Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Nonmonotonic Approach to Semantic Matchmaking and Request Refinement in E-Marketplaces

Matchmaking in e-marketplaces consists of finding and retrieving promising counterparts for a given request from the set of available advertisements. This paper proposes the use of nonmonotonic inferences (concept contraction and concept abduction) in a semantic-matchmaking process for ranking resource descriptions. Concept contraction can be used to amend requests incompatible with the resource descriptions. The more amendments needed, the less is the degree of match. If a request is compatible with an advertisement but does not subsume it, concept abduction can be used to hypothesize extra features in the advertisement. The more it is necessary to hypothesize, the less is the degree of match. These basic ideas are utilized to compute a meaningful matchmaking ranking. Using logical explanations on matchmaking results, an approach and algorithms are proposed for the progressive refinement and revision of requests, up to an almost exact match. The related issue of user interaction is also tackled, and a user-friendly tool is presented that allows full utilization of the semantic-based query/revision/refinement process while completely hiding logical technicalities.
Physiography of bed-load meandering streams 2: deposition of channel-phase sands and the dispersion of ripple- and dune-generated cross-lamination

In mountain meandering streams sand is transported as bed-load mostly in local areas confined to large separation bubbles. Separation of flow takes place on a large scale in bank niches and at the inner banks of meander bends just downstream the axis of bend. In such areas channel sand bars accumulate owing to sediment discharge in the form of dunes, dunes with ripples superimposed, and ripples. The direction of movement of the bedforms is controlled by rather a complex flow system existing in a separation bubble and - in so being - is largely unrelated, to local (paleo) slope. Systematic field measurements of ripple-, dune-, and bar slip-faces as well as bar stoss-sides have demonstrated that: (1) Almost all currents in a separation bubble may ripple sand and the dispersion in dip directions of ripple slip-faces is the greatest with mean dip of 23° and standard deviation of 7.5°; (2) Countercurrents in sand-bottom separation bubbles are too weak to produce typical backflow dunes. Consequently, dune slip-faces dip mostly bankwards or obliquely upchannel at a mean angle of 27° (σ = 7°); (3) Bar slip-faces dip either bankwards or upchannel with mean angle of dip similar to that for dunes; and (4) Bar stoss-sides dip channelwards at a mean angle of 15° (σ = 6°). The measurements have been also analyzed using cumulative contour diagrams and „current roses” in order to visualize the distribution of slip-face dip directions (i.e., azimuths of dip of cross-lamination) in relation to a local downchannel direction. The resultant current roses are strikingly bimodal with the least number of readings in the direction of flow and grand vector means poiniting upchannel (= upslope). It has been found that preservation potential of such channel sand bars is fairly good and they were commonly observed both in the Quaternary and the Lower Carboniferous fluvial deposits of the Central Sudetes. Generally, channel-phase sands are typically associated with bar-platform gravels, i.e., lower portion of a point bar sequence between meander pool and vegetated supraplatform bar. Deposits of similar origin may also occur embedded in fine-grained overbank alluvia 0.
Adaptive Image Transmission with PV Diversity in Multihop Wireless Mesh Networks

Multirate multimedia delivery applications in multihop Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) are data redundant and delay-sensitive, which brings a lot of challenges for designing efficient transmission systems. In this paper, we propose a new cross layer resource allocation scheme to minimize the receiver side distortion within the delay bound requirements, by exploring application layer Position and Value (P-V) diversity as well as the multihop Effective Capacity (EC). We specifically consider image transmission optimization here. First of all, the maximum supportable source traffic rate is identified by exploring the multihop Effective Capacity (EC) model. Furthermore, the optimal source coding rate is selected according to the P-V diversity of multirate media streaming, which significantly increases the decoded media quality. Simulation results show the proposed approach improved media quality significantly compared with traditional approaches under the same QoS requirements. Keywords—Multirate Multimedia Streaming, Effective Capacity, Multihop Wireless Mesh Network
Science of Computer Programming

