Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Glucose Concentrations in the Rat Hippocampus Measured byZero‐Net‐Flux

Abstract : The concentration of glucose in the brain's extracellularfluid remains controversial, with recent estimates and measurements rangingfrom 0.35 to 3.3 mM. In the present experiments, we used the methodof zero‐net‐flux microdialysis to determine glucose concentration in thehippocampal extracellular fluid of awake, freely moving rats. In addition, thepoint of zero‐net‐flux was measured across variations in flow rate to confirmthat the results for glucose measurement were robust to such variations. In3‐month‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats, the concentration of glucose in thehippocampal extracellular fluid was found to be 1.00 ± 0.05mM, which did not vary with changes in flow rate. Three‐month‐old and24‐month‐old Fischer‐344 rats both showed a significantly higher hippocampalextracellular fluid glucose concentration, at 1.24 ± 0.07 and 1.21± 0.04 mM, respectively ; there was no significant differencebetween the two age groups. The present data demonstrate variation inextracellular brain glucose concentration between rat strains. When takentogether with previous data showing a striatal extracellular glucoseconcentration on the order of 0.5 mM, the data also demonstratevariation in extracellular glucose between brain regions. Traditional modelsof brain glucose transport and distribution, in which extracellularconcentration is assumed to be constant, may require revision.
The impact of feeding supplemental chelated trace minerals on shell quality, tibia breaking strength, and immune response in laying hens

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of long-term inclusion of the trace elements zinc, copper, and manganese chelated with the hydroxy analogue of methionine on layer performance, eggshell quality, tibia breaking strength, and immune response. A total of 216 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were allocated to 6 treatments with 36 pens/treatment and 1 hen/cageusingarandomizedcompleteblockdesign.Therewere6treatmentswithsupplemental Zn-Cu-Mn, as follows: T1 0-0-0 ppm, T2 20-5-20 ppm as sulfates, T3 20-5-20 ppm as chelates, T4 40-10-40 ppm as sulfates, T5 40-10-40 ppm as chelates, and T6 80-10-80 as sulfates. The feeding of dietary treatments started at wk 24 pullet age and measurements of the key parameters were made from wk 44 to 80. Overall results (one-way ANOVA) indicated a significant treatment effect (P 0.05) response to T1 and T6 but different (P < 0.05) from T2. Factorial analysis of the data showed an improvement in shell breaking strength (P < 0.05 at wk 68), shell thickness (P = 0.08 at wk 68; P = 0.03 at wk 74), tibia breaking strength (P = 0.07) and antibody (Ab) titers to SRBCs (P < 0.05 at wk 63; 1 wk after secondary antigen challenge) in hens fed chelated trace mineral when compared to inorganic trace minerals. In summary, feeding laying hens’ diets containing supplemental chelated trace minerals showed improvements in eggshell thickness and immune response when compared to inorganic salts at specific time points measured during the latter part of the laying cycle.
Alteration of P2X1-6 receptor expression in retrograde Fluorogold-labeled DRG neurons from rat chronic neuropathic pain model

Accumulating evidence indicates that P2X receptors may serve an important role in pain and nociceptive sensations. However, recent studies of regulation of P2X receptor expression following nerve injury have produced variable or conflicting results. In the present study the alteration of expression of P2X1-6 receptor subunits in retrograde Flurorogold (FG)-labeled L4+L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were evaluated following unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve using immunohistochemistry combined with a retrograde fluorescence-tracing method. It was demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the proportion of FG-labeled DRG neurons between the sham and CCI groups (P>0.5). The percentages of P2X1-immunoreactive (IR) and P2X2-IR FG-labeled DRG neurons were not significantly different between the sham and CCI groups (41.5±8.2 vs. 45.2±7.4% and 58.1±6.2 vs. 69.1±3.5%, P>0.05). The percentages of P2X3-IR and P2X6-IR FG-labeled DRG neurons significantly increased in the CCI group compared with the sham group (51.6±4.1 vs. 28.5±3.4% and 41.8±2.2 vs. 22.6±3.3%, P>0.01). By contrast, the percentage of P2X4-IR FG-labeled DRG neurons significantly decreased in the CCI group compared with the sham group (29.4±3.3 vs. 45.0±3.7%, P<0.01). The P2X5-IR positive FG-labeled neurons were not detected in the CCI and sham groups. The results of the present study provided the first evidence regarding the regulation of the expression of the P2X1-6 receptor in sensory neurons being directly associated with chronic nerve injury in rats and also suggest that compared with the P2X3 receptor, the P2X2/3 heteromeric receptor is not the major receptor involved in peripheral neuropathic pain sensation. In addition, the possible functional role of P2X6 receptors in peripheral neuropathic pain requires further investigation.
The effects of nitrogen enrichment on soil CO2 fluxes depending on temperature and soil properties

