Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Dependency Based N-grams in Rule Based Automatic English as Second Language Grammar Correction

BSTRACT In this paper, we present a system for automatic English (L2) grammatical error correction. It participated in ConLL 2013 shared tasks. The system applies a set of simple rules for correction of grammatical errors. In some cases, it uses syntactic n-grams, i.e., n-grams that are constructed in a syntactic metric: namely, by following paths in dependency trees, i.e., there is special procedure that allows obtaining syntactic n-grams. Note that in general case syntactic n-grams permit introducing syntactic information into machine learning methods, because syntactic n-grams have all properties of traditional n-grams. The system is simple, practically does not use additional linguistic resources and was constructed in two months. Due to its simplicity it does not obtain better scores as compared to more sophisticated systems that use many resources, the Internet and machine learning methods, but it can be positioned as a baseline system for the task.
The tangled Web we wove: a taskonomy of WWW use

A prerequisite to the effective design of user interfaces is anunderstanding of the tasks for which that interface will actuallybe used. Surprisingly little task analysis has appeared for one ofthe most discussed and fastest-growing computer applications,browsing the World-Wide Web (WWW). Based on naturally-collectedverbal protocol data, we present a taxonomy of tasks undertaken onthe WWW. The data reveal that several previous claims aboutbrowsing behavior are questionable, and suggests that thatwidget-centered approaches to interface design and evaluation maybe incomplete with respect to good user interfaces for the Web.
Extracting and Visualizing Trust Relationships from Online Auction Feedback Comments

Buyers and sellers in online auctions are faced with the task of deciding who to entrust their business to based on a very limited amount of information. Current trust ratings on eBay average over 99% positive [13] and are presented as a single number on a user's profile. This paper presents a system capable of extracting valuable negative information from the wealth of feedback comments on eBay, computing personalized and feature-based trust and presenting this information graphically.
Collective dynamics in optomechanical arrays

Summary form only given. The field of optomechanics [1] seeks to explore the interaction between light and mechanical motion. Optomechanical system are typically composed of a single mechanical and a single optical mode interacting via radiation pressure: Ĥint = -ħg0 â†â(b + b†), where â/b are the photon/phonon operators. In this talk, we will introduce arrays of optomechanical cells, and discuss our first theoretical results on the nonlinear dynamics of such a setup [2,3]. First we have studied the classical nonlinear dynamics of optomechanical arrays. For blue-detuned laser drive, a Hopf bifurcation towards self-sustained mechanical oscillations takes place. For static disorder of the frequencies in the array, we have shown that there can be a transition towards phase-locking. The slow dynamics of the mechanical oscillation phase field is described by a specific modification of the Kuramoto equation known in synchronization physics: in the simplest case δ φ = -δΩ - Ksin(2δφ), for the phase difference δφ between two cells with frequency difference δΩ, corresponding to a particle sliding down in a tilted washboard potential.In a second step, we have turned towards the quantum dynamics of arrays without static disorder [3]. There, the effects of the fundamental quantum noise can lead to phase diffusion. Upon increasing the coupling between cells, we observe a transition between incoherent mechanical oscillations and a collective phase-coherent mechanical state. To study the driven-dissipative dynamics, we employ a mean-field approach based on the Lindblad master equation, as well as semiclassical Langevin equations. We will also discuss the prospects of observing this non-equilibrium dynamics in an experimental implementation based on currently available setups. Very promising candidates in this regard are optomechanical crystal setups, where defects in photonic crystal structures are used to generate co-localized optical and mechanical modes in a two-dimensional geometry [4].
The BeppoSAX view on the Galactic Massive X-ray Binary 4U 0114+65

A pointed observation on the galactic high-mass X–ray binary 4U 0114+65 was carried out with BeppoSAX in order to compare the X–ray spectral and timing characteristics observed by this satellite over the broadest range of energies ever (1.5–100 keV) with the information previously obtained with other spacecraft. The light curve of 4U 0114+65 shows a large flare at the beginning of the BeppoSAX pointing and no significant hardness evolution either during the flare or in the low state occurring after the flare itself. The modulation at ∼2.7 hours, attributed to the accreting neutron star (NS) spin periodicity, is not significantly detected in our data, although fluctuations with timescales of ∼3 hours can be seen in the 2–10 keV light curve. Shorter modulations down to timescales of minutes, are also found and interpreted as due to accretion of matter onto the NS. The flaring and the low state spectra of 4U 0114+65 can be equally well fitted either with a power law modulated by a high-energy exponential cutoff or with a Comptonization model. During the low state the presence, although tentative, of a thermal component (with kT ∼ 0.3 keV) at low energies, possibly produced by an ionized plasma cloud around the NS, cannot be excluded. Contrary to previous claims, a cyclotron resonant feature in absorption at ∼22 keV was not detected in the BeppoSAX spectroscopic data, whereas evidence for a Fe emission line around 6.4 keV is found only during the low state emission. Using all of the above information, a scenario for the system in which the NS is embedded in, and accreting from, a low angular momentum gas cloud is envisaged.
Measuring the optimal exposure for single particle cryo-EM using a 2.6 Å reconstruction of rotavirus VP6

