Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Articles: A Framework for Fast Incremental Interpretation during Speech Decoding

This article describes a framework for incorporating referential semantic information from a world model or ontology directly into a probabilistic language model of the sort commonly used in speech recognition, where it can be probabilistically weighted together with phonological and syntactic factors as an integral part of the decoding process. Introducing world model referents into the decoding search greatly increases the search space, but by using a single integrated phonological, syntactic, and referential semantic language model, the decoder is able to incrementally prune this search based on probabilities associated with these combined contexts. The result is a single unified referential semantic probability model which brings several kinds of context to bear in speech decoding, and performs accurate recognition in real time on large domains in the absence of example in-domain training sentences.
A new way of automating statistical testing methods

We propose a novel way of automating statistical structural testing of software, based on the combination of uniform generation of combinatorial structures, and of randomized constraint solving techniques. More precisely, we show how to draw test cases which balance the coverage of program structures according to structural testing criteria. The control flow graph is formalized as a combinatorial structure specification. This provides a way of uniformly drawing execution paths which have suitable properties. Once a path has been drawn, the predicate characterizing those inputs which lead to its execution is solved using a constraint solving library. The constraint solver is enriched with powerful heuristics in order to deal with resolution failures and random choice strategies.
New Developments with CMn-Ni in High-Strength Steel Weld Metals

OCTOBER 2006 -s 218 ABSTRACT. Microstructure and properties have been studied for high-strength steel weld metals with variations in carbon, manganese, and nickel. Based on neural network modeling, experimental welds were made using shielded metal arc welding with manganese at 0.5 or 2.0 wt-% and nickel at 7 or 9 wt-%. Additional welds were made where carbon was varied between 0.03 and 0.11 wt-%. Generally there was very good agreement between the recorded mechanical properties and the neural network predictions. A combination of high nickel and manganese was positive for strength but very negative for impact toughness, while manganese reductions lead to large impact toughness increases. Carbon additions up to 0.11 wt-% were found to increase yield strength to over 900 MPa while still maintaining toughness at over 60 J at –100°C. Mechanical properties of the weld metals could be rationalized in terms of their relative amounts of the different microstructural constituents. Martensite provided the highest strength and reasonable toughness. Upper and lower bainite contributed to very good toughness and high strength. The least beneficial properties were found in the high-manganese variants due to a combination of primarily coarse-grained coalesced bainite and martensite. This combination of microstructural constituents resulted in poor toughness, relatively high yield strength, and the highest tensile strength. Furthermore, increasing contents of manganese and nickel resulted in a significant lowering of Ac1, thereby contributing to poorer impact toughness as a consequence of less tempering in reheated regions. The optimal combination of strength and impact toughness were found at 0.5 manganese and 7 nickel with intermediate carbon levels, resulting in an easily tempered, fine scale mixture of upper and lower bainite together with some martensite.
Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis: Is Its Conversion to S-Adenosyl-L-Homocysteine the Key to Deregulated Lipid Metabolism?

Homocysteine (Hcy) has been recognized for the past five decades as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, the role of Hcy in the pathological changes associated with atherosclerosis as well as the pathological mechanisms triggered by Hcy accumulation is poorly understood. Due to the reversal of the physiological direction of the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase Hcy accumulation leads to the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy). AdoHcy is a strong product inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases, and to date more than 50 AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases that methylate a broad spectrum of cellular compounds including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids have been identified. Phospholipid methylation is the major consumer of AdoMet, both in mammals and in yeast. AdoHcy accumulation induced either by Hcy supplementation or due to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase deficiency results in inhibition of phospholipid methylation in yeast. Moreover, yeast cells accumulating AdoHcy also massively accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG). Similarly, Hcy supplementation was shown to lead to increased TAG and sterol synthesis as well as to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in mammalian cells. In this review a model of deregulation of lipid metabolism in response to accumulation of AdoHcy in Hcy-associated pathology is proposed.
Preperimetric glaucoma diagnosis by confocal scanning laser tomography of the optic disc

