Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome (Type I)

Arnold-Chiari syndrome is a rare malformation of the brain that is generally present from birth. This type of brain malformation may be associated with other anomalies including hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, syringomyelia and spina bifida. There are 3 types of Arnold-Chiari malformation (types I, II and III). The clinical symptoms of all 3 types include torticollis, opisthotonus, headache, vertigo, vocal cord paralysis, apnea, nystagmus, dysphagia and ataxia. The Chiari I malformation is considered to be congenital, although there have been reported cases of an acquired form. The incidence of this malformation has been found to be ∼0.56% via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. The malformation is characterized by a displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, medulla and the fourth ventricle into the spinal canal. The diagnosis can be difficult because not all patients present the classical symptoms of herniated tonsils. However, this anomaly may be diagnosed with MRI. Here we describe a case study of a 22-year-old female patient in a neurology clinic complaining of both headache and vertigo. We determined via MRI that there was a hernia of the cerebellar tonsillar located inferiorly to the foramen magnum. On the other hand the width of the fourth ventricle and the parenchyma tissue of the cerebellum were normal. This type of malformation may prove to be the cause of headache and vertigo in some people. MRI may therefore be a useful tool to aid in the accurate diagnosis of their symptoms.
Wood procurement policy: An analysis of critical issues and stakeholders

During the last two decades, the ecological, cultural and social values of forests have received stronger priority by society. To address the changes in values in a forest products context, major wood and non-wood retailers are being asked to develop a wood procurement policy which defines the sources from which a company or organization will or will not obtain the wood or wood products it requires. Many interest groups are actively advising companies and organizations that are currently developing wood procurement policies, and continue to urge other retailers to commit to developing such policies. However, there is a welter of inconsistent and confusing wood procurement policy terminology that has been created, and is unlikely to successfully advance the cause of sustainable forest management in the medium and long term, at least in North America. In many cases, the broader objectives of the policies are not clear and this, as well as the lack of discussion between all relevant parties, is likely to create difficulties in policy implementation and in consumer acceptance. This paper describes and analyzes the current and emerging stakeholders and the processes that are necessary for successful wood procurement policy implementation . setting objectives, developing terms and definitions, identifying indicators, linking with data available and verifying data. Particular attention is given to exploring the problems with existing terms and definitions. We conclude that definitions and data collection standards need clarification, regional differences in forests need to be recognized, methods for data validation developed, and target deadlines for full implementation of a wood procurement policy possibly extended. The next steps could be a series of meetings between key stakeholders, including the wood and non-wood industries, forest products industry, certifying and standard-setting bodies, and ENGOs. These meetings are needed to advance the discussion on definitions, standards, and data to use with the goal of effectively connecting wood procurement policy with sustainable forest management.
NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN THE OLIGOHALINE ZONE OF A NEW ENGLAND ESTUARY

We investigated nitrogen cycling in the oligohaline zone (the low-salinity region where river water first enters the estuary) of the Parker River estuary in northeastern Massachusetts. We introduced an isotopic tracer (15N-NO3−) for 27 days in August 1996 to help determine how watershed-derived nitrogen moves through the upper estuary. The amount of tracer added was sufficient to enrich nitrate isotopically by ∼100‰ in the vicinity of the addition but did not influence nitrate concentration appreciably. During typical summer low-flow conditions as occurred during the addition period, essentially all riverine nitrate (including the nitrate tracer) was rapidly removed from the water column by the planktonic diatom Actinocyclus normanii. Export of tracer down-estuary was low during the isotope addition period, in part because of low river discharge. Instead, most of the nitrogen originally assimilated by A. normanii was transferred to sediments in the oligohaline zone. Nitrogen demand by phytoplankton during.
Comparison of the influence of patch-scale and meadow-scale characteristics on flow within seagrass meadows: a flume study

Hydrodynamic processes are an important agent of stress and facilitation in seagrass meadows, but little is known about the effects of the common phenomenon of heterogeneity of seagrass meadows on their interactions with hydrodynamic processes. To address this gap in knowledge, 4 heterogeneous configurations of Posidionia oceanica mimics were analyzed in a laboratory flume. The 4 configurations were created by placing 4 boards of mimics, i.e. 2 with high shoot density (~1100 shoots m−2) and 2 with low shoot density (~400 m−2), in different patterns (checkerboard, parallel, dense-sparse, and sparse-dense). Our results show that volumetric flow rate through each canopy, which is an indicator of the rate of supply of resources transported by the flow, tended to be greater in the low-density patches, regardless of the configuration. We also found that the Reynolds stress component τRe was positive in the lower-density patches (indicating that horizontal momentum was being transferred into the patch) and negative in the high-density patches (indicating that horizontal momentum was being transferred upwards out of the patch). Our results suggest that in resource-limited environments, hydrodynamic processes favor the growth of lower-density patches in heterogeneous seagrass meadows, thereby causing meadows to become more homogeneous over time.
On the morphology and life-history of Podocotyle reflexa (Creplin, 1825) Odhner, 1905, and a comparison of its developmental stages with those of P. atomon (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905 (Trematoda, Opecoelidae)

