Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hawaiian volcanos—A source of ice nuclei?

The possibility that ice nuclei are associated with or generated by volcanic eruptions is of long-standing interest. Studies of Hawaiian volcanos to examine such a possibility have been undertaken by several investigators with controversial results. This study reviews and interprets past findings and adds some new results. The new results involved continuous monitoring of ice nuclei with an NCAR counter during a 1971 eruption and membrane filter sampling for ice nuclei at the ground and in the air during a 1972 eruption. Also, laboratory research was conducted on ice nucleus generation from lava and brush burned during eruptions. No clear indication was found that ice nuclei are directly generated during the eruptions, but ice nucleus activity did increase during these periods.
Overview of ESG Practices in Malaysia with Introduction of Conceptual Framework

Owing to weak awareness of sustainability concept and insufficient research in developing countries like Malaysia, as well as recent incidents from corporate dilemma, this study aims to analyse and propose a more appropriate conceptual model to depict the workable relationship between variables. This paper contributes to the literature by designing a conceptual model for Malaysia’ environment, social and governance (ESG) disclosure on listed firm financial performance by proposing return on asset (ROA) and return on investment (ROI) as financial profitability objectives. This study also identifies four different contracts as moderating variables to inspire more transparent disclosure pertinent to ESG. To provide an insight into the proposed ESG model, the article also discusses multiple theories and further emphasized the implementation of ESG has actually further satisfied the various expectation from different parties involved as concern with legitimated motive as ultimate guardian. ESG disclosure has also encouraged more transparency, pertinent and timely disclosure to mitigate information gap
Momentum-Impulse Model of Fine Sand Clogging Depth in Gravel Streambeds for Turbulent Open-Channel Flow

AbstractA momentum-impulse model that accounts for the critical impulse of a particle bridge that is balanced with a fluid pulse resulting from turbulent pumping is presented and applied for predicting the clogging depth of fine sand in gravel streambeds overlain by turbulent open-channel flow. The model was tested against the literature-derived database of clogging depth with conditions defined by hydraulic flume experiments characterized by fine sand infiltrating into gravel substrates, with hydraulically-rough open-channel flow ranging from subcritical to critical conditions. Results show the efficacy of the momentum-impulse model and support the hypothesis that particle bridging and intragravel flow due to fluid pumping control the clogging depth. Model results show improvement over previous empirical modeling of the clogging depth phenomena due to the reduction of unknown parameters from four coefficients to one coefficient and an increase in model predictability as quantified using k-fold validation.
Direct probing of acylperoxy radicals during ozonolysis of α-pinene: constraints on radical chemistry and production of highly oxygenated organic molecules

Abstract. Acylperoxy radicals (RO2) are key intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds and different from the general alkyl RO2 radicals in reactivity. However, direct probing of the molecular identities and chemistry of acyl RO2 remains quite limited. Here, we report a combined experimental and kinetic modeling study of the composition and formation mechanisms of acyl RO2, as well as their contributions to the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) during ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that acyl RO2 radicals account for 67 %, 94 %, and 32 % of the highly oxygenated C7, C8, and C9 RO2, respectively, but only a few percent of C10 RO2. The formation pathway of acyl RO2 species depends on their oxygenation level. The highly oxygenated acyl RO2 (oxygen atom number ≥6) are mainly formed by the intramolecular aldehydic H shift (i.e., autoxidation) of RO2, while the less oxygenated acyl RO2 (oxygen atom number <6) are basically derived from the C–C bond cleavage of alkoxy (RO) radicals containing an α-ketone group or the intramolecular H shift of RO containing an aldehyde group. The acyl-RO2-involved reactions explain 50 %–90 % of C7 and C8 closed-shell HOMs and 14 % of C10 HOMs, respectively. For C9 HOMs, this contribution can be up to 30 %–60 %. In addition, acyl RO2 contribute to 50 %–95 % of C14–C18 HOM dimer formation. Because of the generally fast reaction kinetics of acyl RO2, the acyl RO2 + alkyl RO2 reactions seem to outcompete the alkyl RO2 + alkyl RO2 pathways, thereby affecting the fate of alkyl RO2 and HOM formation. Our study sheds lights on the detailed formation pathways of the monoterpene-derived acyl RO2 and their contributions to HOM formation, which will help to understand the oxidation chemistry of monoterpenes and sources of low-volatility organic compounds capable of driving particle formation and growth in the atmosphere.
Poetische Schreibkompetenz fördern. Versuch einer Kartierung.

