Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Open Food intolerance in patients with functional abdominal pain – evaluation through endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy

: Background and study aims Gastrointestinal symptoms assumed by food intolerance are reported frequently in the general population. There is a significant difference between self-reported and objective proven food intolerance as shown by placebo controlled double blind randomized trials. This discrepancy may be overcome by endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE). Patients and methods In an observational study we evaluated 34 patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food by eCLE and local duodenal food challenge for the first time. Spontaneous and food induced transfer of fluorescein into duodenal lumen was detected 10 minutes following intravenously application of fluorescein and 10 minutes after duodenal food challenge (DFC). Results 67.6% of the patients responded with a fluorescein leakage into the duodenal lumen. Frequency rank order of food antigens that induced a response were soy (50%), wheat (46.1%), milk (20%), egg (12%) and yeast (11.5%), respectively. 23.5% of the patients showed spontaneous leakage of fluorescein suggesting leaky gut syndrome. Histology of duodenal biopsies and mast cell function were normal. Overall, 69.5% improved by the food exclusion therapy and 13% were symptom free according to eCLE. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that eCLE is a clinically useful tool to evaluate patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food and to create an individual dietary therapy with clinically benefit for the patients. Abstract Background and study aims Gastrointestinal symptoms assumed by food intolerance are reported frequently in the general population. There is a significant difference between self-reported and objective proven food intolerance as shown by placebo controlled double blind randomized trials. This discrepancy may be overcome by endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE). Patients and methods In an observational study we evaluated 34 patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food by eCLE and local duodenal food challenge for the first time. Spontaneous and food induced transfer of fluorescein into duodenal lumen was detected 10 minutes following intravenously application of fluorescein and 10 minutes after duodenal food challenge (DFC). Results 67.6% of the patients responded with a fluorescein leakage into the duodenal lumen. Frequency rank order of food antigens that induced a response were soy (50%), wheat (46.1%), milk (20%), egg (12%) and yeast (11.5%), respectively. 23.5% of the patients showed spontaneous leakage of fluorescein suggesting leaky gut syndrome. Histology of duodenal biopsies and mast cell function were normal. Overall, 69.5% improved by the food exclusion therapy and 13% were symptom free according to eCLE. Conclusion The results of our study indicate that eCLE is a clinically useful tool to evaluate patients with functional abdominal pain and adverse reaction to food and to create an individual dietary therapy with clinically benefit for the patients.
Blind source separation in the presence of weak source

We investigate the information processing of a linear mixture of independent sources of diﬀerent magnitudes. In particular we consider the case where a number m of the sources can be considered as “strong” as compared to the other ones, the “weak” sources. We ﬁnd that it is preferable to perform blind source separation in the space spanned by the strong sources, and that this can be easily done by ﬁrst projecting the signal onto the m largest principal components. We illustrate the analytical results with numerical simulations.
New approach to the complex-action problem and its application to a nonperturbative study of superstring theory

Monte Carlo simulations of a system whose action has an imaginary part are considered to be extremely difficult. We propose a new approach to this ``complex-action problem,'' which utilizes a factorization property of distribution functions. The basic idea is quite general, and it removes the so-called overlap problem completely. Here we apply the method to a nonperturbative study of superstring theory using its matrix formulation. In this particular example, the distribution function turns out to be positive definite, which allows us to reduce the problem even further. Our numerical results suggest an intuitive explanation for the dynamical generation of 4D space-time.
Galaxies at z ∼ 7-8: z850-Dropouts in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

We have detected likely z ~ 7-8 galaxies in the 144′′ × 144′′ Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Objects are required to be ≥3 σ detections in both NICMOS bands, J110 and H160. The selection criteria for this sample are (z850 - J110)AB > 0.8, (z850 - J110)AB > 0.66(J110 - H160)AB + 0.8, (J110 - H160)AB < 1.2 and no detection at less than 8500 Å. The five selected sources have total magnitudes H160, AB ~ 27. Four of the five sources are quite blue compared to typical lower redshift dropout galaxies and are clustered within a 1 arcmin2 region. Because all five sources are near the limit of the NICMOS data, we have carefully evaluated their reality. Each of the candidates is visible in different splits of the data and a median stack. We analyzed several noise images and estimate the number of spurious sources to be 1 ± 1. A search using an independent reduction of this same data set clearly revealed three of the five candidates and weakly detected a fourth candidate, suggesting that the contamination could be higher. For comparison with predictions from lower redshift samples, we take a conservative approach and adopt four z ~ 7-8 galaxies as our sample. With the same detection criteria on simulated data sets, assuming no evolution from z ~ 3.8, we predict 10 sources at z ~ 7-8, or 14 if we use a more realistic (1 + z)-1 size scaling. We estimate that the rest-frame continuum UV (~1800 Å) luminosity density at z ~ 7.5 (integrated down to 0.3L) is just 0.20 times that found at z ~ 3.8 (or 0.20 times this quantity including cosmic variance). Effectively this sets an upper limit on the luminosity density down to 0.3L and is consistent with significant evolution at the bright end of the luminosity function from z ~ 7.5 to 3.8. Even with the lower UV luminosity density at z ~ 7.5, it appears that galaxies could still play an important role in reionization at these redshifts, although definitive measurements remain to be made.
Degenerate multi-solitons in the sine-Gordon equation

