Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elongated Stylohyoid Process: A Pathological or Physiological Phenomenon?

Background: Calcification and morphological variation are fairly common in patients presenting to oral and maxillofacial radiology clinics with stylohyoid complex. Objectives: The present study used digital radiography to investigate in detail whether or not elongated stylohyoid complex is linked to clinical symptoms, gender, and increased age. Finding such relationship can affect the diagnosis of the condition and the selection of treatments. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 186 patients aged 30 to 70 presenting to a private oral and maxillofacial radiology clinic in Rafsanjan, Iran, for digital dental panoramic radiography. All the patients completed a demographic questionnaire and clinical symptoms associated with stylohyoid complex. The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables, while independent two-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare quantitative variables, in both men and women and across age groups. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 186 participants entered the study, consisting of 90 men (48.4%) and 96 women (51.6%). The mean stylohyoid process size was calculated as 27.08 ± 7.80. The most common radiographic morphology (on both the right and the left sides) was continuous, followed by pseudo calcified and segmental. The most common calcification pattern observed on both sides was completely calcified pattern, followed by partially calcified pattern, calcified outline, and nodular pattern. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, the calcification and elongation of the stylohyoid process as shown by radiography are more of a physiological than pathological phenomenon that exacerbates with age.
On Arrhythmia Detection by Deep Learning and Multidimensional Representation

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a time-series signal that is represented by one-dimensional (1-D) data. Higher dimensional representation contains more information that is accessible for feature extraction. Hidden variables such as frequency relation and morphology of segment is not directly accessible in the time domain. In this paper, 1-D time series data is converted into multi-dimensional representation in the form of multichannel 2-D images. Following that, deep learning was used to train a deep neural network based classifier to detect arrhythmias. The results of simulation on testing database demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by showing an outstanding classification performance compared to other existing methods and hand-crafted annotations made by certified cardiologists.
Spruce wood degradation by Pleurotus abieticola in comparison with Phlebiopsis gigantea and Heterobasidion parviporum: in vitro experiments with isolates

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro mycelium growth of Pleurotus abieticola and its competitive ability to decompose sapwood and heartwood wood, as compared to the activity of Phlebiopsis gigantea and Heterobasidion parviporum. Over the last several decades, P. gigantea has routinely been used for biocontrol of the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.l. ; however, its protective effect on Norway spruce stands was recently demonstrated to be not satisfactory. P. abieticola was proposed instead, as a promising species that might successfully compete with H. parviporum. We investigated the growth of mycelium and the ability of P. abieticola isolates to decompose wood of Norway spruce, in the experiment with isolates of P. gigantea and H. parviporum. Heartwood was better decomposed than sapwood by the majority isolates used in the experiment. Linear growth of the investigated fungi showed a more rapid mycelium development for P. gigantea and H. parviporum, compared to that of P. abieticola. In dual cultures, H. parviporum was overgrown only by P. gigantea. All the tested isolates of P. abieticola showed weaker wood decomposition than those of P. gigantea and H. parviporum. Further study is required to better understand the role of P. abieticola for the protection of spruce stands.
Effects of Salinity, Commercial Salts, and Water Type on Cultivation of the Cryptophyte Microalgae Rhodomonas salina and the Calanoid Copepod Acartia tonsa

Marine aquaculture facilities positioned far from the sea need access to seawater (SW); hence, commercial salts are often the chosen solution. In marine hatcheries, most fish larvae require live feed (zooplankton) that are in turn fed with microalgae. The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of commercial salts and clarify the potential effects on the cultivation of the microalga Rhodomonas salina and the copepod Acartia tonsa. Three commercial salts were tested, Red Sea Salt (RS), Red Sea – Coral Pro Salt (CP), and Blue Treasure Salt. R. salina was cultured at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 psu resulting in equal growth rates at salinities 20 and 30 in SW and RS mixed with deionized (DI) water. The optimum salinity for R. salina was 29 psu. For A. tonsa eggs, we observed highest hatching success in 30 psu with CP or RS mixed with DI water. The egg hatching success was not affected by salinities 15–40 and optimal hatching was obtained at 27 psu. Results confirm it was possible to use commercial salts for rearing of both R. salina and A. tonsa, widening the application of these species for aquaculture facilities without access to SW.
ACEH CATTLE FOLLICLE DYNAMIC UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT STRESS

