Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrology of the North Cascades Region, Washington: 1. Runoff, precipitation, and storage characteristics

The time and space distributions of measured precipitation and measured runoff and of spring storage, which is approximately equal to the subsequent summer runoff of snowmelt and stored groundwater, have been analyzed for the North Cascades region of Washington. Neither precipitation nor runoff shows a consistent relationship with altitude, chiefly because of precipitation-shadowing effects in this region of high relief. The relationship between mean annual precipitation and altitude is improved considerably when a topographic mean altitude is used instead of the actual altitude of the weather station. However, the improvement is not sufficient to explain a number of discrepancies that still occur. Some of the scatter in a precipitation-altitude plot appears to be due to a deficient precipitation catch by high-altitude gages. When the dependence of runoff on precipitation was examined on an annual, seasonal, and monthly basis, it was found that only a few low-altitude gages correlated well with basin runoff. In several instances, annual (water year) runoff could be better predicted from winter precipitation than from annual precipitation. Precipitation and runoff were tested for changes with time and both appeared to have been increasing slightly but not at a statistically significant level. When the summer (May–September) fraction of the total annual runoff is plotted against mean basin altitude, a consistent, physically reasonable, mildly curvilinear relationship is revealed. On the basis of this relationship, by using several drainages with diverse area-altitude profiles the spring storage versus altitude distribution can be estimated for each basin. The area-altitude distribution is used instead of the mean altitude in this calculation because of the apparent nonlinear relationship between runoff and altitude.
Coping with floods: preparedness, response and recovery of flood-affected residents in Germany in 2002

Abstract In August 2002, a severe flood event occurred in Central Europe. In the following year, a poll was performed in Germany in which 1697 private households were randomly selected from three regions: (a) the River Elbe area, (b) the Elbe tributaries in Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, and (c) the Bavarian Danube catchment. Residents were interviewed about flood characteristics, early warning, damage, recovery, preparedness and previously experienced floods. Preparedness, response, financial losses and recovery differed in the three regions under study. This could be attributed mainly to differences in flood experience and flood impact. Knowledge about self-protection, residents' home-ownership and household size influenced the extent and type of private precautions taken, as well as the residents' ability to perform mitigation measures. To further improve preparedness and response during future flood events, flood warnings should include more information about possible protection measures. In addition, different information leaflets with flood mitigation options for specific groups of people, e.g. tenants, homeowners, elderly people or young families, should be developed.
Occurrence of gastroliths in South American sea lions ( Otaria byronia ) from southern Brazil

Gastroliths are stones present in the stomach of many vertebrate species and their occurrence in fossil and living vertebrates is well documented in the scientific literature. Vertebrate groups, especially aquatic tetrapods, including Crocodilia, Spheniscidae, Mysticeti, Odontoceti and Pinnipedia, and the extinct Plesiosauria are examples of such occurrence (for a complete review see Taylor, 1993). Although there is a paucity of detailed information about gastroliths in individual species of pinnipeds, there are records of their occurrence in species in all three families (Phocidae, Odobenidae and Otariidae, Taylor, 1993). In otariids, gastroliths have been described in Zalophus californianus (Scheffer and Neff, 1948) , Neophoca c inerea , Phocarctos hookeri and Arctocephalus pusillus (Marlow, 1975), Eumetopias jubatus (Fiscus and Baines, 1966) and Callorhinus ursinus (Taylor, 1993). In the case of the South American sea lion, Otaria byronia (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) occurrence of gastroliths was first reported in 1934 (Hamilton, 1934), and more recently by Vaz-Ferreira (1981). Here we report the presence of gastroli ths in seven specimens of South American sea lions collected on the southern coast of Brazil. We also present measurements and weight of the gastroliths (individual and total) from each specimen (see Table 1) . The occurrence of gastroliths in the stomach contents of Pinnipedia has been identified as an important aspect of their biology (Riedman, 1990). However, no mention is made of gastroliths in recent textbooks on marine mammals (e.g. Berta and Sumich, 1999; Perrin et al., 2001) the word ‘gastrolith’ appearing in neither the glossary nor the remissive index. In total 47 specimens of Otaria byronia were collected during beach surveys along the coast of Rio Grande do Sul State (between 30° and 31° South), between 1990 and 1998. Skulls and gastroliths from specimens are deposited in Mammal Collection at Museu de Ciencias Naturais (MCN), Fundacao Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Condylo-basal length (CBL)
Hybrid Fuzzy C-Means Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) for Image Segmentation

