Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Barley Succession and Take-All Disease as Environmental Factors Shaping the Rhizobacterial Community during Take-All Decline

ABSTRACT The root disease take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, can be managed by monoculture-induced take-all decline (TAD). This natural biocontrol mechanism typically occurs after a take-all outbreak and is believed to arise from an enrichment of antagonistic populations in the rhizosphere. However, it is not known whether these changes are induced by the monoculture or by ecological rhizosphere conditions due to a disease outbreak and subsequent attenuation. This question was addressed by comparing the rhizosphere microflora of barley, either inoculated with the pathogen or noninoculated, in a microcosm experiment in five consecutive vegetation cycles. TAD occurred in soil inoculated with the pathogen but not in noninoculated soil. Bacterial community analysis using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of 16S rRNA showed pronounced population shifts in the successive vegetation cycles, but pathogen inoculation had little effect. To elucidate rhizobacterial dynamics during TAD development, a 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray was used. Actinobacteria were the prevailing indicators in the first vegetation cycle, whereas the third cycle—affected most severely by take-all—was characterized by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria. Indicator taxa for the last cycle (TAD) belonged exclusively to Proteobacteria, including several genera with known biocontrol traits. Our results suggest that TAD involves monoculture-induced enrichment of plant-beneficial taxa.
Access to institutional credit-an economic analysis of tenant farming in east Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh

OF THE THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Faculty of Agriculture Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Department of Agricultural Economics COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR 680 656 KERALA, INDIA 2012
Knowledge Base Inference using Bridging Entities

Large-scale Knowledge Bases (such as NELL, Yago, Freebase, etc.) are often sparse, i.e., a large number of valid relations between existing entities are missing. Recent research have addressed this problem by augmenting the KB graph with additional edges mined from a large text corpus while keeping the set of nodes fixed, and then using the Path Ranking Algorithm (PRA) to perform KB inference over this augmented graph. In this paper, we extend this line of work by augmenting the KB graph not only with edges, but also with bridging entities, where both the edges and bridging entities are mined from a 500 million web text corpus. Through experiments on real-world datasets, we demonstrate the value of bridging entities in improving the performance and running time of PRA in the KB inference task.
Exact free oscillation spectra, splitting functions and the resolvability of Earth's density structure

Seismic free oscillations, or normal modes, provide a convenient tool to calculate low-frequency seismograms in heterogeneous Earth models. A procedure called ‘full mode coupling’ allows the seismic response of the Earth to be computed. However, in order to be theoretically exact, such calculations must involve an infinite set of modes. In practice, only a finite subset of modes can be used, introducing an error into the seismograms. By systematically increasing the number of modes beyond the highest frequency of interest in the seismograms, we investigate the convergence of full-coupling calculations. As a rule-of-thumb, it is necessary to couple modes 1–2 mHz above the highest frequency of interest, although results depend upon the details of the Earth model. This is significantly higher than has previously been assumed. Observations of free oscillations also provide important constraints on the heterogeneous structure of the Earth. Historically, this inference problem has been addressed by the measurement and interpretation of splitting functions. These can be seen as secondary data extracted from low frequency seismograms. The measurement step necessitates the calculation of synthetic seismograms, but current implementations rely on approximations referred to as self- or group-coupling and do not use fully accurate seismograms. We therefore also investigate whether a systematic error might be present in currently published splitting functions. We find no evidence for any systematic bias, but published uncertainties must be doubled to properly account for the errors due to theoretical omissions and regularization in the measurement process. Correspondingly, uncertainties in results derived from splitting functions must also be increased. As is well known, density has only a weak signal in low-frequency seismograms. Our results suggest this signal is of similar scale to the true uncertainties associated with currently published splitting functions. Thus, it seems that great care must be taken in any attempt to robustly infer details of Earth's density structure using current splitting functions.
An architectural level energy reduction technique for deep-submicron cache memories

An architectural level technique for a high performance and low energy cache memory is proposed in this paper. The key idea of our approach is to divide a cache memory into several number of cache blocks and to activate a few parts of the cache blocks. The threshold voltage of each cache block is dynamically changed according to the utilization of each block. Frequently accessed cache blocks are woken up and others are put to sleep by controlling the threshold voltage. Since time overhead to change the threshold voltage can not be neglected, predicting a cache block which will be accessed in the next cycle is important. A history based prediction technique to predict cache blocks which should be woken up is also proposed. Experimental results demonstrated that the leakage energy dissipation in cache memories optimized by this approach can be less than 5% of energy dissipation in a cache memory which does not employ the approach.
Projected signals in climate extremes over China associated with a 2 °C global warming under two RCP scenarios

