Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quotations as Demonstrations.

The theory developed here is that quotations are demonstrations that are component parts of language use. Demonstrations are unlike descriptions in two main ways. They are nonserious rather than serious actions. A person demonstrating a limp isn't actually or really limping. And they depict rather than describe their referents, though they depict only selected aspects of the referents. The demonstrator of the limp depicts some but not all of its aspects. Quotations, we argue, have all the properties of genuine demonstrations. They too are nonserious actions and selective depictions. For evidence we appeal to a wide range of phenomena in spontaneous spoken and written quotations. *
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RANDIA DUMETORUM ( RETZ . ) LAMK . EXTRACTS

Randia dumetorum (RD) fruits in different form have been ethnopharmacologically reported to possess antiasthmatic property. Therefore, present study was undertaken to evaluate two different extracts of RD i.e., ethyl acetate (RD-EA) and methanol (RD-ME) for bronchorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, mast cell stabilizing and antioxidant effect along with safety margin, according to OECD guidelines for toxicity. RD-ME and RD-EA (1 mg/mL) exhibited 68.75 and 57.39% inhibition of contraction against acetylcholine, while against histamine induced contraction, inhibition observed was 100 and 78.13%, respectively. Moreover, extracts attenuated the experimentally induced inflammation at 200 mg/kg with % inhibition of 41.62 by RD-ME and 30.36 by RD-EA in carrageenan model, while in egg albumin model RD-ME and RD-EA exhibited % inhibition of 48.31 and 33.75, respectively. In addition, RD-ME and RD-EA at 100 μg/mL demonstrated significant decrease in histamine release of 08.31 and 16.71 in C-48/80 induced mast cell degradation. RD extracts also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH, reducing power and metal chelation method, along with safe margin for oral administration as observed in acute toxicity evaluation.
Novel Insights on Chronic Kidney Disease , Acute Kidney Injury and Polycystic Kidney Disease

Occurring with an incidence between 1/400 – 1/1000 live births autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common potentially lethal genetic disorder affecting the kidney (Ecder et al., 2007). The disease results from mutation in either of two genes PKD1, located on chromosome 16p13.3 or PKD2, located on chromosome 4q21 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (European Polycystic Kidney Disease Consortium, 1994; Mochizuki et al., 1996). The resulting disrupted expression of the respective encoded proteins polycystin 1(PC1) and polycystin 2(PC2) leads to development of multiple fluid filled cysts in the kidney. As the cysts continure to grow throughout life the normal kidney parenchyma is gradually lost and ensuing decrease of renal function occurs. ADPKD accounts for 4-10% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide (Freedman et al., 2000; Konoshita et al., 1998). In 50% of cases loss of renal function, necessitating renal replacement therapy occurs by age 60 (Gabow et al., 1992). Renal cysts are often evident on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children, who typically do not become symptomatic until reaching young adulthood (Chapman et al., 2003; Fick-Brosnahan et al., 2001; Seeman et al., 2003). While renal cysts are an invariable characteristic of ADPKD, cysts may also occur in other organs with differing degrees of severity. Hepatic cysts are found in 75% of patients with ADPKD by age 60, while pancreatic, arachnoid, seminal vesicle, and prostate cysts occur with a lower frequency (Ecder et al., 2007). ADPKD is a systemic disorder with abnormalities occuring in several organs and a significantly increased risk for cardiovascular complications among affected patients. The reader is referred to several comprehensive reviews on the clinical and and genetic determinants of ADPKD for more detailed description of disease attributes (Chapin & Caplan, 2010; Ecder et al., 2007; Pei, 2011).
Fibroblast growth factor 23: a novel key to find hidden substrates of atrial fibrillation?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the associated rhythm abnormalities manifesting as tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AF), continue as leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and developed countries.1 In spite of the exciting momentum of new discoveries that have greatly improved our understanding of several key molecular mechanisms underlying AF, identifying and managing AF during its early onset stage is extremely challenging.2 Traditionally, direct causes for CVD have been attributed primarily to genes, ischemic heart disease, poor dietary choices, and lack of exercise; studies later revealed that diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are powerful risk factors that can equally impact the heart and cause pathologic structural remodeling, contractile dysfunction, hypertrophy, and heart failure, which are well-established substrates for AF.3 Article see p 298 Of these, CKD has emerged as one of the most potent risk factors for developing CVD and particularly AF. In fact, the high rates of mortality reported in patients with CKD are mainly attributed to cardiovascular complications, including uremic cardiomyopathy or vascular calcifications leading to cardiac complications.4 Although the reciprocal cross-talk between dysfunctions of kidney and heart is well known, very few common mechanisms have been conclusively identified that could be targeted to impact both CKD and CVD. In this context, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a recently described phosphate-regulating hormone secreted by osteocytes and osteoblasts, draws attention. FGF23 works via fibroblast growth factor receptors or specialized Klotho receptors to reduce gastrointestinal phosphate absorption5 and stimulate renal phosphate elimination.6 Its expression is positively linked to CKD, wherein FGF23 levels increase during the early stages of CKD and are believed to play a role in increasing urinary phosphate excretion. Elevated FGF23 levels are also associated with the progression of kidney …
On the Statistical Analysis of Mobility Tables