Biological specimens suffer radiation damage when imaged in an electron microscope, ultimately limiting the attainable resolution. At a given resolution, an optimal exposure can be defined that maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio in the image. Using a 2.6 Å resolution single particle cryo-EM reconstruction of rotavirus VP6, determined from movies recorded with a total exposure of 100 electrons/Å2, we obtained accurate measurements of optimal exposure values over a wide range of resolutions. At low and intermediate resolutions, our measured values are considerably higher than obtained previously for crystalline specimens, indicating that both images and movies should be collected with higher exposures than are generally used. We demonstrate a method of using our optimal exposure values to filter movie frames, yielding images with improved contrast that lead to higher resolution reconstructions. This ‘high-exposure’ technique should benefit cryo-EM work on all types of samples, especially those of relatively low-molecular mass. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06980. 001
Optimizations for Decision Making and Planning in Description Logic Dynamic Knowledge Bases

Artifact-centric models for business processes recently raised a lot of attention, as they manage to combine structural (i.e. data related) with dynamical (i.e. process related) aspects in a seamless way. Many frameworks developed under this approach, although, are not built explicitly for planning, one of the most prominent operations related to business processes. In this paper, we try to overcome this by proposing a framework named Dynamic Knowledge Bases, aimed at describing rich business domains through Description Logic-based ontologies, and where a set of actions allows the system to evolve by modifying such ontologies. This framework, by offering action rewriting and knowledge partialization, represents a viable and formal environment to develop decision making and planning techniques for DL-based artifact-centric business domains.
Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with premature atherosclerosis; however, it is unknown whether arterial stiffness is increased in this setting, possibly as a manifestation of vascular disease preceding and/or independent of atherosclerosis. Carotid ultrasonography and radial applanation tonometry were performed in 101 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 80 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 105 healthy control subjects. The 3 groups were comparable in age, gender, and carotid artery absolute and relative wall thickness. Atherosclerotic plaque was more common in lupus (46%) and rheumatoid arthritis (38%) patients than in controls (23%) (P<0.003). Although control subjects had higher central and peripheral blood pressures, arterial stiffness was increased in patient groups compared with controls (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, controls, respectively: &bgr;: 3.36 versus 3.22 versus 2.60, P<0.001; Young’s modulus: 441 versus 452 versus 366 mm Hg/cm, P=0.004; Peterson’s elastic modulus: 278 versus 273 versus 216 mm Hg, P<0.001) after adjustment for differences in mean brachial pressure. In multivariate analysis involving the entire population, arterial stiffness was independently related to age, serum glucose, and the presence of chronic inflammatory disease. In multivariate analysis restricted to the patients, arterial stiffness was independently related to age at diagnosis, disease duration, serum cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (and IL-6, when substituted for C-reactive protein). When analyses were repeated in the 186 study subjects without carotid plaque, arterial stiffness remained significantly elevated in patient groups after adjustment for differences in age and mean brachial pressure. In conclusion, arterial stiffness is increased in chronic inflammatory disorders independent of the presence of atherosclerosis and is related to disease duration, cholesterol, and the inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein and the cytokine that stimulates its production, IL-6.
Cold Dark Matter Substructure and Galactic Disks. I. Morphological Signatures of Hierarchical Satellite Accretion

