Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Purification and Structural Characterization of Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides and Its Activities

In this study, Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (named DOPS‐1) was isolated from the stems of Dendrobium officinale by hot‐water extraction and purified by using Sephadex G‐150 column chromatography. The structural characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity were carried out. Based on the results of HPLC, GC, Congo red experiment, together with periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, SEM, FT‐IR, and NMR spectral analysis, it expressed that DOPS‐1 was largely composed of mannose, glucose and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 3.2 : 1.3 : 1. The molecular weight of DOPS‐1 was 1530 kDa and the main chain was composed of (1→4)‐β‐D‐Glcp, (1→4)‐β‐D‐Manp and 2‐O‐acetyl‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐Manp. The measurement results of antioxidant activity showed that DOPS‐1 had the strong scavenging activities on hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals and superoxide radicals and the high reducing ability in vitro. Moreover, DOPS‐1 was cytotoxic to all three human cancer cells of MDA‐MB‐231, A549 and HepG2.
Studies on pyrolysis of vegetable market wastes in presence of heat transfer resistance and deactivation

In the present investigation, the pyrolysis of predried vegetable market waste (dp=5.03 mm) has been studied using a cylindrical pyrolyser having diameter of 250 mm under both isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions within the temperature range of 523–923 K with an intention to investigate the effective contribution of different heat transfer controlling regime namely intra‐particle, external along with kinetically control regime on the overall global rate of pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric method of analysis was utilized to obtain experimental data for both isothermal and non‐isothermal cases by coupling a digital balance with the pyrolyser. The pyrolysis of vegetable market waste has been observed to exhibit deactivated concentration independent pyrolysis kinetics, analogous to catalytic poisoning, throughout the entire range of study. The deactivation is of 1st order up to 723 K and follows the 3rd order in the temperature range of 723
Epicardial fat in heart failure with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) plays important physiological and pathological roles in the regulation of myocardial function. By sharing the same microcirculation as the myocardium, EAT may maintain cardiac health via mechanical, metabolic, thermogenic and paracrine functions1; on the other hand, EAT inflammation in obesity may mediate myocardial dysfunction and heart failure (HF). 1 Prior studies reported conflicting associations between EAT and HF (Table 1). 2–6 Importantly, the method of measuring EAT may impact results. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows measurement of whole heart EAT volume or mass, whereas
Breast Cancer Research to Support Evidence-Based Medicine in Nigeria: A Review of the Literature

PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. In Nigeria, it accounts for 22.7% of all new cancer cases among women. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) entails using the results from healthcare research to enhance the clinical decision-making process and develop evidence-based treatment guidelines. Level 1 and 2 studies, such as randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials, yield more robust types of evidence. This study reviewed the levels of evidence of breast cancer publications in Nigeria. METHODS We conducted an electronic literature search of all studies published on breast cancer in Nigeria from January 1961 to August 2019. We reviewed all the articles found under the search term “Breast Cancer in Nigeria” on medical databases. RESULTS Our search identified 2,242 publications. One thousand two hundred fifty duplicates were removed, and 520 were excluded. A total of 472 articles were considered eligible for this review. Most of these articles were case series or reports (30.7%), qualitative studies (15.7%), followed by cross-sectional studies (13.3%), laboratory studies (12.9%), case-control studies (6.1%), case reports (7%), and cohort (5.7%). CONCLUSION Breast cancer research in Nigeria is yet to produce much evidence of the types considered to best support EBM. The scarcity of data hampers the implementation of EBM in Nigeria. Currently, most treatment guidelines are adapted from those developed in other countries, despite genetic differences among populations and different environmental influencing factors.
Fitness components associated with performance of a law enforcement physical employment standard in police cadets.

