Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements and Analyses of Velocity Profiles and Frazil Ice-Crystal Rise Velocities During Periods of Frazil-Ice Formation in Rivers

The vertical concentration distribution of frazil-ice crystals in a stream during the formation and growth of frazil ice was discussed in a preliminary way by Gosink and Osterkamp (1981). This paper extends and completes the analysis of buoyant rise velocities of frazil-ice crystals and applies the results to an interpretation of measured velocity profiles in rivers during frazil-ice events. Additional experimental data are also presented. Two time scales are defined: the buoyant time scale TB, which represents the time required for a frazil crystal to rise, buoyantly, from the river bottom to the water surface, and the diffusive tine scale TD, which represents the time required for a frazil crystal to he transported by turbulence through the depth. It is shown that the ratio of the time scales TB/TD defines the nature of the layering processes; in particular, if TB/TD<1, then buoyant forces Till lift a frazil crystal faster than turbulent diffusion can redistribute it and the flow will be layered. Conversely, if TB. /TD>1, turbulent mixing will proceed faster than buoyant lifting and the flow will be well-mixed. This ratio, for frazil particles of diameter 2 mm or more, corresponds to rule-of-thumb velocity criteria developed in Norway and Canada to distinguish layered frazil-ice/water flow from well-mixed flow. The development of this theory depends in large part upon the determination of TB, which depends upon the rise velocity of frazil-ice crystals. A force balance . nodel was developed for the rise velocity of a frazil crystal. Field observations during frazil -ice formation in Goldstream Creek and in the Chatanika River north of Fairbanks are reported, including a series of measurements of the rise velocities of frazil-ice crystals. Typical particle size of frazil ice was about 2 mm with a rise velocity of about 10.0 mm s -1. The agreement of measured rise velocities with the theoretical model is good considering uncertainties in the drag coefficient and in the determination of frazil crystal sizes under field conditions. Velocity profiles in the Chatanika River and in Goldstream Creek during frazil formation suggest that the time-scale ratio may serve as a transition criterion between layered frazil-ice/water flow and well-mixed flow. This ratio was calculated with the rise velocity of frazil-ice crystals arbitrarily chosen to be 0.01 m s−1.
The volcanic millstones from the archaeological site of Morgantina (Sicily): provenance and evolution of the milling techniques in the Mediterranean area*

The Morgantina archaeological area, inhabited from the Early Bronze Age, had its widest expansion from the fifth to the first century bc. The volcanic millstones found at Morgantina fall into three different groups on the basis of the milling technique: (i) saddle querns (known from the Middle–Late Bronze Age and Iron Age); (ii) rectangular hopper-rubbers (Olynthian) millstones, the invention of which dates to the fifth century bc; and finally (iii) Morgantina-type rotary millstones (starting to be used from the fourth to the third century bc). In order to determine the provenance of the raw materials (lavas) used for all these millstone types, we collected 38 very small rock samples for thin-section modal mineralogy, petrography and major trace element composition. The results have contributed to classifying different lithotypes and distinguishing between provenance from Etna and the Hyblean Mountains, the two volcanic areas respectively north-east and south-east of Morgantina. Saddle querns are made of tholeiitic basaltic andesites from the Hyblean Mountains and transitional basalts, mugearites and hawaiites from Etna. The variety of sources of portable saddle querns, mostly used in households, indicate that there was no general preference for specific quarrying sites. By contrast, the rectangular hopper-rubber and the Morgantina-type millstones, which document the period of Morgantina's greatest prosperity, are almost completely made of hawaiites from Etna. The use of a specific lithotype (i.e., Etna hawaiite) for the more efficient rectangular hopper-rubber and rotary millstones could be linked to the fact that these mills may have been operated in business establishments. It is worth noting that the Gornalunga river was, in antiquity, a waterway joining Morgantina to the final stretch of the Simeto river and then the Ionian coast. The best candidate areas for the millstone hawaiite quarrying sites from Etna are the far south-western sectors of the volcano, along the Simeto Valley (i.e., the ‘Piano Provenzana’ Formation) or the inner suburb of present-day Catania (i.e., the ‘Pietracannone’ Formation). The very efficient Morgantina-type rotary millstones spread during the reign of Hieron II of Syracuse (275–215 bc) in eastern Sicily and met the need for grinding large quantities of cereals during a relatively peaceful time and a period of agricultural development.
Optical properties and radiative forcing of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer observed over Lille, France, in 2010