AIM To evaluate the ability of confocal scanning laser tomography of the optic nerve head to detect glaucomatous optic nerve damage in ocular hypertensive eyes without visual field defects. METHODS The study included 50 normal subjects, 61 glaucoma patients with glaucomatous changes in the optic disc and visual field, and 102 “preperimetric” patients with increased intraocular pressure, normal visual fields, and glaucomatous appearance of the optic disc as evaluated on colour stereo optic disc photographs. For all individuals, confocal scanning laser tomographs of the optic nerve head were taken using the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT; software 2.01). RESULTS Almost all investigated HRT variables varied significantly (p<0.05) between the normal eyes and preperimetric glaucoma eyes with pronounced overlap between the two study groups. Corresponding to the overlap, sensitivity and specificity values were relatively low when HRT variables were taken to differentiate between normal and preperimetric glaucoma eyes. At a given specificity of 95% highest sensitivities were found for the variables “rim area in the superior disc sector” (24.8%), “nerve fibre layer thickness in the inferior disc sector” (26.5%), and “rim volume in the superior disc sector” (25.5%). A multivariate approach increased sensitivity to 42.2% at a given specificity of 95%. For the glaucoma group highest sensitivity values were reached by rim volume in the superior disc sector (73.8%) and rim area (72.1%); the multivariate approach reached 83.6%. CONCLUSIONS Owing to pronounced overlapping between the groups, confocal scanning laser tomography of the optic nerve head has relatively low diagnostic power to differentiate between normal eyes and preperimetric glaucoma eyes. One of the reasons may be the biological interindividual variability of quantitative optic disc variables.
Regulating custodial interviews : a comparative study

L'A. compare les systemes juridiques americain et britannique. Il isole un certain nombre de differences entre eux. Il montre que le modele britannique en matiere de procedure penale et principalement en ce qui concerne l'interrogatoire des suspects s'efforce de respecter scrupuleusement les droits des criminels tandis que le systeme americain en ce domaine releve d'un modele lie a la volonte de controler le crime. Il note malgre tout que le systeme americain est influence dans de nombreux cas par le modele britannique mais il met aussi en relief le fait que celui-ci, notamment en matiere d'interrogatoire, n'est pas sans presenter de difficultes en ce qui concerne la protection des droits civiques
- 1-PSI-MOD : a community standard for representation of protein modification data

Large-scale proteomics experiments are beginning to expand our understanding of protein function in cell physiology. However, integration of experimental data from proteomics research is hampered by fragmentation of publicly available data. Data on protein modification can be particularly difficult to interpret because of different nomenclatures in common use, and of different conceptual approaches, such as those adopted by RESID, UniMOD and DeltaMass, reference databases describing modifications of amino acids. As workers in proteomics, mass-spectrometry and bioinformatics, acting with others to develop and promote standards for storing data and submitting and publishing results, we propose a community standard ontology that reconciles complementary descriptions of residue modifications in a hierarchical representation, and provides a tool for precisely annotating ambiguous or incomplete experimental results. This ontology has been developed by a work group of the Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI) of the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) and is available in OBO format at
MEASURING THE COOLING OF THE NEUTRON STAR IN CASSIOPEIA A WITH ALL CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY DETECTORS

The thermal evolution of young neutron stars (NSs) reflects the neutrino emission properties of their cores. Heinke & Ho measured a 3.6% ± 0.6% decay in the surface temperature of the Cassiopeia A (Cas A) NS between 2000 and 2009, using archival data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory ACIS-S detector in Graded mode. Page et al. and Shternin et al. attributed this decay to enhanced neutrino emission from a superfluid neutron transition in the core. Here we test this decline, combining analysis of the Cas A NS using all Chandra X-ray detectors and modes (HRC-S, HRC-I, ACIS-I, ACIS-S in Faint mode, and ACIS-S in Graded mode) and adding a 2012 May ACIS-S Graded mode observation, using the most current calibrations (CALDB 4.5.5.1). We measure the temperature changes from each detector separately and test for systematic effects due to the nearby filaments of the supernova remnant. We find a 0.92%–2.0% decay over 10 yr in the effective temperature, inferred from HRC-S data, depending on the choice of source and background extraction regions, with a best-fit decay of 1.0% ± 0.7%. In comparison, the ACIS-S Graded data indicate a temperature decay of 3.1%–5.0% over 10 yr, with a best-fit decay of 3.5% ± 0.4%. Shallower observations using the other detectors yield temperature decays of 2.6% ± 1.9% (ACIS-I), 2.1% ± 1.0% (HRC-I), and 2.1% ± 1.9% (ACIS-S Faint mode) over 10 yr. Our best estimate indicates a decline of 2.9% ± 0.5%stat ± 1.0 sys% over 10 yr. The complexity of the bright and varying supernova remnant background makes a definitive interpretation of archival Cas A Chandra observations difficult. A temperature decline of 1%–3.5% over 10 yr would indicate extraordinarily fast cooling of the NS that can be regulated by superfluidity of nucleons in the stellar core.
On the problem of reliable stabilization for large power systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of reliable stabilization for large power systems – when some of the controllers are faulty in the sense that they fail to act optimally, or do not function in the way that they were originally intended to function. Specifically, we introduce a solution concept that requires controllers to respond optimally (i.e., in the sense of mutual best-response correspondences) to the non-faulty controllers regardless of the identity or actions of the faulty controllers.At any time, we assume that the non-faulty controllers know only that there can be at most one faulty controller in the system, but they know neither the identity of the faulty controller nor how this faulty controller behaves. We present a design framework using an extended LMI technique for deriving reliable state-feedback gains; while a set of filters whose estimation-error dynamics satisfy certain quadratic integral constraints is used as decentralized observers within the subsystems for extending the result to the output-feedback case. Moreover, a sufficient condition for solvability of the problem is provided in terms of the minimum-phase condition of the subsystems. We also present an application of the results to a practical power system problem. Index Terms Decentralized control, extended LMI, filters, integral quadratic constraints, power system, reliable control, stabilization.
Structure of the Human Telomeric Stn1-Ten1 Capping Complex