Among fuzzy clustering methods, fuzzy C-means (FCM) have become more popular in image segmentation because of their simplicity and effectiveness. However, FCM is generally very sensitive to noise and highly dependent on the initialization of cluster centers, making it fall into local maxima. In this paper, a hybrid FCM algorithm (HDEPSO-FCM) that integrates particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE) is proposed to address the weaknesses of FCM. The idea of hybridizing PSO and DE into FCM has refined the segmentation quality by providing anti-noise ability. In addition, HDEPSO-FCM initializes the cluster centers optimally, thus, faster segmentation. Hence, HDEPSO-FCM performs relatively better than other state-of-the-art segmentation methods when tested with the Berkeley Segmentation Data Set (BSDS) images. Remarkably, out of 500 images, HDEPSO-FCM has obtained a better average PRI of 0.7480 when compared to other techniques. Moreover, the computational cost of HDEPSO-FCM to segment 100 test images is also faster by 43.8%. Thus, the proposed HDEPSO-FCM algorithm is an effective alternative method in image segmentation.
ML-Based Compliance Verification of Data Processing Agreements against GDPR

Most current software systems involve processing personal data, an activity that is regulated in Europe by the general data protection regulation (GDPR) through data processing agreements (DPAs). Developing compliant software requires adhering to DPA-related requirements in GDPR. Verifying the compliance of DPAs entirely manually is however time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose an automation strategy based on machine learning (ML) for checking GDPR compliance in DPAs. Specifically, we create, based on existing work, a comprehensive conceptual model that describes the information types pertinent to DPA compliance. We then develop an automated approach that detects breaches of compliance by predicting the presence of these information types in DPAs. On an evaluation set of 30 real DPAs, our approach detects 483 out of 582 genuine violations while introducing 93 false violations, achieving thereby a precision of 83.9% and recall of 83.0%. We empirically compare our approach against an existing approach which does not employ ML but relies on manually-defined rules. Our results indicate that the two approaches perform on par. Therefore, to select the right solution in a given context, we discuss differentiating factors like the availability of annotated data and legal experts, and adaptation to regulation changes.
Typology of irrigation systems in Ghana.

Working Papers The publications in this series record the work and thinking of IWMI researchers, and knowledge that the Institute's scientific management feels is worthy of documenting. This series will ensure that scientific data and other information gathered or prepared as a part of the research work of the Institute are recorded and referenced. Working Papers could include project reports, case studies, conference or workshop proceedings, discussion papers or reports on progress of research, country-specific research reports, monographs, etc. Working Papers may be copublished, by IWMI and partner organizations. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMI IWMI's mission is to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the environment. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems—practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. / typology / surface irrigation / communal irrigation systems / farmers / water users / associations / smallholders / irrigation management / public sector / private sector / wastewater irrigation / groundwater irrigation / tube well irrigation / wells / case studies / Ghana / Acknowledgements This publication is dedicated to the late Leah Horowitz, who left the comfort of her country (USA) with the noble objective of contributing to poverty reduction in Africa, but could not live up to it because of her sudden death due to a tragic car accident. She will always be remembered by all of us associated with this publication. which transpired during the workshop, have contributed significantly to the preparation of this paper. Collaborators The following organizations collaborated in the research conducted for this paper.
Analysis of Clock Synchronization with Different Topology in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Sensor is a device which is used to detect some object to collect some data. Sensor will deliver the data consisting of id and data to the computer and from the computer to another sensor using a data cable which consumes a lot of time. Nowaday, sensors have WiFi relay or Bluetooth built-in. It will make the sensor deliver the data without data cable or wire(wireless). Sensors can connect to WiFi and send the data to server, database or other sensor. Sensors communicate with other sensors which make the sensor work automatically. The connection between sensors with other sensors is called Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). There can be some delay when the sensor communicates. The delay will affect message delivery. It can make the data will not be sent or maybe corrupted. So, clock synchronization is needed to remove the effects of random delays from the timing message transmissions sent across wireless channels. When communicating, the node will make some network called topology. The examples are star, mesh, etc. Different topologies may also affect the clock synchronization. This will also affect when delivering data. There are many types of protocols used in WSN such as the Average TimeSync Protocol. Average TimeSync Protocol is a protocol which synchronizes the clock speed and clock offset. It will be implemented using Matlab. The data which will be processed by Matlab are clock from each node and when synchronized. By doing the analysis, it is expected to know if topology affects clock synchronization.
Mechanical properties of a weak pyroclastic rock and their relationship with microstructure

The geotechnical behaviour of very weak pyroclastic rocks controls both the failure mechanisms at the margins of rock mesas, where historic hill towns are often sited, as well as the stability of old underground cavities in urban areas of Central Italy. The study focuses on the mechanical behaviour of one of the pyroclastic materials forming the Orvieto mesa (pozzolana), not unlike other pozzolanas in Central and Southern Italy and other pyroclastites from volcanic districts worldwide. The mechanical properties under static conditions of this weakly cemented rock are reported. A petrographic and physical characterization of the material was preliminary conducted, followed by a wide range of mechanical tests: oedometer, uniaxial, and isotropic compression tests and indirect tensile tests. The stress–strain and strength behaviours of the pozzolana are highlighted and compared with those of the rock materials of the pyroclastic formation (tuff). The mechanical behaviour of the pozzolana is related to its phy.
Thermal and dynamical evolution of the upper mantle in subduction zones

