Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing the hypothesis of a matter density discrepancy within 
ΛCDM
 model using multiple probes

We investigate whether the two cosmological discrepancies on the Hubble constant ($H_0$) and the matter fluctuation parameter ($\sigma_8$) are suggesting and compatible with the existence of an additional one on the matter density. Knowing that the latter effects on observables is degenerate with those coming from $H_0$ and $\sigma_8$, we combined different probes to break these degeneracies while adopting the agnostic approach of, either relaxing the calibration parameters in each probe, or by only including priors with the condition that they are obtained independently from the discrepant parameters. We also compiled and used a dataset from previous direct measurements of $\Omega_{\rm{M}}$ obtained in a model independent way using the Oort technique. We found when combining galaxy cluster counts + cluster gas mass fraction probe + cosmic chronometers + direct $\Omega_{\rm{M}}$ + priors from BBN and CMB, that both parameters, $H_0$ and $\sigma_8$, are consistent with those inferred from local probes, with $\sigma_8 = 0.745 \pm 0.05$ while $H_0 = 73.8 \pm 3.01$, and that for a value of $\Omega_{\rm{M}} = 0.22 \pm 0.01$ at more than 3$\sigma$ from that determined by the CMB. However discrepancies appeared when we combined SN in addition to CC suggesting either inconsistencies between the SN sample and the other probes or a challenge to our hypothesis, while only a prior on the matter density obtained from the CMB data keeps $\sigma_8$ within the values usually obtained when adopting the calibration parameters of the low redshift growth of structures probes. We conclude that, either both tensions are compatible with the local inferred low values of matter density at odd with those obtained by CMB, reviving by then an overlooked discrepancy, or that the $\Lambda$CDM model is facing more difficulties to accommodate simultaneously all the current available observations. (abridged)
Learning Generalizable Pivoting Skills

The skill of pivoting an object with a robotic system is challenging for the external forces that act on the system, mainly given by contact interaction. The complexity increases when the same skills are required to generalize across different objects. This paper proposes a framework for learning robust and generalizable pivoting skills, which consists of three steps. First, we learn a pivoting policy on an “unitary” object using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Then, we obtain the object's feature space by supervised learning to encode the kinematic properties of arbitrary objects. Finally, to adapt the unitary policy to multiple objects, we learn data-driven projections based on the object features to adjust the state and action space of the new pivoting task. The proposed approach is entirely trained in simulation. It requires only one depth image of the object and can zero-shot transfer to real-world objects. We demonstrate robustness to sim-to-real transfer and generalization to multiple objects.
Accuracy on the Curve: On the Nonlinear Correlation of ML Performance Between Data Subpopulations

Understanding the performance of machine learning (ML) models across diverse data distributions is critically important for reliable applications. Despite recent empirical studies positing a near-perfect linear correlation between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) accuracies, we empirically demonstrate that this correlation is more nuanced under subpopulation shifts. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis across a variety of datasets, models, and training epochs, we demonstrate that OOD performance often has a nonlinear correlation with ID performance in subpopulation shifts. Our findings, which contrast previous studies that have posited a linear correlation in model performance during distribution shifts, reveal a"moon shape"correlation (parabolic uptrend curve) between the test performance on the majority subpopulation and the minority subpopulation. This non-trivial nonlinear correlation holds across model architectures, hyperparameters, training durations, and the imbalance between subpopulations. Furthermore, we found that the nonlinearity of this"moon shape"is causally influenced by the degree of spurious correlations in the training data. Our controlled experiments show that stronger spurious correlation in the training data creates more nonlinear performance correlation. We provide complementary experimental and theoretical analyses for this phenomenon, and discuss its implications for ML reliability and fairness. Our work highlights the importance of understanding the nonlinear effects of model improvement on performance in different subpopulations, and has the potential to inform the development of more equitable and responsible machine learning models.
AD-YOLO: YOU ONLY LOOK ONCE IN TRAINING MULTIPLE SOUND EVENT LOCALIZATION AND DETECTION

Sound event localization and detection (SELD) combines the identiﬁcation of sound events with the corresponding directions of arrival (DOA). Recently, event-oriented track output formats have been adopted to solve this problem; however, they still have limited generalization toward real-world problems in an unknown polyphony environment. To address the issue, we proposed an angular-distance-based multiple SELD (AD-YOLO), which is an adaptation of the “You Only Look Once” algorithm for SELD. The AD-YOLO format allows the model to learn sound occurrences location-sensitively by assigning class responsibility to DOA predictions. Hence, the format enables the model to handle the polyphony problem, regardless of the number of sound overlaps. We evaluated AD-YOLO on DCASE 2020-2022 challenge Task 3 datasets using four SELD objective metrics. The experimental results show that AD-YOLO achieved outstanding performance overall and also accomplished robustness in class-homogeneous polyphony environments.
Satellite and VIZ-Radiosonde Intercomparisons for Diagnosis of Nonclimatic Influences

