Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Enterprise of Knowledge: An Essay on Knowledge, Credal Probability, and Chance

This book presents a major conceptual and speculative philosophic investigation of knowledge, belief, and decision. It offers a distinctive approach to the improvement of knowledge where knowledge is construed as a resource for deliberation and inquiry.The first three chapters of the book address the question of the revision of knowledge from a highly original point of view, one that takes issue with the fallibilist doctrines of Peirce and Popper, and with the views of Dewey, Quine, and Kuhn as well.The next ten chapters are more technical in nature but require relatively little background in mathematical technique. Among the topics discussed are inductive logic and inductive probability, utility theory, rational decision making, value conflict, chance (statistical probability), direct inference, and inverse inference.Chapters 14-17 review alternative approaches to the topic of inverse statistical inference. Much of the discussion focuses on contrasting Bayesian and anti-Bayesian reactions to R. A. Fisher's fiducial argument. This section of the book concludes with a discussion of the Neyman-Pearson-Wald approach to the foundations of statistical inference.The final chapter returns to the epistemological themes with which the book opened, emphasizing the question of the objectivity of human inquiry. An appendix provides a real-world application of Levi's theories of knowledge and probability, offering a critique of some of the methodological procedures employed in the Rasmussen Report to assess risks of major accidents in nuclear power plants. There are also references and an index. "The Enterprise of Knowledge" will interest professionals and students in epistemology, philosophy of science, decision theory, probability theory, and statistical inference.
New constraints on the multiplicity of massive young stars in Upper Scorpius

Context. Observations and simulations have clearly established that most stars form in multiple systems. Characterizing their properties is thus important for our understanding of the star formation process. Aims. To provide statistics about the number of companions per star over the full range of angular distances, infrared long-baseline interferometric studies can be employed to fill the gap between spectroscopic and adaptive optics searches. The Upper Scorpius OB association is a good target for such observations, because its stellar content is very well known from both spectroscopic and adaptive optics searches. Methods. We used the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer to perform long-baseline interferometric observations of a sample of seven B stars. Furthermore, we used ROSAT X-ray data to search for indications of low-mass companions. Results. With the interferometric observations, we find previously known companions around σ Sco and HR 6027. For the other targets we determine the parameter space in which the presence of companions can be excluded from our data. For two of the B stars in our sample, π Sco and HR 6026, the detection of X-ray emission provides indirect evidence of previously unknown low-mass companions. Conclusions. In total we find two previously unknown companions. We can exclude the presence of other unknown companions within the separation range of ∼ 2t o∼100 mas and for a brightness ratio ≥0.1.
Origin of electric dipoles formed at high-k/SiO2 interface

A model for the physical origin of the dipole formed at high-k/SiO2 interface is proposed. In our model, an areal density difference of oxygen atoms at high-k/SiO2 interface is considered as an intrinsic origin of the dipole formation. The oxygen movement from higher-oxygen-density side to a lower-oxygen-density one will determine the direction of interface dipole. The bonding energy relaxation at the interface explains why the oxygen density difference is the driving force of the oxygen movement. Our model enables the prediction of the dipole directions for candidate gate dielectrics, including those so far not reported.
5-GHz MERLIN and VLBA observations of compact 9C sources

In this paper, we present subarcsecond resolution observations of 36 compact sources from the 15 h region of the 15-GHz 9th Cambridge survey. These sources all have previously measured simultaneous continuum radio spectra spanning 1.4-43 GHz and we classify each source by fitting a quadratic function to its spectrum. Using the Multi-Element Radio-Linked Interferometer Network and the Very Long Baseline Array, both at 5 GHz, we resolve all six steep-spectrum objects and four of the 13 flat-spectrum objects. However, none of the 16 objects with convex spectra peaking above 2.5 GHz is resolved even at <3-mas resolution. These results, in combination with the findings of a 15-GHz variability study, suggest that emission from the high-frequency peaking objects is affected by relativistic beaming, and that these objects are not necessarily as young as the synchrotron self-absorption interpretation of their peak frequencies would imply.
Computation of Spatial Covariance Matrices

In an earlier article, Ghosh derived the density for the distance between two points uniformly and independently distributed in a rectangle. This article extends that work to include the case where the two points lie in two different rectangles in a lattice. This density allows one to find the expected value of certain functions of this distance between rectangles analytically or by one-dimensional numerical integration. In the case of isotropic spatial models or spatial models with geometric anisotropy terms for agricultural experiments one can use these theoretical results to compute the covariance between the yields in different rectangular plots. As the numerical integration is one-dimensional these results are computed quickly and accurately. The types of covariance functions used come from the Matérn and power families of processes. Analytic results are derived for the de Wijs process, a member of both families and for the power models also. Software in R is available. Examples of the code are given for fitting spatial models to the Fairfield Smith data. Other methods for the estimation of the covariance matrices are discussed and their pros and cons are outlined.
Development of an optomicrofluidic flow cytometer for the sorting of stem cells from blood samples

