Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new aspect of ionospheric E region electron density morphology

[1] From global measurements of ionospheric electron density profiles made by the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites, the morphology of E region electron density is investigated. Seasonal, latitudinal, and diurnal variations in daytime E region electron density are well described by the Chapman theory, and the E layer peak electron density NmE and its peak height hmE are governed by the solar zenith angle χ in accordance with relations NmE ∝(cosχ)p and hmE ∝ln(secχ), respectively. However, it is revealed that there are three geomagnetic latitude regions where striking enhancements of the E region electron density occur. One of them is located at the geomagnetic equator with relatively narrow latitude extent of about 6°–10°, and the other two with much wider latitude extent of about 10°–20° appear on both sides of the geomagnetic equator in latitude regions ±20°–30°, respectively. The locations of these E region density enhancements are asymmetrical about the geomagnetic equator in solstice seasons, and they have a salient tendency to shift toward (away from) the summer (winter) hemisphere. The off-equator E region electron density enhancements are closely connected with the bottomside of the F region equatorial anomaly crests, where the component of the electron density parallel to the magnetic field line is maximum. It appears that the off-equator E region electron density enhancements are very likely the footprints of the F region equatorial anomaly crests. The morphologies of the exponent n and coefficient K in the power law relation between χ and foE (E region critical frequency) are also examined. There is a tendency for the n and K values to be larger in local winter than in local summer seasons in the latitudinal regions the same as the off-equator electron density enhancements. In addition, it is found that a minor peak in the K values is nearly continuously present in all seasons over the geomagnetic equator. A comparison shows significant discrepancies in the E region electron density morphologies between COSMIC measurement and IRI model prediction. Furthermore, compelling evidence is provided to show the presences of longitudinal wave number 3 and 4 structures of the electron density in the height region 100–200 km, which are in coincident with the longitudinal structures of equatorial electrojet. It is believed that these longitudinal 3- and 4-peak structures are very likely associated with nonmigrating diurnal tides propagating eastward in ionospheric E region.
11. ‘Barat Ketemu Timur’: Cross-Cultural Encounters and the Making of Early Kroncong History

Today's relevance of that long bygone era of early kroncong , is the actual creative aftermath of the 1970s revival of kroncong asli in Indonesia. This chapter looks more closely at the contribution of newcomers from Holland to the early history of kroncong , the common source of the two separately conducted postcolonial revivals. Between 1880 and 1920 the term kroncong was fresh and exciting for more than one generation of aficionados. Tugu's first settlers, in the mid-1600s, had a background in Portuguese Melaka as a deported group of slave labourers from the Portuguese coasts of India. The specialty for which Tugu was well-known in the city was dengdeng, a pork conserve. The serious acceptance of kroncong as a type of folk song had its ultimate European champion in the Flemish folklorist and singer Emiel Hullebroeck. Keywords: kroncong asli ; Tugunese
Isotopic and ionic changes in a snow cover at different altitudes: observations at Austre Okstindbreen in 1991

Ionic and isotopic analyses of snow samples collected at four sites at the Norwegian glacier Austre Okstindbreen during two field seasons in 1991 showed that, before melting started, the snowpack was vertically inhomogeneous. Patterns of variation with depth of both ions and oxygen isotopes were maintained throughout the pre-melt period. Horizontal variations of ionic concentration were smaller than vertical ones. The stratigraphic pattern of ionic concentrations in the pack at lower altitudes reflected the influence of melting-refreezing processes, as well as original variations in the falling snow. The mean ionic content of the first set of samples collected at the lowest site was much lower than that at the others, indicating that ions had already been removed by meltwater. Much liquid water was present in the snowpack when drainage started, and ions were removed quickly with the first meltwater. During the melting phase, comparative rates of loss of ions resulting from differential movement through the pack were SO4 2− > Na+ > Cl−. At 1475m, only 13% of the winter accumulation melted between 6 June and 9 July, but at least 88% of the Na+, 89% of the Cl− and about 100% of the SO4 2− was lost. Initially, there was no altitudinal trend in the mean δ18O values of the snowpack. Warming of the pack was accompanied by a tendency towards isotopic homogenisation. At the three sites at which snow remained in July, considerable 18O enrichment had occurred since the middle of June.
The Seesaw Effect

What are the origins of past, present, and future climate change? In his Perspective, Stocker discusses ways in which the climate system can act like a seesaw, as the high northern latitudes push and pull against the Southern Hemisphere to create abrupt shifts. Stocker briefly discusses a report in the same issue by Steig et al., showing that Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate shifts act in synchrony. A related Perspective by Cane looks at the role of the tropics in paleoclimate. Recent observations and model calculations indicate that effects of climate change in the tropical latitudes merit a closer look.
Status and use of biological indicators for evaluating the effects of stress on fish

