Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Cycling Small watersheds can provide invaluable information about terrestrial ecosystems

7. C. Walling and A. A. Zavitsas, ibid., p. 2084. 8. J. Kochi and R. Subramanian, ibid., 87, 4855 (1965). 9. J. Kerr and A. Trotman-Dickenson, Progr. Reaction Kinetics 1, 107 (1961). 10. E. Collinson, F. Dainton, B. Mile, S. Tazuke, D. Smith, Nature 198, 26 (1963); Discussions Faraday Soc. 29, 188 (1960). 11. G. Olah, Chem. Soc. London Spec. Pub. 19, 21 (1965). 12. F. Lossing, J. deSousa, R. Pottie, R. Taubert, J. Amer. Chemn. Soc. 81, 281 (1959); ibid. 83, 4737 (1961); ibid. 84, 1521 (1962). The values for oxidation-reduction potentials can be influenced greatly by solvent. Unfortunately, these values are known well only in aqueous solutions. Estimates in nonaqueous solvents are qualitatively correct. 13. J. Halpern, R. Legare, R. Lumry, ibid. 85, 680 (1964); P. Hurwitz and K. Kustin, Inorg. Chem. 3, 823 (1964). 14. R. Marcus, Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 21 (1960), and earlier papers. 15. H. McConnell and H. Weaver, J. Chem. Phys. 25, 307 (1956). 16. J. Bjerrum, Ken. Maanelsblad 26, 24 (1945). 17. S. Manahan and R. Iwamoto, Inorg. Chem. 4, 1409 (1965). 18. J. Kochi and R. Subramanian, ibid., p. 1527. 19. J. Kochi, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 84, 2795 (1962); C. Walling and W. Thaler, ibid. 83, 3871 (1961). 20. J. Kochi and D. Mog, ibid. 87, 522 (1965). 21. J. Kochi, ibid. 84, 774 (1962); ibid., p. 3271. 22. H. Taube, Chem. Rev. 50, 69 (1952). 23. J. Kochi and D. Davis, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 5264 (1964). 24. M. Szwarc, C. Leigh, A. Sehon, Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 209, 97 (1951). 25. A. Streitwieser and C. Perrin, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 4938 (1964). 26. R. Gilliom and B. Ward, ibid. 87, 3944 (1965). 27. J. Kochi and D. Davis, Nature 202, 690 (1964). 28. H. Taube and A. Ogard, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 1084 (1958); "Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions," Amer. Chem. Soc. Pub. No. 49 (1965). 29. W. Kray and C. Castro, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 4603 (1964). 30. C. Castro, private communication. 31. L. Menapace and H. Kuivila, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 86, 3047 (1964); ibid. 88, 571 (1966). 32. D. Benson, P. Proll, L. Sutcliffe, J. Walkley, Discussions Faraday Soc. 29, 60 (1960); Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 246 (1960). 33. J. Kochi, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 87, 3609 (1965). 34. , J. Org. Chem. 30, 3265 (1965). 35. W. Lundberg, Autoxidation and Antioxidants (Interscience, New York, 1962); Y. Kamiya and K. Ingold, Can. J. Chem. 41, 2020 (1963), and later papers. 36. L. Boguslavskaya, Russ. Chem. Rev. (English Transl.) 34, 503 (1965). 37. F. Minisci and R. Galli, Tetrahedron Letters 1963, 357 (1963). 38. J. Kochi and H. Mains, J. Org. Chem. 30, 1862 (1965). 39. M. Asscher and D. Vofsi, J. Chem. Soc. 1963, 1887 (1963); ibid., p. 3921. 40. S. Dickerman, K. Weiss, A. Ingberman, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 1904 (1959); J. Kochi, ibid. 79, 2942 (1958). 41. W. Brackman and E. Havinga, Rec. Trav. Chim. 74, 937 (1955); ibid. 84, 579 (1965); and later papers. 42. Support from the National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.
Butter feeding enhances TNF‐α production from macrophages and lymphocyte adherence in murine small intestinal microvessels

