Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The status quo, contributors, consequences and models of digital overuse/problematic use in preschoolers: A scoping review

Digital devices play a critical role in preschoolers’ learning and development. Despite the evidence that digital devices use may facilitate preschoolers’ learning and development, their overuse/problematic use has become a global concern as the popularity and widespread use of digital devices. This scoping review aims to synthesize the empirical evidence to identify the status quo, influential factors, developmental outcomes, and models of overuse/problematic use in preschoolers. This search has identified 36 studies published in international peer-reviewed journals during 2001–2021, converging into four common topics: the current situation, the influential factors, the consequences, and the models. First, the average percentages of overuse and problematic use across the studies collected in this research were 48.34%, and 26.83%, separately. Second, two influential factors were identified: (1) children’s characteristics and (2) parental and family factors. Third, early digital overuse/problematic use was found to have a negative impact on the following domains: (1) physical health, (2) psychosocial health, (3) problematic behaviors, and (4) cognitive development; Fourth, most relevant studies adopted general linear models, while few of them adopted experimental designs. Finally, the implications for future studies and practical improvements are also addressed.
Optimization of Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Sheep’s Milk Semi-Hard Cheese Wedges during Refrigerated Storage: Physicochemical and Sensory Properties

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has become a good potential strategy to retain quality throughout the shelf life of perishable foods. The aim of this work was to evaluate different packaging atmospheres on semi-hard protected designation of origin Idiazabal cheese wedges. Six different packaging treatments (air, vacuum, and CO2/N2 gas mixtures in the ratio of 20/80, 50/50, 80/20, and 100/0% v/v, respectively) were studied. Changes in gas headspace composition, cheese gross composition, weight loss, pH, acidity, colour, and textural and sensory properties were investigated during 56 days of refrigerated storage at 5 ± 1 °C. MAP was the most effective preserving technique compared to air- and vacuum-packaging treatments. The cheese characteristics with the greatest discriminating weight in the preservation techniques were paste appearance, holes, flavour, a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) colour parameters, and slope to hardness. Air-packaged cheeses, on 35 day, presented a mouldy flavour. Vacuum packaging affected paste appearance (greasy, plastic marks, and non-homogeneous colour) and holes (occluded and unnatural appearance) starting after 14 packaging days. MAP mixtures with CO2 concentration between 50/50 and 80/20% CO2/N2 (v/v) are recommended to ensure sensory quality and stability in the distribution of these raw sheep-milk cheese wedges.
On phase velocity and growth rate of wind-induced gravity-capillary waves

The generation and growth of gravity–capillary waves (λ ≈ 1 cm) by wind are reconsidered using linear instability theory to describe the process. For all friction velocities we solve the resulting Orr–Sommerfeld equation using asymptotic methods. New elements in our theory, compared with the work of Benjamin (1959) and Miles (1962), are more stress on mathematical rigour and the incorporation of the wind-induced shear current. We find that the growth rate of the initial wavelets, the first waves to be generated by the wind, is proportional to u*3. We also study the effect of changes in the shape of the profiles of wind and wind-induced current. In doing this we compare results of Miles (1962), Larson & Wright (1975), Valenzuela (1976), Kawai (1979), Plant & Wright (1980) and our study. We find that the growth rate is very sensitive to the shape of the wind profile while the influence of changes in the current profile is much smaller. To determine correctly the phase velocity, the value of current and current shear at the interface are very important, much more so than the shape of either wind or current profile.
Comparison of Diagnostic Models to Estimate the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in a Chilean Pediatric Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

