Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taking the Shortcut: Actively Incorporating the Virtual Memory Index of the OS to Hardware-Accelerate Database Indexing

Index structures often materialize one or multiple levels of explicit indirections (aka pointers) to allow for a quick traversal to the data of interest. Unfortunately, dereferencing a pointer to go from one level to the other is costly since additionally to following the address, it involves two address translations from virtual memory to physical memory under the hood. In the worst case, such an address translation is resolved by an index access itself, namely by a lookup into the page table, a central hardware-accelerated index structure of the OS. However, if the page table is anyways constantly queried, it raises the question whether we can actively incorporate it into our database indexes and make it work for us. Precisely, instead of materializing indirections in form of pointers, we propose to express these indirections directly in the page table wherever possible. By introducing such shortcuts, we (a) effectively reduce the height of traversal during lookups and (b) exploit the hardware-acceleration of lookups in the page table. In this work, we analyze the strengths and considerations of this approach and showcase its effectiveness at the case of the real-world indexing scheme extendible hashing.
Brunt-Väisälä Frequency and Rossby Radii in the South Atlantic

Abstract Brunt-Vaisala frequency profiles have been calculated in the South Atlantic and neighboring regions on a 5° × 5° grid between 30°N and 70°S, 70°W and 70°E, using the annual mean temperature and salinity profiles computed by Levitus from data available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). These Brunt-Vaisala frequency profiles are used in the computation of the first and second internal Rossby deformation radii. The external Rossby radius is computed for reference. These results compare very well with those of Emery et at. for the equatorial Atlantic. Very small values of the radii are evidenced in the extreme south (less than 10 km in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current for the first internal mode). High vertical variability in Brunt-Vaisala frequency profiles is also observed at the center of the subtropical gyre. This behavior is probably due to the lack of deep data in this region.
On the ozone minimum over the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Since 1977, several ship and aircraft expeditions to the equatorial Pacific have reported extremely low (≤10 ppbv) or undetectable levels of ozone within the marine boundary layer. Of necessity, field programs from mobile platforms are limited in both their temporal and spatial coverage. However, a 10-year record of observations at the geophysical monitoring for climatic change site in American Samoa suggests that low ozone mixing ratios are a common occurrence and may reflect a spatially variable but permanent region of low ozone in the equatorial Pacific. The spatial and temporal limits of this feature as well as some aspects of the intensity of the minimum appear to be maintained by the large-scale atmospheric circulations of the equatorial Pacific. Perturbations in the large-scale circulations as well as episodic events are reflected in observations of O3 in the equatorial Pacific. Variations in the large-scale, zonal circulation patterns (i.e., Walker circulation) of the equatorial Pacific appear to have a major influence on the spatial distribution of O3 across the equatorial Pacific. The relative importance of variations in large-scale, meridional circulation patterns on the distribution of O3 in the tropical Pacific is uncertain; however, they may be important at latitudes somewhat removed from the equator such as at American Samoa.
Series-elastic actuator with two degree-of-freedom PID control improves torque control in a powered knee exoskeleton

Abstract Powered exoskeletons need actuators that are lightweight, compact, and efficient while allowing for accurate torque control. To satisfy these requirements, researchers have proposed using series elastic actuators (SEAs). SEAs use a spring in series with rotary or linear actuators. The spring compliance, in conjunction with an appropriate control scheme, improves torque control, efficiency, output impedance, and disturbance rejection. However, springs add weight to the actuator and complexity to the control, which may have negative effects on the performance of the powered exoskeleton. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new SEA designs that are lighter and more efficient than available systems, as well as for control strategies that push the performance of SEA-based exoskeletons without requiring complex modeling and tuning. This article presents the design, development, and testing of a novel SEA with high force density for powered exoskeletons, as well as the use of a two degree-of-freedom (2DOF) PID system to improve output impedance and disturbance rejection. Benchtop testing results show reduced output impedance and damping values when using a 2DOF PID controller as compared to a 1DOF PID controller. Human experiments with three able-bodied subjects (N = 3) show improved torque tracking with reduced root-mean-square error by 45.2% and reduced peak error by 49.8% when using a 2DOF PID controller. Furthermore, EMG data shows a reduction in peak EMG value when using the exoskeleton in assistive mode compared to the exoskeleton operating in transparent mode.
Reactivation of deep faults beneath Southern Apennines: evidence from the 1990–1991 Potenza seismic sequences

