Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher Enthusiasm, Supportive Instructional Practices, and Student Motivation in Mathematics Classrooms

This longitudinal study examined the relations between teacher enthusiasm, supportive instructional practices, and students’ mastery goal orientation and behavioral engagement in mathematics. All variables were assessed by means of student reports. A total of 751 9th and 10th grade secondary school students from 46 mathematics classrooms were presented with questionnaires at the beginning (Time 1) and the middle of the school year (Time 2). Structural equation analyses revealed that student-perceived teacher enthusiasm at Time 1 predicted student-perceived support for autonomy, competence, social relatedness, and subject matter relevance at Time 2. Student-perceived support for autonomy and social relatedness (Time 2) were related to students’ mastery goal orientation and their behavioral engagement (Time 2). Moreover, student-perceived teacher enthusiasm (Time 1) indirectly predicted students’ mastery goal orientation (Time 2) via student-perceived support for social relatedness and autonomy (Time 2). The findings contribute to research aimed at identifying teacher characteristics and instructional processes that promote student motivation.
Relationships between Density and per Capita Municipal Spending in the United States

The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between land use, particularly density, and per capita spending levels in cities across the United States. A model was developed using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances to estimate the impacts of population-weighted density and other factors on per capita municipal spending. This study focused on municipal spending for eight categories that theoretically could be influenced by land use development: fire protection, streets and highways, libraries, parks and recreation, police, sewer, solid waste management, and water. Density was found to be negatively associated with per capita municipal expenditures for the following cost categories: operational costs for fire protection, streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, solid waste management, and water; construction costs for streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, and water; and land and existing facility costs for police, sewer, and water. Results were insignificant for other cost categories, and a positive relationship was found for police operations costs. In general, results support the conclusion that increased density is associated with reduced per capita municipal spending for several cost categories.
Influence of Root Canal Fillings on Alveolar Bone Crest Level—An Observational Cross Sectional CBCT Analysis

The aim of this study was to compare the alveolar bone crest (ABC) level of root canal filled (RCF) teeth without apical periodontitis with corresponding non-filled teeth in the same individual using three-dimensionally cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. Two hundred and thirty-five matching pairs of RCF teeth and corresponding teeth without RCF were selected from a pool of 580 random CBCT-images (voxel size 160–200 µm). Teeth with apical periodontitis, perio-endodontic lesions or surgical endodontic treatment were excluded. The distance between the cemento–enamel-junction (CEJ) and the ABC was assessed centrally mesial, distal, palatal/lingual and buccal at each tooth (∑1880 measuring points) in a standardized manner. Topographic, gender, and age-related relationships were also noted. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis-test. The ABC-level between RCF teeth (2.64 ± 1.25 mm) and teeth without RCF (2.61 ± 1.16 mm) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). No differences concerning localization (maxilla/mandible, tooth type) and gender (p > 0.05) occurred. Overall, ABC-level in the maxilla (2.74 ± 1.48 mm) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) compared to mandibular teeth (2.50 ± 1.41 mm). Patients > 41 years had significantly lower ABC-levels than younger patients (p < 0.05). Men showed a reduced bone level compared to women (p < 0.05). In conclusion, RCF teeth are identical to their non-RCF counterparts, at least in terms of crestal bone level, regardless of the location or type of tooth and the gender of the patient. Thus, root canal treatment is an essential pillar for long-term tooth preservation.
Consumer Protection Law for Advertising Damage Based on the Value of Justice in Indonesia

Advertising is a means to offer a product or goods made attractive and influencing consumers based on norms in accordance with the Consumer Protection Act, but in practice, advertisements are often found that are detrimental and misleading consumers. The responsibility of the state in providing legal protection to consumers is a non-negotiable obligation. the existence of justice based on Pancasila which is conceptualized into legal principles is a condition sine quanon, because it contains moral and ethical values that direct the formation of laws that meet philosophical, sociological and juridical value.
A Pronunciation Prior Assisted Vowel Reduction Detection Framework with Multi-Stream Attention Method

