Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scales and drivers of temporal pCO2 dynamics in an Alpine stream

The role of inland waters for the global carbon cycle is now recognized and evidence increasingly suggests that stream ecosystems disproportionately contribute to the carbon cycle. Understanding the dynamics and drivers of stream water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 evasion fluxes from streams to the atmosphere is imperative for assessing the role of climate change on the carbon cycle in stream ecosystems. Monitoring pCO2 over 3 years, we here report on the seasonal, diurnal, and event‐driven dynamics of pCO2 in the hyporheic zone and stream water of an Alpine stream and assess possible drivers of these dynamics. Our findings suggest that both catchment‐derived CO2 delivered by shallow groundwater into the stream and in‐stream respiration continuously build up pCO2 in the hyporheic zone. Depending on stream water temperature and assumedly on primary production (inferred from photosynthetically active radiation), hyporheic CO2 contributes to stream water pCO2 and ultimately to CO2 outgassing to the atmosphere. Diurnal patterns of stream water pCO2 increasingly built up during extended base flow and streambed‐scouring storms caused the collapse of these diurnal patterns. Post storm recovery of the diurnal pCO2 patterns was generally rapid. Our findings suggest that decreasing gas exchange velocity related to receding discharge drives recovery dynamics. We found that average CO2 outgassing fluxes during night exceeded those during day by up to 1.8 times. Our study highlights temperature and hydrology—key components of climate change—as major drivers of pCO2 dynamics in Alpine streams. They also underscore the necessity to consider day‐night differences in CO2 outgassing fluxes to properly establish carbon budgets and regional estimates of CO2 outgassing to the atmosphere.
Causes of global temperature changes during the 19th and 20th centuries

During the past two decades there has been considerable discussion about the relative contribution of different factors to the temperature changes observed now over the past 142 years. Among these factors are the “external’ factors of human (anthropogenic) activity, volcanoes and putative variations in the irradiance of the sun, and the “internal” factor of natural variability. Here, by using a simple climate/ocean model to simulate the observed temperature changes for different state‐of‐the‐art radiative‐forcing models, we present strong evidence that while the anthropogenic effect has steadily increased in size during the entire 20th century such that it presently is the dominant external forcing of the climate system, there is a residual factor at work within the climate system, whether a natural oscillation or something else as yet unknown. This has an important implication for our expectation of future temperature changes.
Chondritic models of 4 Vesta: Implications for geochemical and geophysical properties

Simple mass‐balance and thermodynamic constraints are used to illustrate the potential geochemical and geophysical diversity of a fully differentiated Vesta‐sized parent body with a eucrite crust (e.g., core size and density, crustal thickness). The results of this analysis are then combined with data from the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites and the Dawn mission to constrain Vesta's bulk composition. Twelve chondritic compositions are considered, comprising seven carbonaceous, three ordinary, and two enstatite chondrite groups. Our analysis excludes CI and LL compositions as plausible Vesta analogs, as these are predicted to have a negative metal fraction. Second, the MELTS thermodynamic calculator is used to show that the enstatite chondrites, the CV, CK and L‐groups cannot produce Juvinas‐like liquids, and that even for the other groups, depletion in sodium is necessary to produce liquids of appropriate silica content. This conclusion is consistent with the documented volatile‐poor nature of eucrites. Furthermore, carbonaceous chondrites are predicted to have a mantle too rich in olivine to produce typical howardites and to have Fe/Mn ratios generally well in excess of those of the HEDs. On the other hand, an Na‐depleted H‐chondrite bulk composition is capable of producing Juvinas‐like liquids, has a mantle rich enough in pyroxene to produce abundant howardite/diogenite, and has a Fe/Mn ratio compatible with eucrites. In addition, its predicted bulk‐silicate density is within 100 kg m−3 of solutions constrained by data of the Dawn mission. However, oxidation state and oxygen isotopes are not perfectly reproduced and it is deduced that bulk Vesta may contain approximately 25% of a CM‐like component. Values for the bulk‐silicate composition of Vesta and a preliminary phase diagram are proposed.
Paleosecular variation of brunhes age lava flows from British Columbia, Canada

