Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Trends of Anthropogenic SO2, NOx, CO, and NMVOCs Emissions in China

Studies reporting the historical trends of SO2, NOx, CO, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds emissions in China using unified approaches and sources are limited. Here we established 66‐year emission trends of these four species in China. Six primary anthropogenic sources were included, and we made a series of improvements to the few existing inventories based on detailed statistical data, recently published emission factors, and technology renewal to reduce the uncertainties. National SO2, NOx, CO, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds emissions in 2015 were 27.1, 20.6, 188, and 28.4 Mt, with annual growth rates of 5.8%, 5.9%, 3.8%, and 4.6% since 1949, respectively. In recent years, fossil fuel combustion was the major contributor to SO2, NOx, and CO emissions, whereas industrial process contributed most to VOCs emissions. Our results revealed a 10% decrease in the SO2 emissions from 2005 to 2010 as a result of improvements in the flue gas desulfurization installation rate. NOx emissions stopped rising and started falling in 2011, with technology renewal and the penetration of end‐of‐pipe control measures in industrial boilers and cement production. Furthermore, we calculated future speciated VOCs emissions and ozone formation potential under alternative policy scenarios and projected to reduce emissions by 10% (compared with 2013 levels) with stringent control measures in 2020. A reactivity‐based control strategy was proposed to achieve greater ozone formation potential reductions while requiring less VOCs emissions reduction.
Epigenetic transcriptional gene silencing in Entamoeba histolytica

The human intestinal pathogen Entamoeba histolytica has a number of virulence factors which can cause damage to the host. Transcriptional silencing of the gene coding for one of its major toxic molecules, the amoebapore (Ehap‐a), occurred following the transfection of amoebic trophozoites with a plasmid containing the 5′ promoter region of Ehap‐a as well as a truncated segment of a neighboring, upstream SINE1 element that is transcribed from the opposite strand. Silencing was dependent on the presence of the truncated SINE1 sequences. Small amounts of short (∼140 n), ssRNA molecules with homology to SINE1 were detected in the silenced amoeba but no siRNA. The silenced Ehap‐a gene domain had a chromatin modification indicating transcriptional inactivation without any DNA methylation. Removal of the plasmid did not restore transcription of Ehap‐a. Transcription analysis by microarrays revealed that a number of additional genes were silenced and some were also up‐regulated. Transfections of amoeba which already had a silenced Ehap‐a, with a plasmid containing a second gene ligated to the 5′ upstream region of Ehap‐a, enabled the silencing, in‐trans, of other genes of choice. The nonvirulent phenotype of the gene‐silenced amoeba was demonstrated in various assays and the results suggest that they may have a potential use for vaccination. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(9): 598–604, 2008
Kriging-based study on the visualization of magnetic method data

In this paper the author examined the interpolation rationale of Kriging, selected a semivariogram model appropriately after the analysis of sampled data, and conducted the Kriging interpolation of measured magnetic data. The accuracy of the Kriging interpolation was also compared with that of other interpolation methods through cross validation, and the comparison shows that the geomagnetic gridding data acquired through the common Kriging interpolation are of higher accuracy and can reflect better the characteristics of regional geomagnetism.
N-(3-Nitrobenzoyl)benzenesulfonamide

In the title compound, C13H10N2O5S, the C=O bond in the —SO2—NH—CO— segment is anti to the meta-nitro group in the benzoyl ring, while the N—C bond has gauche torsions with respect to the S=O bonds. The molecule is twisted at the N atom with a dihedral angle of 79.9 (2)° between the sulfonyl benzene ring and the —SO2—NH—CO— segment. Furthermore, the dihedral angle between the benzeneline rings is 86.9 (2)°. In the structure, the molecules are linked into helical chains along the b axis via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Handling of Prepositions in English to Bengali Machine Translation

The present study focuses on the lexical meanings of prepositions rather than on the thematic meanings because it is intended for use in an English-Bengali machine translation (MT) system, where the meaning of a lexical unit must be preserved in the target language, even though it may take a different syntactic form in the source and target languages. Bengali is the fifth language in the world in terms of the number of native speakers and is an important language in India. There is no concept of preposition in Bengali. English prepositions are translated to Bengali by attaching appropriate inflections to the head noun of the prepositional phrase (PP), i.e., the object of the preposition. The choice of the inflection depends on the spelling pattern of the translated Bengali head noun. Further postpositional words may also appear in the Bengali translation for some prepositions. The choice of the appropriate post-positional word depends on the WordNet synset information of the head noun. Idiomatic or metaphoric PPs are translated into Bengali by looking into a bilingual example base. The analysis presented here is general and applicable for translation from English to many other Indo-Aryan languages that handle prepositions using inflections and postpositions.
Mapping environmental sustainability: Reflecting on systemic practices for participatory research