We present results from two-dimensional (2-D) numerical experiments on the thermal and dynamical evolution of the subducting slab and of the overlying mantle wedge for a range in subduction parameters. These include subduction rate and the age and rheology of both subducting and overriding plates. Experiments also consider the influence of slab forcing conditions (from purely kinematic to purely dynamic) on the evolution of both the slab and mantle wedge. One goal is to determine how different parameters control thermal evolution of the slab-wedge interface, from just after subduction initiation up through roughly 500–600 km of subduction, where temperatures are approaching steady state. An additional goal is to define optimal conditions for the melting of slab sediments and crust. Results show slab surface temperatures (SSTs) depend strongly on subduction velocity, plate thermal structure, and upper mantle (or wedge) viscosity structure. Fast subduction beneath a thick (>70 km) overriding plate results in the coolest SSTs. Maximum SSTs are recorded as an early transient event for cases of slow subduction ( 100 km) which deflects the zone of maximum shear away from slab-wedge interface.
Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and phylogenetic affinities of Eocene Astrorotalia, Igorina, Planorotalites, and problematica (Praemurica? lozanoi)

In this chapter we treat the taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and phylogenetic affinities of Eocene muricate, nonspinose species of the genera Astrorotalia, Igorina and Planorotalites. Igorina had an early mid-Paleocene praemuricate ancestry and evolved at about the same time (Zone P3a; early Selandian) as the earliest morozovellids (praeangulata, angulata); the genus became extinct in Zone E9 (early middle Eocene). Planorotalites pseudoscitula evolved in the latest Paleocene (Zone P5) from a possible morozovellid (? Morozovella occlusa) ancestry. It evolved into the stellate, peripherally carinate, monospecific, stratigraphically restricted species A. palmerae in Zone E7 (upper lower Eocene). Seven species are recognized and discussed, namely Igorina anapetes (Blow), Igorina broedermanni (Cushman and Bermúdez), Igorina lodoensis (Mallory), Igorina tadjikistanensis (Bykova), Planorotalites capdevilensis (Cushman and Bermúdez), Planorotalites pseudoscitula (Glaessner), and Astrorotalia palmerae (Cushman and Bermúdez). Planorotalites renzi (Bolli) is confirmed as a junior synonym of P. capdevilensis. Our attempts to find an appropriate generic home for ‘Globigerina lozanoi Colom’ have been unsuccessful for reasons explained below. We assign lozanoi provisionally to Praemurica.
Basin structure and Tertiary magmatism on Skye, NW Scotland

The emplacement of igneous material into upper crustal rocks of sedimentary basins is likely to be strongly controlled by the geometry of the pre-existing basin structures. These controls are investigated using examples from the Tertiary igneous complexes of Skye, part of the Sea of Hebrides basin of NW Scotland. The basin consists of an array of half-graben related to SE-dipping normal faults. These pre-volcanic, Mesozoic structures are traced near the igneous complexes using geological relationships preserved unconformably beneath the widespread basaltic lava fields. The unconformity represents a period of Cretaceous uplift and denudation of the basin and its flanks, entirely pre-dating the Tertiary volcanism of NW Scotland. This unconformity seals stratigraphically the major basin faults, preserving field relationships that permit the tracing of these faults in the country rocks to the Tertiary intrusions. The major Camasunary fault is separated from the Raasay fault via a series of minor graben, linked by a series of steep, NW–SE-trending faults that transfered Mesozoic displacements between the principal fault strands. A broad range of igneous material of various compositions was intruded into part of the Mesozoic Sea of Hebrides basins and their flanks during Palaeocene times. Different emplacement styles and different structural controls are found. The major gabbroic centres do not appear to be controlled by upper crustal structures, having been emplaced into the footwalls of major faults. However, minor synmagmatic displacements on the basin faults may have been sufficient to generate dilatational sites in these footwall positions, thereby facilitating emplacement. In contrast, the granitic melts have been emplaced as sheets and domed into the sediments and overlying lava pile, reactivating segments of the basin fault network. Doming occurred from an array of sills, the stratigraphic levels of which can be reconstructed using structural relationships preserved in the roofs and walls of the intrusions. The sill levels and their transgressive forms are strongly related to inferred Mesozoic basin structures. The major fold structures of Tertiary age in southern Skye are interpreted as accommodating granitic emplacement rather than crustal shortening. The NW-SE Mesozoic transfer fault trend appears to have strongly influenced the segmentation of the granite domes. These interpretations are illustrated using field relationships mapped in the vicinity of the Coire Uaigneich granophyre. It is concluded that although the higher parts of the basin faults were reactivated to facilitate the doming of granitic intrusions, the deeper levels of the Mesozoic faults show no evidence of substantial reactivation.
The conservation of Accipitridae vultures of Nepal: a review

