Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MDCT of the elbow in pediatric patients with posttraumatic elbow effusions.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the performance characteristics of MDCT in the detection of fractures in children with posttraumatic elbow effusions and to assess the effect of MDCT findings on clinical management. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Unenhanced MDCT of the elbow was prospectively performed without sedation on 31 children 20 months to 16 years old who had posttraumatic elbow effusions. Two blinded reviewers independently and in consensus characterized all MDCT scans as positive or negative for the presence of fracture. Level of interobserver agreement was determined with the kappa statistic. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MDCT for fracture detection were determined for the consensus MDCT interpretations with follow-up radiographs as the reference standard. Patients were treated with casts and instructed to return in 2-3 weeks for clinical and radiographic follow-up unless a change in management was indicated on the basis of MDCT findings. The frequency of alteration of management was determined. RESULTS Both reviewers detected fractures in 15 (48%) of the patients individually and in 16 (52%) of the patients by consensus. Interobserver agreement for fracture detection with MDCT was excellent (kappa = 0.85). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MDCT in the detection of fractures were 92%, 79%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. Four (13%) of the children had changes in management based on the MDCT findings. CONCLUSION MDCT is a sensitive means of evaluating for radiographically occult fractures in children with posttraumatic elbow effusions. It has a high negative predictive value and a high level of interobserver agreement. MDCT findings may lead to alteration of treatment of children with nondisplaced lateral condylar and radial head fractures.
Developmental Genetics of the Mechanosensory Neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans

Touch sensitivity in the nematode Caenwhabditis elegans is mediated by a set of six sensory neurons, the microtubule cells, of well-characterized anatomy and connectivity. The normal touch response is eliminated when these cells are killed by laser microsurgery. The identification of the microtubule cells as the mediators of touch sensitivity allows us to examine the effects of mutations on the development and differentiation of these cells. Forty-two touch-insensitive mutants have been isolated. These fall into 13 complementation groups. Mutations in five of the complementation groups have recognizable effects on the microtubule cells. These phenotypes include alterations of characteristic cellular ultrastructure, absence of neuronal process growth, and the absence of the cell (either by alterations in the patterns of cell division that give rise to the cells or by degeneration or death of existing cells). Because it is likely that we are approaching saturation of genes affecting primarily the microtubule cells, there appear to be relatively few genes that affect the growth and function of this class of cells and no others.
Enterprise Education and Part-Time Students.

ABSTRACT It was found through a student survey using questionnaires and group interviews at the University of Northumbria that an increased emphasis on skills development and active teaching and learning methods introduced through the Enterprise in Higher Education Initiative was more problematic for part‐time than for full‐time students. This seemed paradoxical since part‐time students have greater life experience to draw on and strong links with the world of work. This article aims to stimulate thinking about the particular needs of part‐time students. If enterprise education is to be successful for them, attention needs to be paid to their motivations for studying and their views of learning. Explicit recognition of their existing levels of knowledge and skills is helpful. Course activities which encourage students to link their working situation and their academic learning are of vital importance.
Time and Design: Seven Sensitivities

In this work in progress, we present a set of seven design sensitivities, which address time in interaction design. We exemplarily illustrate how time affects and is affected by tangible, embodied, or embedded artifacts. Thereby, we discuss slow versus fast technology, time as context of use, time as theme, time as content, ephemerality, historicality, and chronology. Those design sensitivities are an initial step towards a framing of the different notions and aspects in regards to time in interaction design.
Inspiration by Magellanic penguins: reduced swimming effort when under pressure

Some marine mammals may increase their underwater locomotor efficiency by taking down little air for dives and descending passively, although at the point of maximum depth they presumably have to use energy to counteract the downthrust, to stop themselves sinking further. Birds, having considerable quantities of body-associated air, would appear not to have this option. However, measurements of locomotor activity and inspiratory behaviour of free-living, diving penguins has revealed that birds regulated the inspired air volume so that upthrust, primarily derived from depth-related changes in air volume, was minimal and constant at the preferred foraging depth. Although this results in minimized costs of travel, it means total body oxygen stores have to vary with depth, something that helps explain why dive duration is so closely correlated with depth in birds.
Functional MRI and the Study of Human Consciousness