Abstract Radiosonde datasets of temperature often suffer from discontinuities due to changes in instrumentation, location, observing practices, and algorithms. To identify temporal discontinuities that affect the VIZ/Sippican family of radiosondes, the 1979–2004 time series of a composite of 31 VIZ stations are compared to composites of collocated values of layer temperatures from two microwave sounding unit datasets—the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and Remote Sensing Systems (RSS). Discontinuities in the radiosonde time series relative to the two satellite datasets were detected with high significance and with similar magnitudes; however, some instances occurred where only one satellite dataset differed from the radiosondes. For the products known as lower troposphere (LT; surface–300 hPa) and midtroposphere (MT; surface–75-hPa layer), significant discontinuities relative to both satellite datasets were found—two cases for LT and four for MT. These are likely associated with changes in the r.
Hominin fossils from Kromdraai and Drimolen inform Paranthropus robustus craniofacial ontogeny

Ontogeny provides critical information about the evolutionary history of early hominin adult morphology. We describe fossils from the southern African sites of Kromdraai and Drimolen that provide insights into early craniofacial development in the Pleistocene robust australopith Paranthropus robustus. We show that while most distinctive robust craniofacial features appear relatively late in ontogeny, a few do not. We also find unexpected evidence of independence in the growth of the premaxillary and maxillary regions. Differential growth results in a proportionately larger and more postero-inferiorly rotated cerebral fossa in P. robustus infants than in the developmentally older Australopithecus africanus juvenile from Taung. The accumulated evidence from these fossils suggests that the iconic SK 54 juvenile calvaria is more likely early Homo than Paranthropus. It is also consistent with the hypothesis that P. robustus is more closely related to Homo than to A. africanus.
Assessment and Computational Improvement of Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Models Based Benchmark Computations

: The Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) became, today, a powerful tool for simulating ﬂuid ﬂows. Its improvements for different applications and conﬁgu-rations offers more ﬂexibility and results in several schemes such as in presence of external/internal forcing term. However, we look for the suitable model that gives correct informations, matches the hydrodynamic equations and preserves some features like coding easily, preserving computational cost, stability and accuracy. In the present work, high order incompressible models and equilibrium distribution functions for the advection-diffusion equations are analyzed. Boundary conditions, acceleration, stability and preconditioning with initial ﬁelds are underlined which permit to rigorously selecting two LBGK thermal models. The two selected models are modiﬁed, leading to two new schemes going well with the above mentioned computational advantages. The standard and modiﬁed schemes have been validated on benchmark computations based two-dimensional natural convection problems for steady ﬂows. First, the standard and modiﬁed schemes are intensively tested on a heated differentially air-ﬁlled cavity for a wide range of Rayleigh number. Following, we present the predictability level of a selected model based transitional two test cases concerning process of solidiﬁcation, since these ﬂows types present transition thresholds in the dynamic behaviour. The produced results are compared to high-order accurate solutions in available literature ﬁnding results. It is found that the commonly used LB thermal models give similar and consistent results. However, they are time consuming in its standard forms. The modiﬁed models show an improvement of the computational cost and permit to suggest an appropriate model based on the most required features in Computational Fluid Dynamics.
XXXYY variant of Klinefelter syndrome: A case report

This case report is about a 19-month-old boy, product of an in vitro fertilization twin pregnancy and born to young non-consanguineous parents, who presented with speech and motor developmental delay. On genetic evaluation, he was found to have the exceedingly rare variant 49, XXXYY of Klinefelter syndrome. Given the rarity of this condition and the limited literature available, this case report will surely add value to the literature.
Mutational Profile in 75 Patients With Anti–Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Neuropathy

