Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Orientation‐Control Synthesis of KTa0.25Nb0.75O3 Nanorods

Single-crystalline KTa0.25Nb0. 75O3 (KTN) nanorods with an orthorhombic perovskite structure were synthesized via a polymer-assisted hydrothermal method. The preferred crystallographic orientation of the nanorods were found to be controllable by using different types of polymers in the process; that is, [001]-oriented KTN were obtained upon the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and [110]-oriented ones were formed with the use of a combination of polyacrylic acid and PVA. The two types of nanorods showed different properties. The [110]-oriented nanorods exhibited a better photocatalytic decolorization efficiency but very likely a lower thermal conductivity (as indicated by the Raman spectrum measurements) than the [001] nanorods.
The Importance of Asphaltene Content in Petroleum—The Revision of Some Persistent Stereotypes

Abstract It is common knowledge in petroleum science and technology that the bulk properties of a crude oil are monotonic functions of its asphaltene content. However, unbiased analysis of the world's crude oil databases reveals common peaking of oil density as well as of a frequency of oil appearance at specific asphaltene contents, close to structural phase boundaries observed in asphaltene and oil solutions. Another result of database analysis is a new analytical expression for the general trend of density-asphaltene relationship in the world's recovered (dead) crude oils.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF FUJI APPLES FROM 10 TO 4500 MHZ DURING STORAGE

Dielectric constants and loss factors of apples with skin (skin on) and without skin (skin off), and flesh juice of “Fuji” cultivar during 21-week storage at 5C were measured at a 3-week interval and 24C from 10 to 4,500 MHz. The firmness and moisture content of the flesh, and soluble solids content (SSC), pH and direct current conductivity of the juice were also measured. The pH increased and firmness decreased with storage time. There was no obvious change or trend in moisture content, SSC, conductivity and permittivities during storage. The depths of penetration in skin-on and skin-off apples, and apple juice decreased with increased frequency. Weak correlation between apple permittivities and internal qualities and limited penetration depth shows that sensing apple internal qualities from permittivities of skin-on apple, skin-off apple and apple juice is difficult. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Information on dielectric properties of apples could be useful in developing thermal treatments for postharvest insect control based on radio frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) energy, and non-destructive method to detect fruit quality during storage. Dielectric properties data could be used to estimate the heating rates of apple samples and design the treatment bed thickness in RF and MW systems. However, the limited penetrations at frequency higher than 3,000 MHz and weak correlations between permittivities and quality indices suggest that sensing apple quality from their dielectric properties might not be practical under experimental conditions used in the present study.
Multilayer Thin Films: Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials

Foreword.Preface. List of ContributorsPolyelectrolyte Multilayers, an Overview (G. Decher). Fundamentals of Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Solution and the Bulk (V. Kabanov). Polyelectrolyte Adsorption and Multilayer Formation (J. Joanny & M. Castelnovo). Charge Balance and Transport in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (J. Schlenoff). pH-Controlled Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: Assembly and Applications (M. Rubner). Recent Progress in the Surface Sol-Gel Process and Protein Multilayers (I. Ichinose, et al.). Internally Structured Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (K. Glinel, et al.). Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanocolloids: Intermolecular Interactions, Structure and Materials Perspectives (N. Kotov). Layer-by-Layer Self-assembled Polyelectrolytes and Nanoplatelets (J. Fendler). Chemistry Directed Deposition via Electrostatic and Secondary Interactions: A Nonlithographic Approach to Patterned Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Systems (P. Hammond). Layered Nanoarchitectures Based on Electro- and Photo-active Building Blocks (X. Zhang, et al.). Coated Colloids: Preparation, Characterization, Assembly and Utilization (F. Caruso & G. Sukhorukov). Smart Capsules (H. Mohwald, et al.). Multilayers on Solid Planar Substrates: From Structure to Function (D. Kurth, et al.). Functional Layer-by-Layer Assemblies with Photo- and Electrochemical Response and Selective Transport of Small Molecules and Ions (B. Tieke, et al.). Self-assembly and Characterization of Electro-optic Materials (R. Claus, et al.). Controlling the Ion-Permeability of Layered Polyelectrolyte Films and Membranes (M. Bruening). Index.
Metal (II) ion binding onto chelating exchangers with nitrogen donor atoms: Some new observations and related implications