[1] In this work we characterize optical properties and assess the direct radiative effect of an ash plume observed on April 17, 2010 by AERONET, lidar and broadband solar flux measurements collocated on the roof of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics in Lille, northern France. These measurements allowed experimental evaluation of ash radiative impact and validation of simulations. The derived aerosol model of ash is characterized by a bi-modal size distribution dominated by coarse mode centered at a radius of 1.5 μm and by relatively strong absorption at short wavelengths (single scattering albedo of 0.81 ± 0.02 at 440 nm as opposed to 0.92 ± 0.02 at 670, 870 and 1020 nm). Due to relatively low aerosol optical thickness during the ash plume transport (∼0.26 at 440 nm), which is unfavorable for AERONET retrievals, the uncertainties in derived ash aerosol model were additionally evaluated. The complex refractive index of ash was derived assuming that effective refractive index retrieved by AERONET for externally mixed bi-component aerosol can be approximated as an average of refractive indices of two components weighted by their volume concentrations. Evaluation of the accuracy of this approximation showed acceptably small errors in simulations of single scattering albedo and aerosol phase function over the range of scattering angles observed by the AERONET almucantar. Daily average radiative forcing efficiency of ash calculated for a land surface reflectance representing Lille was about −93 ± 12 Wm−2 τ550−1 and −31 ± 2 Wm−2 τ550−1 at the bottom and top of the atmosphere; the values for an ocean surface reflectance are also provided.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TOTAL VIABLE BACTERIAL COUNTS IN SUNDERBAN MANGROVE FORESTS, BANGLADESH

Although soil bacterial communities are one of the important biotic components that influence decomposition and nutrient mineralization in the terrestrial ecosystems, factors driving this biotic community in the Sunderban mangrove forests are not well studied. The present study examined the importance of soil physico‐chemical properties in driving soil bacterial communities in the Sunderban mangrove forests, Bangladesh. Soils were collected from 12 locations under four sites, namely Koromjal, Kotka, Hironpoint, and Dublarchar of Sunderban forests. Results showed a large range of variation in total bacterial colony counts (7.65 × 10 4 ‐ 14.5 × 10 4 cfu/g soil), soil moisture (9.0 ‐ 27.0%), total nitrogen (0.057 ‐ 0.158%), available nitrogen (0.504 ‐ 2.016 μg/g soil), soil salinity (20.99 ‐ 34.99 mg chloride/g soil), and organic carbon (0.460 ‐ 0.885%). Data of the present study revealed that the number of total viable bacterial count was significantly and positively correlated only with total nitrogen content in soil indicating that total nitrogen content is the major driving factor of bacterial communities in the Sunderban mangrove forest soils.
Significance of primary hilltop loess in reconstructing dust chronology, accretion rates, and sources: An example from the Negev Desert, Israel