Aim The continuous increase in anthropogenic nitrogen (N) may have a substantial impact on soil carbon (C) fluxes; thus, understanding the dynamics of soil C fluxes under N enrichment is important. Our main goal was to resolve the conflicting results presented to date and to expand our knowledge about the response of soil respiration (Rs) to N enrichment, which may be affected by the physico-chemical properties of soil and environmental factors. Methods We assembled a large dataset for meta-analysis, including 563 datasets on annual and seasonal Rs with N enrichment from 154 published papers at 163 sites, covering seven types of biomes world-wide. Results (1) N enrichment was not significantly related to global Rs but we found a negative relationship in forests and a positive one in other biomes. (2) Rs showed a negative correlation with the N levels in forests and croplands and a positive correlation with the N levels in deserts; heterotrophic respiration exhibited negative correlations with N levels globally, and its response was correlated with the incubation environment. (3) The response of Rs to N enrichment was also correlated with mean annual temperature and soil properties, with 15 °C being the threshold for switching between increasing and decreasing Rs. (4) The estimated total C flux for global terrestrial lands was 97.01 Pg C year−1, and 1 kg of N enrichment at ha−1 year−1 induced an average efflux of 1.33 kg C ha−1 year−1. Main conclusions The response of Rs to future N enrichment should be predicted separately for each biome. The association between changes in Rs and temperature and soil properties under N enrichment makes soil C flux a more complex challenge in the context of future increases in temperature and N deposition.
Annual and seasonal consistency in the feeding ecology of an opportunistic species, the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis

This study investigated the extent to which the plasticity of a generalist, opportunistic species allows individuals to shift their feeding ecology and foraging niche, throughout the annual cycle, and between 2 years of contrasting diet and oceanographic conditions during the breeding season. The spatio-temporal variations in the foraging niche of an overpopulated gull species-the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis population at Berlenga Island (Portugal)-were assessed using blood (plasma and cells) and different feathers for stable isotope analyses (delta C-13 and delta N-15) from 52 breeding adults in 2 consecutive years (2011 and 2012). In addition, GPS loggers were deployed on 11 individuals (and removed after several foraging trips) to infer the foraging behaviour of this species during the incubation period. Results suggest inter-annual differences in the feeding ecology and foraging behaviour of birds during the breeding season that were associated with the availability of food resources around the colony. Despite the high feeding plasticity and opportunistic behaviour of yellow-legged gulls, individual birds exhibited short-and long-term consistency in their feeding ecology, with exception of the period between winter and pre-laying. Our results support the hypothesis that individual feeding preferences throughout most of the annual cycle are an intrinsic characteristic of this population, and potentially of related opportunistic and generalist species.
Composition en acides gras de différentes variétés d'avocats: évolution au cours du développement physiologique du fruit et incidence de la zone de culture

Etude sur avocats `Bacon', `Fuerte', `Zutano' provenant de Corse et `Lula' provenant de Corse et de Martinique, preleves a differentes dates apres la floraison : evolution de la teneur en acides gras totaux et de la composition relative des lipides en fonction du stade de developpement biologique du fruit. On observe une evolution differente entre les divers cultivars au sein d'une meme station, ainsi qu'entre les fruits des 2 origines geographiques differentes
Comportamento de cultivares de mandioca com diferentes características foliares submetidas a diversas densidades de plantio