Functional brain imaging offers new opportunities for the study of that most pervasive of cognitive conditions, human consciousness. Since consciousness is attendant to so much of human cognitive life, its study requires secondary analysis of multiple experimental datasets. Here, four preprocessed datasets from the National fMRI Data Center are considered: Hazeltine et al., Neural activation during response competition; Ishai et al., The representation of objects in the human occipital and temporal cortex; Mechelli et al., The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading; and Postle et al., Activity in human frontal cortex associated with spatial working memory and saccadic behavior. The study of consciousness also draws from multiple disciplines. In this article, the philosophical subdiscipline of phenomenology provides initial characterization of phenomenal structures conceptually necessary for an analysis of consciousness. These structures include phenomenal intentionality, phenomenal superposition, and experienced temporality. The empirical predictions arising from these structures require new interpretive methods for their confirmation. These methods begin with single-subject (preprocessed) scan series, and consider the patterns of all voxels as potential multivariate encodings of phenomenal information. Twenty-seven subjects from the four studies were analyzed with multivariate methods, revealing analogues of phenomenal structures, particularly the structures of temporality. In a second interpretive approach, artificial neural networks were used to detect a more explicit prediction from phenomenology, namely, that present experience contains and is inflected by past states of awareness and anticipated events. In all of 21 subjects in this analysis, nets were successfully trained to extract aspects of relative past and future brain states, in comparison with statistically similar controls. This exploratory study thus concludes that the proposed methods for neurophenomenology warrant further application, including the exploration of individual differences, multivariate differences between cognitive task conditions, and exploration of specific brain regions possibly contributing to the observations. All of these attractive questions, however, must be reserved for future research.
Glycemic Control Promotes Pancreatic Beta-Cell Regeneration in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Background Pancreatic beta-cells proliferate following administration of the beta-cell toxin streptozotocin. Defining the conditions that promote beta-cell proliferation could benefit patients with diabetes. We have investigated the effect of insulin treatment on pancreatic beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and, in addition, report on a new approach to quantify beta-cell regeneration in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Streptozotocin-induced diabetic were treated with either syngeneic islets transplanted under the kidney capsule or subcutaneous insulin implants. After either 60 or 120 days of insulin treatment, the islet transplant or insulin implant were removed and blood glucose levels monitored for 30 days. The results showed that both islet transplants and insulin implants restored normoglycemia in the 60 and 120 day treated animals. However, only the 120-day islet and insulin implant groups maintained euglycemia (<200 mg/dl) following discontinuation of insulin treatment. The beta-cell was significantly increased in all the 120 day insulin-treated groups (insulin implant, 0.69±0.23 mg; and islet transplant, 0.91±0.23 mg) compared non-diabetic control mice (1.54±0.25 mg). We also show that we can use bioluminescent imaging to monitor beta-cell regeneration in living MIP-luc transgenic mice. Conclusions/Significance The results show that insulin treatment can promote beta-cell regeneration. Moreover, the extent of restoration of beta-cell function and mass depend on the length of treatment period and overall level of glycemic control with better control being associated with improved recovery. Finally, real-time bioluminescent imaging can be used to monitor beta-cell recovery in living MIP-luc transgenic mice.
Evaluating a Successful Program: Experimental Method and Academic Bias

"Compensatory education has failed. " Most educational researchers would view this as an overstatement, but on balance more right than wrong. Evaluation research has repeatedly failed to find educational reforms succeeding in improving the education of children. We think there are several reasons why this has happened. First, evaluation has helped us realize that schools do not have the power to immediately and easily wipe out the effects of family background. To expect schooling to erase the correlation between social class and achievement-test performance is to wish for something that is apparently too good to be true. In addition, it could be argued that the reforms we have attempted are not the right ones; even if they are, we know that they have often not been effectively put in practice despite considerable federal funding. We suspect, though, that some explanation for the negative evaluation of educational reform lies not in the reality being studied but in the methods of study. The standard evaluation model hinges upon a mechanistic application of achievement-test analysis, with little attention to the "noncognitive" factors that would enable us to understand the school as a social institution. Educational researchers have often been forced to use primitive methods of statistical analysis rather than the experimental
Bone marrow and chelatable iron in patients with protein energy malnutrition.

