Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The structure and function of the mouth-parts, rostrum and fore-gut of the Weevil Calandra granaria L

The mouth-parts of Calandra granaria are situated at the tip of an elongated rostrum. The mandibles are asymmetrical and possess a markedly oblique axis of rotation which determines the precise mode of action of their teeth. Extremely long bracons attached near their molar regions lie in the lumen of the pharynx. The maxillae although considerably specialized still show to a large extent their constituent parts. They lie in an almost vertical plane against the lateral walls of the labium, and are chiefly concerned with the transport of food from the mandibles to the mouth opening. The mechanics of the movements of the maxillae are discussed. No indication of the areas involved in the rigid labium is afforded by the presence of sutures. A dorsal ligula is present, and between the ligula and the main body of the labium a pair of labial palps is revealed by sectioning. A backward extension of the labial roof is fused to the floor of the pharynx and gives it support. The muscles of the mouth-parts lie completely within the head capsule, and operate the mouthparts through the intervention of long tendons. These tendons are supported and guided in the rostrum by apodemes. The pharynx consists of a long trough with a thin roof. Only the roof is provided with muscles, capable of elevating and depressing it. A median tract of spines in the roof operates in conjunction with the pharyngeal bracons in the transport of food along the pharynx. The stomatogastric nervous system, consisting of paired frontal ganglion connectives and labral nerves, and a median recurrent nerve, is described. The median frontal ganglion of the generalized nervous system is replaced by small paired lateral frontal and labral ganglia and a simple median plexus. True maxillary glands, opening near the bases of the maxillae, are present. The structure and function of the oesophagus, crop and proventriculus are described. The proventriculus functions as a sieve retaining food in the crop until partially digested.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE FRUTOS E ÁRVORES DE CAGAITA (Eugenia dysenterica DC.) NO SUDESTE DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS, BRASIL

Cagaita, Eugenia dysenterica DC. , Myrtaceae, stands out among the fruit tree species in the savanna ecosystem. Fruits of this species are consumed fresh or processed, the leaves, fruits and bark have medicinal proprieties and the wood is utilized for small construction and charcoal. Our objective was the characterization the trees and fruits of the species by sampling the populations found in Southeastern Goias State. Fruit characteristics were evaluated for 1344 fruits from 112 plants from 10 sub-populations, and data from 95 plants from ten sub-populations were collected for morphological description. Fruit characteristics showed significant variation at the 1% probability level among the 112 plants, as well as within the sub-populations and among sub-population means. The average fruit weight and seed number per fruit were 12.67 and 1.7 respectively. The highest and lowest values for plant height were 11.0 m and 4.10 m, where as for crown diameter were 10.3 m and 1.30 m respectively.
Effects of temperature on metabolic scaling in black carp

The surface area (SA) of organs and cells may vary with temperature, which changes the SA exchange limitation on metabolic flows as well as the influence of temperature on metabolic scaling. The effect of SA change can intensify (when the effect is the same as that of temperature) or compensate for (when the effect is the opposite of that of temperature) the negative effects of temperature on metabolic scaling, which can result in multiple patterns of metabolic scaling with temperature among species. The present study aimed to examine whether metabolic scaling in black carp changes with temperature and to identify the link between metabolic scaling and SA at the organ and cellular levels at different temperatures. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), gill surface area (GSA) and red blood cell (RBC) size of black carp with different body masses were measured at 10 °C and 25 °C, and the scaling exponents of these parameters were compared. The results showed that both body mass and temperature independently affected the RMR, GSA and RBC size of black carp. A consistent scaling exponent of RMR (0.764, 95% CI [0.718–0.809]) was obtained for both temperatures. The RMR at 25 °C was 2.7 times higher than that at 10 °C. At both temperatures, the GSA scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.802 (95% CI [0.759–0.846]), while RBC size scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.042 (95% CI [0.010–0.075]). The constant GSA scaling can explain the constant metabolic scaling as temperature increases, as metabolism may be constrained by fluxes across surfaces. The GSA at 10 °C was 1.2 times higher than that at 25 °C, which suggests that the constraints of GSA on the metabolism of black carp is induced by the higher temperature. The RBC size at 10 °C was 1.1 times higher than that at 25 °C. The smaller RBC size (a larger surface-to-volume ratio) at higher temperature suggests an enhanced oxygen supply and a reduced surface boundary limit on bR, which offset the negative effect of temperature on bR.
The evaluation of cattle foods and diets in terms of the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids I. The effects of level of intake, frequency of feeding, the ratio of hay to concentrates in the diet, and of supplementary feeds