Brunhes age lava flows have been sampled for paleosecular variation studies from several volcanic fields of southern British Columbia (Silverthrone, Garibaldi Lake, Mt. Meager, Clearwater‐Wells Gray Park and Kelowna area). A total of 52 lava flows were sampled and 7 to 10 samples were drilled at each site. Previous radiometric studies indicate that the ages of these lava flows range from 2.3 to 760 Ka. Stepwise thermal demagnetization (14 to 21 steps) was carried out for all the samples in each site and AF demagnetization was performed on one sample per site. Forty‐five sites were selected based on rigorous criteria (α95 ≤ 5°) to calculate a mean direction (D = 356.9°, I = 70.2°, α95 = 2.8°) that is statistically indistinguishable from the direction of the dipole field at the area (I = 68.3°). Virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) do not show the far‐sided effect and the angular standard deviation is 17.5°, a value in agreement with the paleomagnetic field dispersion for that latitude. These high quality results are expected to improve the time averaged field (TAF) and secular variation models.
Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.
Trend detection in rainfall and evaluation of standardized precipitation index as a drought assessment index for rice–wheat productivity over IGR in India

The frequency and intensity of meteorological droughts over the Indo‐Gangetic Region (IGR) of India pertaining to the rice crop during kharif season (June to July to October to November) and the wheat crop during the rabi season (November to December to March) were assessed using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The monthly distribution of rainfall is more crucial than the cumulative seasonal rainfall on rice–wheat (RW) productivity. Consequently, an attempt was made to measure the effectiveness of using monthly SPI from June to September to assess drought on RW productivity over five major RW growing states of IGR in India. An attempt is also made to test the use of monthly SPI for the early kharif rice and rabi wheat forecasts for these states. The long‐term (1906–2005) mean annual rainfall of IGR is 1099.1 mm with a standard deviation of 115.7 mm and a coefficient of variation of 10.5%. It was observed that the kharif rice productivity index and monthly SPI from June to September have a significant (R2 = 0.44) multiple regression at 0.001 level over IGR. It was also observed that in the Indo‐Gangetic Region, the wheat productivity index and monthly SPI (June to September) have an insignificant (R2 = 0.21) multiple regression. It indicated that the monthly distribution of monsoon rainfall in terms of the SPI accounted for 44% yield variability in rice and 21% yield variability in wheat. Thus, these indices may be used for forecasting the productivity of the RW system over IGR states in India. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Predicting soil nitrogen supply : relevance of extractable soil organic matter fractions

Predicting the potential of soils to supply N is of considerable importance to maximize agricultural N use efficiency and to minimize environmental losses. This research examines and evaluates the current soil testing approach, which uses extractable organic N (EON) fractions to predict soil N supply, using isotopic 15N tracing, multivariate statistics and meta-analytical techniques. Almost all 20 EON fractions that have been developed during recent decades significantly reflect the potential of soils to supply N, in spite of the strong differences in size and composition of EON due to extraction methodology. The EON fractions have therefore been considered as highly bio-available N pools in soil. However, most of them performed either worse than or similarly to total N as predictor of soil N supply, and the uncertainty of the predicted soil N supply (even under controlled environmental conditions) is still too big for serious improvement of fertilizer management. A micro-diffusion method is developed to estimate gross EON fluxes in order to investigate the biochemical basis for observed relationships between EON and soil N supply. The fate of EON fractions in N mineralization, in particular those fractions that are obtained with weak hydrolyzing salt solutions, is comparable to that of dissolved organic N (DON). Both DON and EON can be considered as (intermediate) decomposition waste products in an abiotic and biotic controlled equilibrium with total N. Therefore, their relationship with soil N supply likely reflect that both DON, EON, and soil N supply are mutually dependent on total N. The dependency of soil N supply on methodological and environmental issues strongly encourages more effort to be put into validation and up-scaling, particularly regarding the quantification of the differences between laboratory and field experiments. A combination of soil testing with simulation modeling is necessary to account for the numerous environmental factors controlling soil N supply. The exact EON fraction that can be used in such an approach is less important and practical considerations may be decisive to select one for routine application in soil analysis. In conclusion, a holistic approach, which considers spatial and temporal variability of both soil N supply and crop N demand, may provide a successful approach to improving fertilizer management at the farm-scale.
Nitrate dynamics in relation to lithology and hydrologic flow path in a river riparian zone.