In this paper, we report the preliminary development of a fiber coupled microfluidic flow cytometer with its potential application of sorting the very small embryonic like (VSEL) stem cells out of a mixture of platelets and VSEL stem cells. The identification of a VSEL stem cell from a platelet is based on the large difference of their abilities to scatter light. A simple cytometer prototype was built by cutting the fluidic and other channels into a polymer sheet and bonding it with epoxy between two standard glass slides. Standard photolithography was used to expose an observation window over the upper coated glass to reduce background scattered light. Liquid sample containing micro-particles (such as cells) is injected into the microfluidic channel. Light from a 532-nm CW diode laser is coupled into the optical fiber that delivers the light to the detection region in the channel to interrogate the flowing-by micro-particles. The scattering light from the interrogated micro-particle is collected by a photodiode placed over the observation window. The device sorts the micro-particle into the sort or waste outlet depending on the level of the photodiode signal. We used fluorescent latex beads to test the detection and sorting functionalities of the device. It was found that the system could only detect about half of the beads but could sort almost all the beads it detected.
MHD flow over an inclined radiating plate with the temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity, variable reactive index, and heat generation

We study the effects of higher-order chemical reaction and heat generation on coupled heat and mass transfer by MHD mixed convection from a permeable radiating inclined plate with the thermal convective boundary condition. The governing boundary layer equations are formulated and transformed into a set of similarity equations using dimensionless similarity variables developed by Lie group analysis. The resulting equations are then solved numerically using Maple 13 which uses a fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg algorithm for solving nonlinear boundary value problems. A representative set of numerical results are displayed graphically and discussed to show some interesting aspects of the parameters: convective heat transfer (γ), the angle of inclination (α), generation order of chemical reaction (n), reaction rate (λ), the Prandtl number (Pr), and the Schmidt number (Sc) on the dimensionless axial velocity, the temperature, and the concentration profiles. Also effects of pertinent parameters on the skin friction factor, the rate of heat, and the rate of mass transfer are obtained and displayed in tabular form. Good agreement is found between the numerical results of the present paper with the earlier published works under some special cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20409
Synchronized Chaos in Coupled Double Disk Homopolar Dynamos

Symmetrically coupled systems of N self-exciting Faraday disk homopolar dynamos have been proposed by Hide [1997] as a testbed for both the analytical and numerical study of the dynamics of coupled dynamo systems. There arises a natural hierarchy of systems, consisting of a series of N single disk dynamos, each in series with a motor [Hide et al., 1996]. Synchronization in the dynamics of these systems is investigated. The transition from the special case of strict amplitude and linear phase locking to the case of more general synchronization is examined. The particular case of two magnetically coupled homopolar dynamos with dissimilar characteristics is considered; the behavior of this N = 2 case is governed by six-coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations which contain a total of thirteen dimensionless parameters. It is proved that for sufficiently small perturbations, the states of each of the two component dynamos are locked together. Numerical results suggest that this locking extends to finite perturbations, the state of one system being a linear function of the state of the other. As the size of the perturbation increases, this strict phase locking is lost, yet the complicated chaotic trajectories of each dynamo appear to remain strictly synchronized. This paper is therefore the result of a previous study of coupled dynamos [Moroz et al., 1998] in which no more than five of the parameters were assumed to be independent.
Synthetic jet control for flows in a diffuser: vectoring, spreading and mixing enhancement

This experimental study examines the efficiency of wall pulsing control that is applied to a confined flow going through a two-dimensional diffuser continued by a duct. One- and dual-side pulsing generated by synthetic jet actuators are tested as control means. Particle image velocimetry is used to investigate instantaneous velocity fields and obtain quantitative information. One-side pulsing provokes vectoring of the primary flow in the same direction as the periodic excitation and increases its lateral expansion. Dual-side pulsing neutralizes vectoring but is more efficient for spreading. In both cases, the inner structure of the primary flow was found to be strongly modified, with the generation of highly periodic large-scale structures which kept the flow attached to the diffuser walls. The fluctuating velocity maps point out that the high-fluctuation zone greatly spreads out under control. The flow is considerably widened and the mixing is enhanced.
Stability of a Two-Dimensional Stagnation Flow

The longitudinal vortices in a two-dimensional stagnation region of a cylindrical blunt body are expressed as a perturbation with respect to the mean motion in terms of the amplitude and the reciprocal of the square root of Reynolds number, in order to theoretically analyze their stability up to the second order of magnitude. As a result, a specific point can be determined where the integration of the kinetic energy involved in the vortices becomes minimum and the first and second orders of the magnitude of disturbances would never diverge at a considerable distance from the wall, and further, the damping factor of -α takes the minimum value. Moreover, the wave number for α=0 and the minimum kinetic energy reasonably agree with observations.
Unraveling the oldest and faintest recovered nova - CK Vulpeculae (1670)