Chelating exchangers with only nitrogen donor atoms exhibit some unusual properties in relation to metal ion uptake from the aqueous phase. Specifically, for these chelating exchangers, (a) the metal ion uptake increases with an increase in competing Ca{sup 2+} and Na{sup +} ion concentrations; (b) metal removal capacities remain almost unaffected at pH as low as 1.0; (c) regeneration or desorption of metal ions with ammonia is very efficient while acid regeneration is ineffective; and (d) both metal cations and other anions can be removed simultaneously from the aqueous phase. The foregoing behaviors are not observed at all for other commonly used chelating exchangers with carboxylate, iminodiacetate, or aminophosphonate functionalities. A molar-exchange model, where the individual nitrogen donor atoms bind metal ions independently on molar basis, can explain the anomalous characteristics of these specialty chelating exchangers. Because of their unusual properties, these chelating exchangers with only nitrogen donor atoms offer new application opportunities for heavy-metals removal unattainable through other exchangers.
Atributos físicos do solo, adubado com lodo de esgoto e silicato de cálcio e magnésio

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicacao de lodo de esgoto e de silicato de calcio e magnesio sobre os atributos fisicos de um Cambissolo Haplico, cultivado com girassol. Os tratamentos foram distribuidos em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1, correspondendo a quatro doses de lodo de esgoto desidratado (0; 6,25; 12,5 e 18,5 t ha-1), duas doses de silicato de calcio e magnesio (0 e 240 g m-1) e um tratamento adicional com adubacao mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com tres repeticoes. Apos 150 dias da adubacao, coletaram-se amostras de solos, nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, para avaliacao da densidade aparente, densidade de particula, porosidade total, grau de dispersao, grau de floculacao, indice de estabilidade de agregados, diâmetro medio ponderado, diâmetro medio geometrico e resistencia do solo a penetracao. O tratamento adicional, correspondente a adubacao mineral, nao diferiu dos tratamentos correspondentes as adubacoes com lodo de esgoto e silicato de calcio e magnesio, em relacao aos atributos fisicos do solo. Para o silicato de calcio e magnesio, tambem nao se constataram diferencas nos atributos fisicos do solo, entre a dose zero e 240 g m-1. Por outro lado, a aplicacao de lodo de esgoto diminuiu o grau de dispersao de argila e aumentou a porosidade total do solo, o grau de floculacao de argilas e o indice de estabilidade de agregados a umido, nao tendo, porem, influenciado os demais atributos fisicos.
Kinetics and Product Yields in the Heterogeneous Reactions of HOBr with Ice Surfaces Containing NaBr and NaCl

The heterogeneous reactions of HOBr with ice surfaces formed by freezing sodium halide solutions were studied using a coated-wall, low-pressure flow tube coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Experiments were conducted at 233 and 248 K with films containing bromide, chloride, or a mixture of the two, and with HOBr gas-phase concentrations of about 1012 molecules/cm3. Gas−surface uptake coefficients and product yields are presented for a range of halide and hydrogen ion concentrations. Compared to analogous reactions with HOCl, HOBr reactions were slower than expected with a maximum uptake coefficient of approximately 0.01. At both 233 and 248 K, gas-phase Br2 was formed exclusively from bromide-only films and only BrCl was formed from chloride films. When both ions were present, BrCl was the sole gas-phase product observed at 233 K, while both gas-phase Br2 and BrCl were formed at 248 K. The relative yields of the gas-phase products depend on the temperature, composition, and acidity of halide-ice su.
Synthesis, thermal and optical behaviour of non-symmetric liquid crystal dimers α-(4-benzylidene-substituted-aniline-4′-oxy)-ω-[pentyl-4-(4′-phenyl)benzoateoxy]hexane

A series of six non-symmetric liquid crystal dimers α-(4-benzylidene-substituted-aniline-4′-oxy)-ω-[pentyl-4-(4′-phenyl)benzoateoxy]hexane have been synthesized and characterized. These dimers vary from one another in terms of the terminal substituent (H, CH3, C2H5, F, Cl and Br) with different polarizabilities and molecular sizes. Investigation on the thermal behaviour shows that the dimer with a more polarizable terminal substituent of Br atom exhibits a smectic A phase as well as an enantiotropic nematic phase. Influence of the molecular size of the terminal substituent in stabilizing the liquid crystalline properties is also studied.
Combining inorganic fertilizer with poultry manure for sustainable production of quality protein maize in Ghana

