Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of People with HIV/AIDS in The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study aims to understand representational meanings from the transitivity choices used by news reports from The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe in reporting people with HIV-positive cases and exposing the underlying ideology behind the representation. Fairclough’s three-dimensional concept in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was applied in this study. The study also relied on Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, particularly in the transitivity analysis. Two selected articles were collected from The Jakarta Post and Jakarta Globe newspapers. The findings revealed that both news media dominantly report people with HIV/AIDS through material process, then followed by verbal process and relational process. Next, the study found that people with HIV/AIDS are represented as discriminated and threatened group in The Jakarta Post ; meanwhile, they are represented as a mistreated group in Jakarta Globe . Last, the study found that The Jakarta Post attempts to construct that people with HIV/AIDS need to be more accepted and protected; meanwhile, Jakarta Globe attempts to construct an idea that people with HIV/AIDS need to be given more attention. To sum up, the combination of the both theories is substantially advantageous in the discourse to expose ideology.
MCLR induce oxidative DNA damage as determined by different methods

Objective To study oxidative DNA damages in human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 treated with MCLR,as determined by different methods.Methods Oxidative DNA damages were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection(HPLC-ECD) and immunostaining of 8-hydroxydeoxiguanosine(8-OHdG). Results MCLR at high(100μmol/L) doses significantly increased 8-OHdG levels,and the trend of increase in 8-OHdG levels was detected in the low and medium doses by HPLC-ECD.The staining intensity of 8-OHdG in cells treated with different doses of MCLR were stronger than that of untreated cells,and the dose-response relationship was founded by immunostaining of 8-OHdG.Conclusion MCLR induced oxidative DNA damages in human hepatoma cell lines.The analysis results of the two methods are coincidence.Immunostaining of 8-OHdG is reliable and sensitive method for detecting oxidative DNA damages and could be applied to the study of human diseases and environmental monitoring.
Singlet Excited‐state Lifetimes of Cytosine Derivatives Measured by Femtosecond Transient Absorption ¶

Lifetimes of the lowest excited singlet (S1) electronic states of various derivatives of the pyrimidine nucleobase cytosine (Cyt) were measured by the femtosecond transient absorption technique. The bases were excited in room‐temperature aqueous solution at 265 nm using approximately 200 fs pump pulses from a titanium–sapphire laser system. The decay of excited‐state absorption (ESA) at visible probe wavelengths was used to determine the S1 lifetimes of a variety of modified Cyt compounds at different pH values by global fitting. Identical lifetimes were observed for Cyt and cytidine (Cyd) within experimental uncertainty, but ESA by the ribonucleoside was considerably stronger, suggesting that the ribose group increases the oscillator strength of the S1→ SN transition. The S1 lifetime of the important minor base 5‐methylcytosine (m5Cyt) is 7.2 ± 0.4 ps at pH 6.8. The same lifetime was measured for the ribonucleoside 5‐methylcytidine, but sugar substitution again increased the strength of the ESA signal. Protonation of Cyd and m5Cyt at low pH led to a modest decrease in their S1 lifetimes. On the other hand, deprotonation of Cyt and m5Cyt significantly increased the lifetime of their respective S1 states. These trends support the intermediacy of the n,π* state localized on the carbonyl oxygen in the nonradiative decay mechanism of Cyt. Longer S1 lifetimes were observed for 5‐fluorocytosine and N‐acetylcytosine. Collectively, these results illustrate the great potential of femtosecond laser spectroscopy for investigating excited‐state dynamics in DNA and DNA components.
UWS Academic Portal Employee voice and silence in multinational corporations in the mobile telecommunications industry in Nigeria Emelifeonwu,

The purpose of this paper was to explore employee voice and silence in the mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria. An exploratory qualitative case study methodology was employed in this study. Participant selection was done through a purposeful intensity sampling technique, which resulted in 30 employees from two different multinational organisations and an indigenous organisation taking part in in-depth interviews. Findings revealed the presence of fear of victimization in the Nigerian workplace embellished by the Sub-Saharan culture and the state of the labour market, which resulted in employee silence. This paper contributes to the literature on Employee Relations by concluding that a national culture characterized by high power distance as well as high unemployment rates stifles employee voice and instils silence. However, the implementation of culturally adapted employee voice mechanisms within organisations in the mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria promotes employee voice and organisational performance, whereas a lack thereof results in organisational failure.
The Impact of Board Characteristics on Co-operative Reputation From the Lense of Resource-Based View Theory (RBVT)