A field study was conducted at the east coast of the State of Ceara, Brazil, from march 1978 to august 1979, which included two growing seasons. The objective was to study the behavior of two cassava cultivars ( Manihot esculenta Crantz), Do Ceu and Saracura with broad and narrow lobed leaves, respectively, grown under varying population densities. The pattern of the plant dry matter accumulation and distribution was also studied. The Leaf Area index (IAN showed maximum values in the 4th and 15th months after planting, corresponding to the rainy seasons of 1978 and 1979. Cultivar Saracura showed higher IAF in all population densities, with the highest differences taking placa during the two rainy seasons. The IAF followed closely the amount of rainfall in the experimental area. Cultivar 'Saracura' had considerably smaller leaves than cultivar 'Do Ceu'. Both cultivar showed larger leaves in the first growing season. Cultivar 'Saracura' slightly outyielded 'Do Ceu' in total biomass. A greater proportion of the dry matter was diverted into the root tubers of 'Saracura' than in 'Do Ceu'. As a consequence 'Saracura' had higher harvest index during alt stages of growth. For both cultivars the harvest index was highest in the 7th month after planting. The best performance of cultivar 'Saracura' does not seem to be related to its narrow leaf lobes but to the ability of this cultivar to rapidly produce a high IAF associated to the capacity to divert large proportion of dry matter to the root tubers. For both cultivars it was observed that a reduction in the proportion of dry matter diverted to the roots with the increase in plant population.
Quality of nectarine cultivars subjected to forced-air heat treatment for Mediterranean fruit fly disinfestation

SummaryThe postharvest quality of nine early-, mid-, and late-season cultivars of California nectarines was determined following forced-air heat treatment used for quarantine disinfestation of Mediterranean fruit fly. The treatment consisted of heating the nectarines to a seed surface temperature of 47.28C for 2 min over a period of 4.h. Nectarines were evaluated after storage at 08C for 14.d and 208C for 4.d, which simulated shipping and sale of the fruit. Surface appearance, indexed by colour measurements and visual ratings, was generally unchanged by heat treatment and would have had no influence on the marketability of the fruit. A detectable change in the chroma of the internal flesh was shown in a number of cultivars, but was imperceptible when rated by visual evaluation. Heat treated fruit were firmer than unheated fruit, but retained the ability to soften. Only minor differences in soluble solids content and titratable acidity between heat treated and untreated control fruit were detected. It was .
Survival of Afro‐Palaearctic passerine migrants in western Europe and the impacts of seasonal weather variables

Populations of migratory songbirds in western Europe show considerable variation in population trends between species and regions. The demographic and environmental causes of these large-scale patterns are poorly understood. Using data from Constant Effort mist-netting studies, we investigated relationships between changes in abundance, adult survival and seasonal weather conditions among 35 western European populations of eight species of migratory warblers (Sylviidae). We used cross-species and within-species comparisons to assess whether annual variation in survival was correlated with weather conditions during passage or winter. We estimated survival using CJS mark-recapture models accounting for variation in the proportion of transient individuals and recapture rates. Species wintering in the humid bioclimatic zone of western Africa had significantly higher annual survival probabilities than species wintering in the arid bioclimatic zone of Africa (the Sahel). Rainfall in the Sahel was positively correlated with survival in at least some populations of five species. We found substantially fewer significant relationships with indices of weather during the autumn and spring passage periods, which may be due to the use of broad-scale indices. Annual population changes were correlated with adult survival in all of our study species, although species undergoing widespread declines showed the weakest relationships.
The effect of obsessive work passion and affective commitment on employee performance

