Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the cellulose/LiCl/dimethylacetamide and cellulose/LiCl/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone solutions by 13C NMR spectroscopy

The cellulose/lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and cellulose/lithium chloride/N-methyl-2-pyrroilidinone (NMP) solutions were investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Well-resolved spectra were obtained for both solutions and indicated that cellulose was present in these systems in the form of underivatized cellulose. The change in 13C chemical shifts of DMAc and NMP in the presence of LiCl and LiBr was compared with that of several salt/aprotic solvents, and the results point to the existence of a cellulose–LiCl–DMAc (or NMP) complex in which the lithium cation is strongly bound to the amide carbonyl oxygen and the chloride anion involved in the dissociation of the cellulose hydrogen bonds. Spin–lattice relaxation times (T1 of the 13C carbons of the solvent molecules, DMAc and NMP, show a large decrease in T1 for all solvent carbons upon addition of LiCl. Further decrease in T1 is observed when cellulose is introduced to the LiCl/NMP but not to the LiCl/DMAc systems. These observations are attributed to slower molecular motions of DMAc and NMP in the presence of LiCl, and, in the case of NMP, in the presence of cellulose.
Crystal Structure of Piezoelectric Ferromagnetic Gallium Iron Oxide

The crystal structure of Ga2—xFexO3, with 0.7≤x≤1.4, has been determined at 298°K by x‐ray diffraction. Ga2—xFexO3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pc21n, with lattice constants a = 8.7512±0.0008, b = 9.3993±0.0003, c = 5.0806±0.0002 A and eight formula weights in the unit cell. The complete scattering pattern was measured with PEXRAD to (sinθ)/λ≤1.02 A−1. One gallium atom in the asymmetric unit is in a tetrahedral site, the other gallium and the two iron atoms are in octahedral sites. For x>1, the excess iron partly occupies the octahedral gallium site: the iron sites are to a smaller extent occupied by gallium. The gallium tetrahedron is very nearly regular, with Gatetr−0 = 1.846±0.005 A. The gallium octahedron is irregular, with average Gaoct−0 = 2.026±0.004 A; the iron octahedra are somewhat more irregular, with average Feoct−0 = 2.036±0.004 and 2.049±0.004 A in the two crystallographically independent octahedra. The oxygen atoms pack in pseudohexagonal layers with a double‐hexagon.
Technique for determination of the number of PapA units in an E. coli P pilus

Optical tweezers have previously been used to characterize the force-vs.-elongation dependence of the PapA rod of uropathogenic E. coli P pili. It was found that the PapA rod elongates in several elongation regions. In the two first, the elongation originates from an elastic stretching and a sequential unfolding of the layer-to-layer bonds (and thereby of the helical structure). Region III is characterized by an elongation that originates from an elastic stretching and an opening of the head-to-tail bonds in the linearized PapA rod. The opening of these bonds takes place in a random order, wherefore the response in this region is affected by entropy. Since the entropic softening of a macromolecule depends on the number of units, the shape of this region can be used to assess the number of PapA units. We provide in this work a recipe for how this can be done solely from the form of region III. An advantage with this technique is that it does not require a continuous monitoring of the elongation of a single PapA rod from unstretched conditions, which often is difficult because of simultaneous multi-pili binding; it suffices to detect it in the third region at which binding often is mediated by only one pilus. Another advantage is that it does not require any prior knowledge about (or assessment of) any physical entity of the PapA rod; the number of PapA units can be assessed solely from the shape of the curve in the third elongation region.
Process characteristics of fibre-laser-assisted plasma arc welding