Using daily output from 29 climate models provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, we project signals in 12 extreme temperature indices and 12 extreme precipitation indices relative to 1986–2005 over China associated with a 2 °C global warming above pre‐industrial levels under representative concentration pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5). The model output reflects the following projected changes: (1) It is robust and statistically significant that warm extremes are more frequent, more persistent, and more intense than those during the baseline period of 1986–2005, and local signals emerge from natural internal variability over most of China. In particular, southern China faces severe heat stress in summer based on warm extreme indices. (2) It is robust and statistically significant that there are fewer cold extremes in China. Most models show no significant changes in the longest duration and intensity of most cold extremes in southern China and northwest China. (3) The multi‐model median shows that more frequent and more intense wet extremes that deliver greater amounts of extreme precipitation occur in China, with a regional mean increase of 16.7–42.8 mm (8–42%) in total amount of annual wet extremes, but these changes are not significant and do not exceed natural internal variability over most of the country. Spatially, the Tibetan Plateau and northeast China have robust and significant changes in part of precipitation extremes, and some changes begin to emerge from natural internal variability at local scale. There are benefits to limiting global warming for China, including less frequent and less persistent warm extremes when comparing 1.5 °C with 2 °C of global warming and a later occurrence of significant changes in climate extremes when compared an intermediate mitigation scenario RCP4.5 with a high emission scenario RCP8.5.
Updates to the Special-Purpose IP Address Registries

This memo updates the IANA IPv4 and IPv6 Special-Purpose Address Registries to address issues raised by the definition of a "global" prefix. It also corrects several errors in registry entries to ensure the integrity of the IANA Special-Purpose Address Registries. This memo updates RFC 6890.
Electrophysiological effects of basolateral [Na+] in Necturus gallbladder epithelium

In Necturus gallbladder epithelium, lowering serosal [Na+] ([Na+]s) reversibly hyperpolarized the basolateral cell membrane voltage (Vcs) and reduced the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (fRa). Previous results have suggested that there is no sizable basolateral Na+ conductance and that there are apical Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels. Here, we studied the mechanisms of the electrophysiological effects of lowering [Na+]s, in particular the possibility that an elevation in intracellular free [Ca2+] hyperpolarizes Vcs by increasing gK+. When [Na+]s was reduced from 100.5 to 10.5 mM (tetramethylammonium substitution), Vcs hyperpolarized from -68 +/- 2 to a peak value of -82 +/- 2 mV (P less than 0.001), and fRa decreased from 0.84 +/- 0.02 to 0.62 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001). Addition of 5 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA+) to the mucosal solution reduced both the hyperpolarization of Vcs and the change in fRa, whereas serosal addition of TEA+ had no effect. Ouabain (10(-4) M, serosal side) produced a small depolarization of Vcs and reduced the hyperpolarization upon lowering [Na+]s, without affecting the decrease in fRa. The effects of mucosal TEA+ and serosal ouabain were additive. Neither amiloride (10(-5) or 10(-3) M) nor tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) had any effects on Vcs or fRa or on their responses to lowering [Na+]s, suggesting that basolateral Na+ channels do not contribute to the control membrane voltage or to the hyperpolarization upon lowering [Na+]s. The basolateral membrane depolarization upon elevating [K+]s was increased transiently during the hyperpolarization of Vcs upon lowering [Na+]s. Since cable analysis experiments show that basolateral membrane resistance increased, a decrease in basolateral Cl- conductance (gCl-) is the main cause of the increased K+ selectivity. Lowering [Na+]s increases intracellular free [Ca2+], which may be responsible for the increase in the apical membrane TEA(+)-sensitive gK+. We conclude that the decrease in fRa by lowering [Na+]s is mainly caused by an increase in intracellular free [Ca2+], which activates TEA(+)-sensitive maxi K+ channels at the apical membrane and decreases apical membrane resistance. The hyperpolarization of Vcs is due to increase in: (a) apical membrane gK+, (b) the contribution of the Na+ pump to Vcs, (c) basolateral membrane K+ selectivity (decreased gCl-), and (d) intraepithelial current flow brought about by a paracellular diffusion potential.
Freudian theories of identification and their derivatives.

