Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thirty-Year Manuring and Fertilization Effects on Heavy Metals in Black Soil and Soil Aggregates in Northeastern China

To evaluate the effects of thirty years of manure and chemical fertilizer applications on metal accumulations in soil and soil aggregates, fresh soils were separated by wet sieving into four aggregate fractions and heavy-metal concentrations in soil and aggregates were determined. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in microaggregates ranged from 20.2 to 39.6 g carbon (C) kg−1, which was significantly greater than those in the other fractions. The proportion of heavy metals in small macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction accounted for 45.5 ± 10.6% and 35.8 ± 14.1% of the total amount in soil, respectively, which might be due primarily to their greater mass percentages in soil. Both chemical fertilizer and manure significantly stimulated iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) accumulation; horse manure also increased copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) concentration in bulk soils as compared with the control. The results also indicated that heavy-metal distribution in aggregates was not controlled by SOC but possibly by soil clay.
Interfacial tension between water and non-polar fluids up to 473 K and 2800 bar

The method of the Pendant Drop or Standing Bubble is applied to measure interfacial tensions between water and nonpolar fluids to high temperatures and pressures. The high pressure cell with two sapphire windows and the auxiliary equipment with several feed autoclaves is described. The shapes and sizes (about 2 mm) of drops and bubbles are recorded with microscope and video camera. A digital image processing procedure was developed which permits fast, objective and precise determination of the contour parameters. The six gases helium, neon, argon, nitrogen, methane, and propane have been investigated to 473 K (with nitrogen to 573 K) and (in part) to 2800 bar. Gas densities came close to liquid density values. For comparison, water plus liquid n-hexane, n-decane, and toluene was investigated to 473 K and 3000 bar. For these liquid hydrocarbons, the interfacial tension γ always increases with pressure. At 373 K for water-n-hexane γ is 41.8 mN/m at 100 bar and 47.3 mN/m at 2600 bar, respectively. In the water-gas systems γ decreases with pressure and passes through a flat minimum around 1000 bar. For water-nitrogen at 373 K γ = 52.5, 46.5 and 48.3 mN/m at 200, 1400 and 2800 bar. Only with water-helium γ increases continuously with pressure.
Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of Nb doped PZT films

Abstract Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and Pb(Zr,Ti,Nb)O3 (PNZT) thin films were grown on platinized silicon substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering followed by a post-annealing treatment. The Niobium, Nb, concentration varied from 1 to 7 at. % by increment of 1 at. %. The effects of the Nb introduction on the PZT electrical properties, i.e, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric ones were investigated. The relative dielectric constant (ϵr) was very sensitive to the Nb introduction; ϵr reaches 1100 for a PNZT film doped at 2 at. % in comparison to 820 for a PZT film. The ferroelectric properties were also dependent of the doping level; in particular the remnant polarization reaches its maximum value for a 2 at. % Nb doped PZT film. The introduction of Nb enhances the piezoelectric properties of the films. The maximum value of d33 varied from 55 pm/V for PZT films to 115 pm/V for a 2 at. % Nb doped films. For this doping level, e31rem reaches its maximum value: − 4.6 C/m2. PNZT thin films, with weak Nb concentration (comprised between 1 to 2 at.%) are suitable for microsystems realization.
Effects of bicarbonate and iron supply on Fe(III) reducing capacity of roots and leaf chlorosis of the susceptible peach rootstock “Nemaguard”