Laboratory bioassays and other conventional methods of assessing stress on aquatic organisms generally lack ecological realism because of the many environmental factors that can influence stress responses at all levels of biological organization. The biological indicator approach involves measurement of a suite of selected stress responses at several levels of biological organization to assess sublethal stress effects on fish, to give early warning of stress, and to obtain insights into causal relationships between stressors and effects manifested at higher levels of biological organization. The types of stress responses measured range from those at the subcellular and biochemical levels to those at the ecosystem level; the responses segregate along gradients of toxicological and ecological relevance and of response time.
Nonmigrating tidal signature in the distributions of equatorial plasma bubbles and prereversal enhancement

Some wave‐like features in the longitudinal distribution of equatorial plasma bubbles understood in association with diurnal eastward propagating zonal wave number 3 nonmigrating tide (DE3) in the dayside. However, whether or not the wave features are the daytime DE3 signature has not yet been rigorously investigated. This study investigates (1) the existence of the DE3 signature in the longitudinal distribution of bubbles by analyzing the first Republic of China (ROCSAT‐1) satellite data acquired in 2000–2002 and (2) the role of daytime DE3 in the creation of bubbles by examining the linear growth rate of the generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability. The linear growth rate is derived from the “Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere” model simulation results. In the longitudinal distribution of bubbles derived from ROCSAT‐1 observations, the wave number 4 component, the representative characteristic of DE3, is a weak feature. In addition, the amplitude and phase of the wave number 4 component do not show a consistent behavior in comparison with those of DE3. Our numerical calculation results show that the linear growth rate of the R‐T instability is not sensitive to the variation of the daytime vertical plasma drift. These results indicate that the DE3 signature in the occurrence rate of bubbles is not obvious and the effect of daytime DE3 on the creation of bubbles is negligible.
A Cenozoic diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) in the southwest Pacific without rift or plume origin

Common geological, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics of continental fragments of East Gondwana and adjacent oceanic lithosphere define a long‐lived, low‐volume, diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) encompassing the easternmost part of the Indo‐Australian Plate, West Antarctica, and the southwest portion of the Pacific Plate. A key to generating the Cenozoic magmatism is the combination of metasomatized lithosphere underlain by mantle at only slightly elevated temperatures, in contrast to large igneous provinces where mantle temperatures are presumed to be high. The SW Pacific DAMP magmatism has been conjecturally linked to rifting, strike‐slip faulting, mantle plumes, or hundreds of hot spots, but all of these associations have flaws. We suggest instead that sudden detachment and sinking of subducted slabs in the late Cretaceous induced Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities along the former Gondwana margin that in turn triggered lateral and vertical flow of warm Pacific mantle. The interaction of the warm mantle with metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere that characterizes much of the SW Pacific DAMP concentrates magmatism along zones of weakness. The model may also provide a mechanism for warming south Pacific mantle and resulting Cenozoic alkaline magmatism, where the oceanic areas are characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by short‐lived hot spot tracks not readily explained by conventional mantle plume theory. This proposed south Pacific DAMP is much larger and longer‐lived than previously considered.
Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla—Discovery of Earth's oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, southern Mexico)

Exquisite Pywackia baileyi Landing n. gen. and sp. specimens from the lower Tinu Formation, southern Mexico, extend the bryozoan record into the Upper Cambrian. They are ∼8 m.y. older than the purported oldest bryozoans from South China, and show that all skeletalized metazoan phyla appeared in the Cambrian. The new form differs from similar, twig-like cryptostomes by its shallow autozooecia and an elongate axial zooid, which may be homologous to the stolon in nonmineralized ctenostomes. It may morphologically resemble mineralized stem group bryozoans that retained a stolon-like individual, although an ability to bud was acquired by the feeding individuals (autozooids). The latest Cambrian origin of bryozoans, several mollusk classes (polyplacophorans, cephalopods), and euconodonts was a major evolutionary development and can be considered the onset of the Ordovician radiation of more complex marine communities.
Fighting With Food: Leadership, Values and Social Control in a Massim Society

The Melanesians of Goodenough Island, off the eastern coast of New Guinea, have developed the principle of gift-giving to an extraordinary degree. Instead of resorting to arms in their quarrels or demanding compensation for offences, they present enemies and offenders with pigs and yams in order to shame them. This custom of coercive gift-giving operates at various organizational levels and through two main institutional forms: competitive food exchange and festivals. Dr Young analyses in depth the social and political structure of a single village, dealing in detail with its system of social control and those vexed topics of Melanesian ethnography - leadership and sorcery. Of particular interest is the author's description of the configuration of values which makes food-giving-to-shame meaningful to the Goodenough Islander for whom 'happiness is a rotting yam', and the worst evil 'hunger-producing sorcery'. The careful use of case material gives vivid insights into the lifestyle, world view and humanity of these proud and fractious people.
Frictional melting of clayey gouge during seismic fault slip: Experimental observation and implications