We construct various types of degenerate multi-soliton and multi-breather solutions for the sine-Gordon equation based on Bäcklund transformations, Darboux–Crum transformations and Hirota’s direct method. We compare the different solution procedures and study the properties of the solutions. Many of them exhibit a compound like behaviour on a small timescale, but their individual one-soliton constituents separate for large time. Exceptions are degenerate cnoidal kink solutions that we construct via inverse scattering from shifted Lamé potentials. These type of solutions have constant speed and do not display any time-delay. We analyse the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions and compute explicit analytic expressions for time-dependent displacements between the individual one-soliton constituents for any number of degeneracies. When expressed in terms of the soliton speed and spectral parameter the expression found is of the same generic form as the one formerly found for the Korteweg–de-Vries equation.
Weakly trapped surfaces in asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes

It is a standard fact that trapped or marginally trapped surfaces are not visible from conformal infinity, under the usual set of conditions on matter fields and the conformal completion, provided that the cosmological constant is non-positive. In this note we show that the situation is more delicate in the presence of a positive cosmological constant: we present examples of visible marginally trapped surfaces, and we provide a set of natural conditions which guarantee non-visibility.
Temperature and Density Gradients Across the Nucleus of M82

This Letter presents 12CO J = 3-2, 13CO J = 3-2, C18O J = 3-2, and 13CO J = 2-1 spectra of the irregular starburst galaxy M82 taken with the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. All maps exhibit a double-peaked morphology, despite evidence that the higher J transitions are optically thick. This morphology suggests that the double-peaked structure is not the result of an edge-on torus of molecular gas, as is commonly assumed. We observe line ratio gradients that can best be explained by a temperature gradient increasing from northeast to southwest in conjunction with a density gradient that increases in the opposite sense. These gradients may have been caused by the interaction with M81, resulting in increased star formation that both heats and depletes the molecular gas in the southwest lobe of M82.
Aerodynamic force evaluation for ice shedding phenomenon using vortex in cell scheme, penalisation and level set approaches

In this work, we propose a formulation to evaluate aerodynamic forces for flow solutions based on Cartesian grids, penalisation and level set functions. The formulation enables the evaluation of forces on closed bodies moving at different velocities. The use of Cartesian grids bypasses the meshing issues, and penalisation is an efficient alternative to explicitly impose boundary conditions so that the body fitted meshes can be avoided. Penalisation enables ice shedding simulations that take into account ice piece effects on the flow. Level set functions describe the geometry in a non-parametric way so that geometrical and topological changes resulting from physics, and particularly shed ice pieces, are straightforward to follow. The results obtained with the present force formulation are validated against other numerical formulations for circular and square cylinder in laminar flow. The capabilities of the proposed formulation are demonstrated on ice trajectory calculations for highly separated flow behind a bluff body, representative of inflight aircraft ice shedding.
Effect of Prandtl number on heat transport enhancement in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection under geometrical confinement

We study, using direct numerical simulations, the effect of geometrical confinement on heat transport and flow structure in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in fluids with different Prandtl numbers. Our simulations span over two decades of Prandtl number $Pr$, $0.1 \leq Pr \leq 40$, with the Rayleigh number $Ra$ fixed at $10^8$. The width-to-height aspect ratio $\Gamma$ spans between $0.025$ and $0.25$ while the length-to-height aspect ratio is fixed at one. We first find that for $Pr \geq 0.5$, geometrical confinement can lead to a significant enhancement in heat transport as characterized by the Nusselt number $Nu$. For those cases, $Nu$ is maximal at a certain $\Gamma = \Gamma_{opt}$. It is found that $\Gamma_{opt}$ exhibits a power-law relation with $Pr$ as $\Gamma_{opt}=0.11Pr^{-0.06}$, and the maximal relative enhancement generally increases with $Pr$ over the explored parameter range. As opposed to the situation of $Pr \geq 0.5$, confinement-induced enhancement in $Nu$ is not realized for smaller values of $Pr$, such as $0.1$ and $0.2$. The $Pr$ dependence of the heat transport enhancement can be understood in its relation to the coverage area of the thermal plumes over the thermal boundary layer (BL) where larger coverage is observed for larger $Pr$ due to a smaller thermal diffusivity. We further show that $\Gamma_{opt}$ is closely related to the crossing of thermal and momentum BLs, and find that $Nu$ declines sharply when the thickness ratio of the thermal and momentum BLs exceeds a certain value of about one. In addition, through examining the temporally averaged flow fields and 2D mode decomposition, it is found that for smaller $Pr$ the large-scale circulation is robust against the geometrical confinement of the convection cell.
XMM-Newton observations of the peculiar cataclysmic variable Lanning 386: X-ray evidence for a magnetic primary

