Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Type Reconstruction for Linear -Calculus with I/O Subtyping

Abstract Powerful concurrency primitives in recent concurrent languages and thread libraries provide great flexibility about implementation of high-level features like concurrent objects. However, they are so low-level that they often make it difficult to check global correctness of programs or to perform nontrivial code optimization, such as elimination of redundant communication. In order to overcome those problems, advanced type systems for input-only/output-only channels and linear (use-once) channels have been recently studied, but the type reconstruction problem for those type systems remained open, and therefore, their applications to concurrent programming languages have been limited. In this paper, we develop type reconstruction algorithms for variants of Kobayashi, Pierce, and Turner's linear channel type system with Pierce and Sangiorgi's subtyping based on input-only/output-only channel types and prove correctness of the algorithms. To our knowledge, no complete type reconstruction algorithm has been previously known for those type systems. We have implemented one of the algorithms and incorporated it into the compiler of the concurrent language HACL. This paper also shows some experimental results on the algorithm and its application to compile-time optimizations.
The Cost of Virulence: Retarded Growth of Salmonella Typhimurium Cells Expressing Type III Secretion System 1

Virulence factors generally enhance a pathogen's fitness and thereby foster transmission. However, most studies of pathogen fitness have been performed by averaging the phenotypes over large populations. Here, we have analyzed the fitness costs of virulence factor expression by Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar Typhimurium in simple culture experiments. The type III secretion system ttss-1, a cardinal virulence factor for eliciting Salmonella diarrhea, is expressed by just a fraction of the S. Typhimurium population, yielding a mixture of cells that either express ttss-1 (TTSS-1+ phenotype) or not (TTSS-1− phenotype). Here, we studied in vitro the TTSS-1+ phenotype at the single cell level using fluorescent protein reporters. The regulator hilA controlled the fraction of TTSS-1+ individuals and their ttss-1 expression level. Strikingly, cells of the TTSS-1+ phenotype grew slower than cells of the TTSS-1− phenotype. The growth retardation was at least partially attributable to the expression of TTSS-1 effector and/or translocon proteins. In spite of this growth penalty, the TTSS-1+ subpopulation increased from <10% to approx. 60% during the late logarithmic growth phase of an LB batch culture. This was attributable to an increasing initiation rate of ttss-1 expression, in response to environmental cues accumulating during this growth phase, as shown by experimental data and mathematical modeling. Finally, hilA and hilD mutants, which form only fast-growing TTSS-1− cells, outcompeted wild type S. Typhimurium in mixed cultures. Our data demonstrated that virulence factor expression imposes a growth penalty in a non-host environment. This raises important questions about compensating mechanisms during host infection which ensure successful propagation of the genotype.
Effect of Amaranthus on Advanced Glycation End-Products Induced Cytotoxicity and Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells

Amaranthus plants, or spinach, are used extensively as a vegetable and are known to possess medicinal properties. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) cause cell toxicity in the human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, through an increase in oxidative stress, as shown by reducing cell viability and increasing cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We found that preincubation of SH-SY5Y cells with either petroleum ether, dichloromethane or methanol extracts of A. lividus and A. tricolor dose-dependently attenuated the neuron toxicity caused by AGEs treatment. Moreover, the results showed that A. lividus and A. tricolor extracts significantly downregulated the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 genes in AGEs-induced cells. We concluded that A. lividus and A. tricolor extracts not only have a neuroprotective effect against AGEs toxicity, but also have anti-inflammatory activity by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. This suggests that Amaranthus may be useful for treating chronic inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
Looking for a generic inhibitor of amyloid-like fibril formation among flavone derivatives

A range of diseases is associated with amyloid fibril formation. Despite different proteins being responsible for each disease, all of them share similar features including beta-sheet-rich secondary structure and fibril-like protein aggregates. A number of proteins can form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, resembling structural features of disease-related amyloids. Given these generic structural properties of amyloid and amyloid-like fibrils, generic inhibitors of fibril formation would be of interest for treatment of amyloid diseases. Recently, we identified five outstanding inhibitors of insulin amyloid-like fibril formation among the pool of 265 commercially available flavone derivatives. Here we report testing of these five compounds and of epi-gallocatechine-3-gallate (EGCG) on aggregation of alpha-synuclein and beta-amyloid. We used a Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, relying on halftimes of aggregation as the measure of inhibition. This method avoids large numbers of false positive results. Our data indicate that four of the five flavones and EGCG inhibit alpha-synuclein aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. However none of these derivatives were able to increase halftimes of aggregation of beta-amyloid.
A research of public opinion on a small world network

