Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Compressible Flow Pressure Losses in Wye-Junctions

This paper considers the compressible flow pressure losses in sharp-cornered wye-junctions with symmetric branches under dividing and combining flow conditions. Determination of the additional total pressure losses occurring in flow through several three-leg junctions, using dry air as the working fluid, has been made experimentally. Results covering a wide speed range up to choking are presented for 30, 60, and 90 deg wye-junctions. Separate flow visualization schlieren tests detected the presence of normal shock waves, located at up to one duct diameter downstream of the junction, and therefore confirmed the choking of the flow at the vena contracta. The highest attainable Mach number (M[sub 3]) of the averaged whole flow was 0.9 for one of the dividing flow geometries and 0.65 for several of the combining flow cases. These values of M[sub 3] were the maximum possible and hence represent a limiting condition dictated by choking. In general, the compressible flow loss coefficients, caused by the presence of the wye-junctions, can be expected to be higher for dividing flows and lower for combining flows than would be the case for incompressible flows because of the influence of Mach number, M[sub 3].
Intertidal zonation of live benthic foraminiferal assemblages from mangrove environments around south-west Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract Studies on benthic foraminifera were conducted in the mangrove forests of Teluk Tempoyak, Pulau Betong and Kuala Sungai Pinang, Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia to examine species composition and distribution patterns in different intertidal zones. Twenty-eight live benthic foraminiferal species were successfully identified at the study locations, predominantly species with agglutinated tests. Assemblages in Pulau Betong and Teluk Tempoyak were dominated by similar species such as Ammonia aoteana, Elphidium hispidulum, Elphidium neosimplex and Trochammina inflata, while Kuala Sungai Pinang comprises a high number of Trochammina inflata and Arenoparrella mexicana. Three species, Aubignyna perlucida, Elphidium neosimplex and Elphidium sandiegoense, were recorded for the first time in Malaysian mangrove forests. Principal component analysis showed that sediment type and organic matter content were the dominant parameters that explained the variation of environmental gradient. Canonical correspondence analysis of these parameters with benthic foraminiferal species indicated that sand particles influenced distribution of the hyaline tests. Species with agglutinated tests were abundant in sediment with rich organic matter in combination with high silt and clay content. Species with hyaline tests dominated lower intertidal zones, while those with agglutinated tests inhabited the area from the middle to upper intertidal zones. This distribution pattern of benthic foraminiferal species mirrored patterns found at other local and global mangrove locations.
A Comparative Survey of Instance Selection Methods applied to Non-Neural and Transformer-Based Text Classification

Progress in natural language processing has been dictated by the rule of more: more data, more computing power, more complexity, best exemplified by deep learning Transformers. However, training (or fine-tuning) large dense models for specific applications usually requires significant amounts of computing resources. One way to ameliorate this problem is through data engineering instead of the algorithmic or hardware perspectives. Our focus here is an under-investigated data engineering technique, with enormous potential in the current scenario – Instance Selection (IS) (a.k.a. Selective Sampling, Prototype Selection). The IS goal is to reduce the training set size by removing noisy or redundant instances while maintaining or improving the effectiveness (accuracy) of the trained models and reducing the training process cost. We survey classical and recent state-of-the-art IS techniques and provide a scientifically sound comparison of IS methods applied to an essential natural language processing task—Automatic Text Classification (ATC). IS methods have been normally applied to small tabular datasets and have not been systematically compared in ATC. We consider several neural and non-neural state-of-the-art ATC solutions and many datasets. We answer several research questions based on tradeoffs induced by a tripod (training set reduction, effectiveness, and efficiency). Our answers reveal an enormous unfulfilled potential for IS solutions. Specially, we show that in 12 out of 19 datasets, specific IS methods—namely, Condensed Nearest Neighbor, Local Set-based Smoother, and Local Set Border Selector—can reduce the size of the training set without effectiveness losses. Furthermore, in the case of fine-tuning the Transformer methods, the IS methods reduce the amount of data needed, without losing effectiveness and with considerable training-time gains.
Bounding System-Induced Biases in Recommender Systems with a Randomized Dataset