BACKGROUND The physical preparation of cadets for both PES and police job performance is a major concern for police organisations. Identifying fitness components associated with both PES performance and work performance can provide essential information for the physical training of police cadets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the association of fitness components with performance of the Standardized Physical Abilities Test (SPAT), a new law enforcement PES. METHODS A sample of 41 police cadets was recruited to take part in this cross-sectional study. First, the participants were assessed using six fitness assessments (standing broad jump, medicine ball put, grip strength test, visuomotor reaction time (VMRT) test, modified agility T-test, and 600-meter run). In a second experiment, participants performed the SPAT. RESULTS Bivariate correlation analysis showed moderate to strong associations between each fitness assessment and SPAT performance. Based on stepwise multiple regression analysis, results at the VMRT test, the medicine ball put, and the agility T-test accounted for 66.0% of the variability in SPAT performance (R2 = 0.660; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that exercise prescriptions for police cadets should focus on power, agility, and VMRT. Furthermore, our results show that performance in a PES can be estimated rather precisely based on low-cost fitness assessments. Therefore, such methodology could be used to develop fitness assessments specific to PES requirements.
Testosterone reduces generosity through cortical and subcortical mechanisms

Significance Testosterone is associated with aggressive behavior in both animals and humans. Here, we establish a link between increased testosterone and selfishness in economic decision making and identify the neural mechanisms through which testosterone reduces generosity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-participant study. We find that testosterone induces more selfish choices, particularly when distant others are concerned. Moreover, it disrupts the representation of other-regarding value in local activity and functional connectivity involving the temporoparietal junction and subcortical regions involved in reward processing. Our study provides causal evidence for a testosterone-mediated neurohormonal link between generosity and the valuation system. Recent evidence has linked testosterone, a major sex hormone, to selfishness in economic decision-making. Here, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms through which testosterone reduces generosity by combining functional MRI with pharmacological manipulation among healthy young males in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subject design. After testosterone or placebo gel administration, participants performed a social discounting task in which they chose between selfish options (benefiting only the participant) and generous options (providing also some benefit to another person at a particular social distance). At the behavioral level, testosterone reduced generosity compared to the placebo. At the neural level (n = 60), the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) encoded the other-regarding value of the generous option during generous choices, and this effect was attenuated by testosterone, suggesting that testosterone reduced the consideration of other’s welfare as underpinned by TPJ activity. Moreover, TPJ activity more strongly reflected individual differences in generosity in the placebo than the testosterone group. Furthermore, testosterone weakened the relation between the other-regarding value of generous decisions and connectivity between the TPJ and a region extending from the insula into the striatum. Together, these findings suggest that a network encompassing both cortical and subcortical components underpins the effects of testosterone on social preferences.
Willingness to participate in front‐line work during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study of nurses from a province in South‐West China

Abstract Aim To explore the current status of Chinese nurses’ willingness to work during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the factors that influence them. Background The demand for front‐line nurses continues to grow during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but their willingness varies significantly. Therefore, it is crucial to explore nurses’ willingness to report for front‐line work. Methods A cross‐sectional study of 1,310 nurses from six tertiary hospitals was conducted. The participants completed self‐administered online questionnaires. Results A total of 90.5% of nurses reported that they would like to voluntarily participate in front‐line work. Those with previous training, higher self‐efficacy scores, and lower perceived risk and self‐worth scores were more likely to participate in front‐line work, while nurses, who had 11–15 years of work experience and were worried about their family and the lack of family support, were less likely to be involved in front‐line work. Conclusion This study found that the vast majority of nurses were willing to participate in front‐line work and affirmed the positive effects of previous infection prevention training, self‐efficacy and self‐worth. Implications for Nursing Management This research emphasizes the necessity of infection prevention training and provides evidence for further emergency workforce deployment and incentives.
Neutralising antibody escape of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein: Risk assessment for antibody‐based Covid‐19 therapeutics and vaccines

The Spike protein is the target of both antibody‐based therapeutics (convalescent plasma, polyclonal serum, monoclonal antibodies) and vaccines. Mutations in Spike could affect efficacy of those treatments. Hence, monitoring of mutations is necessary to forecast and readapt the inventory of therapeutics. Different phylogenetic nomenclatures have been used for the currently circulating SARS‐CoV‐2 clades. The Spike protein has different hotspots of mutation and deletion, the most dangerous for immune escape being the ones within the receptor binding domain (RBD), such as K417N/T, N439K, L452R, Y453F, S477N, E484K, and N501Y. Convergent evolution has led to different combinations of mutations among different clades. In this review we focus on the main variants of concern, that is, the so‐called UK (B.1.1.7), South African (B.1.351) and Brazilian (P.1) strains.
Use of DEM and ASTER sensor data for soil and agricultural characterizing

