Conscious mind, sleeping brain : perspectives on lucid dreaming

1 Introduction. - I. Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Lucid Dreaming. - 2 Lucid Dreaming in Western Literature. - 3 Lucid Dreams in Tibetan Buddhism. - The Six Topics of N? rop? - The Teaching on Lucid Dreams. - Dream Meditation. - Distinguishing Metaphysics from Phenomena. - 4 Lucidity, Sex, and Horror in Senoi Dreamwork. - Aims of This Section. - Gender and Dreams. - Are Senoi Women Oppressed? - Senoi Notions of Sex and Gender. - Senoi Categories of Altered States of Consciousness. - Dreams. - Familiars. - Gender and Sacred Fluids. - Creative Blood. - Spiritual Powers. - Great Adepts: Lucidity and Transformation. - Summary and Conclusions. - Who Needs Trance? - Conclusion. - References. - II. Empirical Approaches to the Study of Lucid Dreaming. - 5 From Spontaneous Event to Lucidity: A Review of Attempts to Consciously Control Nocturnal Dreaming. - Methodological Considerations. - Demand Characteristics. - General Situational Effects. - Day Residue. - The Subject's Internal Processes. - The Addition of an Altered State Procedure. - State Changes Resulting from Sleep. - Inquiry Variables. - Analysis Variables. - Controlling Dream Content by Implicit Suggestion. - Overt Presleep Suggestion Studies. - Posthypnotic Control of Dream Content. - Lucid Dreaming. - Why is Dream Control Important? - Conclusions. - References. - 6 Lucid Dream Induction: An Empirical Evaluation. - Theoretical Framework. - Duality of Thought. - Relationship between the Dual Thought Processes. - Duality of Lucid Dreaming. - Conditions Associated with Lucid Dream Onset. - Presleep and Pre-REM Conditions. - Electrophysiological Variables. - Dream Phenomenology. - Discussion: Lucid Dream Onset. - Lucid-Awareness Training. - Personal Accounts. - Alpha Feedback Training. - Waking Fantasy Training. - Discussion: Lucid-Awareness. - Intention and Suggestion Techniques. - Action-Specific Intention. - Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD). - Posthypnotic Suggestion (PHS). - Discussion: Intention and Suggestion. - Cue "REM-Minding" Techniques. - Tactile Cues. - Auditory Cues. - Discussion: Cue "REM-Minding". - Additional Techniques. - Combined Techniques. - Hypnagogic Lucidity Techniques. - Conclusion. - References. - 7 The Psychophysiology of Lucid Dreaming. - Lucid Dreaming Physiologically Verified. - Physiological Correlates of the Initiation of Lucid Dreams. - The Temporal Distribution of Lucid Dreams. - EEG Activity during REM Lucid Dreams. - NREM Lucid Dreams. - Psychophysiological Relationships during REM Sleep. - References. - 8 Correspondence during Lucid Dreams between Dreamed and Actual Events. - Methods. - Results. - Eye-Movement Signals and Hand Movements. - Scanning Movements. - Body Movements. - Digit Movements. - Memory and Mentation. - Speech. - Conclusions. - "Volitional" Actions in Lucid Dreams. - Sensations in Lucid Dreams. - Consciousness in Lucid Dreams. - References. - 9 Psychological Content of Lucid versus Nonlucid Dreams. - Self-Evaluations of Content. - Sensations and Perceptions. - Cognitions. - Emotions. - Summary of Self-Evaluations of Content. - Judges' Evaluations of Content. - Methodological Considerations. - Samples. - Instrument. - Procedure. - Results. - Students. - Sample Comparisons. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - References. - 10 Individual Differences Associated with Lucid Dreaming. - Methodology. - Lucid Dreaming Incidence. - Oculomotor/Equilibratory Differences. - Conclusions. - Visual/Imaginal Differences. - Spontaneous Waking Imagery. - Induced Waking Imagery. - Conclusions. - Intellectual/Creative Differences. - Personal/Interpersonal Differences. - Demographic Differences. - Personality Differences. - In Review. - References. - III. Personal Accounts and Clinical Applications. - 11 A Model for Lucidity Training as a Means of Self-Healing and Psychological Growth. - Retrospective View of My Own Work with Lucid Dreams. - Basic Theoretical Principles. - Empirical Research Surveyed. - Phenomenological Experiments on Interactions with Dream Figures. - Problem. - Method. - Results and Conclusion. - Empirical Investigation of a Self-Healing Program Using Lucid Dreams. - Problem. - Method. - Results and Conclusion. - Case Studies of a Psychotherapeutic Program Using Lucid Dreams. - Problem. - Method. - Results and Conclusion. - Supplements. - References. - 12 Clinical Applications of Lucid Dreaming Introductory Comments. - Creative Lucid Dreams. - Working within the Lucid Dream. - Lucid Dreaming: Using Nightmares and Sleep-Wake Confusion. - Learning to Become Fully Lucid: A Program for Inner Growth. - Implications of the Fact That One Is Dreaming. - Dreamers Are the Primary Creative Sources of Their Dreams (CS). - Dreamers Can Recognize Aspects of the Self in the Dream Environment (SE). - The Dream World is an Alternate Reality (AR). - Individualizing Lucidity Training. - References. - 13 Personal Experiences in Lucid Dreaming. - Personal History Relating to Lucid Dreams. - Childhood. - Early Adolescence. - Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood. - First Laboratory Experiments. - Signaling from Lucid Dreams. - Experiments at Home. - Experimental Method. - Results. - Discussion. - Conclusion. - Update. - References. - 14 Without a Guru: An Account of My Lucid Dreaming. - Experimentation in Lucid Dreams. - Religious Significance of Lucid Dreams. - The Experience of Light. - IV. Theoretical Implications of This New Research. - 15 Out-of-the-Body Experiences and Dream Lucidity: Empirical Perspectives. - The Statistical Association. - A Functional Connection. - Bases of the Statistical Association. - The Theory of Phenomenological Equivalence. - The Possibility of Neurophysiological Equivalence. - The Search for Common Factors. - References. - 16 A Theory of Lucid Dreams and OBEs. - Model Building. - Reality. - Altered States of Consciousness. - Out-of-the-Body Experiences. - Lucid Dreams. - Selfless States. - References. - 17 Lucid Dreams in Their Natural Series: Phenomenological and Psychophysiological Findings in Relation to Meditative States. - The Phenomenology of Lucid Dreams and Related Phenomena. - Dream Lucidity in Relation to Normative Dreaming and Dream Bizarreness. - Lucid and Control Dreams in Their Natural Series. - Further Parallels between Lucidity and Meditation. - Psychophysiological and Phenomenological Investigations of Lucid Dreams. - First Study. - Second Study. - Third Study. - Conclusions. - Self-Reference and Transitional Organismic States. - Dream Bizarreness and Lucidity. - Lucidity and the Meditative Attitude. - References. - 18 Action and Representation in Ordinary and Lucid Dreams. - to Concepts. - Intentional and Deliberate Action. - Self-Awareness and Responsibility. - Ordinary Dreams. - Lucid Dreams. - Conclusions. - References. - 19 Dream Psychology: Operating in the Dark. - References.