Field studies were used, in the major and minor seasons of 2002 and 2003 at Fumesua (forest zone) and Ejura (transition zone), to determine the effects of combining inorganic fertilizer with poultry manure on grain yield stability and economic benefits of quality protein maize (QPM) production. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. The treatments were (i) recommended inorganic fertilizer rate (IFR) (76 kg N ha-1); (ii) recommended poultry manure (PM) (3 t PM ha-1); (iii) 57 kg N ha-1 + 0.75 t PM ha-1 (i.e. ¾ IFR + ¼ PM); (iv) 38 kg N ha-1 + 1.5 t PM ha-1 (i.e. ½ IFR + ½ PM); (v) 19 kg N ha-1 + 2.2 t PM ha-1 (i.e. ¼ IFR + ¾ PM); and (vi) no fertilizer (control). An open-pollinated QPM variety Obatanpa was used. Averaged over all seasons and locations, grain yield for the recommended IFR was 3.31 t ha-1, similar to grain yields of 3.22 and 3.10 t ha-1 for the ½ IFR + ½ PM and ¼ IFR + ¾ PM treatments, respectively. However, these treatments together yielded 7-14 per cent higher than the yields produced at 3 t PM and ¾ IFR + ¼ PM; and 32- 38 per cent higher than the control. The yields at ¼ IFR + ¾ PM and recommended IFR were most stable across all environments, with mean yields above the grand mean and regression coefficients less than but close to 1.0. The ¼ IFR + ¾ PM and ½ IFR + ½ PM recorded the highest net benefits and marginal rate of returns (MRR) of 187 - 349 per cent over 3 t PM ha-1. The recommended IFR and ¾ IFR + ¼ PM treatments had lower net benefits, but higher total variable costs than the ¼ IFR + ¾ PM and ½ IFR + ½ PM; and, therefore, were dominated by the latter.
Water Adsorption and Thermal Decomposition on FeAl(110)

H2O chemistry on FeAl(110) has been investigated with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Exposure of FeAl(110) to water at 123 K results in predominantly dissociative adsorption (i.e., H2O → OH(ad) + H(ad)), although molecularly adsorbed H2O is also detected. All, or at least the majority, of the adsorbed H2O converts to adsorbed OH(ad) by 173 K. Photoemission suggests that the atomic composition of the OH(ad) binding site is primarily Al. Substantial decomposition of the OH(ad) adlayer occurs by 300 K, and the majority of this species dissociates by 410 K. Atomic oxygen resulting from OH decomposition (i.e., OH(ad) → O(ad) + H(ad)) remains on the surface as aluminum oxide, and surface hydrogen combines and desorbs as H2 in the 200−400 K temperature range. This later reaction step is thought to be strongly influenced by the Fe component of the alloy.
Factors affecting potassium leaching in different soils

Abstract. A set of lysimeter based experiments was carried out during 2000/01 to evaluate the impact of soil type and grassland management on potassium (K) leaching. The effects of (1) four soil textures (sand, loam, loam over chalk and clay), (2) grazing and cutting (with farmyard manure application), and (3) K applied as inorganic fertilizer, dairy slurry or a mixture of both sources were tested. Total K losses in the clay soil were more than twice those in the sand soil (13 and 6 kg K ha−1, respectively) because of the development of preferential flow in the clay soil. They were also greater in the cut treatment than in the grazed treatment (82 and 51 kg K ha−1, respectively; P 0.01), associated with a 63% increase of K concentration in the leachates from the former (6.7 ± 0.28 and 4.1 ± 0.22 mg K L−1 for cut and grazed, respectively; P 0.01) because of the K input from the farmyard manure. The source of fertilizer did not affect total K losses or the average K concentration in the leachates (P > 0.05), but it changed the pattern of these over time.
A comparison of the costs and benefits of radon remediation programmes in new and existing houses in Northamptonshire