Abstract The life-cycle of the digenetic trematode Podocotyle reflexa (Creplin, 1825) Odhner, 1905 (fam. Opecoelidae) is shown experimentally. The cotylomicrocercous cercaria of P. reflexa, C. buccini Lebour, 1911, develops in sporocysts in Buccinum undatum L. and Neptunea antiqua (L.) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). The cercariae encyst in muscles of various crustaceans. Crangon crangon (L.) was used as experimental intermediate host. The metacercariae developed into P. reflexa in cod, Gadus morhua L. given shrimps with two to four months old metacercariae. The cercaria, metacercaria and adult of P. reflexa are redescribed and compared with similar developmental stages of P. atomon (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905. P. reflexa has been considered a synonym of P. atomon. The tegument and suckers of the cercaria of P. reflexa were studied in the transmission electron microscope. All developmental stages of P. reflexa and P. atomon were studied in the stereoscan electron microscope. The surface of the cercaria of .
Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise

Rectal temperatures, respiration rates, cutaneous evaporation rates, and skin temperatures were measured in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng, and Shorthorn steers exposed to sun at 31-32¦C dry bulb and 40-46¦C globe thermometer temperatures during April and September. The animals were also subjected to forced exercise lasting 45 minutes. The buffaloes were judged to be least heat tolerant in both stationary and exercise trials with the Shorthorns showing the second highest rectal temperatures as a result of the imposed heat stresses. The heat tolerance of Brahman crossbreds and Bantengs differed little in the stationary trials, but the latter species were more stressed by forced exercise. Cutaneous evaporation rates were higher in Bantengs than Brahman crosses, suggesting possible differences between these two species in their methods of heat dissipation. The buffaloes appeared to be least capable of increasing their cutaneous evaporation when under heat stress. The results are discussed in the light of existing knowledge about the differences between species with respect to heat dissipation, heat production, and resistance to heat uptake.
Komposisi Ekstrak Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Terhadap Karakteristik Sirup Bit (Beta vulgaris L.)

Beetroots are a type of tubers with a distinctive purplish red color and are beneficial for health with a high amount of betasianin as an antioxidant, as well as its use in preventing infection. But the beetroot is less liked by the public because of the strong enough earthy taste, so it is necessary to do new innovations for the product to be accepted by the community, one of which is the functional beet syrup drink. To create a preferred flavor, the addition of other food additives and sweetener stevia which has a sweetness level of 200-300 times that of sugar and includes non-calorie sweeteners is done. This study aims to analyze the best concentration of stevia extract on the sweetness level and beetroot characteristics and determine the level of panelists' preference for beetroot syrup (Beta vulgaris L.) with organoleptic tests. This research was conducted with a randomized block design (RBD), the data were analyzed by variance (ANOVA), if the data obtained were significantly different, the DMRT would be further tested at 5% level. The results showed that the highest betasianin was in the SBS15 treatment (31.74 mg / l), the highest total dissolved solids was in the SBS treatment (3.25ÂoBrix), the highest pH was in the SBS15 treatment (4.22), the highest vitamin C was in the SBS15 treatment (11.66 mg ascorbic acid / 10 ml). Organoleptic results showed that beet syrup with the addition of stevia extract of 6% was the most preferred sample by panelists. Â
Effect of nutrient management and straw mulching on crop yield, uptake and soil fertility in rapeseed (Brassica campestris)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under Gangetic plains of India

An experiment was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during 2001–2003 to study the effect of levels of fertility and straw mulch on a rapeseed (Brassica campestris var yellow sarson)–greengram (Vigna radiata)–rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under a rainfed upland ecosystem. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design having 14 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic nutrients along with straw mulch in three replicates. The results revealed that conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrients as well as paddy straw mulch resulted higher yield in both rapeseed and greengram, and the residual effects of different levels of fertilization and mulching also gave rise to higher grain yield in the succeeding rice crop. The uptake of nutrients, by the cropping system as a whole, to the tune of 204.29 and 183.00 kg ha−1 of N, 72.84 and 74.07 kg ha−1 of P and 179.95 and 175.41 kg ha−1 of K took place, with the treatment receiving 10 t ha−1 of farmyard manure (FYM) applied (to rapeseed) along with 50% recommended dose (RD) of NPK to all the crops in the sequence in two consecutive years, respectively. The same treatment resulted in a higher percentage of porosity vis-à-vis lower bulk density. Soil physico-chemical properties were superior in mulch-treated plots compared with no mulch treatment. Application of organic and inorganic nutrients along with proper moisture conservation practices can enhance the yields maintaining a good soil health.
THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION AND FERMENTABILITIES OF WORTS MADE FROM 100% RAW SORGHUM AND COMMERCIAL ENZYMES