We present the first X-ray observations of the eclipsing cataclysmic variables Lanning 386 and MASTER OTJ192328.22+612413.5, possible SW Sextantis systems. The X-ray light curve of Lanning 386 shows deep eclipses, similar to the eclipses seen in the optical light curve, confirming the high inclination of the system. There is evidence of a periodicity between 17-22 min in the X-ray and optical light curves of Lanning 386, which is associated with quasi-periodic oscillations. This system also displays a hard X-ray spectrum which is well fit by a partially covered, absorbed 2 temperature plasma. The cool plasma temperature (0.24$^{+0.17}_{-0.08}$ keV) and hot plasma temperature (9$^{+4}_{-2}$ keV) are not atypical plasma temperatures of known intermediate polar systems. Based on this model, we suggest that Lanning 386 is an intermediate polar with a high accretion rate. The hot plasma temperature limits the white dwarf mass to $>$0.5 M$_{\odot}$. From the optical spectrum obtained using the Large Binocular Telescope, we find that the secondary in the system is consistent with an M5V star, and refine the distance to Lanning 386 to be 160$\pm$50 pc. Finally, we use the high time resolution of the optical spectra to crudely constrain the magnetic moment of the white dwarf in Lanning 386. J1923 was not detected during the observations, but the upper limit on the flux is inline with J1923 and Lanning 386 being related.
GEMS Imaging of Red-Sequence Galaxies at ∼ 0.7: Dusty or Old?

We have used the 30′ × 30′ Hubble Space Telescope image mosaic from the Galaxy Evolution from Morphology and Spectral energy distributions (GEMS) project in conjunction with the COMBO-17 deep photometric redshift survey to define a sample of nearly 1500 galaxies with 0.65 ≤ z ≤ 0.75. With this sample, we can study the distribution of rest-frame V-band morphologies more than 6 Gyr ago, without differential bandpass shifting and surface brightness dimming across this narrow redshift slice. Focusing on red-sequence galaxies at z ~ 0.7, we find that 85% of their combined rest-frame V-band luminosity density comes from visually classified E/S0/Sa galaxies down to MV - 5 log h ≲ -19.5. Similar results are obtained if automated classifiers are used. This fraction is identical to that found at the present day and is biased by less than 10% by large-scale structure and the morphology-density relation. Under the assumption that peculiar and edge-on disk galaxies are red by virtue of their dust content, we find that less than 13% of the total rest-frame V-band luminosity of the z ~ 0.7 red galaxy population is from dusty galaxies.
Prospects for a polar-molecular-ion optical probe of varying proton-electron mass ratio

Molecules with deep vibrational potential wells provide optical intervals sensitive to variation in the proton-electron mass ratio ($\mu$). On one hand, polar molecules are of interest since optical state preparation techniques have been demonstrated for such species. On the other hand, it might be assumed that polar species are unfavorable candidates, because typical molecule-frame dipole moments reduce vibrational state lifetimes and cause large polarizabilities and associated Stark shifts. Here, we consider single-photon spectroscopy on a vibrational overtone transition of the polar species TeH$^+$, which is of practical interest because its diagonal Franck-Condon factors should allow rapid state preparation by optical pumping. We point out that all but the ground rotational state obtains a vanishing low-frequency scalar polarizability from coupling with adjacent rotational states, because of a fortuitous relationship between rigid rotor spacings and dipole matrix elements. We project that for good choices of spectroscopy states, demonstrated levels of field control should make possible uncertainties of order $1 \times 10^{-18}$, similar to those of leading atomic ion clocks. The moderately long lived vibrational states of TeH$^+$ make possible a frequency uncertainty approaching $1 \times 10^{-17}$ with one day of averaging for a single trapped ion. Observation over one year could probe for variation of $\mu$ with a sensitivity approaching the $1 \times 10^{-18}/\textrm{yr}$ level.
Categorizing urban space based on visitor density and diversity: A view through social media data

