Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the origin of microscale magnetic holes in the solar wind

Magnetic holes are sudden changes in the magnetic field intensity |B| from typical interplanetary values (∼10 nT) to less than 1 nT in a matter of seconds. The intensity then recovers within seconds or up to ∼30 min later. These |B| dropouts can be seen daily. Less often observed, but even more dramatic, are magnetic field depletions that last for up to several hours. We use selected periods of magnetic flux dropouts observed with various sensors of the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), which has a unique combination of magnetic field, plasma, and composition experiments, to establish the origin of these peculiar objects. We conclude that these microscale magnetic holes very likely develop in the heliosphere and are not of direct solar origin. We also suggest a possible formation mechanism associated with magnetic reconnection close to the Sun.
Comparison of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) product distributions from guaiacol oxidation by non-phenolic and phenolic methoxybenzaldehydes as photosensitizers in the absence and presence of ammonium nitrate

Abstract. Aromatic carbonyls (e.g., methoxybenzaldehydes), an important class of photosensitizers, are abundant in the atmosphere. Photosensitization and nitrate-mediated photo-oxidation can occur simultaneously, yet studies about their interactions, particularly for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation, remain limited. This study compared non-phenolic (3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, DMB) and phenolic (vanillin, VL) methoxybenzaldehydes as photosensitizers for aqSOA formation via guaiacol (GUA) oxidation in the absence and presence of ammonium nitrate (AN) under atmospherically relevant cloud and fog conditions. GUA oxidation by triplet excited states of DMB (3DMB∗) (GUA + DMB) was ∼ 4 times faster and exhibited greater light absorption than oxidation by 3VL∗ (GUA + VL). Both GUA + DMB and GUA + VL formed aqSOA composed of oligomers, functionalized monomers, oxygenated ring-opening species, and N-containing products in the presence of AN. The observation of N-heterocycles such as imidazoles indicates the participation of ammonium in the reactions. The majority of generated aqSOA comprises potential brown carbon (BrC) chromophores. Oligomerization and functionalization dominated in GUA + DMB and GUA + VL, but functionalization appeared to be more important in GUA + VL due to contributions from VL itself. AN did not significantly affect the oxidation kinetics, but it had distinct effects on the product distributions, likely due to differences in the photosensitizing abilities and structural features of DMB and VL. In particular, the more extensive fragmentation in GUA + DMB than in GUA + VL likely generated more N-containing products in GUA + DMB + AN. In GUA + VL + AN, the increased oligomers may be due to VL-derived phenoxy radicals induced by ⚫OH or ⚫NO2 from nitrate photolysis. Furthermore, increased nitrated products observed in the presence of both DMB or VL and AN than in AN alone imply that photosensitized reactions may promote nitration. This work demonstrates how the structural features of photosensitizers affect aqSOA formation via non-carbonyl phenol oxidation. Potential interactions between photosensitization and AN photolysis were also elucidated. These findings facilitate a better understanding of photosensitized aqSOA formation and highlight the importance of AN photolysis in these reactions.
Arithmetical Reducibilities I

A 3D - reductibility relation is defined to be a transitive and reflexive relation & on sets of natural numbers, so that for every two sets A and B, A&B implies AeZ^. Two hierarchies of such reducibilities are studied, & , n < u), and n S , n < a). The reducibilities of each hierarchy have natural properties not possessed by the other. Each generalizes relative recursion; each S has the property that the class of £ sets is the for the S -degree structure, Various theorems concerning the structure of these reducibilities are proved.
Giving can be meaningful: A two-part qualitative analysis to restore and decode professionals’ understandings of meaningfulness in dual recovery

Through a double interpretation of a focus group interview, the study explores how recovery-oriented professionals in a supported housing facility for people in dual recovery support the residents’ need for meaningfuless in everyday life, and how this work may also facilitate the professionals’ own need for meaningfuless. Findings suggest that professionals promote meaningful everyday life for residents by constructing (1) an open house (2) a house with a framework, and (3) a house of change, and for them self by constructing (4) a house of giving. The study proposes that a discourse is active in the data, namely, that the professional is usually in the position of giving and the person in recovery is usually in the position of receiving. We suggest that if professionals wish to promote recovery, they should provide opportunities for service users to give, not just to receive.
Estimation, Testing, and Finite Sample Properties of Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimators in GARCH-M Models