Debiased recommendation with a randomized dataset has shown very promising results in mitigating system-induced biases. However, it still lacks more theoretical insights or an ideal optimization objective function compared with the other more well-studied routes without a randomized dataset. To bridge this gap, we study the debiasing problem from a new perspective and propose to directly minimize the upper bound of an ideal objective function, which facilitates a better potential solution to system-induced biases. First, we formulate a new ideal optimization objective function with a randomized dataset. Second, according to the prior constraints that an adopted loss function may satisfy, we derive two different upper bounds of the objective function: a generalization error bound with triangle inequality and a generalization error bound with separability. Third, we show that most existing related methods can be regarded as the insufficient optimization of these two upper bounds. Fourth, we propose a novel method called debiasing approximate upper bound (DUB) with a randomized dataset, which achieves a more sufficient optimization of these upper bounds. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on a public dataset and a real product dataset to verify the effectiveness of our DUB.
Regimes of GaAs quantum dot self-assembly by droplet epitaxy

Two regimes are observed for the density of strain-free GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by Ga droplet epitaxy. QDs grown from liquid Ga droplets deposited at temperatures up to 200 deg. C exhibit densities that qualitatively agree with classical nucleation theory and are quantitatively reproduced by a rate equations based growth model under consideration of dimer break off. In contrast, at higher growth temperatures, the onset of coarsening by Ostwald ripening [Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl. 34, 495 (1900)] causes drastically reduced QD densities. Extension of the growth models and consideration of Ostwald ripening allow the quantitative prediction of QD densities in this regime, as well.
Effects of capillary discharge current on the time of lasing onset of soft x-ray laser at low pressure

The laser spike of Ne-like argon 46.9 nm pumped by a capillary discharge is measured with an x-ray diode (XRD) at low Ar pressure (25 Pa). Changing the rise-time and amplitude of the main current, we observe the effects of current on the time of the laser spike. The experimental results show that the time of lasing onset, which is the time of the laser spike after the onset of the main current, is larger than 40 ns and almost constant when the rise-time and amplitude of the current are changed. The theoretical results are calculated with the snow-plough model and show that the plasma is pinched several times before the laser spike occurs.
Electrical and optical properties of modulation-doped p-AlGaN/GaN superlattices

Electrical and optical properties of modulation-doped p-AlGaN/GaN superlattices are compared to those of similarly doped p-GaN films. It is shown that modulation doping increases the sheet hole concentration by several times. In p-AlGaN/GaN superlattices grown on GaN underlayers, this increase is accompanied by a significant increase in hole mobility which results in a remarkable decrease in sheet resistivity of the structure compared to p-GaN films and this decrease in sheet resistivity should hold up to temperatures exceeding 350 °C. For superlattices prepared on AlGaN underlayers, the mobility decreases compared to p-GaN. In such superlattices, one also observes a strong redshift and a strong broadening of the band edge luminescence peak coming most probably from increased mosaicity and strain which would also explain the observed deterioration of mobility. The magnitude of the redshift in the position of the band edge luminescence band slightly increased upon application of reverse bias which is inter.
An extended inequality for the maximal function

Fefferman and Stein [3] have proved an LP inequality for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function applied to functions taking values in a sequence space lI'. This note extends their theorem to functions taking values in a mixed L& space. An application to mixed estimates for Riesz potentials is given. 1. Notation. Let k = (kl, . * k ) be an n-tuple of natural numbers, and let P = (p * * p ), where 1 * mB(x, r) rB(X, r) 1 dy Here B(x, r) is the ball with center x and radius r; mB(x, r) is its measure. For / = l/kI a function on Rm with values in IP, f/ *is the IP-valued function obtained by taking the maximal function of each fk. 2. Theorem. For 1 < p < 00 and 1 < q < o, there is a constant c such that KP(/ *)q dx < c KP(/)q dx. Proof. We perform induction on n. Fefferman and Stein [3] have treated the case n = 1; we could just as well start with n = 0. Assume the Theorem has been established for some fixed value of n. We show that for 1/,k} and 1 < r < 0, jeN,k6N Received by the editors January 25, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 46E30, 26A86.
Exploring Student Service Member/Veteran Social Support and Campus Belonging in University STEMM Fields

Abstract:Supported by considerable public investment through post-9/11 higher education benefits, student military service members/veterans (SSM/Vs) have been one of the fastest-growing groups of nontraditional students in American universities in recent years. Despite their increased numbers and potential to diversify science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical (STEMM) fields, little research has explored SSM/V academic development and success across university STEMM contexts. This mixed methods study used social capital theory to explore links between STEMM SSM/V social support and a sense of campus belonging—shown to be important to achievement among traditionally marginalized college students—within 4-year campus communities. Social network analyses of surveys indicated that larger SSM/V support networks, including onand off-campus social ties as well as student and university educator ties, positively correlated with campus belonging. Social support networks with military ties, traditionally seen to benefit SSM/V college integration, did not correlate. Interview responses suggested that while belonging can be discouraged among SSM/Vs by military-associated STEMM imposter feelings, it is fostered through student friendship, faculty care, and veteran- focused campus support. Results underscored the importance of authentic interaction as well as purposeful efforts to bring SSM/Vs together with fellow students, educators, and staff.
Méthodes de Bootstrap en population finie

