Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex-related memory recall and talkativeness for emotional stimuli

activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, while women showed higher activation in the left middle temporal gyrus (Wildgruber et al., 2002). Also, an effect of sex on brain activation during the recognition of fearful faces, despite no sex differences in task performance was reported (Kempton et al., 2009). Sex differences in cognition are consistently reported: for example, men excel in mental rotation and spatial perception while women perform better in verbal memory tasks, verbal fluency tasks, speed of articulation, episodic memory tasks, and in the utilization of prosodic information (Schirmer et al., 2002; Schirmer and Kotz, 2003). Furthermore, language and reading disorders are reported to occur approximately twice as often in boys than in girls (Flannery et al., 2000), reflecting the sex-related difference in cognitive skills. Sex-related differences in language processing are well known from everyday life, as well as from scientific literature (Hill et al., 2006; Catani et al., 2007). Why females generally perform better on language tasks than males is still unknown (Burman et al., 2008). A common hypothesis attributes this differences to a bilateral contribution of languagerelated cerebral areas in females and a left-hemispheric dominated activation in males (Josse and Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2004; Sommer et al., 2004; Kitazawa and Kansaku, 2005; Ortigue et al., 2005; Hill et al., 2006; Ikezawa et al., 2008). Women might thus use both hemispheres for language functions, while men predominantly IntroductIon Emotional events are better memorized than neutral events and in recent years many animal and human studies have yielded evidence for it (Roozendaal, 2000; Arntz et al., 2005; Gasbarri et al., 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008a). Recent studies have also revealed seemingly large, but previously unsuspected, sex-related influences on this mechanism (Frank and Tomaz, 2000; Cahill, 2006; Gasbarri et al., 2006, 2007; Hofer et al., 2007). For example, the role of the amygdala in emotional memory reveals a different sex-related hemispheric specialization: activity of the right, but not of the left, hemisphere amygdala relates significantly to memory of emotional material in men; conversely, activity of the left, but not the right, hemisphere amygdala relates significantly to memory of emotional material in women (Cahill, 2006). The evidence that each amygdala is likely to modulate information processing in other brain areas (McGaugh, 2000, 2004; Kilpatrick and Cahill, 2003), combined with the fact that amygdalo-cortical projections are almost exclusively ipsilateral, led us to consider the possibility that a sex-related hemispheric lateralization of processing for emotional material may also exist to some degree in cortical regions. Moreover, despite an absence of sex differences in behavioral performance during the discrimination of emotional (sad and happy) vocal intonation, men evidenced significantly higher Sex-related memory recall and talkativeness for emotional stimuli
Insights into anisotropy development and weakening of ice from in situ P wave velocity monitoring during laboratory creep

Polycrystalline ice weakens significantly after a few percent strain, during high homologous temperature deformation. Weakening is correlated broadly with the development of a crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). We deformed synthetic polycrystalline ice at −5°C under uniaxial compression, while measuring ultrasonic P wave velocities along several raypaths through the sample. Changes in measured P wave velocities (Vp) and in the velocities calculated from microstructural measurements of CPO (by cryo‐electron backscatter diffraction) both show that velocities along trajectories parallel and perpendicular to shortening decrease with increasing strain, while velocities on diagonal trajectories increase. Thus, in these experiments, velocity data provide a continuous measurement of CPO evolution in creeping ice. Samples reach peak stresses after 1% shortening. Weakening corresponds to the start of CPO development, as indicated by divergence of P wave velocity changes for different raypaths, and initiates at ≈3% shortening. Selective growth by strain‐induced grain boundary migration (GBM) of grains favorably oriented for basal slip may initiate weakening through the formation of an interconnected network of these grains by 3% shortening. After weakening initiates, CPO continues to develop by GBM and nucleation processes. The resultant CPO has an open cone (small circle) configuration, with the cone axis parallel to shortening. The development of this CPO causes significant weakening under uniaxial compression, where the shear stresses resolved on the basal planes (Schmid factors) are high.
Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of myasthenia gravis and their therapeutic implications

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a major target of autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disease that causes neuromuscular transmission dysfunction. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms underlying MG have not been fully elucidated. Here, we present the crystal structure of the nAChR α1 subunit bound by the Fab fragment of mAb35, a reference monoclonal antibody that causes experimental MG and competes with ~65% of antibodies from MG patients. Our structures reveal for the first time the detailed molecular interactions between MG antibodies and a core region on nAChR α1. These structures suggest a major nAChR-binding mechanism shared by a large number of MG antibodies and the possibility to treat MG by blocking this binding mechanism. Structure-based modeling also provides insights into antibody-mediated nAChR cross-linking known to cause receptor degradation. Our studies establish a structural basis for further mechanistic studies and therapeutic development of MG. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.23043. 001
Nationwide Epidemiological Survey of Acute Pancreatitis in Japan

