Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Systems Underlying the Implementation of Working Memory Removal Operations

Recently, multi-voxel pattern analysis has verified that information can be removed from working memory (WM) via three distinct operations replacement, suppression, or clearing compared to information being maintained ( Kim et al., 2020). While univariate analyses and classifier importance maps in Kim et al. (2020) identified brain regions that contribute to these operations, they did not elucidate whether these regions represent the operations similarly or uniquely. Using Leiden-community-detection on a sample of 55 humans (17 male), we identified four brain networks, each of which has a unique configuration of multi-voxel activity patterns by which it represents these WM operations. The visual network (VN) shows similar multi-voxel patterns for maintain and replace, which are highly dissimilar from suppress and clear, suggesting this network differentiates whether an item is held in WM or not. The somatomotor network (SMN) shows a distinct multi-voxel pattern for clear relative to the other operations, indicating the uniqueness of this operation. The default mode network (DMN) has distinct patterns for suppress and clear, but these two operations are more similar to each other than to maintain and replace, a pattern intermediate to that of the VN and SMN. The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) displays distinct multi-voxel patterns for each of the four operations, suggesting that this network likely plays an important role in implementing these WM operations. These results indicate that the operations involved in removing information from WM can be performed in parallel by distinct brain networks, each of which has a particular configuration by which they represent these operations.
An idealised assessment of Townsend’s outer-layer similarity hypothesis for wall turbulence

Abstract Direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow at the matched friction Reynolds number of 590, comparing the effect of no-slip versus shear-stress boundary conditions, reveal that the outer flow of wall turbulence, in accord with Townsend’s outer-layer similarity hypothesis, remains largely independent of the viscous sublayer. First- and second-order statistics, including spectra, agree closely from the buffer region out to the centre of the channel. Higher-order statistics also appear to obey the hypothesised similarity, although the influence of boundary conditions is more pronounced than in the lower-order statistics. The statistical agreement in the outer layer, in spite of the structural differences in the viscous sublayer, support Townsend’s idea that the primary effect of the wall is not the no-slip condition, but the impermeability condition imposed by a solid wall.
Searching for Fine-Grained Queries in Radiology Reports Using Similarity-Preserving Contrastive Embedding

The ability to search in unstructured reports of electronic health records requires tools that can recognize clinically meaningful ﬁne-grained descriptions both in queries and in report sentences. Existing methods of searching reports that use either information retrieval or deep learning techniques to model use context, lack an inherent understanding of the clinical concepts or their variants that capture the same underlying clinical semantics. In this paper, we present a new search algorithm that combines principles of information retrieval and deep learning-driven textual encoding approaches with natural language analysis of sentences in reports for ﬁne-grained descriptors of concepts. In particular, we learn a clinical similarity-preserving embedding from a chest X-ray lexicon using a new contrastive loss. This allows us to form a report index that is robust to diﬀerent forms of expressing for clinical concepts in queries. The results show marked improvement in the quality of retrieved reports as judged through average recall and mean average precision over a broad range of diﬃcult queries.
DDO AND UBV PHOTOMETRY OF RED GIANT STARS IN NGC 6791.

Photoelectric DDO and UBV observations of red giant stars in the old open cluster NGC 6791 were used to help derive the reddening to the cluster and to find its distance and metallicity. A comparison of the DDO photometry with previous results leads to a reddening estimate of E(B - V) = 0.10 + or - 0.03 mag. With this reddening, the DDO metallicity index, deltaCN = 0.026 + or - 0.015, corresponding approximately to Fe/H = -0.08 ± 0.07. There is no evidence for a spread in composition on the cluster giant branch. Although the composition appears to be nearly solar, lingering uncertainty as to the reddening to the cluster and a possible systematic error in UBV photometry prevents a definitive statement of its properties. Additional photometry is desirable.
Mutual coupling effects in large antenna arrays II: Compensation effects

Mutual coupling effects in a large array cause a variation in the input impedance as a function of scan angle. This variation can be reduced considerably by the use of a compensating structure which appropriately modifies the environment of the array. A two-dimensional dipole array is treated as a typical example, and its input impedance is calculated by means of a unit cell equivalent network as a function of scan angle for different environmental situations. Reasonably constant performance up to scan angles of \pm 60\deg is obtained on use of a periodic baffle compensation structure.
Theoretical growth rates, periods, and pulsation constants for long-period variables