We provide three new results concerning quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) estimators in generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic in mean (GARCH-M) models. We first show that, depending on the functional form that we impose in the mean equation, the properties of the model may change and the conditional variance parameter space may be restricted, in contrast to the theory of traditional GARCH processes. Second, we also present a new test for GARCH effects in the GARCH-M context which is simpler to implement than alternative procedures such as in Beg et al. (2001). We propose a new way of dealing with parameters that are not identified by creating composites of parameters that are identified. Third, the finite sample properties of QML estimators are explored in a restricted ARCH-M model and bias and variance approximations are found which show that the larger the volatility of the process the better the variance parameters are estimated. The invariance properties that Lumsdaine (1995) proved for the traditional GARCH are shown not to hold in the GARCH-M. For those researchers who choose not to rely on the first order asymptotic approximation of our proposed test statistic, we also show how our bias expressions can be used to bias correct the QML estimates with a view to improving the finite sample performance of the test. Finally, we show how our new proposed test works in practice in an empirical economic application.
Different names, different discrimination? How perceptions of names can explain rental discrimination

Introduction The aim of this research is to look into how signals carried by names can contribute to the explanation of why rental discrimination is measured. Ethnic discrimination on the rental housing market is a widespread phenomenon that is increasingly captured in an objective way by means of correspondence studies. This methodology assumes that the trigger for the measured discriminatory behavior is the signal of ethnic origin in names. Nonetheless, previous research found that names also contain other signals such as religiosity, social class and educational level. Method The current study relates data of 3.753 correspondence tests on the Flemish rental housing market in Belgium to survey data about the perception of the used names in the correspondence tests in terms of ethnic origin, gender, religiosity, social class and educational level. By doing so, we can set a step in the direction of why discrimination is measured. Results and discussion We find that realtors discriminate based on the perception of a name as religious, which we describe as religious taste-based discrimination. Besides, we also find indications for statistical discrimination. For landlords, the perception of a name as non-European increases discrimination, indicating ethnic taste-based discrimination.
A Novel Jointly Optimized Cooperative DAE-DNN Approach Based on a New Multi-Target Step-Wise Learning for Speech Enhancement

In this paper, we present a new supervised speech enhancement approach based on the cooperative structure of deep autoencoders (DAEs) as generative models and deep neural networks (DNN). The DAE is used as a nonlinear alternative to nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) for the extraction of harmonic structures and encoded features of the noise, clean and noisy signals, and a DNN is deployed as a nonlinear mapper. We introduce a deep network imitating NMF in a nonlinear manner to overcome the problems of a simple linear model, such as performance degradation in non-stationary environments. Compared to combinatorial NMF and DNN methods, we perform all the decomposition, enhancement, and reconstruction processes in a nonlinear framework via a suitable cooperative structure of encoder, DNN, and decoders, and jointly optimize them. We also propose a supervised hierarchical multi-target training approach, performed in two steps, such that the DNN not only predicts the low-level encoded features as primary targets but it also predicts the high-level actual spectral signals as secondary targets. The first step acts as a pretraining for the second step which improves the learning strategy. Moreover, to exploit a more discriminative model for noise reduction, a DNN-based noise classification and fusion strategy (NCF) is also proposed. The experiments on TIMIT dataset reveal that the proposed methods outperform the previous approaches and achieve an average perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) improvement of up to about 0.3 for speech enhancement.
Maximum Available Sound‐Pressure Levels from Stereo Components

A commercially available tape recording of “rock” music was played through ten popular stereo receivers to drive, in turn, four stereo earphone sets. The sound generated by each system combination was analyzed into ten 5‐dB bands. Results of the acoustic analysis indicated that all combinations of receiver earphones set for maximum output consistently exceeded established damage‐risk criteria. It was concluded that popular stereo components can be potentially dangerous to the hearing mechanism if operated at or near maximum power output.
Clinical phenotypic and genotypic characterization of NPRL3-related epilepsy

