Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Historical and topographic drivers of tropical insular diversity: comparative phylogeography of Eleutherodactylus antillensis and E. portoricensis, two ecologically distinctive frogs of the Puerto Rican Bank

Topographically complex islands present opportunities for in situ (within-island) allopatric speciation because of increased chances for isolation in separate mountain ranges, as well as greater opportunity for fragmentation by high sea levels and climatedriven changes in habitat distribution. Climatic oscillations of the Quaternary (Pleistocene – Holocene; ~2.5 million years ago to the present) may have influenced the severity of vicariant barriers among and within islands, yet how these events influenced evolution of tropical insular biota is not well understood. This dissertation explores the role of topographic complexity and climate-driven range shifts resulting from sea-level changes and habitat suitability in shaping genetic diversity of two Eleutherodactylus frogs (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in the Puerto Rican Bank, an archipelago in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Sea level changes significantly altered the size, area, and degree of isolation of terrestrial habitats in the Puerto Rican Bank, and habitat shifts may have occurred in the main island of Puerto Rico. Whereas the Mountain Coquí, E.
Sediment Transport During Three Controlled-Flood Experiments on the Colorado River Downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, with Implications for Eddy-Sandbar Deposition in Grand Canyon National Park

Three large-scale field experiments were conducted on the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam in 1996, 2004, and 2008 to evaluate whether artificial (that is, controlled) floods released from the dam could be used in conjunction with the sand supplied by downstream tributaries to rebuild and sustainably maintain eddy sandbars in the river in Grand Canyon National Park. Higher suspended-sand concentrations during a controlled flood will lead to greater eddysandbar deposition rates. During each controlled flood experiment, sediment-transport and bedsediment data were collected to evaluate sediment-supply effects on sandbar deposition. Data collection substantially increased in spatial and temporal density with each subsequent experiment. The suspendedand bed-sediment data collected during all three controlled-flood experiments are presented and analyzed in this report. Analysis of these data indicate that in designing the hydrograph of a controlled flood that is optimized for sandbar deposition in a given reach of the Colorado River, both the magnitude and the grain size of the sand supply must be considered. Because of the opposing physical effects of bed-sand area and bed-sand grain size in regulating suspended-sand concentration, larger amounts of coarser sand on the bed can lead to lower suspended-sand concentrations, and thus lower rates of sandbar deposition, during a controlled flood than can lesser amounts of finer sand on the bed. Although suspended-sand concentrations were higher at all study sites during the 2008 controlled-flood experiment (CFE) than during either the 1996 or 2004 CFEs, these higher concentrations were likely associated with more sand on the bed of the Colorado River in only lower Glen Canyon. More sand was likely present on the bed of the river in Grand Canyon during the 1996 CFE than during either the 2004 or 2008 CFEs. The question still remains as to whether sandbars can be sustained in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park through use of controlled floods in conjunction with typical amounts and grain sizes of sand supplied by the tributaries that enter the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam. Introduction The 1963 closure and subsequent operation of Glen Canyon Dam has resulted in substantial erosion of eddy-sandbar habitats in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP).
Outbreaks of African swine fever in domestic pigs in Gulu district, Uganda

