Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AUTECOLOGY OF ANTENNOSPORA (FUNGI: ASCOMYCOTA: SORDARIOMYCETIDAE: HALOSPHAERIALES) AND ITS PHYLOGENY

Maximum parsimony and likelihood analyses were performed on the partial LSU rRNA gene sequences of Antennospora quadricornuta and A. salina to determine if Antennospora and Halosphaeria (Halosphaeriales) are congeneric. The molecular data corroborate the ultrastructural evidence that Antennospora and Halosphaeria are valid genera and they should be kept separate. Antennospora (A. quadricornuta) is situated in a clade with weak inter-generic support but this group is distantly related to Halosphaeria (Halosphaeria appendiculata). Two isolates of Antennospora salina form a well-supported clade with Arenariomyces trifurcatus, sharing similar development of subpolar ascospore appendages at both ends, which are outgrowths of the mesosporium. They differ signifi cantly, however, in ascospore and ascospore appendage morphology and ontogeny. Based on these results, Antennospora and Halosphaeria are regarded as separate genera and Haiyanga, K. L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones, gen. nov. is established to accommodate A. salina. An autecological review of the geographical distribution, temperature and salinity requirements, and occurrence on different substrata of Antennospora quadricornuta and Haiyanga salina, K. L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones, comb. nov., is provided.
Experimental Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival

Nest predation is one of the most significant limitations for successful breeding of tropical passerines. Thus, parental strategies may include choosing appropriate nest sites and behaving in ways that minimize predation. Habitat characteristics that may influence nest success include degree of nest concealment, proximity to habitat edge, plant architecture as well as several others cited in the literature. However, few studies have examined display behavior as a factor that could also influence nest survival. We experimentally tested whether sexual motor displays served as a cue for visually oriented predators to locate artificial nests in a population of blue-black grassquits Volatinia jacarina, a Neotropical passerine that exhibits a complex sexual display and is subjected to elevated rates of nest predation. We also evaluated the effect of nest substrate on survival. Predation rate was higher for nests within territories of displaying males relative to areas without displaying males and for nests placed in shrubs relative to grasses. Predation increased sharply in the third experimental replicate, at the end of the breeding season, which suggests that predators may develop a search image for nests or may become more abundant during specific periods of the season. Avian predators appear to be the most important nest predators. Results suggest that there may be a trade-off between the increase in fitness derived from sexual displays of males to attract potential mates and the decrease owing to predation of active nests within their territories.
Genetic analysis of Ethiopian mustard genotypes using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers

Genetic diversity within Brassica carinata A. Braun has not been extensively examined with molecular markers. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic relationships among 39 B. carinata genotypes using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Thirty-nine genotypes of B. carinata were analyzed using six AFLP primer combinations. A total of 189 polymorphic fragments were scored, with an average of 32 fragments per primer combination. Genetic distance estimates (GDEs) based on AFLPs was calculated and found to range from 0.346 to 0.639 with a mean of 0.504 ± 0.002. Polymorphic rates ranged from 50 to 80%. The unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis group these genotypes into seven distinct clusters. These data demonstrate that AFLP is a reliable tool and permits greater insights into the genetic diversity of B. carinata.
Movement of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina L.) from Elephant Is. South Shetlands, Antarctica