In recent years, WS-BPEL has become a de facto standard language for the orchestration of Web services. However, there are still some well-known difficulties that make programming in WS-BPEL a tricky task. In this paper, we first point out major loose points of the WS-BPEL specification by means of many examples, some of which are also exploited to test and compare the behaviour of three of the best-known freely available WS-BPEL engines. We show that, in fact, these engines implement different semantics, which undermines the portability of WS-BPEL programs over different platforms. Then we introduce B lite , a prototypical orchestration language equipped with a formal operational semantics,whichiscloselyinspiredby,butsimplerthan, WS-BPEL . Indeed, B lite isdesigned around some of WS-BPEL ’s distinctive features such as partner links, process termination, message correlation, long-running business transactions, and compensation handlers. Finally, we present B lite C , a software tool supporting a rapid and easy development of WS-BPEL applications via the translation of service orchestrations written in B lite into executable WS-BPEL programs. We illustrate our approach by means of a running example borrowed from the official specification of WS-BPEL . © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A Study of Enhanced Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Simulated Deep Convective Clouds Observed During DC3

The impacts of enhanced heterogeneous ice nucleation (HET) on the properties of deep convective clouds (DCCs) have been investigated in cloud‐resolving simulations with the WRF‐CHEM model. The study focuses on a case observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. For the simulated DCCs, which had cold cloud‐base temperatures, an inverse relationship exists between ice crystal mass produced through HET and anvil ice crystal number concentrations. This seems to be due to the indirect competition between HET and subsequent homogeneous freezing (HOM) for liquid droplets. Furthermore, our simulations suggest that HET enhancements at warmer temperatures are more efficient in depleting liquid droplets below and hence have larger impacts on anvil properties than HET enhancements at colder temperatures do. This temperature dependence indicates that similar increases in the number of ice nucleating particles (INPs) may potentially have different impacts on DCCs, depending on the INP type and at which temperatures they can nucleate ice crystals. We also found that the reduced anvil ice number concentrations due to the enhanced HET may lead to optically thinner anvil clouds. The reduction in cloud optical depth comes from a decrease in ice crystal mass concentrations, and in some runs also from an increase in ice crystal sizes. These results suggest potentially large impacts of INPs on the properties of DCCs, especially if precipitation is predominantly produced through ice processes in the DCCs. The results underscore the importance of fully understanding the temperature‐dependent ability of aerosol particles to nucleate ice crystals.
Soil Moisture–Evapotranspiration Coupling in CMIP5 Models: Relationship with Simulated Climate and Projections

Soil moisture–atmosphere coupling is a key process underlying climate variability and change over land. The control of soil moisture (SM) on evapotranspiration (ET) is a necessary condition for soil moisture to feed back onto surface climate. Here we investigate how this control manifests itself across simulations from the CMIP5 ensemble, using correlation analysis focusing on the interannual (summertime) time scale. Analysis of CMIP5 historical simulations indicates significant model diversity in SM–ET coupling in terms of patterns and magnitude. We investigate the relationship of this spread with differences in background simulated climate. Mean precipitation is found to be an important driver of model spread in SM–ET coupling but does not explain all of the differences, presumably because of model differences in the treatment of land hydrology. Compared to observations, some land regions appear consistently biased dry and thus likely overly soil moisture–limited. Because of ET feedbacks on air temperature, differences in SM–ET coupling induce model uncertainties across the CMIP5 ensemble in mean surface temperature and variability. We explore the relationships between model uncertainties in SM–ET coupling and climate projections. In particular over mid-to-high-latitude continental regions of the Northern Hemisphere but also in parts of the tropics, models that are more soil moisture–limited in the present tend to warm more in future projections, because they project less increase in ET and (in midlatitudes) greater increase in incoming solar radiation. Soil moisture–atmosphere processes thus contribute to the relationship observed across models between summertime present-day simulated climate and future warming projections over land.
Late Pliocene Greenland: The Kap Kobenhavn Formation in North Greenland