Vowel reduction is a common pronunciation phenomenon in stress-timed languages like English. Native speakers tend to weaken unstressed vowels into a schwa-like sound. It is an essential factor that makes the accent of language learners sound unnatural. To improve vowel reduction detection in a phoneme recognition framework, we propose an end-to-end vowel reduction detection method that introduces pronunciation prior knowledge as auxiliary information. In particular, we have designed two methods for automatically generating pronunciation prior sequences from reference texts and have implemented a main and auxiliary encoder structure that uses hierarchical attention mechanisms to utilize the pronunciation prior information and acoustic information dynamically. In addition, we also propose a method to realize the feature enhancement after encoding by using the attention mechanism between different streams to obtain expanded multi-streams. Compared with the HMM-DNN hybrid method and the general end-to-end method, the average F1 score of our approach for the two types of vowel reduction detection increased by 8.8% and 6.9%, respectively. The overall phoneme recognition rate increased by 5.8% and 5.0%, respectively. The experimental part further analyzes why the pronunciation prior knowledge auxiliary input is effective and the impact of different pronunciation prior knowledge types on performance.
Orographically Modified Ice-Phase Precipitation Processes During the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX)

Over mountainous terrain, windward enhancement of stratiform precipitation results from a combination of warm-rain and ice-phase processes. In this study, ice-phase precipitation processes are investigated within frontal systems during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). An enhanced layer of radar reflectivity (ZH) above the melting level bright band (i.e., a secondary ZH maximum) is observed over both the windward slopes of the Olympic Mountains and the upstream ocean, with a higher frequency of occurrence and higher ZH values over the windward slopes indicating an orographic enhancement of ice-phase precipitation processes. Aircraft-based in situ observations are evaluated for the 01-02 and 03 December 2015 orographically-enhanced precipitation events. Above the secondary ZH maximum, the hydrometeors are primarily horizontally oriented dendritic and branched crystals. Within the secondary ZH maximum, there are high concentrations of large (> ~2 mm diameter) dendrites, plates, and aggregates thereof, with a significant degree of riming. In both events, aggregation and riming appear to be enhanced within a turbulent layer near sheared flow at the top of a low-level jet impinging on the terrain and forced to rise above the melting level. Based on windward ground sites at low-, mid-, and high-elevations, secondary ZH maxima periods during all of OLYMPEX are associated with increased rain rates and larger mass-weighted mean drop diameters compared to periods without a secondary ZH maximum. This result suggests that precipitation originating from secondary ZH maxima layers may contribute to enhanced windward precipitation accumulations through the formation of large, dense particles that accelerate fallout.
Enhancing Students' Online Engagement: A Study on Online Distance Learning Institutions' Students in Malaysia

Online Distance Learning (ODL) settings in higher education institutions assist in allocating resources of education, facilitating instructor-to-student interaction, supporting student learning groups, maintaining the progression of student learning, and allowing students to enroll ODL learning (Islam, 2013). Students' online learning exposures in universities and colleges tend to be combined with academic exposures for the continuous learning progress not because only related to academic accomplishment, but also due to individual success of lifelong learning. The online learning setting tertiary education institutions is a learning environment that puts together the latest digital technology with the practices of teaching and learning as important creativity and innovation through the latest performed-technology platform (Eze, Chinedu-Eze, & Bello, 2018). The advantages of online learning settings for both the students and higher education institutions are significant cost saving of having physical infrastructure of teaching and learning, cause the course materials digitization where it can be shared and retrieved at any time and wherever the students are and embedding into the global educational setting (Pham, Limbu, Bui, Nguyen, & Pham, 2019). Malaysia is aiming to become a developed country and has set a long term vision for that to be realized. This aim can only be achieved by producing high technological skills and a critical thinking workforce. Information communication technology (ICT) will be the main catalyst in leading this transformation. In an online learning environment, engagement has become one of the critical issues for the students. Since the trend today of migrating from the face-to-face classroom to web-based systems, some challenges need to be resolved. In fully online learning, there is 78% of students fail in completing their online courses (Simpson, 2010). Students' failures in online courses were mainly due to their inactive engagement (Kuzilek, Hlosta, Herrmannova, Zdrahal, & Wolff, 2015). Halverson, Graham, Spring, Drysdale, and Henrie (2014) in their thematic analysis have found the term engagement been mentioned in more than fifty per cent of the reviewed publications. Thus, this study aims to assess the direct influence of online learning attitude, online peer collaboration, and psychological motivation on digital readiness and digital readiness influence on online engagement. Keywords: Online Learning Attitude, Online Peer Collaboration, Psychological Motivation, Digital Readiness and Online Engagement.
Combination of Discovery Learning and Metacognitive Knowledge Strategy to Enhance Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

