Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of summer green manuring crops and zinc fertilizer sources on productivity, Zn-uptake and economics of basmati rice

ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years on basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) during summer and rainy seasons (April–November) of 2009 and 2010 in a sandy clay-loam soil (typic Ustochrept) at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of zinc fertilizer sources [ethylenediamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-chelated zinc (Zn; 12% Zn), zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O; 21% Zn), zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4.H2O; 33% Zn), zinc oxide (ZnO; 82% Zn), and ZnSO4.7H2O + ZnO (50% + 50%)] and summer green manuring crops [Sesbania aculeata, Crotalaria juncea and Vigna unguiculata] on productivity, Zn-uptake and economics of basmati rice. Among the summer green manuring crops, Sesbania aculeata accumulated highest amount of total dry matter, 5.46 and 5.77 t ha−1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Incorporation of Sesbania aculeata also led to a significant increase in grain, straw and biological yields, Zn content and uptake and economics of succeeding basmati rice. With the incorporation of Sesbania aculeata, grain and straw yields of basmati rice was 4.89, 5.56 and 9.04, 10.21 t−1 ha during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Among the Zn fertilizer sources, EDTA-chelated Zn (12% Zn) was found to be the best with respect to grain, straw, and biological yields, Zn content and uptake and economics. Application of EDTA-chelated Zn (12% Zn) recorded the highest basmati rice grain (5.15 and 5.76 t ha−1) and straw yields (9.30 and 10.48 t ha−1) compared to control (no Zn application), which produced 4.09 and 4.75 t ha−1 of grain and 8.13 and 9.39 t ha−1 of straw yields, respectively, during 2009 and 2010. Highest Zn concentration in grain and straw and its uptake was recorded with Sesbania aculeata incorporation compared with Crotalaria juncea, Vigna unguiculata and summer fallow. Highest total Zn uptake in basmati rice was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn (12% Zn) application, followed by ZnSO4.7H2O (21% Zn), ZnSO4.H2O (33% Zn), ZnSO4.7H2O + ZnO (50% + 50%), ZnO (82% Zn), and control (no Zn application). Sesbania aculeata incorporation and EDTA-chelated Zn (12% Zn) treatments were found a better combination with respect to basmati rice productivity. The best economical returns were obtained with Sesbania aculeata incorporation and ZnSO4.7H2O (21% Zn) combination. Thus, adequate Zn fertilization along with green manure crop incorporation can lead to higher productivity of basmati rice.
Effects of Fuel Volatility on Early Direct-Injection, Low-Temperature Combustion in an Optical Diesel Engine

The effect of fuel volatility on early direct-injection, low-temperature combustion (LTC) was investigated using an optically accessible diesel engine. Five blends of conventional no. 2 diesel fuel and a high-volatility (HV) fuel mixture of n-heptane and toluene having approximately the same ignition quality were tested over a range of injection timings at steady-state speed-load operating conditions. Diagnostics included conventional heat-release analysis, the measurement of spatially integrated broadband light emitted during the combustion process (natural luminosity), and high-speed, in-cylinder imaging of both natural luminosity and laser light elastically scattered from liquid-phase fuel in the charge gas. Engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) also were monitored. Results show that, as the injection timing is advanced during LTC operation, liquid-fuel films on in-cylinder surfaces are likely to form because of low in-cylinder gas an.
Spontaneous emulsification aspect of enhanced oil recovery