Analyses of urban spaces have often stressed the importance of both the density and diversity of the people they attract. However, the diversity of people is a challenging concept to operationalize within the context of urban spaces, which is why many evaluations of urban space have relied primarily on density-based measures. We argue that a focus on only one of the two aspects misses important aspects of the variety of urban spaces in our cities. To address this, we design a methodology that evaluates both the density and diversity of human behavior in urban spaces based on geosocial media data. We operationalize density as the frequency of tweets from visitors to a particular location and diversity as the variety of the home neighborhoods of those visitors. Taking Singapore as a test case, we identify networks between the home neighborhoods of 28k Twitter users based on 2.2 million geolocated tweets collected between 2012 and 2016. Based on these data, we categorize the urban landscape of Singapore into four “performance” categories, namely High-Density/High-Diversity, High-Density/Low-Diversity, Low-Density/High-Diversity, and Low-Density/Low-Diversity. Our findings illustrate that this combined indicator provides useful nuance compared to differentiation between well and less performing spaces based on density alone. By enabling a categorization of urban spaces that fits closer to the diversity of human behavior in these spaces, human mobility data sets, such as the social media data we use, open the door to a practical evaluation of the design and planning of our heterogeneous urban environment.
Theory for the rheology of dense non-Brownian suspensions: divergence of viscosities and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ – $J$ rheology

A systematic microscopic theory for the rheology of dense non-Brownian suspensions characterized by the volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$ is developed. The theory successfully derives the critical behaviour in the vicinity of the jamming point (volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}_{J}$ ), for both the pressure $P$ and the shear stress $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{xy}$ , i.e. $P\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{xy}\sim \dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{0}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}^{-2}$ , where $\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$ is the shear rate, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{0}$ is the shear viscosity of the solvent and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}_{J}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}>0$ is the distance from the jamming point. It also successfully describes the behaviour of the stress ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{xy}/P$ with respect to the viscous number $J=\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{0}/P$ .
New method for the conformal bootstrap with OPE truncations

We investigate two aspects of conformal field theories. In the first part, we study the general 4-point correlator of identical scalars around the fully crossing symmetric point $u=v=1$, where $u,v$ are conformally invariant cross ratios. Since this point is fully crossing invariant, we can deduce some general properties of the 4-point correlators from crossing symmetry. In the second part, we discuss the conformal bootstrap with OPE truncations. As a generalization of Gliozzi's method, we propose to extract the low-lying CFT data by minimizing the "error" induced by an OPE truncation. The error function $\eta$ measures the violation of crossing symmetry. The geometric interpretation of $\eta$ is the length of the vector associated with the truncated OPE. As an example, we apply the error-minimization method to the 2d Ising CFT with severely truncated OPEs.
Fibered recombination unit for the Infrared-Optical Telescope Array

The Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) is an interferometric facility currently observing in the near infrared bands at the Smithsonian Institution's Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona. The 45 cm siderostats can be moved on an L-shaped track allowing discrete bases ranging between 5 and 38 m. The capability to combine beams with fiber optics in the K band (2 micrometers <EQ (lambda) <EQ 2.4 micrometers ) has been demonstrated on the Fiber Link Unit for Optical Recombination (FLUOR) at Kitt Peak National Observatory, in which two existing 0.8 m telescopes have been coherently coupled by means of optical fibers. FLUOR is now set as a focal instrument of IOTA. It uses single-mode fluoride glass waveguides and couplers as a substitute for mirrors and beamsplitters to perform beam transportation and recombination. Processing the light in single-mode waveguides offers the possibility to self-calibrate each interferogram against the loss of fringe visibility induced by atmospheric turbulence, thus improving the accuracy of the fringe visibility measurements. The FLUOR unit can be operated as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to produce zero-baseline spectra used in double-Fourier interferometry to obtain the visibility as a function of wavelength. In the current status, a N-S baseline of 21.2 m is used to observe late-type starts and derive their angular diameters.
Barotropic Decay of Baroclinic Waves in a Two-Layer Beta-Plane Model

Abstract A two-layer quasi-geostrophic model is used to study the effects of a meridionally sheared zonal flow on the life cycle of a weakly unstable baroclinic wave. In most of the cases analyzed, the fluid is inviscid with the exception of scale-selective fourth-order horizontal diffusion. The initial zonal flow is identically zero in the lower layer. The character of the eddy life cycle in the limit of weak supercritically is shown to depend on whether or not the meridional shell in the upper layer is strong enough to produce a critical latitude for the wave. If the shear is sufficiently weak, the wave undergoes periodic amplitude vacillation characterized by symmetric growth and baroclinic decay. However, when the meridional shear is strong enough to allow for the existence of a critical layer, the flow undergoes an asymmetric life cycle which resembles that found by Simmons and Hoskins in a primitive equation model on the sphere: the wave grows baroclinically but decays barotropically toward a wave-f.