1. A study was made of the effects of feeding regimen and the composition of the diet on the ruminal production of V.f. a. 'S in cattle. 2. The day-to-day variations in the pattern of rumen fermentation in cows given a diet of hay and concentrates indicated that within-cow differences in the molar proportions of the acids from diet to diet are of significance if they exceed about 3% (of the mean value) for acetic acid, about 10% for propionic and butyric acids, and about 25% for valeric acid. The results emphasized also the important differences to be found between cows given the same diet. 3. A change in the frequency of feeding from once to four times daily at a constant daily drymatter intake had little effect on the daily mean values for pH, concentration of total V.f. a. 'S, or the molar percentages of the individual acids, but almost invariably decreased the range of values observed between feeding. 4. With diets of hay and of hay and concentrates an increase in daily dry-matter intake was associated with a fall in pH and an increase in the concentration of total V.f. a. 'S; with the diet of hay and concentrates there was a considerable decrease in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a corresponding increase in N-butyric, but there was little change in the molar percentages of the acids with the diet of hay.
‘Grasslands Maku’ tetraploid lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.)

Abstract ‘Grasslands Maku’ tetraploid Lotus pedunculatus Cav. was bred at Grasslands Division DSIR, Palmerston North, by the late Dr P. C. Barclay. This tetraploid intraspecific hybrid provides an increase in annual herbage production over the present commercially available lotus, especially in the cool seasons. Good production has been obtained on most soil types, and in areas that are moist, of low pH, or of low soil fertility it can outproduce white clover. With a seed size and weight almost double that of commercial L. pedunculatus, Maku has increased seedling vigour. This is invaluable in a legume such as lotus, which is slow to establish.
Structured Domain Adaptation With Online Relation Regularization for Unsupervised Person Re-ID

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims at adapting the model trained on a labeled source-domain dataset to an unlabeled target-domain dataset. The task of UDA on open-set person reidentification (re-ID) is even more challenging as the identities (classes) do not have overlap between the two domains. One major research direction was based on domain translation, which, however, has fallen out of favor in recent years due to inferior performance compared with pseudo-label-based methods. We argue that domain translation has great potential on exploiting valuable source-domain data but the existing methods did not provide proper regularization on the translation process. Specifically, previous methods only focus on maintaining the identities of the translated images while ignoring the intersample relations during translation. To tackle the challenges, we propose an end-to-end structured domain adaptation framework with an online relation-consistency regularization term. During training, the person feature encoder is optimized to model intersample relations on-the-fly for supervising relation-consistency domain translation, which in turn improves the encoder with informative translated images. The encoder can be further improved with pseudo labels, where the source-to-target translated images with ground-truth identities and target-domain images with pseudo identities are jointly used for training. In the experiments, our proposed framework is shown to achieve state-of-the-art performance on multiple UDA tasks of person re-ID. With the synthetic $\to $ real translated images from our structured domain-translation network, we achieved second place in the Visual Domain Adaptation Challenge (VisDA) in 2020.
Bed-site selection by European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in southern Norway during winter

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) beds were located by tracking in snow in the Lier valley in southern Norway during the winter of 1992–1993. Roe deer preferred to bed down below heavy canopy cover in order to derive thermal and possibly other benefits, whereas they fed in areas with little or no canopy cover. This led to the use of "forage beds" with little cover close to feeding areas and "cover beds" with heavy canopy cover farther away. The duration of the bedding period and temperature influenced the decision of the roe deer as to whether to leave the feeding area before bedding down. Bedding down in open habitat required more ground cover for protection against the wind, so wind was probably a significant factor in the operative temperature. Roe deer preferred to bed on microtopographic "tops," and animals in groups bedded down 2–4 m apart. This was interpreted as an antipredator strategy.
Effects of mining on the molybdenum absorption and translocation of plants in the Luanchuan molybdenum mine