Background and Aim: Dietary fat is known to modulate immune functions. Intake of an animal fat‐rich diet has been linked to increased risk of inflammation; however, little is known about how animal fat ingestion directly affects intestinal immune function. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of butter feeding on lymphocyte migration in intestinal mucosa and the changes in adhesion molecules and cytokines involved in this effect.
Movie Recommendation based on Collaborative Topic Modeling

Traditional collaborative filtering relies on ratings provided by viewers in the movie-watching community to make recommendations to the user. In this project, we attempt to combine this approach with probabilistic topic modeling techniques to make recommendations that consist not only of movies that are popular in the community, but also those that are similar in content to movies that the user has enjoyed in the past.
HIV Risk Behavior in Treatment-Seeking Opioid-Dependent Youth: Results From a NIDA Clinical Trials Network Multisite Study

Objective:To assess baseline rates of and changes in HIV drug and sexual risk behavior as a function of gender and treatment in opioid-dependent youth. Methods:One hundred fifty participants were randomly assigned to extended buprenorphine/naloxone therapy (BUP) for 12 weeks or detoxification for 2 weeks; all received drug counseling for 12 weeks. HIV risk was assessed at baseline and 4-week, 8-week, and 12-week follow-ups. Behavioral change was examined using generalized estimating equations. Results:Baseline rates of past-month HIV risk for females/males were 51%/45% for injection drug use (IDU) (ns), 77%/35% for injection risk (P < 0.001), 82%/74% for sexual activity (ns), 14%/24% for multiple partners (ns), and 68%/65% for unprotected intercourse (ns). IDU decreased over time (P < 0.001), with greater decreases in BUP versus detoxification (P < 0.001) and females versus males in BUP (P < 0.05). Injection risk did not change for persistent injectors. Sexual activity decreased in both genders and conditions (P < 0.01), but sexual risk did not. Conclusions:Overall, IDU and sexual activity decreased markedly, particularly in BUP patients and females, but injection and sexual risk behaviors persisted. Although extended BUP seems to have favorable effects on HIV risk behavior in opioid-dependent youth, risk reduction counseling may be necessary to extend its benefits.
Cusp Points in the Parameter Space of Degenerate 3-RPR Planar Parallel Manipulators

This paper investigates the conditions in the design parameter space for the existence and distribution of the cusp locus for planar parallel manipulators. Cusp points make possible non-singular assembly-mode changing motion, which increases the maximum singularity-free workspace. An accurate algorithm for the determination is proposed amending some imprecisions done by previous existing algorithms. This is combined with methods of Cylindric Algebraic Decomposition, Grobner bases and Discriminant Varieties in order to partition the parameter space into cells with constant number of cusp points. These algorithms will allow us to classify a family of degenerate 3-RPR manipulators.
A Risk Redistribution Standard for Practical Cryptocurrency Payment

Cryptocurrencies are developed as a decentralized and trustless payment system, in which participants should be able to conduct payments across borders with acceptable latency. However, the fluctuation of the exchange rate between crypto and fiat currencies has raised significant concerns and thwarted the prevalence of cryptocurrency payment adoption. Existing solutions require merchants to liquidate the received cryptocurrency on an exchange platform. To compensate for the exchange rate risk, merchants tend to charge a higher price in cryptocurrencies compare to in fiat currency, which dampens the incentive of customers to choose cryptocurrencies as the means of payment. This paper proposes an architecture bolstered by smart contracts to transfer the risk from the merchants to the cryptocurrency issuer. This narrows the gap between prices denominated in cryptocurrencies and fiat currencies, and thus increases the adoption of cryptocurrencies as a payment method. The Ethereum blockchain is chosen as the experimental environment in this work, yet the architecture can be migrated to other decentralized systems without additional efforts. This work devises a novel ERC^1 standard to resolve the payment at a predetermined exchange rate that can be employed by any existing cryptocurrency. Immutable events on the blockchain will be generated upon the issuance and settlement of a payment, which are considered as the receipts for granting rights to the merchants to settle the payment at a regular basis. The architecture demonstrates a notable reduction on the exchange rate risk for the merchants, solving the primary problem of cryptocurrency payment adoptions nowadays.
Forest Biomass and Net Primary Productivity in Southwestern China: A Meta-Analysis Focusing on Environmental Driving Factors

Biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) are important factors for studying terrestrial carbon storage and the carbon cycle. Using data from existing literature, this study synthesized and analyzed a comprehensive database of direct field observations of forest biomass and NPP for Southwestern China. The biomass of mature natural forests and mature planted forests range from 81.2 Mg·ha−1 to 692.6 Mg·ha−1 (mean = 288.1 Mg·ha−1) and from 76.8 Mg·ha−1 to 670.1 Mg·ha−1 (mean = 181.5 Mg·ha−1), respectively. Mature natural forests have higher biomass than mature planted ones. The NPP values of natural and planted forests range from 1.4 Mg·ha−1·year−1 to 29.6 Mg·ha−1·year−1 (mean = 13.6 Mg·ha−1·year−1) and from 0.6 Mg·ha−1·year−1 to 26.5 Mg·ha−1·year−1 (mean = 9.9 Mg·ha−1·year−1), respectively. Correlations among biomass, NPP, and environmental factors show that NPP significantly decreases with latitude and increases with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, growing degree-days on a 0 °C base, and mean annual drought index, whereas biomass positively correlates with stand age and leaf area index strongly. Karst forests exhibit almost the same NPP as non-karst forests, but the former have significantly lower biomass compared to the latter. Comprehensive regional data synthesis and analysis based on direct field observations of forest biomass and NPP are important for benchmarking global and regional vegetation and carbon models, estimating regional carbon content, restoring vegetation, and mitigating climate change.
Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats by standardized Feronia limonia. Linn leaf extracts

The hepatoprotective potential of standardized Feronia limonia (Family, Rutaceae) methanolic extract (FL-7) and chloroform soluble fraction (FL-9) were assessed against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats treated with CCl4 recorded significant elevation in plasma markers of hepatic injury, alteration in hepatic antioxidant status and histopathological damages. However, rats pretreated with FL-7 (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and FL-9 (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days and later administered CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg, i.p.) recorded lowered indices of the above mentioned parameters and minimal histological damage in a dose dependent manner. These results were comparable to that of CCl4+silymarin treated rats. The results obtained with FL-7 and FL-9 are attributable to their free radical scavenging potential due to high contents of polyphenols and flavonols recorded herein. Overall, this study establishes the efficacy of FL-7 and FL-9 as hepatoprotective agents against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
In Vitro Characterization of T-Type Calcium Channel Antagonist TTA-A2 and In Vivo Effects on Arousal in Mice

T-type calcium channels have been implicated in many behaviorally important neurophysiological processes, and altered channel activity has been linked to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as insomnia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and pain. We have previously identified a number of potent and selective T-type channel antagonists (Barrow et al., 2007; Shipe et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2008). Here we describe the properties of the antagonist TTA-A2 [2-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-N-((1R)-1-{5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxo]-pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)acetamide], assessed in patch-clamp experiments. TTA-A2 blocks T-type channels (Cav3.1, 3.2, 3.3) voltage dependently and with high potency (IC50 ∼100 nM). Stimulation at 3 Hz revealed additional use dependence of inhibition. A hyperpolarized shift of the channel availability curve and delayed channel recovery from inactivation suggest that the compound preferentially interacts with and stabilizes inactivated channels. The compound showed a ∼300-fold selectivity for Cav3 channels over high-voltage activated calcium channels. Inhibitory effects on native T-type currents were confirmed in brain slice recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the subthalamic nucleus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo T-type channel inhibition by TTA-A2 suppresses active wake and promotes slow-wave sleep in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking both Cav3.1 and Cav3.3, suggesting the selective effect of TTA-A2 on recurrent thalamocortical network activity. The discovery of the potent and selective T-type channel antagonist TTA-A2 has enabled us to study the in vivo effects of pharmacological T-channel inhibition on arousal in mice, and it will help to explore the validity of these channels as potential drug targets for sleep-related and other neurological diseases.
A New K+ Channel β Subunit to Specifically Enhance Kv2.2 (CDRK) Expression*