O presente estudo descreve os movimentos de dois exemplares de elefante-marinho do sul (Mirounga leonina) durante a fase pelagica de seu ciclo de vida. Os exemplares foram capturados no verao austral de 1999 na Ilha Elefante (61o13'S, 55o23'W), Antartica, e monitorados por aproximadamente 9 meses. Cada exemplar foi instrumentado com um medidor de tempo e profundidade de mergulho via satelite (Sattelite Time Depth Recorder, STDR mod. ST-6PPT, Telonics®, EUA) com uma antena VHF acoplada ao instrumento, montado num molde de tela e resina, fixado com cintas plasticas, e colados na pelagem dorsal do animal com resina plastica. Para a instrumentacao o animal era capturado com rede de contencao e imobilizado quimicamente com anestesico dissociativo (Zoletil 50®- 1mg/kg). Um dos individuos (23842), deslocou-se da Ilha Elefante (61.2oS 55.3oW) ate a Ilha Rei George (62.2oS 58.1oW) em fevereiro quando perdemos contato com o instrumento. Ja o individuo 23843 permaneceu nas aguas ao redor da Ilha Elefante (61.2oS 54.4oW a 61.6oS 55.4oW) por grande parte do ano (janeiro a setembro), quando comecou a deslocar-se para SW. Este individuo foi re-avistado na temporada de 1999/2000 quando o instrumento foi recuperado. Os deslocamentos registrados podem estar relacionados com o estagio de desenvolvimento de cada individuo. O presente estudo demonstra a viabilidade de estudos de monitoramento de elefantes-marinhos das Ilhas Shetlands do Sul, Antartica, atraves de telemetria por satelite e a necessidade da continuidade destes estudos num maior numero de individuos para uma descricao mais detalhada dos padroes de migracao, distribuicao e forrageio apresentados.
Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora ‐ 35. Miscellaneous familie

Abstract Documented chromosome numbers are reported for 33 species, 7 subspecies, 9 varieties, 2 forma, 2 hybrids, and 14 taxa of uncertain rank from 21 families ofangiosperms. Thirty‐eight of these are for previously uncounted taxa and hybrids. The majority of the counts are for nationally uncommon and threatened, or newly described plants. In the majority of genera the numbers follow established patterns but new examples of polyploid series have been found in New Zealand species of Crassula and Gratiola.
Vegetation Response in a Colorado Grassland-shrub Community to Extreme Drought: 1999–2010

Abstract We examined vegetation changes in a mixed grassland-shrub community in eastern Colorado between 1999–2010, a period that encompassed both extreme drought and moisture recovery, as well as slightly higher than long term average temperatures. Shrub cover significantly increased while grass cover significantly decreased following the drought years of 2002–2003. Grass cover had still not fully recovered 7 y after the drought, primarily due to the slow recovery of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). Blue grama was no longer dominant in this community, becoming secondary in importance to alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides). Increase in shrub cover and density were especially notable in rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa) and tree cholla (Cylindropuntia imbricata). Although rabbitbrush density declined in the drought, overall cover of remaining individuals increased, even during the drought. Cholla density increased by nearly 200 plants/ha from 543 plants/ha to 726 plants/ha, all post drought.
Effect of Plane of Nutrition on Nutrient Utilization and Growth of Gaddi Kids

Twenty male kids (2 to 3 m, 12.2 to 12.3 kg body weight) divided into 5 equal groups in a randomized block design, were fed 100:100 (A), 115:115 (B), 115:85 (C), 85:115 (D) and 85:85 (E) percent of recommended levels of protein and energy, respectively, for 46 wks. Growth rate significantly (P<0.01) increased as the level of energy increased irrespective of low or high protein in the diets of groups B and D. The average growth rates (g/d) were 59.48, 71.98, 54.50 74.52 and 43.26 in the respective groups though DMI (kg/100 kg body weight) among the groups did not differ. Nutrients digestibilities were significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups B and D than in other groups. Nitrogen balances (g/d) were 6.82, 8.28, 6.44, 8.30 and 4.76 (P<0.05) respectively. Feed gain ratio was significantly lower (P<0.05) in groups B and D than In other groups, indicating a iower feed requirement per kg gain in live weight with the increase in the level of energy. Based on the results of this study,the requirements of nutrients for Gaddi goats were determined.
SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN THE USE OF SPACE BY WESTERN GRAY SQUIRRELS IN SOUTHCENTRAL WASHINGTON

Abstract A lack of quantitative information on life history of the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) has hampered conservation and management efforts across its range. We report on data from 21 squirrels radiotracked in Klickitat County, Washington, from 1998 to 1999 to examine the interaction between home-range size, sex, and season. Home-range estimates were calculated by using minimum convex polygon and fixed kernel methods. Only adult animals with ≥40 relocations were included in total home-range comparisons. Estimates of 95% minimum convex polygon home range in Washington averaged 73.0 ha for males (n = 9) and 21.6 ha for females (n = 12) for year-round use, significantly larger than those from Oregon and California. Differences in home-range size of males and females were significant. Fixed kernel and minimum convex polygon estimates were similar in size. We suggest that near the northern limit of the species' geographic range low species richness, low abundance, and a patchy distribution of mast-producing vegetation result in large male and female home ranges, low overlap of female home ranges, and a sparsely distributed squirrel population.
Tolerance of Marine Invertebrate Herbivores to Brown Algal Phlorotannins in Temperate Australasia

