Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES

Mouse mononuclear phagocytes cultivated in 50 per cent newborn calf serum medium pinocytize actively and form large numbers of phase-dense granules as well as three hydrolytic enzymes. When such cells are then placed in 1 per cent newborn calf serum they illustrate (a) a low level of pinocytic activity, (b) a shrinkage in granule size, and (c) a loss in cell protein, acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, and cathepsin. Examination of the extracellular medium revealed no detectable hydrolase activity. The reintroduction of cells into high levels of serum again resulted in granule and enzyme formation. Cells rapidly incorporated fluorescein-conjugated calf serum proteins into the phase-dense granules. The fluorescence of labeled granules was lost during an 18 hour period in non-fluorescein-containing medium. Crystalline egg white lysozyme was concentrated in the macrophages. Approximately 80 per cent of the cell-associated enzyme was lost during a 24 hour washout period in either 1 or 50 per cent serum medium. No enzymatic activity could be recovered in the medium. Colloidal gold was taken up and concentrated in macrophage granules. Quantitative assays revealed this particle to be conserved during a 24 hour washout period.
Urea Use Efficiency of Hydroponically Grown Maize and Wheat

ABSTRACT Maize and wheat were grown hydroponically with the same total nitrogen (N) level for three weeks, to evaluate the impact on plant growth and metabolism of three nitrogen sources: urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate. Maize growth was not strongly affected. In contrast, in wheat, growth was highest under ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate nutrition, and lowest with the urea solution. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate treatments favored the shoot development whereas urea enhanced the root development. Urea supply led to a higher decrease of total nitrogen content in maize as compared to wheat. Constitutive amounts of urea were found in maize and wheat whatever the nitrogen nutrition. Nitrogen uptake efficiency of plants fed with urea decreased strongly compared to nitrate or ammonium fed-plants. Results showed that when provided as sole nitrogen source, urea supply has not the same effect on metabolism and growth in maize and wheat.
Harmony

his "transcendental technique," which widened the range of expression of the pianoforte, his development of chromatic harmony and its influence on Wagner, Mr. Searle devotes considerable attention to Liszt's experiments in the creation of new musical forms. By these he means not only the symphonic poem as such, but such specific matters as the use of thematic transformations as a unifying process, and the development of new systems of key relationships. The last chapter, on Liszt's "final period," is particularly interesting for the discussion and examples of Liszt's new "abstract" music with its "simplicity and austerity which remind one of Bartok," its use of the augmented triad and whole-tone scale, and its foreshadowing of twentieth
Serum ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity in bipolar disorder is elevated compared to major depressive disorder and schizophrenia: a controlled study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to study copper metabolism in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression compared with healthy control. METHODS: This is a single-centered cross-sectional study. The patients with schizophrenia (n = 36), bipolar disorder (n = 37), major depression (n = 40), and healthy control (n = 32) were included in the study. All participants were initially evaluated by a clinical psychiatrist to confirm the appropriate diagnosis using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Serum copper level, ceruloplasmin mass, and ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity were measured. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis Tests were performed for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Serum ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity (χ2 = 9.11, p = 0.028) demonstrated a significant statistical difference in all groups compared with the control group. Serum ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity of the bipolar disorder group was significantly higher than the healthy control group (p = 0.012), major depression group (p = 0.027), and the schizophrenia group (p = 0.019). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = 0.028) and waist circumference (p = 0.005) in bipolar disorder group, and the C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.001) and cholesterol (p = 0.043) in the schizophrenia group were found as the determinants of ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity. CONCLUSION: In this study, ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity is higher in all groups in comparison to the healthy control. The significantly higher ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity was shown in bipolar disorder followed by the major depression and schizophrenia. The ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity was correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the bipolar disorder group and with C-reactive protein in the schizophrenia group. Therefore, the ceruloplasmin-ferroxidase activity may be an encouraging candidate in the neuro-immune modulation and become a reliable clinical tool for demonstrating the strong association of inflammation in these disorders.
The production of hybrids with high ecological amplitude between exotic Spartina densiflora and native S. maritima in the Iberian Peninsula

Aim Hybridization is a common and potent mechanism of plant evolution that has the potential to be evolutionary significant in its own right, and hybrids are common between invasive and native congeneric species. Our aims were to document the existence and nature of new Spartina hybrids arising between introduced Spartina densiflora and native S. maritima in tidal marshes of the Iberian Peninsula, to examine the actual and potential range of hybrids in the intertidal zone, and to analyse the seed set of hybrids.
The population biology of two species of eyefluke, Diplostomum gasterostei and Tylodelphys clavata, in perch