Cloned K+ channel β subunits are hydrophilic proteins which associate to pore-forming α subunits of the Shaker subfamily. The resulting αβ heteromultimers K+ channels have inactivation kinetics significantly more rapid than those of the corresponding α homomultimers. This paper reports the cloning and the brain localization of mKvβ4 (m for mouse), a new β subunit. This new β subunit is highly expressed in the nervous system but is also present in other tissues such as kidney. In contrast with other β subunits, coexpression of the mKvβ4 subunit with α subunits of Shaker-type K+ channel does not modify the kinetic properties or voltage-dependence of these channels in Xenopus oocytes. Instead, mKvβ4 associates to Kv2.2 (CDRK), a Shab K+ channel, to specifically enhance (a factor of up to 6) its expression level without changing its elementary conductance or kinetics. It is without effect on another closely related Shab K+ channel Kv2.1 (DRK1). Chimeras between Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 indicate that the COOH-terminal end of the Kv2.2 protein is essential for its mKvβ4 sensitivity. The functional results associated with the observation of the co-localization of mKvβ4 and Kv2.2 transcripts in most brain areas strongly suggest that both subunits interact in vivo to form a slowly-inactivating K+ channel. A chaperone-like effect of mKvβ4 seems to permit the integration of a larger number of Kv2.2 channels at the plasma membrane.
Lessons learned from the application of biometric-tests on a real case involving identity verification of a missing child

The topic of identity verification and age progression received considerable attention among researchers in the computer vision research community leading to the development of a variety of promising techniques that have been developed and tested using dedicated datasets. However, a key question that arises is whether biometric-based techniques could be used in real identity verification of age separated faces with the same effectiveness as other identity verification tests or at least as a soft filtering approach before applying more reliable but intrusive tests such as DNA tests. Towards this end we apply biometric-based techniques in an attempt to verify the identity of a missing child, using real data. The aim of the paper is not to provide answers to the aforementioned question but to report the problems faced in similar scenarios and propose future research directions that aim to make biometric-based techniques more applicable to real-life scenarios.
Disorders of orgasm and ejaculation in men.

INTRODUCTION Ejaculatory/orgasmic disorders are common male sexual dysfunctions, and include premature ejaculation (PE), inhibited ejaculation, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anorgasmia. AIM To provide recommendations and guidelines concerning current state-of-the-art knowledge for management of ejaculation/orgasmic disorders in men. METHODS An international consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 25 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge of disorders of orgasm and ejaculation represent the opinion of seven experts from seven countries developed in a process over a 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate. RESULTS Premature ejaculation management is largely dependent upon etiology. Lifelong PE is best managed with PE pharmacotherapy (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor [SSRI] and/or topical anesthetics). The management of acquired PE is etiology specific and may include erectile dysfunction (ED) pharmacotherapy in men with comorbid ED. Behavioral therapy is indicated when psychogenic or relationship factors are present and is often best combined with PE pharmacotherapy in an integrated treatment program. Retrograde ejaculation is managed by education, patient reassurance, pharmacotherapy, or bladder neck reconstruction. Delayed ejaculation, anejaculation, and/or anorgasmia may have a biogenic and/or psychogenic atiology. Men with age-related penile hypoanesthesia should be educated, reassured, and instructed in revised sexual techniques which maximize arousal. CONCLUSIONS Additional research is required to further the understanding of the disorders of ejaculation and orgasm.
Down-Regulation of the Interferon Signaling Pathway in T Lymphocytes from Patients with Metastatic Melanoma