The paper presents the first major analysis of the costs and benefits of radon remediation programmes in both existing and new domestic properties in areas affected by radon in the UK. The study was conducted in Northamptonshire, where over 6% of houses are above the UK domestic Action Level of 200 Bq.m-3, and where new houses in parts of the county, where over 10% of houses are above the Action Level, have been fitted with a radon-proof membrane and provision of a sump, but without a fan. The county also contains areas where 3-10% of houses are over the Action Level, where, until January 2000, only the provision of a sump without a fan was required. Remediation programmes in existing domestic properties, and in new houses in areas with over 10% of houses above the Action Level, can be justified in terms of costs per cancers averted when compared with other health interventions. A modest reduction in lung cancer induction can be predicted, particularly in areas where significant numbers of new houses are being built. However, where UK programmes rely on householder actions, such as remediation of existing houses, they have had limited success-with a large majority of householders taking no action at all. As many countries have regions where domestic properties have raised radon levels, this analysis is generally applicable to many developed European countries. Policy-makers in such areas need to design more inventive public health campaigns, or develop legal or financial incentives, so that the uptake of remediation is stimulated.
Competitive biosorption of Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd (II) from synthetic wastewater onto heterogeneous anaerobic biomass in single, binary, and ternary batch systems

Biosorption of lead, chromium, and cadmium ions from aqueous solution by dead anaerobic biomass (DAB) was studied in single, binary, and ternary systems with initial concentration of 50mg/l. The metal-DAB affinity was the same for all systems. The main biosorption mechanisms were complexation and physical adsorption of metallic cations onto natural active functional groups on the cell wall matrix of the DAB. It was found that biosorption of the metallic cations onto DAB cell wall component was a surface process. The main functional groups involved in the metallic cation biosorption were apparently carboxyl, amino, hydroxyle, sulfhydryl, and sulfonate. These groups were part of the DAB cell wall structural polymers. Hydroxyle groups (‐OH) were responsible for 37, 52, and 31% of the removal of Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II) by DAB through complexation mechanisms; whereas carboxylic groups (C=O) were responsible for 21, 14, and for 34%of the removal of Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II), respectively. Biosorption data were fitted to four isotherm models. Langmuir model was best fitted to the experimental data than Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich‐Peterson models for single system. While for binary and ternary metal systems, extended Langmuir model were fitted experimental data better than interaction factor, a combination of Langmuir‐Freundlich and Redlich‐Peterson models. The maximum uptake capacities were 54.92, 34.78, and 29.99mg/g for Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II), respectively. Optimum pH was found to be 4.
Protein immobilization and detection on laser processed polystyrene surfaces

The bovine serum albumin (BSA)-polystyrene (PS) interface layer is laser photo activated at 157 nm for site selective multiple target-protein immobilization. The 5-15 nm photon induced interface layer has different chemical, wetting, and stiffness properties than the PS photon processed surface. The irradiated areas exhibit target-protein binding, followed by localized probe-target protein detection. The photon induced chemical modification of the BSA-PS interface layer is identified by: (1) Morphological, imaging, and analysis of surface parameters with atomic force microscopy, (2) spectroscopic shift (4 cm−1), of the amide I group and formation of new C=N, NH2, C-O, C=O, and O-C=O groups following irradiation, identified with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and (3) the different hydrophilic/hydrophobic and force-distance response of the bare PS and BSA-PS surfaces. Near field edge diffraction (Fresnel) fluorescence imaging specifies the threshold photon en.
Synthesis of Carba Analogues of 2'-Deoxy-4'- C -(hydroxymethyl)nucleosides

Racemic dimethyl 2-hydroxy-4-[5-methyl-2(1 H ),4(3 H )-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- ( 7a and 8a ) and dimethyl 4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-hydroxycyclopentane-1,1-dicarboxylates ( 7b and 8b ) were prepared by addition of sodium salt of thymine and adenine, respectively, to dimethyl ( Z )-(4-oxobut-2-en-1-yl)malonate ( 1 ). Reduction of the diesters with sodium borohydride in methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid gave corresponding racemic 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-[5-methyl-2(1 H ),4(3 H )-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- ( 14a and 15a ), 4-(6-aminopurin- 9-yl)-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentan-1-ol ( 14b and 15b ), methyl (±)- cis -2-hydroxy- 1-hydroxymethyl-4-[5-methyl-2(1 H ),4(3 H )-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl]- ( 13a ), and methyl (±)- cis -4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylcyclopentan-1-carboxylate ( 13b ), respectively.
Volatile compounds of blanched, fried blanched, and baked blanched garlic slices