OBJECTIVES To examine the iron status of malnourished children by comparing bone marrow iron deposits in children with protein energy malnutrition with those in well-nourished controls, and measuring chelatable urinary iron excretion in children with kwashiorkor. DESIGN Bone marrow iron was assessed histologically in postmortem specimens from children with kwashiorkor or marasmus, and from controls. Twenty-four-hour urinary iron was measured in children with severe kwashiorkor, half of whom received 10 mg/kg of intramuscular desferrioxamine (DFO) on admission. SETTING Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town. SUBJECTS Thirteen children with kwashiorkor, 6 with marasmus and 16 well-nourished children underwent bone marrow examination. Urinary iron excretion was assayed in 17 children with kwashiorkor. RESULTS Stainable iron was present in the bone marrow of half the children with kwashiorkor but in only 1 child in each of the other groups. The median iron excretion was 945.5 micrograms/24 hours in the DFO group compared with 28.5 micrograms/24 hours in the non-DFO group. CONCLUSIONS There is an apparent excess of iron which may predispose to bacterial infections and free radical-mediated injury in children with kwashiorkor.
Improved Perceptual Tempo Detection of Music

Perceptual tempo refers to listener's tempo perception how fast the music goes, when he listens to a piece of music with fairly constant overall tempo. Existing work on automatically determining the tempo of a piece of music is usually not able to determine the Perceptual tempo. Therefore, our previous work on the Perceptual Tempo Estimator (PTE) improved on existing work and experimental results had shown its effectiveness in determining the perceptual tempo than the existing work. However there are music pieces that have overall uniform perceived tempo, but have some small parts (segments) with quite different tempo from other parts. The PTE may not work well for this type of music pieces if the energy level in these small segments is significantly high. In this paper, we propose an improved PTE (IPTE) to provide better tempo determination. Experimental results show that IPTE is more effective in determining the Perceptual tempo of the music signal with constant perceived tempo.
Monocular depth cue fusion for image segmentation and grouping in outdoor navigation

This paper proposes an efficient fusion strategy of monocular depth cue and other image features for natural image segmentation and grouping. The main idea is to improve the performance of image clustering via fusing depth cue, color, spatial location, and edge confidence in six-dimensional color-depth feature space. It integrates the monocular depth cue estimation, mean shift filtering and graph cuts algorithm together. Firstly, the dark channel prior based atmospheric transmission estimation is employed to recover monocular depth cue. Then the mean shift filtering in the weighted color-depth space is proposed to obtain cluster regions with correct boundaries. Finally, graph cuts algorithm is applied to achieve the final regional grouping. Experimental results indicate the proposed method has excellent performance in outdoor natural environments.
The second demographic transition, new household forms and the urban population of France during the 1990s

European household structures and their geography have been transformed in recent decades as a response to the interplay of demographic events and changing lifestyles. The formation of new households generally outstrips the rate of population increase, as more numerous and smaller households result from changing patterns of marriage, child-bearing, divorce and longevity. This paper tests some of the underlying hypotheses of the ‘second demographic transition’ using data from the most recent (1999) French population census. It provides an analysis of changing national household structures over the last quarter of the twentieth century and highlights the importance of smaller households, with particular emphasis on the rise of living alone. Trends identified in earlier work have intensified during the 1990s. In discussing the geography of new household forms, the paper focuses particularly on the evolution of major central cities and argues for more explicit links between their distinctive population and household structures and wider socio-economic change.
Characteristics of Vowel Space and Speech Intelligibility in Patients with Spastic Dysarthria

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2014 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Characteristics of Vowel Space and Speech Intelligibility in Patients with Spastic Dysarthria
Information seeking and mediated searching: Part 2. Uncertainty and its correlates

This article explores the relationship between the concept of uncertainty in information seeking, within a model of the problem-solving process proposed by Wilson (1999a) and variables derived from other models and from the work of Ellis and Kuhlthau. The research has involved longitudinal data collection in the United States and United Kingdom employing three interview schedules (incorporating self-completed questionnaires) used for pre- and postsearch interviews: and postsearch interviews with the information seeker and the search intermediary. In addition, the Sheffield team employed a fourth set of instruments in a follow-up interview some 2 months after the search. Related search episodes, with a professional search intermediary using the Dialog Information Service and other sources were audiotaped, and search transaction logs were recorded. The mediated search clients were faculty and research students engaged in either personal or externally supported research projects. The article concludes that the problem solving model is recognized by such researchers as describing their activities and that the uncertainty concept, operationalized as here, serves as a useful variable in understanding information-seeking behavior. It also concludes that Ellis's concept of search characteristics and Kuhlthau's information-seeking stages are independent of the problem stage, and that a set of affective variables, based on those of Kuhlthau, appear to signify a generalized positive or negative affective orientation towards the course of the information problem solution.
Multi-Carrier Coherent Receiver Based on a Shared Optical Hybrid and a Cyclic AWG Array for Terabit/s Optical Transmission