Background Dysfunction of the immune system has been documented in many types of cancers. The precise nature and molecular basis of immune dysfunction in the cancer state are not well defined. Methods and Findings To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of immune dysfunction in cancer, gene expression profiles of pure sorted peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 patients with melanoma were compared to 12 healthy controls. Of 25 significantly altered genes in T cells and B cells from melanoma patients, 17 are interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes. These microarray findings were further confirmed by quantitative PCR and functional responses to IFNs. The median percentage of lymphocytes that phosphorylate STAT1 in response to interferon-α was significantly reduced (Δ = 16.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.98% to 33.35%) in melanoma patients (n = 9) compared to healthy controls (n = 9) in Phosflow analysis. The Phosflow results also identified two subgroups of patients with melanoma: IFN-responsive (33%) and low-IFN-response (66%). The defect in IFN signaling in the melanoma patient group as a whole was partially overcome at the level of expression of IFN-stimulated genes by prolonged stimulation with the high concentration of IFN-α that is achievable only in IFN therapy used in melanoma. The lowest responders to IFN-α in the Phosflow assay also showed the lowest gene expression in response to IFN-α. Finally, T cells from low-IFN-response patients exhibited functional abnormalities, including decreased expression of activation markers CD69, CD25, and CD71; TH1 cytokines interleukin-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α, and reduced survival following stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies compared to controls. Conclusions Defects in interferon signaling represent novel, dominant mechanisms of immune dysfunction in cancer. These findings may be used to design therapies to counteract immune dysfunction in melanoma and to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Effects on the reproductive parameters of two generations of Rattus norvegicus offspring from dams exposed to heptachlor during gestation and lactation

Heptachlor has been targeted for global elimination because of its toxicity and environmental persistence, in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). However, there is no regulation of heptachlor use in Mexico, where relatively high levels have been found in maternal breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of heptachlor on the reproductive system of offspring of two consecutive generations of rats (F1 and F2) from dams orally administered heptachlor during midgestation and lactation. Female offspring were analyzed for different phenotypic, reproductive, and molecular parameters. In the F1 generation, heptachlor treatment induced decreased body weight at weaning, increased female anogenital distance, and delayed vaginal opening. In both generations, serum progesterone levels decreased and estradiol levels remained unchanged, while overexpression of the progesterone receptor was observed in uterine epithelial cells on estrus day. In the F2 generation, expression of the estrogen receptor α increased in the glandular epithelium. Finally, heptachlor treatment did not affect apoptosis in the uterine epithelial cells. Overall, the results indicate that heptachlor induced female reproductive alterations when administered to dams during the perinatal period. Accordingly, exposure to heptachlor may represent a risk for the reproductive health of humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 856–868, 2017.
Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE Because treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists may increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB), and because knowledge of the risk of TB in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) not treated with biologics is scarce and of uncertain generalizability to low-risk populations, this study sought to determine the risk of TB among Swedish patients with RA. METHODS Using data from Swedish nationwide and population-based registers and data from an ongoing monitoring program of TNF antagonists, the relative risks of TB in patients with RA (versus the general population) and of TB associated with TNF antagonists (versus RA patients not treated with biologics) were determined by comparing the incidence of hospitalization for TB in 3 RA cohorts and 2 general population cohorts from 1999 to 2001. We also reviewed the characteristics of all reported cases of TB in RA patients treated with TNF antagonists in Sweden and calculated the incidence of TB per type of TNF antagonist between 1999 and 2004. RESULTS During 1999-2001, RA patients who were not treated with TNF antagonists were at increased risk of TB versus the general population (relative risk 2.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2-3.4). RA patients treated with TNF antagonists had a 4-fold increased risk of TB (relative risk 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-12) versus RA patients not treated with TNF antagonists. The reported TB cases during 1999-2004 in RA patients exposed to TNF antagonists (9 infliximab, 4 etanercept, 2 both) were predominantly pulmonary. TB occurred up to 3 years following the start of treatment. CONCLUSION Irrespective of whether TNF antagonists are administered, Swedish patients with RA are at increased risk of TB. During 1999-2001, TNF antagonists were associated with an increased risk of TB, up to 4-fold in magnitude. This increased risk may persist over time during treatment and is related to both infliximab and etanercept.