Objectives: A nationwide epidemiological survey was conducted to estimate the number of patients treated for acute pancreatitis (AP) in 2007 in Japan and to clarify the clinicoepidemiological features of AP. Methods: In the first survey, a simple questionnaire was used to inquire about the number of patients with AP who visited the hospital in the year 2007. This questionnaire was directly mailed to the heads of 3027 facilities. The second questionnaire was forwarded to those facilities from which patients with AP were reported on the first questionnaire. Results: The estimated total number of patients treated for AP in 2007 was 57,560 (95% confidence interval, 48,571-66,549), with an overall prevalence rate of 45.1 per 100,000 population. The sex ratio (male-female) of the patients was 2.0, with a mean age of 56.6 years in men and 64.6 years in women. Alcoholic AP was most common in men and gallstone AP in women. The overall mortality rate of AP was 1.9% and, in severe cases, 8.0%. Conclusion: The number of patients with AP increased about 3-fold during this decade (19,500 in 1998 to 57,560 in 2007), and the mortality rate of AP was reduced from 7.4% in 1998 and 2.9% in 2003 to 1.9% in 2007.
Superior induction of anti‐tumor CTL immunity by extended peptide vaccines involves prolonged, DC‐focused antigen presentation

Anti‐tumor vaccines consisting of extended CTL peptides in combination with CpG‐ODN were shown to be superior to those comprising minimal CTL epitopes and CpG‐ODN, in that they elicit stronger effector CTL responses with greater tumoricidal potential. We now demonstrate that this improved performance is primarily due to the focusing of CTL epitope presentation onto activated DC in the inflamed lymph nodes draining the vaccination site. In the case of vaccination with minimal peptides, additional APC including T and B cells are also loaded with CTL epitopes. Our data suggest that circulation of these peptide‐loaded lymphocytes leads to epitope presentation in non‐inflamed lymphoid organs distal from the vaccination site, in the absence of potent costimulatory signals required for efficient CTL priming. The resulting blend of pro‐immunogenic and tolerogenic signals, which results in suboptimal activation of the CTL response, is avoided by vaccinating with extended CTL peptides. An additional advantage of extended CTL peptide vaccines is an increased duration of in vivo epitope presentation.
Sources of Silica From the Illite to Muscovite Transformation During Late-Stage Diagenesis of Shales

The nature of clay mineral diagenesis in shales has received much attention because of its possible role in providing material to interbedded sandstones In particular the smectite to illite transformation has been cited by many authors as a source of silica during mudrock diagenesis We suggest that illite is not an end member itself but atransition between smectite and muscovite This is supported by chemical and physical differences between the two minerals from the literature Mudrocks from the Stanley Formation Mississippian of the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas were investigated both chemically and petrographically to test the hypothesis that illiteundergoes a continuous transformation to muscovite Results were related to thermal maturity as determined from vitrinite reflectance data of Houseknecht and Matthews 1985 on the same samples Within the phyllosilicate fraction the concentration of silica was found to decrease with increasing thermal maturity Loss of water from interlayer positions also showed a linear decrease across the same interval This is consistent with the change of illite into muscovite mica Coincident with the observed changes in the phyllosilicate fraction a corresponding increase in the amount grain size and percentage of composite grains was found in the non phyllosilicate fraction This is interpreted as the result of authigenic growth of solid silica released during clay mineral transformations This is consistent with reported increases in the amount of polycrystalline quartz in metapelites compared to their precursors Because of the increase in the percentage of quartz in metapelites they are a likely source of abundantsilt size quartz The approximate mass balance of silica between the phyllosilicate and non phyllosilicate fractions also suggests that the Stanley mudrocks behaved as closed systems during diagenesis
Detection of explosive events by monitoring acoustically-induced geomagnetic perturbations