This article presents (a) mathematical models for analyzing patterns of mobility and (b) statistical methods for testing whether observed patterns are congruent with patterns predicted by the models. To illustrate the application of these rather general models an methods, we reanalyze data on intergeneration social mobility in Britain and in Denmark which were studied earlier by Glass and his co-workers, by Svalastoga, and by White. We find, for example, that White's main results require modification. His predictions differ from the observed data in statistically significant ways, whereas the models introduced herein lead to predictions that fit the data well. Using the models and methods developed in the present article, we shall propose and test the theory that "status inheritance" from father to son is operative within certain limits: on the one hand there is "status inheritance" in every social stratum; but on the other hand for an individual who actually moves out of his father's stratum-either up or down-his own social status is, in a certain sense, independent of his father's status. When this theory is properly qualified, we find that it is supported by the British and Danish data.
A DC capacitor voltage balance control method of cascaded multilevel STATCOM

In this paper, a method of energy self-balancing capacitor voltage waveform superposition based on equivalent area was presented, on the basis of which a control method of the capacitor voltage offset correction using the transposition of pulse, a rotation method of specific order selecting pulse, was proposed. This method can automatically modified the offset of capacitor voltage and the quality of the output current can't be affected. Simulation results show that the control method of cascaded multilevel STATCOM DC capacitor voltage balance is effective and feasible.
Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects

The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. However, no ideal, safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, so the search for alternative sources, including plants, has been on going for several decades. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been used to treat free radical‐mediated ailments and, therefore, it is logical to expect that such plants may also render some protection against radiation damage. A systematic screening approach can provide leads to identifying potential new candidate drugs from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation injury. This article reviews some of the most promising plants, and their bioactive principles, that are widely used in traditional systems of medicine, and which have rendered significant radioprotection in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Plants and their constituents with pharmacological activities that may be relevant to amelioration of radiation‐mediated damage, including antiemetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cell proliferative, wound healing and haemopoietic stimulatories are also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and Functional Characterization of a Na+-independent Neutral Amino Acid Transporter with Broad Substrate Selectivity*

We have isolated a cDNA from rat small intestine that encodes a novel Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter with distinctive characteristics in substrate selectivity and transport property. The encoded protein, designated L-type amino acid transporter-2 (LAT-2), shows amino acid sequence similarity to the system L Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter LAT-1 (Kanai, Y., Segawa, H., Miyamoto, K., Uchino, H., Takeda, E., and Endou, H.(1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23629–23632) (50% identity) and the system y+L transporters y+LAT-1 (47%) and KIAA0245/y+LAT-2 (45%) (Torrents, D., Estevez, R., Pineda, M., Fernandez, E., Lloberas, J., Shi, Y.-B., Zorzano, A., and Palacin, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32437–32445). LAT-2 is a nonglycosylated membrane protein. It requires 4F2 heavy chain, a type II membrane glycoprotein, for its functional expression inXenopus oocytes. LAT-2-mediated transport is not dependent on Na+ or Cl− and is inhibited by a systeml-specific inhibitor, 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), indicating that LAT-2 is a second isoform of the system L transporter. Compared with LAT-1, which prefers large neutral amino acids with branched or aromatic side chains, LAT-2 exhibits remarkably broad substrate selectivity. It transports all of the l-isomers of neutral α-amino acids. LAT-2 exhibits higher affinity (K m = 30–50 μm) to Tyr, Phe, Trp, Thr, Asn, Ile, Cys, Ser, Leu, Val, and Gln and relatively lower affinity (K m = 180–300 μm) to His, Ala, Met, and Gly. In addition, LAT-2 mediates facilitated diffusion of substrate amino acids, as distinct from LAT-1, which mediates amino acid exchange. LAT-2-mediated transport is increased by lowering the pH level, with peak activity at pH 6.25, because of the decrease in the K m value without changing the V max value. Because of these functional properties and a high level of expression of LAT-2 in the small intestine, kidney, placenta, and brain, it is suggested that the heterodimeric complex of LAT-2 and 4F2 heavy chain is involved in the trans-cellular transport of neutral amino acids in epithelia and blood-tissue barriers.
Risk Factors for Fatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Background and Purpose— The present study aimed to identify risk factors for mortality due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using a comprehensive questionnaire from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study, a Japan-wide population-based prospective study. Methods— A total of 109 293 individuals (45 551 men and 63 742 women, aged 40 to 79 years) free of stroke at entry participated in the JACC Study between 1988 and 1990. Participants were followed up annually until they died or moved away from the surveyed community, or until the end of 1999. A diagnosis of death from SAH was based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). The age-adjusted univariate and multivariate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of various factors were calculated in sex-stratified and sex-specific analyses using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results— A total of 244 individuals (88 men and 156 women) died from SAH during the follow-up of 1 086 963 person-years. Our univariate analyses confirmed that preference for salty foods and history of blood transfusion, as well as hypertension, family history of stroke, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and low BMI, had statistically significant associations with mortality due to SAH. Multivariable analyses revealed that history of blood transfusion was an independent significant risk factor (HR=4.2 [95%CI, 2.1 to 8.5]) for men, while preference for salty foods or heavy drinking were not. Conclusions— History of blood transfusion was found to be an independent risk. The association between SAH and blood transfusion warranted further study.
Optimizing the Dose of Pre-Pandemic Influenza Vaccines to Reduce the Infection Attack Rate