Numerous studies on corporate governance proposed the connection of boards’ characteristics on firm performance and reputation. However, the results are mixed and limited research in the co-operatives context has creates a great interest to fill the conspicuous gap. This study seeks to examine the potential relationship between board characteristics and co-operative reputation in Malaysia from the perspective of resource-based view theory (RBVT). Hence, multiple regressions were conducted to analyze the relationship between co-operatives reputation with the respect of Top 100 Co-operatives Index and board characteristics in terms of board size, ethnic diversity, gender diversity, age diversity and education diversity in this study. The sample is composed of 61 listed co-operatives in the Top 100 Co-operatives Index for the three-consecutive year during the period 2015 to 2017. Reputation data were obtained from Top 100 Co-operative Index that published at Malaysia Co-operative Societies Commission (MCSC) website. While, the data of board characteristics and co-operative size on log of total assets which lagged by a year were extracted from MCSC’s INFOKOP system that provides both financial and non-financial data. The results found that Malaysian co-operatives that appear high up in terms of ranking in the reputation MCSC index tend to have a greater proportion of high educational directors on their board. Other board characteristics including board size, ethnic diversity, gender diversity and age diversity were not associated with the reputation of co-operatives. This generally can be explained that different types of law, geography, historical background, cultural environment and other factors may affect composition and diversity; and particularly the board in co-operative societies. Findings of this study provide insights into potential strategies in relation to corporate governance towards improving co-operative’s values and indirectly help the government in achieving the national economic goals.
UVA‐ketoprofen–induced Hemoglobin Radicals Detected by Immuno–spin Trapping ¶

Ketoprofen (3‐benzoyl‐α‐methylbenzeneacetic acid, KP) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) that causes both phototoxicity and photoallergy. Here, we investigated the formation of hemoglobin radicals, in both purified hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC), induced by ultraviolet A (UVA)–KP by using “immuno–spin trapping,” a novel approach that combines the specificity of spin trapping with the sensitivity of antigen–antibody interactions. The methemoglobin (metHb) radicals react covalently with 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO) to form nitroxyl radical adducts that are oxidized to the corresponding nitrone adducts, which in turn are specifically recognized by antiserum against DMPO nitrone. We found that the formation of nitrone adducts in metHb depended on the UVA dose, the KP concentration and the presence of DMPO, as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Adduct formation decreased when irradiation was carried out in the presence of catalase or nitrogen, suggesting that H2O2 plays a key role in KP‐UVA–induced metHb radical formation. KP in the dark did not generate metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts, whereas UVA alone resulted in the formation of metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts that increased with UVA dose from 4 to 10 J/cm2. However, KP (25 and 200 μM) plus UVA (4 and 10 J/cm2) resulted in a significant increase in the formation of metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts as compared with UVA or KP alone, indicating that KP photosensitized the production of the metHb radicals in the presence of UVA. In contrast, no metHb radical–derived nitrone adduct was detected in the absence of DMPO, even though KP and UVA were present. We also detected the hemoglobin radical formation in RBC as well as in hemolysates. The endogenous antioxidants and exogenous reduced glutathione inhibited the protein radical formation. These studies have shown that the immuno–spin‐trapping technique can be used to detect radical damage in proteins as a result of photosensitizing reactions. The successful detection of protein radical formation caused by KP photosensitization could help further understand the photoallergic effect of this NSAID.
Photoimmunosuppression

