Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Brown Carbon in the United States: Implications for Direct Radiative Effects

A newly developed data set from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) observation network, combined with a 3‐D chemical transport model, is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of brown carbon (BrC) in the United States. The model with BrC emitted from biomass burning and biofuel emissions agrees with the seasonal and spatial variability of BrC planetary boundary layer (PBL) absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) observations within a factor of 2. The model without whitening, the tendency for absorption to decrease with aerosol aging, overestimates the observed BrC PBL AAOD and does not reflect the measured BrC PBL AAOD spatial variability. The model shows higher absorption direct radiative effects (DRE) from BrC at northern high latitudes than at midlatitudes in spring and summer, due to boreal fire emissions, long whitening lifetimes, and high surface albedos. These findings highlight the need to study BrC over the Arctic region.
Larval development of nypa palm worm Namalycastis rhodochorde (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

Abstract. Junardi, Anggraeni T, Ridwan A, Yowono E. 2020. Larval development of nypa palm worm Namalycastis rhodochorde (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Nusantara Bioscience 12: 148-153. Namalycastis intensive culture is still facing problems in mass production due to limited information on reproduction, especially in fertilization and production of larvae. The present research was designated to find out optimum salinity for fertilization and the production of nypa palm worm larvae (Namalycastis rhodochorde). Gamete samples were collected using a capillary glass tube inserted into ventro-lateral part of a body segment of a mature worm. Artificial fertilization was done by mixing the sperms and oocytes in a fertilization dish containing sterilized seawater as the medium. The larval development was observed until the benthic phase larvae (3-setigers). Fertilization was performed in medium salinity of 7-21‰ and water temperature of 25-29°C. The cleavage and larva stage occurred respectively within 28.20 to 58.67 minutes and within 72 to 80 hours after fertilization. The fertilization and larval development of N. rhodochorde were highly influenced by the medium salinity and temperature.
Risk perception of waterpipe smoking among undergraduate medical and nursing students in Jordan

ABSTRACT Background: Assessing risk perception and behavior of waterpipe tobacco use by health-care professional students can affect their own health and patients’ health.Aim: To assess the risk perceptions and behaviors of waterpipe smoking among undergraduate medical and nursing students in Jordan.Method: A descriptive cross sectional design with 505 students from nursing and medical faculties in two Jordanian universities.Results: Students perceived waterpipe smoking as less harmful to health and not as addictive as cigarette smoking. One third were waterpipe smokers, with rates higher among males. There were significant differences in risk perceptions and behaviors of waterpipe smoking amongst nursing and medical students. 16.9% of medical students versus 7.2% of nursing students reported that nicotine in waterpipe is less than that in cigarettes (p<0.002). Overall, students who smoke waterpipe daily were over 30 times more likely to report dependence than those who did not smoke daily.Conclusions: A number of public health control measures should be initiated and enforced in places where waterpipe smoking is practiced including those that are currently in place in regards to cigarette smoking control.
Comparing Violent and Non-Violent Gang Incidents: An Exploration of Gang-Related Police Incident Reports

Prior research has established a strong link between gangs and violence. Additionally, this connection is demonstrated across multiple methodologies such as self-report surveys, qualitative interviews, as well as official records. Officially recorded gang data can be increasingly hard to obtain because data collection approaches differ by agency, county, city, state, and country. One method for obtaining official gang data is through the analysis of police incident reports, which often rely on police officers’ subjective classification of an incident as “gang-related. ” In this study we examine 741 gang-related incident reports collected over four years from the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department. This study will explore reasons why incidents were attributed to gangs as well as compare the characteristics of violent, drug, and non-violent gang-related incidents. This work has implications for understanding the complexities associated with gang incident reports as well as for the commonality of violent gang crimes.
Solute water interactions in the organic-phase of a biphasic system.2. effects of organic-phase and temperature on the water-dragging effect

The ''water-dragging'' effect of various solutes was investigated in biphasic systems made of water and poorly hydrated solvents, namely 6-undecanone, chloroform, and halothane. Like in the di-n-butylether/water system,1 the ''water-dragging'' effect is primarily determined by the H-bond-donor acidity of solutes, while the chemical nature of the organic solvent (provided it is a poorly hydrated one) plays a limited role only. A molecular interpretation is offered whereby the predominant influence of the H-bond-donor acidity of amphiprotic solutes (A) is due to their propensity to form cyclic hydrates of the type A2W and AW2 (W = H2O)
MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN ADULT HUMAN SKULLS