The pediatric population has various criteria for measuring metabolic syndrome (MetS). The diversity of consensus for diagnosis has led to different non-comparable reported prevalence. Given the increase in its prevalence in pediatric ages, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to encourage early detection. Consequently, early screening for the risk of MetS could favor timely action in preventing associated comorbidities in adulthood. This study aimed to establish the diagnostic capacity of models that use non-invasive (anthropometric) and invasive (serum biomarkers) variables for the early detection of MetS in Chilean children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 220 children aged 6 to 11. Multivariate logistic regressions and discriminant analyses were applied to determine the diagnostic capacity of invasive and non-invasive variables. Based on these results, four diagnostic models were created and compared: (i) anthropometric, (ii) hormonal (insulin, leptin, and adiponectin), (iii) Lipid A (high-density cholesterol lipoprotein [HDL-c] and triglycerides [TG]) and (iv) Lipid B (TG/HDL-c). The prevalence of MetS was 26.8%. Lipid biomarkers (HDL-c and TG) and their ratio (TG/HDL-c) presented higher diagnostic capacity, above 80%, followed by body mass index (BMI, 0.71–0.88) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, 0.70–0.87). The lipid model A was the most accurate (sensitivity [S] = 62.7%, specificity [E] = 96.9%, validity index 87.7%), followed by the anthropometric model (S = 69.5%, E = 88.8% and validity index = 83.6%). In conclusion, detecting MetS was possible through invasive and non-invasive methods tested in overweight and obese children. The proposed models based on anthropometric variables, or serum biomarkers of the lipid model A, presented acceptable validity indices. Moreover, they were higher than those that measured adipokines, leptin, and adiponectin. The anthropometric model was the most cost-effective and easy to apply in different environments.
Effects of Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance on Healthcare Utilization Inequality in China

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) integration on healthcare utilization and explore the contribution of URRBMI to healthcare utilization inequality among middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2018. The difference-in-difference model, concentration index (CI), and decomposition method were adopted. Results: The results suggested that the probability of outpatient visits and the number of outpatient visits had decreased by 18.2% and 10.0% respectively, and the number of inpatient visits had increased by 3.6%. However, URRBMI had an insignificant effect on the probability of inpatient visits. A pro-poor inequality for the treatment group was observed. The decomposition revealed that the URRBMI contributed to the pro-poor inequality in healthcare utilization. Conclusion: The findings suggest that URRBMI integration has decreased outpatient care utilization and improved the number of inpatient visits. While the URRBMI has improved healthcare utilization inequality, some challenges still exist. Comprehensive measures should be taken in the future.
Embedding problems over large fields

In this paper we study Galois theoretic properties of a large class of fields, a class which includes all fields satisfying a universal local-global principle for the existence of rational points on varieties. As applications, we give a positive answer to a long standing conjecture which originates in an unpublished note of Roquette, and asserts that the absolute Galois group of a countable, hilbertian, PAC field is profinite free; see [F-J, Problem 24.41]. Secondly, we give new evidence for the conjecture of Shafarevich which asserts that the absolute Galois group of Qab is profinite free. Finally, one of the most interesting applications of the theory we develop here is the insight in the Galois structure of the totally EG-adic numbers.
Transformer Encoder Model for Sequential Prediction of Student Performance Based on Their Log Activities

Learning management systems (LMSs) have been used massively due to the growing utilization of distance learning. This advancement has led to increased educational data that can be analyzed to improve the quality of the learning process. Learning analytics (LA) is one of the most important methods that can be used to analyze student performance. In this paper, we proposed an LA method based on deep learning, i.e., transformer encoder, to sequentially predict the student’s final performance based on log activities provided by an LMS. The objective is to predict at-risk students of failing so that they can be mitigated as soon as possible. The proposed model was evaluated on the Open University LA Dataset (OULAD) for daily or weekly prediction. The results show that the model could predict at the early stage with an accuracy of 83.17% on withdrawn versus pass-distinction classes. Meanwhile, for the other tasks, i.e., withdrawn-fail versus pass-distinction and fail versus pass-distinction tasks, the accuracy was at least 76% at the early stage. The proposed model was compared to the LSTM model. We found that the transformer encoder performed better than the LSTM, with the average difference values from 1% to 3% in terms of accuracy and from 3% to 7% in terms of F1-score for all tasks, based on the statistical testing. Furthermore, the ablation study using positional encoding, different feature aggregation methods, and weighted loss function for the imbalanced class problem was conducted. In OULAD, we found that model without positional encoding was better in all cases. Furthermore, the weekly feature aggregation and the use of a weighted loss function performed better in some cases.
Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms using an experimental, programmable, maximum power point tracking test bed

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is important in solar power systems because it reduces the solar array cost by decreasing the number of solar panels needed to obtain the desired output power. Several different MPPT methods have been proposed, but there has been no comprehensive experimental comparison between all the different algorithms and their overall maximum power point (MPP) tracking efficiencies under varying conditions (i.e. Illumination, temperature, and load). This paper such a comparison. Results are using a microprocessor controlled MPPT powered by a 250 W photovoltaic (PV) array and also a PV array simulator.
Dynamic distribution of gut microbiota in cattle at different breeds and health states