Background There is a critical need to examine whether mining of molybdenum (Mo) ore will affect Mo absorption and translocation by plants at a community level. Methods Indigenous plants and their rhizospheric soil (0–20 cm) growing in two different areas including the mining and the unexploited areas were collected from the Luanchuan Mo mine—one of the largest Mo mines in Asia. The concentrations of Mo and other heavy metals of plants or soil were measured by ICP-AES. Mo absorption and translocation in plants growing in two areas were investigated and compared. Heavy metal pollution in soil was also evaluated by the potential ecological hazard index method. Results Mo concentration in mining soils was higher with the changes from 108.13 to 268.13 mg kg−1 compared to unexploited area. Mo concentrations in shoots and roots of plants growing in the mining area were also significant higher than those growing in the unexploited area with 2.59 and 2.99 times, respectively. The Mo translocation factor of plants growing in the unexploited area was 1.61, which reached 1.69 times that of plants growing in the mining area. Mo was the main heavy metal pollutant in the soil of both the mining and the unexploited areas. Conclusion Mining of Mo had changed not only the Mo concentration in soil but also Mo absorption and translocation in plants. Plants growing in the mining area absorbed more Mo from the soil but translocated relatively less to shoots than plants of the unexploited area. However, the mechanisms of Mo absorption and translocation of plants in mining area should be further studied in the future.
Seed yield and yield stability of determinate and indeterminate autumn-sown white lupins (Lupinus albus) grown at different locations in France and the UK

SUMMARY The seed yields and maturity dates of an indeterminate cultivar (Lunoble) and a determinate line (CH304/70) of Lupinus albus L. were measured at three locations in France (Lusignan, Dijon and Gotheron) and at Rothamsted, UK, in 1989/90 and 1990/91. Different combinations of sowing dates, plant densities and irrigation treatments were tested at some sites. Averaged over all sites, CH304/70 yielded more than Lunoble (3·26 v. 2·98 t/ha) but there were significant genotype × location interactions for yield and date of maturity. Both genotypes gave similar yields at the three locations in France (3·13 and 3·06 t/ha, respectively). But under the cool and wet conditions at Rothamsted, CH304/70 yielded 4·26 t/ha compared with only 202 t/ha for Lunoble. Yields of CH304/70 were more stable than those of Lunoble across locations and years; the coefficients of variation about the overall means were 14 and 22%, respectively. CH304/70 ripened up to 16 days sooner than Lunoble in France, and 6 weeks earlier than Lunoble in the cooler conditions of the UK. In wet growing conditions (Lusignan 1989/90, Rothamsted 1990/91) Lunoble had increased vegetative growth which decreased the proportion of yield produced by mainstem pods and correspondingly increased the proportion borne on second-order branches. This continued branching also delayed harvest, especially in the UK where the crop was not harvestable until early November. In these conditions, CH304/70 outyielded Lunoble at Lusignan (3·4 v. 2·7 t/ha) and at Rothamsted (4·3 v. 2·0 t/ha) and was harvested acceptably early in mid-September. However, under warm, dry conditions, Lunoble produced only one order of branches at Gotheron and two orders at Lusignan in 1990/91. At Gotheron, both genotypes matured at the same time but CH304/70 yielded slightly better (3·1 v. 2·8 t/ha) because it produced a higher proportion of its yield on the mainstem, whereas at Lusignan, Lunoble yielded better than CH304/70 (4·1 v. 3·4 t/ha) because of extra yield from pods on second-order branches. CH304/70 produced seeds of larger mean size and had greater stability of seed size across years and locations than Lunoble did. This was apparently the result of CH304/70's determinate structure, in which c. 75–100% of the yield was from pods on the mainstem and first-order branches, whose seeds were larger and less variable in size than those from pods on higher-order branches of indeterminates. The development of autumn-sown genotypes with a determinate structure that combine adequate yield and early harvest under cool conditions offers the prospect of extending the geographical range of lupins, grown for grain, both to the cool regions of northern Europe and to hotter and drier regions in southern Europe where summer drought limits the yield of conventional indeterminate types.
The Burrowing, Aggressive and Early Larval Behavior of Neaxius Vivesi (Bouvier) (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) *)