Der Bericht liefert einen Überblick über empirische Studien zum literarischen Schreiben im Erstsprachenunterricht. Ausgewertet wurden 61 peer-reviewte Beiträge. Mit Blick auf zentrale Parameter (u. a. methodisches Vorgehen, Klassenstufe, Teilnehmende, Textsorte, Förderansatz) zeigt sich ein breites Spektrum. Die Studien des Auswertungskorpus weisen dabei besonders häufig die folgenden Merkmale auf: (1) quantitative Ausrichtung, (2) Verortung in der Primar- bzw. frühen Sekundarstufe I, (3) Teilnahme von bis zu fünfzig Schüler:innen (4) ohne inklusionspädagogischen Bezug, (5) Untersuchung erzählenden Schreibens im Rahmen von (6) Schreibstrategieinstruktion, der Vermittlung von Textmusterwissen oder der Entlastung des Schreibprozesses.
Study of the Structural Chemistry of the Inclusion Complexation of 4-Phenylbutyrate and Related Compounds with Cyclodextrins in Solution: Differences in Inclusion Mode with Cavity Size Dependency

4-phenylbutyrate (PB) and structurally related compounds hold promise for treating many diseases, including cancers. However, pharmaceutical limitations, such as an unpleasant taste or poor aqueous solubility, impede their evaluation and clinical use. This study explores cyclodextrin (CD) complexation as a strategy to address these limitations. The structural chemistry of the CD complexes of these compounds was analyzed using phase solubility, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques, and molecular modeling to inform the choice of CD for such application. The study revealed that PB and its shorter-chain derivative form 1:1 αCD complexes, while the longer-chain derivatives form 1:2 (guest:host) complexes. αCD includes the alkyl chain of the shorter-chain compounds, depositing the phenyl ring around its secondary rim, whereas two αCD molecules sandwich the phenyl ring in a secondary-to-secondary rim orientation for the longer-chain derivatives. βCD includes each compound to form 1:1 complexes, with their alkyl chains bent to varying degrees within the CD cavity. γCD includes two molecules of each compound to form 2:1 complexes, with both parallel and antiparallel orientations plausible. The study found that αCD is more suitable for overcoming the pharmaceutical drawbacks of PB and its shorter-chain derivative, while βCD is better for the longer-chain derivatives.
An analysis of differential impact melt‐crater scaling and implications for the terrestrial impact record

— It has been known for some time that the volume of impact melt (Vm) relative to that of the transient cavity (Vtc) increases with the magnitude of the impact event. This paper investigates the influence that this phenomenon has on the nature of terrestrial impact craters. A model of impact melting is used to estimate the volume of melt produced during the impact of chondritic projectiles into granite targets at velocities of 15, 25, and 50 km S−1. The dimensions of transient cavities formed under the same impact conditions are calculated from current crater-scaling relationships, which are derived from dimensional analysis of data from cratering experiments. Observed melt volumes at terrestrial craters are collated from the literature and are paired with the transient-cavity diameters (Dtc) of their respective craters; these diameters were determined through an established empirical relationship. The model and observed melt volumes have very similar trends with increasing transient-cavity diameter. This Vm-Dtc relationship is then used to make predictions regarding the nature of the terrestrial cratering record. In particular, with increasing size of the impact event, the depth of melting approaches the depth of the transient cavity. As a consequence, the base of the cavity, which ultimately would appear as an uplifted central structure in a complex crater, will record shock stresses that will increase up to a maximum of partial melting. Examination of the terrestrial record indicates a general trend for higher recorded shock levels in central structures at larger diameters; impact structures in the 100-km size range record partially melted and vesiculated parautochthonous target rocks in their centers. In addition, as the depth of melting approaches a depth equivalent to that attained by the base of the transient cavity, the floor of the transient cavity will have progressively less strength, with the result that cavity modification and uplift will not produce topographic central peaks. Again, the observed terrestrial record is not inconsistent with this prediction, and we offer differential melt scaling as a possible mechanism for the transition from central topographic peaks to rings with increasing crater diameter. Among other implications is the likelihood that impact basins in the 1000-km size range on the early Earth would not have the same multi-ring form as observed on the moon.
Geographic range extension of the Spix’s Disk-winged Bat, Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823 (Chiroptera, Thyropteridae)—first record from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil

We captured the Spix’s Disk-winged Bat, Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823, at two locations in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. These are the first records of occurrence of T. tricolor from the state and expand the southern limit of the species’ geographical range by 408 km. With our new data, 52 species of bat are now con-firmed to occur in Santa Catarina; this state has the second richest bat fauna in southern Brazil.
Comparing Inertial Measurement Units to Markerless Video Analysis for Movement Symmetry in Quarter Horses

Background: With an increasing number of systems for quantifying lameness-related movement asymmetry, between-system comparisons under non-laboratory conditions are important for multi-centre or referral-level studies. This study compares an artificial intelligence video app to a validated inertial measurement unit (IMU) gait analysis system in a specific group of horses. Methods: Twenty-two reining Quarter horses were equipped with nine body-mounted IMUs while being videoed with a smartphone app. Both systems quantified head and pelvic movement symmetry during in-hand trot (hard/soft ground) and on the lunge (left/right rein, soft ground). Proportional limits of agreement (pLoA) were established. Results: Widths of pLoA were larger for head movement (29% to 50% in-hand; 22% to 38% on lunge) than for pelvic movement (13% to 24% in-hand; 14% to 24% on lunge). Conclusion: The between-system pLoAs exceed current “lameness thresholds” aimed at identifying the affected limb(s) in lame horses. They also exceed published limits of agreement for stride-matched data but are similar to repeatability values and “lameness thresholds” from “non-lame” horses. This is encouraging for multi-centre studies and referral-level veterinary practice. The narrower pLoA values for pelvic movement asymmetry are particularly encouraging, given the difficulty of grading hind limb lameness “by eye”.
Numerical models of diagenesis, sediment properties, and pore fluid chemistry on a paleoceanographic transect: Blake Nose, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 171B

A critical issue in many paleoceanographic studies is the potential of diagenetic processes to compromise the fidelity of geochemical proxies (e.g., δ18O) in deep-sea carbonate sediments and microfossils. A recently established strategy for dealing with this issue is to drill depth transects in anomalously shallowly buried and therefore presumably well-preserved target sediments. Here we report the results of an experiment designed to test the validity of this approach. We apply a simple one-dimensional numerical model to complex pore water chemical profiles (for Ca, Mg, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, and δ18O) observed in a shallowly buried paleoceanographic transect of paleogene and Cretaceous age drilled on Blake Nose during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 171B. We show that it is possible to reproduce these complex pore water profiles simply by invoking (1) a deep-seated zone of chemical reaction well below the recovered sections and (2) minimal chemical alteration within the overlying recovered sediments but significant restriction of advective flow by embedded low-porosity layers. These results suggest that the sediments recovered during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 171B can be considered to be virtually chemically inert at their present burial depth (their carbonate recrystallization histories having been largely limited to events during early, ∼10 Ma timescale, burial. These findings support the strategy of selecting unusually shallowly buried sections for paleoceanographic transect drilling. Ironically, however, the very attraction of targeting such sections (the lack of overlying sediments) dictates that it is not possible to use pore water chemistry to constrain the early diagenetic histories of such sections because of the diffusion of the pore water signal through the sediment-water interface. Diffusional loss may also account for the absence of pore water chemical anomalies associated with the ooze-chalk transition at Blake Nose. However, our work suggests that traditional interpretations of this boundary as the inferred locus of maximum rates of carbonate recrystallization require reevaluation.
An Assessment of the Awareness of Local Populace on Ozone Depletion: An Example of Jimeta-Yola, Nigeria