The Black Thunder Coal Mine (BTCM) near Gillette, Wyoming was used as a test bed to determine the feasibility of detecting explosion-induced geomagnetic disturbances with ground-based induction magnetometers. Two magnetic observatories were fielded at distances of 50 km and 64 km geomagnetically north from the northernmost edge of BTCM. Each observatory consisted of three separate but mutually orthogonal magnetometers, Global Positioning System (GPS) timing, battery and solar power, a data acquisition and storage system, and a three-axis seismometer. Explosions with yields of 1 to 3 kT of TNT equivalent occur approximately every three weeks at BTCM. We hypothesize that explosion-induced acoustic waves propagate upward and interact collisionally with the ionosphere to produce ionospheric electron density (and concomitant current density) perturbations which act as sources for geomagnetic disturbances. These disturbances propagate through an ionospheric Alfven waveguide that we postulate to be leaky (due to the imperfectly conducting lower ionospheric boundary). Consequently, wave energy may be observed on the ground. We observed transient pulses, known as Q-bursts, with pulse widths about 0.5 s and with spectral energy dominated by the Schumann resonances. These resonances appear to be excited in the earth-ionosphere cavity by Alfven solitons that may have been generated by the explosion-induced acoustic waves reaching the ionospheric E and F regions and that subsequently propagate down through the ionosphere to the atmosphere. In addition, we observe late time (> 800 s) ultra low frequency (ULF) geomagnetic perturbations that appear to originate in the upper F region ({approximately}300 km) and appear to be caused by the explosion-induced acoustic wave interacting with that part of the ionosphere. We suggest that explosion-induced Q-bursts may be discriminated from naturally occurring Q-bursts by association of the former with the late time explosion-induced ULF perturbations. We also present evidence for an acoustically-induced magnetic signal at both magnetic observatories, indicating that magnetometers act as highly sensitive detectors of acoustically-induced ground motion. Further experimental and theoretical work are required to improve confidence in these conclusions.
Clinical Value of Prognosis Gene Expression Signatures in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review

Introduction The traditional staging system is inadequate to identify those patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) at high risk of recurrence or with stage III CRC at low risk. A number of gene expression signatures to predict CRC prognosis have been proposed, but none is routinely used in the clinic. The aim of this work was to assess the prediction ability and potential clinical usefulness of these signatures in a series of independent datasets. Methods A literature review identified 31 gene expression signatures that used gene expression data to predict prognosis in CRC tissue. The search was based on the PubMed database and was restricted to papers published from January 2004 to December 2011. Eleven CRC gene expression datasets with outcome information were identified and downloaded from public repositories. Random Forest classifier was used to build predictors from the gene lists. Matthews correlation coefficient was chosen as a measure of classification accuracy and its associated p-value was used to assess association with prognosis. For clinical usefulness evaluation, positive and negative post-tests probabilities were computed in stage II and III samples. Results Five gene signatures showed significant association with prognosis and provided reasonable prediction accuracy in their own training datasets. Nevertheless, all signatures showed low reproducibility in independent data. Stratified analyses by stage or microsatellite instability status showed significant association but limited discrimination ability, especially in stage II tumors. From a clinical perspective, the most predictive signatures showed a minor but significant improvement over the classical staging system. Conclusions The published signatures show low prediction accuracy but moderate clinical usefulness. Although gene expression data may inform prognosis, better strategies for signature validation are needed to encourage their widespread use in the clinic.
Mechanical behaviour and structure of snow under uniaxial tensile stress

Abstract The mechanical behaviour of snow was studied at — 10°C under uniaxial tensile stress in a range of cross-head speed 6.8 × 10–8 to 3.1 × 10–4 ms–1 and snow density 240-470 kg m–3.It was found from the resisting force-deformation curves that the snow was deformed in two different ways: namely, brittle and ductile deformation at high and low strain-rates, respectively. The critical strain-rate dividing the two deformation modes was found to depend on the density of snow. In ductile deformation, many small cracks appeared throughout the entire specimen. Their features were observed by making thin sections and they were compared with small cracks formed in natural snow on a mountain slope. The maximum strength of snow was found to depend on strain-rate: at strain-rates above about 10–5 s –1, the maximum strength increased with decreasing strain-rate but below 10–5 s–1 it decreased with decreasing strain-rate.
Disparities of Female Authorship in Colombia: A 5-year Cross-sectional Analysis

Accepted medical journal manuscripts serve as the primary currency of the scientific community. Over the past few decades, there has been a gradual increase in the number of women entering the medical field. However, women remain underrepresented as first and last authors in medical journals. This lack of representation makes it harder for them to reach leadership roles and advance in their academic careers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the gender distribution among authors and explore disparities in authorship in relation to the type of publication (original research, case reports, and review articles) as well as the authors' geographic locations. Our analysis included 6,088 articles from 54 research journals sourced from Colombia's Ministry of Health official website. These articles were predominantly original research articles, although case reports and reviews were also present. The analysis specifically focused on published research articles, as they are extensively studied in existing literature. Until now, there has been no assessment of gender disparities in authorship within medical and surgical specialty journals in Colombia. We could evidence persistent gender disparity in primary authorship in Colombia, regardless of the timeframe, location, or field of study. This emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced support for female researchers and equitable resource allocation to rectify regional imbalances. Furthermore, our findings highlight the imperative need to address gender disparities in authorship in medical and surgical research articles in Colombia and other Latin American countries.
Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data

