Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elaboration likelihood model

Outline I. The central route and the peripheral route: alternative paths to persuasion. A. Richard Petty and John Cacioppo posit two basic routes for persuasion. B. The central route involves message elaboration, defined as the extent to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relevant arguments contained in a persuasive communication. C. The peripheral route processes the message without any active thinking about the attributes of the issue or the object of consideration. 1. Recipients rely on a variety of cues to make quick decisions. 2. Robert Cialdini has identified six such cues. a. Reciprocation. b. Consistency. c. Social proof. d. Liking. e. Authority. f. Scarcity. D. Although Petty and Cacioppo's model seems to suggest that the routes are mutually exclusive, they stress that the central route and the peripheral route are poles on a cognitive processing continuum that shows the degree of mental effort a person exerts when evaluating a message. E. The more listeners work to evaluate a message, the less they will be influenced by content-irrelevant factors; the greater the effect of content-irrelevant factors, the less impact the message carries. II. Motivation for elaboration: is it worth the effort? A. People are motivated to hold correct attitudes. B. Yet the number of ideas a person can scrutinize is limited, so we tend to focus on issues that are personally relevant. C. Personally relevant issues are more likely to be processed on the central route; issues with little relevance take the peripheral route (credibility cues take on greater importance). D. Certain individuals have a need for cognitive clarity, regardless of the issue; these people will work through many of the ideas and arguments they hear. III. Ability for elaboration: can they do it? A. Distraction disrupts elaboration. B. Repetition may increase the possibility of elaboration. IV. Type of elaboration: objective vs. biased thinking. A. Biased elaboration (top-down thinking) occurs when predetermined conclusions color the supporting data underneath.
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Heart Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review

Background Heart transplant (HTX) recipients are at a significantly higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes, due to chronic immunosuppression and co-existence of other chronic conditions, when contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is currently the most promising measure for the prevention of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among solid organ transplant recipients, the extent of immune response and its protective efficacy among patients receiving HTX has not been sufficiently studied. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature by inquiring PubMed/Medline to identify original studies among HTX recipients, who had received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Data on the measured humoral or cellular immune response was collected from all the eligible studies. Factors associated with a poor immune response were further investigated within these studies. Results A total of 12 studies comprising 563 HTX recipients were included. The average age of the study participants was 60.8 years. Sixty four percent of the study population were male. Ninety percent of the patients had received an mRNA vaccine (Pfizer/ BNT162b2 or Moderna/mRNA-1273). A positive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was variably reported in 0% to 100% of the patients. Older age (> 65 years), vaccine dose (first, second, or third), time since HTX to the first dose of the vaccine, the time interval between the latest dose of the vaccine and measurement of the immune response, and the type of immunosuppressive regimen were all indicated as potential determinants of a robust immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Conclusion HTX recipients demonstrate a weaker immune response to the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 compared to the general population. Older age, anti-metabolite agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, and vaccination during the first year following the HTX have been indicated as potential determinants of a poor immune response.
Teacher Difficulties for Develop Higher Order Thinking Skills Assessment Instrument on Reaction Rate

Penggunaan instrumen penilaian kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi diharapkan mampu mengembangkan kemampuan peserta didik untuk memecahkan masalah nyata serta memberikan peserta didik kesempatan agar mampu memikirkan, menerapkan dan berkolaborasi dengan sistematis melalui proses atau hasil yang sesuai dengan persyaratan kelulusan. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menganalisis proses pembelajaran kimia, menjelaskan instrumen penilaian yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran kimia dan untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi guru dalam melaksanakan penilaian kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah evaluasi deskriptif. Subjek evaluasi ini adalah guru kimia. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lembar angket pertanyaan terbuka yang menggali tentang penerapan dan pemahaman guru mengenai instrumen penilaian HOTS. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya 40% guru di sekolah telah melakukan pengukuran kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi dikarenakan kurangnya pemahaman guru mengenai kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi, waktu pembuatan soal yang lama dan jumlah peserta didik yang banyak, sehingga perlu diadakan pengembang instrumen penilaian HOTS pada materi laju reaksi.
Soil organic carbon stocks in the forests of different continents