Background The recent spread of avian influenza in wild birds and poultry may be a precursor to the emergence of a 1918-like human pandemic. Therefore, stockpiles of human pre-pandemic vaccine (targeted at avian strains) are being considered. For many countries, the principal constraint for these vaccine stockpiles will be the total mass of antigen maintained. We tested the hypothesis that lower individual doses (i.e., less than the recommended dose for maximum protection) may provide substantial extra community-level benefits because they would permit wider vaccine coverage for a given total size of antigen stockpile. Methods and Findings We used a mathematical model to predict infection attack rates under different policies. The model incorporated both an individual's response to vaccination at different doses and the process of person-to-person transmission of pandemic influenza. We found that substantial reductions in the attack rate are likely if vaccines are given to more people at lower doses. These results are applicable to all three vaccine candidates for which data are available. As a guide to the magnitude of the effect, we simulated epidemics based on historical studies of immunogenicity. For example, for one of the vaccines for which data are available, the attack rate would drop from 67.6% to 58.7% if 160 out of the total US population of 300 million were given an optimal dose rather than 20 out of 300 million given the maximally protective dose (as promulgated in the US National Pandemic Preparedness Plan). Our results are conservative with respect to a number of alternative assumptions about the precise nature of vaccine protection. We also considered a model variant that includes a single high-risk subgroup representing children. For smaller stockpile sizes that allow vaccine to be offered only to the high-risk group at the optimal dose, the predicted benefits of using the homogenous model formed a lower bound in the presence of a risk group, even when the high-risk group was twice as infective and twice as susceptible. Conclusions In addition to individual-level protection (i.e., vaccine efficacy), the population-level implications of pre-pandemic vaccine programs should be considered when deciding on stockpile size and dose. Our results suggest that a lower vaccine dose may be justified in order to increase population coverage, thereby reducing the infection attack rate overall.
Potent Anti-HIV Chemokine Analogs Direct Post-Endocytic Sorting of CCR5

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desensitized and internalized following activation. They are then subjected to post-endocytic sorting (degradation, slow recycling or fast recycling). The majority of research on post-endocytic sorting has focused on the role of sequence-encoded address structures on receptors. This study focuses on trafficking of CCR5, a GPCR chemokine receptor and the principal entry coreceptor for HIV. Using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells stably expressing CCR5 we show that two different anti-HIV chemokine analogs, PSC-RANTES and 5P14-RANTES, direct receptor trafficking into two distinct subcellular compartments: the trans-Golgi network and the endosome recycling compartment, respectively. Our results indicate that a likely mechanism for ligand-directed sorting of CCR5 involves capacity of the chemokine analogs to elicit the formation of durable complexes of CCR5 and arrestin2 (beta-arrestin-1), with PSC-RANTES eliciting durable association in contrast to 5P14-RANTES, which elicits only transient association.
A low-input-swing AC-DC voltage multiplier using Schottky diodes

A low-input-swing AC-DC voltage multiplier using Schottky diodes is presented. The equivalent model of the voltage multiplier is developed and analyzed. To enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE), a matching network is added. For a multiple-stage voltage multiplier, a limiting circuit is added for over-voltage protection. A single-stage/three-stage voltage multiplier with a limiting circuit is fabricated in a 0. 18μm CMOS technology and its area is equal to 0.761mm2. With the matching network, the measured maximum PCE are 31.4% and 35.8% when input amplitudes are 60mV and 160mV for a single-stage voltage multiplier and a three-stage one, respectively, at input frequency of 1MHz.
Sparking, supporting and steering change: grounding an accountability framework with viewpoints from Nigerian routine immunization and primary health care government officials.