Clayey gouges are common in fault slip zones at shallow depths. Thus, the fault zone processes and frictional behaviors of the gouges are critical to understanding seismic slip at these depths. We conducted rotary shear tests on clayey gouge (~41 wt % clay minerals) at a seismic slip rate of 1.3 m/s. Here we report that the gouge was melted at 5 MPa of normal stress and room humidity conditions. The initial local melting was followed by melt layer formation. Clay minerals (e.g., smectite and illite) and plagioclase were melted and quenched to glass with numerous vesicles. Both flash heating and bulk temperature increases appear to be responsible for the melting. This observation of clayey gouge melting is comparable to that of natural faults (e.g., Chelungpu fault, Taiwan). Due to heterogeneous fault zone properties (e.g., permeability), frictional melting may be one of the important processes in clayey slip zones at shallow depths.
Environmental dependence of 8 m luminosity functions of galaxies atz 0.8: comparison between RXJ1716.4+6708 and the AKARI NEP-deep field

Aims. We aim to reveal environmental dependence of infrared luminosity functions (IR LFs) of galaxies at z ∼ 0.8 using the AKARI satellite. AKARI’s wide field of view and unique mid-IR filters help us to construct restframe 8 μm LFs directly without relying on SED models. Methods. We construct restframe 8 μm IR LFs in the cluster region RXJ1716.4+6708 at z = 0.81, and compare them with a blank field using the AKARI north ecliptic pole deep field data at the same redshift. AKARI’s wide field of view (10′ × 10′) is suitable to investigate wide range of galaxy environments. AKARI’s 15 μm filter is advantageous here since it directly probes restframe 8 μm at z ∼ 0.8, without relying on a large extrapolation based on a SED fit, which was the largest uncertainty in previous work. Results. We have found that cluster IR LFs at restframe 8 μm have a factor of 2.4 smaller L∗ and a steeper faint-end slope than that of the field. Confirming this trend, we also found that faint-end slopes of the cluster LFs becomes flatter and flatter with decreasing local galaxy density. These changes in LFs cannot be explained by a simple infall of field galaxy population into a cluster. Physics that can preferentially suppress IR luminous galaxies in high density regions is required to explain the observed results.
Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience

1. Finding narrative in clinical practice 2. The mimetic question 3. The checkers game: clinical actions in quest of a narrative 4. Therapeutic plots 5. The self in narrative suspense: therapeutic plots and life plots 6. Some moments are more narrative than others 7. Therapeutic plots, healing rituals, and the creation of significant experience.
Probabilistic falsification of prior geologic uncertainty with seismic amplitude data: Application to a turbidite reservoir case

ABSTRACTGeophysical subsurface modeling is often highly uncertain due to limited data resolution. At the same time, a wealth of geologic information, often from databases and outcrop studies, is available to state prior uncertainty on key geologic modeling parameters. In most inversion procedures, these uncertainties are ignored and only a limited number of geologic scenarios are considered. We have developed a workflow, inspired by a Popper-Bayes philosophy that aims at probabilistically updating prior geologic parameters uncertainty with data without the need for inversion or iterative data conditioning. Our approach consists of stating a wide prior model of uncertainty (in rock physics and facies), and generating a set of facies models and their corresponding geophysical responses (here the seismic response) by forward simulation. Then, a global measure of similarity is defined between any two generated seismic responses and the field data. The proposed measure, based on the wavelet transform decomposi.
Tectonic control on sedimentary facies pattern and sediment accumulation rates in the Miocene foreland basin of the southern Alborz mountains, northern Iran

The southern Alborz mountains of northern Iran are an integral part of the Arabia/Eurasia collision zone. A magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic investigation of the Eyvanekey stratigraphic section in the southern Alborz mountains reveals the spatiotemporal character of sedimentary facies migration in the Alborz foreland basin. The section constitutes three coarsening upward units (units 1, 2, and 3), comprising the Upper Red and Hezardarreh formations. Our data reveal that the Upper Red Formation was deposited between 17.5 and 7.5 Ma, while the depositional age of the top of the Hezardarreh Formation can be extrapolated to ∼6.2 Ma. Slow sediment accumulation rates correlate with sedimentary facies comprising prograding, coarsening‐upward units. This is likely the result of intraforeland uplift (units 1 and 2) and basin inversion, probably associated with a growth syncline located in the proximal foreland (unit 3). In contrast, fine‐grained strata at the bottom of each cycle are associated with faster sediment accumulation rates, testifying to enhanced flexural basin subsidence in the course of thrust loading. Progradation of coarse‐grained facies also occurred during relatively fast sediment accumulation (top of unit 2), suggesting that the influx of coarse‐grained sediment outpaced the storage capacity of the proximal foreland. Thus, despite an overall southward propagation of deformation into the southern Alborz foreland, the locus of active deformation must have migrated back and forth on a time scale of circa 0.7 to 2 Ma.
Household environmental problems in developing countries