We relocate the 1990–1991 Potenza (Southern Apennines belt, Italy) sequences and calculate focal mechanisms. This seismicity clusters along an E–W, dextral strike–slip structure. Second‐order clusters are also present and reflect the activation of minor shears. The depth distribution of earthquakes evidences a peak between 14 and 20 km, within the basement of the subducting Apulian plate. The analysed seismicity does not mirror that of Southern Apennines, which include NW–SE striking normal faults and earthquakes concentrated within the first 15 km of the crust. We suggest that the E–W faults affecting the foreland region of Apennine propagate up to 25 km of depth. The Potenza earthquakes reflect the reactivation of a deep, preexisting fault system. We conclude that the seismotectonic setting of Apennines is characterized by NW–SE normal faults affecting the upper 15 km of the crust, and by E–W deeper strike–slip faults cutting the crystalline basement of the chain.
U–Pb detrital zircon ages and Sm–Nd isotopic features in low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Famatina belt: implications for late Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic evolution of the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana

Abstract: The Famatina belt, Central Andes, is part of an ancient accretionary margin built along Western Gondwana in the early Palaeozoic. U–Pb ion microprobe analysis of detrital zircons and Sm–Nd whole-rock analysis of two early Palaeozoic low-grade metasedimentary units record the early evolution of this region. Detrital zircons in the Negro Peinado and Achavil formations have ages ranging from Palaeoproterozoic to Cambrian, consistent with derivation from Gondwanan sources. TDM ages suggest that the sedimentary rocks were derived from a composite source area, which separated from the mantle during the Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.8–1.6 Ga). Constraints from the youngest detrital grains indicate accumulation in a Mid- to Late Cambrian foreland basin adjacent to the inboard Pampean orogenic tract. The dominance of Cambrian ages in the Negro Peinado Formation suggests derivation principally from the eastern Pampean belt whereas the dominance of late Neoproterozoic ages in the Achavil Formation suggests that input from the Pampean belt was overwhelmed by older sources. The paucity of Palaeoproterozoic ages argues against direct input from older areas such as the Río de la Plata craton. The predominance of Meso- and Neoproterozoic ages over older sources suggests that a Brasiliano-age magmatic arc developed on a Mesoproterozoic basement, probably a southern extension of the Arequipa–Antofalla massif.
Análise ambiental de uma área parálica no delta do rio São Francisco, Sergipe-Brasil, com base na sinecologia de foraminíferos e tecamebas (Protista)

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A PARALIC AREA IN THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER DELTA, SERGIPE (BRAZIL), BASED ON FORAMINIFERA AND THECAMOEBIANS SYNECOLOGY. Three conspicuous environmental sectors compose the extreme eastern paralic area of the Sergipe State, Brazil, as disclosed by synecological study involving foraminifera and thecamoebians. In this area, a part of the São Francisco river delta, three main microbiofacies are distinguished: Quinqueloculina spp. , Ammonia tepida /Elphidium spp. and Miliammina fusca/Arenoparrella mexicana . These biofacies are strongly controlled by salinity, and correspond, respectively, to euhaline (33.5 – 36.5 ‰), hypohalinemixohaline (20.5 – 28 ‰) and hypohaline-brackish (0.5 – 9.5 ‰) sub-environments of a system that includes a lagoon channel and mangrove swamps intersected by small rivers and tidal creeks. Diversity and equitability values increase towards the lagoon. Environments dominated by textulariine and thecamoebians are characterized by low diversity, low equitability and high confinement degree. Milieux dominated by rotaliines and miliolines have higher diversity and equitability, and are more opened to marine influence. These data are reflecting the hydrochemical and hydrodynamics of the area and can be used in studies leading with environmental diagnosis and vulnerability of the ecosystem. The biofaciological zonation found in this relatively low impacted area can be applied in comparative studies involving similar paralic areas, including those that are polluted. It can be also used for paleoenvironmental purposes.
Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation

The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and synaptic mechanisms of descending noradrenergic signaling remain unclear. Here, we establish that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are essential for supraspinal opioid antinociception. Unexpectedly, given prior emphasis on descending serotonergic pathways, we find that opioid antinociception is primarily driven by excitatory output from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to the LC. Furthermore, we identify a previously unknown opioid-sensitive inhibitory input from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), the suppression of which disinhibits LC neurons to drive spinal noradrenergic antinociception. We also report the presence of prominent bifurcating outputs from the vlPAG to the LC and the RVM. Our findings significantly revise current models of the DPMS and establish a novel supraspinal antinociceptive pathway that may contribute to multiple forms of descending pain modulation. Teaser Convergent synaptic activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus drives systemic opioid antinociception.
Identification and organization of a postural anti-gravity module in the cerebellar vermis