Weining cattle is a precious species with high tolerance to cold, disease, and stress, and accounts for a large proportion of agricultural economic output in Guizhou, China. However, there are gaps in information about the intestinal flora of Weining cattle. In this study, high-throughput sequencing were employed to analyze the intestinal flora of Weining cattle (WN), Angus cattle (An), and diarrheal Angus cattle (DA), and explore the potential bacteria associated with diarrhea. We collected 18 fecal samples from Weining, Guizhou, including Weining cattle, Healthy Angus, and Diarrheal Angus. The results of intestinal microbiota analysis showed there were no significant differences in intestinal flora diversity and richness among groups (p > 0.05). The abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, Coprostanoligenes, and Cyanobacteria) in Weining cattle were significantly higher than in Angus cattle (p < 0.05). The potential pathogens including Anaerosporobacter and Campylobacteria were enriched in the DA group. Furthermore, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae was very high in the WN group (p < 0.05), which might explain why Weining cattle are less prone to diarrhea. This is the first report on the intestinal flora of Weining cattle, furthering understanding of the relationship between intestinal flora and health.
Vacuum breakdown on metal surfaces

The unipolar arc model is described. Experimental proof that unipolar arcing represents a discharge form which easily leads to explosive plasma formation is provided. Using a laser-produced plasma, it has been demonstrated that unipolar arcs ignite and burn on a nanosecond time scale without any external electric field being applied. Similar unipolar arc craters have been observed on the cathode surface of a pulsed vacuum diode with an externally applied field of 0.5 MV/cm. The experimental results show that cathode spots are formed by unipolar arching. The localized buildup of plasma above an electron-emitting spot naturally leads to a pressure gradient and electric field distribution which drives the unipolar arc. The high current density of a unipolar arc provides explosive plasma formation. >
A parametrization of all the unfalsified plant models for MIMO systems

The results of the parametrization of all the unfalsified models for single-input/single-output systems are extended to multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) systems. In this parametrization, the assumed a priori plant and noise information are upper bounds of the H/sub /spl infin//-norm of the plant matrix-valued transfer function and the noise magnitude. The parametrization is on the basis of several series of plant time-domain identification experiment data. It is shown that for MIMO systems, all the unfalsified plant matrix-valued transfer functions can still be expressed by the linear fractional transformation of a fixed matrix-valued transfer function and an H/sub /spl infin//-norm bounded structure fixed, but uncertain matrix-valued transfer function. However, the high dimensions of the matrix-valued transfer functions involved in the parametrization hamper the direct application of these results to robust controller design. To overcome these difficulties, further efforts are needed.
Components, prospects and challenges of personalized prevention

Effective preventive strategies are urgently needed to address the rising burden of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. To date, most prevention efforts to reduce disease incidence have primarily targeted populations using “one size fits all” public health recommendations and strategies. However, the risk for complex heterogeneous diseases is based on a multitude of clinical, genetic, and environmental factors, which translate into individual sets of component causes for every person. Recent advances in genetics and multi-omics enable the use of new technologies to stratify disease risks at an individual level fostering personalized prevention. In this article, we review the main components of personalized prevention, provide examples, and discuss both emerging opportunities and remaining challenges for its implementation. We encourage physicians, health policy makers, and public health professionals to consider and apply the key elements and examples of personalized prevention laid out in this article while overcoming challenges and potential barriers to their implementation.
Effects of hepatitis B virus infection and strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission on maternal and fetal T-cell immunity

One of the most common routes of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Approximately 6.4 million children under the age of five have chronic HBV infections worldwide. HBV DNA high level, HBeAg positivity, placental barrier failure, and immaturity of the fetal immune are the possible causes of chronic HBV infection. The passive-active immune program for children, which consists of the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and antiviral therapy for pregnant women who have a high HBV DNA load (greater than 2 × 105 IU/ml), are currently two of the most important ways to prevent the transmission of HBV from mother to child. Unfortunately, some infants still have chronic HBV infections. Some studies have also found that some supplementation during pregnancy can increase cytokine levels and then affect the level of HBsAb in infants. For example, IL-4 can mediate the beneficial effect on infants’ HBsAb levels when maternal folic acid supplementation. In addition, new research has indicated that HBV infection in the mother may also be linked to unfavorable outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and premature rupture of membranes. The changes in the immune environment during pregnancy and the hepatotropic nature of HBV may be the main reasons for the adverse maternal outcomes. It is interesting to note that after delivery, the women who had a chronic HBV infection may spontaneously achieve HBeAg seroconversion and HBsAg seroclearance. The maternal and fetal T-cell immunity in HBV infection is important because adaptive immune responses, especially virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses, are largely responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during HBV infection. Meanwhile, HBV humoral and T-cell responses are important for the durability of protection after fetal vaccination. This article reviews the literature on immunological characteristics of chronic HBV-infected patients during pregnancy and postpartum, blocking mother-to-child transmissions and related immune mechanisms, hoping to provide new insights for the prevention of HBV MTCT and antiviral intervention during pregnancy and postpartum.
Theoretical maps of work-function anisotropies