The objective of this research is to know Aceh cattle follicle dynamic under environmental heat stress condition. This research was conducted on December 2012 until August 2013. Animals used in this research were 20 Aceh cattle aged 5-8 years old, weighing of 150-250 kg, and had at least 2 regular cycles. All cattle used were clinically in good body condition score. The cattle were divided into two groups of 10, used in two different period of times (December-January and July-August) to examine the effect of environmental heat to their follicle dynamic. Each group is separated into two different keeping management; one group was kept in pens while the others in the pasture, 5 cattle in each management group. Research timing was based on information acquired from Indrapuri Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) which predicted that extreme weather would last from July to August while December to January would be relatively normal in Aceh region. All cattle’s estrous cycle were synchronized by 5 mg/mL of PGF2α intramuscularly (Lutalyse™, Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Pfizer Inc.). Ultrasonography examination was performed to monitor ovary follicle’s growth and dynamic during one cycle. Days during ovulation marked by standing heat was regarded as Day 0 of estrous cycle. Follicular dynamic examination during estrous cycle on December-January and also on July-August, both penned or pastured cattle showed the follicle waves that was 3 follicle growth waves. The size of follicle growth on first wave (1st DF) on cattle kept in pen on July-August and December-January were relatively similar. The size of follicle growth on first wave for cattle kept in pasture on July-August and December-January were relatively similar. To conclude, Aceh cattle’s follicle dynamic is not change during environment heat stress condition and is not affected by different cattle-keeping management.
Effect of Recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Recombinant Luteinizing Hormone on Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes in Vitro

Abstract In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is an important application in assisted reproductive medicine and reproductive biology research. It can provide high quality oocytes from unstimulated ovaries. However, IVM remains a challenge in mammalian species, and has only been achieved with limited degrees of success. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of adding recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone (rFSH), recombinant Luteinizing Hormone (rLH) or the combination of both hormones on the IVM of rabbit oocytes, as rabbit is considered an important model system for human reproduction. Unstimulated ovaries of female rabbits were encountered. Oocytes were collected via tissue slice technique. The Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes (COCs), containing immature oocytes at Germinal Vesicle (GV) stage, were counted, washed, and cultured in different concentrations of rFSH, rLH and a combination of both rFSH and rLH. After cultivation, oocytes were examined for maturation. Our study revealed that the addition of hormone combination (rFSH + rLH) with certain concentrations could significantly improve the results of IVM and increase the percentage of oocytes reaching the second Metaphase (MII) stage. Key words: In vitro maturation, Hormones, Rabbit oocytes.
Postmortem Examination of an Aggressive Case of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Characterized by Catastrophic Genomic Abnormalities.

our results provide a critical in-sight into potential drivers of an aggressive phenotype of MTC and, in parallel, present a vital opportunity to identify effective therapeutic strategies based on the evident abnormalities in a given patient. Improvements in existing diagnostic approaches are possible through inclusion of the additional disease-associated mutations identified here, not currently included in genetic screening procedures carried out in a routine hospital setting.
Toxic Effects of Betel Quid