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of spontaneous emulsification as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The discussions have, however, remained essentially qualitative. A study was therefore undertaken to estimate quantitatively the contribution of spontaneous emulsification as an EOR mechanism. The tests were conducted on several bulk liquid/liquid systems as well as by displacement experiments in unconsolidated synthetic sand packs. Spontaneous emulsification was found to be a mechanism for EOR: the estimated extra contribution to EOR due to this mechanism was found to be significant in laboratory scale displacement experiments. Tertiary recovery was always greater when spontaneous emulsification was evident than otherwise. Results of tests on bulk liquid/liquid systems indicate that the occurrence or absence of spontaneous emulsification can be correlated with the values of ‘partition parameter’. It may be concluded that higher oil recoveries may be achieved in chemical EOR processes where interface mass transfer (and the accompanying spontaneous emulsification) occurs. The evaluation of efficiency of residual oil mobilisation through the capillary number theory (with and without spontaneous emulsification) is also discussed. Displacement tests with spontaneously emulsifying systems showed that residual oil left behind a conventional waterflood was mobilised in a range of capillary numbers much less than that which applies to low-tension waterfloods.
SIMULTANEOUS SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF EPHEDRINE ALKALOIDS AND TETRAMETHYL-PYRAZINE IN EPHEDRA SINICA STAPF BY HPLC

A simple, sensitive, and reliable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was first developed for simultaneous determination of Ephedrine alkaloids and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Ephedra sinica Stapf. The HPLC separation was performed on a reversed phase C18 column (Nova-Pak® C18, 150 mm × 3.9 mm I.D.) with a duplicate gradient composed of methanol and phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.03 mol/L KH2PO4-acetic acid-triethyl amine = 400:0.25:0.1, v:v:v, pH = 6.0) to elute the solutes with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. Regression equations revealed linear relationships (correlation coefficients: 0.991 ∼ 0.998) between the peak area of each constituent (E, PE, NE, NPE, TMP) and its concentration. The detection limits for E, PE, NE, NPE, and TMP were 0.4, 0.1, 0.03, 0.02, 0.03 μg/mL, respectively at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1, and the recoveries ranged between 96.0–104.5%. The contents of E, PE, NE, NPE, and TMP in Ephedra sinica Stapf extracts were measured 0.480 g/100 g (2.5%, RSD), 0.090 g/100 g (3.0%, RSD), 0.090 g/100 g (2.4%, RSD), 0.060 g/100 g (2.2%, RSD), and 0.022 g/100 g (1.5%, RSD), respectively.
Selective Hydrogenation of 1,3‐Butadiene to 1‐Butene by Pd(0) Nanoparticles Embedded in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids

The reduction of Pd(acac)2 (acac=acetylacetonate), dissolved in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI⋅PF6) or tetrafluoroborate (BMI⋅BF4) ionic liquids, by molecular hydrogen (4 atm) at 75 °C affords stable, nanoscale Pd(0) particles with sizes of 4.9±0.8 nm. Inasmuch as 1,3-butadiene is at least four times more soluble in the BMI⋅BF4 than butenes, the selective partial hydrogenation could be performed by Pd(0) nanoparticles embedded in the ionic liquid. Thus, the isolated nanoparticles promote the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butenes under solventless or multiphase conditions. Selectivities up to 97% in butenes were observed in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene by Pd(0) nanoparticles embedded in BMI⋅BF4 under mild reaction conditions (40 °C and 4 atm of hydrogen at constant pressure). Selectivities up to 72% in 1-butene were achieved at 99% 1,3-butadiene conversion, 40 °C and 4 atm of constant pressure of hydrogen. The amounts of butane (fully hydrogenated 1,3-butadiene) and cis-2-butene products are marginal and the butenes do not undergo isomerisation process, indicating that the soluble Pd(0) nanoparticles possess a pronounced surface-like rather than homogeneous-like catalytic properties.
HR and Ethics. A relationship that is work in progress