Estes and Steinberg hypothesized that the intensity of sublittoral marine plant—herbivore interactions among different temperate regions has differed over the past 5—10 million yr, due to differences in the influence of diving mammals that prey on marine herbivores. They argued that because diving predators have not occurred in temperate Australasia, densities of sublittoral herbivores have been historically higher there than in comparable North American systems. This has resulted in marine algae and herbivores in temperate Australasia having strong selective effects on each other. Estes and Steinberg predicted that one result of these strong interactions would be that invertebrate herbivores in temperate Australasia should have evolved greater tolerance to brown algal phlorotannins (polyphenolic compounds that are the dominant secondary metabolites in temperate brown seaweeds) than similar herbivores in North America. We tested this prediction for five invertebrate herbivores in temperate Australasia. Mo.
Antimicrobial activity of terpenoid extracts from Ganoderma samples

Nine species of Ganoderma, collected from Western Ghats of Maharashtra (INDIA), were screened for antimicrobial activity using three different terpenoid (sesquiterpene, diterpene and triterpene) extracts. Seven standard antibiotics were also screened for their activity against the test organisms. The assays were performed using the well assay method. The sesquiterpenoid extracts were highly active against both gram positive, negative bacteria and Candida albicans, as compared to that of the standard antibiotics, where as triterpenes and diterpenes showed moderate to weak activity. Candida albicans showed resistance against diterpene and triterpene extract. From the different terpenoid extracts of Ganoderma samples, sesquiterpenoid extract showed antibacterial activity. Ganoderma samples especially G. lucidum, G. chalceum, and G. stipitatum might be potential source of antimicrobial agent
The significance of food web structure for the condition and tracer lipid content of juvenile snail fish (Pisces: Liparis spp.) along 65-72°N off West Greenland

Plankton community structure was analysed during summer along 65-72°N off West Greenland. The south-north transect mimics a time span of months in the phytoplankton and zooplankton succession during the Arctic summer. In the south, the mixing depth was below the photic zone and the phytoplankton community was dominated by flagellates. North of Disko Bay (69°N), the water column was stratified due to melt water, and the phytoplankton dominated by flagel- lates and a small amount of diatoms, but with higher biomass and primary production. The copepod community was dominated by Calanus spp. and was more progressed in terms of developmental stage composition in the south. The biochemical lipid finger printing in the food chain phyto- plankton-mesozooplankton-juvenile planktivorous snail fish (Liparis spp.) confirmed the qualitative composition of the phytoplankton, and revealed that the mesozooplankton >400 µm in body size contained lipids originating from a non-diatom diet in the south, whereas it showed mesozooplank- ton lipids originating from a diatom diet in the north. The C16:1(n-7)/C16:0 ratio increased from 0.3 to 3 for mesozooplankton along the transect, indicating feeding based on diatoms in the north. This ratio was reflected in Liparis spp. along the transect. The condition of the juvenile snail fish was generally good (high b exponent) along the entire transect based on the relationship: total fatty acids (mg) = 0.0008 3 standard length (mm) 2.35 . However, the relationship triacylglycerol:cholesterol was much higher north of Disko Bay, indicating a much better condition and thereby potential starvation tolerance and survival in the north. We conclude that the plankton structure along the south-north transect reflected the yearly succession in phytoplankton with respect to tracer lipids and that juvenile Liparis spp. were in a better condition when foraging on wax ester-rich mesozooplankton, which in turn developed ontogenetically during a diatom-based spring bloom in the north.
Foliar fibre predicts diet selection by invasive Red Deer Cervus elaphus scoticus in a temperate New Zealand forest