Of the nine Accipitridae vulture species found within Nepal the IUCN categorises White-rumped, Indian Vulture, Slender-billed and Red-headed Vultures as Critically Endangered and Egyptian Vulture as Endangered. Dramatic declines have occurred since the mid 1990s with the White-rumped Vulture, Indian Vulture and Slender-billed Vulture population declining by over 97%. The remaining species are listed as Near Threatened or Least Concern. Veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac has been proven to be a key threat in the region for Gyps vultures and appears likely that it may also affect other Accipitridae vultures. The drug is transferred to vultures via consumption of dead livestock carcass. Ingestion of the drug causes visceral gout and kidney failure, which leads to the birds death. Consumption of diclofenac and the majority of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are fatal to individuals. Only one NSAID, meloxicam, has been tested and proven safe for vultures. There are other factors such as food shortage in local scale, habitat loss, climate change and pesticides/poisoning that play some role on population decline. Managing vulture conservation across Nepal can be problematic just as it is throughout the Indian subcontinent due to the variable level of protection afforded to vultures through legislation and enforcement in each political region particularly regarding NSAID regulation and use. However, great gains have been made on removing diclofenac from sale within the Indian subcontinent. Continuing and enhancing the holistic conservation approach between all stakeholders, government and non-government organisations, across the species range is required to conserve them for future generations. Indeed, it is likely that a number of species will become extinct if a greater conservation effort is not forthcoming in the very near future.
The Effect of Dimensional Parameters on the Performance of DDMRs

Differential drive mobile robots (DDMRs) are often used in automation research because they are simple mechanically, and low cost as they only require two motors to drive and steer. Work to date has focused on control, with little done to optimise these vehicles in terms of dimensional parameters such as centre of mass position, track width, wheel base and caster dimensions. This paper presents a dynamic model of a DDMR and the dimensional sensitivity of peak drive/braking force, energy consumption, and chassis forces is assessed. The model is applied to a range of trajectories typical in an agricultural setting. Results show that these are all sensitive to vehicle dimensions to different degrees. Energy consumption showed the least sensitivity, while drive forces were found to be significantly influenced, for example, increasing the caster trail from 0.13 to 0.33 m decreased peak drive force by 56%. Optimising dimensional parameters in DDMRs can contribute to more economically viable automated solutions through increased efficency and reduced expense.
Approximation of Turbulent Wall Shear Stresses in Highly Transient Pipe Flows

Theoretical predictions of wall shear stresses in unsteady turbulent flows in pipes are developed for all flow conditions from fully smooth to fully rough and for Reynolds numbers from 103 to 108 . A weighting function approach is used, based on a two-region viscosity distribution in the pipe cross section that is consistent with the Colebrook–White expression for steady-state wall friction. The basic model is developed in an analytical form and the resulting weighting function is then approximated as a sum of exponentials using a modified form of an approximation due to Trikha. A straightforward method is presented for the determination of appropriate values of coefficients for any particular Reynolds number and pipe roughness ratio. The end result is a method that can be used relatively easily by analysts seeking to model unsteady flows in pipes and ducts.
In-stream nitrogen processing and dilution in an agricultural stream network

Recommended Citation Prior, Kara. "In-stream nitrogen processing and dilution in an agricultural stream network. " MS To friends around the globe who push me to see the world differently, and to know myself better. Here again we are reminded that in nature nothing exists alone. ABSTRACT The interaction of agricultural fertilizer application and a drought-to-flood transition in 2012-2013 set up conditions for a watershed-scale experiment on nutrient dynamics. The region-wide drought in 2012 left surface soils disconnected from stream networks and restricted nutrient use by crops, resulting in an unusually large nitrogen pool stored in the soil column through the winter. The wet conditions in the Midwest in spring of 2013 mobilized the unused fertilizer from the landscape into the stream network. A six-week period of extremely high in-stream nutrient concentrations followed. This study analyzes results of three synoptic sampling campaigns in the Iowa-Cedar River Basin in 2013 to quantify patterns in nitrogen dynamics. I estimate nutrient spiraling metrics by interpreting the fertilizer mobilization from the landscape to the stream as a constant rate nutrient addition at the scale of the entire watershed—a vital scale on which to understand these processes, but for which costs and logistics of standard experiments are prohibitive. Results of this study compare patterns in dilution and uptake across spatial and temporal scales, and bound feasible explanations for hydrologic and reactive function in each reach of the network.