Neaxius vivesi, ist eine im Golf von Kalifornien haufig vorkommende Art. Sie grabt ihre vertikalen Hohlen meistens in gemischtem Sand und Kies. Das Grabverhalten schliest sowohl aufbauen als auch ausgraben ein. Ein Individuum verteidigt seine Hohle gegen Eindringlinge, ist aber wehrlos gegen Rauber, wenn es im Experiment aus der Hohle vertrieben wird. Es besitzt kein Territorium auser seiner Hohle. Bei Aquarium-Konfrontationen mit anderen Individuen treten kaum ritualisierte Aggressionshandlungen auf, die dem eigentlichen physischen Konflikt vorangehen. Hohlen mit uber 2 cm Durchmesser werden gewohnlich von zwei Individuen entgegengesetztem Geschlechts bewohnt. Sobald ein Mannchen und ein Weibchen sich gepaart haben, ist es unwahrscheinlich, das einer von beiden die Hohle wieder verlast.
Kinematics of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, at cruising speeds

Lake sturgeon, 15.7 cm in total length, have a 2-min critical swimming speed of 38.6 ± 4.2 cm∙s−1 (2.45 body lengths∙s−1) at 15 °C. Tail beat frequency (ƒ, Hz), amplitude (a, cm), and propulsive wavelength (λ, cm) increased linearly with swimming speed (U, cm∙s−1), according to the following equations: ƒ = 1.67 + 0.07 U, a = 3.2 + 0.020 U, and λ = 11.0 + 0.039 U. Tail depth and the cosine of the angle of the tail with the axis of motion were independent of swimming speed with mean values of 1.96 ± 0.08 cm and 0.7 ± 0.08, respectively. Swimming kinematics were generally similar to those of teleosts and anuran larvae, implying that body and caudal fin propulsive movements are conservative among actinopterygians and tetrapods. Swimming patterns did not provide for interactions between median fins that are considered to be important to shark swimming. The thrust generated by swimming sturgeon averages 82% that of trout of similar size, although the surface area of sturgeon is substantially lower. Therefore, d.
Mass loss and nitrogen dynamics of decaying litter of grasslands: the apparent low nitrogen immobilization potential of root detritus

Litter-bag studies and simulation modeling were used to examine the relationship between mass loss and nitrogen content of decaying prairie foliage and root litter. In contrast with forest studies, grassland roots were low in lignin and nitrogen, decayed more rapidly than foliage, and demonstrated very low nitrogen immobilization potentials. Our findings agree with reports indicating that buried substrates with high C:N ratios do not immobilize substantial amounts of nitrogen and that nitrogen-limited environments induce steeper slopes in the mass loss – nitrogen concentration relationship. However, results suggesting rapid nitrogen mineralization contradict our own studies demonstrating reduced inorganic nitrogen availability in soils of frequently burned prairie. Simulation of observed patterns using the CENTURY grassland model indicated that these results could not occur without creating soil organic matter with unrealistically high C:N ratios. Litter-bag studies of buried substrates therefore may prov.
The phylogenetic relationships of the Q6-equipped species in the teleomorphic apiculate yeast genera Hanseniaspora, Nadsonia, and Saccharomycodes based on the partial sequences of 18S and 26S ribosomal ribonucleic acids