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of obsessive work passion and affective commitment on employee performance. Data are collected from 127 employees of the port authority office in Semarang – Indonesia. Partial least square (PLS) is applied to analyze the proposed hypotheses. The results reveal that obsessive work passion significantly affects affective commitment and employee performance. In addition, affective commitment also significantly affects employee performance.
ROOST SITES AND FLIGHT PATTERNS OF CANADA GEESE IN WINTER

Observation of a large wintering flock of Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior) revealed the existence of relatively exclusive subflocks which consistently utilized specific areas for roosting and maintained recognizable patterns of flight direction. Roost and feed-field locations of radio-marked geese showed that consistent patterns were a result of habitual use of areas by families whereas single geese were more variable. Habitual patterns are apparently motivated by fear of unfamiliar situations and function to enable family members to reunite after separation occurs, to aid efficient use of food, and to minimize the amount and intensity of aggressive conflicts within a flock. Roost and flight pat- terns of singles varied because of their following nature and submissive rank position within the flock. It is suggested that some subflocks represent a continued association of geese from the same local nest- ing area rather than just local stratification after migration. Subflock formation in some cases could af- fect local (or even total) harvest and interpretation of banding and other sampling data in the study of goose populations.
Carbon Production of Sunflower Cultivars in Field and Controlled Environment. II. Leaf Growth

In field studies of several cultivars of sunflower grown on stored soil moisture or with irrigation, yield was positively related to leaf area at anthesis. The regression which described this relationship stated that 1370 kg seed ha-' were associated with a unit increment in leaf area index. Cultivars differed in final leaf number, rate of leaf appearance, and in the vertical distribution of leaf area in the profiles. Final leaf number of plants grown on stored moisture remained the same as in irrigated plants, but the period for which each leaf grew was reduced from 19 to 16 days while the average growth rate was reduced from 13 to 6 cm2 day-'. These changes reduced the final leaf area from 5700 to 1900 cm2 per plant. As water stress increased, the period when leaves grew fastest became progressively earlier, from approximately 35 % A,,, to when leaves were less than 5 cm2. Water stress increased stomatal frequencies but reduced the area of individual stomata so that the area of the stomatal apparatus per unit leaf area was unchanged. This may partially explain the constancy of peak gas exchange per unit leaf area of sunflower grown under different water regimes. There was evidence that leaves could recommence growth when the stress was alleviated.
Effect of Formaldehyde Treated Mustard Cake on Nutrient Utilization and Milk Production Performance in Crossbred Cows Fed Wheat Straw Based Diet

An experiment was conducted to study the supplementation effect of formaldehyde treated mustard cake on its chemical composition, nitrogen fractions, in situ degradability, nutrient utilization and milk production performance in crossbred (Karan- Fries) dairy cows. Twelve lactating crossbred cattle were randomly divided into two groups on the basis of milk yield (10.12 kg/day) and days of calving (90 days) in a randomized block design. They were fed green berseem fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture supplemented with 0.9 kg untreated (raw) mustard cake as fed basis (8 per cent of total diet) in the control group, whereas untreated mustard cake was replaced by formaldehyde treated mustard cake in the treatment group to make both diets isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The roughage to concentrate ratio was 55:45 in both the diets. The cows were housed in individual byres and fed experimental diet for 90 days. The total dry matter intake apparently higher in the treatment group but values remained statistically was similar in both groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber was not significantly different in both groups. However, average milk production(10.05kg/d) and fat corrected milk yield per day(11.03 kg) was significantly(P<0.05) higher in treatment group as compared control group(8.99 and 10.18kg/d). Milk composition almost remained unaffected and was similar in both groups. Thus, rumen bypassing of protein fractions in present experimental study showed beneficial effect on milk production in medium producing crossbred cows.
A STUDY ON CORRELATION AND PATH ANALYSIS OF SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.)

