidly eastwards towards Timor and Seram, generating a collisional margin in Timor, but a strongly transpressional margin in Seram. The first phase of collision in Seram at ~6Ma involved overthrusting of an accretionary prism, largely comprising Kanikeh sediments, but also some oceanic fragments. The second phase of orogenesis in Seram involved thrusting of the continental margin beneath the overthrust, creating highly fractured antiformal
PUBLISHED VERSION

Background: To compare two approaches to the statistical analysis of the relationship between the baseline incidence of adverse events and the effect of medical emergency teams (METs). Methods: Using data from a cluster randomized controlled trial (the MERIT study), we analysed the relationship between the baseline incidence of adverse events and its change from baseline to the MET activation phase using quadratic modelling techniques. We compared the findings with those obtained with conventional subgroup analysis. Results: Using linear and quadratic modelling techniques, we found that each unit increase in the baseline incidence of adverse events in MET hospitals was associated with a 0.59 unit subsequent reduction in adverse events (95%CI: 0.33 to 0.86) after MET implementation and activation. This applied to cardiac arrests (0.74; 95%CI: 0.52 to 0.95), unplanned ICU admissions (0.56; 95%CI: 0.26 to 0.85) and unexpected deaths (0.68; 95%CI: 0.45 to 0.90). Control hospitals showed a similar reduction only for cardiac arrests (0.95; 95%CI: 0.56 to 1.32). Comparison using conventional subgroup analysis, on the other hand, detected no significant difference between MET and control hospitals. Conclusions: Our study showed that, in the MERIT study, when there was dependence of treatment effect on baseline performance, an approach based on regression modelling helped illustrate the nature and magnitude of such dependence while sub-group analysis did not. The ability to assess the nature and magnitude of such dependence may have policy implications. Regression technique may thus prove useful in analysing data when there is a conditional treatment effect. Published: 19 December 2009 Trials 2009, 10:117 doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-117 Received: 11 May 2009 Accepted: 19 December 2009 This article is available from: http://www.trialsjournal. com/content/10/1/117 © 2009 Chen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Evaluation of NDWI and MNDWI for assessment of waterlogging by integrating digital elevation model and groundwater level

Accurate information on the extent of waterlogging is required for flood prediction, monitoring, relief and preventive measures. The rule-based classification algorithms were used for differentiating waterlogged areas from other ground features using Resourcesat-2 AWiFS satellite imagery (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite with spatial resolution of 56 m). Two spectral indices normalized difference water index (NDWI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) were used for extracting waterlogged areas in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab, India. These indices extracted the waterlogged areas (cropped areas inundated with water) but the water features were less enhanced in the NDWI-derived image (when compared with MNDWI-derived image) due to negative values of NDWI and, mixing of water with built up features. The water features were more enhanced with MNDWI and the values of MNDWI were positive for water features mixed with vegetation. The overall accuracy of waterlogged areas extracted from the MNDWI image was 96.9% with the Kappa coefficient of 0.89. The digital elevation model (DEM) was extracted from ASTER-GDEM. The relationships among depth to the water table recorded before the incessant rain in the region, DEM and classified MNDWI images explained the differences in the extent of waterlogging in various directions of the study area. These results suggest that MNDWI can be used to better delineate water features mixed with vegetation compared to NDWI.
Modeling and Inversion of Self Potential Data