Existing accountability efforts in Nigeria primarily serve as retrospective policing. To enable accountability to guide change prospectively and preemptively, we drew from a literature review to develop a framework that highlights mutually reinforcing dimensions of accountability in health systems along three counterbalancing axes. The axis of power sparks change by wielding 'sticks' that curb the potential abuse of power, but also by offering 'carrots' that motivate constructive agency. The axis of ability supports change by enabling service delivery actors with formal rules that appropriately expand their authority to act, but also the informal norms and inputs for improved performance. Last, the axis of justice orients the strategic direction of change, balancing political representation, community ownership and social equity, so that accountability measures are progressive, rather than being captured by self-interests. We consulted Nigerian government officials to understand their viewpoints on accountability and mapped their responses to our evolving framework. All government officials (n = 36) participating in three zonal workshops on routine immunization filled out questionnaires that listed the top three opportunities and challenges to strengthening accountability. Thematically coded responses highlighted dimensions of accountability within the axes of ability and power: clarifying formal roles and responsibilities; transparency, data and monitoring systems; availability of skilled health personnel that are motivated and supervised; addressing informal norms and behaviours; and availability of inputs regarding funding and supplies. Other dimensions of accountability were mentioned but were not as critical from their viewpoints: managerial discretion; sanctions and enforcements; political influence and community engagement. Strikingly, almost no respondents mentioned social equity as being an important aspect of accountability, although a few mentioned broad development concerns that reflected community perspectives. Reframing accountability as a means of sparking, supporting and steering change can highlight different dimensions of health systems that need reform, particularly depending on the positionality of the viewpoints consulted.
Density Dependence in the Evolution of Populations of Newspaper Organizations

A model of density dependence is proposed to explain regularities in the growth and decline of organizational populations. Density -the number of organizations is assumed to be a function of the social processes of legitimation and competition. At low density, the model predicts that the legitimation process will dominate and will lead to high organizational founding rates and low organizational mortality rates. At high levels of density, competition will dominate, and consequently founding rates will decline and mortality rates will rise. The model is tested with hazard function models using data from nine newspaper populations spanning the 19th and 20th centuries and covering over 5200 newspapers. Analysis offounding rates provides strong empirical support for the model. Analysis of mortality rates reveals that the model holds for large populations.
Negotiating the Binary: Identity and Social Justice for Bisexual and Transgender Individuals

The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the experiences of identity and agency toward social justice of nine bisexual and transgender individuals through semistructured interviews. Results from Consensual Qualitative Research analysis (Hill et al., 2005; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) revealed domains of (a) the process of coming to understand identity; (b) participants’ understanding of themselves in relation to the male/female, heterosexual/homosexual binary; (c) agency; (d) human rights issues; and (e) resources. Participants typically experienced discrepancies between their inner and external realities; being invisible and invalidated by both the straight and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities; feelings of isolation; and a lack of access to rights on identity, representation, and family of choice. Although they typically advocated for themselves and educated others on their identities, participants experienced the conflicting roles played by family, friends, the media, and language. From the results, agency was identified as a crucial context for identity formation and participant experiences were related to the concepts of social justice and empowerment.
Hot spots and core-to-core thermal coupling in future multi-core architectures

This paper studies hot spot and thermal coupling problems in future multicore architectures as CMOS technology scales from 65 nm feature size to 15 nm. We demonstrate that the thermal coupling between neighboring cores will dramatically increase as the technology scales to smaller feature sizes. The simulation studies were based on solving the heat equation using the analytical Green's function method. Our simulations indicate that the thermal coupling in the 15 nm feature size just after 100 ms of operation will increase from 20% to 42% and in the steady state might reach even 65%. This finding uncovers a major challenge for the design of future multi-core architectures as the technology keeps scaling down. This will require a holistic approach to the design of future multi-core architectures encompassing low power computing, thermal management technologies and workload distribution.