While there is growing interest in participatory research to address issues around environmental sustainability, the focus of analysis tends to be on the results or products of the research rather than the processes involved. Addressing this gap, the authors draw on their experience of specific mapping techniques, based on different systemic concepts and theories, that have helped facilitate, explore and capture different understandings of the relationships, perspectives and boundaries within situations involving environmental sustainability. The development of visual mapping techniques are explained and practical case studies describe their application in environmental sustainability projects, from working with farmers and their networks to using visual mapping with indigenous communities and managing coastal environments. Each case study provides a 'real world' project example from researchers with extensive experience of using these techniques to research different aspects of environmental sustainability over several decades.
Passage retrieval in a question answering system.

In this paper, we describe a passage retrieval component for a questioning answering system and we evaluate its performance on Swedish documents. We used a corpus of questions and answers transcribed from the Swedish board game Kvitt eller dubbelt and, as source for the passages, we used the articles of the Swedish version of Wikipedia. We show that Wikipedia is a suitable knowledge source to answer the game questions. For answers consisting of one word, we could extract passages of text that contained the right answer for 91% of the questions and when these answers corresponded to an entity, we found and ranked correct answers for up to 75% of the questions.
Towards Stability Analysis of Data Transport Mechanisms: A Fluid Model and an Application

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) utilizes congestion avoidance and control mechanisms as a preventive measure against congestive collapse and as an adaptive measure in the presence of changing network conditions. The set of available congestion control algorithms is diverse, and while many have been studied from empirical and simulation perspectives, there is a notable lack of analytical work for some variants. To gain more insight into the dynamics of these algorithms, we: (1) propose a general modeling scheme consisting of a set of functional differential equations of retarded type (RFDEs) and of the congestion window as a function of time; (2) apply this scheme to TCP Reno and demonstrate its equivalence to a previous, well known model for TCP Reno; (3) show an application of the new framework to the widely-deployed congestion control algorithm TCP CUBIC, for which analytical models are few and limited; and (4) validate the model using simulations. Our modeling framework yields a fluid model for TCP CUBIC. From a theoretical analysis of this model, we discover that TCP CUBIC is locally uniformly asymptotically stable-a property of the algorithm previously unknown.
The Maximum Common Subgraph Problem: Faster Solutions via Vertex Cover

In the maximum common subgraph (MCS) problem, we are given a pair of graphs and asked to find the largest induced subgraph common to them both. With its plethora of applications, MCS is a familiar and challenging problem. Many algorithms exist that can deliver optimal MCS solutions, but whose asymptotic worst-case run times fail to do better than mere brute-force, which is exponential in the order of the smaller graph. In this paper, we present a faster solution to MCS. We transform an essential part of the search process into the task of enumerating maximal independent sets in only a part of only one of the input graphs. This is made possible by exploiting an efficient decomposition of a graph into a minimum vertex cover and the maximum independent set in its complement. The result is an algorithm whose run time is bounded by a function exponential in the order of the smaller cover rather than in the order of the smaller graph.
The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.

BACKGROUND Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader's ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments. CONTENT The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement. SUMMARY Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.
A rare sequence variant in intron 1 of THAP1 is associated with primary dystonia

Although coding variants in THAP1 have been causally associated with primary dystonia, the contribution of noncoding variants remains uncertain. Herein, we examine a previously identified Intron 1 variant (c.71+9C>A, rs200209986). Among 1672 subjects with mainly adult‐onset primary dystonia, 12 harbored the variant in contrast to 1/1574 controls (P < 0.01). Dystonia classification included cervical dystonia (N = 3), laryngeal dystonia (adductor subtype, N = 3), jaw‐opening oromandibular dystonia (N = 1), blepharospasm (N = 2), and unclassified (N = 3). Age of dystonia onset ranged from 25 to 69 years (mean = 54 years). In comparison to controls with no identified THAP1 sequence variants, the c.71+9C>A variant was associated with an elevated ratio of Isoform 1 (NM_018105) to Isoform 2 (NM_199003) in leukocytes. In silico and minigene analyses indicated that c.71+9C>A alters THAP1 splicing. Lymphoblastoid cells harboring the c.71+9C>A variant showed extensive apoptosis with relatively fewer cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Differentially expressed genes from lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the c.71+9C>A variant exerts effects on DNA synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. In aggregate, these data indicate that THAP1 c.71+9C>A is a risk factor for adult‐onset primary dystonia.
LIFEGUARD proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi

Pathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. BAX INHIBITOR-1 (BI-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. LIFEGUARD (LFG) proteins resemble BI-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear sequence-specific distinctions. This work shows that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes harbour five LFG genes, HvLFGa–HvLFGe and AtLFG1–AtLFG5, whose functions are largely uncharacterized. As observed for HvBI-1, single-cell overexpression of HvLFGa supports penetration success of B. graminis f.sp. hordei into barley epidermal cells, while transient-induced gene silencing restricts it. In penetrated barley epidermal cells, a green fluorescent protein-tagged HvLFGa protein accumulates at the site of fungal entry, around fungal haustoria and in endosomal or vacuolar membranes. The data further suggest a role of LFG proteins in plant–powdery mildew interactions in both monocot and dicot plants, because stable overexpression or knockdown of AtLFG1 or AtLFG2 also support or delay development of the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on the respective Arabidopsis mutants. Together, this work has identified new modulators of plant–powdery mildew interactions, and the data further support functional similarities between BI-1 and LFG proteins beyond cell death regulation.
From Binswanger's Disease to Leuokoaraiosis: What We Have Learned About Subcortical Vascular Dementia

The literature regarding subcortical vascular dementia associated with periventricular and deep white matter alterations is reviewed. Information pertaining to neuropathological, neuropsychological, and neuroradiological studies is emphasized. Based on this review and prior neuropsychological studies associating subcortical vascular pathology with greater deficits on tests of executive dysfunction and with relatively better performance on tests of delayed recognition memory, we conclude that vascular dementia associated with periventricular and deep white matter alterations can and should be regarded as a subcortical dementing illness. Also, we support schemes suggested by Erkinjuntti et al. (2000) and Cosentino et al. (this issue) that attempt to integrate neuropsychological and neuroradiological data into a diagnostic paradigm that describes, as well as diagnoses, dementing disorders. We discuss questions and issues about vascular dementia that deserve further consideration and study.
Automatic Text Summarization (The state of the art 2007 and new challenges)

The headline of this paper names a research area originating from the late 50's but not loosing its popularity until the present time. Moreover, one of the most relevant today's problems caused by the rapid growth of the Web, which is called information overloading, has increased the necessity of more sophisticated and powerful summarizers. This paper shortly introduces a taxonomy of summarization methods and an overview of their principles from classical ones, over corpus based, to knowledge rich approaches. We consider various aspects which can affect their classification. A special attention is devoted to application of recent information reduction methods, based on algebraic transformations. Further, we introduce experiences with the development of our own summarizing method. Finally, some new ideas and a conception for the future of this field are mentioned.
Pixel Cache Light Tracing

In this paper, we introduce Pixel Cache Light Tracing, which is a new low-noise combination of eye-path and light-path tracing. In the ﬁrst pass, eye-path vertices are distributed from the observer and stored in a hit point map analogous to progressive photon mapping. In the second pass, photons are traced from the light source and projected to the image as well as gathered by the hit point map. We combine the paths from both sampling strategies in a deterministic way without multiple importance sampling, such that the ﬁnal result is consistent and free from ﬁreﬂy artifacts. In many practical cases, this combination leads to sharper caustics and reduced noise when compared to alternative techniques at equal time. Further, the simplicity of the path combination strategy is predestined for GPU-based implementations and requires less memory than a comparable photon mapping implementation. In addition, we provide a fast, parallel and lean hash map implementation for both photon and hit point queries.
Cloning and sequencing of the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein 3r-encoding gene of Enterococcus hirae S185: modular design and structural organization of the protein

The clinical isolate Enterococcus hirae S185 has a peculiar mode of resistance to penicillin in that it possesses two low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs): the 71-kDa PBP5, also found in other enterococci, and the 77-kDa PBP3r. The two PBPs have the same low affinity for the drug and are immunochemically related to each other. The PBP3r-encoding gene has been cloned and sequenced, and the derived amino acid sequence has been compared by computer-assisted hydrophobic cluster analysis with that of the low-affinity PBP5 of E. hirae R40, the low-affinity PBP2' of Staphylococcus aureus, and the PBP2 of Escherichia coli used as the standard of reference of the high-M(r) PBPs of class B. On the basis of the shapes, sizes, and distributions of the hydrophobic and nonhydrophobic clusters along the sequences and the linear amino acid alignments derived from this analysis, the dyad PBP3r-PBP5 has an identity index of 78.5%, the triad PBP3r-PBP5-PBP2' has an identity index of 29%, and the tetrad PBP3r-PBP5-PBP2'-PBP2 (of E. coli) has an identity index of 13%. In spite of this divergence, the low-affinity PBPs are of identical modular design and possess the nine amino acid groupings (boxes) typical of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the high-M(r) PBPs of class B. At variance with the latter PBPs, however, the low-affinity PBPs have an additional approximately 110-amino-acid polypeptide stretch that is inserted between the amino end of the N-terminal domain and the carboxy end of the membrane anchor. While the enterococcal PBP5 gene is chromosome borne, the PBP3r gene appears to be physically linked to the erm gene, which confers resistance to erythromycin and is known to be plasmid borne in almost all the Streptococcus spp. examined.
Imputing Amino Acid Polymorphisms in Human Leukocyte Antigens