Summary 1 There is much interest in how herbivores interact with plant communities, but the association between foliar traits and the feeding behaviour of invading browsing mammals has not been explored in this context. 2 We investigated whether eight foliar traits predicted the preferences of invasive Red Deer for 21 woody plant species in lowland forest in southern New Zealand. 3 The four models with substantial support for predicting variation in two indices of diet selection all included one or more traits related to foliar fibre (acid detergent fibre; acid detergent cellulose; acid detergent lignin). In all models the coefficients were negative, indicating that as the concentrations of foliar fibre increased, the preference of deer for foliage decreased. 4 Our results thus link the feeding behaviour of Red Deer with previously demonstrated shifts in the composition of New Zealand forests towards understorey species and leaf litter with high concentrations of foliar fibre.
FIRST RECORD OF LONCHOPHYLLA PERACCHII DIAS, ESBÉRARD AND MORATELLI, 2013 (CHIROPTERA, PHYLLOSTOMIDAE) IN SÃO PAULO STATE, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

1 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, Ilha do Fundao, Caixa Postal 68020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 21941-599. 2 Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia e Evolucao, Av. Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Maracana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 20550-013. 3 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitaria, Ilha do Fundao, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 21942-599. 4 Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratorio de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamiferos Silvestres Reservatorios, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhao Lauro Travassos, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 21040-360.
Comparative phosphorus nutrition of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH7803 and the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii

Abstract Phosphate uptake kinetics of Synechococcus sp. WH7803 and Thalassiosira weissflogii werestudied in axenic batch culture. Phosphate-replete Synechococcus sp. WH7803 cells have a lower affin-ity for inorganic phosphate (Pi) (K, = 67 umol H) than Pi-starved cells (K, = 3.1 umol H). The K, ofPi-starved cells increased ~5-fold (K t = 14-20 umol I" 1 ) following incubation in the dark or uponaddition of the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Pi-repleteand Pi-starved T.weissflogii exhibit similar affinities for phosphate (K, of 6.6 and 8.9 umol I" 1 , respec-tively). In both cases, K, values are increased by incubation in the dark. The rate of Pi uptake, whenthe organisms were cultured in competition with each other, was dependent on the Pi state of thecells: Pi-replete T.weissflogii displayed faster Pi uptake than Pi-replete Synechococcus sp. WH7803,whereas Pi-starved T.weissflogii displayed a slower rate of uptake than Synechococcus sp. WH7803.Both T.weissflogii and Synechococcus sp. WH78O3 could take up phosphorus (P) when it was sup-plied as a range of organic phosphate compounds, the phosphate groups being cleaved from theorganic phosphate molecule and incorporated. Both organisms could cleave and incorporate phos-phorus from dCTP, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and glycerol phosphate; however,only T.weissflogii gTew with cyclic AMP as the sole P source. Uptake kinetics of P from the nucleotidedCTP were determined; phosphate-replete Synechococcus sp. WH7803 cells have a lower affinity forP from dCTP (K, = 60 umol I"
A new trirachodontid cynodont from the lower levels of the Burgersdorp Formation (Lower Triassic) of the Beaufort Group, South Africa and the cladistic relationships of Gondwanan gomphodonts

We describe a new trirachodontid cynodont from the base of the Burgersdorp Formation (Subzone A fauna of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone), of the South African Karoo Basin. Langbergia modisei gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by circular to ovoid in outline upper postcanines and the absence of a maxillary platform lateral to the postcanine series. Apart from the new taxon, we recognize two other species of this family in the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone: Trirachodon berryi and Cricodon metabolus, the latter also represented in the Tanzanian Manda Formation. A phylogenetic analysis of gomphodont cynodonts was conducted using a data matrix of 43 craniodental characters and 18 terminals. Trirachodontidae appears as a monophyletic assemblage, with Langbergia appearing as the sister taxon of Cricodon. The monophyly of trirachodontids is weakly supported, however, with one extra step breaking it. Traversodontid cynodont relationships were also inspected and compared with a recent phylogeny proposed for this group. Considering the resulting phylogeny and the sudden appearance and diversification of Cynognathia representatives, the origin of basal Cynognathia (i.e. Cynognathus, Diademodon, and trirachodontids) is suggested to predate their first appearance in the fossil record. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 147, 383–413.
Multi-scale biodiverity patterns in phytoplankton from coastal lagoons: the Eastern Mediterranean