An appraisal of the local peoples’ awareness about ozone depletion is presented. The study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the ongoing campaigns regarding this lethal phenomenon. Structured questionnaires were administered to 201 Local populace in Jimeta-Yola metropolitan area in March 2010. Results showed that majority (68%) of the people in the study area do not know what ozone depletion is all about. They neither know what ozone itself is or its depletion nor its causes and effects. Apart from the few educated ones, majority of those who claimed they are aware of the problem could not give a precise description of the concept even in their local languages. This high level of ignorance, among the populace, about ozone depletion could be attributed to their inaccessibility to communication media, as a result of poverty on one hand and inability of the awareness campaign agencies to be more intensive and also be able to come to the level of understanding of the common people in their explanations to the problem. Some recommendations were proffered, based on these findings. The use of ozone depleting substances should be highly regulated and efforts should be intensified towards educating people on the danger of using ozone depleting substances.
First report of ultrahigh-temperature sapphirine + spinel + quartz and orthopyroxene + spinel + quartz parageneses discovered in Al–Mg granulites from the Khanfous area (In Ouzzal metacraton, Hoggar, Algeria)

Abstract The Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic Khanfous area from the Archaean In Ouzzal granulite terrane (Western Hoggar, Algeria) preserves exceptional thermal-peak (1150<T < 1300 °C) mineral parageneses, consisting of orthopyroxene+spinel+quartz, sapphirine+spinel+quartz and sapphirine+orthopyroxene+quartz, in quartz-rich Al–Mg granulites. Reaction textures coupled with P–T FMASH pseudosections indicate that rocks experienced complex multi-stage evolution. Our results suggest that the Khanfous area, as well as the entire northern In Ouzzal metacraton, experienced ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism attributed to a 2 Ga Palaeoproterozoic event, followed by exhumation along a clockwise P–T path. The extreme temperatures attained suggest delamination of the lithosphere and ascent of the asthenosphere after crustal thickening.
Decoding nonlinear growth rates in biogenic environmental archives

The record of an environmental proxy along a growth axis in biogenic carbonates can reflect changing environmental conditions experienced during the lifetime of the organism. When a chronology of the growth axis is not available, a method based on anchor points is commonly used to introduce a time grid. Between these anchor points a constant growth rate is generally assumed, despite the fact that growth rates change during life in most organisms. Here, we present a method which refines the constant growth rate assumption, at least in situations where the environmental proxy has a periodic component in its signal. A nonlinear growth rate can then be estimated, enabling the construction of a more realistic time base. The anchor point method and the method proposed here are first compared on a synthetic record. It is shown that the choice of the anchor points, which is always a subjective one, is largely influenced by the stochastic noise on the data record. This results in biased growth rate profiles and biased time grids. Next we apply the method on the Mg record in the bivalve Isognomon ephippium, on three samples of the clam Saxidomus giganteus from Washington State and on the Vanuatu coral stable isotope record. The method developed is applicable to a wide range of proxy records, which are measured along an indirect time grid and are complicated by nonlinear accretion rates. Furthermore, this method which takes variable growth rates into account opens perspectives on quantitative modeling of the relationship between environmental proxies recorded by accretive archives and the instrumental record, like temperature or salinity.
On relating apparent stress to the stress causing earthquake fault slip