Experimental and theoretical investigations on fibre-laser-assisted plasma arc welding (LAPW) were performed. Welding experiments were carried out on aluminium and steel sheets. In the case of a highly focused laser beam and a separate arrangement of plasma torch and laser beam, high-speed video recordings of the plasma arc and corresponding measurements of the time-dependent arc voltage revealed differences in the process behaviour for both materials. In the case of aluminium welding, a sharp decline in arc voltage and stabilization and guiding of the anodic arc root was observed whereas in steel welding the arc voltage was slightly increased after the laser beam was switched on. However, significant improvement of the melting efficiency with the combined action of plasma arc and laser beam was achieved for both types of material. Theoretical results of additional numerical simulations of the arc behaviour suggest that the properties of the arc plasma are mainly influenced not by a direct interaction with the laser radiation but by the laser-induced evaporation of metal. Arc stabilization with increased current densities is predicted for moderate rates of evaporated metal only whereas metal vapour rates above a certain threshold causes a destabilization of the arc and reduced current densities along the arc axis.
Management characteristics and the decision to internationalize: exploration of exporters vs. non-exporters within the Chilean wine industry

The objective of this study was to identify the key factors differentiating between exporters and non-exporters in the Chilean wine industry. Based on survey data collected from 61 wineries, the findings show that the main barriers for non-exporters are the lack of financial resources, limited quantities of stock for market expansion, management's lack of knowledge and experience, and the high cost of travelling and participating in trade shows. The results also show that managers have educational levels and international experience exceeding those of other comparable New World wineries. Finally, in developing their main international markets, Chilean wineries did not target psychically close markets as identified in previous wine industry studies.
Copolymerization of ethylene with 5‐vinyl‐2‐norbornene in the presence of the Ph2C(Flu)(Cp)ZrCl2 /MAO catalyst

Cycloolefin copolymer, poly[ethylene)-co-(5-vinyl-2-norbornene)], was synthetized using the MAO activated ansa-metallocene Ph 2 C(Flu)(Cp)ZrCl 2 as a catalyst. Formation of mostly isolated 5-vinyl-2-norbornene sequences was confirmed by NMR analysis. Comonomer incorporated selectively via cyclic double bond. No selectivity towards the reactivity of the particular isomer of 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (5-endo:5-exo) was observed. The molar mass was found to decrease when the comonomer concentration in product increased. At low comonomer incorporation levels copolymers were insoluble, cross-linked elastomers. With high comonomer concentration in reaction medium copolymers were amorphous determined by meand of DSC and X-ray diffraction and the vinyl group of the comonomer remained unreacted for further modification.
THE EFFECT OF THE EARTHWORM DENDROBAENA RUBIDA ON THE SOLUBILITY OF LEAD, ZINC, AND CALCIUM IN HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL IN WALES

Summary The quantities of lead, zinc, and calcium dissolved by various extraction techniques from soil, earthworm faeces, and decayed earthworm (Dendrobuena rubida, Savigny) corpses have been studied. A small proportion of the total metals was water soluble and the amount of lead in faeces was significantly higher than in soil. Putrefied earthworm extracts gave by far the highest concentrations of all three metals. Acetic acid extractable lead was higher in soil than faeces but putrified earthworm extracts gave the highest concentration of lead. The quantities of zinc and calcium extracted were lowest in soil, higher in faeces, and much higher in decomposed earthworms. This particular species of earthworm can therefore be considered as a possible source of lead and zinc contamination in heavy metal polluted, acid soil.
An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contamination in Turkey

This study summarizes the relevant information regarding the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in various environmental (e. g., soil, sediment, air, water) and biological (e. g., fish, mussel, adipose tissue, milk) media in Turkey. The information sources used for this purpose, in addition to the scientific literature, were; official import records, governmental reports on monitoring of organochlorines, and reports prepared by international organizations. PCBs were never produced in Turkey; however they were imported and used within equipment or otherwise. The number of studies conducted on the topic is increasing significantly throughout the years and especially in the last decade. Evidence of PCB pollution was compared with the available background monitoring results from the region and other parts of the world, as well as relevant legislative standards. Overall, the presence of a number of important local PCB contamination sources is indicated as a result of this assessment.
Population Aging and Environmental Preferences