A narrow-band H.cap alpha. +(N II) CCD image of the field of Nova CK Vul (1670) shows nebulosity with a morphology (suggestive of equatorial ejection) with several bright subcondensations, and a central star. The net H.cap alpha. image also reveals a faint jet leading to an H.cap alpha. -bright knot, suggestive of polar ejection. Spectra of the equatorial and polar ejecta are similar to each other and to spectra of the shell of the recurrent nova T Pyx, but with lower excitation. Nitrogen appears enhanced, and the nebular density is low enough that its recombination time scale equals or exceeds the time since outburst. The reconstructed light curve of CK Vul shows it to have been a very slow nova, with large oscillations near maximum. Constraints on its distance place it at 550 +- 150 pc from the Sun, near the far side of, or perhaps within, an intervening obscuring cloud. The implied nebular expansion velocity is extraordinarily low, v/sub exp/ = 59 +- 16 km s/sup -1/, and may not represent the true extent of the ejecta. The present absolute magnitude of the central star, M/sub R/ = +10.4, is 6 mag fainter than canonical old novae, and requires a verymore » low-mass secondary star (Sp.> or approx. = M3 V), short orbital period ( P< or approx. =3--6), and negligible mass transfer rate (m< or approx. =10/sup -11.5/ M/sub sun/ yr/sup -1/). If CK Vul represents a typical state for novae between outbursts, then published survey-based values of the space density and lifetimes of cataclysmic binaries may be seriously underestimated. « less
Sound velocity–density relations in sea‐floor sediments and rocks

In studies in underwater acoustics,geophysics, and geology, the relations between soundvelocity and density allow assignment of approximate values of density to sediment and rock layers of the earth’s crust and mantle, given a seismicmeasurement of velocity. In the past, single curves of velocity versus density represented all sediment and rock types. A large amount of recent data from the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), and reflection and refraction measurements of soundvelocity, allow construction of separate velocity–density curves for the principal marine sediment and rock types. The paper uses carefully selected data from laboratory and i n s i t umeasurements to present empirical sound velocity–density relations (in the form of regression curves and equations) in terrigenous silt clays, turbidites, and shale, in calcareous materials (sediments, chalk, and limestone), and in siliceous materials (sediments, porcelanite, and chert); a published curve for DSDP basalts is included. Speculative curves are presented for composite sections of basalt and sediments. These velocity–density relations, with seismicmeasurements of velocity, should be useful in assigning approximate densities to sea‐floor sediment and rock layers for studies in marine geophysics, and in forming geoacoustic models of the sea floor for underwater acoustic studies.
Experimental tests of effective mass and atomistic approaches to quantum dot electronic structure: Ordering of electronic states

The overall symmetry of the envelope functions for the four lowest energy excitonic states in colloidal CdSe quantum dots are assigned using excitonic state-resolved pump/probe spectroscopy. These experiments yield a direct test of the two prevailing approaches to quantum dot electronic structure: the effective mass and the atomistic approaches. The experimental results are in complete agreement with the atomistic approach, whereas the effective mass approach fails to assign the correct electron symmetries for higher excitonic states.
Diffraction calculations in the near field and the validity of the Fresnel approximation

The general theory of the diffraction and propagation of light is considered. Particular attention is paid to the case of uniformly illuminated rectangular or circular apertures, for which the derivative of the field given by the Fresnel approximation is evaluated exactly. The limitations of the Fresnel approximation are considered, and thus a useful, simple way of understanding its validity is produced. This treatment yields an estimate of the accuracy of the Fresnel approximation in the general case and a method by which a modified Fresnel treatment can be used over a substantially extended region.
Group Gradings on Associative Algebras

Abstract Let R = ⊕g ∈ G Rg be a G-graded ring. We describe all types of gradings on R if G is torsion free and R is Artinian semisimple. If R is a matrix algebra over an algebraically closed field F, then we give a description of all G-gradings on R provided that G is an abelian group. In the case of an abelian group G we also classify all finite-dimensional graded simple algebras and finite-dimensional graded division algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero.
Kinematics of the local universe XII. 21-cm line measurements of 586 galaxies with the new Nançay receiver

This paper presents 586 new 21-cm neutral hydrogen line measurements carried out with the FORT receiver of the meridian transit Nancay radiotelescope in the period July 2000-March 2003. This observational programme is part of a larger project aiming at collecting an exhaustive and magnitude-complete HI extragalactic catalogue for Tully-Fisher applications. It is associated with the building of the MIGALE spectroscopic archive and database.
A geometric model for anisotropic crystal growth

