Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disinformation and communicative intent : a proposal for fake news classification in professional journalistic environments

Resumen This research analyses the impact that fake news has on the loss of journalistic credibility and the social alarm thereby raised. The aim is to contribute to understanding of the phenomenon by clarifying the responsibility incurred by journalists as professional news broadcasters. Exploratory research was conducted on news published in newspapers in recent years and subsequently unmasked as fake news. Accordingly, a classification model of disinformation phenomena from the journalist’s intention as sender was established. In addition, a review of paradigmatic cases helping to systematise the distinctive features of journalistic texts containing fake news and, subsequently, not disseminating quality information, was performed. The lack of a repository of false news originating from, or disseminated by newspapers, limited the conclusions drawn. However, the proposed study paradigm helps to delimit the position of journalists in the phenomenon of disinformation, provides an alert to the presence of obvious signs of disinformation in texts not designed for this purpose and, hence, shows the need to expand the concept of disinformation itself to encompass unintended false news. La repercusión de las noticias falsas en la pérdida de credibilidad periodística y la alarma social que suscitan enmarcan esta investigación. El objetivo es contribuir a la comprensión del fenómeno dilucidando qué responsabilidad tienen en él los periodistas como emisores profesionales de noticias. Se ha realizado una investigación de tipo exploratorio sobre noticias publicadas en periódicos en los últimos años y desenmascaradas como noticias falsas, de la que se sigue la formulación de un modelo clasificatorio de fenómenos desinformativos desde la intención del emisor periodista, y la revisión de casos paradigmáticos que ayuden a sistematizar los rasgos distintivos de textos periodísticos que encierren noticias falseadas y, por tanto, no trasmitan información de calidad. Las limitaciones de este trabajo vienen dadas por la carencia de un repositorio de noticias falsas originadas o difundidas por los periódicos; no obstante, el paradigma de estudio que se propone ayuda a delimitar la posición de los periodistas en el fenómeno de la desinformación, alerta de la presencia de signos evidentes de desinformación en textos que no tienen por qué estar concebidos con tal fin y, por ello, plantea la necesidad de ampliar el concepto mismo de la desinformación para incluir noticias falsas no intencionadas.
Willingness to pay for environmentally certified wood products : A consumer perspective

A study was conducted in the spring of 1995 to : 1) determine the willingness of U.S. consumers to pay a price premium for environmentally certified wood products over range of consumer products ; 2) determine the size of the consumer segments for these products ; and 3) profile these segments. Frequencies and mean responses were used analyze the willingness to pay data. A cluster analysis performed on nine measures of wood products certification suggests the existence of five relatively homogeneous segments of consumers. Results indicated that consumer willingness to incur a price premium for certified wood products varied depending on the item considered, with range from 4.4 to 18.7 percent. However, an average of 37 percent of consumers, across the range of products considered, were not willing to incur a premium for any type of environmentally certified wood product. This paper identifies one consumer segment of approximately 16.5 million Americans who would most likely seek out and buy environmentally certified wood products at a price premium. They can be described, relative to other study respondents, as politically liberal, a member of both the Democratic Party and an environmental organization, and most likely, female.
NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS ON LIOLAEMUS MAGELLANICUS, THE SOUTHERNMOST LIZARD IN THE WORLD

Observations on the natural history of Liolaemus magellanicus from Tierra del Fuego, Chile are presented. This species is patchily distributed in areas of coastal scrub and coastal steppe, reaching high local densities. Two color morphs are described: grey-olivaceous and green. Color dimorphism is not related to sex or body size of adults; all neonates are grey- olivaceous. Reproductive maturity appears to occur at snout-vent lengths of >48 mm for males and 60 mm for females. Females are ovoviviparous, having a relative clutch mass of 0.322 (mean for five specimens) and a mean litter size of 5.5 neonates (range 3-8). Birth occurs during the midsummer (January and February), probably 1 yr after copulation. Based on a sample of feces and a single stomach, L. magellanicus appears to be largely or entirely herbivorous, despite its small size (ca. 6 g). Field cloacal temperatures (mean for 20 specimens = 27 C) are significantly lower than for central Chilean species of Liolaemus.
Spatial patterns and associations of four species in an old-growth temperate forest