Most industrialized countries will be affected by a significant population aging in the future. Economic consequences of this phenomenon have been intensely debated in the recent past. Nevertheless, the consequences of this coming population aging for environmental quality are largely unknown. This paper investigates how environmental preferences for local air quality depend on the age-composition of the population. We use the life satisfaction approach to explore age-specific preferences for local air quality, as measured by PM10 concentrations. Our estimation results on a panel of 25 OECD countries, spanning the period 1990 to 2004, indicate that preferences for local air quality seem to be U-shaped in age. We conjecture this result to arise since the physical health of young and old age groups is more negatively affected by air pollution. As a result, the coming rise in the share of the elderly population constitutes a potential for an increase in preferred local air quality. JEL classification: I310, Q510, Q530, J140
Environmental enrichment facilitates release and survival of an injured loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) after ten years in captivity

In June 2006 a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) was admitted to a rescue centre on the Mediterranean coast with severe fishing net entanglement in its fore right flipper. The flipper could not be saved and was amputated at shoulder joint level. The animal remained in captivity for 10 years due to concerns over its survival on release back to the wild. In 2016, an environmental enrichment programme was implemented to encourage the performance of wild-type feeding and locomotion behaviours, with the end plan of release. The enrichment programme lasted for two months. The enrichment devices achieved their goals of encouraging wild-type behaviours and avoidance of man-made items. After the enrichment programme had ended, the animal was successfully released back to the wild, its transmitting device showing that it crossed the Strait of Gibraltar four months post release, approached then the island of Madeira and the Azores and started crossing the Atlantic Ocean, where it was still emitting ten months post release. This report indicates that the implementation of an environmental enrichment programme contributed to the successful release of an injured loggerhead turtle back into the wild after a long period in captivity and that environmental enrichment may facilitate the release of other turtles housed in captive environments.
Reactive Ion Etching as Cleaning Method Post Chemical Mechanical Polishing for Phase Change Memory Device

为了改进 nano 规模，分阶段执行变化存储器性能，一个超级干净的接口应该在化学机械擦亮以后被获得(CMP ) Ge2Sb2Te5，阶段变化拍摄。 我们把蚀刻的反应离子(RIE ) 用作清洗方法。 清洗效果被扫描电子显微镜学和一个精力分析散分光计。 结果证明表面上的那粒子残余被移开。 同时， Ge2Sb2Te5 材料 stoichiometric 内容比率是未改变的。 在最高的电极被扔以后，当前电压的特征测试证明集合阀值电压从 0.1 妈从 13 V 被归结为 2.7 V 和阀值电流到 0.025 妈。 而且，我们分析清洗原则的 RIE 并且把它与超声的方法作比较。
Single-Event Multiple-Transient Characterization and Mitigation via Standard Cell Placement Methods

s and captures this experimentally-observed behavior for a simulative model. The new simulation method presented in this dissertation makes use of a series of automated scripts to provide an easy-to-use implementation, and the modular construction allows for parallelizable simulation, providing quick characterization runtimes. SEMT sensitivity characterization of combinational logic circuits is achieved with an 11% increase in accuracy over the previous state-of-the-art. Beyond reliability characterization, this script suite provides a valuable framework for studying SEMT reliability differences between circuits due to standard cell placement techniques.
Discourses that Inform the Chilly Climate in Math and Physics

The purpose of this study was to uncover and describe the institutional classroom practices of STEM education at a Midwest research university (MRU). Using the framework of feminist standpoint theory, this study explored the everyday experiences of undergraduate women in math and physics to provide a unique perspective on the STEM education teaching and learning environment. In analysis of student interviews, faculty interviews, classroom observations, and instructional documents, we found that the difficult and intimidating aspects of the teaching and learning environment that created challenges for women participants were guided by STEM discourses of individualism, competition, and difficulty. These findings indicate that recent efforts to reduce the “chilly” climate have been unsuccessful because the discourses that motivate the chilly climate have not changed. Recommendations include revising the STEM institution to one that is inclusive for non-man students by identifying and revising the teaching and learning practices motivated by the discourses of competition, individualism, and difficulty.
Comparison of mechanical pulps from two stage HC single disc and HC double disc - LC refining