Cette these est consacree aux methodes de Bootstrap pour unepopulation ? nie. Le premier chapitre introduit quelques rappels sur l'echantillonnage et propose une presentation synthetique des principales methodes d'estimation de precision. Le chapitre 2 rappelle les methodes de Bootstrap proposees pour un sondage aleatoire simple et introduit deux nouvelles me thodes. Le chapitre 3 donne un nouvel algorithme de Bootstrap, consistant pour l'estimation de variance d'un estimateur par substitution dans le cas d'un tirage a forte entropie. Dans le chapitre 4, nous introduisons la notion d'echantillonnage equilibre et proposons un algorithme rapide. Nous montrons que l'algorithme de Bootstrap propose est egalement consistant pour l'estimation de variance d'un tirage equilibre a entropie maximale. Le cas d'un echantillonnage complexe et celui d'un redressement est traite au chapitre 5. Une application au Nouveau Recensement de la population est donnee dans le chapitre 6.
The influence of temperature gradients on the distribution of axial current in a large current Z-pinch implosion

General algebraic expressions for the tensor electrical conductivity and heat conductivity are presented that are needed in one-dimensional (1-D) magnetohydrodynamic modeling of Z-pinch implosions. The expressions contain both the ionization state and the magnetic field dependence of these quantities and generalize Braginskii's results. The ionization dependence is important in any description of a Z-pinch's implosion dynamics, since substantial ionization occurs during the course of the implosion. The tensor character of the electrical conductivity implies that axial currents are generated by radial temperature gradients in the presence of a Z-pinch's magnetic field. We find that these currents make contributions to the full current distribution that are comparable to the electric field generated currents. The effect of these temperature gradients on the full current distribution in a 1-D Z-pinch implosion is calculated by using the derived formulas for the electrical resistivity. The implosion we model is similar to the one that was found in an analysis of time-resolved X-ray data to give a good representation of the temperature gradients generated in a 90-wire, aluminum shot on the Saturn generator at the Sandia National Laboratories. [Phys. Rev. E 56, 3540 (1997)]. In the calculation, we find that, on axis, gradient-driven currents limit total current flow near the front surface of the plasma, causing a much larger current to flow in the plasma interior than otherwise and reducing the temperature gradients that would be calculated in their absence. The gradient structure of the plasma is changed because the modified current distribution produces a different set of j/spl times/B forces, which act on the plasma. These nonlinear magnetic field effects persist during the plasma's expansion from the axis following peak compression.
On the geometry of the edge splitting complex

The group Out of outer automorphisms of the free group has been an object of active study for many years, yet its geometry is not well understood. Recently, effort has been focused on finding a hyperbolic complex on which Out acts, in analogy with the curve complex for the mapping class group. Here, we focus on one of these proposed analogues: the edge splitting complex E n, equivalently known as the separating sphere complex. We characterize geodesic paths in its 1-skeleton E 1n algebraically, and use our characterization to find lower bounds on distances between points in this graph. Our distance calculations allow us to find quasiflats of arbitrary dimension in E n. This shows that E n: is not hyperbolic, has infinite asymptotic dimension, and is such that every asymptotic cone is infinite dimensional. These quasiflats contain an unbounded orbit of a reducible element of Out. As a consequence, there is no coarsely Out-equivariant quasiisometry between E n and other proposed curve complex analogues, including the regular free splitting complex F n, the (nontrivial intersection) free factorization complex FF n, and the free factor complex Fn. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 20F65, 20E36.
DOMAINS OF SOLVATED IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT ON ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