Background: The Foramen magnum is an important landmark present at the base of the skull, it serves as a transitional zone between spine and skull. It is closely related to vital structures such as medulla oblongata, meninges, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries and spinal accessory nerve, passing through it hence thorough knowledge of foramen magnum is required. These structures passing may undergo compression in case of foramen magnum herniation, meningiomas and foramen magnum achondroplasia. Aims: The present study aims in performing the morphometric analysis foramen magnum and to classify it based on its shape. Materials and methodology A total number of 64 adult dry human skulls were evaluated from the Department of Anatomy, ESIC MC & PGIMSR, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Results: The mean antero-posterior diameter was found to be 34.10 ± 2.63 mm, mean transverse diameter was 28.07 ± 1.87 mm, with mean area of 752.07 ± 111.97 mm2 and foramen magnum index was 1.21 ± 0.12. The foramen magnum shapes were classified as oval (30%), circle (12%), hexagonal (3%), pentagonal (5%), egg (17%), leaf (6%), irregular (27%). Conclusion: The morphometry along with other parameters can be used for sex determination in partially damaged skull bones of unknown individuals. The obtained data is useful not only for anatomists but also the neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologist and radiologists. Keywords: Foramen Magnum, Morphometry, Meningioma, Achondroplasia, Antero-Posterior Diameter, Transverse Diameter, Foramen Magnum Area, Foramen Magnum Index.
Rapid Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II Photochemistry to Cadmium Exposure

Five-day exposure of clary sage (Salvia sclarea) to 100 μM cadmium (Cd) in hydroponics was sufficient to increase Cd concentrations significantly in roots and aboveground parts and affect negatively whole plant levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), since Cd competes for Ca channels, while reduced Mg concentrations are associated with increased Cd tolerance. Total zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) uptake increased but their translocation to the aboveground parts decreased possible due to translocation barriers. Despite the substantial levels of Cd in leaves, without any observed defects on chloroplast ultrastructure, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) efficiency was observed, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in an important decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), modifying the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through a decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. Thus, when clary sage was exposed to Cd for a short period, tolerance mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be regulated by NPQ in such a way that PSII efficiency to be enhanced. However, exposure to a combination of Cd and high light or for longer duration (8 days) to Cd alone, resulted in an inhibition of PSII functionality pointing out towards Cd toxicity. Thus, the rapid activation of PSII functionality at short time exposures and the inhibition at longer duration suggests a hormetic response and describes these effects in terms of “adaptive response” and “toxicity”, respectively.
Pyrolysis of crude tall oil-derived products

Crude tall oil (CTO) soap, purified and neutralised CTO, and neutralised distilled tall oil (DTO) were pyrolysed (at 750ºC for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass-selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD and FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviour. In each case, the pyrolysates were characteristically dependent on the feedstock, and a wide range of volatile aliphatic and aromatic compounds with some chemically bound oxygen formed. The CTO soap pyrolysate was typically composed of initial extractives-type compounds together with a significant amount of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatics, whereas the DTO pyrolysate contained mostly just unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatics. These data are of importance when considering the suitability of various extractives-derived resources for producing bioliquids and chemicals.
Unified voters in a divided society: Ideology and regionalism in Belgium

ABSTRACT In societies divided along ethnocultural lines, intergroup cooperation can often be a challenging task. This process can be even more complex if political parties and voters are divided along those same social cleavages. This study focuses on the case of Belgium and explores whether divided societies with separate party systems necessarily lead to distinct partisan alignments. Using electoral survey data from the 2014 Belgian federal election, we investigate whether political ideology is stronger than ethnolinguistic group membership in shaping electoral behaviour. The results demonstrate that although Belgian voters are divided along linguistic lines when it comes to preferences about centralization, they remain aligned along party families on social and economic dimensions.
A Social Media Analysis of the Gendered Representations of Female and Male Athletes During the 2018 Commonwealth Games

Contemporary sport culture is characterized as highly masculinized, where female athletes are continually marginalized in traditional media. Despite evidence suggesting that media representation of athletes has a meaningful impact on social outcomes and participation rates of women and girls, little is known about gendered representations of athletes on social media and in the context of mega-sporting events. This paper examines the gendered representations of athletes on Twitter during the 2018 Commonwealth Games using framing theory. A total of 133,338 tweets were analyzed using sentiment and word-frequency analyses. Results indicate gender differences concerning athlete representation on Twitter, albeit marginal. In particular, the findings reveal that seemingly neutral words (e.g., “dedicated,” “talented,” and “hard working”) could carry gendered connotations. Recommendations are provided to guide stakeholders to advance a more inclusive sport culture through the strategic use of social media during mega-sporting events.
Biochemical Composition and Anticancer Effect of Different Seaweed Species (In-vitro and In-vivo Studies)

1. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2. Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3. Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies 4. Department of Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna, Austria
Gendered Paths to Enlightenment: The Intersection of Gender and Religion in Buddhist Temples in Mainland China and the United States

This study explores how religious adherents construct their ideas regarding gender in Buddhist faith communities. Two temples, one in China and the other in the United States, both affiliated with the same international Buddhist headquarters, are situated in national contexts that endorse different macro-level gender norms. While leaders of both temples teach similar religious gender norms—specifically, that gender is unimportant for spiritual advancement—adherents do articulate gender differences in other respects. Buddhists at the temple in China believe that men and women differ but should be treated equally, with neither holding dominance over the other; meanwhile, U.S. practitioners also believe that everyone should be treated equally irrespective of gender, but they view men and women as essentially the same. A close analysis reveals that Buddhists at both temples recognize the distinctions between their religious and societal macro-level gender norms and navigate between these norms when constructing their own understandings of gender. This study highlights the influence of national context on the relationship between gender and religion, thereby contributing to and deepening our understanding of the subject.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water Dispersible Iron Oxide (�a-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

In this study, L-lysine coated �a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical approach in two steps. In the first step �a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a polyol-reduction method. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of cubic maghemite phase with an average crystallite size of 9.2 nm. SEM analysis showed that the prepared �a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles have a spherical structural morphology with the tendency of agglomeration and with size in the range 8.36- 10.69 nm. The �a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were coated with L-lysine in the second stage in an aqueous dispersion with ultrasonication followed by a gentle heating at 40��C. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of L-lysine on the nanoparticles surface and the Zeta potential also supported the coating of nanoparticles with a hydrophilic layer of amino acid (L-lysine) and a good stability in aqueous medium. Hysteresis loop shows a ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature for both samples.
Using betweenness metrics to investigate the geographical distribution of retailers

In retailing, a location’s accessibility and attractiveness depends on the spatial distribution of other stores and consumers. In particular, the literature shows that a place is more attractive for retailers if the generic routes taken by consumers often cross it. However, previous studies failed to consider that there are at least two possible consumer routes: job commutes from residential to workplaces and shopping trips among stores. In this paper, we analyze the impact of both consumer routes on the commercial patterns in Turin. The paper demonstrates that daily commutes to workplaces do not benefit a retailer along the trip, as much as journeys for shopping purposes do. In particular, we show that the benefits that a store can have when localized on the routes depend on the kind of goods it sells. Finally, the paper shows that stores selling homogeneous products and stores selling differentiated goods subject to comparison can differently benefit from being located in population hotspots and in commercial areas.
Structure and Formation of a Gel of Colloidal Disks

We have performed static scattering experiments on the gel state of a suspension of disk-shaped charged colloidal particles. The combination of static light scattering and small-angle x-ray scattering experiments probes more than three orders of magnitude in the scattering vector q. We observe that, after application of shear, the form factor develops nematic-Iike order. This order decays to random orientation in the gel state. This suggests that local reorientation of the disks leads to the gel state, as opposed to aggregation.
Reanalysing the 2007–19 glaciological mass-balance series of Mera Glacier, Nepal, Central Himalaya, using geodetic mass balance

Abstract The 2007–19 glaciological mass-balance series of Mera Glacier in the Everest Region, East Nepal, is reanalysed using the geodetic mass balance assessed by differencing two DEMs obtained from Pléiades stereo-images acquired in November 2012 and in October 2018. The glaciological glacier-wide annual mass balance of Mera Glacier has to be systematically decreased by 0.11 m w.e. a−1 to match the geodetic mass balance. We attribute part of the positive bias of the glaciological mass balance to an over-estimation of the accumulation above 5520 m a.s. l. , likely due to a measurement network unable to capture its spatial variability. Over the period 2007–19, Mera Glacier has lost mass at a rate of −0.41 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1, in general agreement with regional averages for the central Himalaya. We observe a succession of negative mass-balance years since 2013.
Grapevine Sap Flow in Response to Physio-Environmental Factors under Solar Greenhouse Conditions