The Kap København Formation, North Greenland, is a 100-m thick succession of predominantly shallow marine nearshore sediments, dated to c. 2.4 ma. The abundant well preserved remains of mosses, land plants, foraminifers, ostracodes, insects, cladocers, molluscs, and a few vertebrates enable a detailed reconstruction of terrestrial and marine environments and climate. The sediments indicate a complex sea-level history implying combined glacioisostatic and -eustatic control. This is supported by the faunal and floral development from arctic to subarctic and boreal conditions, and the record probably reflects the demise of the first major Cenozoic ice sheet, the Praetiglian, over the area, and the onset of the succeeding Tiglian A interglacial. The record ends with the attainment of the interglacial sea-level highstand and climate optimum when forest tundra reached the world’s northernmost coasts. It is inferred that the duration of sedimentation was a half obliquity cycle, i.e. 20,000 yr, at the most.
Particulate Emissions in a GDI with an Upstream Fuel Source

Public health risk and resulting stringent emission regulations for internal combustion engines pose a need for solutions to reduce particle emissions (PN). Current PN control approaches include increasing fuel injection pressure, optimizing spray targeting, multiple injection strategies, and the use of tumble flaps together with gasoline particulate filters (GPF). Experiments were performed using a single-cylinder spark-ignited GDI engine equipped with a custom inlet manifold and a port fuel injector located 500 mm upstream. Particulate emissions were measured during stationary medium/high load operation to evaluate the effect of varying the mass split between the direct and upstream injectors. Mixing quality is improved substantially by upstream injection and can thus be controlled by altering the mass split between the injectors. Additional particulate measurements were performed using a thermodenuder and a catalyst to remove major part of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from raw emissions. This made it possible to determine particle numbers (PN) both raw emissions and solid particulates, and the size distribution of the solid particulate emissions. Upstream fuel source was found to reduce PN emissions by almost a factor of 10 under optimal conditions, and significant reductions were achieved even when only 10% of the fuel mass was injected upstream. At a fixed load, as mass percentage from PFI increases, PN decreases. However, the PN reduction due to PFI is load-dependent and can be sensitive to engine speed. Solid PN decreased almost linearly with the PFI mass percentage, independently of engine speed. This implies that upstream injection improved mixing and thus reduced rich zone formation and/or wall-wetting compared to exclusive direct injection.
A complexity chasm for solving sparse polynomial equations over p-adic fields

The applications of solving systems of polynomial equations are legion: The real case permeates all of non-linear optimization as well as numerous problems in engineering. The p-adic case leads to many classical questions in number theory, and is close to many applications in cryptography, coding theory, and computational number theory. As such, it is important to understand the complexity of solving systems of polynomial equations over local fields. Furthermore, the complexity of solving structured systems --- such as those with a fixed number of monomial terms or invariance with respect to a group action --- arises naturally in many computational geometric applications and is closely related to a deeper understanding of circuit complexity (see, e.g., [8]). Clearly, if we are to fully understand the complexity of solving sparse polynomial systems, then we should at least be able to settle the univariate case, e.g., classify when it is possible to separate and approximate roots in deterministic time polynomial in the input size.
Change point analysis of global temperature records

Climate change is the result of complex interactions between a wide array of climatic variables. Over a long period of time, climatic patterns can shift, possibly multiple times. Abrupt shifts that occur over a relatively short period of time are known as change points. During these intervals, different climatic variables may undergo dramatic shifts posing serious consequences for many biological and physical systems. In this paper, we discuss a Bayesian algorithm for detecting the location of change points in time series data. In particular, we utilize our method to analyse five different global surface temperature anomaly data sets, as well as temperature records associated with land, ocean, and different zonal bands in an attempt to identify common features of these data sets. Change points in the five global records were detected between 1902–1917, 1936–1945, and 1963–1976, but do these change points also manifest themselves across other parts of the globe? Our analysis indicates that the timing of change points is consistent from one record to the next, but not all change points appear in all records. In particular, there were more change points in the ocean than on land, and also more change points in southern latitudes than in northern latitudes.
Expert Systems: Principles and Programming