Public opinion plays an important role in human society. With the development of Internet technology, the formation of public opinion on the Internet has become a hot research topic. In this paper, a more realistic opinion model in the frame of bounded confidence model is built on a complex network with a small-world character. Different to the former opinion models, minimal difference d1 is introduced. The result shows it largely changes the function form of the evolution of opinion against the confidence interval ΔD. The relationship between the number of the ultimate existing opinions ns and the convergence parameter and the threshold value of individual opinion extent are also investigated. The threshold value of individual opinion extent causes a minimal number of ultimate existing opinions appear in the medium value of ΔD. The result is robust to the different distribution of attitude even when attitude updates with opinions.
A neural-network-based method for predicting protein stability changes upon single point mutations

MOTIVATION One important requirement for protein design is to be able to predict changes of protein stability upon mutation. Different methods addressing this task have been described and their performance tested considering global linear correlation between predicted and experimental data. Neither is direct statistical evaluation of their prediction performance available, nor is a direct comparison among different approaches possible. Recently, a significant database of thermodynamic data on protein stability changes upon single point mutation has been generated (ProTherm). This allows the application of machine learning techniques to predicting free energy stability changes upon mutation starting from the protein sequence. RESULTS In this paper, we present a neural-network-based method to predict if a given mutation increases or decreases the protein thermodynamic stability with respect to the native structure. Using a dataset consisting of 1615 mutations, our predictor correctly classifies >80% of the mutations in the database. On the same task and using the same data, our predictor performs better than other methods available on the Web. Moreover, when our system is coupled with energy-based methods, the joint prediction accuracy increases up to 90%, suggesting that it can be used to increase also the performance of pre-existing methods, and generally to improve protein design strategies. AVAILABILITY The server is under construction and will be available at http://www.biocomp. unibo.it
Scaled unscented transform-based variational optimality filter

An efficient method based on the concept of the variational optimality and the ensemble transform (ET) as well as the scaled unscented transform (SUT), therefore called the scaled unscented transform-based variational optimality filter (SVOF), is introduced in this work. Based on the SUT Kalman filter (SUKF) [1], the SVOF suggests a new correction for the ensemble mean and covariance estimation, which incorporates the variational optimality as well as the ET-like covariance correction into the ordinary update scheme. Moreover for dealing high dimensionality of dynamics, the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) was applied to generate a size-diminished set of sigma points. For verification, numerical experiments were conducted on Lorenz-95 and the results confirm the outperforming and efficiency of the SVOF.
Accretion Column Disruption in GX 1+4

Daily observations of the binary X-ray pulsar GX 1+4 were made with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite between 1997 May 16 and 20 as part of a 4 month monitoring program. On May 17, the sharp dips normally observed in the light curve were all but absent, resulting in a pulse fraction fp ≈ 0.5 instead of the more typical value of ≈0.8 measured before and after. A dramatic hardening of the 2-40 keV phase-averaged spectrum was also observed. The power-law photon index was 1.16 ± 0.02, whereas values of 1.6-2.0 are more typical. In terms of a Comptonization continuum component, the optical depth for scattering was τ ≈ 19, with 4-6 the usual range for RXTE spectra. Pulse-phase spectroscopy indicates that τ is decreased relative to the phase-averaged value around the primary minimum where an increase is normally observed. The reduced depth of the dip is interpreted as disruption of the accretion column, and the accompanying spectral variation suggests a substantially different accretion regime than is usual for this source.
CoolPaint : Direct Interaction Painting

We present CoolPaint, a system for computer painting that uses a props-based direct interaction technique. By instrumenting real paint brushes and developing corresponding digital models of the brushes, we allow the user to control digital tools by directly manipulating their physical counterparts. In addition, we use a tabletop display which allows the display space and interaction space to be unified. The painter picks up a real paint brush, dabs it in ‘paint’, and makes a brush stroke across the canvas. Digital paint immediately appears on the canvas, directly under the brush, with exactly the brush stroke the painter expects. The result is an intuitive, expressive, and fun painting experience.
Generation of synthetic data by means of fuzzy c-Regression