Background As one of the assembly factors of the GATOR1 protein complex in the mechanism of rapamycin pathway, NPRL3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, the correlation between genotype and clinical phenotype in patients with NPRL3-related epilepsy has not been clarified. Methods A total of 11 Chinese children with NPRL3-related epilepsy were identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES). The data from the clinical presentation, laboratory data, brain imaging findings, genetic results, and treatment methods were collected. All previously reported cases with NPRL3-related epilepsy were collected and reviewed through PubMed search. Results Among the 11 children, eight have not been reported, and two of them presented infantile spasms (ISs) as a new phenotype of NPRL3-related epilepsy. In addition, WES identified five frameshift mutations, three nonsense mutations, two missense mutations, and one exon deletion. Based on bioinformatics analysis, it was found that two missense mutation sites were highly conserved, and the c.400G>A mutation site of the NPRL3 gene caused the alteration of the protein structure. To date, 88 patients have been reported with NPRL3-related defects, including our 11 cases. The most common presentations were sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), and temporal lobe epilepsy. A majority of patients (70%) presented normal neuroimaging results, and focal cortical dysplasia was the most common neuroimaging abnormality (62.5%). Among the NPRL3 gene mutations, loss of function (nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, and exons deletion) was the most common genetic variation (75%). For 73% of patients with NPRL3-related epilepsy, monotherapy of sodium channel blockers was effective. Surgery was effective for 75% of children with neuroimaging abnormalities. Two cases unresponsive to surgery or anti-seizure medications were treated with ketogenic diets (KD), which were effective. One case was treated with rapamycin at an early stage of epilepsy, which was effective as well. Conclusion NPRL3-related epilepsy has high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. SHE and FLE are the most common clinical presentations. Furthermore, ISs are the new phenotypes of NPRL3-related epilepsy, while the variants c.275G>A, c.745G>A, and c.1270C>T may be the most common NPRL3 gene mutations. Sodium channel blockers, surgery, KD, and rapamycin may be the potential treatments for these patients. Our study expanded the clinical and genetic spectrum of NPRL3-related epilepsy and provided important information for the precise treatment of patients.
Deep Imaging Observations of the Lupus 3 Cloud: Dark Cloud Revealed as Infrared Reflection Nebula

We carried out deep imaging observations of the Lupus 3 dark cloud in near-infrared J, H, and Ks bands. An area of ∼8′ × 8′ was observed, which corresponds to a projected area of ∼0.4 × 0.4 pc at the distance of the cloud, ∼150 pc. Lupus 3 showed itself as a near-infrared nebula that has a surface brightness higher than the adjacent sky at all the three wavelengths. In a JHKs color composite image (blue, green, and red are assigned to J, H, and Ks, respectively), three dark red cores are surrounded by a blue halo. The surface brightness was measured with 5 σ limiting magnitudes of J = 21.6, H = 21.3, and Ks = 20.6 mag arcsec-2. The appearance of the nebula depends on the wavelength. In the J band, dark cores are surrounded by a brighter halo, while in the Ks band, the dark cores of the J band are bright except for the central part of two of the cores. The appearance in the H band is intermediate between those of the J and Ks bands, having dark cores surrounded by local maxima of the surface brightness and decreased surface brightness farther out. The surface brightness is J = 20.6, H = 19.8, and Ks = 19.4 mag arcsec-2 at the maximum in each band. Photometry of the point sources was done with 10 σ limiting magnitudes of J = 20.1, H = 18.8, and Ks = 17.7. We constructed an extinction map of the background stars, using the H-K color of 1974 sources and the standard reddening law of Rieke & Lebofsky. The maximum value for the extinction is AV = 47 mag. There are three local maxima of the extinction with AV ≳ 30 mag, which we consider to be dense cores. Their positions agree with the cores identified with the surface brightness appearance. The surface brightness and its relationship with the extinction are understood in terms of scattering of starlight by dust. The values of the maximum surface brightness can be explained by scattering of starlight by dust in the cloud if we adopt a model of grain size distribution by Weingartner & Draine.
Transmission electron microscopy observation of deformation microstructure under spherical indentation in silicon

Spherical indentation of crystalline silicon has been studied using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Indentation loads were chosen below and above the yield point for silicon to investigate the modes of plastic deformation. Slip planes are visible in the XTEM micrographs in both indentation loads studied. A thin layer of polycrystalline material has been identified (indexed as Si-XII from diffraction patterns) on the low-load indentation. The higher-load indentation revealed a large region of amorphous silicon. The sequence of structural deformation by indentation in silicon has been observed with the initial deformation mechanism being slip until phase transformations can take place.
Implementation of perfectly matched layers in an arbitrary geometrical boundary for elastic wave modelling

SUMMARY The perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition is incorporated into an irregular-grid elastic-wave modelling scheme, thus resulting in an irregular-grid PML method. We develop the irregular-grid PML method using the local coordinate system based PML splitting equations and integral formulation of the PML equations. The irregular-grid PML method is implemented under a discretization of triangular grid cells, which has the ability to absorb incident waves in arbitrary directions. This allows the PML absorbing layer to be imposed along arbitrary geometrical boundaries. As a result, the computational domain can be constructed with smaller nodes, for instance, to represent the 2-D half-space by a semicircle rather than a rectangle. By using a smooth artificial boundary, the irregular-grid PML method can also avoid the special treatments to the corners, which lead to complex computer implementations in the conventional PML method. We implement the irregular-grid PML method in both 2-D elastic isotropic and anisotropic media. The numerical simulations of a VTI lamb’s problem, wave propagation in an isotropic elastic medium with curved surface and in a TTI medium demonstrate the good behaviour of the irregular-grid PML method.
THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION AMBIDEXTERITY AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON INNOVATION PERFORMANCE IN SMEs