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can exert a variety of biological effects, including induction of skin cancer, premature skin ageing and inhibition of the immune system. The immunosuppressive properties of UV radiation are of major biological relevance since suppression of the immune system by UV radiation is not only responsible for the exacerbation of infectious diseases following UV exposure, but also contributes to the induction of skin cancer. Hence, understanding of the mechanisms by which UV radiation compromises the immune system is of primary importance. UV radiation suppresses the immune system in multiple ways. It inhibits antigen presentation, stimulates the release of immunosuppressive cytokines and induces the generation of lymphocytes of the suppressor subtype. In the following, some of the basic mechanisms underlying UV‐induced immunosuppression will be discussed.
Evaluation of the Photosensitizer Tookad® for Photodynamic Therapy on the Syrian Golden Hamster Cheek Pouch Model: Light Dose, Drug Dose and Drug–light Interval Effects ¶

We have evaluated the efficacy of the new photosensitizer (PS) Tookad® in photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo. This PS is a palladium‐bacteriopheophorbide presenting absorption peaks at 762 and 538 nm. The light dose, drug dose and drug injection–light irradiation interval (DLI), ranging between 100 and 300 J/cm2, 1 and 5 mg/kg and from 10 to 240 min, respectively, were varied, and the response to PDT was analyzed by staging the macroscopic response and by the histological examination of the sections of the irradiated cheek pouch. The level of PDT response, macroscopically and histologically, shows a strong dependence on the DLI, light dose and drug dose at the applied conditions in the normal hamster cheek pouch. A decay of the tissular response with increasing DLI is observed corresponding to a time of half‐maximum response ranging from 10 to 120 min, depending on drug dose and light dose. The tissues affected at the lowest doses are predominantly the vascularized diffuse connective tissue situated between the inner and outer striated muscle (SM) layers as well as these muscle layers themselves. The highest response at the shortest DLI and the absence of a measurable response at DLI longer than 240 min at 300 J/cm2 and drug dose of 5 mg/kg are characteristics of a predominantly vascular effect of this PS. This observation suggests that Tookad® could be effective in PDT of vascularized lesions or pathologies associated with the proliferation of neovessels.
Ultraviolet‐B Radiation Causes an Upregulation of Survivin in Human Keratinocytes and Mouse Skin ¶

Understanding of the mechanism of ultraviolet (UV)‐mediated cutaneous damages is far from complete. The cancer‐specific expression of Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins, coupled with its importance in inhibiting cell death and in regulating cell division, makes it a target for cancer treatment. This study was designed to investigate the modulation of Survivin during UV response, both in vitro and in vivo. We used UV‐B‐mediated damages in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) cells as an in vitro model and SKH‐1 hairless mouse model for the in vivo studies. For in vitro studies, NHEK were treated with UV‐B and samples were processed at 5, 15, 30 min, 1,3,6,12 and 24 h after treatment. Our data demonstrated that UV‐B exposure (50 mJ/cm2) to NHEK resulted in a significant upregulation in Survivin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. We also observed that UV‐B exposure to NHEK resulted in significant ( 1 ) decrease in Smac/DIABLO and ( 2 ) increase in p53. For in vivo studies, the SKH‐1 hairless mice were subjected to a single exposure of UV‐B (180 mJ/cm2), and samples were processed at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after UV‐B exposure, UV‐B treatment resulted in a significant increase in protein or mRNA levels (or both) of Survivin, phospho‐Survivin and p53 and a concomitant decrease in Smac/DIABLO in mouse skin. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the involvement of Survivin (and the associated events) in UV‐B response in vitro and in vivo in experimental models regarded to have relevance to human situations.
Absolute Rate Constants for the Quenching of Reactive Excited States by Melanin and Related 5,6‐Dihydroxyindole Metabolites: Implications for Their Antioxidant Activity