The identification of the human homologue of the yeast CST in 2009 posed a new challenge in our understanding of the mechanism of telomere capping in higher eukaryotes. The high-resolution structure of the human Stn1-Ten1 (hStn1-Ten1) complex presented here reveals that hStn1 consists of an OB domain and tandem C-terminal wHTH motifs, while hTen1 consists of a single OB fold. Contacts between the OB domains facilitate formation of a complex that is strikingly similar to the replication protein A (RPA) and yeast Stn1-Ten1 (Ten1) complexes. The hStn1-Ten1 complex exhibits non-specific single-stranded DNA activity that is primarily dependent on hStn1. Cells expressing hStn1 mutants defective for dimerization with hTen1 display elongated telomeres and telomere defects associated with telomere uncapping, suggesting that the telomeric function of hCST is hTen1 dependent. Taken together the data presented here show that the structure of the hStn1-Ten1 subcomplex is conserved across species. Cell based assays indicate that hTen1 is critical for the telomeric function of hCST, both in telomere protection and downregulation of telomerase function.
Alterations in empathic responding among women with posttraumatic stress disorder associated with childhood trauma

Although studies increasingly point toward problems with social cognition among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), few studies have assessed empathic responding. The aim of the current study was to investigate empathic responding in women with PTSD related to childhood trauma, and the contribution of parental bonding to empathic abilities in this sample.
Mixed‐Domain Adaptive Blind Correction of High‐Resolution Time‐Interleaved ADCs

Blind mismatch correction of time‐interleaved analog‐to‐digital converters (TI‐ADC) is a challenging task. We present a practical blind calibration technique for low‐computation, low‐complexity, and high‐resolution applications. Its key features are: dramatically reduced computation; simple hardware; guaranteed parameter convergence with an arbitrary number of TI‐ADC channels and most real‐life input signals, with no bandwidth limitation; multiple Nyquist zone operation; and mixed‐domain error correction. The proposed technique is experimentally verified by an M=4 400 MSPS TI‐ADC system. In a single‐tone test, the proposed practical blind calibration technique suppressed mismatch spurs by 70 dB to 90 dB below the signal tone across the first two Nyquist zones (10 MHz to 390 MHz). A wideband signal test also confirms the proposed technique.
OptZyme: Computational Enzyme Redesign Using Transition State Analogues

OptZyme is a new computational procedure for designing improved enzymatic activity (i.e., kcat or kcat/KM) with a novel substrate. The key concept is to use transition state analogue compounds, which are known for many reactions, as proxies for the typically unknown transition state structures. Mutations that minimize the interaction energy of the enzyme with its transition state analogue, rather than with its substrate, are identified that lower the transition state formation energy barrier. Using Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase as a benchmark system, we confirm that KM correlates (R2 = 0.960) with the computed interaction energy between the enzyme and the para-nitrophenyl- β, D-glucuronide substrate, kcat/KM correlates (R2 = 0.864) with the interaction energy of the transition state analogue, 1,5-glucarolactone, and kcat correlates (R2 = 0.854) with a weighted combination of interaction energies with the substrate and transition state analogue. OptZyme is subsequently used to identify mutants with improved KM, kcat, and kcat/KM for a new substrate, para-nitrophenyl- β, D-galactoside. Differences between the three libraries reveal structural differences that underpin improving KM, kcat, or kcat/KM. Mutants predicted to enhance the activity for para-nitrophenyl- β, D-galactoside directly or indirectly create hydrogen bonds with the altered sugar ring conformation or its substituents, namely H162S, L361G, W549R, and N550S.
PMSG based multi-generator architecture for wind generation application

The direct-drive wind turbine has received much attention compared to the geared turbine in terms of reliability and cost. However, dimension of the direct-drive turbine will be too large to transport and assembly with the increase of power-scale. This paper proposes a multi-generator architecture to address potential challenges: dimension, cost and reliability. Two permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are desired to share one shaft driven by turbine. The outputs of two PMSGs are rectified to connect in series and supply the intermediate DC chopper and back-end inverter. Due to the serial connection, a high DC-link voltage inspires to eliminate the DC chopper during strong wind period, and thereby the rated power of the DC chopper is only required to be a fraction of the system rating. Meanwhile, the control scheme for the DC chopper and the grid-side inverter is presented as well as the reconfiguration strategy of the proposed system in case of generator faults. The performances and practicalities of the proposed architecture are verified in simulation using one MW-level wind turbine.
Object-oriented classification of polarimetric SAR imagery based on Statistical Region Merging and Support Vector Machine