A b s t r a c t. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of ASTER and digital elevation model (DEM) data for classifying soils and agricultural lands. The obtained results from the image processing and spectral reflection revealed that the green plants have higher reflection in near infrared than wilted and bare soils. The results also demonstrated that that the highest reflections in visible and middle infrared are mainly related to the saline and gypsiferous soils. Besides, the lowest reflection of the saline soils is attributed to for the semi-wet soils with bright salt crusts. It is due to the moisture effect and sponge like surfaces of the crusts that can be due to a great absorbtion in sun radiations. All ASTER bands are able to separate the stony, rough and uneven land classes from the homogenous saline soils wit the soft and black appearance. Based on the obtained results we may generally conclude that for separating the saline classes with different surface characteristics digital elevation model (DEM) has a key role in improving accuracy. This result also indicated that the visible and near infrared bands can be mainly used for separating the salt crust soils from some other soil classes. K e y w o r d s: ASTER, DEM, bare soil, arid zones, supervised classification
Early Operative Versus Delayed Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Pediatric and Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Treatment options for pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries include early operative, delayed operative, and nonoperative management. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal treatment for these injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine the optimal treatment strategy for ACL injuries in pediatric and adolescent patients. We hypothesized that (1) early ACL reconstruction results in fewer meniscal tears than delayed reconstruction but yields no difference in knee stability and (2) when compared with nonoperative management, any operative management results in fewer meniscal tears and cartilage injuries, greater knee stability, and higher return-to-sport rates. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic search of databases was performed including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Inclusion criteria were a pediatric and adolescent patient population (≤19 years old at surgery), the reporting of clinical outcomes after treatment of primary ACL injury, and original scientific research article. Exclusion criteria were revision ACL reconstruction, tibial spine avulsion fracture, case report or small case series (<5 patients), non–English language manuscripts, multiligamentous injuries, and nonclinical studies. Results: A total of 30 studies containing 50 cohorts and representing 1176 patients met our criteria. With respect to nonoperative treatment, knee instability was observed in 20% to 100%, and return to preinjury level of sports ranged from 6% to 50% at final follow-up. Regarding operative treatment, meta-analysis results favored early ACL reconstruction over delayed reconstruction (>12 weeks) for the presence of any meniscal tear (odds ratio, 0.23; P = .006) and irreparable meniscal tear (odds ratio, 0.31; P = .001). Comparison of any side-to-side differences in KT-1000 arthrometer testing did not favor early or delayed ACL reconstruction in either continuous mean differences (P = .413) or proportion with difference ≥3 mm (P = .181). Return to preinjury level of competition rates for early and delayed ACL reconstruction ranged from 57% to 100%. Conclusion: Delaying ACL reconstruction in pediatric or adolescent patients for >12 weeks significantly increased the risk of meniscal injuries and irreparable meniscal tears; however, early and delayed operative treatment achieved satisfactory knee stability. Nonoperative management resulted in high rates of residual knee instability, increased risk of meniscal tears, and comparatively low rates of return to sports.
Correcting signal biases and detecting regulatory elements in STARR-seq data

High-throughput reporter assays such as self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) have made it possible to measure regulatory element activity across the entire human genome at once. The resulting data, however, present substantial analytical challenges. Here, we identify technical biases that explain most of the variance in STARR-seq data. We then develop a statistical model to correct those biases and to improve detection of regulatory elements. This approach substantially improves precision and recall over current methods, improves detection of both activating and repressive regulatory elements, and controls for false discoveries despite strong local correlations in signal.
Distinctive Mobile Genetic Elements Observed in the Clonal Expansion of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in India.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), a common multidrug-resistant pathogen, causes a wide spectrum of nosocomial infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of pan drug-resistant international high-risk clones such as ST258, ST14, ST15, ST147, and ST101 is a global concern. This study was performed to investigate the carbapenemases, the plasmid profile, and the clonal relationship among Indian K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: A total of 290 K. pneumoniae isolates from seven centers in India were characterized to determine sequence types (STs) and carbapenemases. A subset of isolates was subjected to whole genome sequencing and hybrid genome assembly to obtain the complete genome. Plasmids carrying carbapenemases were characterized to determine the dissemination of carbapenem-resistant (CR) K. pneumoniae. Results: From this study, 75 different STs were observed with ST231 being predominant. About 79% of the analyzed isolates were CR with 59% (n = 136) producing OXA48-like carbapenemases. While ST231 was the predominant clone among the OXA48-like producers; NDM producers and NDM+OXA48-like producers were mostly associated with ST14. Interestingly, 61% (n = 138) of the total CR K. pneumoniae were colistin resistant, belonging to 22 different STs. Plasmid profiling shows that blaOXA48-like was exclusively carried by ColKP3, whereas blaNDM was associated with IncFII-like plasmids. Conclusion: The highly mosaic genome of K. pneumoniae coupled with the diverse ecological niches in India makes it a hotspot for antimicrobial resistance, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Extensive molecular surveillance of the clonal spread of K. pneumoniae could help in understanding AMR dynamics and thus rework therapeutic management.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AMBIENT VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY

In an attempt to characterize the concentrations of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their diurnal variations, a sampling campaign was initiated between March 24 and April 14, 2011. Davutpasa Campus of Yildiz Technical University (Istanbul, Turkey) was selected as the sampling site. Forty-five VOC species were sampled during day- and night-time hours, forty-three of which were successfully quantified in ambient air. The other two (2,3,4trimethylpentane and 1,3-diethylbenzene) were not detected in most of the samples. The measurement results indicated that toluene was the most abundant species in ambient air, followed by hexane. The concentrations of toluene and hexane ranged from 2.43 and 0.29 µg. m -3 to 135.7 and 116.3 µg. m -3 , respectively. The ratios of day-time to nighttime concentrations of species were also investigated. The highest ratios were found for VOCs of industrial origin, while biogenic VOCs showed a relatively constant and low concentrations. The results from the measurements were also compared to those from previous studies. It was shown that Istanbul was one of the least polluted cities in world in the aspect of benzene, toleuene, ethylbenzene, m-,p-,oxylenes and hexane, although the sampling site was heavily surrounded by industrial zones and road with high traffic loads.
Development of a Histopathology Informatics Pipeline for Classification and Prediction of Clinical Outcomes in Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Histopathology evaluation is the gold standard for diagnosing clear cell (ccRCC), papillary, and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, interrater variability has been reported, and the whole-slide histopathology images likely contain underutilized biological signals predictive of genomic profiles. Experimental Design: To address this knowledge gap, we obtained whole-slide histopathology images and demographic, genomic, and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium, and Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) to develop computational methods for integrating data analyses. Leveraging these large and diverse datasets, we developed fully automated convolutional neural networks to diagnose renal cancers and connect quantitative pathology patterns with patients' genomic profiles and prognoses. Results: Our deep convolutional neural networks successfully detected malignancy (AUC in the independent validation cohort: 0.964–0.985), diagnosed RCC histologic subtypes (independent validation AUCs of the best models: 0.953–0.993), and predicted stage I ccRCC patients' survival outcomes (log-rank test P = 0.02). Our machine learning approaches further identified histopathology image features indicative of copy-number alterations (AUC > 0.7 in multiple genes in patients with ccRCC) and tumor mutation burden. Conclusions: Our results suggest that convolutional neural networks can extract histologic signals predictive of patients' diagnoses, prognoses, and genomic variations of clinical importance. Our approaches can systematically identify previously unknown relations among diverse data modalities.
Zebrafish dazl regulates cystogenesis and germline stem cell specification during the primordial germ cell to germline stem cell transition.

Fertility and gamete reserves are maintained by asymmetric divisions of the germline stem cells to produce new stem cells or daughters that differentiate as gametes. Before entering meiosis, differentiating germ cells (GCs) of sexual animals typically undergo cystogenesis. This evolutionary conserved process involves synchronous and incomplete mitotic divisions of a GC daughter (cystoblast) to generate sister cells connected by intercellular bridges that facilitate exchange of materials to support rapid expansion of the gamete progenitor population. Here, we investigated cystogenesis in zebrafish and found that early GCs are connected by ring canals, and show that Deleted in azoospermia (Dazl), a conserved vertebrate RNA-binding protein (Rbp), as a regulator of this process. Analysis of dazl mutants revealed Dazl's essential role in regulating incomplete cytokinesis, germline cyst formation, and germline stem cell specification before the meiotic transition. Accordingly, dazl mutant GCs form defective ring canals, and ultimately remain as individual cells that fail to differentiate as meiocytes. In addition to promoting cystoblast divisions and meiotic entry, dazl is required for germline stem cell establishment and fertility.