[1] Although high-latitude loess sequences have been studied extensively for reconstructing past climates, loess in desert margins has been mostly overlooked. Moreover, many low-latitude loess studies have focused on secondary, reworked sequences for which paleoclimatic inferences are complicated owing to postdepositional processes acting under local control. In this respect, the spatial distribution of the loess and its different types are crucial. In this study, we differentiate primary and secondary loess using remote sensing and field criteria. We present remote sensing and geographic information system procedures for mapping loess distribution, in general, and for identifying pristine hilltop loess sequences in particular. Then, we present the mineralogical and textural analyses combined with optically stimulated luminescence ages of one such primary, hilltop loess sequence in the Negev desert that show that the late Pleistocene Negev loess started accumulating at ∼95 ka, much earlier than previously proposed (∼70 ka). It was preceded by a previously unknown middle Pleistocene period of loess formation at ∼180–130 ka. The ages also suggest that the threshold of dust accretion rate needed for loess formation is ∼0.02 mm a−1 (∼30 g m−2 a−1), a factor of 2 or more lower than previously thought (0.04 to 1.0 mm a−1). Our results also provide insights into causes of late Pleistocene loess accretion and its close association with regional dune field activity. The methodology for mapping the loess distribution may potentially be generalized to help understanding loess formation in other, more remote desert areas.
Hydrodynamic control of tracer retention in heterogeneous rock fractures

We investigate the statistical properties of a Lagrangian random variable β [T/L], which has been shown to quantify hydrodynamic impact on retention [Cvetkovic et al., 1999], using Monte Carlo simulations of flow and transport in a single fracture. The “local cubic law” of water flow is generalized to a power law Q ∼ bn, where Q is the flow rate, b is the half aperture, and n ≤ 3. Simulations of flow and particle transport are carried out assuming “local cubic law” (n = 3) and “local quadratic law” (n = 2), and for two typical flow configurations: uniform flow and radially converging flow. We find that β is related to τ as β ∼ τm, where m is dependent on the power n and the configuration of flow and transport. Simulation results for uniform flow indicate that for a small source section; as the source section increases, we have the convergence to β ∼ τ. For radially converging flow, we find β ∼ τ for a small source section and a convergence to β = const for an increasing source section. Simulation results for both flow configurations are consistent with the results for a homogeneous fracture. The results for a homogeneous fracture provide reasonable bounds for simulated β. The correlation between β and Q is relatively weak for all cases studied.
Dose study of the multikinase inhibitor, LY2457546, in patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening malignancy with limited treatment options in chemotherapy-refractory patients. A first-in-human dose study was designed to investigate a safe and biologically effective dose range for LY2457546, a novel multikinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed AML. Methods: In this nonrandomized, open-label, dose escalation Phase I study, LY2457546 was administered orally once a day. Safety, pharmacokinetics, changes in phosphorylation of target kinases in AML blasts, and risk of drug–drug interactions (DDI) were assessed. Results: Five patients were treated at the starting and predicted minimal biologically effective dose of 50 mg/day. The most commonly observed adverse events were febrile neutropenia, epistaxis, petechiae, and headache. The majority of adverse events (81%) were Grade 1 or 2. One patient had generalized muscle weakness (Grade 3), which was deemed to be a dose-limiting toxicity. Notably, the pharmacokinetic profile of LY2457546 showed virtually no elimination of LY2457546 within 24 hours, and thus prevented further dose escalation. No significant DDI were observed. Ex vivo flow cytometry studies showed downregulation of the phosphoproteins, pcKIT, pFLT3, and pS6, in AML blasts after LY2457546 administration. No medically relevant responses were observed in the five treated patients. Conclusion: No biologically effective dose could be established for LY2457546 in chemotherapy-resistant AML patients. Lack of drug clearance prevented safe dose escalation, and the study was terminated early. Future efforts should be made to develop derivatives with a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
Single-center In-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes

ABSTRACT Background This study was designed to evaluate the patient characteristics and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Materials and methods We carried out a single-center, 5-year, retrospective chart review and analysis of resuscitation data for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), length of stay (LOS) until cardiac arrest, survival of initial IHCA, survival to hospital discharge, primary medical service, and determination of the etiology of cardiac arrest. Results A total of 500 cases occurred with a mean LOS of 8.5 days until the initial IHCA. Overall, 79.5% survived the initial IHCA and 32.4% survived to discharge. As LOS increased, there was an increase in the proportion of pulmonary and metabolic etiologies. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for BMI, gender, age, LOS, and primary medical service were on a surgical service significant for survival to discharge (p = 0.0007) and LOS <9 days significant for survival of IHCA (p = 0.018). Conclusion There are a number of causes of IHCA, and the incidence of death and respiratory related IHCA etiologies increase with LOS. Length of stay carries the highest weight when predicting survival of IHCA. Also, there is a higher rate of survival to discharge when on a primary surgical service. How to cite this article Riley LE, Mehta HJ, Lascano J. Single-center In-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(1):44–48.
The uneven geography of business tourism in South Africa

Business tourism is a vital element of the global tourism economy. Its importance has not, however, been matched by research attention by tourism scholars, including geographers. Against a review of international debates in business tourism scholarship, this paper analyses the changing geography of business tourism in South Africa, one of Africa's most significant destinations for international and domestic business travel. The changing geographical landscape of business tourism is unpacked through a demand-side analysis which is an important gap in existing tourism geographical work, mainly dominated by supply-side studies about the provision of convention centres or conference venues. The results reinforce the special significance of business tourism for tourism development in certain of the country's major urban centres.
Trace gas fluxes and nitrogen cycling along an elevation sequence of tropical montane forests in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Studies on soil‐atmosphere flux of N2O, NO and CH4 in tropical forests have mainly focused on tropical lowland forests. Here we present the first intensive study of trace gas fluxes along an elevation sequence of tropical montane forests ranging from 1190 m to 2470 m elevation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using chamber techniques, we measured monthly flux rates and controlling factors on three elevations, each with three replicate plots for 1 year. Annual N2O fluxes ranged from 0.29 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m to 1.01 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m and 1.11 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m, while annual NO fluxes ranged from 0.17 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m, to 0.18 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m and 0.48 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m. Methane uptake ranged from 1.45 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m to 2.45 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m and 3.32 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m. At the highest elevation, methane uptake was affected by the thick organic layer present at the surface of the soil. Several lines of evidence (soil N stocks, extractable inorganic N, litterfall mass, litterfall‐N and δ15N signals in litterfall and soil organic matter) show that the annual N2O + NO emissions could be explained by the inherent N status of these forests. In a test of indices of N cycling to explain N2O and NO fluxes, the robustness of litterfall C/N and litterfall N was confirmed and the δ15N signal of litterfall emerged as promising driver for regional and global biogeochemical models that predict N2O + NO emissions from soil.
Mid‐latitude Pi 2 polarization pattern and synchronous orbit magnetic activity

Pi 2 pulsations are often used to indicate the start of the substorm expansion phase. In this report the relationship between the Pi 2 polarization pattern observed at a mid-latitude longitudinal chain of stations and synchronous orbit magnetic activity is explored. Eighteen single- and multiple-substorm-onset intervals, consisting of 55 Pi 2's, are examined using data from the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Magnetometer Network and the synchronous orbit satellites GOES 2 and 3. Magnetic fluctuations at synchronous orbit are found to be enhanced when the satellite is near the Pi 2 pattern center, defined as the longitude where the major axis of the polarization ellipse is along the H axis. The pattern center is also observed to separate regions of dipolarization and more taillike magnetic signatures. East of the pattern center the field inclination becomes larger, i.e., more dipolelike, while west of the center the field inclination becomes smaller, i.e., more taillike. Although regions of substorm activation, as determined by the Pi 2 pattern, move between onsets during multiple-onset events, no consistent azimuthal motion was found.
Assessment of climate change on the Canadian prairies from downscaled GCM data