Background and Objectives Neuropathy with antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is the most common paraproteinemic IgM neuropathy. Recently, the mutational profile of the MYD88 and CXCR4 genes has been included in the diagnostic workup of IgM monoclonal gammopathies. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of MYD88L265P and CXCR4S338X gene variants in patients with anti-MAG antibody neuropathy. Secondary aims were to evaluate possible correlations between the mutational profile and neuropathy severity, antibody titers, and treatment response. Methods Seventy-five patients (47 men, mean age at molecular analysis 70.8 ± 10.2 years; mean disease duration 5.1 ± 4.9 years) with anti-MAG antibody neuropathy were recruited. Among them, 38 (50.7%) had IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 29 (38.7%) Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), and 8 (10.6%) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/marginal zone lymphoma/hairy cell leukemia variant. Molecular analysis was performed on DNA from the bone marrow mononuclear cells in 55 of 75 patients and from peripheral mononuclear cells in 18 of 75 patients. Forty-five patients were treated with rituximab, 6 with ibrutinib, 2 with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil, and 3 with venetoclax-based therapy. All the patients were assessed with the Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) Disability Scale, INCAT Sensory Sum Score, and MRC Sum Score at baseline and follow-up. We considered as responders, patients who improved by at least 1 point in 2 clinical scales. Results Fifty patients (66.7%) carried the MYD88L265P variant, with a higher frequency in WM and naive patients (77.2% vs 33.3%, p = 0.0012). No patients harbored the CXCR4S338X variant. There were no significant differences in hematologic data (IgM levels, M protein, and anti-MAG antibody titers), neuropathy severity, or response to rituximab in MYD88-altered and MYD88 wild-type patients. Nine of 11 (81.8%) patients treated with novel targeted drug, according to the MYD88 status, responded to treatments. Discussion MYD88L265P variant has a high prevalence (66.7%) in anti-MAG antibody neuropathy representing a potential effective mutational target for Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. MYD88L265P variant, however, does not seem to be a prognostic factor of neuropathy severity or response to rituximab. In patients not responding or becoming refractory to rituximab, a tailored therapy with new effective target therapies should be considered.
Greedy type bases in Banach spaces.

The aim of this survey is to present recent results related to m-term approximation with respect to biorthogonal systems in Banach spaces. Special attention is focused on greedy approximation. The results of many authors over the last few years have demonstrated that this is the area where there is a fruitful interaction between abstract, Banach space approach and concrete questions of approximation theory. We will work in the framework of Banach spaces, but extensions to quasi-Banach spaces are possible, see e.g. [21].
Comparison of Estimates of Circular Probable Error

The high cost of flight-testing weapon systems places an extraordinary premium on efficient use of sample data. Although efficient methods of treating data are well known to the statistician, the personnel assigned to execution of testing and analysis are frequently not aware of these methods and, as a result, may not form efficient estimates with the raw data. This study formulates naturally motivated estimates of the Circular Probable Error (CEP), an extensively used figure of merit. The first two moments of each estimate are obtained and from these tables of unbiasing factors and variances of each estimate are formed for sample sizes ranging from 2 to 21. The efficiency of the estimates relative to the best linear unbiased estimate are obtained and tabled for the same range of sample sizes.
Thickness dependence of magneto-optic effects in TbFeCo film

The thickness dependence of the coercivity of RF-sputtered amorphous TbFeCo films prepared with the same sputtering conditions has been investigated by using Faraday rotation measurements. From the use of a special STRATA mathematical method to improve EPMA it is confirmed that the composition is thickness independent and the coercivity change is correlated to the variation of the local pinning force induced by the evolution of the morphology from fine to coarse structure by increasing the film thickness. >
The LAPS Wind Analysis

Abstract The Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) wind analysis combines Doppler radar, profiler, aircraft, and surface wind observations into a three-dimensional gridded wind field. Other fields derived primarily from the wind analysis include radar echo steering wind, helicity, and lifted index times vertical velocity (an indicator of convective potential). This report describes LAPS wind analysis procedures. The goal is to combine various data sources to take advantage of the strengths of each source, thereby automating the data synthesis that a human forecaster performs. The utility of these analyses to the operational forecaster is an important part of designing the analysis procedure and output displays. Comparisons of LAPS wind fields with independent aircraft measurements obtained during the Winter Icing and Storms Project experiment indicate agreement generally within 4 m s−1 (rms).
Characterization of Rare Spontaneous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Controllers Attending a National United Kingdom Clinical Service Using a Combination of Serology and Molecular Diagnostic Assays