The cerebellum is known to control the proper balance of isometric muscular contractions that maintain body posture. Current optogenetic manipulations of the cerebellar cortex output, however, have focused on ballistic body movements, examining movement initiation or perturbations. Here, by optogenetic stimulations of cerebellar Purkinje cells, the output of the cerebellar cortex, we evaluate body posture maintenance. By sequential analysis of body movement, we dissect the effect of optogenetic stimulation into a directly induced movement that is then followed by a compensatory reflex to regain body posture. We identify a module in the medial part of the anterior vermis which, through multiple muscle tone regulation, is involved in postural anti-gravity maintenance of the body. Moreover, we report an antero-posterior and medio-lateral functional segregation over the vermal lobules IV/V/VI. Taken together our results open new avenues for better understanding of the modular functional organization of the cerebellar cortex and its role in postural anti-gravity maintenance. Highlights Vermal Purkinje cell activation elicits a graded postural collapse in the standing mouse The collapse triggers a secondary composite postural reflex An identified cerebellar module is involved in postural anti-gravity tone maintenance The anti-gravity function is somatotopically organized within this module
Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources

A soil-derived dust emission scheme has been designed in order to provide simulation of mineral dust sources for atmospheric transport models [Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995]. This physical scheme considers the influence of surface features to compute the erosion threshold and the intensity of the dust emissions. It has been validated by comparison with relevant experimental data. However, it was necessary to extend its applicability and to test its capability to reproduce dust emissions over large arid areas. Specific methods have been developed to determine the parameters required by the dust production model for large-scale applications. The surface features (dimensions of the roughness elements and soil mineralogy) and the wind velocity allow the computation of the roughness lengths of the surface, the size distribution of the erodible soils, and the wind friction velocity. A map of these surface characteristics has been established for the western part of the Sahara. This map coupled to the Europan Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) surface wind fields are used to simulate dust emissions in this desert region. The simulated emissions have been compared to the Infrared Difference Dust Index (IDDI), determined by means of the Meteosat thermal infrared imagery. The simulated dust event frequencies are in good agreement with those observed by satellite. The comparison between the simulated fluxes and the satellite observations for 3 months of the year 1991 has revealed a linear relationship between the logarithm of the simulated flux and the IDDI. The annual and monthly dust emissions for 1991 and 1992 have been estimated and compared to those established by d'Almeida [1986]. Both the frequencies and the intensities of the emissions are well reproduced by the model associated with the surface features map.
MALAYSIAN ONLINE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT (MOJEM)

School finance is a crucial component of every education system, but comprehensive guidance on what matters in school finance systems is lacking. Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) presents a clear framework for benchmarking school finance systems together with six policy goals that all systems should meet. These goals promote effective strategies for channeling resources through the system, which begins with policies to ensure basic learning conditions, especially for disadvantaged students. This requires an informed and objective budgeting process, as well as monitoring resources on their way to the service delivery unit, the schools. This research deployed qualitative methodology to identify the appropriate framework for Malaysian school finance systems. The Malaysian government has launched a comprehensive review of the education system in Malaysia in order to develop a new National Education Blueprint. This decision was made in the context of rising international education standards, the Government’s aspiration of better preparing Malaysia’s children for 21st century needs, and increased public and parental expectations of education policy. The Malaysian government plans to maximize student outcomes for every ringgit. In this context, the SABER theoretical framework serves as guidance for efficient school financial system management.
First continuous GPS soundings of temperature structure over Antarctic winter from FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC constellation

The FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC mission provides unprecedented spatial coverage of daily sounding profiles of the Antarctic atmosphere. Our analysis shows that temperature profiles from these global positioning system (GPS) soundings agree well with the radiosondes over the South Pole and Neumayer stations during the 2006 Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter season. These GPS soundings reveal a vertical domain of low temperature (e.g., T ≤ −78°C at 28‐km altitude) that is not clearly defined by the Antarctic radiosondes. Latitudinal analysis of the GPS soundings shows that regions with T ≤ −78°C occur from about 10‐km to 28‐km altitudes, indicating an 18‐km thick of the cold vertical layer. The extremely cold regions are found at latitudes between 71°S and 87°S and in altitudes between 15 and 25 km, not coinciding with the geographical South Pole. These results demonstrate the potential of the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC data for polar studies.
Globalization and the Rise of the Entrepreneurial Economy

This paper argues that globalization has led to a shift in developed countries from an industrial to an entrepreneurial model of production. Globalization is interpreted as a level shock in the supply of unskilled labor to the world economy, a decrease in the level of political risk associated with outward foreign direct investment (offshoring), and the widespread diffusion of a general purpose technology such as ICT. The impact of these exogenous shocks is then analyzed in a variety expansion model that distinguishes among three types of varieties. Following the life cycle we distinguish among new, mature and offshore production. The above shocks all result in a shift in comparative advantage in developed countries towards new varieties which correspond to the early stage of the product life cycle. Moreover, because entrepreneurs serve as agents that move varieties between life cycle stages, their importance increases due to globalization. The many new opportunities for profit benefit entrepreneurs and skilled labor. By contrast, factors of production employed in the mature stages of the life cycle become less important. Thus, the model explains the emergence of what we label an entrepreneurial economy.
Sensitivity of Hadley Circulation to Physical Parameters and Resolution through Changing Upper-Tropospheric Ice Clouds Using a Global Cloud-System Resolving Model