In this ever-changing business world, the role of HR has become significantly imperative due to the increasing focus on aligning people of the organisation with the overall business strategy, particularly in an era when unethical behaviour is not tolerated. However, considering the complexity of the HR profession, it has been questioned what the role of HR is. With the changing future of work, this question has become more prevalent considering the influence of factors such as globalisation, automation and generational changes. Various scholars have claimed that HR professionals should be undertaking four distinct roles of administrative expert, strategic business partner, change agent and employee champion, which consequently leads to a role-conflict for HR professionals, hence influencing their decision-making within organisations, particularly in ethical situations. Using Ulrich (1997) model as a benchmark, this thesis aims to explore the relationship between HR and ethics, focusing on the role-conflict that HR professionals experience in organisations, along with the best practices they use to cope with the role-conflict in ethical situations and the influence of these best practices on the future of HR. Employing a qualitative method approach, this study uses in-depth semi-structured interviews with top-tier HR professionals working in organisations who are continually striving to build their ethical stance. The sample of this study was particularly important, as it was crucial to choose HR professionals who would make strong subject matter experts and provide rich and in-depth perspectives with regards to working in HR. The findings indicate that though there is a visibility and recognition of role-conflict within the profession, it wasn’t regarded as a strong issue compared to what was reflected in the literature. Furthermore, support from the organisation leaders and a strong organisation culture along with following a fair, and consistent process allows for the role-conflict to be diminished, particularly in an ethical situation. The thesis also found that the profession is increasingly becoming more strategic, with the operational HR duties delegated to the line managers, and hence illustrating the emergence of two new roles of ‘mentor’ and ‘analyst’. The study contributes to the existing literature by proposing a new model for the HR profession by considering the various roles they are required to undertake and the significance for all the roles to work concurrently with each other for HR to truly succeed. Several implications such as re-training and a creation of an independent body for HR professionals, along with a strong organisational culture that allows HR to thrive, and the recognition of them gaining a seat at the management table are discussed, followed by an overall conclusion of what the future of the HR profession is.
Quantification of the information in small‐angle scattering data

Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering have become increasingly popular owing to improvements in instrumentation and developments in data analysis, sample handling and sample preparation. For some time, it has been suggested that a more systematic approach to the quantification of the information content in small-angle scattering data would allow for a more optimal experiment planning and a more reliable data analysis. In the present article, it is shown how ray-tracing techniques in combination with a statistically rigorous data analysis provide an appropriate platform for such a systematic quantification of the information content in scattering data. As examples of applications, it is shown how the exposure time at different instrumental settings or contrast situations can be optimally prioritized in an experiment. Also, the gain in information by combining small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering is assessed. While solution small-angle scattering data of proteins and protein–lipid complexes are used as examples in the present case study, the approach is generalizable to a wide range of other samples and experimental techniques. The source code for the algorithms and ray-tracing components developed for this study has been made available on-line.
PHYSICAL MODELLING OF INCLUSION REMOVAL IN A TUNDISH BY GAS BUBBLING

Abstract Physical modelling has been used to study inclusion separation in a tundish. The use of gas bubbling to enhance inclusion removal is the principle focus of this study. The influence of the presence of various factors in a tundish such as a floating particle sink, a flow modifying impact pad and a gas bubbling block on inclusion separation was compared. The effects of certain parameters including bubbling gas flow rate, inclusion particle size, tundish throughput and bubble size were also examined. A predictive model that combines the contribution of the simple flotation of inclusion particles and the contribution of the particle/bubble attachment to overall particle separation efficiency was compared to the physical modelling results. This study has confirmed that particle separation by gas bubbling can be a highly efficient means for the enhancement of inclusion removal in a tundish. It is also confirmed that small bubbles are required to maximize inclusion separation efficiencies. On a utilisé la modélisation physique pour étudier la séparation d’inclusions dans un panier de coulée. Cette étude est centrée sur l’utilisation du barbotage par gaz pour augmenter l’enlèvement d’inclusions. On a comparé l’influence de la présence de facteurs variés dans un panier de coulée, comme un piège flottant pour particules, une surface d’impact pour la modification de l’écoulement et un bloc de barbotage par gaz, sur la séparation des inclusions. On a également examiné l’effet de certains paramètres, incluant le débit du gaz de barbotage, la taille de particule des inclusions, le débit du panier de coulée et la taille des bulles. On a comparé un modèle prédictif, qui combine la contribution de la flottation simple des particules d’inclusion ainsi que la contribution de l’attachement particule/bulle à l’efficacité globale de la séparation de particules, aux résultats de la modélisation physique. Cette étude a confirmé que la séparation des particules par barbotage par gaz peut être un moyen extrêmement efficace d’augmenter l’enlèvement d’inclusions dans un panier de coulée. Il est également confirmé que des bulles de petite taille sont requises pour maximiser le rendement de la séparation d’inclusions.
Proton Motions in Methanol by Cold Neutron Scattering