This dissertation presents data processing techniques relevant to the acquisition, modeling, and inversion of self-potential data. The primary goal is to facilitate the interpretation of self-potentials in terms of the underlying mechanisms that generate the measured signal. The central component of this work describes a methodology for inverting self-potential data to recover the three-dimensional distribution of causative sources in the earth. This approach is general in that it is not specific to a particular forcing mechanism, and is therefore applicable to a wide variety of problems. Self-potential source inversion is formulated as a linear problem by seeking the distribution of source amplitudes within a discretized model that satisfies the measured data. One complicating factor is that the potentials are a function of the earth resistivity structure and the unknown sources. The influence of imperfect resistivity information in the inverse problem is derived, and illustrated through several synthetic examples. Source inversion is an ill-posed and non-unique problem, which is addressed by incorporating model regularization into the inverse problem. A non-traditional regularization method, termed “minimum support,” is utilized to recover a spatially compact source model rather than one that satisfies more commonly used smoothness constraints. Spatial compactness is often an appropriate form of prior information for the inverse source problem. Minimum support regularization makes the inverse problem non-linear, and therefore requires an iterative solution technique similar to iteratively re-weighted least squares (IRLS) methods. Synthetic and field data examples are studied to illustrate the efficacy of this method and the influence of noise, with applications to hydrogeologic and electrochemical self-potential source mechanisms. Finally, a novel technique for pre-processing self-potential data collected with arbitrarily complicated survey geometries is presented. This approach overcomes the inability of traditional processing methods to produce a unique map of the potential field when multiple lines of data form interconnected loops. The data are processed simultaneously to minimize mis-ties on a survey-wide basis using either an l2 or l1 measure of misfit, and simplifies to traditional methods in the absence of survey complexity. The l1 measure requires IRLS solution methods, but is more reliable in the presence of data outliers. Thesis Supervisor: Frank Dale Morgan Title: Professor of Geophysics
Synthetic seismic models from outcrop-derived reservoir-scale three-dimensional facies models: The Eocene Ainsa turbidite system (southern Pyrenees)

This study uses one-dimensional convolution seismic models to better understand which features of slope turbidite systems can (or cannot) be observed on real seismic data, aiming to improve subsurface seismic interpretation. Synthetic seismic sections and cubes were built from reservoir-scale three-dimensional facies models of the outcropping Ainsa turbidite system. This turbidite system developed in a foredeep and wedge-top depositional setting within a slope system. The turbidite system consists of laterally and vertically stacked sandstone- and debrite-dominated channel fills, grading into heterolithic and mudstone units, with intercalations of slump-deformed mudstone-rich units. Typical petrophysical values for subsurface Cenozoic sediments were assumed for the seismic models, which are presented at 25-, 50-, and 75-Hz resolution. Seismic models enabled the comparison between architectural and facies distributions observed in the outcrops and the geological models to their possible seismic expression in the subsurface. Comparisons show how seismic expression degrades when seismic resolution decreases. By using models at different geological scales, the effects of each heterogeneity scale are identified. Precise delineation of the internal architecture and facies distribution within channel complexes is beyond the reach of all seismic frequencies. The position of channel complex tops and margins is uncertain because of their gradual character. Differentiating between sandstone- and debrite-filled channels is not straightforward, and bed-scale heterogeneities within the sandstone-dominated channels are barely distinguishable in the seismic data. The net-to-gross predictive capability of root-mean-square amplitude extractions varies depending on the seismic frequency and unit thickness.
3-D simulation of GPR surveys over pipes in dispersive soils

The finite‐difference time‐domain method is adapted to simulate radar surveys of objects buried in dispersive soils whose complex permittivity depends on frequency. The method treats dispersion through the constitutive relation between the electric field vector and the electric displacement vector, which is a convolution in the time domain. This convolution is updated recursively, along with Maxwell’s equations, after approximating the dispersion with a Debye (exponential) relaxation model. A novel feature of our work is the inclusion of dispersion in the perfectly‐matched layer formulation of Maxwell’s equations, which gives an absorbing boundary condition for dispersive media. We simulate 200-MHz ground‐penetrating radar surveys over metallic and plastic pipes buried at a depth of 2 m in soils whose electrical properties model are those of clay loams of different moisture contents. Radar reflections modeled for pipes in dispersive soil differ from those for pipes in soils whose electrical properties are.
Global Imaging of the Earth's Deep Interior: Seismic Constraints on (An)isotropy, Density and Attenuation

Seismic tomography is the principal tool to probe the deep interior of the Earth. Models of seismic anisotropy induced by crystal alignment provide insight into the underlying convective motion, and variations of density allow us to discriminate between thermal and compositional heterogeneities. This chapter reviews on which class of models there is agreement and where further investigation is required. The main emphasis is on the imaging itself and not so much its thermo-chemical interpretation, although the chapter provides some indications. It also discusses the case of isotropic velocity tomography, anisotropy, density and attenuation imaging in decreasing order of consensus. Finally, it provides some suggestions for future work.
Hot Branding: A Technique for Long-term Marking of Pinnipeds