Abstract Oral cancer is most common cancer in males and third most common in females, the main causative agent being use of chewing betel quid (BQ). Areca nut, Cathechu, Slaked lime are major components of Betel quid. Nitrosamines formed from alkaloids in betel nut during betel quid chewing may be implicated in the etiology of oral cancer. Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime which is also present in betel quid. Micronuclei (MN) have been proposed as a good biomarker to assess cytogenetic damage. Percentage of MN formation has been observed in pre cancerous lesions of the oral cavity of betel quid chewers. In this present study cases were screened from Department of E.N. T. & Oral and Maxillofacial surgery of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan hospital, Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal. Some of them had more than one addiction and some have no addiction and complications. Hemogram reports are normal but mitotic index and micronuclei higher in oral cancer cases than normal.
Combining genetic, isotopic, and field data to better describe the influence of dams and diversions on Burbot Movement in the Wind River Drainage, Wyoming

Dams and water diversions fragment habitat, entrain fish, and alter fish movement. Many Burbot Lota lota populations are declining, with dams and water diversions thought to be a major threat. We used multiple methods to identify Burbot movement patterns and assess entrainment into an irrigation system in the Wind River, Wyoming. We assessed seasonal movement of Burbot with a mark–recapture (PIT tagging) study, natal origins of entrained fish with otolith microchemistry, and historic movement with genotyping by sequencing. We found limited evidence of entrainment in irrigation waters across all approaches. The mark–recapture study indicated that out-migration from potential source populations could be influenced by flow regime but was generally low. Otolith and genomic results suggested the presence of a self-sustaining population within the irrigation network. We conclude that emigration from natural tributary populations is not the current source of the majority of Burbot found in irrigation waters. Instead, reservoir and irrigation canal construction has created novel habitat in which Burbot have established a population. Using a multi-scale approach increased our inferential abilities and mechanistic understanding of movement patterns between natural and managed systems. Freshwater fishes must move between heterogeneous habitats to fulfill spawning and feeding requirements (Schlosser 1991; Schlosser and Angermeier 1995). These movements can cover large distances (Reynolds 1983; Breeser et al. 1988; Lucas and Batley 1996; Lucas and Baras 2008). Understanding fish movement patterns and the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on movement is important for fish species conservation (Fausch et al. *Corresponding author: annika.walters@uwyo.edu Received February 6, 2018; accepted March 22, 2018 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 147:606–620, 2018 © 2018 American Fisheries Society ISSN: 0002-8487 print / 1548-8659 online DOI: 10.1002/tafs.10062
Effect of Pumpkin Powder as Cryoprotectant to Improve the Viability of Freeze Dried Lactic Acid Bacteria

Food-grade protective agents such as sucrose, skim milk, and pumpkin powder were studied for their ability to improve the viability of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum MG989, L. fermentum MG901, Streptococcus thermophilus MG5139, Lactococcus lactis MG534, Enterococcus faecium MG89-2, and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis MG741. The best results were obtained with 5% sucrose contained 10% skim milk and 2% pumpkin powder; approximately 43.1 to 86.6% cell viability was observed during the freeze-drying process. During accelerated storage of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria, those survival rate decrease rapidly, reaching 9.8~35.2% in 1 month. As a result, the group (5% sucrose, 10% skim milk, and 2% pumpkin powder) showed the protective effect much higher by 639.5% than the control group (5% sucrose and 10% skim milk). These results suggested that pumpkin powder was good candidate as a potential cryoprotectant agent.
The Roles of the High and Low Molecular Weight Isoforms of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 in Ischemia-Induced Revascularization