SMEs are the key source of innovation and economic growth and play a crucial role in enhancing productivity and competitiveness. Innovation is a tool for SMEs to gain a competitive advantage and be successful. This paper aims to identify the impact of innovation ambidexterity and entrepreneurial orientation on technology-based SME innovation performance in Malaysian SMEs. A quantitative method is deployed using an online survey. A total of 115 responses were collected and analysed using PSPP. The findings disclosed that innovation ambidexterity, which comprises innovation exploration and exploitation, positively impacted innovation performance. The entrepreneurial orientation moderated and enhanced the relationship between innovation ambidexterity and innovation performance. The findings proved that SMEs are currently utilizing innovation exploration and exploitation, which help them remain competitive. The results are expected to provide a piece of fundamental knowledge concerning entrepreneurship and innovation from the context of SMEs. Consequently, the outcomes would support the SMEs in embracing Industrial Revolution 4.0 and SDG 2030 through better programmes and training to increase and strengthen their competitiveness.
Memory retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction: Exploring the boundary conditions of post-conditioning cue exposure

Following fear conditioning, behavior can be reduced by giving many CS-alone presentations in a process known as extinction or by presenting a few CS-alone presentations and interfering with subsequent memory reconsolidation. While the two share procedural similarities, both the behavioral outcomes and the neurobiological underpinnings are distinct. Here we review the neural and behavioral mechanisms that produce these separate behavioral reductions, as well as some factors that determine whether or not a retrieval-dependent reconsolidation process or an extinction process will be in effect.
Final redshift determination of LAMOST pilot survey

Over 1 million spectra have been obtained by LAMOST telescope during its Pilot Survey, of which half million spectra are released. LAMOST 1D pipeline was designed to classify spectra, measure redshift, and estimate parameters. Data quality is a key factor that affect the results of our reduction. For high signal-to-noise(S/N) spectra, which have good qualities, the software shows a reasonable performance on not only the spectral classification but also the redshift measurement. For bad quality data, the software lost its stability and precision. Human check is adopted into our spectra processing and final data release. By calculate the confidence of our redshift measurement, we assess the correction of our redshift measurement and recalculate the low confidence redshift for data release.
How Attitude and Para-Social Interaction Influence Purchase Intentions of Mukbang Users: A Mixed-Method Study

Mukbang is widely recognized as a new type of food video on user-generated content (UGC) platforms. The purpose of this study was to identify motivators to watch mukbangs and to examine the relationship between these motivators and the intention to watch mukbangs via attitudes toward mukbangs and para-social relationships. In addition, this study examined how the intention to watch mukbangs affected purchase intention. Interviews were conducted to determine the motivation factors for watching mukbangs by collecting data from mukbang viewers. The results of the interviews suggested that vicarious satisfaction, enjoyment, information, exposure, and attractiveness were motivators for watching mukbangs. Using a survey, this study collected data from 399 participants who watched mukbangs to test relationships. Using SmartPLS, structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted. The outcomes of the SEM indicated that vicarious satisfaction, enjoyment, and information influenced the intention to watch mukbangs via attitudes toward mukbangs. The results also indicated that exposure and attractiveness had an impact on the intention to watch mukbangs via para-social relationships. Furthermore, the intention to watch mukbangs influenced the intention to purchase food items portrayed in the mukbang content. This study contributes to the literature by empirically confirming the effect of watching mukbang on purchase intention.
The effects of different starches and gums on instant pureed rice porridge for patients with dysphagia

Dysphagia is defined as the difficulty to swallow food and liquid. Pureed food is commonly used in dysphagia management. For patients with dysphagia, a commercially available thickener is usually added during the preparation of pureed food to impart desired consistency which aids in reducing the risk of choking. However, high costs and limited availability of commercial thickener are burdens for some patients. Besides, the foods prepared by the commercial thickener also have consistent viscosity problems. Therefore, the use of instant pureed food has been proposed as an alternative solution for these shortcomings. This study was designed to evaluate the suitability of starch and gum as a thickener in instant pureed rice porridge for patients with dysphagia using rheological and sensory parameters. The experiments were then divided into two main sections: (1) analyses on rice porridge powder and (2) analyses on reconstituted rice porridge. Instant pureed rice porridge was developed for patients with dysphagia according to the framework outlined by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI). Overall, this study has successfully developed instant rice porridge that was suitable for consumption among patients with dysphagia and was proven to be acceptable through sensory study. Xanthan gum was shown to have the greatest potential to be used as a thickener in instant rice porridge. The success of the incorporation of xanthan gum into instant rice porridge can be a cheaper and more convenient option to the existing commercial thickener for dysphagia management.