Long-term studies of pinniped population dynamics, behavior, and movements require a sample of uniquely identified, permanently marked animals from the population. The mark must be large enough for animals to be identified from a distance and the marking process should subject the animal to minimal stress. Hot branding provides a marking technique which meets these criteria. Using hot branding equipment and techniques developed for studies of Steller sea lions, 1,489 pups were branded in 1987-89 at rookeries in Alaska and Russia. Survival in the month following branding was high (99.8 %). Observed returns of branded pups (through their eighth month) at Marmot Island, Alaska, may be different from returns of unmarked pups, but the differences are difficult to confirm because of possible immigration of unmarked pups from other rookeries. Most (95.8 %) of 142 brands observed 5-8 months after branding were legible, and 92.3 % of 26 brands seen 6-7 years after branding were legible. Of 751 pups branded at Marmot Island in 1987-88, 151 (20.1%) have been resighted at least once. Most resightings (56.9 %) occurred at Marmot Island, but animals have been resighted up to 1,700 km away.
STRAIN RATES AND EARTHQUAKES IN THE HIMALAYAN AND NEARBY REGIONS

Seismicity, focal mechanism and moment tensor are used to estimate the strain deformation for earthquakes occurring in the Himalayan and nearby regions during the last 80 years. The average strain values are found to vary from 0.86×10-8 yr-1 to 9.2×10-8 yr-1 at different places. The average rate of deformation is estimated for the Himalayan and nearby regions. These values are obtained to be maximum for the region of NE India. An east-west extension of 10.3 mm/yr and north-south compression of 11.6 mm/yr are estimated for NE India. Similarly, we estimate 2.8 mm/yr extension and 2.7 mm/yr compression for the Himalaya region; 6.2 mm/yr extension and 5.7 mm/yr compression for Pamir-Hindu Kush and 3.8 mm/yr extension and 2.9 mm/yr compression for Burma region, in north-south and east-west directions, respectively.Moment tensor values obtained in different parts of Himalaya and nearby regions suggest the east-west extension and north-south compression. Vertical extensions are obtained in the regions of Hindu Kush, Burma, NE India and Himalaya. The tension and compression strain deformation values obtained in these regions support the hypothesis of continental collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The large vertical extension value of moment tensor supports the hypothesis of subduction of Pamir-Hindu Kush seismic zone in the western part of the Indian plate and also subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Burmese arc in eastern part.
Excavaciones en Huaca Cortada, complejo de Caballo Muerto, valle de Moche: un informe preliminar

En este artículo se presentan los resultados preliminares de la primera temporada de excavaciones en Huaca Cortada, complejo de Caballo Muerto, valle bajo de Moche. A pesar de que es uno de los edificios más grandes de dicho conjunto, hay poca información sobre su ocupación. El actual estudio, enfocado en varios aspectos de este tema, ofrece una comprensión más detallada de las fases de construcción y de su cronología. Se determinó que Huaca Cortada fue erigida alrededor de 1500 a.C. (calib.); sin embargo, la presencia de cerámica asociada a fases de una ocupación más tardía sugiere una historia más larga y compleja. Además, las excavaciones demuestran que el montículo fue construido en múltiples fases y con el objeto de aumentar sus dimensiones. Más aún, algunas fases tienen depósitos con sedimentos producidos por las fuertes lluvias asociadas al fenómeno de El Niño. Estas conclusiones desafían las afirmaciones previas, que indicaban que Huaca Cortada había sido levantada en una sola fase y bajo la dirección de una autoridad centralizada.
Environmental Impact Research Program: Reservoir Bank Erosion and Cultural Resources: Experiments in Mapping and Predicting the Erosion of Archeological Sediments at Reservoirs Along the Middle Missouri River with Sequential Historical Aerial Photographs

Abstract : This report reviews remote sensing capabilities for assessing historical aerial photographs. The utility of photointerpretation for measurement of bank erosion is explored to empirically document impacts to threatened reservoir-side archeological sites and to model factors affecting differential rates of erosion between and within such sites. Since the processes of bank and beach erosion are long term in nature, so sequential, historical aerial photographs offer one of the best time-series data sources for studying reservoir bank erosion. Keywords: Banks waterways; Erosion prediction; Archeology; Aerial photographs; Cultural resource protection; Missouri River; Sequential photography; Remote sensing; Reservoir shoreline erosion mapping.
THE SOIL PROPERTIES OF LAKE-BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN THE LAKE BAIKAL GAS HYDRATE PROVINCE