The research aims to develop an instructional tool based on Discovery Learning (DL) combined with a Metacognitive Knowledge Strategy (MKS) to enhance students’ Critical Thinking Skills (CTSs). In doing so, the study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method to develop such a tool. The developed instructional tool was tested for its validity by experts and practitioners’ evaluation. Further, the empirical data were collected from the results of implementation in learning and the student's responses, while the data of tools effectiveness were acquired from the critical thinking tests given to students (analyzed by related t-test). The developed instructional tools were implemented in a limited-scale trial of 32 students and a large-scale trial of 59 students. The results show that: firstly, the DL and MKS-integrated instructional tools are stated as valid in terms of the lesson plan, student worksheet, and critical thinking test. Secondly, the practicality criteria have been successfully met; the learning implementation, students’ activity, and students' responses were regarded as in accordance with the feasibility standard. Thirdly, the instructional tool was deemed effective in enhancing students’ CTSs (p = 0.05).
Effect of air and fuel supercharging on emissions from an agricultural engine

Pollutant gases emitted by engines depend mainly on the applied load and engine speed. This study quantifies the emissions of pollutant gases from a diesel-cycle engine, while changing the configuration of the air and fuel supply system. We analyzed the variables particulate matter (g kWh -1 ), carbon monoxide (g kWh -1 ), nitrogen oxides (g kWh -1 ), oxygen (%vol.) and hydrocarbons (g kWh -1 ), in different engine configurations (aspirated; aspirated + service; turbocharged + service; and turbocharged). Dynamometric experiments were carried out by means of the power take-off of an agricultural tractor. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a two-factorial scheme with three replicates. The results indicate that engine supercharging, compared to the original configuration, significantly reduces the particulate matter of gases and carbon monoxide, but increases the levels of nitrogen oxides emitted. The load applied to the engine was directly related to the emissions, except for oxygen.
Citizen Science in Sweden’s Stigmatized Neighborhoods

Based on the synthesis of outside versus inside perspectives, this paper weighs the positive attributes of the so-called deprived place against its negative media image. Applying the concept of territorial stigmatization, small-scale citizen science was conducted to gain a unique understanding of the Swedish neighborhood from within. With the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11 in mind, this approach enables researchers to reach otherwise difficult to access young urban outcasts and probe the potential to overcome their community’s lack of political influence. An overlap between local media narratives and urban outcasts’ perceptions of “drug and crime” and “football and school” was revealed. Yet, this first-generation study also painted a somewhat different picture of the stigmatized neighborhood, supplying new insights about places that matter most for marginalized young males. In this Swedish case, their pictures revealed that the local corner market, football court and youth club act as an antidote for the effects of stigmatization. This Our Voice citizen science initiative proved to be a good measure of two communities’ abilities to withstand stigmatization, which is either tainted by false perceptions from the outside or weakened by crime from within. Finally, attempting to bypass structural discrimination, citizen scientists’ findings and researchers’ conclusions were made available to students, colleagues and guests at a poster presentation hosted by Mälardalen University and to concerned politicians from Eskilstuna City Hall as well as the broader public via a local Swedish television station.
Ranking Forest Effects on Snow Storage: A Decision Tool for Forest Management

Forests modify snow accumulation and ablation rates as well as overall snow storage amounts and durations, with multiple processes acting simultaneously and often in different directions. To synthesize complex forest–snow relations and help guide near‐term management decisions, we present a decision tree. The framework is based on a hypothesized hierarchy of processes and associated variables that predict forest effects on snow storage. In locations with high wind speeds, forests enhance snow storage magnitude and duration relative to open areas. Where wind speeds are low, and winter and spring air temperatures are colder, forests diminish snow storage magnitude but enhance duration. Where air temperatures are warmer, forests diminish both snow magnitude and duration. Forest structure and aspect are secondary influences. We apply the decision tree framework to map the influence of forests on snow storage under historic climate conditions across the western United States, but this decision tree is applicable in any region with forests and snow. This framework provides practitioners a first‐step evaluation to guide management decisions that consider where and how forests can be managed to optimize in situ water storage alongside other objectives, such as reducing wildfire hazard. This framework also articulates geospatial hypotheses, in order of anticipated importance, to be tested in future investigations of forest–snow–climate relations.
An improved switched‐ladder bidirectional multilevel inverter: Topology, operating principle, and implementation