Abstract Peach varieties grafted on the rootstock “Nemaguard” (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) usually show chlorosis when grown in calcareous soils. This chlorosis can be corrected by applying iron chelates to the soil. In this work we present results on the behavior of “Nemaguard” seedlings grown in nutrient solutions with different concentrations of bicarbonate and Fe as FeEDDHA. Chlorosis degree was increased by either increasing bicarbonate (0–15 mM) or decreasing Fe (100–0 μM). Shoot dry weight was decreased in chlorotic plants, but also in green plants grown with bicarbonate (15 mM) and high Fe (100 μM). This indicates that the growth decrease caused by bicarbonate is not only related to Fe deficiency chlorosis. When plants were grown with 10 mM bicarbonate and 2.5 μM Fe and showed clear chlorosis symptoms, they were transferred to a similar nutrient solution but with 100 μM Fe. After one week plant regreening was appreciable, in particular in the youngest leaves. The root Fe(III) reducing capacity was measured in a medium with absence of bicarbonate and in the presence of 10 mM MES, at pH 5.0, for 2h and 30 min. In the treatment with 10 mM bicarbonate and 2.5 μM Fe, roots had a very low reducing capacity and plants became chlorotic. However, these plants markedly increased their reducing capacity just one day after transferring them to a similar nutrient solution but with 100 μM Fe, despite they were still very chlorotic. These results show that bicarbonate inhibits the development of reducing capacity under low Fe conditions but not at higher Fe levels. It is assumed that under field conditions both the induction of chlorosis and the regreening process may be partly consequence of changes in the reducing capacity.
Digital soil mapping using artificial neural networks

In the context of a growing demand of high-resolution spatial soil information for environmental planning and modeling, fast and accurate prediction methods are needed to provide high-quality digital soil maps. Thus, this study focuses on the development of a methodology based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that is able to spatially predict soil units. Within a test area in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), covering an area of about 600 km 2 , a digital soil map was predicted. Based on feed-forward ANN with the resilient backpropagation learning algorithm, the optimal network topology was determined with one hidden layer and 15 to 30 cells depending on the soil unit to be predicted. To describe the occurrence of a soil unit and to train the ANN, 69 different terrain attributes, 53 geologic-petrographic units, and 3 types of land use were extracted from existing maps and databases. 80% of the predicted soil units (n = 33) showed training errors (mean square error) of the ANN below 0.1, 43% were even below 0.05. Validation returned a mean accuracy of over 92% for the trained network outputs. Altogether, the presented methodology based on ANN and an extended digital terrain-analysis approach is time-saving and cost effective and provides remarkable results.
Motion of entrained particles in gas streams

Recent work on the drag experienced by an entrained particle in relative motion through a fluid is reviewed. It is shown that fluid turbulence, acceleration, particle shape and orientation, and particle-fluid mass transfer can all have a significant effect on the value of the drag force, particularly when the non-idealities cause a change in the flow pattern around the particle. Conditions under which the drag force can be predicted with certainty are still very limited, and some potentially valuable directions for future research are suggested. On fait une revue des travaux recents sur la trainee a la quelle est sujette une particule entrainee dans un mouvement relatif dans un fluide. On voit que la turbulence du fluide, l'acceleration, la forme et l'orientation des particules et le transfert de masse entre les particules et le fluide sont des facteurs qui peuvent tous avoir un effet appreciable sur la valeur de la force de trainee, surtout lorsque l'absence de conditions ideales produit un changement dans l'allure de l'ecoulement autour de la particule. Les conditions qui permettent de predire avec certitude la force de trainee sont encore tres limitees et l'on propose des directives potentiellement valables pour les travaux futurs de recherche.
Internal And External Factor That Influence Liquidity: Case Of Conventional Banks In Indonesia

In supporting Indonesian economic, banks have a large contribution so, must be maintain the sustainability, with strategies to obtain high profitability but still maintain the LDR liquidity . However, there are external and internal factors that affecting the LDR. Purpose of this study is to know about the determination of conventional bank liquidity in Indonesia. LDR is dependent variable and internal independent variable are proxy with ROA, CAR, BOPO, NPL, TPF, while the external variable are proxy with inflation, exchange rate, GDP. Using regression method , with With secondary data, taken from conventional banking industry and macro economics with monthly time series at 2014-2018, from OJK , BPS, BI. Results shown that internal ROA factors has a positive and significant influence to LDR, NPL has a negative and significant influence to LDR, and for external, GDP has a positive and significant influence to LDR, while the other variables have no influence. Banks need to improve their internal performance with strategies in order to increase their profitability optimally, but still with maintaining liquidity, and utilizing digital technology to make efficiency and innovation Government needs to attempt GDP increasing and equalizing , also maintain exchange rate stability and inflation. But, in distributing funds, more favor to small medium enterprises, which more liquid and resistant to economic crisis, and can accelerate increasing equity of community income.
Growth, Osmotic Adjustment, and Nutrient Acquisition of Bitter Almond Under Induced Sodium Chloride Salinity In Vitro