The triplet‐excited state of benzophenone and the singlet‐excited state of 2,3‐diazabicyclo[2.2. 2]oct‐2‐ene (Fluorazophore‐P) have been employed as kinetic probes to obtain information on the antioxidant activity of the skin and eye pigment melanin and its biogenetic precursors 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA). The excited states were generated by the laser‐flash photolysis technique and their reaction kinetics was examined by time‐resolved transient absorption or fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The reaction between triplet benzophenone and DHI produced with unit efficiency the corresponding 6O‐centered semiquinone radical, which was characterized by its characteristic transient absorption. The quenching rate constants for DHI (3.1 – 8.4 × 109M−1 s−1) and DHICA (3.3–5.5 × 109M−1 s−1) were near the diffusion‐controlled limit, indicating excellent antioxidant properties. Kinetic solvent effects were observed. The reactivity of synthetic melanin, assessed through the quenching rate constant of Fluorazophore‐P and normalized to the number of monomer units, was more than one order of magnitude lower (2.7 × 108M−1 s−1) than that of its precursors. The trend of the quenching rate constants, i.e. DHI > DHICA ∼α‐tocopherol > melanin, along with the preferential solubility of DHICA in aqueous environments, serves to account for several experimental results from biochemical studies on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by these natural antioxidants.
Energetic cost of foraging in the ant Rhytidoponera aurata in tropical Australia

Abstract. The energetic costs of foraging by the ant Rhytidoponera aurata (Roger) were investigated both in the laboratory and field. The cost of running was estimated for workers under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Ants were placed in a ring‐shaped respiration chamber, connected to a through‐flow respirometer, in which they could run freely while their speed and respiratory rates were monitored simultaneously. The energetic costs were measured for workers while running at different speeds, and the same individuals were then used to measure the additional costs of carrying loads. Loads consisted of pieces of platinum one to two times the body mass of the ant, glued to the ants' thoraxes. These were relatively small loads compared to their natural food items. The mean cost of locomotion was 166 mJ/mg/km, and the mean cost of load carriage was 179 mJ/mg/km. A field experiment was carried out in three biotypes in open forest in Northern Territory, Australia, where worker R. aurata forage only during daylight hours at air temperatures ranging from 31 to 36 °C. Food items were placed randomly within the territory of a nest, and the duration and distance of its transportation to the nest by a forager was recorded. There were no significant differences in the frequencies with which ants selected different sized food items in the range 15–165 mg, whereas items weighing 5 mg were selected less often. The relationship between the speed of running and size of a food item transported was linear but this differed in each of three types of ground vegetation recognized. The energy cost of load carriage was extremely small compared with the energetic benefit, e.g. the energy content in a 165 mg food item is equivalent to the cost of carrying it over a distance of 78 km taking 129 days under laboratory conditions. Thus, the main limiting factor in energetic terms for this species is not the retrieval of food items, but the foraging time required to find a food source.
Time‐resolved Thermodynamic Analysis of the Oat Phytochrome A Phototransformation. A Photothermal Beam Deflection Study † ¶

The time‐resolved enthalpy and the structural volume changes after excitation of native oat phytochrome A were studied in the micro‐ to milliseconds range by photothermal beam deflection (PBD), a technique that follows the time‐resolved refractive index changes upon decay of the excited species. The first set of intermediates, I7001 and I7002, stores ca 83% of the energy of the first excited state, in agreement with previous optoacoustic data, whereas the second set stores only ca 18%. The temperature dependence of the amplitudes ratio for the optical absorbances of the (I7001+ I7002) intermediates set is explained on the basis of the thermochromic equilibrium between Pr,657 and Pr,672, which also is in line with the present PBD data. These data were best fitted with a parallel mechanism (with equal yield in each branch) for the production of the first set of intermediates, I7001 and I7002, as well as the second set of intermediates, Ibl1 and Ibl2. Thus, the final steps toward Pfr should be largely driven by positive entropic changes brought about by protein movements, in line with previous resonance Raman data. For the production of the first set of intermediates (I7001 and I7002) an expansion of 18 ± 13 mL mol−1 was determined, and a further expansion ≥7 mL mol−1 was estimated for the decay from I700i to the set of Ibl intermediates, indicating that the far red–absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) has a larger volume than the red‐absorbing form of phytochrome. This is in agreement with previous chromatographic and circular dichroism data according to which Pfr shows a larger volume and the chromophore shows a higher accessibility, respectively, in the Pfr state.
A2E: A Component of Ocular Lipofuscin ¶