Incidence, intensity and frequency distributions of infections in perch, Perca fluviatilis, with the eyeflukes Tylodelphys clavata and Diplostomum gasterostei were studied in a lake at monthly intervals over a period of two years. T. clavata had appeared in the lake immediately prior to the study, and its levels of infection continued to rise throughout the period of investigation whereas those of D. gasterostei remained relatively steady. The main period of infection of fish by both species of parasites was late summer, but a second and minor infection took place in spring. In the first year after its introduction T. clavata exhibited a seasonal cycle in incidence and intensity of infection and disappeared from fish in summer, but in the second year this cycle was masked by increased variation in development times and lack of synchrony throughout the parasite population. It is concluded that T. clavata has a life span of one year or less and that the parasites die within the fish, mainly in summer. D. gasterostei in contrast has a life span of at least one year, and disappearance of the parasite from the population is probably due to death of some heavily infected fish, although it was not possible to determine if this was due directly to the presence of the parasite.
Validating an ecological model with fisheries management applications: the relationship between loggerhead by-catch and distance to the coast

On the one hand, a recent study on sea turtle by-catch during surface longline fishing targeting swordfish in the western Mediterranean Sea showed that sea turtle by-catch is independent of fishing effort and other technological factors. When the distance to the coast increases, there is a higher probability of catching a loggerhead turtle. The authors proposed to avoid fisheries further than 35 nautical miles (approximately 65 km) from the coast. However, the proposed 35 nautical miles limit could be useful where the continental shelf is narrow, as in the Balearic Sea, and useless where it widens. On the other hand, ecological model validation is considered essential for management application. The objective of the present paper is to validate the new fisheries loggerhead by-catch model in different areas outside the Balearic Sea with wider continental shelves, aimed at maintaining sustainable fishing activity compatible with the conservation of the loggerhead populations. Our present results validate the previous model, and stress the importance of the eco-geographical variable distance to the coast in understanding the loggerhead by-catch (or incidental capture) per unit effort for the longline fisheries targeting swordfish.
Students as Producers of Interactive Data Visualizations—Digitally Skilled to Make Their Voices Heard

Abstract The study explores students’ production of interactive visualized stories with visual analytics (VA). The aim is to understand emerging interactions in classrooms of grades 7–9 students when visual storytelling methods are playing a part in producing social science content. The dual aspects of visual literacy, information retrievement paired with the creation of interactive visualized stories, are crucial. Video captures of students working in groups and of what happens on their screens are conducted. The results show that students can handle the technical aspects of a VA application, but interpretation of visualized statistics is challenging. The study suggests that VA has potential to strengthen students’ ability to handle huge amounts of data and increase the possibilities for young people to take part in society. (Keywords: digital technology, digital skills, democracy, civic knowledge, social science education, visual analytics, visual storytelling, visual literacy, digital literacy)
Response of eight sugarbeet varieties to increasing nitrogen application. I. Root, sucrose, and top yield

Nitrogen (N) management affects the root and top biomass production of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). An interaction between genetic factors and the amount of N applied may influence variety selection for different N management and cropping practices. A three-year field study was conducted with the objective of comparing the relationship between applied N and root, sucrose and top yield for selected commercial sugarbeet varieties. Eight varieties were treated with five amounts of N (0, 90, 179, 269, and 358 kg N ha -1 ) at a furrow-irrigated site in northwest Wyoming. Variety affected sucrose concentration and sugar loss to molasses (SLM) in all three years, root yield and sucrose yield in one of three years, and top dry matter (TDM) yield and sucrose:TDM ratio in two of three years. All yield parameters were affected by N application rate in all three years. The variety (V) × N interaction was significant for only the sucrose:TDM ratio in two of three years and was most prominent with 0 or 90 kg ha -1 applied N at which two varieties produced higher amounts of sucrose per unit TDM than the other six varieties. Results do not suggest that N fertilizer management should be variety-specific, but the significant interaction in sucrose:TDM ratio indicates there may be differences in N response among varieties based on how
Ecotones and gradient as determinants of herpetofaunal community structure in the primary forest of Mount Kupe, Cameroon