Aerosol indirect effects continue to constitute one of the most important uncertainties for anthropogenic climate perturbations. Within the international AEROCOM initiative, the representation of aerosol-cloud-radiation inter- actions in ten different general circulation models (GCMs) is evaluated using three satellite datasets. The focus is on stratiform liquid water clouds since most GCMs do not in- clude ice nucleation effects, and none of the model explicitly parameterises aerosol effects on convective clouds. We com- pute statistical relationships between aerosol optical depth ( a) and various cloud and radiation quantities in a manner that is consistent between the models and the satellite data. It is found that the model-simulated influence of aerosols on
The lithostratigraphy of the Mercia Mudstone Group (mid-late Triassic) of the south Devon coast

An almost complete section through the Mercia Mudstone Group is exposed in the cliffs between Sidmouth and Axmouth on the south Devon coast. This is the only section in North West Europe that exposes such a complete sequence of the mid to late Triassic 'Keuper Marl' facies. The c. 450.m-thick succession dips gently eastwards in a series of long, continuous sections that are separated from one another by minor faults which, with one exception, do not cut out any of the succession. At Seaton about 50 m of strata occur within a complexly faulted zone in which fault-bounded fragments of the succession cannot be readily correlated with the main outcrop. The availability of a continuous core from a nearby borehole has enabled the sequence in the faulted section to be pieced together for the first time, and to provide a complete stratigraphy for the group. The previously un-named lower part of the Mercia Mudstone Group (the beds below the Blue Anchor Formation) exposed in the Devon coastal sections can be divided into three formations and nine members based on gross lithology. The lowest and highest of these formations consists of relatively monotonous red mudstones for which the names Sidmouth Mudstone and Branscombe Mudstone are proposed. The middle formation, for which the name Dunscombe Mudstone is proposed, consists of a 35 m-thick sequence of laminated green, purple and grey mudstones which expands in some inland successions proved in boreholes to over 100 m by the addition of thick beds of salt. The lithologies exposed in the coastal sections can be correlated with the geophysical-log signatures of the Mercia Mudstone Group successions proved in inland boreholes throughout the Wessex Basin.
Gas stunning and quality characteristics of turkey breast meat.

The effect of stunning method (gas vs. electrical) on some breast meat quality traits was evaluated on 128 breasts (P. major muscles) of 106 day-old female BUT-Big6 turkeys (8.9 kg live wt) reared under intensive conditions. The birds were processed on a commercial processing plant using either electrical (E) or gas (G) stunning system. The birds from E group were shackled and electrically stunned with a constant voltage of 44V pulsating DC, 500Hz, for 22 sec (average of 18-20 mA/bird), while G group birds were stunned by CO2 exposure in their transport crates transiting through an underground chamber where birds encountered variable concentrations of carbon dioxide (from 10 to 60% CO2 going from the top to the bottom level, respectively) for 8 min and subsequently shackled (Linco system). After stunning all turkeys were killed and processed following the same standard procedures. For both E and G group, 16 breasts were boned at 20 min, 6, 8 and 24 h post mortem (n = 128) and the incidence of bloodengorged wing veins and breast blood spots were evaluated. After boning, the samples were immediately analysed for muscle temperature (only 20 min post mortem), pH, R-value, and colour (L*a*b*), while at 24 h post mortem all collected samples were also analysed for pHu, drip loss, cooking yield and Allo-Kramer shear values of cooked meat. The gas stunning resulted in a lower incidence of blood-engorged wing veins (1.6 vs. 14.1%) and blood spots on breast meat (18.8 vs. 31.3%) as well as a lower redness (a*, 2.92 vs. 3.34; P<0.01) and yellowness (b*, 2.85 vs. 3.36; P<0.05). Furthermore, gas stunning produced a lower breast muscle temperature (38.0 vs. 40.2°C; P<0.01) and a higher pH value (6.07 vs. 6.00; P<0.05) at 20 min post mortem as well as a higher cooking yield (84.5 vs. 83.3%; P<0.01). No differences were found in pHu, R-value, lightness, drip loss and shear values according to the stunning method. However, considering the interaction between the stunning method and boning time, it was observed that when carcasses are boned at 6 h post mortem (commercial boning time), gas stunning produces lower shear values (2.55 vs. 3.35 kg/g; P<0.05) of cooked breast meat than electrical stunning. In conclusion, turkey breast meat from gas stunned birds seems to have more favourable quality characteristics in comparison to breast meat of electrical stunned birds.