Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative strategies of space use and response to resource change in a wintering migrant songbird

The causes and consequences of nonbreeding space-use strategies are poorly understood. We studied 2 alternatives, sedentary and floating behaviors, in a wintering population of the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), a Neotropical--Nearctic migrant, in response to manipulated and natural variation in food availability over 4 years in Jamaica, West Indies. Using radio transmitters, we documented in sedentary individuals use of a fixed home range, greatly overlapping those of neighbors, as well as core areas that overlapped little, suggesting that Ovenbirds defend the core of their home range as a territory. Floaters included individuals with multiple disjoined home ranges and individuals that undertook frequent excursions, but floaters always occupied relatively large feeding areas. Floaters comprised 8--17% of the population, and in some individuals, the behavior persisted in multiple winters, but the behaviors were not sex or age restricted. Sedentary birds were attracted to artificial feeding stations located within their home range. However, reduction of food availability did not induce sedentary individuals to expand or shift their home range or to adopt floater behaviors. By contrast, floaters appeared better able to exploit seasonal or experimentally induced variation in food availability by matching their space use to the resources. The physical consequences of these alternative wintering strategies were situation dependent: Whereas body mass of territorial birds was positively correlated with food availability, floaters showed the opposite response, with higher mass in food-reduced situations. These results suggest that alternative behaviors represent a trade-off in response to resource availability. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in the Response to Abscisic Acid in Maize Coleoptiles

The role of abscisic acid (ABA) in controlling growth and development has been studied in maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments. Application of ABA reduces the elongation rate by about 50% and affects ion fluxes. In particular, proton extrusion is decreased while potassium efflux is greatly enhanced. Apparently, ABA does not seem to influence calcium influx from the apoplast into the cytosol, but more likely it influences its efflux. Alteration of cytosolic calcium concentration may also be obtained by increasing its release from internal stores. This possibility might be sustained by the increased hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol upon ABA application. Change in the balance of ion fluxes should result from regulation of transport mechanisms at the membrane level and should produce changes in the transmembrane electrical potential. The H+ATPase and the ATP-dependent calcium transport activities are both influenced by the treatment with ABA, —55% and —40%, respectively. Under these conditions [Ca2+]cy, and pHcyl can be modified and, as a consequence of their regulation, they may play an important role in mediating the physiological and biochemical effects of ABA, acting as second intracellular messengers.
Discovery of dermal spines reveals a new look for sauropod dinosaurs

The smooth, quasi-elephantine form of the huge, long-necked sauropods is a familiar image widely repeated in both scientific and general literature. Recent discovery of fossilized sauropod (diplodocid) skin impressions reveals a significantly different appearance for these dinosaurs. The fossilized skin demonstrates that a median row of spines was present over the tail and may have continued anteriorly along the body and neck.
Isolation, Characterization and investing the Industrial Applications of Thermostable and Solvent Tolerant Serine Protease from Hot Spring Isolated Thermophililic Bacillus licheniformis U1

Protease is the largest selling enzyme in the world due to its various applications in the making of detergent, food and leather, meat tenderisation and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of the study is to isolate and identify thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis U1 strains for thermostable protease production. The partial purified enzyme was characterized under different conditions using Anson-Hagihara’s method. Casein as a substrate in the concentration of 0.6 % w/v optimum for enzyme activity and tolerant up to 2.0% casein concentration. An optimum enzyme activity was reported at pH 7 and decreased with increasing in pH, while temperature optimum was found at 50 °C. The enzyme was stable at 40 °C to 50 °C for half an hour and nearly 50% residual activity was indicated at 60 °C. NaCl was not required for catalysis. Stability of enzymes in the presence of various organic solvents and different detergents was remarkable. The enzyme was stable up to 3 days into various solvents and slowly denatured with prolonged incubation. The result of the washing performance with detergent was clearly indicated. Moreover the removal of blood stains and dehairing in goat skin suggests the crucial application in the commercial production at large scale. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1. 9519 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 75-82
Evolutionary changes in the euglenoid chloroplast

EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE EUGLENOID CHLOROPLAST By Krystle Elaine Wiegert The chloroplasts of three exemplar taxa of photosynthetic euglenoids, have been sequenced and compared, providing an overview of chloroplast evolution in this highly diverse group of organisms which acquired their chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis. The use of synteny mapping has shown that the chloroplast genomes of euglenoids are not fully collinear, and significant gene rearrangements have occurred across the lineage. The gene rearrangements however, have occurred largely through the repositioning of conserved gene clusters. Gene content among the taxa was similar with only a few variations noted including rpl32, psaI, psaM, rrn5, rpoA and roaA genes. Comparisons between the euglenoid chloroplast genomes also highlighted significant differences in genome sizes, due mainly to expansion/shrinkage of intergenic space and an overall increase in intron number. Further comparisons with the chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis and green algal taxa provided insight into chloroplast genome evolution within the Euglenophyta. Phylogenies based upon 55 chloroplast genes are nearly identical to those based on nuclear encoded genes, indicating similar evolutionary pathways. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses have also provided evidence that the putative green algal chloroplast donor lineage was a scaly green algal flagellate belonging to the Prasinophyceae and that the chloroplast was acquired through a single endosymbiotic event.
Dietary Adjustability of Grizzly Bears and American Black Bears in Yellowstone National Park

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (U. americanus) are sympatric in much of Yellowstone National Park. Three primary bear foods, cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) nuts, and elk (Cervus elaphus), have declined in recent years. Because park managers and the public are concerned about the impact created by reductions in these foods, we quantified bear diets to determine how bears living near Yellowstone Lake are adjusting. We estimated diets using: 1) stable isotope and mercury analyses of hair samples collected from captured bears and from hair collection sites established along cutthroat trout spawning streams and 2) visits to recent locations occupied by bears wearing Global Positioning System collars to identify signs of feeding behavior and to collect scats for macroscopic identification of residues. Approximately 45 � 22% (xSD) of the assimilated nitrogen consumed by male grizzly bears, 38 � 20% by female grizzly bears, and 23 � 7% by male and female black bears came from animal matter. These assimilated dietary proportions for female grizzly bears were the same as 10 years earlier in the Lake area and 30 years earlier in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. However, the proportion of meat in the assimilated diet of male grizzly bears decreased over both time frames. The estimated biomass of cutthroat trout consumed by grizzly bears and black bears declined 70% and 95%, respectively, in the decade between 1997-2000 and 2007-2009. Grizzly bears killed an elk calf every 4.3 � 2.7 days and black bears every 8.0 � 4.0 days during June. Elk accounted for 84% of all ungulates consumed by both bear species. Whitebark pine nuts continue to be a primary food source for both grizzly bears and black bears when abundant, but are replaced by false-truffles (Rhizopogon spp.) in the diets of female grizzly bears and black bears when nut crops are minimal. Thus, both grizzly bears and black bears continue to adjust to changing resources, with larger grizzly bears continuing to occupy a more carnivorous niche than the smaller, more herbivorous black bear. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of migration on fertility patterns of non-native women in Spain

This is a study of interactions between fertility and migration for foreign populations living in the Spanish region of Catalonia in year 2007. By interactions we understand not only the effects of the migratory movements on reproductive behaviors, but also that the fertility behaviors at place of origin can be a factor of the migration process. In order to study these interactions, we choose to consider all the reproductive life of migrants, which means before and after the main migratory event. We use a retrospective survey with complete maternal histories, for both native-born and born abroad women. We compute age specific fertility rate and duration of stay specific risk of birth. The results are analyzed taking into account age at migration, continent of origin and union status at time of migration.
EGFRvIII: an oncogene deletion mutant cell surface receptor target expressed by multiple tumour types