The efficiency with which riparian zones remove nitrate (NO 3 ) from contaminated ground water can vary with landscape setting. This study was conducted to determine the influence of flood plain geometry, lithology, hydrologic flow path, and nitrate transport on mechanisms of nitrate depletion of contaminated ground water. Patterns of NO - 3 -N, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and δ 15 N-NO - 3 and δ 18 O-NO 3 values in combination with detailed piezometric head measurements were investigated in a river floodplain connected to a large upland sand aquifer in an agricultural region near Alliston, Ontario, Canada. Ground water discharging to the forested floodplain from the sand aquifer exhibited large spatial variability in NO 3 -N concentrations (10-50 mg/L). The transport and depletion of NO 3 was strongly influenced by floodplain geometry and lithology. Little ground water flow occurred through the low-conductivity matrix of peat in the floodplain. Plumes of NO 3 -rich ground water passed beneath the riparian wetland peat and flowed laterally in a 2- to 4-m-thick zone of permeable sands across the floodplain to the river. Analyses of the distribution of the NO + 3 -N concentrations, isotopes, and DOC within the floodplain indicate that denitrification occurred within the sand aquifer near the river where nitrate-rich ground water interacted with buried channel sediments and surface water recharged from peat to the deeper sands. This study shows that the depth of permeable riparian sediments, ground water flow path, and the location of organic-rich subsurface deposits may be more important than the width of vegetated strips in influencing the ability of riparian zones to remove nitrate.
Effect of Implementing Acupressure on Pain among Breast Cancer Patients

Background : Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, and the second main cause of cancer death among them, after lung cancer. Cancer -related pain often co-occurs with insomnia. Aim of study : Explore the effect of implemented acupressure on pain among breast cancer patients. Subjects and Method : Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used in this study. Setting: The study was conducted in Oncology Department at Mansoura University Hospitals. Subjects: A purposive sample of 60 adult female patients with breast cancer. Tool of data collection: The data collected through the following tools: Structured interview, Pain assessment tool and Numeric rating Scale of pain. The results : The study revealed that after implementing of acupressure, there was decreased in pain for study sample (t-test=5.34*) rather than the control sample. Conclusion: This study concluded that, implementing of acupressure have positive affect on reducing pain among breast cancer patients. Recommendations: Encourage oncology hospitals to apply acupressure as a treatment line to manage pain for breast cancer patients. Also, further researches are needed with large sample size for generalization of the results.
The elevational patterns and key drivers of soil microbial communities strongly depend on soil layer and season

Knowledge about the elevational patterns of soil microbial biomass and communities can facilitate accurate prediction of the responses of soil biogeochemical processes to climate change. However, previous studies that have considered intra‐ and inter‐annual variations have reported inconsistent results on the one hand, and they have paid little attention to the effect of soil layer on the other hand. We, therefore, conducted a 4‐year in situ soil core incubation experiment along a 2431‐m elevational gradient across the dry valley shrubland, valley‐montane ecotone forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine coniferous forest, and alpine meadow in an ecologically fragile alpine‐gorge region on the eastern edge of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Soil microbial biomass and community composition in the organic and mineral layers were measured using the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) method at five critical periods each year. Our results indicated that soil microbial biomass in the organic layer was the highest in the subalpine coniferous forest, followed by the alpine meadow, alpine coniferous forest, and valley‐montane ecotone forest. In contrast, soil microbial biomass in the mineral layer was significantly higher in the alpine meadow than in the other sites. Soil microbial biomass exhibited differential seasonal fluctuations at different elevations, resulting in their elevational patterns being strongly intra‐annual and inter‐annual dependent. Our results revealed that elevation and seasonality significantly affected soil microbial communities. Seasonality had a more substantial effect than elevation on soil microbial communities during the first 3 years of incubation, whereas the relative importance of seasonal and elevational effects on microbial communities was reversed in the organic layer with incubation time. These results are mainly attributed to the magnitude and direction of effect of environmental variables on soil microbial biomass and communities vary with elevation, soil layer, and sampling time. Briefly, the elevational patterns and dominant factors of soil microbial biomass and communities have intense soil layer and temporal specificity, implying that differential responses of soil biochemical processes to climate change might be observed at different elevations.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is defined as a sensorineural hearing loss of 30 dB or greater on at least three contiguous audiometric frequencies occurring within a 72 h period. Although SSNHL is commonly encountered in clinical audiology and otolaryngology practice, its etiopathogenesis continues to be poorly understood. Scientific investigations have highlighted the vulnerability of cochlear microcirculation to blood flow alterations. Even mild hypoperfusion can lead to immediate dysfunction in the organ of Corti, given the heightened susceptibility of cochlear hair cells to hypoxia and ischemic damage. The purpose of this review paper is to present evidence of endothelial and vascular involvement in SSNHL and the risk factors, such as metabolic syndrome, that may negatively impact the inner ear’s vascular supply, influencing the onset pattern, incidence, and prognosis of SSNHL. By addressing these variables, we can deepen our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying SSNHL and potentially uncover strategies for prevention.
Impact of meteorological predictions on real‐time spring flow forecasting