The demand for animal products has increased in the last decades, especially for poultry and pork. Pork production has increased drastically globally, and also in Uganda. Thirty-one percent of Uganda´s population lives in poverty. Pig production is believed to play a crucial role in poverty alleviation, because of the ability to convert low quality feed into high quality protein together with high reproductive potential. African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs often characterized by haemorrhagic fever and with mortality rates up to 100%. The disease is endemic in most sub-Saharan countries and since 2007 in the Russian Federation and Caucasus area. ASF is associated with severe sanitary and socio-economic consequences, in countries where it is endemic as well as in areas where it has recently been introduced. The epidemiology, involving a domestic and a sylvatic cycle, is complex. This, together with the absence of vaccine and the marked virus resistance in contaminated animal products, make ASF one of the most feared and therefore important diseases in swine. ASF poses a serious constraint on pig production in Africa, where control is made difficult by several factors, including lack of basic biosecurity measures, traditional free-ranging husbandry system and movements of pigs. The aim of this study was to collect information from the past year´s outbreaks of ASF in Gulu district to better understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of the disease and to clarify modes of transmission. Sixteen villages with history of confirmed outbreaks of ASF were visited and 135 interviews were performed. The average mortality during these outbreaks was estimated at 84.5%. Thirteen blood samples were collected from clinically affected pigs. Out of these, five were PCR-positive. Out of the six blood samples from pigs that survived outbreaks, three were ELISA-positive. The main transmission routes were trade of live pigs and pig products, especially at onset of an outbreak (introduction into a village). When the virus had been introduced into a village, it was probably spread through swill/waste and direct contact between domestic pigs, both of which are facilitated through the traditional free range pig husbandry system and lack of biosecurity. The involvement of wild reservoirs and subclinical carriers was not investigated but is assumed to be less important.
Children's Games with Things: Marbles, Fivestones, Throwing and Catching, Gambling, Hopscotch, Chucking and Pitching, Ball-Bouncing, Skipping, Tops and Tipcat

Preface. 1: Seasons, and other social issues. 2: Marbles. 3: Knucklebones and Fivestones. 4: Throwing and Catching. 5: Gambling. 6: Hopscotch. 7: Chucking and Pitching. 8: Ball-bouncing. 9: Skipping. 10: Tops and Tipcat. Index
Choice of Non-Inferiority (NI) Margins Does Not Protect against Degradation of Treatment Effects on an Average – An Observational Study of Registered and Published NI Trials

Objective NI margins have to be chosen appropriately to control the risk of degradation of treatment effects in non-inferiority (NI) trials. We aimed to study whether the current choice of NI margins protects sufficiently against a degradation of treatment effect on an average. Study Design and Setting NI trials reflecting current practice were assembled and for each trial, the NI margin was translated into a likelihood of degradation. The likelihood of degradation was calculated as the conditional probability of a treatment being harmful given that it is declared non-inferior in the trial, using simulation. Its distribution among the NI trials was then studied to assess the potential risk of degradation. Results The median (lower/upper quartile) NI margin among 112 binary outcome NI trials corresponded to an odds ratio of 0.57(0.45, 0.66), while among 38 NI trials with continuous outcome, to a Cohen’s d of −0.42(−0.54, −0.31) and a hazard ratio of 0.82(0.73, 0.86) among 24 survival outcome NI trials. Overall, the median likelihood of degradation was 56% (45%, 62%). Conclusion Only two fifths of the current NI trials had a likelihood of degradation lower than 50%, suggesting that, in majority of the NI trials, there is no sufficient protection against degradation on an average. We suggest a third hurdle for the choice of NI margins, thus contributing a sufficient degree of protection.
Seminar on b-value

, which is typically close to 1, is atectonic parameter describing the relative abundance of large to smaller shocks. It seems torepresent properties of the seismic medium in some respect, like stress and/or materialconditions in the focal region. Relation (1) is usually referred to as the Gutenberg-Richter(G-R)
Ejecta emplacement of the Martian impact crater Bamburg

The paper examines the ejecta emplacement of the Martian impact crater Bamburg. During ejecta emplacement, secondary crater formation preceeded the deposition of mobile surface flows, which are overrun by more viscous flows characterized by longitudinal grooves and transverse ridges. Many areas of flat terrain on the ejecta deposits may indicate that the sediment-laden melt water percolated out of the volatile-rich ejecta and the crater rim. The number of secondary craters associated with Bamburg is less than one third the value for lunar and Mercurian craters of equivalent size; this is attributed to preferential destruction of ejecta blocks sufficiently large to form secondary craters or to the subsequent burial of such craters.
Early structural and metamorphic evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides: a study of the eclogite-bearing Seve Nappe Complex at the Arctic Circle, Sweden