Carbon stocks in soil vary substantially across the globe depending on the type of forests, their locations, and soil depths. We applied meta-analysis to 64 relevant published data with no restriction of published date, country, and journals. However, it was always kept in mind to include high impacted journals. The aim of this review was to evaluate whether soil organic carbon (SOC) varies with forest types, soil depths, and altitudes. Globally, the SOC stocks in the forests were found in the order of Boreal forest (BF) > Subalpine forest (SAF) > Temperate forest (TeF) > Afromontane forest (AfMF) > Montane forest (MF)> Subtropical forest (SF) > Alpine forest (AF) > Tropical forest (TF) ranging from 64.3 t/ha to 206.6 t/ha, the minimum is in tropical forest and maximum in the boreal forest. The SOC stocks were also found varied with soil depths and forests of different continents too. The maximum value of SOC stocks was 366.94 t/ha in 0-40 cm soil depth and the minimum value was 20.16 t/ha in the 80-100 cm soil depth. Linear relationship of SOC stocks was obtained with altitudes, the value increases along the increasing elevations. In conclusion, SOC stocks varied as forests, soil depths, and elevations as well.
POWES is pronounced “feminist”: Negotiating academic and activist boundaries in the talk of UK feminist psychologists

The Psychology of Women and Equalities Section (POWES) of the British Psychological Society (BPS) accounts for much of the feminist action in British psychology and beyond. In this qualitative study, we use discursively informed thematic analysis to examine a set of eleven in-depth interviews to explore the everyday experiences of feminists within academic spaces in and around the discipline of psychology in the United Kingdom. Three research questions addressing the boundary between activism and academia; the provision of support; and differing approaches to knowledge production were investigated. Our findings highlight the role of POWES as a feminist community as well as the conceptual importance of notions of home, work, and fun. Moreover, the paper examines the ways traditional conceptions of scientific rigour continue to haunt feminist spaces, as does the invisibility of emotional labour. Overall, our findings indicate that the place of feminist academic communities remains vital to sustain critical thought and action: having an intellectual “home” is pivotal to the survival of feminist psychology as well as feminists in psychology.
Port and Radiation Pattern Decoupling of Dielectric Resonator Antennas

A new decoupling method is proposed in this paper, which simultaneously realizes port and radiation pattern decoupling, namely high isolation and undistorted radiation patterns, respectively. The proposed decoupling method shows its effectiveness in 1 × 2 dielectric resonator (DR) antennas (DRAs) even with zero spacing. Conformal strips are attached on the side wall of the DRs and parallel to the E-plane of the DRAs. Coupled from the resonant DR, the conformal strips can generate induced current, thus forming induced field inside the DR. It can be noted that, inside the two DRs, the DR resonant field and strip induced field are anti-phase and in-phase, respectively. Tuning the conformal strips can change the amplitude ratio and phase difference between the resonant and induced fields, which can be used to cancel the fields inside the DR based on superposition principle. When one DR is excited, the field inside the other DR can be very weak. The DRs can then work at their fundamental TEδ11 modes independently. Therefore, their radiation patterns are not distorted together with a high port isolation. A new indicator, energy storage proportion (ESP), is proposed to evaluate the decoupling effect. It can be found that when the ESP gets close to 1, the radiation patterns will be restored together with a high isolation. To verify the idea, 1 × 2 DRAs are designed, fabricated and measured. Reasonable agreement can be observed between the measured and simulated results for both H- and E-plane decoupled cases. All the measured overlapping impedance bandwidths are larger than 6%, the envelope correlation coefficients are lower than 0.059, and the isolations are higher than 20 dB. It should be highlighted that all the radiation patterns in this paper have been restored, useful for practical applications using multiple-input multiple-output techniques.
A moderated mediation model of implicit theories of intelligence and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents

Although life satisfaction is critical for adolescents’ emotional, social, and educational functioning and positive development, social cognitive roles in adolescents’ life satisfaction and potential underlying processes are less known. The present study aimed to explore the effect of implicit theories of intelligence on adolescent life satisfaction and their potential mechanisms. A moderated mediation model was constructed to investigate the mediating role of career exploration and the moderating role of career-specific parental support. Data were collected from 443 10th grade high-school students in Sichuan, China. Results revealed that career exploration fully mediated the positive relationship between implicit theories of intelligence and life satisfaction, while career-specific parental support moderated the relationship between career exploration and life satisfaction. These findings highlight the value of exploring social-cognition and career-related factors in life satisfaction.
An unexpected new red-bellied Stumpffia (Microhylidae) from forest fragments in central Madagascar highlights remaining cryptic diversity