Increased sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity effects on bitter almond (Amygdalus communis L.) growth, cell osmolarity and nutrient acquisition were studied in vitro. Elevated salinity from 0.0 (control) to 50, 75, 100 mM NaCl resulted in reduction in shoot growth (shoot height, shoot dry weight) and rooting (rooting percentage, root number, root length). Reductions in growth parameters were accompanied with reductions in leaf cell sap osmolarity from −4.0 (control) to −11.1 [at 100 mM NaCl]. Acquisition of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) was decreased with elevated salinity in the medium. On the other hand, micronutrients, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) as well as sodium (Na) increased with elevated salinity levels in the medium. Iron (Fe) was negatively affected and its acquisition was decreased with imposed salinity in the medium accompanied with increased chlorosis percentage. However, growth did not stop under the imposed treatments indicating a high tolerance of bitter almond to salinity stress up to the levels used in this study. Results also support the efficiency of a microculture (in vitro) system for the study of salinity tolerance.
Preparation and antibacterial effects of PVA‐PVP hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles

The poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVA-PVP) hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles were prepared by repeated freezing-thawing treatment. The silver content in the solid composition was in the range of 0.1-1.0 wt %, the silver particle size was from 20 to 100 nm, and the weight ratio of PVA to PVP was 70 : 30. The influence of silver nanoparticles on the properties of PVA-PVP matrix was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter, infrared spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy, using PVA-PVP films containing silver particles as a model. The morphology of freeze-dried PVA-PVP hydrogel matrix and dispersion of the silver nanoparticles in the matrix was examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a three-dimensional structure was formed during the process of freezing-thawing treatment and no serious aggregation of the silver nanoparticles occurred. Water absorption properties, release of silver ions from the hydrogels and the antibacterial effects of the hydrogels against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were examined too. It was proved that the nanosilver-containing hydrogels had an excellent antibacterial ability.
Spatial and seasonal nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in Danish forest-, grassland-, and agroecosystems

Fluxes of N 2 O and CH 4 were measured monthly from 1990 through 1992 along a topogradient in a spruce forest (Picea abies L.), beech forest (Fagus silvatica L.), riparian grassland, coastal grassland, abandoned farmland, upland arable soil, and drained arable soil in Denmark. Spatial coefficints of variation (CV) in N 2 O emissions ranged between 106 and 617%. A consistent spatial pattern occurred across a temporary flood water boundary in the coastal grassland. Although inorganic N levels were low at this site, N 2 O emission rates compared with those at the N-fertilized sites. Maximum N 2 O emission generally occured in the spring and autumn. Spatial CVs in CH 4 fluxes ranged between 166 and 1787%, and consistent spatial patterns were found at the riparian and coastal grassland sites where CH 4 was produced in temporarily flooded areas at rates of 7877 and 112 mg C m -2 yr -1 , respectively. Uptake, as well as emission of CH 4 , reached maximum rates when soils dried up, presumably because CH 4 diffusion became unconstrained. Annual site means of N 2 O emission were inversely correlated with CH 4 uptake, and were 77 and 91 mg N and C m -2 in the spruce forest, 80 and 37 mg N and C m -2 in the beech forest, 66 and 69 mg N and C m -2 in the riparian, 124 and 7 mg N and C m -2 in the coastal grassland, 26 and 80 mg N and C m -2 in the abandoned farmland, 361 and 22 mg N and C m -2 in the upland arable, and 467 and 11 mg N and C m -2 in the drained arable. In this study, spatial variability in trace-gas fluxes was high and poorly explained at all sites. The results suggest large-scale integrative measurement techniques are necessary to obtain accurate flux estimates of N 2 O and CH 4 from these ecosystems.
Poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid) thermoplastic production by Alcaligenes latus: Behavior of fed-batch cultures

Fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes latus, ATCC 29713, was investigated for producing the intracellular bioplastic poly(b±hydroxybutyric acid), PHB. Constant rate feeding, exponentially increasing feeding rate, and pH-stat fed batch methods were evaluated. pH-stat fed batch culture reduced or delayed accumulation of the substrate in the broth and led to signi®cantly enhanced PHB productivity relative to the other modes of feeding. Presence of excessive substrate appeared to inhibit PHB synthesis, but not the production of cells. In fed-batch culture, the maximum speci®c growth rate (0.265 h) greatly exceeded the value (0.075 h) previously observed in batch culture of the same strain. Similarly, the maximum PHB production rate (up to 1.15 g á l á h) was nearly 8-fold greater than values observed in batch operations. Fed-batch operation was clearly superior to batch fermentation for producing PHB. A low growth rate was not a prerequisite for PHB accumulation, but a reduced or delayed accumulation of substrate appeared to enhance PHB accumulation. Under the best conditions, PHB constituted up to 63% of dry cell mass after 12 h of culture. The average biomass yield coef®cient on sucrose was about 0.35, or a little less than in batch fermentations. The highest PHB concentrations attained were about 18 g á l. List of Symbols A parameter in Eq. (1) (g á l) B parameter in Eq. (1) (g á l á h) CNH4 concentration of ammonium ion (mg á l ) CC mass fraction of sucrose in the feed ()) CN mass fraction of ammonia in pH control solution ()) CT mass fraction of trace elements in feed solution ()) E element FC mass ̄ow rate of the sucrose solution (g á h ) FN mass ̄ow rate of the ammonia solution (g á h ) Fs feed mass ̄ow rate (g á h ) FT mass ̄ow rate of the trace element solution (g á h) m maintenance coef®cient ()) N concentration of nitrogen source (g á l) PHA polyhydroxyalkanoate PHB poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid) qS maximum speci®c sucrose consumption rate (g á l á h) qP speci®c product formation rate (g á l )1 á h) qP max maximum speci®c product formation rate (g á l á h) S total amount of substrate in fermenter at time t (g) SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate S0 mass fraction of the substrate in feed ()) t time (h) t0 x-intercept in Eq. (1) (h) TES trace element solution or its amount in the medium (ml á l) X0 total initial biomass in fermenter (g) Xt total biomass in fermenter at time t (g) YP/S product yield coef®cient on sucrose ()) YP/X speci®c product yield coef®cient ()) YR/N PHB-free biomass yield coef®cient on nitrogen source ()) YR/S PHB-free biomass yield coef®cient on carbon source ()) YR/T PHB-free biomass yield coef®cient on trace elements ()) YX/S biomass yield coef®cient on sucrose ()) Greek symbols d mass fraction of PHB in cells ()) l speci®ed growth rate (h) lmax maximum speci®c growth rate (h )
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A BEHAVIORAL EXPLANATION FOR THE PUZZLING PERSISTENCE OF THE AGGREGATE REAL EXCHANGE RATE

Mototsugu Shintani and Takayuki Tsuruga gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (15H05728, 15H05729, 17H02510, and 18K01684), the Joint Usage/Research Center at the Institute of Social and Economic Research (Osaka University), the Kyoto Institute of Economic Research (Kyoto University), and the International Joint Research Promotion Program in Osaka University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Composition of Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia from Turkey

Abstract Water-distilled essential oils from Ajuga chamaepitys subsp. chia var. chia and var. ciliata were analyzed by GC/MS. β-pinene (20.8%) and germacrene D (12.6%), were identified as main components among the 65 compounds characterized in the oil of var. chia. Ninety-one compounds were characterized in the oil of var. ciliata with germacrene D (14.6%) and β-pinene (14.0%) as main constituents.
The Analysis Of Organizational Commitment On Organizational Citizenship Behavior On Public Sector Organization

