Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonics and magmatism associated with Mesozoic passive continental margin development in the Middle East

Early Triassic-Cretaceous rifting and magmatism occurred along the western edge of the Arabian Peninsula from Egypt in the south to Syria in the north, associated with the development of the Neotethyan passive continental margin which is preserved in the present-day Eastern Mediterranean. A change in the direction and rate of extension during the Early Cretaceous had a profound effect upon the developing continental margin and controlled the pattern of rifting, magmatism and sedimentation. Extensive Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanism occurred throughout the region and is clearly rift-related. Major and trace element (including rare earth element) and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions suggest derivation of the most primitive mafic magmas from an enriched mantle source with minimal evidence of crustal contamination. The magmas appear to have ascended rapidly to the surface through large-scale faults. Isopach maps have been constructed for a series of time intervals during the Mesozoic, using well data from Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. These reveal the distribution and orientation of the main depocentres. The main tectonic feature from the Late Triassic until the Late Jurassic was a basin which extended northeastwards from northern Israel to the Palmyrides in central Syria. By the Early Cretaceous, however, deposition switched to a N–S oriented basin in central and northern Israel and Lebanon. The distribution of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatism coincides with this new basin and indicates the location of the major extensional fault zones.
CRITICAL DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PREDICTION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN MOUNTAIN DRAINAGE BASINS 1

ABSTRACT: The potential for understanding and, where necessary, managing sedimentation in humid mountain drainage basins increases with awareness of the conditions that lead to shallow landsliding, debris flows, and catastrophic sedimentation in stream channels. Progress in understanding has involved: improved recognition of source areas and the potential for downstream effects of slope failure; improved understanding of hydrological conditions required for failure; and a general theory of slope stability in shallow colluvium, including the role of plants, fires, timber harvest, and other disturbances. The theory acknowledges spatial variability in topographic and geotechnical terrain characteristics, the stochastic nature of climatic triggering events such as forest fires and rainstorms, and the integrating nature of channel networks in modulating the cumulative effects of transient processes within a basin. Anthropogenic fire regimes, road effects, and timber harvest can readily be included. Continued application and modification of the theory over an expanded geographical range require improvements in field data and their systematic storage in spatial databases. Improvements in digital topographic data for mountain basins, systematic network‐wide surveys of channel conditions, and new technology for rapid documentation of soil depths in landslide source areas would enhance the prediction of mass failure, its consequences for channel habitat, and the basin‐wide or regional distribution of hillslope and channel conditions. Computations of the probabilities of transient effects throughout basins could then form the basis of ecological risk analyses. Large‐scale spatial data sets of a few critical variables are required before this next level of understanding can be developed and applied to sedimentation impacts on ecosystems and other resources.
COMMUNITY AND TROPHIC ORGANIZATION OF NEKTON UTILIZING SHALLOW MARSH HABITATS, YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA 1

Nekton were collected by trawl and Wegener ring at each of two stations within tidal creeks and at adjacent shoal stations in the polyhaline and oligomesohaline zones ofthe York River estuary, Virginia. Species richness was significantly higher (P 98% of the total number of individuals collected indicated that all wereessentially trophic opportunists feeding on a wide variety offood items. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were also observed for the five most abundant species. Lack of dietary specialization and the consequently large degree of diet overlap in all species may reflect the nonlimit· ing nature offood abundance in the primary nurseries, however a seasonal change in relative fullness values may indicate periodic food scarcity. The structural and functional role of shallow es­ tuarine habitats has received increasing attention in the past few years. Although widely recognized as primary nurseries, two of these habitats, marshes and seagrass meadows, have only re­ cently come under scrutiny in the lower Chesa­ peake Bay. Much of the impetus for these efforts was derived from priorities established by the Chesapeake Bay Program (Environmental Pro­ tection Agency 1979). As a result, areas covered with submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were
Sensitivity analysis of CERES-Wheat model parameters based on EFAST method.