AbstractThe relationship between upper-tropospheric ice cloud properties and the Hadley circulation intensity is examined through parameter sensitivity studies of global cloud-system-resolving simulations with explicit cloud convection. Experiments under a perpetual July condition were performed by changing parameters in the boundary layer and cloud microphysics schemes, with a mesh size of approximately 14 km. One additional experiment with a mesh size of approximately 7 km was also conducted. These experiments produced a variety of upper-cloud coverage and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) distributions. The authors found that, as the upper-cloud coverage increased, the total precipitation decreased and the intensity of the Hadley circulation weakened because of energy balance constraints that radiative cooling are balanced by adiabatic warming. Interestingly, the ice water path was not correlated with the upper ice-loud coverage or OLR, indicating that the spatial coverage of upper ice clouds, rather t.
Embedding Regression: Models for Context-Specific Description and Inference

ocial scientists commonly seek to make statements about how word use varies over circumstances — including time, partisan identity, or some other document-level covariate. For example, researchers might wish to know how Republicans and Democrats diverge in their understanding of the term “ immigration. ” Building on the success of pretrained language models, we introduce the à la carte on text (conText) embedding regression model for this purpose. This fast and simple method produces valid vector representations of how words are used — and thus what words “ mean ”— in different contexts. We show that it outperforms slower, more complicated alternatives and works well even with very few documents. The model also allows for hypothesis testing and statements about statistical significance. We demonstrate that it can be used for a broad range of important tasks, including understanding US polarization, historical legislative development, and sentiment detection. We provide open-source software for fitting the model
Propagation of the Storegga tsunami into ice‐free lakes along the southern shores of the Barents Sea

Deposits in coastal lakes in northernmost Norway reveal that the Storegga tsunami propagated well into the Barents Sea ca. 8100–8200 years ago. A tsunami deposit – found in cores from five coastal lakes located near the North Cape in Finnmark – rests on an erosional unconformity and consists of graded sand layers and re‐deposited organic remains. Rip‐up clasts of lake mud, peat and soil suggest strong erosion of the lake floor and neighbouring land. Inundation reached at least 500 m inland and minimum vertical run‐up has been reconstructed to 3–4 m. In this part of the Arctic coastal lakes are usually covered by >1 m of solid lake ice in winter. The significant erosion and deposition of rip‐up clasts indicate that the lakes were ice free and that the ground was probably not frozen. We suggest that the Storegga slide and ensuing tsunami happened sometime in the summer season, between April and October. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Service Learning and Building Community with the World Wide Web

Abstract The geography education literature touts the World Wide Web (Web) as a revolutionary educational tool, yet most accounts ignore its uses for public communication and creative expression. This article argues that students can be producers of content that is of service to local audiences. Drawing inspiration from the community networking movement, the article presents two examples of “Web-raising” service learning projects in which geography students created a Web site with and for local community organizations. Evaluations suggest that the Web raisings were significant learning experiences for both students and community participants, but that logistical factors and characteristics of the students and organizations affected the degree to which this learning took place.
DSM generation from multiple digital aerial images in urban area

In this paper, we present a matching method for DSM generation from multiple images based on feature points, which introduce the coarse-to-fine strategy, geometrically constrained matching and relaxation technology, the matching is guided by the information in the object and make full use of the information in both image and object space. A match appearing in any pair has the chance to survive, and very dense disparity maps are obtained. Experiments have been performed and the height accuracy of the derived DSM is about 3 pixels.
Effect of Digital Elevation Model resolution on topographic correction of airborne SAR

Topography in high relief mountainous areas may mask the signal variation in airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data caused by soil moisture, surface roughness and vegetation. It also affects the quality of image calibration and registration. Good quality calibration and registration are required for the use of SAR in the estimation of soil water. To address the problem of topographic effects, the widely available standard 30m x 30m United States Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been incorporated into SAR calibration and registration programs. The topographic resolution of SAR imagery relative to the USGS DEM was examined by comparing the correlation between incident angle (theta) and SAR backscatter (sigma 0) in a high resolution DEM (mapped at 1:4800 and 1:600 from aerial photography for two small areas) to that in the USGS DEM (mapped at 1 24 000). We found that SAR resolved topographic features not resolved by the USGS DEM. Filtering and aggregation techniques were appli.