A mashing regime was developed using 100% raw sorghum which enabled commercially acceptable hot water extracts to be obtained in 85 minutes with minimal use of a heat stable α-amylase and proteolytic enzymes. This gave worts of HWE 295 1°/kg, with FAN levels of about 40 mg/l and ammonium ion concentration of about 60 mg/l. Higher, but commercially unacceptable, levels of proteolytic enzymes gave worts with FAN from 84.5 to 95 (mg/l). Addition of an amyloglucosidase as the commercial preparation Amylo300L, was required to convert the HWE to fermentable extract. The addition of Amylo300L, increased the DP1, DP2 and DP3 carbohydrate fractions of the worts from 22% to more than 90% of the total, compared to about 80% for a wort made from malted barley without the use of enzymes. Two different proteolytic enzymes gave different extracts and FAN contents presumably reflecting either differences in susceptibilities of the sorghum to the two enzymes or the presence of different additional enzyme activities in the different preparations. The level of ammonium ions in malted barley worts was 86 mg/l and up to 88 mg/l in worts produced from sorghum and enzymes. Enzyme addition produced increased levels of ammonia. The content of Group A (the most readily assimilated) amino acids was proportionally higher in sorghum worts compared to malted barley wort. Worts made from raw sorghum and enzymes, containing as little as 40 mg/l FAN, were fully attenuated. The yeast consumed about 35 mg/l FAN and 45 mg/l ammonium ions. Under identical fermentation conditions, the same yeast, fermenting a malted barley wort of comparable extract consumed 104 mg/l FAN and 37 mg/l ammonium ions.
Multiple genetic contributions to plant performance in Thymus vulgaris

1 Diverse genetic factors can affect plant performance. Here we evaluate how maternal and paternal origin, maternal and offspring sexual phenotype and degree of outcrossing jointly influence performance of gynodioecious Thymus vulgaris . 2 In uniform conditions we quantified size and survival of second‐generation (G 2 ) offspring produced by selfing and outcrossing on the open‐pollinated offspring (G 1 ) of G 0 females from four populations that differ in sex ratio, selfing rate and chemical type. We controlled for environmental variation, maternal effects and plant age. 3 Offspring with maternal parents from populations dominated by plants that synthesize phenolic monoterpenes had greater survival and size than those from populations with non‐phenolic chemotypes. In addition, outcrossing among populations with pollen donors from non‐phenolic populations significantly reduced progeny performance. These results suggest chemotype‐mediated local adaptation. 4 The progeny of hermaphrodites showed significant inbreeding depression, which despite the pollination treatment × family and pollination treatment × population interactions, showed no consistent variation in relation to population inbreeding levels. 5 For a given level of outcrossing, the progeny of hermaphrodites showed greater among‐family and among‐population variation in plant size than those of females. Variation in nuclear restorer gene composition across cytoplasmic backgrounds may cause this variation. 6 In T. vulgaris , diverse genetic factors jointly affect performance, a result with general implications for understanding fitness variation in natural populations.
Evidence of Adaptive Polygenic Variation Between Two Populations of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Native to Tributaries of the S. W. Miramichi River, N.B.

Breeding experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that spatial homeostasis in growth and proximate composition and geographic variation in body morphology and timing of migration in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have an adaptive basis. The populations studied were Rocky Brook and Sabbies River, tributaries of the Southwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick. Growth rates and proximate composition were very similar in the two populations under hatchery conditions. Genetic contributions to homeostasis in these traits were largely additive. The phenotypic expression of migratory behavior and the genetic control of timing were not quantifiable. A genetic basis to interpopulation variation in body morphology was demonstrated. Progeny from Rocky Brook which exhibits higher flows had more fusiform bodies and longer fins than progeny from Sabbies River when reared under identical conditions. Heritable variation in morphology and a demonstrated directional selection for greater fin size in high veloc.
Are We Beginning To Understand Worldwide Colony Losses?

in neighbouring countries and it is to be hoped that this team will join in the continuing COLOSS monitoring project. Finally, in complete contrast to these losses in the northern hemisphere, we have results from South Africa (Pirk et al., 2014). Whilst these losses at 29.6% are comparable with those reported elsewhere, the reported causes seem to be different. The main cause of colony loss reported by the South African beekeepers is the Cape honey bee Apis mellifera capensis, the workers of which act as a social parasite in colonies of the more common A. m. scutellata. In contrast to the US situation, commercial beekeepers migrating their colonies, for example for crop pollination, reported significantly higher losses than those with static hives. Other beekeeper-reported causes of mortality included small hive beetles, varroa, absconding of colonies, and chalkbrood disease. The authors emphasise that the causes of colony loss experienced in the northern hemisphere, although present in South Africa, appear to be less threatening there, and uniquely African factors seem to be more significant.
Molecular, Biological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chinese Isolates of Hop stunt viroid Associated with Citrus Cachexia Disease