The relative effects of the elevational gradient and of environmental discontinuities (ecotones) on the structure of a herpetofaunal assemblage in a tropical upland forest were contrasted by means of canonical correspondence analysis. Qualitative descriptors were used to define the elevational positions of the ecotones of interest, namely transitions in forest type and presence/absence of water bodies. The elevational gradient was coded in a form that accommodated different types of community response. Analyses were run for four subsets of the entire assemblage: (1) reptiles, (2) amphibians, (3) amphibians dependent on streams for reproduction, and (4) amphibians that do not use streams for reproduction. All subsets showed a significant relationship with the gradient, which suggested that most species respond to the physical continuum associated with the change in elevation. A response to ecotones was revealed for the amphibian subset only and associated with the presence or absence of watercourses. However, this response disappeared within subsets 3 and 4. A variation partitioning analysis was used to assess the individual and common contributions of gradient and ecotone descriptors to the elevational variation in the structure of subsets 1 and 2. The gradient descriptors explained more variation in the reptile subset than did ecotones, while the reverse was found in the amphibian subset. The dependence of most amphibians on aquatic breeding sites that were not available at all elevations reduced the relative importance of the gradient on the species distributions in subset 2 and accounted for the difference to the reptiles. In all, these findings add to the results of previous null model tests on the same four subsets, where competitive interactions were assigned a minor importance in limiting elevational distributions. The response patterns revealed by the present approach, with ecotones and gradient contrasted in a single analysis, emphasised the role of individual responses to the gradient according to the species' physiological tolerance limits.
A Survey of Underwater Magnetic Induction Communications: Fundamental Issues, Recent Advances, and Challenges

Enabling underwater wireless communications to conveniently interconnect various underwater deployed devices for data transmission, information sharing, and networking is among the most crucial issues in marine information networks. Apart from the conventional acoustic, optical, and electromagnetic techniques, the magnetic induction (MI) communication, as a promising alternative, has drawn significant attentions recently due to its inherent advantages in predictable channel responses, negligible propagation delay, and competitive energy consumption. In this paper, we attempt to provide a comprehensive and in-depth survey of the existing research on underwater MI communications, classified as the four topics of channel modeling, reliability guarantee, range extension, and capacity enhancement, and present the state-of-the-art advances on each topic. Specifically, the approaches for channel modeling of underwater MI communications, including proposed channel models and involved basic theories, are first summarized. Then, the existing works on reliability guarantee are expounded following the evolution of antenna design from traditional single-directional to advanced multi-directional MI antennas. Furthermore, as to range extension, two typical categories of MI relaying techniques, i.e., the MI waveguide and the active relaying techniques, are reviewed in detail. In particular, the potential of a hybrid relay transmission scheme proposed by us through flexible combination of these two techniques in achieving both energy-efficient and long-range underwater transmission is also addressed in this part. Finally, the existing approaches on extending or reusing the available frequency bands to enhance the underwater MI channel capacity are elaborated. Challenges and open issues that need to be further investigated related to each of the four topics are also profoundly discussed and analyzed in each part.
Patterns of nutrient utilization in the needle-feeding guild

It is well known that large differences in performance parameters such as growth rate, survival rate, or fecundity rate are found between various insect guilds, e.g. root feeders and sapsuckers (Slansky and Rodriguez 1987, Slansky and Scriber 1985). Within guilds and even within a given host plant, the variability of the plant material may also result in considerable differences in the performance parameters of insect larvae feeding on the plant (Whitham 1983, Jensen 1988).
Comparison of the glottic view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in adult patients undergoing surgeries under general anesthesia with a simulated cervical spine immobilization: A 1-year hospital-based randomized controlled trial

Background and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to compare the glottic view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in adult patients undergoing surgeries under general anesthesia with a simulated cervical spine immobilization. Methods: This 1-year randomized clinical study was conducted between January 2015 and December 2015 on 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I and II patients of either gender, aged between 18 and 60 years. The study population was randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 30): intubation performed using Airtraq laryngoscope. Group L (n = 30): intubation performed using Macintosh laryngoscope. Results: In the present study, 76.67% of patients in Group A had a Cormack-Lehane Grade 1 view of glottis compared to 13.33% in Group L. While most of the patients (56.67%) in Group L had Cormack-Lehane Grade 2 view of glottis compared to 23.33% in patients of Group A. Thus, Airtraq laryngoscope had better Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view with P = 0.001. It was observed in our study that the mean heart rate, mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were higher in Group L compared to Group A at 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min intervals. Conclusion: These findings suggest that tracheal intubation with Airtraq offers better view of glottis with minimal changes in hemodynamic parameters in patients with a simulated cervical spine immobilization compared to Macintosh laryngoscope.
The Phylogeny of Basal Peristomate Mosses: Evidence from cpDNA, and Implications for Peristome Evolution