This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational commitment on Organization citizenship behavior (OCB) in public sector organizations. The sample used in this study amounted to 200 employees. Data is analyzed by using SEM. The results showed that organizational commitment affects OCB. This research is only carried out in public sector organizations, so that future research can be carried out in organizations in other sectors. Keywords—Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior. ——————————  ——————————
Enantioselective Molecular Recognition of Chiral Organic Ammonium Ions and Amino Acids Using Cavitand–Salen‐Based Receptors

Two new receptors, a cavitand–salen (2) and a uranyl–cavitand–salen (3), for the selective molecular recognition of chiral ammonium ion pairs, where the amino acid is the countercation or counteranion of the ion pair, were designed and synthesized. UV/Vis measurements indicate the formation of 1:1 host–guest complexes with high association constants and good to excellent enantiomeric discriminations. NMR spectroscopic experiments confirmed cation–π interactions between the organic cations and the π-electron-rich cavity, leading to the stability of the complexes, as well as the coordination of the amino acid carboxylate anion to the uranyl metal center. Extraction experiments showed that a racemic mixture of (R,S)-α-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium iodides undergoes chiral resolution by 2 with high selectivity.
Axial and Radial Pressure Drops of Dense Phase Plugs

ABSTRACT An experimental technique to measure various characteristics of plug flow in dense phase pneumatic conveying systems based on the unique characteristics of plug flow, i.e., the fluctuation of axial pressure drop along a pipeline and pressure difference in the radial direction at the back of a plug, was developed by Li et al. (2002). Based on this work, a further experimental study combined with numerical modeling was carried out to describe the structure of plugs through the analysis of the measurements of pressure difference in both axial and radial directions. A theoretical explanation of these pressure differences was proposed and agrees very well with the recorded signals of pressure difference from differential transducers. This explanation will prove useful in understanding plug structures in industrial applications.
TiO2 Nanotubes with Tunable Morphology, Diameter, and Length: Synthesis and Photo-Electrical/Catalytic Performance

This article reports on the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) with tunable morphologies by adjusting the reaction conditions during anodization to balance electrochemical reaction and chemical etching. Nanoporous and free-standing NTs with different lengths and diameters are thus obtained in a controlled manner, solving the bundling, sealing, and etching pit issues in the conventional anodization. The high growth speed (60 μm/h) of TiO2 NT arrays with the pore diameter of 120 nm was achieved. The photoelectrochemical response of the NT photoelectrodes is studied under both UV and visible illumination from 250 to 600 nm, showing that the photoresponse occurred between 300−400 nm with the maximum value at 355 nm. The nanoporous TiO2 film has the higher photocurrent density than the nonporous NTs array because of fewer defects and perfect alignment. However, the photocatalytic performance to degrade methylene blue showed an inverse trend: the free-standing TiO2 NTs have better photocatalytic degradation than.
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Studies of Water Mobility in Dough Systems Containing Barley Flour

ABSTRACT This study used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation time (T2) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements of unfreezable water content (UFW), to assess water behavior in freshly prepared (25°C), refrigerator-stored (4°C, one day), or freezer-stored (–35°C, one day) doughs containing 5, 10, or 30% whole grain, air-classified β-glucan-diminished, and air-classified β-glucan-enriched (BGB-E) barley flours. Three populations of water were detected by NMR, depending on moisture content of dough, namely, tightly (T21, 2–5 msec), less tightly (T22, 20–50 msec), and weakly (T23, 100–200 msec) bound water. T22 peak was always detectable, and T22 peak time linearly correlated to moisture content of dough in a range of 0.7–2.0 g/g db (r = 0.99, P < 0.05). Freezer storage showed less effect on water mobility in dough compared with refrigerator storage, whereas cooking and cool storage of cooked dough significantly decreased the water mobility (P < 0.05). Adding barley flour.