After being blanched in boiling water, intact peeled garlic cloves were sliced and then deep-oil-fried or oven-baked to study the contribution of nonvolatile flavor precursors of garlic to thermal flavor generation. Sixteen volatile compounds were detected from blanched garlic; 60 volatile compounds were identified from fried blanched and/or baked blanched garlic. The volatile compounds identified can be divided into four groups: those generated from thermal degradation of nonvolatile flavor precursors of garlic, those generated from thermal interactions of sugars and nonvolatile flavor precursors of garlic, those generated from thermal interactions of lipids and nonvolatile flavor precursors of garlic, and those generated from thermal interactions of sugars, lipids, and nonvolatile flavor precursors of garlic
The Influence of Velocity and Dissolved Oxygen on the Initial Corrosion Behavior of Iron in High Purity Water

Abstract The electrochemical “polarization resistance” method (also known as “linear polarization” method) was used in conjunction with a rotating iron electrode to investigate the effect of velocity and dissolved oxygen on the initial corrosion behavior of iron in high purity water. In low concentration, dissolved oxygen is cathodically reduced on iron surface sites and thereby accelerates corrosion. In moderate concentrations, the accelerating effect of oxygen on corrosion is considerably diminished via formation of a porous surface film, probably Fe(OH)2, which reduces the number of active surface sites for iron dissolution. In much higher dissolved oxygen concentrations, the corrosion potential becomes more active and corrosion rate again increases. This effect is attributed to partial oxidation of the Fe(OH)2 film by the diffusing oxygen to gelatinous ferric hydroxide film, which is more resistant to oxygen diffusion thereby resulting in a lower corrosion potential where active iron dissolution accel.
Theoretical Interpretation on Impedance Spectra for Anodic Iron Dissolution in Acidic Solutions Containing Hydrogen Sulfide

Abstract Nyquist impedance diagrams for dissolution of iron in acidic solutions with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) display an inductive loop in the fourth quadrant and two capacitive loops in the first quadrant at lower anodic potentials. The charge-transfer resistance (Rt) was larger than polarization resistance (Rp). A general reaction model originating from chemisorption followed by two successive charge-transfer steps was established to examine the proposed mechanism. Theoretical derivation showed the model could be used to interpret impedance results very well when charge-transfer coefficients of the two charge-transfer steps were approximately the same and when the Faradaic desorption step was the rate-determining step. At higher anodic potentials, the Nyquist diagrams comprised an inductive and a capacitive loop, indicating a change in the reaction mechanism. This type of impedance plot could be interpreted by a model similar to the Bockris mechanism.
Aflatoxin Inactivation Using Aqueous Extract of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) Seeds

CT CT CT CT: A : A : A : Aqueous extr queous extr queous extr queous extr queous extract of ajo act of ajo act of ajo act of ajo act of ajowan seeds was found to contain an aflato wan seeds was found to contain an aflato wan seeds was found to contain an aflato wan seeds was found to contain an aflato wan seeds was found to contain an aflatoxin inactiv xin inactiv xin inactiv xin inactiv
Quantitative trace-element analysis of diamond by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Laser ablation microprobe ICP-MS has been used to determine quantitatively the trace-element composition of diamond. Experiments with different synthetic multi-element carbon-based standards, various lasers and a range of instrument conditions have shown that a 266 nm UV laser at 10 Hz provided the best sensitivity, and synthetic oil and a doped cellulose proved most suitable as external standards; 13C was used as the internal standard. The precision and accuracy of the method, and the homogeneity of the cellulose multi-element standard, were tested by multiple analyses. Artefacts resulting from polyatomic interferences were quantified by analysis of a pure synthetic diamond. Concentrations of 41 elements were determined for two fibrous diamonds from Jwaneng in Botswana (JWA 110 and JWA 115), which have been analysed previously by instrumental neutron-activation analysis (INAA) and proton microprobe (PIXE). A comparison of these three analytical techniques shows that the use of the cellulose standard produces accurate and precise data for most elements. Typical detection limits for the rare earth elements are 5–20 ppb, and for transition elements <500 ppb. Sodium and Fe have higher detection limits (2–3 ppm). The precision (expressed as % rsd) ranges through ∼10% for concentrations between 1–100 ppm, ∼15% for values between 0.1–1 ppm, ∼30% for 0.01–0.1 ppm and ∼25% for values <0.01 ppm, with the accuracy lying in the same range. The trace-element patterns obtained by this technique may be used for the characterisation of diamond in genetic studies. Further analyses are required to test whether reliable identification of the source locality of the diamonds is possible; if so this may have important forensic applications.