Eleven strains of species in the apiculate yeast genera Hanseniaspora, Nadsonia, and Saccharomycodes were examined for partial base sequence determinations of 18S and 26S rRNAs. In the partial base sequence of 26S rRNA (positions 493-622, 130 bases), percent similarities were 65-79, 76-84, and 70-76 between the genera Hanseniaspora and Nadsonia, the genera Hanseniaspora and Saccharomycodes, and the genera Nadsonia and Saccharomycodes, respectively. These apiculate yeasts showed 72-85 percent similarity with S. cerevisiae. In the partial base sequences of 26S rRNA (positions 1611-1835, 225 bases) and of 18S rRNA (positions 1451-1618, 168 bases), the number of base differences was calculated to be 38-26, 27-9, and 30-23, and 12-8, 11-5, and 13-8 between the above-mentioned genera, respectively. These apiculate yeasts showed 33-9, and 12-4 base differences, respectively, with S. cerevisiae. The three apiculate yeast genera were recognized phylogenetically based on the sequence data obtained. Some discussions were made, especially on dividing the members of the genus Hanseniaspora into two groups at the generic level.
Secreted Aβ Does Not Mediate Neurotoxicity by Antibody-Stimulated Amyloid Precursor Protein

Antibodies against APP, a precursor of Abeta deposited in Alzheimer's disease brain, have been shown to cause neuronal death. Therefore, it is important to determine whether Abeta mediates antibody-induced neurotoxicity. When primary neurons were treated with anti-APP antibodies, Abeta40 and Abeta42 in the cultured media were undetectable by an assay capable of detecting 100 nM Abeta peptides. However, exogenously treated Abeta1-42 or Abeta1-43 required >3 microM to exert neurotoxicity, and 25 microM Abeta1-40 was not neurotoxic. Glutathione-ethyl-ester inhibited neuronal death by anti-APP antibody, but not death by Abeta1-42, whereas serum attenuated toxicity by Abeta1-42, but not by anti-APP antibody. Using immortalized neuronal cells, we specified the domain responsible for toxicity to be cytoplasmic His(657)-Lys(676), but not the Abeta1-42 region, of APP. This indicates that neuronal cell death by anti-APP antibody is not mediated by secreted Abeta.
Population genetics and evolutionary demography of Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae)

Variation in a fragment of the mitochondrial control region was investigated to assess the population history of the mangrove land crab, Ucides cordatus L. , based on 100 individuals from five locations throughout the Brazilian coast. There was considerable variability in the studied fragment, with every individual showing a distinct haplotype. When regions of ambiguous alignment were removed, 90 haplotypes were still recognized, of which only 1 was shared among locations. There was no statistically significant evidence for geographical structure in the pattern of genetic variability based on a nested clade analysis, even though the geographical distances among the farthest collection sites exceeded 3000 km. Moreover, the mismatch distribution of pairwise differences showed a smooth unimodal distribution that is consistent with a recent population expansion of U. cordatus, either when each location was analysed in isolation or when all samples were combined. Interestingly, the estimates for the duration of such expansion vary latitudinally, suggesting that the expansion of the population of U. cordatus proceeded in a southward direction. These results indicate a possible relationship between the growth in the population of the mangrove land crab and the dynamics of mangrove ecosystems during the
Role of Caribbean Islands in the diversification and biogeography of Neotropical Heraclides swallowtails

Numerous hypotheses on the evolution of Neotropical biodiversity have stimulated research to provide a better understanding of diversity dynamics and distribution patterns of the region. However, few studies integrate molecular and morphological data with complete sampling of a Neotropical group, and so there has been little synthesis of the multiple processes governing biodiversity through space and time. Here, a total‐evidence phylogenetic approach is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the butterfly subgenus Heraclides. We used DNA sequences for two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene and coded 133 morphological characters of larvae and adults. A robust and well‐resolved phylogeny was obtained using several analytical approaches, while molecular dating and biogeographical analyses indicated an early Miocene origin (22 Mya) in the Caribbean Islands. We inferred six independent dispersal events from the Caribbean to the mainland, and three from the mainland to the Caribbean, and we suggest that cooling climates with decreasing sea levels may have contributed to these events. The time‐calibrated tree is best explained by a museum model of diversity in which both speciation and extinction rates remained constant through time. By assessing both continental and fine‐scale biodiversity patterns, this study provides new findings, for instance that islands may act as source of diversity rather than as a sink, to explain spatio‐temporal macroevolutionary processes within the Neotropical region.