Two years ago, prior to embarking on a program of research on parental roles and personality development, the writer was faced with the necessity of reviewing the literature on theories of identification. The task proved a difficult one on several counts. First, although current theory in this sphere derives almost exclusively from the work of one man-Sigmund Freud, the references to the topic are scattered passim through numerous books and papers written over half a lifetime. Second, when one finally views Freud's writings on this subject as a whole, it becomes abundantly clear that he often uses the same terms to refer to what are basically quite different concepts. Third, the above confusion becomes still further confounded in the later developments and modifications of Freud's theories by contemporary writers, who typically apply the same terminology in still other ways and introduce new names for concepts and processes discussed by Freud himself.
Statistical mechanical modeling of genome-wide transcription factor occupancy data by MatrixREDUCE

MOTIVATION Regulation of gene expression by a transcription factor requires physical interaction between the factor and the DNA, which can be described by a statistical mechanical model. Based on this model, we developed the MatrixREDUCE algorithm, which uses genome-wide occupancy data for a transcription factor (e.g. ChIP-chip) and associated nucleotide sequences to discover the sequence-specific binding affinity of the transcription factor. Advantages of our approach are that the information for all probes on the microarray is efficiently utilized because there is no need to delineate "bound" and "unbound" sequences, and that, unlike information content-based methods, it does not require a background sequence model. RESULTS We validated the performance of MatrixREDUCE by inferring the sequence-specific binding affinities for several transcription factors in S. cerevisiae and comparing the results with three other independent sources of transcription factor sequence-specific affinity information: (i) experimental measurement of transcription factor binding affinities for specific oligonucleotides, (ii) reporter gene assays for promoters with systematically mutated binding sites, and (iii) relative binding affinities obtained by modeling transcription factor-DNA interactions based on co-crystal structures of transcription factors bound to DNA substrates. We show that transcription factor binding affinities inferred by MatrixREDUCE are in good agreement with all three validating methods. AVAILABILITY MatrixREDUCE source code is freely available for non-commercial use at http://www.bussemakerlab. org/. The software runs on Linux, Unix, and Mac OS X.
Do Trained Practice Nurses Apply Motivational Interviewing Techniques in Primary Care Consultations?

Background Reducing the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviour could positively influence health. Motivational interviewing (MI) is used to promote change in unhealthy lifestyle behaviour as part of primary or secondary prevention. Whether MI is actually applied as taught is unknown. Practice nurses’ application of motivational interviewing in real-life primary care consultations was examined. Furthermore, we explored if (and to what extent) practice nurses adjust their motivational interviewing skills to primary versus secondary prevention. Methods Thirteen Dutch practice nurses, from four general practices, trained in motivational interviewing participated, 117 adult patients visiting the practice nurse participated, 117 practice nurse-patient consultations between June and December 2010 were videotaped. Motivational interview skills were rated by two observers using the Behaviour Change Counselling Index (BECCI). Data were analyzed using multilevel regression. Results Practice nurses use motivational interviewing techniques to some extent. Substantial variation was found between motivational interviewing items. No significant differences in the use of motivational interviewing between primary and secondary prevention was found. Conclusions Motivational interviewing skills are not easily applicable in routine practice. Health care providers who want to acquire motivational interview skills should follow booster sessions after the first training. The training could be strengthened by video-feedback and feedback based on participating observation. A possible explanation for the lack of differences between the two types of prevention consultations may be the gain to help patients in primary consultations by preventing complications equals the necessity to help the disease from aggravating in secondary prevention.
Prefecture-Level Spatio-temporal Analysis of Foreign Labour in Japan

The number of foreign workers in Japan has been growing rapidly in recent years, and this phenomenon is drawing more attention than ever. Prefecture-level data shows uneven distribution across the country, but few research has been done to explain this fact. In this thesis, We proposed a threshold spatio-temporal model and its estimation method based on existing spatial panel model, attempting to improve the goodness of fit and making the comparison of prefectures with different economic properties possible. Then using a series of data published by Japanese government, We fitted the threshold model and traditional panel models to examine the influential factors of foreign labours in Japan at prefecture level. After that, We interpreted the result based on preliminary researches. As a result, the threshold model is proved superior to the two classic models in this study. Judging from the fitted models, the existence of spatial effect is confirmed, and GPP is identified as a major factor of foreign labour; enrolled students, criminal offenses and number of hotel guests as minor factor because they only showed influence in certain regions.
Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Host and Virus RNA and Regulate Innate Immune Response