Cardiovascular diseases are the underlying cause for majority (>30%) of deaths worldwide. They coronary heart disease and peripheral artery disease, conditions characterized by limited blood flow and inadequate oxygenation. Treatment strategies include management of symptoms and risk factors, reduction of oxygen demand and surgical revascularization to increase circulation. Therapeutic revascularization is a potential alternative for patients who are poor candidates for these interventions due to advance disease or co-morbidities. Revascularization involves the genetic or pharmacologic stimulation of vascular growth processes to facilitate tissue perfusion and promote functional recovery. Adaptive vascular growth occurs via capillary vessel growth (angiogenesis) and growth or remodeling of collateral arteries (arteriogenesis). Delivery of angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to ischemia tissues can stimulate blood vessel growth. FGF2 consists of two classes of protein isoforms generated from alternative translation of the Fgf2 gene, high molecular weight (HMW) FGF2, and low molecular weight (LMW) FGF2. Proof-of-concept studies in animal models of chronic ischemia provided evidence for the therapeutic potential of exogenous LMW FGF2. This promise, however, did not translate into successful clinical use. Currently, the functions of the endogenous FGF2 isoforms in ischemiainduced revascularization are not well understood. Elucidating the function(s) of the FGF2 isoforms in vascular growth is of great clinical importance and may lead to the development of novel pharmacological therapies for ischemic diseases. Mice with a targeted deletion of all FGF2 isoforms (Fgf2-/-), HMW FGF2 (FGF2 LMWonly) and LMW FGF2 (FGF2 HMW-only) were employed to identify the distinct role(s) of the
Evidence that Austropuccinia psidii may complete its sexual life cycle on Myrtaceae

The rust fungus Austropuccinia psidii has spread globally and naturalized in areas with naive species of Myrtaceae. Previous studies have revealed multiple strains of A. psidii within South America and two strains outside of its native range. The rust spreads by windborne mitotic urediniospores, which are the dominant spore stage. Teliospores and basidiospores of A. psidii are also formed; however, the biological role of these stages in the life cycle is unknown. Experiments presented here tested whether basidiospores of A. psidii could infect Syzygium jambos. The sori produced by infection with basidiospores were screened with five microsatellite markers to confirm whether they were a product of recombination. The findings showed that basidiospores of A. psidii could cause infection on species of Myrtaceae and the resulting sori were a product of recombination. This has important implications for programmes that breed for resistance to this aggressive pathogen in commercial eucalypt forestry.
Gamma-protocadherin Cis- and Trans-interactions regulate the development of dendrite arbors and synapses in the cerebral cortex

The α-, β-, and γ-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs) are cadherin superfamily adhesion molecules encoded by clustered gene families. The 22 γ-Pcdhs are combinatorially expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) by neurons and astrocytes, and play critical roles in synaptogenesis, dendrite arborization, and the survival of subsets of neurons. The γ-Pcdhs promiscuously form cis-multimers that interact strictly homophilically in trans (Molumby et al., 2016; Schreiner and Weiner, 2010); the αand β-Pcdhs were subsequently shown to interact in a similar homophilic manner (Rubinstein et al., 2015; Thu et al., 2014). The Pcdh gene clusters thus have the potential to generate millions of distinct adhesive interfaces, providing CNS cells with molecular identities that shape neuronal morphology. We demonstrated previously that, in mice lacking the γ-Pcdhs in the cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons exhibit severely reduced dendrite arborization (Garrett et al., 2012a). This, combined with many studies of γ-Pcdh interactions in vitro, suggests that homophilic, adhesive γ-Pcdh interactions between neurons, and between neurons and glia, provide a positive signal for dendrite growth. However, in retinal starburst amacrine cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells, loss of the γ-Pcdhs resulted in aberrant dendrite fasciculation and self-crossing (Lefebvre et al., 2012), suggesting that these molecules can mediate repulsive self-avoidance between a neuron’s own dendrites. In Chapter I of this thesis I utilized transgenic mice to manipulate expression in vivo, to show that the complexity of a cortical neuron’s dendritic arbor is determined by homophilic γPcdh isoform matching with other cells. Expression of the same single isoform in a neuron can result in either exuberant, or minimal, dendrite complexity depending on whether surrounding cells express the same isoform. Additionally, loss of γ-Pcdh in astrocytes, or induced astrocyteneuron mis-matching, reduces dendrite complexity cell non-autonomously. This indicates a
Growth and Essential Oil Yield of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) as Affected by Growth Stage