From the Publisher: This new edition combines a thorough, balanced treatment of theory and practice with a complete package of CLIPS 6.0 software tools for developing expert systems. It features a balanced blend of expert systems theory and practice; a detailed presentation of CLIPS Version 6.0, a rule-based programming language for expert systems design; and an IBM PC 3 1/2'' disk which contains the complete CLIPS 6.0 executable shell and sample programs for developing expert systems.
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction

Contents: Preface. An Applied Information-Processing Psychology. Part I: Science Base. The Human Information-Processor. Part II: Text-Editing. System and User Variability. An Exercise in Task Analysis. The GOMS Model of Manuscript Editing. Extensions of the GOMS Analysis. Models of Devices for Text Selection. Part III: Engineering Models. The Keystroke-Level Model. The Unit-Task Level of Analysis. Part IV: Extensions and Generalizations. An Exploration into Circuit Design. Cognitive Skill. Applying Psychology to Design Reprise.
Tools of the Mind: The Vygotskian Approach to Early Childhood Education

SECTION I The Vygotskian Framework: The Cultural-Historical Theory of Development Chapter 1 Introduction to the Vygotskian Approach Chapter 2 Acquiring Mental Tools and Higher Mental Functions Chapter 3 The Vygotskian Framework and Other Theories of Development and Learning SECTION II Strategies for Development and Learning Chapter 4 The Zone of Proximal Development Chapter 5 Tactics: Using Mediators Chapter 6 Tactics: Using Language Chapter 7 Tactics: Using Shared Activities SECTION III Applying the Vygotskian Approach to Development and Learning in Early Childhood Chapter 8 Developmental Accomplishments and Leading Activity: Infants and Toddlers Chapter 9 Supporting the Developmental Accomplishments of Infants and Toddlers Chapter 10 Developmental Accomplishments and the Leading Activity: Preschool and Kindergarten Chapter 11 Supporting the Developmental Accomplishments in Preschool and Kindergarten Chapter 12 Developmental Accomplishments and the Leading Activity: Primary Grades Chapter 13 Supporting the Developmental Accomplishments in the Primary Grades Chapter 14 Dynamic Assessment: Application of the Zone of Proximal Development Epilogue Glossary References Author Index Subject Index
A DISCUSSION OF CEMENT HYDRATION IN RELATION TO THE CURING OF CONCRETE

THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED TO BRING CEMENT TO ITS ULTIMATE DEGREE OF HYDRATION IS ABOUT 0.44 GRAM OF WATER PER GRAM OF CEMENT, PLUS THE CURING WATER THAT MUST BE ADDED TO KEEP THE PASTE SATURATED. FOR MAXIMUM HYDRATION, CONCRETE MUST BE KEPT SATURATED BECAUSE HYDRATION PRODUCTS CAN FORM ONLY IN WATER-FILLED SPACE AND ONLY IN THAT PART OF THE WATER-FILLED SPACE THAT IS OUTSIDE THE GEL SUBSTANCE, THAT IS ONLY IN THE WATER-FILLED CAPILLARIES IN THE PASTE. PROCEDURES REQUIRED TO PRODUCE MAXIMUM CEMENT HYDRATION, NAMELY, THOSE THAT WOULD PRODUCE AND MAINTAIN THE MAXIMUM DEGREE OF SATURATION, WOULD NOT GENERALLY BE JUSTIFIED. SELF-DESICCATION, AND EVEN SOME LOSS BY EVAPORATION, IS BENEFICIAL IN SOME RESPECTS. MEMBRANE CURING WILL NOT ASSURE FULL HYDRATION BUT MAY BE ADEQUATE AND DESIRABLE ESPECIALLY FOR CONCRETE MEMBERS IN CONTACT WITH SOIL. /AUTHOR/
Improved decoding of Reed-Solomon and algebraic-geometric codes