The spatial pattern of a tree species is an important characteristic of plant communities, providing critical information to explain species coexistence. The spatial distribution and association of four different successional species were analyzed among different life-history stages in an old-temperate forest. Significant aggregation patterns were found, and the degree of aggregation decreased with the scales and life-history stages. Significant interspecific spatial associations were detected. In comparing the relationships among the different life-history stages, positive associations were found at small scales in all of the juvenile species pairs. In the adult stage, negative associations were detected in coniferous vs. deciduous species pairs, while the deciduous species pairs, which have identical resource requirements, showed a positive association in this study. The coniferous species pairs showed a positive association at small scales. We infer that seed dispersal, competitive ability, or the requirement for specific topographic and light environments may contribute to the coexistence of these species.
Carbon Isotope Composition of the Halophyte Disphyma clavellatum (Haw.) Chinnock (Aizoaceae), as Affected by Salinity

The δ13C values of the leaves of Disphyma clavellatum (Aizoaceae) systematically became less negative as the salinity in the root environment increased from 0 to 500 mol m-3 NaCl. The maximum shift of δ13C was from -26.1‰ to -20.0‰. Similar increases in salinity did not, however, result either in a change in the diurnal pattern of net CO2 assimilation or in an appreciable increase in the fluctuations of titratable acidity. It is suggested that salinity induced the observed shift in δ13C values, not by effecting change in the mode of carboxylation towards that of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), but by affecting the degree of limitation of CO2 assimilation by diffusion processes. It is concluded therefore that, in D. clavellatum, CAM is not induced by salinity, as it is in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
Marital aggression, observed parental hostility, and child behavior during triadic family interaction

This study used direct observation to examine how a history of exposure to interparental aggression relates to children's behavior during conflict with both parents present. Ninety 2-parent families with a child 9-13 years of age participated. Consistent with a sensitization hypothesis, results indicated that exposure to interparental physical aggression during the previous year was related to child withdrawal, anxiety, and distraction during a family discussion task. In addition, the interaction between reported interparental aggression and observed child-directed hostility accounted for significant variance in boys' behavior. Follow-up correlation analyses revealed that boys who had been exposed to physical marital aggression were more anxious and distracting when their parents were more hostile toward them during the discussion, whereas boys who had not been exposed withdrew more.
The comparison between toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and non-toxic P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle isolated from Jinhae Bay, Korea

We studied the ecological characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pungens, comparing the morphology, toxin production, growth and ITS sequences. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was found that P. pungens had 9-12 fibulae in 10㎛, 2 rows of poroids, 3-4 poroids in 1 ㎛ and 9-11 striae in 10 ㎛, while in P. multiseries 13-14 fibulae in 10 ㎛, 3-4 rows of poroids, 4-6 poroids in 1 ㎛ and 13-14 striae in 10 ㎛. Domoic acid (DA) production by P. multiseries was determined by HPLC with UV or fluorometric detection, and resulted in 221.8 ng·, 196.4 ng· and 25.4 ng· in the whole culture, cell-free medium and cell fraction, respectively, for 20 days at 20℃ under light intensity of 100 μmol· with 16:8 LD cycle, while values for P. pungens were negative. Both P.multiseries and P. pungens showed a higher growth rate at higher temperature with the highest growth rate at 20℃. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries had a wide range of salinity (20-40 psu) for optimal growth, but at 40 psu and 50 psu, the growth rate of P. pungens was lower than that of P. multiseries. In particular, 10 psu did not allow any growth of P. mutiseries. For nitrate, ammonium and urea-grown cultures, nutrient concentration contributed to a variation of growth, in which the best growth was obtained at 100 μM. However, P. multiseries grew well even in a medium without urea, while the growth rate of P. pungens was significantly different (p
A New Strategy Framework for Coping with Turbulence

Most of the existing frameworks for strategic management assume an environment that is stable and simple. But technological advances and global changes have created dynamic, complex climates in which companies must operate. Chakravarthy examines the industry he calls Infocom ? information providers, information processors, communication providers, and communication support. Technology has lowered many entry and mobility barriers among the industries; Microsoft is an example of a company that has exploited many strategic opportunities now available to Infocom companies. Chakravarthy compares and contrasts the popular frameworks for formulating competitive strategy. Porter's framework assumes stable competitors, suppliers, and buyers. The company finds an appropriate strategy and erects the necessary barriers. But, says the author, technological change quickly makes the barriers obsolete, Infocom players have deep pockets, and government policy has a diminishing role. In the Hamel and Prahalad approach, the role of strategy is not to accommodate an existing industry structure but to change it. However, the author comments, Infocom is not evolving predictably, so benchmarking against its current structure is futile. The D'Aveni framework assumes that strategy must continually seek to change the rules of the game because companies will quickly retaliate against any new strategy. Chakravarthy points out that a firm cannot continuously move from one advantage to another. His proposed framework, applied to the Infocom industries, has three elements: Reconceptualizing strategy. Companies must repeat innovation; e.g., Canon's successful launch of inkjet printers damaged its position in laser printers but was necessary to respond to competition. Companies must build customer networks around products or services. They must also be able to sense market flow, as Microsoft did when it found that its proprietary strategy for Microsoft Network would isolate it from the Internet. Sharing responsibility for strategy broadly within the firm. Employees must share a vision that is purposely vague but describes the firm's guiding philosophy. Strategy must come from the bottom up and from small, focused units. Focusing on organization capabilities as the source of competitive advantage. Companies must leverage, strengthen, and diversify their competencies. In the end, according to Chakravarthy, "going with the flow" may be the best strategy for a firm in a turbulent environment. Rigid top-down strategies may be counterproductive. Firms should concentrate instead on growing distinctive competencies for the future.
A functional S locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in Brassica oleracea