We describe a multi-carrier coherent-receiver scheme where the coherent beating between an ultra-high-speed multi-carrier signal and multiple optical local oscillators (OLOs) is conducted in a single optical hybrid, followed by carrier separation through an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) array. Sharing the optical hybrid for multiple OLOs simplifies the coherent receiver complexity and eases the timing alignment among multiple modulated carriers. Based on this scheme, a compact coherent-receiver front end consisting of an integrated 4 × 40 AWG array following a polarization-diversity optical hybrid is demonstrated and used for complete demodulation of a 1.12-Tb/s multi-carrier signal having ten 112-Gb/s polarization-division multiplexed (PDM)-quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) carriers spaced at 50 GHz. The required optical signal-to-noise ratio for the 1.12-Tb/s signal is 27 dB at 10-3 bit error ratio. The cyclic feature of the AWG array allows the receiver to receive modulated carriers that are not adjacently spaced. We also extend this receiver scheme for multi-carrier signals whose carriers are closely spaced, e.g., under the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) condition, for high-spectral-efficiency Terabit/s transmission applications.
A twenty-year appraisal of BCG vaccination in the control of tuberculosis.

Few topics in the field of tuberculosis have engendered such divergent opinions as has the use of BCG vaccination in the control of tuberculosis. The views held by the medical profession in the United States on this subject have been either adversely critical, enthusiastic, or skeptical. Unfortunately, some of the unfavorable views have been expressed by those who have had no firsthand experience in this field and whose opinions have been often based on selected reports rather than on a critical review of the available literature. On the other hand, there was little justification for the enthusiasm of some advocates, based as it was on the results either of uncontrolled studies or of studies which were open to criticism. Although the introduction of antimicrobial agents ushered in a new era in the treatment of tuberculosis, the prophylactic value of these agents for man remains to be proved. Foci of tuberculous
Learning about agriculture within the framework of education for sustainability

The last two decades have seen increased threats to agricultural landscapes in Israel. Key factors include population growth, strong pressure from construction entrepreneurs and possible profit to land owners who benefit from a legal conversion of farmland into lands allocated for construction. While each Israeli elementary school student used to participate in agriculture classes, most students no longer experience this and their overall exposure to farming in schools is limited. The main objective of this study was to explore the ways farming is presented and addressed in the national curriculum and in learning materials. Additionally, it examines the actual status of teaching about agriculture and explores how farming is addressed in teachers' pre‐service programmes. The main finding is that very little teaching about agriculture and land management is carried out at most school levels. Only one college prepares agriculture teachers and science education programmes rarely address agriculture as a course topic. The paper also outlines an education for sustainability framework for integrating science, agriculture and environmental education.
Activation of Immune and Defense Responses in the Intestinal Mucosa by Outer Membrane Vesicles of Commensal and Probiotic Escherichia coli Strains

The influence of microbiota in human health is well-known. Imbalances in microbiome structure have been linked to several diseases. Modulation of microbiota composition through probiotic therapy is an attempt to harness the beneficial effects of commensal microbiota. Although, there is wide knowledge of the responses induced by gut microbiota, the microbial factors that mediate these effects are not well-known. Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a secretion mechanism of microbial factors, which have an important role in intercellular communication. Here, we investigated whether OMVs from the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) or the commensal E. coli strain ECOR12 trigger immune responses in various cellular models: (i) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a model of intestinal barrier disruption, (ii) apical stimulation of Caco-2/PMBCs co-culture as a model of intact intestinal mucosa, and (iii) colonic mucosa explants as an ex vivo model. Stimulations with bacterial lysates were also performed. Whereas, both OMVs and lysates activated expression and secretion of several cytokines and chemokines in PBMCs, only OMVs induced basolateral secretion and mRNA upregulation of these mediators in the co-culture model. We provide evidence that OMVs are internalized in polarized Caco-2 cells. The activated epithelial cells elicit a response in the underlying immunocompetent cells. The OMVs effects were corroborated in the ex vivo model. This experimental study shows that OMVs are an effective strategy used by beneficial gut bacteria to communicate with and modulate host responses, activating signaling events through the intestinal epithelial barrier.