In this paper, we identify a yet unreported, quantum-electro-dynamic (QED) interactions induced, self-organization in aqueous solutions. We show that its characteristics conform to hitherto unexplained experimental findings, reported in the literature. Specifically, our analysis shows: (a) Solvated ions may organize into micrometer (μm) sized domains, wherein the plasma oscillations of identical ions are in-phase. (b) These liquid domains have a crystalline-like lattice structure. (c) For salt solutions, for concentrations C below a solute specific transition concentration Ctrans, the ions organize into the "in-phase" domains. For C larger than Ctrans, domains form wherein the plasma oscillations of the solvated ions are just coherent. Previous studies provided theoretical and experimental evidence for the "coherent" domains. However, they did not show that the "coherent" domains only exist for C > Ctrans. Typically, at room temperature and pressure, C trans is about 10-4 M or below. (d) At Ctrans, the molar electric conductivity sharply changes, i.e. for C Ctrans.
An ideal seed non-hierarchical clustering algorithm for cellular manufacturing

SUMMARY This paper describes the development of a non-heuristic algorithm for solving group techology problems. The problem is first formulated as a bipartite graph, and then an expression for the upper limit to the number of groups is derived. Using this limit, a non-hierarchical clustering method is adopted for grouping components into families and machines into cells. After diagonally correlating the groups, an ideal-seed method is used to improve the initial grouping. A quantitative criterion called grouping efficiency is then developed for comparing alternative solutions. The algorithm and the criterion are demonstrated through an example.
Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet

Abstract In addition to the known metabolic alterations, obesity has consequences at the brain level, driving imbalance in neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The consumption of fruits with antioxidant properties, such as the berrycactus Myrtillocactus geometrizans, could have beneficial effects in such an imbalance. The study objective was to evaluate frontal cortex neurotransmitter levels and weight changes in rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and MG. To achieve that, five groups of Wistar rats received different diets for 24 weeks: standard diet (SDt), HFD, HFD + MG extract 150 mg (HMg150), HFD + MG extract 300 mg (HMg300), and HFD + MG extract 450 mg (HMg450); rats received MG extract for the last 4 weeks. Weight and food intake were recorded every week, and also neurotransmitter levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Groups fed with HFDs had increased Glu and Gln levels, decreased GABA, and also gained more weight compared to the SDt group; MG extract of 450 mg decreased Glu levels. Concentrations of 300 and 450 mg of MG extract decreased weight compared to the HFD and HMg150 groups. This study reports that HFDs have an impact on neurotransmitter levels and weight, MG extract showed a reduction in Glu concentration and weight.
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue attrition associates with response to anti-α4β7 therapy in ulcerative colitis

Targeting the α4β7-MAdCAM-1 axis with vedolizumab (VDZ) is a front-line therapeutic paradigm in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, mechanism(s) of action (MOA) of VDZ remain relatively undefined. Here, we examined three distinct cohorts of patients with UC (n=83, n=60, and n=21), to determine the effect of VDZ on the mucosal and peripheral immune system. Transcriptomic studies with protein level validation were used to study drug MOA using conventional and transgenic murine models. We found a significant decrease in colonic and ileal naïve B and T cells and circulating gut-homing plasmablasts (β7+) in VDZ-treated patients, pointing to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) targeting by VDZ. Murine Peyer’s patches (PP) demonstrated a significant loss cellularity associated with reduction in follicular B cells, including a unique population of epithelium-associated B cells, following anti-α4β7 antibody (mAb) administration. Photoconvertible (KikGR) mice unequivocally demonstrated impaired cellular entry into PPs in anti-α4β7 mAb treated mice. In VDZ-treated, but not anti-tumor necrosis factor-treated UC patients, lymphoid aggregate size was significantly reduced in treatment responders compared to non-responders, with an independent validation cohort further confirming these data. GALT targeting represents a novel MOA of α4β7-targeted therapies, with major implications for this therapeutic paradigm in UC, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Absolute quantification of photoreceptor outer segment proteins

Photoreceptor cells generate neuronal signals in response to capturing light. This process, called phototransduction, takes place in a highly specialized outer segment organelle. There are significant discrepancies in the reported amounts of many proteins supporting this process, particularly those of low abundance, which limits our understanding of their molecular organization and function. In this study, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine the abundances of twenty key structural and functional proteins residing in mouse rod outer segments. We computed the absolute number of molecules of each protein residing within an individual outer segment and the molar ratio amongst all twenty proteins. The molar ratios of proteins comprising three well-characterized constitutive complexes in outer segments differed from the established subunit stoichiometries of these complexes by less than 7%, highlighting the exceptional precision of our quantification. Overall, this study resolves multiple existing discrepancies regarding the outer segment abundances of these proteins, thereby advancing our understanding of how the phototransduction pathway functions as a single, well-coordinated molecular ensemble.