1 - The phytoplankton from Eastern Mediterranean coastal lagoons is analysed using a multi-scale approach, with the aim of testing if phytoplankton variations follow a hierarchical scheme based on eco-geographical location. The scale similarity is examined by using a taxonomic metric based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence and a related similarity index. 2 - A hierarchical sampling design was used to investigate variations in taxonomic composition and richness of phytoplankton assemblages. Data analyzed collected during summer season in 3 coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean Eco-region: two are located in Turkey (Akgol and Paradeniz) and one is located in Greece (Korission). According to the Mediterranean typology, all lagoons are large, non-tidal and have mean salinity regimes of oligohaline (Akgol), polyhaline (Paradeniz) and euhaline (Korission) designations. 3 - The taxonomic composition of phytoplankton assemblages varied markedly among lagoons, with the most representative phytoplankton in terms of taxa richness belonged to Chlorophyceae (33.33%) in Akgol, to Dinophyceae (50.00%) in Paradeniz and to Dinophyceae (30.77%) in Korission. 4 - Within-habitat similarity was very high in all habitats and lagoons. At an ecosystem scale, phytoplankton was highly homogeneous in Akgol and Paradeniz, suggesting that the distinctive physiognomic traits of the habitats exert a limited effect. In contrast, the phytoplankton is significantly heterogeneous in Korission, mostly because of the effect of the heterogeneous habitats, in fact the three sampled habitats showed well-differentiated characteristics. 5 - At an eco-regional scale, the pattern of similarity among lagoons suggests that local conditions (particularly salinity) and geographical location play roles of a comparable importance in determining the dissimilarity among phytoplankton guilds. 6 - The similarity index between adjacent lagoons having different salinity (Akgol and Paradeniz) was comparable to the one between lagoons with similar salinity but different geographical location. This suggests that local conditions and geographical factors act in a complex way.
A method for measuring the acaricide-susceptibility of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.)

A simple method is described of testing the susceptibility to acaricides of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) in Queensland, Australia, by enclosing them in packets made from rectangular filter papers, folded once and secured along the remaining three sides by spring clips, that had been impregnated with Risella-oil solutions of DDT, dieldrin, or Bayer 21/199 (coumaphos), or with deposits from xylene solutions of Dilan. The response of susceptible engorged adult females to dieldrin was tested similarly. Five out of six experiments showed statistical evidence of repeatability of results in determination of relative DDT-resistance of larvae. There was a slight increase in susceptibility of non-resistant larvae to DDT with increasing age between 7 and 28 days for fresh packets but not for re-used packets. In three out of four tests, re-used packets were significantly more toxic (up to 1·40 times) to susceptible larvae than fresh packets. In one test a loss of toxicity occurred after storage of Bayer 21/199 packets for 23 days. The possible use of this method for measuring resistance in ticks is discussed.
Effects of ractopamine on the growth and carcass quality of entire male and female pigs fed ad libitum or at a restricted level

Abstract The efficacy of ractopamine (Rac) at 0, 5, 12.5, or 20 mg/kg of the diet for entire male and female pigs of a lean genotype was assessed in two experiments. In Experiment 1 (n ‐ 56) pigs were fed a diet containing 16.5% crude protein ad libitum for 40 days from an initial weight of c. 50 kg, whereas in Experiment 2 (n = 80) the same diet was fed at a restricted level (c. 87% ad libitum) according to liveweight from 50 kg to a final weight of 87 kg. For Experiment 1 (ad libitum) Rac had no effect on growth rate of either sex and no effect on carcass composition for males, but for females the carcass lean content increased and carcass fatness decreased. For Experiment 2 with pigs fed at a restricted level, Rac increased the rate and efficiency of growth, the killing‐out percentage, and the carcass lean percentage for both sexes, but levels of fatness were not affected. Rac had no effect on Warner‐Bratzler shear force values for either experiment, but for Experiment 1, the longissimus muscles from f.