Abstract Climate data were taken from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Second Generation Global Circulation Model (GCMII) and the more recently developed Canadian Coupled Global Circulation Model with aerosol (CGCM1‐A). The GCM output difference for a current and doubling CO2 concentration was used to modify a 30‐year historic time series. Regional climate change data under a doubling of CO2 were produced by downscaling to a grid of 50 by 50 km across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Two scenarios were produced containing GCM‐generated temperatures and precipitation. Results show that, across all three provinces, maximum air temperature is predicted to have a mean increase of 4.0° to 5.7°C (GCMII) and 2.5° to 3.3°C (CGCM1‐A) above climate normal values. Minimum air temperature is expected to have a mean increase of 5.0° to 5.6°C (GCMII) and 3.0° to 3.3°C (CGCM1‐A). Precipitation is predicted to have a mean increase of 29 to 36% (GCMII) and 3 to 7% (CGCM1‐A). Both the GCMII and CGCM1‐A indicate that central Alberta will benefit the most during the summer and winter from increased precipitation, the eastern Prairies, however, will see little change (winter) in precipitation with smaller increases (30 mm under GCMII) or a decrease (30 mm under CGCM1‐A). Overall, the CGCM1‐A results are more consistent than GCMII with historic large‐scale spatial patterns.
Water for cities: The impact of climate change and demographic growth in the tropical Andes

Globally, water resources for cities are under increasing stress. Two main stressors are climate change and population growth, but evaluating their relative impact is difficult, especially because of the complex topology of water supply. This is especially true in the tropical Andes, which is a region with strong climatic gradients and topographical limits to water resources. This paper presents an evaluation of both stressors on water resources in a geospatial framework to identify gradients in water availability that may lead to conflicts over water use. We focus on four major cities in, or receiving water from, the tropical Andes. A multimodel data set of 19 climate models is used as input for a regional water balance model. Per capita water availability is evaluated along topographic gradients for the present and for future scenarios of population growth and climate change. In all cases, the median projection of climate change suggests a relatively limited impact on water availability, but uncertainties are large. Despite these uncertainties, we find that the expected demographic changes are very likely to outpace the impact of climate change on water availability and should therefore be the priority for local policy making. However, distinctive geospatial patterns characterize the supply systems of the studied cities, highlighting the need to analyze the topology of water supply within an ecosystem services context. Our approach is flexible enough to be extended to other regions, stressors and water resources topologies.
The 5 September 2012 Nicoya, Costa Rica Mw 7.6 earthquake rupture process from joint inversion of high‐rate GPS, strong‐motion, and teleseismic P wave data and its relationship to adjacent plate boundary interface properties

On 5 September 2012, a large thrust earthquake (Mw 7.6) ruptured a densely instrumented seismic gap on the shallow‐dipping plate boundary beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. Ground motion recordings directly above the rupture zone provide a unique opportunity to study the detailed source process of a large shallow megathrust earthquake using very nearby land observations. Hypocenter relocation using local seismic network data indicates that the event initiated with small emergent seismic waves from a hypocenter ~10 km offshore, 13 km deep on the megathrust. A joint finite‐fault inversion using high‐rate GPS, strong‐motion ground velocity recordings, GPS static offsets, and teleseismic P waves reveals that the primary slip zone (slip > 1 m) is located beneath the peninsula. The rupture propagated downdip from the hypocenter with a rupture velocity of ~3.0 km/s. The primary slip zone extends ~70 km along strike and ~30 km along dip, with an average slip of ~2 m. The associated static stress drop is ~3 MPa. The seismic moment is 3.5 × 1020 Nm, giving Mw = 7.6. The coseismic large‐slip patch directly overlaps an onshore interseismic locked region indicated by geodetic observations and extends downdip to the intersection with the upper plate Moho. At deeper depths, below the upper plate Moho, seismic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes have been observed. Most tremor locates in adjacent areas of the megathrust that have little coseismic slip; a region of prior slow slip deformation to the southeast also has no significant coseismic slip or aftershocks. An offshore locked patch indicated by geodetic observations does not appear to have experienced coseismic slip, and aftershocks do not overlap this region, allowing the potential for a comparable size rupture offshore in the future.