A study was conducted to observe the growth trend and essential oil yield of Artemisia annua L. under varying growth ages at the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center. The experiment consisted of six growth stages (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months after transplanting). The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on plant height, branch number/plant, fresh leaf weight/plant, dry leaf weight/plant, fresh leaf/stem ratio, dry leaf/stem ratio essential oil content (EOC) and essential oil yield (EOY) were collected and analyzed. As mean squares from analysis of variance indicated, different growth ages affected plant height, fresh leaf/stem ratio and dry leaf/stem ratio very highly significantly (P 0.05) at different age of growth. In this study, the highest values were recorded at 5 months after transplanting (MAT) for plant height (194 cm), fresh leaf weight/plant (382.47 g) and dry leaf weight/plant (98.36 g) and at 2 MAT for fresh leaf/stem ratio (0.69) and dry leaf/stem ratio (0.64). The highest EOC (1.08%) and EOY (21.78 kg) values were obtained at 6 MAT.
Nearly Minimax-Optimal Regret for Linearly Parameterized Bandits

We study the linear contextual bandit problem with finite action sets. When the problem dimension is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the time horizon is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and there are <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n \leq 2^{d/2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> candidate actions per time period, we 1) show that the minimax expected regret is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega (\sqrt {dT (\log T) (\log n)})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for every algorithm, and 2) introduce a Variable-Confidence-Level (VCL) SupLinUCB algorithm whose regret matches the lower bound up to iterated logarithmic factors. Our algorithmic result saves two <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sqrt {\log T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> factors from previous analysis, and our information-theoretical lower bound also improves previous results by one <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sqrt {\log T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> factor, revealing a regret scaling quite different from classical multi-armed bandits in which no logarithmic <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$ </tex-math></inline-formula> term is present in minimax regret. Our proof techniques include variable confidence levels and a careful analysis of layer sizes of SupLinUCB on the upper bound side, and delicately constructed adversarial sequences showing the tightness of elliptical potential lemmas on the lower bound side.
Transformation from auditory to linguistic representations across auditory cortex is rapid and attention dependent for continuous speech

During speech perception, a central task of the auditory cortex is to analyze complex acoustic patterns to allow detection of the words that encode a linguistic message. It is generally thought that this process includes at least one intermediate, phonetic, level of representations [1–6], localized bilaterally in the superior temporal lobe [7–10]. Phonetic representations reflect a transition from acoustic to linguistic information, classifying acoustic patterns into linguistically meaningful units, which can serve as input to mechanisms that access abstract word representations [11–13]. While recent research has identified neural signals arising from successful recognition of individual words in continuous speech [14–17], no explicit neurophysiological signal has been found demonstrating the transition from acoustic/phonetic to symbolic, lexical representations. Here we report a response reflecting the incremental integration of phonetic information for word identification, dominantly localized to the left temporal lobe. The short response latency, approximately 110 ms relative to phoneme onset, suggests that phonetic information is used for lexical processing as soon as it becomes available. Responses also tracked word boundaries, confirming previous reports of immediate lexical segmentation [18,19]. These new results were further investigated using a cocktail-party paradigm [20,21] in which participants listened to a mix of two talkers, attending to one and ignoring the other. Analysis indicates neural lexical processing of only the attended, but not the unattended, speech stream. Thus, while responses to acoustic features reflect attention through selective amplification of attended speech, responses consistent with a lexical processing model reveal categorically selective processing.
A new subspecies in a Heliconius butterfly adaptive radiation (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

We acknowledge the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), where part of the laboratory work was carried out and funded. C.F. Arias and N. Giraldo were supported by fellowships from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. C. F. Arias was also supported by Convocatoria “Es tiempo de volver” (COLCINECIAS)-2014, contract No. 656-2014. W.O. McMillan received support from NSF grant (DEB 1257689). C. Salazar was funded by Convocatoria para proyectos de investigacion en Ciencias Basicas (COLCINECIAS)-2014, contract No. FP44842-103-2015.