Abstract Background We report outcomes and novel characterization of a unique cohort of 42 individuals with persistently indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, the majority of whom are HIV viral controllers. Methods Eligible individuals had indeterminate or positive HIV serology, but persistently undetectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by commercial assays and were not taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Routine investigations included HIV Western blot, HIV viral load, qualitative HIV-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), coinfection screen, and T-cell quantification. Research assays included T-cell activation, ART measurement, single-copy assays detecting HIV-1 RNA and DNA, and plasma cytokine quantification. Human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity was defined as ≥3 bands on Western blot; molecular positivity was defined as detection of HIV RNA or DNA. Results Human immunodeficiency virus infection was excluded in 10 of 42 referrals, remained unconfirmed in 2 of 42, and was confirmed in 30 of 42, who were identified as HIV elite controllers (ECs), normal CD4 T-cell counts (median 820/mL, range 805–1336), and normal CD4/CD8 ratio (median 1.8, range 1.2–1.9). Elite controllers had a median duration of elite control of 6 years (interquartile range = 4–14). Antiretroviral therapy was undetected in all 23 subjects tested. Two distinct categories of ECs were identified: molecular positive (n = 20) and molecular negative (n = 10). Conclusions Human immunodeficiency virus status was resolved for 95% of referrals with the majority diagnosed as EC. The clinical significance of the 2 molecular categories among ECs requires further investigation.
Incomplete similarity of internal solitary waves with trapped cores

The dynamics and internal structure of internal solitary waves (ISWs) with trapped cores propagating in a thin pycnocline near the bottom or surface for a wide range of wave amplitudes and stratifications are studied numerically within the framework of Navier–Stokes equations for laboratory and ocean scales. It is shown that the most important characteristics of wave dynamics are the local Froude number Frm, calculated as the ratio of the maximum local velocity to the phase velocity of the waves, the minimum Richardson number Rimin, the ratio of the basin depth to the pycnocline thickness ϵ and the effective Reynolds number Reeff, defined as a ratio of the product of the phase velocity of the wave and the wave amplitude a to the kinematic viscosity. Depending on the parameter values Frm and Rimin three main classes of ISW propagating in the pycnocline layer over or under homogeneous deep layers can be identified: (i) the weakly nonlinear waves at Rimin > 1, Frm < 1; (ii) the stable strongly nonlinear waves with trapped cores at Ri min > 0.15 ? > and 1 < Frm ≲1.3; and (iii) the unstable strongly nonlinear waves at Rimin < 0.1 and Frm ≈ 1.35. On the whole, the results of experiments and numerical simulations showed complete similarity in all ranges of the phase velocity and wavelength at large ϵ and Reeff. The experimental and computed dependence of the horizontal size of the trapped core on the height of the trapped core also demonstrate the self-similarity of the trapped core shape. However, the incomplete similarity of Rimin is found when the dependence on viscosity does not vanish at large Reeff implying a viscosity effect on the stability of ISW. This dependence is approximated by the power law Ri min ∼ ( a / h ) − 1.19 Re eff − 1.19 ? > . With the time wave damping occurs, and thus Rimin grows following this self-similar dependence.
Near-Critical Natural Circulation Flows Inside an Experimental Loop: Stability Map and Heat Transfer

The near-critical CO2-based natural circulation loop (NCL, or thermosyphon) has been proposed in many energy conversion systems, such as the solar heater, waste heat recovery, next-generation nuclear cooling, and so on. There is an increasing need to obtain detailed information about such systems, as it is less verified from a basic system operation viewpoint. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a near-critical CO2 thermosyphon. The closed thermosyphon is specially designed for high-pressure (in the critical region, from 6.0 MPa to 15.0 MPa), natural circulation flows. The basic transient flow behaviors and parameter behaviors are found to be dependent on initial pressure. The system stability evolution from subcritical oscillating flow to supercritical stable operations is presented. From the experimental data analysis, the stability map for the current supercritical natural circulation loop system is given. It is found that the stability pressure lines will divide the operation into stable, transition, and unstable regions. It is found that the effectiveness of the cooler will greatly affect the system stability, while the heat transfer efficiency is mainly controlled by the heater conditions. Parameter evolutions of the fluid temperature, mass flow rate, and loop pressure are presented in this paper. The heat transfer dependency on operation pressure and evolution mechanisms are also discussed in detail in this paper.
A phase retrieval algorithm based on three-dimensionally translated diffraction patterns

An iterative phase retrieval method is proposed that combines alternating projections and registration of three-dimensionally translated near-field diffraction patterns. This method allows to enhance resolution limited by a finite detector size and automatically stitches the assembled data while avoiding the need for a priori knowledge or scanning of the object as encountered in coherent diffraction imaging or ptychography.
Visual saliency estimation through label propagation

Visual saliency estimation through label propagation is proposed. Since salient regions are generally distinctive from the background, visual saliency is estimated in an image by the similarity to salient and non-salient seeds. First, salient and non-salient seeds from the initial saliency map estimated by superpixel segmentation and three common priors are obtained. Then, labels of seeds are propagated to unlabelled superpixels based on label propagation to obtain the visual saliency map. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is very effective in estimating salient regions in images compared with existing state-of-the-art methods.