Work functions of stepped metallic surfaces are modeled to generate work-function anisotropy maps. We show how the work function of any stepped surface can be accurately predicted by interpolating between the work functions of a small number of low-index facets using a set of physically motivated symmetry-adapted basis functions. This technique is applied to the work-function anisotropy of tungsten, where we study the W(110), W(100), W(211), W(310), W(111), and W(321) surfaces from first principles. The subsequently modeled work-function anisotropy map is found to be in excellent agreement with recent experimental maps over the full range of surface orientations.
International ultraviolet explorer observation of Venus SO2 and SO

Results of recent International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observations of Venus made on January 20, 1987, and April 2 and 3, 1988, along with a reanalysis of the 1979 observations (Conway et al., 1979) are presented. The observations indicate that the amount of sulfur dioxide at the cloud tops of Venus declined by a factor of 8 {plus minus} 4 from 3809 {plus minus} 70 ppb in 1987 and 1988. These values are consistent with the Pioneer Venus results (L.W. Esposito, A recalibration of the solar flux for Pioneer Venus results and a comparison of existing SO{sub 2} measurements on Venus, unpublished manuscript, 1989). The authors identify absorption features of sulfur monoxide for the first time, and estimate the SO mixing ratio above the cloud level is 20 {plus minus} 10 ppb for 1979. This is consistent with photochemical models by Winick and Stewart (1980) and Yung and DeMore (1982) and with the upper limit from Wilson et al. (1981).
CD-SEM contour-based process monitoring in DRAM production environment

As design rules shrink, there is an increase in the complexity. OPC/RET have been facilitating unprecedented yield at k1 factors, they increase the mask complexity and production cost, and can introduce yield-detracting errors. Currently OPC modeling techniques are based on extensive CD-SEM measurements which are limited to one dimensional structures or specific shape structures e.g. contact holes. As a result the measured information is not representing the whole spatial 2D change in the process. Therefore the most common errors are found in the OPC design itself and in the resulting patterning robustness across the process window. A new methodology for OPC model creation and verification is to extract contours from complex test structures which beside the CD values contain further information about e.g. various proximities. In this work we use 2D contour profiles extracted automatically by the CD-SEM over varying focus and exposure conditions. We will show that the measurement sensitivity and uncertainty of that algorithm through the whole process window fulfills the requirements of the ITRS with respect to CD-SEM metrology tools. This will be done on various test structures normally being used for OPC model generation and OPC stability monitoring. Furthermore a study on systematic influences on the quality of the extracted contours has been started. This study includes the evaluation of various parameters which are considered as possible contributors to the uncertainty of the edge contour extraction. As one of the parameters we identified the pixel size of the SEM images. Furthermore, a new metric for calculating repeatability and reproducibility determination for 2D contour extraction algorithms will be presented. By applying this contour extraction based methodology to different CD-SEM tool generations the influence of SEM beam resolution to the quality of the contours will be evaluated.
The influence of leader relational energy on employee cognitive well-being: A moderated mediation model

To demonstrate how cognitive well-being effectively occurs, this study examines the interactive effects of relational energy on cognitive well-being. Based on conservation of resource (COR) theory, this study expands understanding of the relationship between leader relational energy and employee cognitive well-being, using 245 employees as the sample in the experiment of exploring the mediation role of work absorption. Meanwhile, the significance of co-worker relational energy is highlighted as a key boundary condition for effective leader relational energy. The results of a three-wave time study in China showed that employee work absorption played a mediating role between leader relational energy and employee cognitive well-being. In addition, co-worker relational energy moderated the relationship between leadership relational energy and work absorption. This study provides novel insights into management practice for leaders to improve employee cognitive well-being.