Problems related to data privacy are studied in the areas of privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) and statistical disclosure control (SDC). Their goal is to avoid the disclosure of sensitive or proprietary information to third parties. In this paper a new synthetic data generation method is proposed and the information loss and disclosure risk are measured. The method is based on fuzzy techniques. Informally, a fuzzy c-regression method is applied to the original data set and synthetic data is released with an appropriate information loss and disclosure risk depending on c. As other data protection methods do, our synthetic data generation procedure allows third parties to do some statistical computations with a limited risk of disclosure. The trade-off between data utility and data safety of our proposed method will be assessed.
AnchorMF: towards effective event context identification

Online social networks (OSNs) such as Twitter provide a good platform for event discussions. Recent research [26][25] as shown that event discussions in OSNs are diverse and innovative and encourage public engagement in events. Although much research has been conducted in OSNs to track and detect events, there has been limited research on detecting or understanding the event context. Event context helps to better predict users' participation in events, identify relations among events, and recommend friends who share similar event context. In this work, we have developed AnchorMF, a matrix factorization based technique that aims to identify event context by leveraging a prevalent feature in OSNs, the anchor information. Our AnchorMF work makes three key contributions: (1) a formal definition of the event context identification problem; (2) anchor selection and incorporation into the matrix factorization process for effective event context identification; and (3) demonstration of applying event context for user-event participation prediction, relevant events retrieval, and friendship recommendation. Evaluation based on 1.1 million Twitter users over a one-month data collection period shows that AnchorMF achieves a 20.0% improvement in terms of user-event participation prediction.
USING SWASTHYA SLATE TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PATIENT CARE

AimThe purpose of this research is to display the need for diagnostic and data collecting healthcare technology through the use of technology such as the Swasthya Slate. ConclusionThe Swasthya Slate technology though designed for developing countries with a lack of health care infrastructure can also be used in developed countries to increase the quality of patient care and digitize patient specific documentation.
Parenting Style and Maternal Self-efficacy as Predictors of Emotional and Social Adjustment among Preschool Children in Palestine

It is generally assumed that parent characteristics play a critical role in determining the potential for a positive transition into formal education systems for all children. The current study examines the contribution of parenting styles and maternal selfefficacy as predictors of social and emotional adjustment among preschoolers. The study included 151 kindergarten age children and their mothers. Findings demonstrated that a positive relationship exists between an authoritative balanced parenting style and social emotional adjustment, while both permissive and authoritative styles predicted lower levels of adjustment. It was further identified that positive maternal self-efficacy was linked to higher levels of social-emotional adjustment in pre-school children. Keywords: : Maternal Self-efficacy; of Emotional and Social Adjustment;
Institutional Impediments To Access To Credit By Micro And Small Scale Enterprises In Kenya

This discussion paper is released under IPAR's research and policy activities in the Real Sector. The interpretations, views, and conclusions are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Institute or its affiliated organizations. IPAR Discussion Papers Series disseminates results and reflections from ongoing policy analysis and research activities at the Institute. There are four key programs in the Institute: Macroeconomics, Real Sector (Agriculture and Industry), Social Sector (Education and Health) and Governance and Development. The main objective of the discussion paper is to make the results available quickly so as to encourage discussions, receive suggestions for revisions, and prompt application of the analyses and results they contain. A summary of the key findings is also available in the Policy Brief Series. The papers represent preliminary or ongoing work.
Colouring Summaries BLEU

In this paper we attempt to apply the IBM algorithm, BLEU, to the output of four different summarizers in order to perform an intrinsic evaluation of their output. The objective of this experiment is to explore whether a metric, originally developed for the evaluation of machine translation output, could be used for assessing another type of output reliably. Changing the type of text to be evaluated by BLEU into automatically generated extracts and setting the conditions and parameters of the evaluation experiment according to the idiosyncrasies of the task, we put the feasibility of porting BLEU in different Natural Language Processing research areas under test. Furthermore, some important conclusions relevant to the resources needed for evaluating summaries have come up as a side-effect of running the whole experiment.
On the fluctuations of the SINR at the output of the Wiener filter for non centered channels: The non Gaussian case

In the context of multidimensional signals, the linear Wiener receiver is frequently encountered in wireless communication and in array processing; it is in fact the linear receiver that achieves the lowest level of interference. In this contribution, we focus on the study of the associated Signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at its output in the context of Ricean multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. The case of Ricean channels, which induces non-centered random variables, can be encountered in several practical environments and has not been studied so far, as it raises substantial technical issues. With the help of large random matrix theory, which has shown to be fruitful to successfully address several problems in wireless communications, we study the behaviour of the SINR, together with its fluctuations via a central limit theorem. As realistic models also involve non-Gaussian random variables, we relax the Gaussian assumption. This results in an extra term involving the fourth cumulant in the expression of the variance.
Modulation and chaotic acoustic features for speech recognition