We conduct dissipationless N-body simulations to investigate the cumulative effect of substructure impacts onto thin disk galaxies in the context of the ΛCDM paradigm. Our simulation campaign is based on a hybrid approach combining cosmological simulations and controlled numerical experiments. Substructure properties are culled from cosmological simulations of galaxy-sized CDM halos. We demonstrate that accretions of massive subhalos onto the central regions of host halos, where the galactic disk resides, since z ∼ 1 should be common occurrences. In contrast, extremely few satellites in present-day CDM halos are likely to have a significant impact on the disk structure. One host halo merger history is subsequently used to seed controlled N-body experiments of repeated satellite encounters with an initially thin Milky-Way (MW) type disk galaxy. These simulations track the effects of six dark matter substructures, with initial masses in the range ~(0.7–2) × 1010 M☉ (~20%-60% of the disk mass), crossing the disk in the past ~8 Gyr. We demonstrate that these accretion events produce several distinctive morphological signatures in the disk, including long-lived, low surface brightness, ringlike features in the outskirts; significant flares; bars; and faint filamentary structures above the disk plane. The final distribution of disk stars exhibits a complex vertical structure that is well described by a standard “thin-thick” disk decomposition. We compare one of the resulting ringlike features in our simulations to the Monoceros Ring stellar structure in the MW. The comparison shows quantitative agreement in spatial distribution and kinematics, suggesting that such observed complex stellar components may arise naturally as disk stars are excited by encounters with CDM substructure. We conclude that satellite-disk interactions of the kind expected in ΛCDM models can induce morphological features in galactic disks that are similar to those being discovered in the Milky Way, M31, and other disk galaxies. These results highlight the significant role of CDM substructure in setting the structure of disk galaxies and driving galaxy evolution. Upcoming galactic structure surveys and astrometric satellites may be able to distinguish between competing cosmological models by testing whether the detailed structure of galactic disks is as excited as predicted by the CDM paradigm.
Single die broadband CMOS power amplifier and tracker with 37% overall efficiency for TDD/FDD LTE applications

This paper presents a 2.3GHz - 2.7GHz broadband CMOS FDD/TDD LTE Band 7. 38, 40 and 41 power amplifier (PA) fully integrated with a fast envelope tracker (ET) on a single 0. 18μm CMOS die. The PA and the tracker achieve a 37% overall efficiency for 26.5dBm and -39dBc ACLR1. The entire design including the input/output match uses an active silicon area around 2.7mm2.
An Efficient and Adaptive Mutual Authentication Framework for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network-Based Applications

Robust security is highly coveted in real wireless sensor network (WSN) applications since wireless sensors' sense critical data from the application environment. This article presents an efficient and adaptive mutual authentication framework that suits real heterogeneous WSN-based applications (such as smart homes, industrial environments, smart grids, and healthcare monitoring). The proposed framework offers: (i) key initialization; (ii) secure network (cluster) formation (i.e., mutual authentication and dynamic key establishment); (iii) key revocation; and (iv) new node addition into the network. The correctness of the proposed scheme is formally verified. An extensive analysis shows the proposed scheme coupled with message confidentiality, mutual authentication and dynamic session key establishment, node privacy, and message freshness. Moreover, the preliminary study also reveals the proposed framework is secure against popular types of attacks, such as impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, and information-leakage attacks. As a result, we believe the proposed framework achieves efficiency at reasonable computation and communication costs and it can be a safeguard to real heterogeneous WSN applications.
Automatic error detection in alignments for speech synthesis

The phonetic segmentation of recorded speech is a crucial factor in the quality of concatenative systems for speech synthesis. We describe a a likelihood-based error detection process that can be used to flag possible errors in such a segmentation, with a view towards manual correction. It is shown that this process can be used to assist in the creation of high-accuracy segmentations. In particular, for an isiZulu corpus used in the creation of a unit-selection synthesizer, almost half of the errors that existed in a manual segmentation were detected by this process, while flagging fewer than a quarter of all segments. Different phoneme classes are handled with differing amounts of success, with vowels being the most troublesome.
Reduction of Linear Crosstalk Over Waveguide-Grating-Based Optical CDMA Coders/Decoders

A compact optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) network coder-decoder (codec) with a crosstalk reduction mechanism is proposed. The transmitter-receiver codec is constructed using cascaded dual arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs) that generate a pure crosstalk term, referred to in this paper as a pilot signal. The pilot signal is multiplied by an appropriate gain such that its intensity is equal to that of the crosstalk noise and is then subtracted from the desired user signals in order to eliminate the accumulated beat noise completely. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme eliminates the in-band crosstalk beat noise and achieves a larger eye diagram than codecs with no crosstalk reduction capability.
Energy landscapes and rare events

Many problems in physics, material sciences, chemistry and biology can be abstractly formulated as a system that navigates over a complex energy landscape of high or infinite dimensions. Well-known examples include phase transitions of condensed matter, conformational changes of biopolymers, and chemical reactions. The energy landscape typically exhibits multiscale features, giving rise to the multiscale nature of the dynamics. This is one of the main challenges that we face in computational science. In this report, we will review the recent work done by scientists from several disciplines on probing such energy landscapes. Of particular interest is the analysis and computation of transition pathways and transition rates between metastable states. We will then present the string method that has proven to be very effective for some truly complex systems in material science and chemistry.
Rounding of Negative Dry Film Resist by Diffusive Backside Exposure Creating Rounded Channels for Pneumatic Membrane Valves