Cold neutron scattering data are reported for methyl alcohol in the liquid phase at room temperature. The quasielastic scattering was interpreted using the Larsson and Bergstedt model, that takes into account intramolecular motions and molecular diffusion. On the basis of this model, one finds for the relaxation time of the hindered rotation of the CH3 group within the molecule a value of 2.4 × 10−12 sec. The analysis of the quasielastic scattering according to the L‐B model explains in a consistent way our experimental results in a range of momentum transfers of about 0.80–1.55 A−1. In the inelastic region some structure is observed at energy transfers of 22, 17, and 5 meV. The 17‐meV energy transfer is associated with the 1 → 0 transition of the torsional oscillations of the methyl group. The activation energy for the above motion was calculated to be E=1.3 kcal/mol, in good agreement with the value of the barrier height for internal rotation of the CH3 in methanol, obtained by microwave methods.
Removal of Aromatic Nitro Compounds from Water by Ozonation

Abtract Experimental studies were carried out on the removal of five species of aromatic nitro hydrocarbons by ozonation. Ultraviolet spectrograms with distinct absorption peaks were plotted for each of them. It has been found that the absorbances of aqueous solutions containing the single compounds mentioned above increase to different extents at the wave lengths ranging from 200 to 230 nanometers with increase of ozone dosages. This is ascribed to the nitrite ions splitting out of the benzene rings and being further oxidized to nitrate ions by ozonation. It has been indicated that the removal of the five species of aromatic nitro compounds by ozonation can well be expressed mathematically by first order reaction equations. Besides, the reaction constants and half-life periods for various species of the tested nitro compounds were calculated at different temperatures and pH. An ozonation effect index (OI) was developed in the study to express the degree of degradation of substrates by ozonation, by means.
Stabilization of sulfuric acid dimers by ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine

This study experimentally explores how ammonia (NH3), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) affect the chemical formation mechanisms of electrically neutral clusters that contain two sulfuric acid molecules (dimers). Dimers may also contain undetectable compounds, such as water or bases, that evaporate upon ionization and sampling. Measurements were conducted using a glass flow reactor which contained a steady flow of humidified nitrogen with sulfuric acid concentrations of 107 to 109 cm−3. A known molar flow rate of a basic gas was injected into the flow reactor. The University of Minnesota Cluster Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer was used to measure the resulting sulfuric acid vapor and cluster concentrations. It was found that, for a given concentration of sulfuric acid vapor, the dimer concentration increases with increasing concentration of the basic gas, eventually reaching a plateau. The base concentrations at which the dimer concentrations saturate suggest NH3 < MA < TMA ≲ DMA in forming stabilized sulfuric acid dimers. Two heuristic models for cluster formation by acid‐base reactions are developed to interpret the data. The models provide ranges of evaporation rate constants that are consistent with observations and leads to an analytic expression for nucleation rates that is consistent with atmospheric observations.
Role of Ga2O in the removal of GaAs surface oxides induced by atomic hydrogen