﻿Abstract The Madagascan endemic subfamily Cophylinae in the family Microhylidae, is an example of a taxonomic group for which much is still to be discovered. Indeed, the cophyline frogs present a large portion of Madagascar’s cryptic and microendemic amphibian diversity, yet they remain understudied. A new red-bellied species of the microhylid frog genus Stumpffia is described from the central plateau of Madagascar. Visual encounter surveys in Ambohitantely and Anjozorobe in 2019 and 2020 identified this previously unknown Stumpffia species, which closely resembles Stumpffiakibomena known from Andasibe in the east. Stumpffialynnaesp. nov. adds another species to the red-bellied species complex, differing from S.kibomena by genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (3.6–3.9%) and distinct nuclear RAG1 haplotypes, as well as strongly by its advertisement call. The new species is known from across Ambohitantely Special Reserve and Anjozorobe Angavo protected area, but is known only from one complete specimen and eight individual tissue samples. Based on the rarity of the species, the small number of locations in which it has been found, and its disappearing forest habitat, its IUCN Red List classification is suggested as “Endangered”. This species is the first Stumpffia described from Madagascar’s central plateau, highlighting the importance of conserving the remnant forest fragments in this area and the ongoing need to survey and protect this threatened habitat type.
Evaluation of Echinococcosis Pre-Diagnosis Patients Admitted to the National Parasitology Reference Laboratory of Turkey from 2014–2019

Background: Echinococcosis is a common parasite with zoonotic character created by a small cestode, Echinococcus spp. , and is an important public health problem in Turkey as well as all over the world. We aimed to investigate antibodies in serum samples of suspected Echinococcosis patients sent to the National Parasitology Reference Laboratories of the General Directorate of Public Health. Methods: Serum samples of 2390 patients sent to our laboratory between January 1, 2014 and May 01, 2019, evaluated by ELISA, Indirect Hemagglutination Test (IHA) and Western Blot (WB) methods are presented. Our laboratory is the national reference laboratory. All kinds of tests requested from suspected patients can be performed Results: Overall, 1199 (50.2%) of 2390 serum samples were female and 1191 (49.8%) were male. It was observed that 178 (14.9%) of men and 210 (17.5%) of women were seropositive. There was no statistical difference between the sexes in terms of seropositivity. Of all samples, 1941 (81.2%) were negative, 388 (16.2%) were positive, and 61 (2.6%) were borderline. Results determined as borderline are considered suspicious and a recommendation is made to repeat the test after 15 days. A statistical difference was found in the distribution of seropositivity by years. While seropositivity was lowest in 2014, it was found to be highest in 2018 and 2019. Conclusion: Despite all the precautions taken, it is seen that echinococcosis still continues to exist in Turkey as a zoonotic disease. Hence, CE has been involved in Turkey Zoonotic Diseases Action Plan (2019–2023) and decided to carry out studies for the protection and prevention of the disease.
Costly Voting in Weighted Committees: The case of moral costs

We develop a theoretical model of voting behavior in committees when members differ in influence and receive payoffs that condition on the individual vote and the collective decision. Applied to a group decision involving moral costs, the model predicts that the distribution of decision-making power affects committee members’ incentives to make immoral choices: More influential agents tend to support the immoral choice, while less influential agents free-ride. A skewed power distribution makes immoral collective choices more likely. We then present results of a laboratory experiment that studies committee members’ voting behavior and collective choices under different distributions of decision-making power. As hypothesized, we find that the frequency of immoral decisions is positively related to an agent’s voting power.
The Remotely and Directly Obtained Results of Glaciological Studies on King George Island: A Review

: Climate warming has become indisputable, and it is now crucial to increase our understanding of both the mechanisms and consequences of climate change. The Antarctic region is subjected to substantial changes, the trends of which have been recognized for several decades. In the South Shetland Islands, the most visible effect of climate change is progressive deglaciation. The following review focuses on past glaciological studies conducted on King George Island (KGI). The results of collected cryosphere element observations are discussed herein in a comprehensive manner. Our analysis showed that there is a lack of temporal as well as spatial continuity for studies on the basic mass balance parameters on the entire KGI ice dome and only Bellingshausen Dome has a relatively long history of data collection. The methodologies of past work, which have improved over time, are also discussed. When studying the glacier front ﬂuctuations, the authors most frequently use a 1956 aerial photography as reference ice coverage. This was the case for seven papers, while other sources are seldomly mentioned. In other papers as many as 41 other sources were used, and therefore comparison to photos taken up to 60 years later can give misleading trends, as small glaciers may have both advanced and retreated in that time. In the case of glacial velocities there is also an apparent lack of consistency, as different glaciers were indicated as the fastest on KGI. Only Lange, Anna, Crystal, Eldred, and eastern part of Usher glaciers were determined by more than one author as the fastest. Additionally, there are gaps in the KGI Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey area, which includes three ice domes: the Warszawa Iceﬁeld, the Krakow Iceﬁeld, and eastern part of King George Island. Ideas for further work on the topic are also suggested, allowing for easier access to data and thus contributing to a better understanding of glacier development mechanisms.
Speculative behavior in decentralized markets∗