This paper presents a new object-oriented classification method based on statistical region merging (SRM) for segmentation and support vector machine (SVM) for classification where polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data are used. The proposed approach makes use of polarimetric information of PolSAR data, and takes advantage of SRM and SVM. The SRM segmentation method not only considers spectral, shape, scale information, but also has the ability to cope with significant noise corruption, handle occlusions. The SVM used for classification takes its advantages of solving sparse sampling, non-linear, high-dimensional, and global optimum problems comparing with other classifiers. It is thus expected that the input vectors of SVM will include fully polarimetric information for image classification. A test image, acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Airborne SAR (AIRSAR) system, is used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed approach outperforms the traditional pixel-based SVM classification method for land cover classification with PolSAR data, and the integration of SRM and SVM makes the proposed algorithm an attractive and alternative method for polarimetric SAR classification.
Representation Requirements of As-Is Building Information Models Generated from Laser Scanned Point Cloud Data

Obtaining and utilizing as-is information with 3D imaging technologies, such as laser scanners, during various phases of facility life-cycle is becoming common practice. Both during construction and facility operations information derived from laser scanner data can serve many purposes by providing accurate information about the conditions of the facilities at the time of the scanning. Currently, the information derived from point clouds is typically represented as building information models (BIMs). Despite the benefits of having accurate as-is BIMs, current BIM approaches and tools have limitations in representing as-is information. The reason is partly that current methods of as-is BIM generation are based on existing as-designed BIM generation and representation processes. We identified five main concepts that are unique to as-is BIMs and are not represented with existing BIMs. These characteristics are point density, noise, occlusions, model deviations, and the links between the points and building components.This paper investigates these unique characteristics of as-is conditions and discusses how representing them within a BIM can provide advantages to downstream users, such as enabling decisions based on more complete data than would otherwise be possible.
PET Demonstrates Functional Recovery after Treatment by Danhong Injection in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury

This study aimed to investigate neuroprotection of Danhong injection (DHI) in a rat model of cerebral ischemia using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET). Method. Rats were divided into 5 groups: sham group, ischemia-reperfusion untreated (IRU) group, DHI-1 group (DHI 1 mL/kg/d), DHI-2 group (DHI 2 mL/kg/d), and DHI-4 group (DHI 4 mL/kg/d). AII the treated groups were intraperitoneally injected with DHI daily for 14 days. The therapeutic effects in terms of cerebral infarct volume, neurological function, and cerebral glucose metabolism were evaluated. Expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of mature neuronal marker (NeuN), glial marker (GFAP), vascular density factor (vWF), and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results. Compared with the IRU group, rats treated with DHI showed dose dependent reductions in cerebral infarct volume and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, improvement of neurological function, and recovery of cerebral glucose metabolism. Meanwhile, the significantly increased numbers of neurons, gliocytes, and vessels and the recovery of glucose utilization were found in the peri-infarct region after DHI treatment using immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the metabolic recovery after DHI treatment by micro-PET imaging with 18F-FDG and the neuroprotective effects of DHI in a rat model of cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury.
The effect of connexin40 deficiency on ventricular conduction system function during development.

AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize ventricular activation patterns in normal and connexin40-deficient mice in order to dissect the role of connexin40 in developing the conduction system. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed optical mapping of epicardial activation between ED9.5-18.5 and analysed ventricular activation patterns and times of left ventricular activation. Mouse embryos deficient for connexin40 were compared with normal and heterozygous littermates. Morphology of the primary interventricular ring (PIR) was delineated with the help of T3-LacZ transgene. Four major types of ventricular activation patterns characterized by primary breakthrough in different parts of the heart were detected during development: PIR, left ventricular apex, right ventricular apex, and dual right and left ventricular apices. Activation through PIR was frequently present at the early stages until ED12.5. From ED14.5, the majority of hearts showed dual left and right apical breakthrough, suggesting functionality of both bundle branches. Connexin40-deficient embryos showed initially a delay in left bundle branch function, but the right bundle branch block, previously described in the adults, was not detected in ED14.5 embryos and appeared only gradually with 80% penetrance at ED18.5. CONCLUSION The switch of function from the early PIR conduction pathway to the mature apex to base activation is dependent upon upregulation of connexin40 expression in the ventricular trabeculae. The early function of right bundle branch does not depend on connexin40. Quantitative analysis of normal mouse embryonic ventricular conduction patterns will be useful for interpretation of effects of mutations affecting the function of the cardiac conduction system.