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. A functional S locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in Brassica oleracea. Martine Pastuglia, Véronique Ruffio-Châble, Valérie Delorme, Thierry Gaude, Christian Dumas, J. Mark Cock
Philosophy of Education in a new South Africa

In the last few years many changes have taken place in South Afrrca. The creation of a nonracial. non-sexist. democratic South Africa presents a challenge to everybody in the country. The heterogeneous population structure. with a plurality of Value systems. makes teacher educacation and training very qomplex. Teachers are significant change agents in a diverse society. such as South Africa. Teachers need to learn to accommodate different value systems and to place them within a framework of common human values. to educate their own students to respect differences. whilst recognising similarities. South Africa needs an open. critical education philosophy which encourages enquiry. discussion. debate and Iffelong leaming. Philosophy of Education has tha imports'nt role of providing perspective in a complex, demanding world. By critically studying different metatheories. as well 8S several education theo es and by being exposed to divergent ways of thinking, students might be better prepared to accommodate children from different cultures and backgrounds in the practical classroom situation.
Spawning Cycle and Egg Production of Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, in the Laboratory

Single pairs of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, 12 months old, spawned at an interval of 1.9 days when the male and female were left continuously together. Three months later the spawning interval had increased to 2.7 days, suggesting that age is a factor in determining the spawning cycle. Hard water had no effect on spawning cycle in these experiments, nor did grouping the fish with three males for each female. An experiment was done in which prolongation of the spawning cycle was enforced by separating the male from the female for random intervals of 2-9 days. In 93% of the trials spawning occurred on the morning following reintroduction of the male after a 2-day separation. Similar results were obtained upon reintroduction of the male after 3-9 days of separation. The greatest number of eggs per day can be obtained by leaving the pair continuously together. In two experiments in which this was done the mean number of eggs produced per day per pair was 23.1 and 60.4. In the experiment where male and female were separated for 2-9 days, and then spawning was allowed to occur, egg production varied from 45 eggs per day per pair with 2 days of separation to 10 eggs per day per pair with 9 days separation. Evidence was obtained that egg development is triggered by interaction with the male. Eggs usually could not be stripped from the female without the male having been present. Introduction of the male for 7 hours at the end of one day enabled eggs to be stripped from the female the next morning. The precise stimulus for egg development was not determined, but it is suggested that it may be the chasing of the female by the male, behavior which goes on almost continuously when the two are together.
Allozyme Divergence Between Coreopsis basalis and C. wrightii (Compositae)

Coreopsis basalis and C. wrightii are diploid, annual plants centered in east and southeastern Texas, with the former introduced into the southeastern United States. The two species are very similar morphologically but are highly intersterile due to differences in chromosome structure. Electrophoresis determined the amount of divergence between the two taxa at 14 genetic loci coding soluble enzymes. Mean genetic identity for ten populations of C. basalis is 0.94 and the value for four populations of C. wrightii is 0.97. Average genetic identity for populations of the two species is 0.92, indicating little if any genetic divergence between the species as compared to conspecific populations. The enzyme data and morphology are con- cordant with the hypothesis that speciation occurred via chromosomal repatterning with minimal divergence at genes coding for isozymes. Isozyme data support the hypothesis that C. basalis and C. wrightii are more closely related to each other than either is to the other two annual species of sect. Coreopsis, C. nuecensoides and C. nuecensis. The mean genetic identities for C. basalis-C. nuecensoides, C. basalis-C. nue- censis, C. wrightii-C. nuecensoides, and C. wrightii-C. nuecensis are 0.77, 0.79, 0.73, and 0.76, respectively.
THE WEBERIAN APPARATUS OF HYBOGNATHUS PLACITUS AND H. NUCHALIS (CYPRINIDAE)