Given an error-correcting code over strings of length n and an arbitrary input string also of length n, the list decoding problem is that of finding all codewords within a specified Hamming distance from the input string. We present an improved list decoding algorithm for decoding Reed-Solomon codes. The list decoding problem for Reed-Solomon codes reduces to the following "curve-fitting" problem over a field F: Given n points {(x/sub i/.y/sub i/)}/sub i=1//sup n/, x/sub i/,y/sub i//spl isin/F, and a degree parameter k and error parameter e, find all univariate polynomials p of degree at most k such that y/sub i/=p(x/sub i/) for all but at most e values of i/spl isin/{1. ,n}. We give an algorithm that solves this problem for e1/3, where the result yields the first asymptotic improvement in four decades. The algorithm generalizes to solve the list decoding problem for other algebraic codes, specifically alternant codes (a class of codes including BCH codes) and algebraic-geometric codes. In both cases, we obtain a list decoding algorithm that corrects up to n-/spl radic/(n-d-) errors, where n is the block length and d' is the designed distance of the code. The improvement for the case of algebraic-geometric codes extends the methods of Shokrollahi and Wasserman (1998) and improves upon their bound for every choice of n and d'. We also present some other consequences of our algorithm including a solution to a weighted curve fitting problem, which is of use in soft-decision decoding algorithms for Reed-Solomon codes.
Producción de biomasa y fijación de CO2 por los bosques españoles

12 PRESENTACIÓN. 13 INTRODUCCIÓN. 15 Sobre el ciclo del carbono y los bosques . 15 El carbono en los ecosistemas forestales . 18 Papel de los bosques frente al cambio climático. 20 Producción del bosque y desarrollo social . 20 Gestión de bosques para la mitigación del cambio climático . 21 METODOLOGIA . 25 Toma de datos . 26 Determinación de la materia seca . 29 Obtención de valores modulares de biomasa. 30 Cálculo de incrementos anuales de biomasa . 36 Cálculo del CO2 acumulado . 37 Aplicación de los valores modulares a los datos del Segundo Inventario Forestal Nacional . 38 Balances de CO2. 38 Algunas consideraciones a la metodología general . 38 PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOMASA Y FIJACIÓN DE CO2 POR LAS PRINCIPALES ESPECIES FORESTALES ESPAÑOLAS . 43 Frondosas. 45 Alnus glutinosa . 45 Betula spp. 51 Castanea sativa . 57 Ceratonia siliqua . 65 Eucalyptus spp. 69 Fagus sylvatica . 77 Fraxinus spp. 83 Olea europaea . 91 Populus x euramericana . 97 Quercus canariensis. 105 Quercus faginea. 111 Quercus ilex . 119 Quercus pyrenaica . 127 Quercus robur/Q. petraea . 135 Quercus suber . 141 Otras frondosas . 147 Coníferas . 153 Abies alba . 153 Abies pinsapo . 159 Juniperus oxycedrus . 163 Juniperus phoenicea . 169 Juniperus thurifera . 173 Pinus canariensis . 179 Pinus halepensis . 183 Pinus nigra . 191 Pinus pinaster. 199 Pinus pinea. 207 Pinus radiata . 213 Pinus sylvestris. 219 Pinus uncinata . 227 Otras coníferas . 233 Laurisilvas y Fayal-Brezal . 239 Erica arborea . 239 Ilex canariensis. 243 Laurus azorica . 247 Myrica faya . 251 Otras laurisilvas . 255 BALANCE NACIONAL DE BIOMASA Y CO2. 259 Resultados por grupos de especies . 259 Frondosas . 259 Coníferas. 260 Laurisilva y Fayal-Brezal. 261 Comparación entre grupos de especies . 262 Balance general de biomasa y CO2 para todas las especies conjuntamente . 264 BIBLIOGRAFÍA. 264 8 Producción de biomasa y fijación de CO2 por los bosques españoles