Multi‐level inverters (MLIs) for medium or high power and voltage utilization have acceptable application in industry and are utilized commercially. The performance of MLIs is considerably preferable to traditional two‐level inverters due to their negligible harmonic content, small filter size, utilization of lower‐rated voltage devices, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), and so on. However, in the face of these many advantages, few disadvantages can be expressed such as more device count and a sophisticated control strategy. This paper presents an improved switched‐ladder topology to enhance the performance of multi‐level inverters by improving the above drawbacks. Compared to existing inverter topologies, the proposed extendable diode‐containing bidirectional structure requires fewer switches and driver circuits. The proposed topology is compared with other similar topologies, and its superiority is examined. Fundamental switching frequency modulation technique is utilized to obtain high‐quality output voltage waveforms with lower harmonic contents and reduced switching losses. This converter, despite the use of diodes, can supply the low power factor inductive‐resistive loads, bidirectionally. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed topology, in addition to simulation with the nearest level modulation technique, a prototype of the proposed structure has been implemented and tested. The results display the proper performance of the proposed topology in the real‐time environment.
Business Survival of Small and Medium-Sized Restaurants through a Crisis: The Role of Government Support and Innovation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of government support for the business survival of SME restaurants in Indonesia. In this study, we analyzed the impact of government support on the innovation of SME restaurants as well as the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on innovation. Furthermore, this study analyzed the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and innovation on business survival. A total of 120 owners or managers of SME restaurants participated in this study. The sample was collected based on a purposive method. To analyze the relationship among latent variables, we implemented structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that government support has a positive impact on business survival through marketing and process innovation. In addition, the business survival of SMEs is affected by marketing innovation, process innovation, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In this study, the entrepreneurial factor had the highest impact on SMEs’ survival. This study established the body of knowledge related to the positive effect of government support on innovation in the perspective of small and medium-sized restaurants in the emerging market countries and developed a model of business survival of SMEs during pandemic crises by integrating external factors (government support) and an internal factor (entrepreneurial self-efficacy) through marketing and process innovation in the food processing industry.
Effects of Fringe Benefits on Employee Loyalty: A Study on University Teachers in Khulna City of Bangladesh

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of fringe benefits on employee loyalty in the context of university teachers. The study sample consisted of 100 university teachers who were randomly selected from both private and public universities situated in Khulna city of Bangladesh. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire survey. To test the study hypotheses, data were analyzed employing correlation and multiple regression analysis tools. Results of correlation analysis reveal that fringe benefits (insurance & retirement benefits, payments for time not worked, education & development opportunities, flexible working hours, and employee welfare benefits) are positively related to employee loyalty. Regression statistics shows that 25.6% variance of employee loyalty can be explained by the fringe benefits. The study findings also indicate that flexible working hours (β = 0.296, Sig. = 0.001) has the most significant contribution in explaining employee loyalty among the university faculty members employed in Khulna city of Bangladesh.
Intellectual Capital and Innovation Performance: Systematic Literature Review

Over the years, several studies have been conducted to identify the impact of various intellectual capital components on the organizational performances. However, most of these works greatly replicated the applications and uses of different intellectual capital components (human, structural, relational, social) without addressing the shortcomings related to their empowerment toward the innovation perception of the organizations. Based on this fact, we comprehensively reviewed the existing literatures that strongly influenced the innovation performance of the financial sector. Standard inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for the critical and systematic evaluation of the past studies. It identified the main limitations of intellectual capital components efficiency in the financial sector that could considerably affect their desired innovation performances in the dynamic and competitive market scenarios. In addition, a correlation was established among the organizational growth of intellectual capital components and innovation performance, leading to positive implications on intellectual capital components development.