Optimal immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer cell eradication require the specific recognition of neoplastic cells and minimal destruction of bystander, normal cells. This is especially crucial within the CNS because of the infiltrative growth pattern of primary CNS tumours. The recently defined class III variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII), which is a transmembrane, tumour-specific, altered growth factor receptor molecule not expressed in normal tissues, shows promise in preclinical studies as a mediator of multiple immunotherapeutic approaches to tumours, both CNS and systemic, that express this marker. Specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and derived constructs specific for EGFRvIII have been developed and the molecular engineering and affinity maturation techniques currently available have resulted in the generation of highly specific cytostatic and cytotoxic reagents for clinical trial. In addition, the immunogenic properties of the EGFRvIII transmembrane segment have made possible several successful vaccination strategies in preclinical models. In summary, targeting of the EGFRvIII molecule by a variety of immune approaches is a promising adjunct to current therapy.
The epidemiological and pathogenic association of rheumatoid arthritis with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) including myocardial infarction and stroke. The increased risk of CVD in RA is due to an interplay between traditional risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking and disease-related variables such as the presence of rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and joint swelling. Systemic inflammation and immune mechanisms form a pathogenic link between synovitis and atherosclerosis in RA. Indeed, high levels of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, predict cardiovascular mortality in RA. Furthermore, the risk of CVD is greatly diminished among patients who respond to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological therapies such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha antagonists. Through adverse effects on lipid profile and blood glucose level, long-term use of high-dose glucocorticoids in RA also increases cardiovascular risk. However, through control of active disease, glucocorticoids may also indirectly attenuate cardiovascular risk. Through their lipid-lowering and immunomodulatory effects, statins may have a dual benefit in the treatment of patients with RA. However, data on cardiovascular risk reduction in RA through management of traditional risk factors remain scant. Current research efforts are directed toward elucidating the risk factors for CVD in RA and developing strategies to minimize this risk.
Determination of histological and genotoxic effects of formalin on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

Formalin (37–40% formaldehyde) is one of the most effective, widely used chemical in pisciculture for its antiparasitic, antifungal and prophylactic activities. It is used in paints, cleaning products and textile industry, as well. Genotoxic and histological effects of sublethal formalin exposure on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are investigated in this study. The semi-static acute test was employed. One-tenth, one-fifth and half of the 96-h LC50 value, 148 mg L−1, were used as sublethal exposure concentrations: 15, 30 and 75 mg L−1 for 24, 48, 96 and 168 h respectively. The micronucleus test was applied to investigate the genotoxic effects on fish erythrocytes at the end of predetermined exposure periods and all tissues of the fish were sampled for histological examination. The micronucleus frequencies increased significantly in all exposure groups when compared with their control groups in a dose and time dependent manner (P < 0.05). Results of histological examination showed no histopathological findings in the gonads, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and intestine tissues after sublethal formalin exposure. Passive hyperaemia of liver tissue in varying proportions, hydropic degeneration, fatty degeneration in high concentrations, branchitis on gill tissues in varying proportions, epithelial lifting, telangiectasia, bleeding in kidney and hyperaemia were found in Nile tilapia exposed to formalin at different concentrations and durations. As a result, it is thought that formalin leads to tissue damage and shows genotoxic effects even at 15 mg L−1 concentration in O. niloticus.
Distribution of Plant Life Forms along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Semi-Arid Valley of Zapotitlán, Mexico

Plant life-form abundance along a 600 m altitudinal gradient (1600–2200 m a.s.l.) in the semi-arid valley of Zapotitlan, Mexico was correlated with soil characteristics and climatic variables. One mixed soil sample was taken and analysed for each of six elevations, temperature was estimated using a terrestrial thermal gradient, and precipitation using a linear regression between total annual precipitation and the elevation of the weather stations in the valley. Rosettes, microphanerophytes, therophytes and nanophanerophytes were well represented throughout the gradient. Columnar cacti were restricted to the 1600–1800 m range, and geophytes to the 1700–1800 m range. In general, abundance of life forms was inversely associated with altitude. Multiple regression analysis did not show parameters to significantly explain the abundance of rosettes, nanophanerophytes, epiphytes, geophytes and hemiparasites; altitude and nitrogen proved significant for columnar cacti, succulents and chamaephytes; altitude, pH, electrical conductivity and nitrogen were significant for globose cacti; pH was significant for therophytes; and altitude was significant for microphanerophytes.
Long-term forest structure and regeneration after wildfire in Russian Karelia