Theoretical values of the growth rate, period, and pulsation constant for the first three radial pulsation modes in red giants (Population II and galactic disk) and supergiants have been derived in the linear, nonadiabatic approximation. The effects of altering the surface boundary conditions, the effective temperature (or mixing length), and the opacity in the outer layers have been explored. In the standard models, the Q-value for the first overtone can be much larger (Q/sub 1/< or approx. =0.075) than indicated by previous isolated calculations (Q/sub 1/roughly-equal0.04); in addition, the Q-value for the fundamental mode is reduced from previous values, as is the period ratio P/sub 0//P/sub 1/. The growth rate for the fundamental mode is found to increase with luminosity on the giant branch while the growth rate for the first overtone decreases. Dynamical instabilities found in previous adiabatic models of extreme red giants do not occur when nonadiabatic effects are included in the models. In some massive, luminous models, period ratios P/sub 0//P/sub 1/approx.7 occur when P/sub 0/approx.2000--5000 days; it is suggested that the massive galactic supergiants and carbon stars which have secondary periods Papprox.2000--7000 days and primary periods Papprox.300--700 days are first-overtone pulsators in which the long secondarymore » periods are due to excitation of the fundamental mode. Some other consequences of the present results are briefly discussed, with particular emphasis on the mode of pulsation of the Mira variables. Subject headings: stars: long-period variables: stars: pulsation: stars: supergiants« less
Probing the hierarchical dynamics of DNA-sperm nuclear transition protein complex through fuzzy interaction and mesoscale condensation

Nuclear transition protein TNP1 is a crucial player mediating histone-protamine exchange in condensing spermatids. A unique combination of intrinsic disorder and multivalent properties turns TNP1 into an ideal agent for orchestrating the formation of versatile TNP-DNA assembly and endows the protein with potent value for vaccine design. Despite its significance, the physicochemical property and the molecular mechanism taken by TNP1 for histone replacement and DNA condensation are still poorly understood. In this study, for the first time, we expressed and purified in vitro human TNP1. We investigated the hierarchical dynamics of TNP1: DNA interaction by combing computational simulations, biochemical assay, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy. We analyzed fuzzy interactions between TNP1 and DNA at the atomistic level and assessed the influence of TNP1 association on the electrostatic and mechanical properties of DNA. Furthermore, the alteration of the physicochemical properties of the TNP1-DNA complex modulates its molecular assembly and phase separation. Our study sets the foundation for understanding TNP1-mediated histone replacement and sheds light on the encapsulation of genetic material by TNP1 for vaccine development.
Statistics of gravity waves obtained by direct numerical simulation

We perform direct numerical simulations of dynamic equations of decaying gravity waves on infinite-depth water. Power-law behaviour of the wave action spectrum and structure functions of the surface elevation is obtained. These power laws agree with the prediction of the weak turbulence theory. The probability density function (p.d.f.) of the surface elevation is close to the Gaussian distribution around the mean value which seems to be consistent with the random phase approximation. However, the p.d. f. deviates weakly from the Gaussian in the tail region. This deviation is significant and can be amplified by taking the Laplacian. In addition, intermittency and breakdown of the weak turbulence theory are discussed.
The patch test—a condition for assessing FEM convergence

This paper discusses various forms of the Irons patch test and shows again that its satisfaction is a necessary convergence condition being equivalent to consistency, Further, it is shown that the test can be applied for verification of stability requirements, thus providing also a sufficient condition of convergence. The patch test is useful in testing the order of asymptotic convergence and the satisfaction of the test gives a guide for development of certain incompatible element forms.
Automated LOINC Standardization Using Pre-trained Large Language Models

Harmonization of local source concepts to standard clinical terminologies is a prerequisite for multi-center data aggregation and sharing. Challenges in automating the mapping process stem from the idiosyncratic source encoding schemes adopted by different health systems and the lack of large publicly available training data. In this study, we aim to develop a scalable and generalizable machine learning tool to facilitate stan-dardizing laboratory observations to the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC). Specifically, we leverage the contextual embedding from pre-trained T5 models and propose a two-stage fine-tuning strategy based on contrastive learning to enable learning in a few-shot setting without manual feature engineering. Our method utilizes unlabeled general LOINC ontology and data augmentation to achieve high accuracy on retrieving the most relevant LOINC targets when limited amount of labeled data are available. We further show that our model generalizes well to unseen targets. Taken together, our approach shows great potential to reduce manual effort in LOINC standardization and can be easily extended to mapping other terminologies.
Naupliar exposure to acute warming does not affect ontogenetic patterns in respiration, body size, or development time in the cosmopolitan copepod Acartia tonsa