In the Seve Nappe Complex of the Swedish Caledonides, coronitic diabases pass into eclogites; sometimes the transition occurs within one and the same boudin. Calculated pressure-temperature conditions for the eclogite facies stage are 20-27 kbar and 650-750°. Protolith corona-dolerite dykes share the T-MORB signature with the rift-dolerites of the Sarek and Sarv Nappes, indicating similar origin. Eclogites are hosted by metasedimentary rocks and a metavolcanic unit, the Tjidtjak Metavolcanite, serving as basement for deposition of sediments in rapidly subsiding rift-basins. Ion-probe datings of zircons from the metavolcanite give a preliminary intrusion age at 952±27 Ma. Dating of titanite from calc-silicate horizons within the Grapesvare Nappe, Seve Nappe Complex supports the existence of a Finnmarkian phase of subduction and eclogitization c. 475-500 Ma ago, which is about 100 Ma prior to the main Scandian thrusting. Structures which formed prior to, or early during eclogitization have been recrystallized but are occasionally preserved in domains between anastomosing shear zones. Formation of the latter, and of non-cylindrical folds was triggered by the presence of rigid eclogite boudins. Eclogitization was followed by extreme ductile deformation during rapid exhumation and retrogression of the eclogites. Folding is interpreted as a continuous process where early folds were consecutively refolded, sheared into tubular folds and deformed in new shear zones resembling shear bands at metre-scale. The overall deformational regime was vertical thinning during eastward general shear, possibly due to oblique compression during the exhumation phase. In the Scandian thrusts, strong lineations, lineation-parallel folds and occasional sheath folds indicate a component of oblique compression early during foreland-directed nappe emplacement. In schists and phyllites of lower nappes, horizons containing C'-type shear bands and asymmetric folds alternate, demonstrating a continuous interaction between thickening and thinning during foreland-directed translation. At the margin of the Nasafjall Window, folded basal thrusts of both upper and lower tectonic units demonstrate that lower thrusts were active after movements on higher thrusts had stopped. North and west of the Nasafjall Window, earlier SE-vergent structures have been overprinted by later N and NW vergent structures showing movements away from the centre of the window. This may have been an effect of increased topography caused by the stacking of the Nasafjallet Window, indicating that this occurred late during the Scandian collision. (Less)
Turbulent shear stresses in hydraulic jumps and decelerating surges

In an open channel, a sudden rise in water level induces a positive surge. Once fully-developed, the surge becomes a hydraulic jump in translation. Herein unsteady turbulent shear stresses were measured during the translation of a fully-developed positive surge. New investigations were conducted in a large rectangular channel (12 m long, 0.5 m wide) and measurements were performed using acoustic Doppler velocimetry with a high temporal and spatial resolution (200 Hz sampling rate). Horizontal and adverse bed slope configurations were tested. In the latter, the surge decelerated until it became a stationary hydraulic jump.
Sismicité et structure lithosphérique des Alpes occidentales

Le memoire de these comporte deux etudes relatives aux Alpes occidentales: 1) une etude de la sismicite(relocalisation des seismes locaux a l'aide d'un modele 3D); 2) une etude de la structure lithospherique a l'aide de residus telesismiques, Ces deux etudes sont les premiers resultats significatifs utilisant les donnees du nouveau reseau SISMALP. La premiere partie traite essentiellement des problemes de localisation des seismes alpins. Compte tenu de la complexite structurale des Alpes, un modele de vitesse 3D a ete elabore afin d'obtenir des relocalisations precises des foyers sismiques. Le modele crustal, partitionne en blocs de taille variable, est deduit d'une compilation des donnees et des resultats geophysiques. La methode est appliquee a la relocalisation de deux crises sismiques : l'une en Ubaye, l'autre en mer Ligure. Une troisieme application a l'echelle des Alpes occidentales et concernant quatre annees de sismicite, met en evidence des essaims sismiques tres bien contraints et montre une nouvelle image de la sismicite. La seconde partie presente une analyse des anomalies des temps de propagation des ondes P telesismiques. Une etude des variations azimutales des residus relatifs permet de confirmer l'existence d'un plongement Iithospherique situe en bordure ouest de la plaine du Po. Un autre resultat important est la mise en evidence d'un accident Iithospherique majeur oriente N140 separant une microplaque de Provence d'une microplaque du Brianconnais. L'application d'une methode de trace de rais dans un milieu 2,5D montre : l'existence d'une paleo-subduction de la microplaque du Brianconnais sous le promontoire Adriatique atteignant 220 km de profondeur; l'existence d'une asthenosphere tres lente sous la plaque Europe et l'existence d'une probable anisotropie de vitesse a grande echelle. De nouvelles implications geodynamiques pour les Alpes occidentales sont discutees.
Propriedades físicas e indicador de qualidade de um latossolo vermelho submetido a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo

2 ABSTRACT The conventional system for soil management and preparation has the intensive mechanization as its basic principle and that changes soil properties, especially physical ones, faster and significantly. This study aimed to obtain and compare physical properties such as distribution of particle sizes, density, distribution of pore sizes, curves of water retention and degradation index of a Red Latosol, under intensive cultivation and no-cultivation for six years. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m. There was a clay increment as a result of cultivated soil increase. The no-till soil density decreased as
A General Neural Network Architecture for Persistence Diagrams and Graph Classification

Graph classification is a difficult problem that has drawn a lot of attention from the machine learning community over the past few years. This is mainly due to the fact that, contrarily to Euclidean vectors, the inherent complexity of graph structures can be quite hard to encode and handle for traditional classifiers. Even though kernels have been proposed in the literature, the increase in the dataset sizes has greatly limited the use of kernel methods since computation and storage of kernel matrices has become impracticable. In this article, we propose to use extended persistence diagrams to efficiently encode graph structure. More precisely, we show that using the so-called heat kernel signatures for the computation of these extended persistence diagrams allows one to quickly and efficiently summarize the graph structure. Then, we build on the recent development of neural networks for point clouds to define an architecture for (extended) persistence diagrams which is modular and easy-to-use. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by validating our architecture on several graph datasets, on which the obtained results are comparable to the state-of-the-art for graph classification.
Export of Carbon, Nutrients and Microbiological Indicators in Beaver Creek Watershed, Tennessee

In order to evaluate the impacts of different types of storms on the DOC export, storm water samples collected by an auto-sampler in total nine storm events during a period from October 2008 to February 2009 from the Beaver Creek watershed near Powell, Knoxville, Tennessee were analyzed. Based on the characteristics of these storm events, three categories, small, moderate and heavy storms were grouped by cluster analysis. The linear relationships between DOC concentration or flux and the flow rate, Q‘ indicate that the positive correlation between DOC flux and storm discharge was significant only during heavy storms (R 2 >0.7, p<0.0001 ** ). The SUVA, an indicator of the aromaticity of the aquatic samples, showed more obvious fluctuations (from 2.5 to 7) under heavy storms conditions than it under other two storm types (ranged from 2.5 to 4). Consistent with the patterns of the SUVA values under three storm categories, the results of the DOC fractionations of peak flow for three storm categories indicated that: (1) Aquatic humic substances (AHS) and the hydrophilic acids (HiA) together under peak flow were basically 70-90% of the DOC concentration averagely, and the AHS parts were always comprised most; (2) there is the significant increase trend of the AHS part among three storm categories, from small to heavy rainfall (p=0.01 * ) (3) The ratio of AHS/ HiA reflecting the compositions of DOC showed the similar patterns that the average ratio under heavy storm is bigger. (4) The relatively constant percentages of HiA part, 20-30% had no apparent patterns of variations under different storm types. These indicated that the increase of DOC flux during high flows could be attributed to the greater inputs of allochthonous organic carbon facilitated by the formation of preferential flow path of precipitation through the upper soil horizon during intense storm events, while flow path under light precipitation may origin from the deeper soil layer.
Global vs local glacier modelling: a comparison in the Tien Shan