The presence of lipofuscin in post mitotic cells is considered a hallmark of the aging process. In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), lipofuscin is found as micrometer‐sized spherical particles and characterized by its yellow autofluorescence when exposed to blue light. This exposure to light is also known to produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), but the particular molecular constituent(s) responsible for this phototoxicity have yet to be completely identified. Resulting mostly from the autophagocytosis of intracellular organelles, the composition of lipofuscin is poorly defined but known to contain protein, lipids and several fluorophores. The subsequent identification of one of the fluorophores in lipofuscin, A2E, generated much interest and resulted in a variety of studies to understand its potential role in the phototoxicity of lipofuscin. Several modes of toxicity have been suggested through which A2E can affect the health of RPE cells. These modes include photoinduced production of ROI, which places additional oxidative stress on RPE cells, the disruption of membrane integrity through its natural role as an amphiphilic detergent and inhibition of key cellular functions. This article presents the current understanding of the photochemistry of A2E and its involvement as a phototoxic agent in RPE cells.
Studies of All‐trans‐retinal as a Photooxidizing Agent ¶

The photophysical properties of all‐trans‐retinal (RAL) have been extensively studied because of the importance of the retinoids in the visual process. However, little information is available regarding the participation of RAL in photochemical transformations such as photooxidation. RAL is one of several native chromophores that have been suggested to act as photosensitizers of damage in the human retina, and this damage would likely occur through oxidative pathways. Time‐resolved and steady state techniques have been used to examine the photoreactivity of RAL toward several suitable substrates. The lifetime of the RAL triplet excited state is observed to decrease with increasing concentration of the well‐known electron and hydrogen atom donors, 2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (DAD), hydroquinone (HQ), methylhydroquinone (MHQ), 2,3‐dimethylhydroquinone (DMHQ) and trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ), although the bimolecular rate constants for the reaction are much less than that of diffusion controlled (2.9 × 107M−1 s−1, 1.2 × 105M−1 s−1, 1.2 × 105M−1 s−1, 1.5 × 105M−1 s−1 and 1.6 × 106M−1 s−1, for DAD, HQ, MHQ, DMHQ and TMHQ, respectively). In the presence of the donors, new absorptions grow concomitant with the decay of the triplet excited state, and for DAD and TMHQ, the observed spectra are similar to the spectra of p‐phenylenediamine and TMHQ radicals. Irradiation of RAL in argon‐saturated methanol results in fairly efficient photobleaching of RAL and in the formation of two new compounds having absorption spectra that are shifted below 300 nm. Irradiation of RAL in argon‐saturated acetonitrile also results in photobleaching of RAL, but the reaction proceeds at a slower rate.
UVB Irradiation of Normal Human Skin Favors the Development of Type‐2 T‐cells In Vivo and in Primary Dermal Cell Cultures ¶

To determine the effect of UVB exposure on the balance of type‐1 or type‐2 T‐cells in skin, we examined the expression of key markers interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐4 in cryostat sections. IFN‐γ mRNA was clearly detectable in nonirradiated control skin, and IFN‐γ protein was found in 2% of the dermal CD3pos T‐cells, whereas IL‐4 mRNA was hardly detectable, and no IL‐4 protein was found. In contrast, IL‐4 mRNA expression increased upon irradiation, and IL‐4 was found in 2% of the T‐cells at day 2 after UVB‐exposure. Concomitantly, IFN‐γ mRNA expression decreased, and IFN‐γ protein became absent. We also analyzed T‐cells present in primary dermal cell cultures, which were used as an in vitro equivalent of the in vivo situation. As compared with T‐cells from control skin, T‐cells in dermal cell cultures from UVB‐exposed skin displayed an increased IL‐4 and decreased IFN‐γ expression. No such skewing occurred when the T‐cells from irradiated skin were cloned in the absence of a dermal microenvironment. Except for an occasional positive T‐cell, type‐1–associated cell‐surface markers (CCR5, CXCR3) or type‐2 markers (CCR3, CD30, CRTH2) were undetectable in situ. But these markers were expressed on cultured dermal T‐cells from UVB‐exposed and control skin at a comparable level, but did not correlate with the IFN‐γ and IL‐4 production. Altogether, UVB‐induced changes of the dermal microenvironment favor the development of type‐2 T‐cells.