This paper studies a decentralized financial market with short sales constraints in which a continuum of risk neutral agents have heterogenous beliefs regarding the quality of an asset and need to search for each other in order to trade. When agents cannot hold more than one unit of the asset there exists a unique monotone equilibrium. This equilibrium converges to a globally stable steady state that can be computed in closed form for any distribution of beliefs. The steady state trading volume is independent from the distribution of beliefs as long as it is atomless. When asset holdings are unrestricted there also exists a unique monotone equilibrium that can be computed in closed form but this equilibrium fails to converge to a meaningful steady state. JEL Classifications: C78, D83, E44, G1
Evaluating the Existence and Nature of the Critical Period Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition

This paper seeks to investigate the existence and nature of the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in Second Language Acquisition (L2A). I conduct an extensive literature review into many studies spanning five decades into many domains of research. I advocate for multiple critical periods (CPs) for various aspects of language acquisition (morphology, syntax, phonology, phonotactics, grammar, semantics, pragmatics) each with their own unique discontinuity between ultimate attainment (UA) and age of acquisition (AoA). I expose gaps and highlight sources of debate within current literature such as the validity of (UA) as a yardstick for evaluating L2A proficiency, problematic statistical methodology for modeling the discontinuities in the AoA-UA function, language acquisition transfer interference from first language acquisition into L2A, individualistic traits such as language aptitude and motivation. I examine methodological differences in existing literature with a particular focus on incorrect assumptions and statistical techniques that lead to false conclusions being drawn about the shape of the age of acquisition (AoA) and ultimate attainment (UA) function, in testing for the CPH. Ultimately, I advocate for the re-analysis of past studies using different methodological techniques to generate new AoA-UA function graphs to discern if there are real discontinuities or not. I hypothesize that correct and repeatable statistical modeling and proper experimental design will facilitate the discovery of multiple CPs that occur in a robust sequential order with unique onsets, offsets, and discontinuities to each CP. I also hypothesize that individuals with common L1s and interlanguage systems share unique predictable CP onset and offsets that are robust within the group. This paper adds to the existing literature by first presenting an updated in-depth
The Effects of Increasing Occlusal Vertical Dimension among Edentulous Jordanian Patients

: Increasing the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion is usually done using removable dentures or an implant fixed prosthesis in edentulous patients. There is no consensus between researchers whether these potential negative consequences of increasing the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion. Most of the previous studies on Vertical Dimension of Occlusion were conducted on dentulous subjects in developed countries. This study aims to assess the effects of increasing Vertical Dimension of Occlusion on edentulous patients in the dental clinics at the Royal Medical Services of Jordan. Fifty patients between the age of 41 and 82 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Seven out of ten participants complained of temporomandibular joint pain, soreness under complete removable dentures was reported by 80.0% of the participants and difficulty in speech was noticed in 64.0% of the participants. Although increasing the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion is a common functional and aesthetic prosthetic dental procedure, it is still associated with frequent side effects after one-month follow-up. Informing the patients about the possibility of these side effects would help them make an informed decision before increasing their Vertical Dimension of Occlusion. Future research is needed to examine the long-term effects of increasing the Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in edentulous patients.
Functional Poisson approximation in Rubinstein distance

A Poisson or a binomial process on an abstract state space and a symmetric function f acting on k-tuples of its points are considered. They induce a point process on the target space of f. The main result is a functional limit theorem which provides an upper bound for an optimal transportation distance between the image process and a Poisson process on the target space. The technical background are a version of Stein’s method for Poisson process approximation, a Glauber dynamic representation for the Poisson process and the Malliavin formalism. As applications of the main result, error bounds for approximations of U-statistics by Poisson, compound Poisson and stable random variables are derived and examples from stochastic geometry are investigated.