The purpose of this study is to understand the soil properties of grounds which contain shallow type gas hydrates. For this purpose, the surveys were conducted in Lake Baikal, Russia from 2005 to 2007, where shallow gas hydrates existed. For the lake-bottom sediments, physical and mechanical properties were tested (on-board and laboratory tests). The tested samples were retrieved from the mud volcano ground which contains the shallow gas hydrates, and reference ground at the same area. From these results, it was found that the gas hydrates distribute in large amounts in the lake-bottom sediments of Lake Baikal, and that form of the gas hydrates are varied. In addition, the reference samples in Lake Baikal have no marked differences in the soil properties of the sediments obtained from other sea-bottom grounds. On the other hands, the strengths of the mud volcano samples were lower than those of the reference samples. It would seem that these results are due to the effect of the disturbance of sedimentary layers by upwelling of gas and water from underground and the pressure release during the sampling.
In situ measurements of effective diameter and effective droplet number concentration

The effective diameter of cloud droplets is usually derived from measurements of droplet size distribution measured by Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) probes. The disadvantage of this method is that PMS probes have a truncated size range. During the RACE project, an alternative method to measure the effective diameter used a cloud extinction meter and King and Nevzorov hot wire liquid water content and total water content (LWC/TWC) probes installed on the National Research Council (NRC) Twin Otter. The effective diameter was derived from direct in situ measurements of the extinction coefficient (e) and liquid water content (W) as Deff=k1W/e. This method of calculation of Deff is free of problems related to deriving Deff from the truncated particle size distribution. Since measurements of e and W cover the whole size range of cloud particles, this method gives an accurate value of Deff. This method can also be successfully applied for mixed and ice phase clouds, since the Nevzorov TWC probe provides measurements of total (ice plus liquid) water content. Effective number concentration was calculated as Neff = k2ϵ3/W2. Comparisons of Deff and Neff, calculated by this method, and directly from PMS Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) spectra, are favorable in the subset of conditions when the FSSP is considered to measure the spectra fully and accurately.
Trends in body mass index values of Brazilian enlisted men, 1980 to 2005

This study was to investigate the temporal evolution of body mass index (BMI) in young enlisted men of 18 years in Brazil between 1980 and 2005, to identify specific points of greatest variance in time series and compare specific points in time, and the temporal evolution of BMI with socioeconomic changes in Brazil. The present study explores a temporal series of twenty-six national surveys of Brazilian men enlisted between 1980 and 2005. Heteroscedasticity in BMI time series was tested using Engle’s Lagrange-multiplier (LM) test, and analyses were performed using the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model. As possible explanations for these increases in mean BMI, changes in economic indicators were considered. Particularly in 1985 to 1986 and 1994 to 1995, there was a sharp and significant increase in BMI. These two points occurred after two major economic policy changes that increased the purchasing power of the population related to economics factors such as: reducing the level of social inequality, increased family income, poverty reduction, inflation control, and increased consumption of foods. The present study showed a sharp increase of obesity in the population of young men in Brazil on two occasions during this series (years 1985 to 1986 and 1994 to 19955), when a possible reduction in caloric expenditure and increased food consumption population were observed. Key words: Temporal trends, body mass index, obesity, Brazil.
Aseismic Layer Detected in the Mid-Crust of Nubra-Siachen Region, India Using Local Seismic Data

The local seismicity observed by seismic network in siachen-nubra region during January 2010-December 2012 shows that the middle part of the crust (17 - 40 km) is aseismic. This aseismic layer (17 - 40 km) is sandwiched between two seismically active layers and depicts a good spatial correlation with the observations of low resistivity reported from magnetotelluric studies for the same region. The local seismicity shows a trend along the Karakoram fault and clustering of events in Shyok Suture zone and Karakoram shear zone. The moment magnitude of these events lies between 1.3 and 4.3. Most of these events have been originated in upper crust.