Processing of dry film resist is an easy, low-cost, and fast way to fabricate microfluidic structures. Currently, common processes are limited to creating solely rectangular channels. However, it has shown that rounded channels are necessary to ensure proper closing of pneumatic membrane valves for microfluidic devices. Here, we introduce a modification to the standard lithography process, in order to create rounded channels for microfluidic structures. Therefore, a diffuser element was inserted into in the optical path between the light source and glass substrate, which is then exposed through the backside, hence altering the exposure to the dry resist spatially. Characterization of the process was carried out with different exposure times, features sizes, and substrate thickness. The process modification is almost effortless and can be integrated in any lithography process.
Somniloquy: Maintaining Network Connectivity While Your Computer Sleeps

Reducing the energy consumption of computers is becoming increasingly important with rising energy costs and environmental concerns. It is especially important for mobile devices such as laptops where battery lifetime is always an issue. Sleep states such as S3 (suspend to RAM) save energy but prevent the device from responding to incoming network events, for example remote desktop logins and file transfer requests. Thus many people do not use S3 and instead leave their computers plugged in and active. Mobile users do not have this flexibility, and as a result their machines are unreachable during the periods when they are in S3. Somniloquy allows computers in S3 to be woken based on incoming network traffic such as incoming VoIP calls or remote file access requests, or other events such as the presence of particular access points. This is done by adding a secondary embedded processor attached to a network interface, forming a low-power domain that remains active even when the rest of the computer is in S3. This secondary processor acts transparently on behalf of the computer, sharing the same MAC address, IP address, host name, etc. Remote servers and network hardware remain completely unaware of the low-power state. We present a prototype implementation of Somniloquy using a USB peripheral, which is therefore easily retrofitted to existing computers. Our prototype achieves a ten-fold increase in battery lifetime compared to an idle computer not in S3, while only adding 4-7s of latency to respond to applicationlayer events. Our system allows computers to appear alwayson when they are in fact talking in their sleep.
The value of MMP-9 for breast and non-small cell lung cancer patients' survival.

PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in cancer cells invasion and metastasis processes and have been investigated as potential cancer biomarkers. In this study MMP-9 gene expression and MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism in breast and non-small cell lung cancer patients' blood and tumor samples and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters were investigated. MATERIAL/METHODS MMP-9 gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction method in 108 cancer patients' blood and tumor samples. MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction - based restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS Significant relationship of MMP-9 gene expression and tumor differentiation grade was found only between groups with G1 and G3 breast tumors. Low survival rates were identified among positive MMP-9 expression in blood and ductal carcinoma of the breast (p=0.01) and negative progesterone receptor reaction (p=0.04). Significant differences in the distribution among genotypes were found between groups with stage I and stages III/IV (p=0.005) as well as between groups with lymph node status N0 and N1 (p<0.001). Breast cancer patients with tumor differentiation grade G3 and identified CC variant had a longer survival time (p=0.014). Shorter survival time was found among positive MMP-9 expression in tumor and stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients with negative lymph node (p=0.012) and squamous cell carcinoma (p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS Expression of MMP-9 in blood and tumor together indicates worse prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Integer Factorization Based on Elliptic Curve Method: Towards Better Exploitation of Reconfigurable Hardware

Currently, the best known algorithm for factorizing modulus of the RSA public key cryptosystem is the Number Field Sieve. One of its important phases usually combines a sieving technique and a method for checking smoothness of mid-size numbers. For this factorization, the Elliptic Curve Method (ECM) is an attractive solution. As ECM is highly regular and many parallel computations are required, hardware-based platforms were shown to be more cost-effective than software solutions. The few papers dealing with implementation of ECM on FPGA are all based on bit-serial architectures. They use only general-purpose logic and low-cost FPGAs which appear as the best performance/cost solution. This work explores another approach, based on the exploitation of embedded multipliers available in modern FPGAs and the use of high-performances FPGAs. The proposed architecture - based on a fully parallel and pipelined modular multiplier circuit - exhibits a 15-fold improvement over throughput/hardware cost ratio of previously published results.
What is the space of camera response functions?

Many vision applications require precise measurement of scene radiance. The function relating scene radiance to image brightness is called the camera response. We analyze the properties that all camera responses share. This allows us to find the constraints that any response function must satisfy. These constraints determine the theoretical space of all possible camera responses. We have collected a diverse database of real-world camera response functions (DoRF). Using this database we show that real-world responses occupy a small part of the theoretical space of all possible responses. We combine the constraints from our theoretical space with the data from DoRF to create a low-parameter Empirical Model of Response (EMoR). This response model allows us to accurately interpolate the complete response function of a camera from a small number of measurements obtained using a standard chart. We also show that the model can be used to accurately estimate the camera response from images of an arbitrary scene taken using different exposures. The DoRF database and the EMoR model can be downloaded at http://www.cs. columbia.edu/CAVE.