Meteorological predictions, such as precipitation and temperature, are commonly used to improve real‐time hydrologic forecasting, despite their inherent uncertainty and their absence in the model calibration stage. In this study, we quantify the effect of meteorological prediction errors on the accuracy of daily spring reservoir inflow forecasts using weather predictions in both the model calibration and testing phases. Different modelling experiments are compared using an operational conceptual model and nonlinear empirical models to assess the effects of using daily numerical weather predictions as opposed to the use of historical observations. It is found that, even with large prediction errors, meteorological forecasts can provide significant improvement of spring flow forecast for up to 7 days lead time, particularly for low flows. Spring flow prediction errors associated with the type of hydrological model used are significantly larger than those related to the meteorological predictions, particularly for 1 to 4 days ahead forecasts. The experimental results also indicate that multiple model‐based forecasting using an iterative prediction approach appears to be the most effective method for an adequate use of weather predictions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI) THROUGH THE ACQUISITION OF GROUND TRUTH DATA IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important indicator of ecosystem condition and an important input to many ecosystem models. Remote sensing offers the only feasible method of estimating LAI at regional scales, and land managers can efficiently monitor changes in vegetation condition by using satellite data products such as estimates of LAI from the MODIS instrument onboard Terra and Aqua. However, many ecosystem processes occur at spatial scales finer than those available from MODIS. We investigated different techniques for mapping LAI at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and created high-resolution (30m) LAI maps for Yosemite National Park using Landsat data in combination with ground-based measurements collected using three optical in-situ instruments: LAI-2000, DHP, and the TRAC instrument. We compared in-situ data with three spectral vegetation indices derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery: RSR, SR, and NDVI to identify statistical relationships that could be applied to map LAI for the park at higher spatial resolutions to supplement observations available from MODIS. Pixel values from the Landsat-derived LAI map were resampled to 1km and compared to LAI estimates from MODIS to assess agreement between LAI estimates derived from the two sensors. We found reasonable agreement considering the limited number of field sites and land cover types sampled, and further field measurements would likely improve agreement. The MODIS LAI product is particularly useful because of its high temporal resolution and when supplemented with periodic, higher resolution mapping using Landsat data, can be used to efficiently monitor current and future vegetation changes in Yosemite.
Rb-Sr mica ages in the Alpine shear zones of the Truzzo granite: Timing of the Tertiary alpine P-T-deformations in the Tambo nappe (Central Alps, Switzerland)

Le granite du Truzzo, situe dans la partie sud de la nappe de Tambo, a enregistre l'histoire tertiaire de la deformation alpine. L'âge de l'intrusion est evalue a 280 Ma par la methode Rb-Sr roche totale. Pendant la deformation tertiaire, le granite du Truzzo a subi une deformation heterogene a toutes les echelles. L etude Rb-Sr des micas provenant des zones de cisaillement du granite fournit des âges compris entre 25 Ma-32 Ma pour les phengites et entre 18 Ma pour les biotites. Dans cette partie des Alpes, ces âges sont interpretes en termes de refroidissement
VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE AND EQUITY FINANCING IN BRAZIL

The objective of this study was to verify whether, in the Brazilian market, voluntary disclosure is able to increase the amount of financing through issuance of equity, and conversely, to analyze if the amount of financing through equity increases firms’ voluntary disclosure level. It was made empirical research, using two multiple linear regression econometric models, we found the following results for the period studied (2010-2017): (i) the higher the level of voluntary disclosure, on average, the greater was the amount of equity financing of nonfinancial companies listed on the B3 (Brazilian Securities Exchange - Brasil Bolsa Balcão S.A.); and (ii) the greater the amount of equity financing, on average, the higher was the level of voluntary disclosure of nonfinancial companies listed on the B3. The relevance of this study, national and international, is to provide empirical evidence of the possibility of increasing the volume of financing through issuing shares by means of voluntary disclosure. Social implications, on the other hand, are the use of empirical results to help investors and regulators in decisions about the market's reaction to voluntary information.