Abstract Cladistic analyses based on chloroplast protein coding genes rbcL and rps4, and the chloroplast encoded trnL (UAA) intron were conducted (1) to investigate phylogenetic relationships among basal peristomate mosses, especially the nematodontous mosses (Tetraphidaceae and Polytrichaceae), and the arthrodontous mosses with pleated endostomes (Buxbaumiaceae and Diphysciaceae), and (2) to make inferences on evolution of the peristome. A combined data matrix included 46 taxa and 2206 characters of which 619 were parsimony informative. The results indicate that the basal peristomate mosses, particularly the Tetraphidaceae, Polytrichaceae and Buxbaumiaceae, are paraphyletic. Sister group relationships between the following taxa are newly suggested: Tetraphidaceae and all peristomate mosses; Polytrichaceae and the clade consisting of Buxbaumiaceae, Diphysciaceae, diplolepideous and haplolepideous mosses; Buxbaumiaceae and the clade consisting of Diphysciaceae, diplolepideous and haplolepideous mosses. The following novel inferences on peristome evolution are also suggested: the plesiomorphic condition of the endostome of the arthrodontous peristome was pleated; the pleated endostome has been transformed into a keeled endostome in the diplolepideous/haplolepideous clade; the similarity in cell divisions preceding deposition of secondary peristomial wall material in peristome development is a synapomorphy in the peristomate mosses. The exostome has been independently lost or reduced in the Diphysciaceae, and the diplolepideous/haplolepideous clade. Communicating Editor: Alan T. Whittemore
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND HERBIVORY ON EELGRASS (ZOSTERA MARINA) AND EPIPHYTES

Although the growth of eelgrass (Zostera marina) is controlled by resources as well as higher order interactions with epiphytes and their herbivores, these constraints rarely are considered together. The ability to utilize both water column and sediment nutrient sources in a complex habitat may provide eelgrass with a partial release from nutrient competition with epiphytes that have more efficient uptake kinetics and can reduce eelgrass growth, particularly in eutrophic habitats. We investigated the relative effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the water column vs. the sediments, and herbivory by the common isopod Idotea resecata, on eelgrass growth and epiphyte biomass in an intertidal eelgrass bed in Padilla Bay, Washington. In the field, we fertilized the sediments and/or the water column with ammonium and measured eelgrass growth and epiphyte biomass. We also monitored epiphyte biomass and water column nutrient concentrations and cen- sused isopod densities. Laboratory experiments focused on the effects of I. resecata, fer- tilization of the water column and sediments, and depletion of sediment nutrients on eelgrass growth and epiphyte biomass. Most simply, we hypothesized that epiphytes would respond positively to increased water column nutrients as eelgrass would to increased sediment nutrients, and that herbivory on epiphytes could mitigate deleterious effects of epiphytes on eelgrass. We demonstrated that eelgrass growth is affected both by sediment nitrogen resources and the higher order effects of epiphytes and their control by Idotea resecata. During our field experiments, growth of eelgrass leaves tended to increase in response to sediment
Long-term trends in greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian poultry industry

Abstract As people become more aware of the environmental footprint of different foods, consumers may modify their diets to reduce the impact of their diets on the environment. For this to occur, it is necessary to know the impact that individual food types have on the environment. This publication presents the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as the GHG emission intensity associated with various types of poultry production in Canada for the census years 1981 to 2006. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using the methodology from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change adjusted for conditions in Canada. Direct emissions of CH4, N2 O, and CO2 from birds, their facilities, and the avian crop complex, corresponding to the area used to grow the crops that feed Canadian poultry, were estimated using poultry diet surveys. Between 1981 and 2006, because of the strong growth of broiler production, GHG emissions from the poultry industry increased by 40%. The main GHG was N2 O, representing approximately 57% of the total emissions. Fossil fuel CO2 accounted for approximately 38%, whereas CH4 accounted for 5%. In western Canada, GHG emission intensities decreased owing to a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels associated with the adoption of reduced- and no-tillage cropping systems, whereas in eastern Canada, the reduction was due to lower N2 O emissions. The emissions of all 3 GHG from turkeys decreased because of the more rapid turnover of a marketable product (shortened life span) in later census years. Compared with other Canadian meat protein commodities in 2001, poultry emitted only 47% as much GHG per unit of live weight as pork and only 10% as much GHG per unit of live weight as beef.