This paper explores household environmental problems in developing countries like India. Population density poses a major threat to household environmental conditions. To study the association between income and variables of household environment and health in the slums of Bangalore metropolitan city, a number of variables were considered. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire from 4,560 households selected from 120 slums in the city. Water samples were collected from open containers used by slum dwellers and analyzed for quality parameters. Chi-square analysis indicates that income and environment conditions are significant at 1% level. The study shows that lack of basic amenities and poor living conditions increase pollutants around low-income households. The study found average incidence of dysentery compared to respiratory diseases, jaundice and malaria. The main reasons for higher incidence of dysentery are unsatisfactory water quality, storage of drinking water in open containers, disposal of fecal matter and lack of toilet facilities. Regression analysis shows positive correlation between diseases and other variables. Multiple regression models show that municipal collection of fecal matter and storage of water in open containers are significant variables. Further, the coefficient of determination, R
Changes in sunshine duration are correlated with changes in daily temperature range this century: An analysis of Swiss climatological data

Analyses of the relationship between trends in daily temperature range and those of sunshine duration in the Swiss Alps show a strong correlation at lower elevation sites. The decrease in daily temperature range is associated with a corresponding decrease in sunshine duration. At high elevations, however, this relationship is absent. The decrease in daily temperature range observed this century at lower elevation sites is inferred to be a consequence of an increase in low‐level cloudiness. Higher elevation sites lie above the low‐level cloud layers and the moisture‐laden lower atmospheric boundary layer and as a result do not exhibit the same trends.
Structure-based analysis of CysZ-mediated cellular uptake of sulfate

Sulfur, most abundantly found in the environment as sulfate (SO42-), is an essential element in metabolites required by all living cells, including amino acids, co-factors and vitamins. Current understanding of the cellular delivery of SO42- at the molecular level is limited however. CysZ has been described as a SO42- permease, but its sequence family is without known structural precedent. Based on crystallographic structure information, SO42- binding and uptake experiments in cells and proteoliposomes, and single-channel conductance measurements, we provide insight into the molecular mechanism of CysZ-mediated translocation of SO42- across membranes. CysZ properties differ markedly from those of known transporters and ion channels. The structures display a hitherto unknown fold with dual topology, assembling in CysZ from Pseudomonas denitrificans as a trimer of antiparallel dimers in the membrane. CysZ structures from two other species recapitulate dimers from this assembly. Mutational studies highlight the functional relevance of conserved CysZ residues.
Bias in Hydrologic Prediction Using Log-Transformed Regression Models

: Hydrologic variables are related through a complex set of dynamic processes. Due to this complexity, empirical, usually statistical, models are used for the synthesis of records or extentions of short-term data. Two statistical models applied are the power function and the exponential function of a hydrologic variable expressed in terms of streamflow. Parameters are usually estimated using least squares analysis on a linear relationship between a logarithmic transformation of the variables. This procedure produces biased results when used to predict an individual value or the long-term mean. Assuming the errors of the linear model are normally distributed, the bias is derived and is shown to result from the inverse transformation process. For cases where the errors are not normal, a nonparametric approach is used to estimate the bias. Evaluation of the implications for water quality, sediment and streamflow forecasting show the magnitude of the bias to vary with the particular application and to be significant in a few cases. Use of this simple technique for sediment discharge did not provide accurate results and should be questioned in general. Since no general conclusions can be drawn from this study as to when the bias is significant, evaluation in each situation is recommended as standard practice in hydrologic regression when a transformation is applied.
Tectonic versus magmatic extension in the presence of core complexes at slow-spreading ridges from a visualization of faulted seafloor topography

We develop a forward model of the generation of faulted seafloor topography (visualization) to estimate the relative roles of tectonic and magmatic extension in the presence of core complexes at slow-spreading ridges. The visualization assumes flexural rotation of 60° normal faults, a constant effective elastic thickness, Te , of young lithosphere, and a continuous infill of the depressed hanging wall by lava flowing from the spreading axis. We obtain a new estimate of Te = 0.5–1 km from the shapes of the toes of 6 well-documented oceanic core complexes. We model an 80-km-long bathymetric profile in the equatorial Atlantic across a core complex and the ridge axis at 13°20′N and estimate the variation in tectonic extension, which yields the variation in the fraction of upper crust extension, M , by magmatic diking at the ridge axis. Core complex formation appears to be stable for all values of M < 0.5. The visualization shows how gabbro emplaced at the base of the lithosphere during extension by magmatic diking is partitioned to each side of the spreading axis, and predicts a high probability of finding gabbros in the domes of core complexes.