DNA sequence variation within human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes mediate susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. The complex genetic structure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) makes it difficult, however, to collect genotyping data in large cohorts. Long-range linkage disequilibrium between HLA loci and SNP markers across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region offers an alternative approach through imputation to interrogate HLA variation in existing GWAS data sets. Here we describe a computational strategy, SNP2HLA, to impute classical alleles and amino acid polymorphisms at class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class II (-DPA1, -DPB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1) loci. To characterize performance of SNP2HLA, we constructed two European ancestry reference panels, one based on data collected in HapMap-CEPH pedigrees (90 individuals) and another based on data collected by the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC, 5,225 individuals). We imputed HLA alleles in an independent data set from the British 1958 Birth Cohort (N = 918) with gold standard four-digit HLA types and SNPs genotyped using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K and Illumina Immunochip microarrays. We demonstrate that the sample size of the reference panel, rather than SNP density of the genotyping platform, is critical to achieve high imputation accuracy. Using the larger T1DGC reference panel, the average accuracy at four-digit resolution is 94.7% using the low-density Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K, and 96.7% using the high-density Illumina Immunochip. For amino acid polymorphisms within HLA genes, we achieve 98.6% and 99.3% accuracy using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K and Illumina Immunochip, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate how imputation and association testing at amino acid resolution can facilitate fine-mapping of primary MHC association signals, giving a specific example from type 1 diabetes.
Spin-Labeled MR Imaging Hyperperfusion Identified with Arterial Anoxic Injury-Associated Cerebral

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anoxic brain injury is a devastating result of prolonged hypoxia. The goal of this study was to use arterial spin-labeling (ASL) to characterize the perfusion patterns encountered after anoxic injury to the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with a history of anoxic or hypoxic-ischemic injury ranging in age from 1.5 to 78.0 years (mean, 50.3 years) were analyzed with conventional MR imaging and pulsed ASL 1.0–13.0 days (mean, 4.6 days) after anoxic insult. The cerebral perfusion in each case was quantified by using pulsed ASL as part of the standard stroke protocol. Correlation was made among perfusion imaging, conventional imaging, clinical history, laboratory values, and outcome. RESULTS: Fifteen of the 16 patients showed marked global hyperperfusion, and 1 patient showed unilateral marked hyperperfusion. Mean gray matter (GM) cerebral blood flow (CBF) in these patients was 142.6 mL/100 g of tissue per minute (ranging from 79.9 to 204.4 mL/100 g of tissue per minute). Global GM CBF was significantly higher in anoxic injury subjects, compared with age-matched control groups with and without infarction (F 2,39 (cid:1) 63.11; P (cid:2) . 001). Three patients had global hyperperfusion sparing areas of acute infarction. Conventional imaging showed characteristic restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia ( n (cid:1) 10) and cortex ( n (cid:1) 13). Most patients examined died ( n (cid:1) 12), with only 4 patients surviving at the 4-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pulsed ASL can dramatically demonstrate and quantify the severity of the cerebral hyperperfusion after a global anoxic injury. The global hyperperfusion probably results from loss of autoregulation of cerebral vascular resistance.
Why Low-Mass Black Hole Binaries Are Transient

We consider transient behavior in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). In short-period neutron star systems (orbital period ≲1 day) irradiation of the accretion disk by the central source suppresses this behavior except at very low mass transfer rates. Formation constraints, however, imply that a significant fraction of these neutron star systems have nuclear-evolved main-sequence secondaries and thus mass transfer rates low enough to be transient. But most short-period low-mass black hole systems will form with unevolved main-sequence companions and have much higher mass transfer rates. The fact that essentially all of them are nevertheless transient shows that irradiation is weaker, which is a direct consequence of the fundamental black hole property—the lack of a hard stellar surface.