Understanding transpiration responses to physiological and environmental factors is essential for efficient water management practices in greenhouse grapevine farms. To determine the driving factors of grapevine sap flow under solar greenhouse conditions in a typical cold climate, the sap flow, greenhouse micro-environmental conditions, and canopy details were measured and analyzed for the 2017–2018 growing season in Northeast China. The results showed that leaf area index controlled the upper boundary of sap flow rate (SFR). Correlations between SFR and meteorological factors obviously varied with time scales. Besides, the correlations at the hourly scale varied across the seasons. Photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) was the primary control factor of sap flow, irrespective of time scale or season. The start and stop times of sap flow did not change with weather conditions, but SFR had broader peaks with higher peak values during sunny days. The diurnal variation of SFR lagged behind that of PAR, but remained ahead of those of VPD and temperature. Weather condition changed the sizes of the hysteresis loops, but not the rotation direction. The hydrological and physiological processes involved in sap flow are useful for refining transpiration models and improving water use efficiency in the greenhouse environment.
RNF6 as an Oncogene and Potential Therapeutic Target—A Review

The RNF6 gene encodes Ring Finger Protein 6 (RNF6), which functions as a ubiquitin ligase. Its functions are not entirely known, but research shows that it is involved in human cancer development. Initially, this gene was considered to be a tumor suppressor. Numerous statistical analyses on cell lines and animals indicate, however, that RNF6 functions as an oncogene, involved in signaling pathways, including SHP1/STAT3, AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, or ERα/Bcl-xL. Due to this fact, it has become a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target. Studies in tumor cells and model organisms using inhibitors such as total saponins from Paris forrestii (TSPf), ellagic acid, or microRNA molecules show the effectiveness of inhibiting RNF6, and through it, the pathways of tumor cell proliferation. The results of the currently available studies are promising, but the function of RNF6 is not fully understood. More research is needed to assess the role of RNF6 and to check the safety and efficacy of inhibitors.
Separation of Manure Solids from Simulated Flushed Manures by Screening or Sedimentation

Feces and urine were collected separately from individual cows fed corn silage-based (50% of dry matter) diets which were supplemented with distillers dried grains plus solubles or soybean meal to be 14 or 18% crude protein (CP). Fecal samples from 30 cows were screened using wet sieving and vibrating screens (nested in series); sizes were 3.35, 2.00, 1.40, 1.00, and 0.50 mm. Effluent passing the screens contained 60.2% of total solids (TS), 86.3% of nitrogen (N), and 94.3% of phosphorus (P). Solids caught on the five screens (largest to smallest) accounted for the following percentages of materials: 14.6, 9.4, 2.8, 4.3, 8.6% of TS; 5.7, 3.1, 0.8, 1.3, 2.8% of N; 2.2, 1.2, 0.3, 0.6, 1.5% of P. In another study, a 100 g composite sample of urine and feces from each of 44 cows, mixed in proportion to the amount excreted, was diluted to 1 L with water and allowed to settle for 1 h in a graduated cylinder. Supernatant and sediment were separated by decanting. Supernatants were analyzed for N content, sediments for TS content, and these amounts were subtracted from analyzed contents of samples to obtain reciprocal fractions. Overall, the sediment contained 66% of TS and 45% of N. Estimates of sediment amount made at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 min by recording best-defined line between supernatant and sediment suggested sedimentation was 89% completed by 5 min. In a second sedimentation study, simulated manure flushwaters (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% TS) were treated with additives as follows: (1) 0.75 g of CaC03 plus 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3 solution/L, (2) 0.75 g of Ca0 plus 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3 solution/L, (3) 0.50 mL Fe2(SO4)3 solution/L plus five drops of a commercial polymer, and (4) control (no additives). Precipitates with CaCO3 and CaO treatments contained 92% of the TS, 69% of the N, and 31% of the total potassium (K); the CaO treatment precipitated appreciably more P (93% of total) than other treatments; and treatment with Fe2(SO4)3 plus polymer precipitated the least TS and N. These data indicated a potential to remove more manure solids and N from flushed manure by sedimentation than by screening.
Variability of the Solar Wind Flow Asymmetry in the Martian Magnetosheath Observed by MAVEN

We perform the first statistical analysis of effects that different external conditions have on a solar wind (SW) flow asymmetry observed in the Martian magnetosheath due to mass loading, making use of ∼5 years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations. We find that the difference between the mean magnetosheath SW velocity component along the SW convective electric field direction in regions in the positive and negative hemispheres displays a strong linear correlation with the ratio between the upstream Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) cross‐flow component (By) and the SW proton density (nsw). The asymmetry is maximized (∼25–35 km s−1) for low nsw (∼1 cm−3) and large IMF By (∼2 nT). These results suggest that the SW flow asymmetry variability is due to a force arising from the differential streaming between SW protons and oxygen ions, with boundary conditions partly defined by the pristine SW properties.