Short-term, acute warming events are increasing in frequency across the world’s oceans. For short-lived species like most copepods, these extreme events can occur over both within- and between-generational time scales. Yet, it is unclear whether exposure to acute warming during early life stages of copepods can cause lingering effects on metabolism through development, even after the event has ended. These lingering effects would reduce the amount of energy devoted to growth and affect copepod population dynamics. We exposed nauplii of an ecologically important coastal species, Acartia tonsa, to a 24-hour warming event (control: 18°C; treatment: 28°C), and then tracked individual respiration rate, body length, and stage duration through development. As expected, we observed a decrease in massspecific respiration rates as individuals developed. However, exposure to acute warming had no effect on the ontogenetic patterns in per-capita or mass-specific respiration rates, body length, or development time. The lack of these carryover effects through ontogeny suggests within-generational resilience to acute warming in this copepod species.
Complex-valued growing and pruning rbf neural networks for communication channel equalisation

A complex-valued radial basis function (RBF) network is proposed for solving the communication channel equalisation problem with quadrature amplitude modulation signals. The network uses a sequential learning scheme, referred to as the complex-valued growing and pruning (CGAP) algorithm, and is an extension of the generalised growing and pruning network of Huang et al. developed for real-valued radial basis function (RBF) networks. The learning algorithm in this network makes use of the concept of ‘significance’ for hidden neurons. By linking the significance of a neuron to the learning accuracy, a growing and pruning strategy for an RBF neural network with complex inputs is derived. Further, for both growing and pruning, one needs to check only the nearest neuron (based on the Euclidean distance to the latest input data) for its significance, resulting in a more compact network. When there is no growing or pruning, a complex, extended Kalman filter is used to adjust the RBF network parameters. The performance of the CGAP-RBF equaliser is compared with several other equalisers such as CMRAN, CRBF and ASNN on several nonlinear, complex channel equalisation problems. The results show that the CGAP-RBF equaliser is superior to other equalisers in terms of symbol error rate and network complexity.
Calculating error probabilities for DS-CDMA systems: when not to use the Gaussian approximation

Error probabilities for various unbalanced DS-CDMA systems are calculated using the standard Gaussian approximation, improved Gaussian approximation and the Fourier series based schemes. A scarcely populated system, a system with a dominant interferer, a system in a fading channel and a multimedia system with a single high processing gain user are considered. It is seen that the standard Gaussian approximation in all of these cases gives inaccurate results, especially when the number of users active in the system is low. The improved Gaussian approximation on the other hand, gives more accurate results for a scarcely populated system and a system with a dominant interferer. For systems in fading channels and multimedia systems, neither of the Gaussian approximations are accurate. For all of these cases, the Fourier series based scheme gives very accurate results without computational complexity.
Transition to a periodic regime in mixed convection in a square cavity

The numerical study presented in this work describes the transition from a steady, laminar regime to a periodic regime in an air-filled, two-dimensional cavity subjected to localized heating. The cavity lies at the bottom of a horizontal channel through which a cold air stream flows. The heating is provided by a constant heat input source, located on one of the vertical walls of the cavity and this generates a buoyancy-driven recirculating flow in the cavity. The interaction of this recirculating flow with the cold through-flow leads to steady flow and thermal fields as long as the value of the Grashof number, associated with the heat input from the source, remains below a certain critical value. As this value is exceeded, an unstable situation arises and, after an initial transient, the results show a very regular, periodic, almost sinusoidal behaviour. Similar previous works on natural convective flows in cavities have discovered such a periodic behaviour, as a form of travelling wave instability, having the characteristics of a Hopf bifurcation. These characteristics were also found to be present in this mixed convective situation, where the amplitudes of the oscillating quantities, like the thermal energy outflow, vary with the square root of the Grashof number. However, the present problem is also governed by the value of the Reynolds number, and its effect on the results is studied. The observed instability is of thermal origin, with small fluid cells at the centre of the cavity being subjected to periodic cooling and heating and, therefore, to a circulatory motion due to the density change.
Homotopy of compact symmetric spaces

In recent years a new approach to the study of compact symmetric spaces has been taken by Nagano and Chen [10]. This approach assigned to each pair of antipodal points on a closed geodesic a pair of totally geodesic submanifolds. In this paper we will show how these totally geodesic submanifolds can be used in conjunction with a theorem of Bott to compute homotopy in compact symmetric spaces. Some of the results are already known (see [1], [5], [11] for example) but we include them here for completeness and to illustrate this unified approach. We also exhibit a connection between the second homotopy group of a compact symmetric space and the multiplicity of the highest root. Using this in conjunction with a theorem of J. H. Cheng [6] we obtain a topological characterization of quaternionic symmetric spaces with antiquaternionic involutive isometry. The author would like to thank Prof T. Nagano for all his help and his detailed descriptions of the totally geodesic submanifolds mentioned above.
Efficacy of Effect Size Measures in Logistic Regression