A mechanical pulping line consisting of high consistency (HC) double disc (DD) and low consistency (LC) refining was compared with a two stage single disc (SD) high consistency twin refiner line. The purpose of this study was to evaluate specific energy consumption and pulp properties. The two different process solutions were tested running similar Norway spruce wood supply. At similar tensile index and freeness, the DD-LC concept reduced the electric energy consumption by 400 kWh/adt compared with the traditional two-stage SD-SD system. Pulp characteristics of the two refining concepts were compared at tensile index 47 Nm/g. Fibre length was reduced more after DD-LC refining than after SD-SD refining. Specific light scattering coefficient was higher after DD-LC refining than SD-SD refining, while the development in second stage refining was better for SD-SD pulp than for DD-LC pulp. Shive level was significantly lower for DD-LC pulp than for SD-SD pulp.
Comparative Study of Texture Properties, Color Characteristics, and Chemical Composition of Ten White Table-Grape Varieties

The texture, color, and chemical characteristics of 10 white table-grape varieties were compared: Delizia del Vaprio, Matilde, Moscato di Terracina, Pansé precoce, Pizzutello bianco, Regina, Regina dei vigneti, Sublima seedless, Sultanina (or Thompson Seedless), and Vincere. Consumer acceptability of table grapes depends on such factors as visual attributes, chemical constituents, nutritive values, mechanical properties, and, obviously, sensory attributes, which are affected by the cultivar. Notable differences among the studied varieties were found in CIRG (color index of red grapes), solid soluble content, malic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and the amount of total polyphenols. However, the mechanical parameters of berries, as determined by texture profile analysis, and berry skin characteristics, evaluated by puncture testing, were the most important properties for the differentiation of varieties. In particular, PCA analysis indicated that hardness, gumminess, chewiness, break skin force, break skin energy, and Young’s modulus of elasticity of skin were the best indices with which to characterize the varieties. These results may help viticulture and postharvest professionals recognize the behavior of each variety and thus better respond to the consumer market.
EFFECT OF MODES AND LEVELS OF MOLYBDENUM APPLICATION ON GRAIN YIELD PROTEIN CONTENT AND NODULATION OF CHICKPEA GROWN ON LOAMY SAND SOIL

A field experiment was laid out during three consecutive years of 1997–98 to 1999–2000 on loamy sand soil (typic ustipsamment) of the state of Rajasthan in India in rabi season to investigate the effect of modes of application and different levels of molybdenum (Mo) on grain yield, protein content and number of nodules per plant of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; Variety RSG-44). Doses applied were: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg Mo ha−1 as ammonium molybdate for soil application, and 1.75, 3.5 and 5.25 g sodium molybdate kg−1 seed for seed treatment. The six treatments with one control were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil were: pH-8.1, EC 0.11 dsm−1 and OC 0.12%. Available N, P and K were 158, 20 and 216 kg ha−1, respectively. The Mo status of soil was 0.06 ppm. The three years' pooled data revealed that application of Mo either by soil application or through seed treatment, significantly increased the grain yield of chickpea. Soil application of 1.0 kg Mo ha−1 and seed treatment with 3.5 g sodium molybdate kg−1 seed increased the grain yield by 13.13% and 16.76% over the yields (24.4 and 24.5 q ha−1, respectively) at lower doses while it was at par with yields at higher doses of Mo. Protein content of grain, number of nodules per plant of chickpea and available nitrogen in soil also increased with increasing doses of Mo under both the modes of application.
Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC

Kröbel, R. , Smith, W. N. , Grant, B. B. , Desjardins, R. L. , Campbell, C. A. , Tremblay, N. , Li, C. S. , Zentner, R. P. and McConkey, B. G. 2011. Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 503-520. In this paper, the ability of the DNDC model (version 93) to predict biomass production, grain yield and plant nitrogen content was assessed using data from experiments at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and St-Blaise, Quebec, Canada. While predicting wheat grain yields reasonably well, the model overestimated the growth of above-ground plant biomass and nitrogen uptake during the first half of the growing season. A new spring wheat sub-model (DNDC-CSW) was introduced with a modified plant biomass growth curve, dynamic plant C/N ratios and modified plant biomass fractioning curves. DNDC-CSW performed considerably better in simulating plant biomass [modeling efficiency (EF): 0.75, average relative error (ARE): 6.0%] and plant nitrogen content (EF: 0.61, ARE: -2.7%) at Swift Current and St-Blaise (EF of 0.75 and ARE of 2.3%), compared with DNDC 93 (biomass SC: EF 0.49, ARE 17.1%, SB: EF 0.02 ARE 33.4%). In comparison with DNDC 93, DNDC-CSW better captured inter-annual variations in crop growth for a range of wheat rotations, increasing the EF from 0.32 to 0.52 for grain and from 0.35 to 0.39 for straw yields. DNDC-CSW also performed considerably better than DNDC 93 in estimating soil carbon changes at Swift Current. Hence, DNDC-CSW has the potential to improve the performance of DNDC 93 in simulating wheat biomass, plant nitrogen, yield and soil carbon at various Canadian sites.
The Spinal Transmission of Proprioceptive Reflexes and the Postnatal Development of Conduction Velocity in Different Hindlimb Nerves in the Kitten

The postnatal development of the conduction velocity in different nerves of the hindlimb has been investigated in the kitten from birth to 4 months of age. It is found that the different fibre systems which have about the same conduction velocity at birth, with reference to conduction velocity, develop at different rates. Thus the large muscle afferents and efferents develop faster than the large fibres of the skin nerves and the latter faster than the gamma efferents. The conduction velocities reach adult values 3.5-4 months after birth. It is also shown that proprioceptive reflexes can be mediated by arcs of two neurons in the newborn kitten. Furthermore the reflex time for the two-neuron arc attains adult values when the conduction velocity of the fastest muscle afferents reaches 30 m/sec, which occurs around 20 days postnatally.
Geração de zonas de manejo para cafeicultura empregando-se sensor SPAD e análise foliar

The objective of this work was to define management zones for fertilizer application in coffee crop by using the K-means and the Fuzzy C-Means methods. The data used to define management zones were the chlorophyll index measured by SPAD sensor and the nutritional coffee leaf analysis performed in laboratory. The study was conducted in Jatoba Farm, located in Paula Candido, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The data was collected in November, 2007 when the coffee fruits were starting their development. The coffee variety was Coffea arabica Catuai, and the total analyzed area was 2.1 ha. The management zones were generated using different set of data: the SPAD values; the N, P and K leaf concentrations; the N and Ca leaf concentrations; the N, Zn and B leaf concentrations; the N, P, K, Ca and S leaf concentrations; and the N, Ca and S leaf concentrations. The management zones generated by using K-means and Fuzzy C-Means did not present difference in management zone delimitation. The management zones defined by using the SPAD values were different from the ones generated by using leaf analysis.
Mechanical Properties and the Structure of Hair

A simple quantitative method for determining the amount of mechanical strength contributed by the various types of bonds in hair fiber has been developed. The effects of various types of reagents, such as acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents, are discussed. The reaction between various chemical agents and hair fibers has been found to be first- order with respect to the reagent and also with respect to the bonds to be broken. The effect of temperature is discussed. Using the theory of absolute reaction rates, the heats and entropies of activation for the reaction have been calculated. The rate of diffusion into hair has been considered. Using Fick's second law of diffusion, the diffusion coefficient of hydroxyl ion in hair has been calculated. Also applying the theory of absolute reaction rates, the values for the heat and entropy of activation have been calculated.
SA-TIED Working Paper 18/2018 – Using information-sharing systems to address opportunistic behaviour between tomato farmers and brokers in Zambia

Brokers on the Soweto market in Zambia behave opportunistically (towards farmers who trade on this market) by taking advantage of the existing information asymmetry to obtain a hidden commission from tomato sales. The present study aims to determine the extent to which broker opportunism on this market can be reduced by using information systems. It is found that the use of the information-sharing system contributes to reducing broker opportunism. The results indicate the absence of broker opportunistic behaviour when farmers have access to price information, and indicate the presence of broker opportunistic behaviour when farmers do not have access to price information via the information-sharing system. JEL classification: D82, D83, O31