In order to effectively identify the key parameters of crop models and reduce the inapplicability of model simulation,the Extend Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test(EFAST) was used to analyze the global sensitivity of CERES-Wheat model parameters in Shangzhuang experimental station of China Agricultural University in Beijing.The sensitivity of crop,soil and field management parameters was analyzed.The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that standard kernel size under optimum conditions had the greatest impact on the simulation wheat yields among crop cultivar parameters while lamina area to weight ratio of phase 2 was the most significant one in crop ecotype parameters.For soil parameters,nitrogen mineralized factor was the most critical input.The amount of nitrogenous fertilizer,planting date,fertilization date and planting depth among all of field management parameters had the most significant influence on the simulation results.The research showed that the global sensitivity analysis based on EFAST had guiding significance for crop model correction and provided reference for parameter selection and crop model optimization.
Unsteady analyses of the flow separation on the rea r window of a simplified ground vehicle model.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the separated flow over the 25 deg. inclined rear slanted surface of an Ahmed body. Experiments performed using hot wire anemometry and PIV concentrate on the symmetry plane of the geometry. Results show an average separated flow as well as a low Strouhal number spectral activity. POD analysis applied on the PIV instantaneous velocity fields show that the lower order mode correspond to a “flapping” behavior of the separation on the rear inclined surface, oscillating between a fully separated and a quasi-fully attached configurations.
A Test of Treeline Theory on a Montane Permafrost Island

Abstract Trees have a common high elevation distribution limit at similar soil temperatures across the globe. Here we tested whether low temperature in the root zone alone can induce the well known dwarfing at the low temperature growth limit of trees by using a “natural experiment” with trees growing on low elevation permafrost ground. At the natural high elevation treeline, both air (shoot) and soil (root) temperature are low, while at the montane permafrost site in the Swiss Jura mountains, roots are cold, but not shoots. Soil temperature records confirmed that the low elevation study site resembles thermal conditions typical for the high elevation treeline. The warm air conditions have no ameliorating effect on tree growth. Irrespective of shoot temperatures, the root zone temperature and the associated metabolism appear to determine tree growth at this site. The test revealed a critical role of soil temperature, which by itself is sufficient to explain a growth limit of trees associated with a seasonal mean soil temperature at 10 cm depth of around 6°C.
Residents' values and fuels management approaches

The research utilizes the Forest Value and Salient Value Similarity Scales to examine homeowners' value orientations and relate them to attitudes toward and support for fuels management approaches. Data were collected from homeowners living in the wildland-urban interface of the Huron- Manistee National Forest at two time periods, in 2002 and 2006. The panel data allowed for testing of whether residents' attitudes toward and support for fuel treatments changed within different value orientation and value similarity groupings over the 4-year period. Results show the Salient Value Similarity Scale provided strong predictive power in explaining attitudes toward and support for fuel treatments with the high value similarity group being more positive and supportive of the fuel management approaches over a 4-year period.
Protein biomarkers for radiation injury and testing of medical countermeasure efficacy: promises, pitfalls, and future directions

ABSTRACT Introduction Radiological/nuclear accidents, hostile military activity, or terrorist strikes have the potential to expose a large number of civilians and military personnel to high doses of radiation resulting in the development of acute radiation syndrome and delayed effects of exposure. Thus, there is an urgent need for sensitive and specific assays to assess the levels of radiation exposure to individuals. Such radiation exposures are expected to alter primary cellular proteomic processes, resulting in multifaceted biological responses. Areas covered This article covers the application of proteomics, a promising and fast developing technology based on quantitative and qualitative measurements of protein molecules for possible rapid measurement of radiation exposure levels. Recent advancements in high-resolution chromatography, mass spectrometry, high-throughput, and bioinformatics have resulted in comprehensive (relative quantitation) and precise (absolute quantitation) approaches for the discovery and accuracy of key protein biomarkers of radiation exposure. Such proteome biomarkers might prove useful for assessing radiation exposure levels as well as for extrapolating the pharmaceutical dose of countermeasures for humans based on efficacy data generated using animal models. Expert opinion The field of proteomics promises to be a valuable asset in evaluating levels of radiation exposure and characterizing radiation injury biomarkers.
Experiential Aspects of Balloon Tourism within the Context of Destination Marketing: A Qualitative Study

In today’s’ competitive tourism markets, offering the memorable and unique destination experiences became an important advantage. Considering the concept of the social and psychological needs, and motivations, it is clear that balloon tours are important in positioning and differentiation strategies of destinations. The aim of the study is to determine the dimensions of the balloon tour experiencein context of the adventure tourism. A qualitative research methodology is embraced and the reviews on Tripadvisor were analyzed with content analysis. The findings have revealed that the balloon experience has been classified in four dimensions (educational, esthetic, entertainment, escapist). The findings conform to the 4E experience framework developed by Pine & Gilmore (1999). The esthetic and entertainment dimensions are leading realms of balloon experience.
Trends in Formulation Approaches for Sustained Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye

The eye, an intricate organ comprising physical and physiological barriers, poses a significant challenge for ophthalmic physicians seeking to treat serious ocular diseases affecting the posterior segment, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite extensive efforts, the delivery of therapeutic drugs to the rear part of the eye remains an unresolved issue. This comprehensive review delves into conventional and innovative formulation strategies for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. By utilizing alternative nanoformulation approaches such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and microneedle patches, researchers and clinicians can overcome the limitations of conventional eye drops and achieve more effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. These innovative strategies offer improved drug penetration, prolonged residence time, and controlled release, enhancing therapeutic outcomes for ocular diseases. Moreover, this article explores recently approved delivery systems that leverage diverse polymer technologies, such as chitosan and hyaluronic acid, to regulate drug-controlled release over an extended period. By offering a comprehensive understanding of the available formulation strategies, this review aims to empower researchers and clinicians in their pursuit of developing highly effective treatments for posterior-segment ocular diseases.
Whole-Rock Geochemical Techniques for Evaluating Hydrothermal Alteration, Mass Changes, and Compositional Gradients Associated with Epithermal Au-Ag Mineralization

Volcanic rocks hosting quartz ± calcite ± adularia ± illite epithermal deposits undergo elemental mass changes associated with K metasomatism, K-H metasomatism, and H metasomatism that are developed progressively upward and outward from the site of mineralization as hydrothermal fluid ascends, boils, and cools. Resultant hydrothermal mineral zonation shows increasingly K-rich mineral assemblages with proximity to deposits, thus patterns of K enrichment provide a vector toward those deposits. We describe whole-rock geochemical techniques for identifying these patterns and for evaluating attendant hydrothermal mineral zonation. Whole-rock geochemical anomalies are evaluated by calculating mass changes associated with hydrothermal alteration, using a modified version of Gresens’ (1967) equation to compare the composition of altered rocks to fresh-rock equivalents. Hydrothermally altered rocks most affected by K metasomatism will be characterized by the largest K gains and, generally, Na and Ca losses. Mass changes associated with K metasomatism are also evaluated graphically using plots of molar (2Ca + Na + K)/Al versus molar K/Al. Since molar values are used to construct the plot, compositions of altered rocks can be compared to the compositions of primary and secondary K-, Na-, Ca-, and Al-bearing minerals that are located in the same compositional space, allowing identification of important hydrothermal minerals (e.g., adularia, illite, smectite) and alteration processes that are reflected in trends from fresh-rock compositions toward the compositions of hydrothermal minerals. The intensity of K metasomatism, encompassing both K gains and Na and Ca losses, can be represented by the slope of the line between an altered rock composition and the origin (i.e., the molar K/(2Ca + Na + K) value). Determinations of mass changes in altered rocks surrounding selected epithermal deposits demonstrate the predominance of K metasomatism proximal to, and commonly increasing in intensity toward, mineralized veins. Comparisons of K mass changes to trace element concentrations indicate that the area affected by K metasomatism is more extensive (100s to 1,000s of meters) than that containing anomalous concentrations of precious metals, base metals, and pathfinder elements (10s to 100s of meters); therefore, whole-rock geochemical techniques potentially extend the area over which geochemical targeting may be effective. Data from this study show that intensity of K metasomatism (molar K/(2Ca + Na + K) values) and concentrations of precious metals and pathfinder elements increase toward ore and are greatest proximal to ore, so that pathfinder element and whole-rock geochemical anomalies are complementary.
Snow density variations: consequences for ground‐penetrating radar

Reliable hydrological forecasts of snowmelt runoff are of major importance for many areas. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) measurements are used to assess snowpack water equivalent for planning of hydropower production in northern Sweden. The travel time of the radar pulse through the snow cover is recorded and converted to snow water equivalent (SWE) using a constant snowpack mean density from the drainage basin studied. In this paper we improve the method to estimate SWE by introducing a depth‐dependent snowpack density. We used 6 years measurements of peak snow depth and snowpack mean density at 11 locations in the Swedish mountains. The original method systematically overestimates the SWE at shallow depths (+25% for 0·5 m) and underestimates the SWE at large depths (−35% for 2·0 m). A large improvement was obtained by introducing a depth–density relation based on average conditions for several years, whereas refining this by using separate relations for individual years yielded a smaller improvement. The SWE estimates were substantially improved for thick snow covers, reducing the average error from 162 ± 23 mm to 53 ± 10 mm for depth range 1·2–2·0 m. Consequently, the introduction of a depth‐dependent snow density yields substantial improvements of the accuracy in SWE values calculated from GPR data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time trends in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes by socioeconomic status in Catalonia, Spain