Statistical techniques based on logistic regression (LR) are adequate for the detection of differential item functioning (DIF) in dichotomous items. Nevertheless, they return more false positives (FPs) than do other DIF detection techniques. This paper compares the efficacy of DIF detection using the LR significance test and the estimation of the effect size that these procedures provide using R2 of Nagelkerke. The variables manipulated were different conditions of sample size, focal and reference group sample size ratio, amount of DIF, test length and percentage of test items with DIF. In addition, examinee responses were generated to simulate both uniform and nonuniform DIF (symmetric and asymmetric). In all cases, dichotomous response tests were used. The results show that the use of R2 as a strategy for detecting DIF obtained lower correct detection percentages than those obtained from significance tests. Moreover, the LR significance test showed adequate control of FP rates, close to the nominal 5%, .
Experimental Investigation of a Supersonic Combustion Solid Fuel Ramjet

An experimental parametric investigation of a solid-fuel supersonic combustion chamber in a scramjet configuration was conducted. A hydrogen-burning vitiated air heater was designed and built to simulate flight conditions of Mach 5.5 in high and medium altitudes in a static test facility (stagnation temperatures and pressures of up to 1500 K and 50 atm, respectively). Flow and combustion phenomena were studied by pressure measurements along the fuel grain and by analyzing video images, digitized from the video recording of each test. Self-ignition and flameholding characteristics were consistent with results from previous works. Flow and combustion characteristics changed as inlet conditions extended, exhibiting initially choked or unchoked flow patterns. In the parametric investigation, incoming airflow conditions (total pressure, total temperature, and mass flow rate) defined the parametric space, yielding a regression rate power law of these parameters. Combustion efficiency was found to decrease with the increase of each of the inlet parameters. Increasing the diversion semiangle of the diverging section of the solid grain resulted in lower regression rate values.
Multiple Positive Solutions for Equations Involving Critical Sobolev Exponent in RN

This article concerns with the problem div(jruj m 2 ru )= hu q +u m 1 ; in R N : Using the Ekeland Variational Principle and the Mountain Pass Theorem, we show the existence of > 0 such that there are at least two nonnegative solutions for each in (0;).
General relativistic treatment of the Colella-Overhauser-Werner experiment on neutron interference in a gravitational field

In the Colella–Overhauser–Werner (COW) experiment a gravity-induced phase shift of spin 1/2 particles was detected. The experimental results were explained by using the Newtonian theory of gravity. The explanation can be easily given using general relativistic arguments and the highest order term reproduces the result of Colella, Overhauser, and Werner together with additional, lower order corrections. The derivation can be considered as an interesting exercise for students with basic knowledge of the field of general relativity.
Asymptotic analysis of the general stochastic epidemic with variable infectious periods

A generalisation of the classical general stochastic epidemic within a closed, homogeneously mixing population is considered, in which the infectious periods of infectives follow i.i. d. random variables having an arbitrary but specified distribution. The asymptotic behaviour of the total size distribution for the epidemic as the initial numbers of susceptibles and infectives tend to infinity is investigated by generalising the construction of Sellke and reducing the problem to a boundary crossing problem for sums of independent random variables.
Time delays and Q switching in homostructure and heterostructure injection lasers

Preliminary results are reported of a joint experimental-theoretical study of time delays and Q -switching effects in homostructure and heterostructure lasers. Spectral measurements of the normal lasing and Q -switching pulses indicate a broadening of the spectrum during the delay, with a high-energy emission during the Q -switched output. These experimental results are interpreted on the basis of a theoretical model involving saturable absorption of the lasing emission via states in the conduction band "tail," while the emission itself results from transitions associated with states in the parabolic part of the conduction band for temperatures above a certain critical temperature T c .
Instability of a dissipative restricted non-static axial collapse with shear viscosity in f(R) gravity

This paper investigates stability regions for a non-static restricted class of axially symmetric geometry filled with anisotropic, heat radiating and shearing viscous fluid that collapses non-adiabatically. In this context, dynamical equations as well as collapse equation are constructed through perturbation scheme with f(R) = R+ϵR2 model. We then develop dynamical instability regions at Newtonian and post-Newtonian eras. It is concluded that pressure anisotropy and heat dissipation increases the instability regions of the collapsing system while shearing viscosity as well as f(R) dark sourced terms decrease them during collapse. Finally, we calculate our results under constant curvature condition and GR limit, i.e., f(R)→R.