Citrus cachexia is an economically important disease of citrus hosts caused by specific variants of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) that are usually referred to as Citrus cachexia viroid (CCaVd). Eight cachexia-associated HSVd isolates were collected from six citrus growing areas of China, where citrus cachexia had not been reported previously. Forty-seven independent cDNA clones were used for genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis. There were no sequence variant-cultivar correlation and no distinct regional specificity among or within the cachexia-associated HSVd populations analysed. Three clusters consisting of three major HSVd variants were identified by phylogenetic analysis, suggesting that most Chinese isolates contain a mixture of cachexia and non-cachexia variants. Biological properties of eight CCaVd isolates were determined by inoculating Parsons Special mandarin (Citrus reticulata). Our results suggest that the interactions between CCaVd and non-CCaVd variants might play an important role in suppressing cachexia symptom expression.
The Use of Tablets in Teaching English in Saudi Arabia: Implications and Challenges

: The use of technology in English teaching and learning has received much attention from educators and language researchers. In fact, the use of technology is a massive research field that includes the using computers and other technological devices such as tablets and mobile phones. The present study aimed to explore the perceptions of English teachers in Saudi Arabia about the use of tablets as teaching tools in English as a foreign language classes (EFL). Using a qualitative research inquiry, the study identified the advantages of and challenges to using tablets as English teaching tools. Results indicated that using tablets has pedagogical and instructional benefits that ease the teaching and learning process. However, time and lack of adequate training are challenges that face English teachers when dealing with tablets during EFL classes. Findings suggest that teachers are encouraged to devote more instructional and designing time to find the best ways to use tablets to teach English.
Copper‐induced stress in Solanum nigrum L. and antioxidant defense system responses

Solanum nigrum L. plants were exposed for 28 days to 100 and 200 μmol/L copper (Cu) in a hydroponic system to analyze the antioxidant defense response. A dose-dependent reduction in growth (fresh mass of root and shoot, shoot height, and root elongation) with increasing concentration of Cu was observed, whereas Cu treatments did funt affect total chlorophyll and carotefunids content. An enhanced lipid peroxidation, in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, was quantified in shoots when the plants were subjected to the highest Cu level, while in roots MDA levels showed a dose-dependent increase along the increasing Cu concentrations applied. An increase of proline in roots of plants exposed to 200 μmol/L Cu was found. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) did funt show significant changes with respect to control, in both roots and shoots, despite mRNA-specific accumulations varied between Cu levels and organs. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was negatively affected in shoots by the highest Cu level. Gene expression of the subtype 2d metallothioneins (MT) revealed to be Cu-enhanced throughout the plant body and correlated with Cu tissue levels, with the other MT1 and MT2 gene members downregulated in roots and upregulated in shoots, contributing more as antioxidants in the latter organs than in Cu homeostasis. MT3s are not involved in Cu homeostasis and phytochelatin (PC) production was enhanced in roots of plants exposed to 200 μmol/L Cu, contributing to a higher Cu accumulation in these organs.
Top-dressing of the different feed additives is effective to prevent lameness and to increase feedlot cattle performance during a short-term period

In order to compare three feed additives on occurrence of lameness and their effects on performance, 200 Holstein bull calves were used in a completely randomised design. Calves were group fed a similar basal diet for a 42-day experimental period. The treatments used in the study included: (1) basal diet without feed additive (BD), (2) basal diet plus 50 g/d bicarbonate sodium (SB), (3) basal diet plus 7 g/d organic micro-mineral complex including amino acid complex of Cu, Zn, Mn and glucoheptonate Co (MM) and (4) basal diet plus 3 g/d ZnSO4 (ZS). All of feed additives were delivered as a top-dressing. Feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), gain:feed (G:F) ratio and blood metabolites were evaluated in this research. Experimental treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI). ADG during total period was affected (P<0.05) by treatments and was more in ZS, SB and MM, respectively. Similar pattern was observed for G:F ratio (P<0.002). The prevalence of lameness was higher in BD group than in the experimental groups, with highest effect in SB treatments (odds ratio=3.24, P=0.05) and with relatively high effect in MM and ZS (odds ratio=2.54, P=0.1). Generally, our results show that feeding feed additives as top-dressing, such as those were used in the current study, can have an efficient role in reducing lameness occurrence and increasing profitability in feedlot farms.