Abstract We examined forest structure and regeneration in a 350-ha forest dominated by Pinus sylvestris 31 yr after a wildfire in the Vienansalo wilderness, Russian Karelia. In most parts of the area, the 1969 fire was not stand replacing but had left larger trees alive so that the area generally remained forest covered. In some localities, however, all trees apparently died and distinct gaps were formed, suggesting that the fire severity varied considerably, contributing to increased variation in stand structure. Living and dead wood volumes were similar, 112 and 96 m3.ha−1, respectively. The tree species proportions of dead vs living wood indicated that prior to fire disturbance Picea was more common in the area. Regeneration was abundant (saplings, ca. 14 000 ind.ha−1, height 20 - 200 cm) and tree seedling recruitment had occurred over a long period of time. Regeneration density was highest on the mesic Vaccinium-Myrtillus forest site type, decreasing towards nutrient-poor site types. The most common regeneration microsites were level ground (56% of saplings), immediate surroundings of decayed wood (23%) and depressions (11%). The high proportion of saplings on level ground suggests that after the fire regeneration conditions have been favourable across the whole forest floor. Nevertheless, the areas in the vicinity of decayed wood have been particularly important microsites for seedling establishment. The results provide an example of the effects of wildfire on forest structure in a natural Pinus sylvestris dominated forest, demonstrating the non stand replacing character of fire, high variability in stand structure and the abundance of post-fire regeneration. Nomenclature: Hämet-Ahti et al. (1986). Abbreviations: CV = Coefficient of variation; CWD = Coarse woody debris; ECT = Empetrum-Calluna type; EVT = Empetrum-Vaccinium type; GOMT = Geranium-Oxalis-Myrtillus type; VMT = Vaccinium-Myrtillus type.
A Comparison of Wound Complications With Surgical Treatment of Achilles Tendon Conditions Using 2 Surgical Approaches

Background: Wound complications are a concern with the open treatment of Achilles tendon conditions. The location of the incision may impact the risk of wound complications because of its relationship to the blood supply to the skin. There is no consensus as to the safest incision location. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the rates of sural nerve injury and wound complications including superficial or deep infections and wound dehiscence between posterior midline and posteromedial surgical incision locations. Methods: 125 patients with Achilles tendon rupture or Achilles tendinopathy were treated with open surgery through a longitudinal posterior midline or posteromedial incision. An L-shaped incision was used in the posteromedial group for cases of insertional repair. Postoperative complications including sural nerve injuries, superficial wound complications, superficial infections, deep wound infections, return to the operating room, and need for soft tissue coverage were recorded and rates were compared between the groups. Results: No significant differences were detected between the posteromedial and posterior incision groups in rates of sural nerve injuries, superficial infection, or deep wound infection. The posterior incision group had significantly fewer wound complications. The wound complications in the posteromedial group primarily occurred when an L-shaped incision was used for insertional repair. No patients in either group required debridement or soft tissue/flap coverage. Conclusion: The posterior incision location had significantly fewer wound complications. The use of an L-shaped incision was likely responsible for the wound complications in this group rather than the location of the incision. The use of a medial incision was not found to decrease the rate of sural nerve injury. Level of Evidence: Level III.
Fertilizer and Population Affects Nitrogen Assimilation of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

Abstract Weed growth and N assimilation usually increase with N application rate. With the increasing price of N fertilizer, a better understanding N assimilation by weeds is necessary to maximize economic return. Total plant yield is generally independent of population density, except when plants are very small or at very low population density. If plant yield is independent of population density, weed N assimilation may also be independent of population density. However, the effect of weed population density on N assimilation has not been thoroughly investigated. A 2011 controlled-environment study was established in East Lansing, MI, to evaluate the effect of weed population density and N application rate on growth and N assimilation by common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed. Study factors included four weed densities (1, 2, 4, and 8 plants pot−1), three N application rates (0, 67, and 134 kg N ha−1), and two weed species (redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters). Weeds were destructively harvested 3 wk after emergence, and shoot height, biomass, total N concentration, N use efficiency, and N assimilation were measured. Redroot pigweed was taller, had greater shoot biomass, and a greater shoot N assimilation than did common lambsquarters. With similar environmental conditions, redroot pigweed is expected to be more competitive than common lambsquarters. Shoot N assimilation increased with increasing weed population density, indicating that N assimilation was not independent of population density 3 wk after emergence because weeds were small or at low population density. Nomenclature: Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE
Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of the Sudan

2419 freshwater fishes from the Sudan were examined for helminth parasites and found to harbour one monogenean species, 15 species of adult digenetic trematodes, three species of larval trematodes, 16 species of adult cestodes, 13 species of adult nematodes, two species of larval nematodes and three species of acanthocephalans. Four species of adults and four species of larval worms are recorded for the first time in the Sudan and 30 new hosts are listed. The intensity of infestation of each species, the host-specificity and the variations in the infestation of fishes are discussed. The helminth fauna of the Sudan is compared with that of other African countries.