Equilibrium crystal shapes are defined uniquely by the Wulff construction. The classical kinematic theory of crystal growth, due mainly to Frank and Chernov, provides a mathematically equivalent prescription for the limiting growth shape. To connect these two well studied states, we derive a local geometric growth model and examine the transient shape evolution of an equilibrium form containing both facets and rough regions. Our model is appropriate to the weakly driven growth of a two-dimensional single crystal with n-gonal symmetry and arbitrary closed initial shape. The model links disparate kinetic processes determined by the local interfacial structure to the isotropic growth drive, and reproduces the experimentally observed transition from a partly rounded equilibrium shape to a highly faceted crystal which we term 'global kinetic faceting'. We solve for the transient shape dynamics globally, and locally, and in the latter case present a curvature evolution equation valid for any local growth law. Both approaches show that, during kinetic faceting, rough orientations grow out of existence with decreasing curvature.
PHOTOELECTRIC OBSERVATIONS OF CN AND.

Recent observations of the W Ursae Majoris system CN And have suggested a slight decrease in the period since the 1950s. However, new observations combined with all published timings of primary minima show no evidence for a change in period for the last three decades. New light elements are derived. The light curve suggests that the eclipses are partial and that the light variation repeats well from cycle to cycle.
Hardy spaces associated to the discrete Laplacians on graphs and boundedness of singular integrals

Let Γ be a graph with a weight σ . Let d and μ be the distance and the measure associated with σ such that (Γ ,d,μ ) is a doubling space. Let p be the natural reversible Markov kernel associated with σ and μ and P be the associated operator deﬁned by Pf ( x ) = (cid:2) y p ( x,y ) f ( y ). Denote by L = I − P the discrete Laplacian on Γ. In this paper we develop the theory of Hardy spaces associated to the discrete Laplacian H pL for 0 < p ≤ 1. We obtain square function characterization and atomic decompositions for functions in the Hardy spaces H pL , then establish the dual spaces of the Hardy spaces H pL , 0 < p ≤ 1. Without the assumption of Poincar´e inequality, we show the boundedness of certain singular integrals on Γ such as square functions, spectral multipliers and Riesz transforms on the Hardy spaces H pL , 0 < p ≤ 1.
A Different Approach to Cosmology: From a Static Universe Through the Big Bang Towards Reality

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Early relativistic cosmology 3. The observational revolution 4. The observational trail 1931, the determination of H0 and the age dilemma 5. Changing times 1945-1965: New techniques and new people 6. The extension of the redshift apparent magnitude diagram to faint galaxies 1956-1995 7. The classical steady state cosmological model and its observational tests 8. The cosmic microwave background, an historical account 9. The origin of the light elements 10. A new primordial calculation of Y and D/H 11. The new observational evidence and its interpretation: (a) quasi-stellar objects and redshifts 12. The new observational evidence and its interpretation: (b) ejection phenomena and energetics 13. Modern Friedmann cosmology 14. Standard cosmology 15. New cosmological models 16. The observational evidence explained in terms of the quasi-steady state model 17. The intrinsic redshift problem 18. Creation centers and black holes 19. Modern observations of faint galaxies and related objects 20. Large scale distribution of matter 21. A brief account of the radiation fields in the universe: the observations and their interpretation 22. Summary 23. Some unsolved problems.
Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to flow in aneurysm with ring‐shaped stent obstacles

To resolve the characteristics of a highly complex flow, a lattice Boltzmann method with an extrapolation boundary technique was used in aneurysms with and without transverse objects on the upper wall, and results were compared with the non‐stented aneurysm. The extrapolation boundary concept allows the use of Cartesian grids even when the boundaries do not conform to Cartesian coordinates. To ease the code development and facilitate the incorporation of new physics, a new scientific programming strategy based on object‐oriented concepts was developed. The reduced flow, smaller vorticity magnitude and wall shear stress, and smaller du/dy near the dome of the aneurysm were observed when the proposed stent obstacles were used. The height of the stent obstacles was more effective to reduce the vorticity near the dome of the aneurysm than the width of the stent. The rectangular stent with 20% height‐of‐vessel radius was observed to be optimal and decreased the magnitude of the vorticity by 21% near the dome of the aneurysm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of finite phased arrays of circular microstrip patches

A method is presented for analyzing a finite planar array of circular microstrip patches fed by coaxial probes. The self- and mutual impedances between array elements are calculated using the method of moments with the dyadic Green's function for a dielectric layer on a ground plane. The patch circuits are determined by using the reaction integral equation. The active input impedance as well as the active element pattern of the array are computed from a knowledge of the resultant patch currents. The calculated results for two-element and eight-element linear arrays are in good agreement with experimental data. The active reflection coefficient and element pattern for the center and edge elements of a two-dimensional array as a function of scan angle are also presented. >