Automatic speech recognition systems can benefit from including into their acoustic processing part new features that account for various nonlinear and time-varying phenomena during speech production. In this article, we develop robust methods for extracting from speech signals novel acoustic features, of the modulation- and chaotic-type, based on nonlinear and time-varying models of speech. These new speech features are integrated with the standard linear ones (mel-frequency cesptrum) to develop a generalized hybrid set of acoustic features. The efficacy of this hybrid set is demonstrated by showing significant improvements in HMM-based phoneme recognition over the TIMIT database.
Nutrition and Stroke Prevention

Nutrition is much more important in prevention of stroke than is appreciated by most physicians. The powerful effects of statin drugs in lowering the levels of fasting cholesterol, combined with an unbalanced focus on fasting lipids (as opposed to postprandial fat and oxidative stress), have led many physicians and patients to believe that diet is relatively unimportant. Because the statins can lower fasting lipids by ≈50% to 60%, and a low-fat diet only lowers fasting cholesterol by ≈5% to 10%, this error is perhaps understandable. However, a Cretan Mediterranean diet, which is high in beneficial oils, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and low in cholesterol and animal fat, has been shown to reduce stroke and myocardial infarction by 60% in 4 years compared with the American Heart Association diet. This effect is twice that of simvastatin in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study: a reduction of myocardial infarction by 40% in 6 years. Vitamins for lowering of homocysteine may yet be shown to be beneficial for reduction of stroke; a key issue is the high prevalence of unrecognized deficiency of vitamin B12, requiring higher doses of vitamin B12 than have been used in clinical trials to date. Efforts to duplicate with supplementation the evidence of benefit for vitamins E, C, and beta carotene have been largely fruitless. This may be related to the broad combination of antioxidants included in a healthy diet. A Cretan Mediterranean diet is probably more effective because it provides a wide range of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables of all colors.
Psychological factors in nutritional disorders of the elderly: part of the spectrum of eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE To illustrate common psychogenic factors involved in undereating and undernutrition in the elderly. METHOD Two cases are described. RESULTS In the context of age-related physical and social factors, obsessional, phobic, and hypochondriacal anxieties can lead to significant food restrictions and undernutrition. DISCUSSION Psychogenic factors need to be considered in undernutrition of the elderly and the phenomena considered in the spectrum of eating disorders.
Shroom expression is attenuated in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Shroom is a PDZ-domain protein involved in the regulation and maintenance of cytoskeletal architecture by binding to actin. Hypertrophy and altered actin organisation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of the present study was to localise and characterise Shroom expression in the lung in experimental and idiopathic PAH (IPAH). Shroom expression and localisation in hypoxia-induced PAH in mice and IPAH in humans, in vivo, as well as in primary PASMC, in vitro, was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, laser-assisted microdissection and immunohistochemistry. Shroom localised exclusively to PASMC (both bronchial and vascular) in mouse and human lungs. Both in vivo and in primary PASMC, in vitro, Shroom exhibited spatially similar expression with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Shroom expression was significantly reduced in the mouse model of PAH, in primary murine PASMC exposed to hypoxia, and in primary PASMC isolated from patients with IPAH. The ratio between Shroom and α-SMA RNA expression further confirmed Shroom downregulation in both mouse and human PASMC. In summary, Shroom localises exclusively to pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Shroom downregulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension suggests a link between Shroom expression and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) 3-dB narrow wall directional couplers for monopulse comparator application

The compact single-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) 3-dB side-wall directional couplers with/without metallic dome for Ku-band monopulse comparator application are studied and demonstrated in this paper. These couplers with/without dome achieve ±0.35 dB/±0.7 dB power equality, -24.7 dB/-16 dB isolation, and -24.4 dB/-15 dB return loss, ±0.60 °/0.12 ° phase difference, respectively, over 17% bandwidth. Considering the bandwidth requirement and fabrication technique, the coupler without the dome is selected to integrate into the monopulse comparator. The monopulse comparator is fabricated and measured, indicating good performances for the Ku-band tracking system.