The role of Ga2O in the removal of GaAs surface oxides induced by atomic hydrogen (H⋅) has been studied using temperature‐programed desorption (TPD), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED). GaAs(001) substrates with ‘‘Ga2O3‐like’’ surface oxides formed in vacuo, as well as those ‘‘as‐loaded’’ from air, were treated by thermally generated H⋅ at substrate temperatures ranging from 210 to 410 °C. Formation of Ga2O‐like oxides was indicated by TPD performed after H⋅ treatment. Above the onset temperature of Ga2O desorption, which was 350–400 °C, oxide removal was rapid. Below the onset temperature, oxide removal was slow and incomplete, suggesting that Ga2O‐like oxides act as a mask against H⋅ irradiation. When treated by H⋅ at 210 °C, the amount of Ga2O‐like oxides formed did not increase with the treatment time. Moreover, prolonged H⋅ treatment at 210 °C resulted in a Ga‐rich LEED pattern. We attribute this to a further reaction of H⋅ with Ga2O, resulting in Ga and water. In practice, H⋅ treatment at temperatures above the Ga2O desorption onset is desirable for rapid and complete oxide removal, which results in a stoichiometric surface.
AMELIORATION OF UV‐B DAMAGE UNDER HIGH IRRADIANCE. I: ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Sensitivity to ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B,280–315 nm) is generally reduced when background irradiance is high. We tested the involvement of photosynthesis in the amelioration of UV‐B damage by treating plants at high PAR (photosynthetically‐active radiation, 400–700 nm; 1000 μmol m‐2 s‐1) with supplemental UV‐B at double ambient levels of biologically‐effective radiation (18 kJ m‐2d‐1) and either “ambient” (450 μmol mol‐1) or short term elevated (750 μmol mol‐1) CO2 levels. Responses to UV‐B were assessed by photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf expansion and production of UV‐absorbing compounds (presumptive flavonoids) in cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) previously demonstrated to be relatively sensitive (cv. Poinsett) and insensitive (cv. Ashley) to UV‐B. Except for marginal leaf interveinal chlorosis observed in Poinsett, both cultivars responded similarly. UV‐B had little direct effect on leaf photosynthesis, but it did cause reductions in leaf area and corresponding increases in leaf dry matter per area. Increased CO, stimulated plant growth, counteracting the effect of UV‐B on leaf growth and indicating an important role for photosynthesis. In contrast, the accumulation of UV‐absorbing flavonoid compounds was enhanced by UV‐B exposure but was not affected by COz enrichment.
Characteristic spectral studies andin vitro antifungal activity of some Schiff bases and their organotin (IV) complexes

The synthesis andin vitro antifungal activity of some Schiff bases and their Sn (IV) complexes has been tested against plant pathogenic fungi and it is found that they possess excellent fungicidal activity. On the basis of1H-,13C-,119Sn NMR-,119Sn Mössbauer, IR and Elemental analysis the tetrahedral geometry is proposed for the synthesized compounds.
Estimate of Cross Flow in High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Fuel Blocks

The effect of cross flow on the main coolant flow was studied at a two block test section on the model scale of 1:1. The cross flow was introduced through a wedge-shaped gap located between the two succeeding fuel blocks mentioned. The gap width varied from 1.85 to 6 mm. The entrance area for the cross flow was modified by the arrangement of blocking pieces around the circumference of the gap. The velocity distribution over the cross section of the fuel blocks and the pressure loss over the gap were measured. The experimental results allow the prediction of the flow reduction in each coolant channel of the fuel block depending on the transverse pressure gradient driving the cross flow.
Multishell Semiconductor Nanocrystals

In this review article we summarize the progress in research on multishell semiconductor nanocrystals. Three branches are covered: Core–shell–shell (CSS) nanocrystals with a lattice adapting layer which show extraordinarily high emission quantum yields and high photostability, quantum dot quantum well nanocrystals which allow to study interactions across extremely thin semiconductor layers, and “inversed” quantum dot quantum well structures which show two distinct emissions from one sample.
Solitary and transitional waves in pressure-driven two-layer microchannel flow

Similar to the case of the gravity-driven flow (Sisoev and Bennett 2013 Fluid Dyn. Res. 45 015503) we use the integral method to derive evolution equations modeling a pressure-driven two-layer flow of immiscible viscous fluids in a plane microchannel. It is shown that the system possesses a vast set of steady-traveling solitary and transitional waves. Analysis of the phase trajectories of the relevant dynamical system indicates the existence of families of steady-traveling periodic waves.