Glaciers in the Tien Shan are vital for freshwater supply, emphasising the importance of modelling their future evolution. While detailed 3D models are suitable for well-studied glaciers, regional and global 15 assessments rely on simplified approaches. However, their accuracy remains understudied. Here, we compare the evolution of six glaciers in the Tien Shan using (i) a 3D higher-order ice flow model and (ii) a global glacier model (GloGEMflow). Additionally, we explore the impact of using in-situ measurements of mass balance and ice thickness, as opposed to relying on globally available data. Our findings reveal that the choice of mass balance model complexity and calibration has a minimal impact on aggregated volume projections, with less than 3% 20 variation by 2050 and less than 1% thereafter. The use of a detailed versus a simplified ice flow model results in some noticeable discrepancies in the first half of the century, with an 8% variation in aggregated volume change by 2050. These disparities primarily stem from calibration, while the glacier evolution pattern remains consistent, showing good agreement between the detailed and simplified model. In general, our results demonstrate that the initial ice thickness estimation has the largest effect on the future remaining ice volume, 25 potentially resulting in 2 to 3, and even up to 4 times, more ice mass remaining. Our findings thus suggest that when modelling small to medium-sized
Unfolding of Orbifold LG B-Models: A Case Study.

In this note we explore the variation of Hodge structures associated to the orbifold Landau-Ginzburg B-model whose superpotential has two variables. We extend the Getzler-Gauss-Manin connection to Hochschild chains twisted by group action. As an application, we provide explicit computations for the Getzler-Gauss-Manin connection on the universal (noncommutative) unfolding of $\mathbb{Z}_2$-orbifolding of A-type singularities. The result verifies an example of deformed version of Mckay correspondence.
Diversity and Symbiotic Characteristics of Cowpea Brad Yrhizobium Strains in Ghanaian Soils

This study reports investigation of the biodiversity of bradyrhizobia isolates that nodulate cowpea in Ghanaian soils. As a prelude, some components of nitrogen fixation of cowpea in the various soils were examined through: (1) assessment of the natural nodulation of 45 cowpea cultivars in 20 soils sampled from 5 ecozones (coastal savanna, tain forest, semi deciduous forest, forest savanna transition and guinea savanna), (2) determination of the numbers of bradyrhizobial isolates in the soils and (3) determination of the response of cowpea to nitrogen
Algorithm Updates for the Fourth Seawifs Data Reprocessing

The efforts to improve the data quality for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data products have continued, following the third reprocessing of the global data set in May 2000. Analyses have been ongoing to address all aspects of the processing algorithms, particularly the calibration methodologies, atmospheric correction, and data flagging and masking. All proposed changes were subjected to rigorous testing, evaluation and validation. The results of these activities culminated in the fourth reprocessing, which was completed in July 2002. The algorithm changes, which were implemented for this reprocessing, are described in the chapters of this volume. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the activities leading up to the fourth reprocessing, and summarizes the effects of the changes. Chapter 2 describes the modifications to the on-orbit calibration, specifically the focal plane temperature correction and the temporal dependence. Chapter 3 describes the changes to the vicarious calibration, including the stray light correction to the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) data and improved data screening procedures. Chapter 4 describes improvements to the near-infrared (NIR) band correction algorithm. Chapter 5 describes changes to the atmospheric correction and the oceanic property retrieval algorithms, including out-of-band corrections, NIR noise reduction, and handling of unusual conditions. Chapter 6 describes various changes to the flags and masks, to increase the number of valid retrievals, improve the detection of the flag conditions, and add new flags. Chapter 7 describes modifications to the level-la and level-3 algorithms, to improve the navigation accuracy, correct certain types of spacecraft time anomalies, and correct a binning logic error. Chapter 8 describes the algorithm used to generate the SeaWiFS photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) product. Chapter 9 describes a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, which is used in one of the changes described in Chapter 4. Finally, Chapter 10 describes a comparison of results from the third and fourth reprocessings along the US. Northeast coast.