Apparent stress τa is defined as , where is the average shear stress loading the fault plane to cause slip and η is the seismic efficiency, defined as Ea/ W, where Ea is the energy radiated seismically and W is the total energy released by the earthquake. The results of a recent study in which apparent stresses of mining-induced earthquakes were compared to those measured for laboratory stick-slip friction events led to the hypothesis that . This hypothesis is tested here against a substantially augmented data set of earthquakes for which can be estimated, mostly from in situ stress measurements, for comparison with τa. The expanded data set, which includes earthquakes artificially triggered at a depth of 9 km in the German Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB) borehole and natural tectonic earthquakes, covers a broad range of hypocentral depths, rock types, pore pressures, and tectonic settings. Nonetheless, over ∼14 orders of magnitude in seismic moment, apparent stresses exhibit distinct upper bounds defined by a maximum seismic efficiency of ∼0.06, consistent with the hypothesis proposed before. This behavior of τa and η can be expressed in terms of two parameters measured for stick-slip friction events in the laboratory: the ratio of the static to the dynamic coefficient of friction and the fault slip overshoot. Typical values for these two parameters yield seismic efficiencies of ∼0.06. In contrast to efficiencies for laboratory events for which η is always near 0.06, those for earthquakes tend to be less than this bounding value because Ea for earthquakes is usually underestimated due to factors such as band-limited recording. Thus upper bounds on appear to be controlled by just a few fundamental aspects of frictional stick-slip behavior that are common to shallow earthquakes everywhere. Estimates of from measurements of τa for suites of earthquakes, using , are found to be comparable in magnitude to estimates of shear stress on the basis of extrapolating in situ stress data to seismogenic depths.
Improved statistical seasonal forecasts using extended training data

Statistical seasonal forecasts for gridded North American temperatures are computed using Pacific sea‐surface temperature predictors, comparing long (1880 through most recent year) and short (1950 through most recent year) training samples. Use of the longer training series substantially improves the forecasts in winter, and improves forecasts for the longer lead times in other seasons, even though the older reconstructed predictor fields are based on less complete and presumably less reliable information. Forecasts made using canonical correlation analysis and maximum covariance analysis (MCA) perform similarly overall, although the best forecasts in winter are achieved with MCA forecasts that also include a predictor representing the warming trend in recent years. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Discrete-Element Method Simulations of the Response of Soil-Foundation-Structure Systems to Multidirectional Seismic Motion

AbstractIn this study, a three-dimensional microscale framework utilizing the discrete-element method (DEM) is presented to analyze the seismic response of soil-foundation-structure systems subjected to three-directional base motion. The proposed approach is employed to investigate the response of a single lumped mass on a square spread footing founded on a dry granular deposit. The soil is idealized as a collection of spherical particles using DEM. The spread footing is modeled as a rigid block composed of clumped particles, and its motion is described by the resultant forces and moments acting upon it. The structure is modeled as a column made of clumped particles with a concentrated mass specified for the particle at the top. Analysis is done in a fully coupled scheme in time domain while taking into account the effects of soil nonlinear behavior, possible separation between the foundation base and soil because of rocking, possible sliding of the footing, and dynamic soil-foundation interactions. A tec.
Topography and barotropic transport control by bottom friction

The problem of the stratified general circulation in the presence of topography is revisited. The novel effect examined here is that of localized, but large-scale, topographic anomalies on the wind-driven circulation, a problem whose relevance is found in the occurrence of many such features in the open ocean. Using the classical methods of homogenization theory, it is argued that the barotropic transport near topography can come under the direct control of bottom friction. This result differs substantively from either the well-known Sverdrup constraint (which applies to a flat-bottomed ocean, or to one with a resting deep layer) or its recent extensions that allow for planar bottom topographic profiles. Bottom friction emerges as a controlling parameter roughly in the event that the topography forms closed f/(H - h b ) contours, where H - hb is the total fluid depth, although the theoretical minimum requirements are somewhat looser than this. Our analytical predictions are supported by numerical experimentation with a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic model, and we examine some mean flow observations from the North and South Atlantic in light of the theory. In particular, the theory can rationalize the 100 Sv transport observed recently around the Zapiola Drift.