The Weberian apparatus of Hybognathus placitus is described and compared with that of H. nuchalis. Although considerable variation in the Weberian components was observed, the many differences indicate that full specific rank should be retained for both Hybognathus placitus and H. nuchalis. The lateral proc- esses of the first and second vertebrae are regarded as modified ventral ribs. The ascending processes of the scaphium and intercalarium are believed to be homologous to postzygapophyses. The pit into which the articulating process of the scaphium fits is regarded as homologous to those accommodating the third neural pedicle and fourth neural arch. The neural complex is probably composed of the third neural spine plus interspinous bones. The os suspensorium is part of the fourth pleural rib. The most conspicuous difference between these species involves the shape of the pharyngeal process of the basioccipital and the muscles inserted on it. Hybognathus placitus Girard and Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz present some taxonomic difficulty, but have long been regarded as dis- tinct species. Bailey (1956) concluded that environmental variations, at the time of early development, are translated into structural dif- ferences that can be perceived throughout the life of the fish. He con- sidered both H. Nuchalis and H. placitus as phenotypes of H. nuchalis. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis, using the mor- phology of the Weberian apparatus. The Weberian apparatus was named in honor of the discoverer, E. J. Weber, by Bridge and Haddon (1889). Since Weber used nomencla- ture as applied to the ossicles of the mammalian middle ear, not homol- ogous with those of fishes, Bridge and Haddon proposed the nomen- clature currently used. Readers interested in the literature pertinent to the morphology and embryonic development of the Weberian ap- paratus should consult the works of Evans (1924-1925), Watson, (1939), Krumholz (1943), Nelson (1948), 1949, 1955), and Butler (1960). Materials for this study were from a large part of the ranges of the two species, from the Rio Grande to the Missouri River Basin in South Dakota and Montana. We are indebted to Dr. R. M. Bailey, of the 1 Contribution from the Research Foundation and No. 344 from the Zoology De- partment, Oklahoma State University, with partial support from the National Science Foundation.
Applied Closed-end Furrow Irrigation Optimized Design Based on Field and Simulated Advance Data

Closed-end furrows are commonly used to irrigate crop in northern part of China. The irrigation performance of furrow in this area is often low. The objectives of this paper are to verify reliability of infiltration parameters and Manning roughness estimated with SIPAR_ID software and present an optimized method for design of closed-end furrow system. The study consisted of field experiments and numerical simulation. Field experiments were conducted in two villages of Yangling district in October 2007. Infiltration parameters and Manning roughness values were estimated with SIPAR_ID software. The estimated values were put into the WinSRFR software, and then the advance trajectory, flow depths in the upstream, and irrigation performance were simulated on each test furrow. The results showed that the simulated values with the WinSRFR software were in excellent agreement with the measured data. Therefore, the infiltration parameters and Manning roughness estimated with SIPAR_ID software were reliable. Later, an optimized model for design of closed-end furrow irrigation system was proposed, based on field data and using the project of Uniform design and the WinSRFR software. Its solution required the use of optimized methodology with genetic algorithm (GA), and the inflow discharge and cutoff time were the independent variables. The results showed that adequate and efficient irrigations can be obtained using closed-end furrows through a proper selection of inflow discharge and cutoff time.
Diet comparison between silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) and scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) off the south-west coast of Mexico

Ecologists examine diet composition in order to assess the spatial and temporal variations in interactions between species, the impact of different species traits on the ecological network structure, and the long-term effects of the removal of different species by small-scale fisheries. In this study, our goal was to compare the diets of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) and scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) off the south-west coast of Mexico in order to infer their diet preferences and spatial distributions. We sampled 164 S. lewini (96 stomachs had food, 68 were empty) and 183 C. falciformis (30 stomachs had food, 153 were empty) in Puerto Madero, Chiapas in 2011. The large number of empty stomachs may be the result of using longline fishing gear, which causes high stress resulting in regurgitation. Based on the index of relative importance (%IRI), the fish Chloroscombrus orqueta (IIR = 27.7%) was the most important species in the diet of S. lewini, while the squid Dosidicus gigas (IIR = 34%) was the primary prey of C. falciformis. Levin's index (Bi) and Shannon's index (H′) confirm that both sharks are generalists, as in other regions. The trophic levels of S. lewini (TL = 4.1) and C. falciformis (TL = 4.2) are characteristic of tertiary consumers; meanwhile, the Morisita–Horn index indicates low interspecific overlap between all categories. These results confirm that these two sharks have different foraging preferences or movement patterns; thus, there is no trophic overlap between species as they play unique roles in the ecological network off the south-west coast of Mexico.