Correlation studies in sunflower revealed that seed yield was positively associated with yield components. Among yield components, correlation of number of filled seeds per head was maximum followed by 100 seed weight, seed filling per cent, head diameter, plant height and stem diameter. Path coefficient analysis showed that the direct effect on seed yield was maximum for number of filled seeds per head followed by 100 seed weight. The maximum indirect effect for any character was through number of filled seeds per head and 100 seed weight, those themselves were major direct contributors of seed yield in sunflower.
A review on effect of drip irrigation under ultra- high density planting system (UHDPS) of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Ultra high density planting system increases production, productivity and improves fruits quality and it helps to improve efficient use of land, water, light, fertilizers and pesticides, which are frequently lost in traditional planting systems. At present, there is need to replace the traditional planting and irrigation systems with the improved high density planting and drip irrigation system. UHDP is a highly efficient and advanced production system of fruit cultivation in which optimum growth and fruit production is strongly linked with drip irrigation water. The Reviews indicated the necessity for better understanding and utilization of tree physiological parameters for management of irrigation water of guava fruit crops. This will ultimately lead to achieving optimum plant growth, yield and fruit quality, and maximum water use efficiency while conserving water and land resources.
The rotator

The mean particle volume can be stereologically estimated using the nucleator principle. In the present paper, we discuss another principle for estimating mean particle volume, namely the rotator. The vertical rotator has already been previously described and is supplemented in the present paper by the isotropic rotator. For a collection of particle profiles, simulations show that the variance of the rotator is smaller than that of the nucleator.
The role of endocannabinoids and their receptors on the regulation of bladder function and detrusor overactivity

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified in the urinary bladder of humans and rats and is purported to play a modulatory role in detrusor overactivity (DO). Clinical studies demonstrated that cannabis improves urgency in patients with neurogenic DO. However, how endocannabinoids are regulated in vivo as well as the pathophysiological relevance of deregulation of the system in the aetiopathogenesis of DO remain unexplored. This thesis explores the clinical relevance of the ECS in the aetiopathogenesis of DO, by evaluating the effects of cannabinoid agonists on bladder contractions in vitro and in vivo. Cannabinoid receptor (CBR) expression was localised in human and rat bladders. In vitro, ACEA (CB1 agonist) had both preand postsynaptic effects on bladder contraction, while GP1a (CB2 agonist) only had postsynaptic effect. CB1 receptor was co-localised with ChAT (choline acetyltransferase enzyme) in human detrusor but not in the urothelium, while CB2 co-localised with ChAT in both urothelium and detrusor. qRT-PCR showed that CB1 receptor was significantly upregulated by 2.8-fold in the urothelium of DO patients and downregulated by 3.2-fold in the detrusor of DO patients compared to normal. Rat cystometry experiments demonstrated CP55,940 (CBR non-selective agonist) significantly increased micturition interval (MI) and bladder capacity (BC) by 52±5.5% and induced a 25 ± 2.9% decrease in maximal pressure (MP). Addition of CP55,940 to rats with induced bladder irritation, showed an increase in MI by 78% ± 16.7% and a 22% ± 5.8% reduction in MP. In conclusion, cannabinoid receptors are involved in normal micturition at both peripheral and CNS sites, data supported by in vitro studies where CB1 reduced neuronal activity and where both cannabinoid receptors modulated bladder contractility. CB1 receptors expressed in afferent fibre endings in the urothelium could influence bladder function. CB1 receptor agonists may be useful for future treatment of DO as there is altered CB1 receptor expression in these bladders.
Management of Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias Vittella Fabr. Through Bio-Rational Insecticides

Two rational insecticides viz. endosulfan (35 EC) and carbofuran (3 G, at last ploughing) as well as biocides viz. neem oil and spicturin were tested for managing Earias vittelia Fabr. in okra. Endosulfan at 0.25 kg ai ha−1 and spicturin at 0.5 L ha−1 alternatively sprayed at 6 AM and 4 PM when the infestation exceeded ETL (5.3% wt basis) after 92 days of carbofuran (3 G) soil treatment was found most effective in lowering the pest incidence (6.83% fruit weight basis) as well as the larval population (104.3 per 100 fruits). This treatment gave the maximum yield of okra (112.7 q ha−1) as well as the maximum return per rupee investment (Rs4.23).