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, sense viral components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger signals to induce innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, deliver functional RNA and mediate intercellular communications. Recent studies have revealed that EVs released from virus-infected cells deliver viral RNA to dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby activating PRRs in recipient cells, which results in the expression of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs transfer not only viral RNA but also host microRNAs to recipient cells. Recently, infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to affect microRNA levels in EVs released from virus-infected cells, leading to attenuation of host innate immune response. This suggests that the virus utilizes the EVs and host microRNAs to counteract the antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of EVs in antiviral innate immune responses.
Prognosis and prognostic factors for distant metastases and tumor mortality in follicular thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Distant metastases are more common in patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) than in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and the outcome is often poorer in patients with distant metastases. In this study, we attempted to identify the risk factors for distant metastases in FTC. METHODS Between 1989 and 1997, 134 patients with FTC underwent initial surgery, and their median follow-up period was 12.5 years. Seventeen patients had widely invasive FTC, and 117 had minimally invasive FTC. Distant metastases were observed in 36 patients (26.9%). Thirteen of these patients had distant metastases at the time of initial surgery (M1), and in the other 23 patients distant metastases were diagnosed with during their follow-up periods. Risk factors for distant metastases and cause-specific survival were analyzed. The factors analyzed were age at the time of initial surgery, sex, primary tumor size, histological findings (invasiveness, extent of vascular, and capsular invasion), and distant metastases at the time of initial surgery. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that age and primary tumor size were significant factors related to postoperative distant metastases in the group of 121 patients who did not have distant metastases at the time of initial surgery. When the patients with M1 were included, the cumulative distant metastases-free-survival rate was significantly lower in the group with widely invasive FTC. The cumulative survival rate was significantly higher in the groups of patients with the minimally invasive type, who were under 45 years old, whose primary tumor size was under 4 cm and who did not have distant metastases at the time of the initial surgery. Multivariate analyses showed that tumor size and age were significant risk factors for postoperative distant metastases and that age and the presence of distant metastases at the time of the initial surgery were significant risk factors for poorer cause-specific survival. CONCLUSION Age and primary tumor size were significant risk factors for postoperative distant metastases. Based on the findings in this study, we conclude that conservative management is sufficient for younger patients with minimally invasive FTC whose primary tumor is small.
Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data

The Slavic branch of the Balto-Slavic sub-family of Indo-European languages underwent rapid divergence as a result of the spatial expansion of its speakers from Central-East Europe, in early medieval times. This expansion–mainly to East Europe and the northern Balkans–resulted in the incorporation of genetic components from numerous autochthonous populations into the Slavic gene pools. Here, we characterize genetic variation in all extant ethnic groups speaking Balto-Slavic languages by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (n = 6,876), Y-chromosomes (n = 6,079) and genome-wide SNP profiles (n = 296), within the context of other European populations. We also reassess the phylogeny of Slavic languages within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-European. We find that genetic distances among Balto-Slavic populations, based on autosomal and Y-chromosomal loci, show a high correlation (0.9) both with each other and with geography, but a slightly lower correlation (0.7) with mitochondrial DNA and linguistic affiliation. The data suggest that genetic diversity of the present-day Slavs was predominantly shaped in situ, and we detect two different substrata: ‘central-east European’ for West and East Slavs, and ‘south-east European’ for South Slavs. A pattern of distribution of segments identical by descent between groups of East-West and South Slavs suggests shared ancestry or a modest gene flow between those two groups, which might derive from the historic spread of Slavic people.
Optimum and suboptimum 2D channel estimation for UTRA LTE and LTE-advanced

In this work a space-frequency block coding (SFBC) system is considered, which is compliant to the Long-Term-Evolution (LTE) specification. The uncoded bit error ratio (BER) of the linear Alamouti SFBC detector with BPSK modulation in the presence of 2-dimensional (2D) channel estimation is analyzed. The work in this paper comprises frequency-selective and Doppler fading. The quality of robust and optimum channel estimation is investigated by derivation of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for the complex-valued channel estimates. The BER performance of the LTE SFBC receiver is studied considering channel estimation with robust and optimum Wiener intepolation. The paper shows the effect of key system parameters on the SFBC performance, such as the anticipated power delay profile and Doppler spectrum at the channel estimator, the actual, i.e. true, power delay and Doppler spectrum, the pilot spacing and the Wiener filter length.