Background: It is unclear how cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence trends have evolved in different population subgroups by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Our study aims to estimate the trends in cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in Catalonia, Spain from 2009-2018, considering age, sex, and socioeconomic deprivation. Methods: Our study is a population-based cohort study using prospectively collected data from electronic health records from primary care and hospital settings in Catalonia, Spain, from 2009-2018. Our �nal study population included 3,247,244 adults ( ≥ 40 years). We calculated the annual incidence (per 1000 persons-year) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) between three time periods of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus to measure trends and changes in incidence during the study period. Results: In 2016-2018 compared to 2009-2012, cardiovascular disease incidence increased in the 40-54 (e.g., IRR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.52-1.69 in women) and 55-69 (1.35, 1.31-1.40 in women) age groups. There was no change in cardiovascular disease incidence in women aged 70+ years, and a slight decrease in men aged 70+ years (0.93, 0.90-0.95). Hypertension incidence decreased in all age groups for both sexes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence decreased in all age groups for both sexes (e.g., 0.72, 0.70-0.73 in women aged 55-69 years), except for the 40-54 year age group (e.g., 1.09, 1.06-1.13 in women). Incidence trends by deprivation for all three conditions mirrored overall trends, although there were higher incidence levels in the most deprived areas, especially in the 40-54 and 55-69 year groups. These differences have remained constant or narrowed in recent years. Conclusions: Overall cardiovascular disease incidence has increased while hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence have decreased in the last years in Catalonia, Spain. Differences in trends by age group and socioeconomic deprivation were found. Calling attention to these differences can serve to inform policies aimed at reducing the burden of these conditions and health inequities
Quantifying denudation rates on inselbergs in the central Namib Desert using in situ–produced cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al

In situ-produced cosmogenic isotope concentrations in bedrock surfaces provide valuable estimates of site-specific, long-term rates of denudation and provide constraints for numerical landscape-evolution models. Measurements of cosmogenic {sup 10}Be and {sup 26}Al from graphite inselbergs in the arid to hyperarid central Namib Desert, Namibia, indicate a mean rate of summit lowering of 5.07 {+-} 1.1 m/m.y. over the past {ge} 10{sup 5} yr. The persistence of an arid climate in the region suggests that a similar rate may have prevailed for the past {approximately} 10 m.y. and possibly throughout much of the Cenozoic. Some samples have complex exposure histories that can be explained by the mode of inselberg weathering and mass wasting. The denudation rates estimated here are an order of magnitude higher than those reported for inselbergs in a significantly more humid environment in South Australia. This difference may largely be due to active salt weathering in the central Namib as a result of high levels of coastal fog precipitation.
Long term organic carbon dynamics in 17 Swedish lakes : The impact of acid deposition and climate change

During the last three decades, a number of studies based on national environmental monitoring data have found increased concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) in surface waters in much of the northern hemisphere including Sweden. There are many hypothesis of what has been the main cause of this trend, including changes in land use, decreased atmospheric deposition of acidifying compounds and climate change. Different hypothesis may have different implications for quantifying pre-industrial levels and for future predictions of TOC concentrations, which in turn will have different implications for water classification according to the European Water Framework Directive, water management and drinking water treatment.To analyse the long term effects of industrialisation and climate change on TOC in surface waters there is a need for long term time series of data. Since environmental monitoring data in Sweden only extends back to the mid-1980s, other techniques must be used in order to reconstruct data. In this study, sediment cores from 17 lakes along a climatic and deposition gradient in Sweden were collected and analysed with visible near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS), an analytical technique that makes it possible to reconstruct historic surface water concentrations of TOC to pre-industrial conditions. A previous study with VNIRS showed that TOC concentrations declined in response to sulfate deposition until peak sulfur deposition in 1980, and thereafter increased as a result of sharp reductions of sulfate emissions. It was noted that the rate of increase of TOC after 1980 was faster than the rate of decrease due to sulfate deposition before 1980. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the hypothesis that increasing TOC concentrations have not only been due to recovery from acidification, but also due to changes in climate.It was possible to analyse the long term effects of industrialisation and climate change on surface water TOC by analysing the reconstructed TOC data together with climate data from the beginning of the 1900s, modelled data of atmospheric sulfate deposition and environmental monitoring data, with uni- and multivariate analysis methods. It was found that the recent increase in TOC concentrations could be explained by both decreases in acidifying atmospheric deposition and increased precipitation, while temperature may have a decreasing effect on TOC. It was also found that the rate of increase of TOC-concentrations has been faster in the colder northern parts of Sweden and slower in the warmer south. The results imply that TOC concentrations will continue to rise to unpreceded levels and should be of concern for drinking water treatment plants that will need to adapt their treatment processes in the future.