Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria overcoming the gene Bs2 for bacterial spot resistance in pepper, prevalent on Capsicum chinense in Barbados and Grenada and weakly pathogenic on bell pepper and tomato in the field

A total of 404 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, obtained from Capsicum chinense cv. West Indian Red grown in Barbados and Grenada, were differentiated into pathogenic races, and of these, 96 were tested also for selected taxonomic group phenotypes. The response of C. chinense to infection by several X. campestris pv. vesicatoria races and the contribution of races isolated from this cultivar to severity of bacterial spot of bell pepper and tomato were also investigated. P4T2, P5T2 and P6T2 were the predominant races of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria isolated from C. chinense grown in Grenada, whereas nine races (T1, P4, P6, P0T2, P1T2, P4T1, P4T2, P6T1 and P6T2) were isolated in Barbados. Race P4T2 comprised 46.0 and 71.4% of the isolates from Barbados and Grenada, respectively. The 96 isolates, all of which overcame resistance conferred by the gene Bs2, shared taxonomic group B strain characteristics, including the presence of the β-protein band, positive amylolytic activity and inability to oxidize cis-aconitate. The C. chinense cv. West Indian Red was susceptible only to races of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria that can overcome Bs2 gene resistance. Of six such races identified in Barbados, only P4T1, P4T2 and P6T1 affected bacterial spot-susceptible bell pepper or tomato in the field, and they amounted to only 1.5–2.1% of each sample of isolates from these plant species. Moreover, they were confined to the smallest bacterial spot lesions. Bell pepper was most severely affected by combinations of races T1 with P3T2 and T2 with P0T1, and tomato by race T1 only and combinations of races P0T1 with P0T2 and P1T1 with P1T0, all of which prevailed in the field despite selection against them by C. chinense cv. West Indian Red.
Estimates and Implications of Skate Consumption in the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Ecosystem

Abstract Skates (Rajidae) currently comprise a prominent part of the northeast U.S. Continental Shelf fish community. As part of an effort to add ecological considerations into stock assessments, we evaluate the consumptive demand of the skate species in the northeast U.S. Continental Shelf ecosystem. Using food habits data and abundance indices from bottom trawl surveys, we calculate the per capita consumption, total scaled (by population size) consumption, and total consumptive removals of select prey by seven species of skates. We also sum these estimates for all seven skates and compare this consumptive demand with broader ecosystem biomass fluxes. Our results demonstrate that estimates of skate abundance have a notable impact on total consumptive removals. Total consumption by all skates is a small biomass flux relative to the total system, yet removals of certain prey by skates can be at or exceed the magnitude of fisheries for those prey species. We discuss how future stock assessments can incorpor.
TGF‐β1 is the factor secreted by proliferative chondrocytes to inhibit neo‐angiogenesis

Growth plate is an avascular tissue, which has been reported to be capable of retarding tumor spread. It is believed that angiogenic inhibitor(s) exist to inhibit the neo‐vascularization of tumor, thus impeding the tumor growth. In this study, growth plate chondrocyte‐derived TGFβ1 was identified to be anti‐angiogenic. It was found that growth plate chondrocytes (GPC) secreted TGFβ1 mostly in latent form as demonstrated by gel filtration and immunoblotting. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was followed to quantify TGFβ1 in GPC conditioned medium (CM), in which 866 pg/ml of TGFβ1 was found. Besides, the angiogenesis inhibitory effect of GPC CM was abolished by the addition of anti‐TGFβ1 antibody in the in vitro culture system and the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. This confirmed the anti‐angiogenic properties of chondrocyte‐derived TGFβ1. TGFβ1 was expressed predominantly in the proliferative zone of porcine growth plate. This explains the low incidence of tumor invasion across the entire growth plate. Also, this helps to explain the observation that tumor invasion across the physis increases with age as the proliferative zone gradually disappears. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 79–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Características físico-químicas e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas do bagaço de mirtilo fermentado e suas farinhas

The industrialization of fruit allows consumers to continue enjoying their functional benefits for longer, but most often these procedures produce industrial wastes that are not normally utilized. Therefore this study aimed to physicochemical characterization, determination of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins and polyphenols in blueberry pomace from the production of fermented beverages and flour obtained from this bagasse, as well as the functional properties of technological and microbiological stability of flour. Flours fruit and bagasse were obtained from the dehydration in an oven at 60 oC for 36 hours and ground into micro mill refrigerated at 4 oC. The physicochemical characteristics were observed from the analyzes of moisture, protein, lipid, ash, acidity, pH and soluble solids. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and total polyphenols by the Folin-Ciocalteu. The results showed that both blueberry, as bagasse, have a high water content. The blueberry showed 61.67 mg/100g in anthocyanins, polyphenols in EAG/100g 431.43 mg and 3.83 mg/mL of antioxidant activity, while the bagasse obtained 57.32 mg/100g, 297.20 mg EAG/100g, 5.61 mg/mL, respectively. Flours showed microbiological stability during storage and functional properties of very good technology, enabling the creation of new products. Therefore the use of industrial waste has many advantages as add value and minimize environmental impact.
TRANSMISSION AND HOST-RANGE STUDIES OF STRAWBERRY GREEN-PETAL VIRUS

The virus causing phyllody (virescence) in clover flowers was transferred by Cuscuta subinclusa to Fragaria vesca and Duchesnia indica plants which then produced symptoms of strawberry green-petal disease. The jassid Euscelis plebejus (Fall.) in several forms, including E. lineolatus Brulle, transmitted green-petal virus from clover to clover, to and from a wide range of other hosts, and from but not to strawberry. Two viruses (or strains) were distinguished, one causing phyllody and the other witches' broom on clover; both were retained for more than 2 months by the vector, in which both had a latent period of about 30 days. Macrosteles viridigriseus (Edwards) also transmitted both viruses. Variation in symptoms on strawberry plants infected naturally, and experimentally through dodder, suggested that two diseases have previously been grouped under the name ‘green petal“. It is proposed to distinguish these as (a) green petal caused by the virus inducing phyllody in clover, and (b) bronze leaf wilt caused by the clover witches' broom virus.
Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study Comparing the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Acini of the Sublingual and Submandibular Salivary Glands of Albino Rats

AIM: This study was designed to compare the effect of diabetes on the mucous and seromucous acini of the sublingual (SLG) and the submandibular (SMG) salivary glands of albino rats, respectively. METHODS: Twenty male albino rats were assigned into two groups; control and diabetic. Three months following the induction of diabetes mellitus (DM), both the SMG and the SLG glands were removed, randomly sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to estimate the volume-weighted mean volume of the acini of both glands together with examining their morphology. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was done to examine the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in both of them. RESULTS: We found that, unlike the SMG acinar cells, diabetes appeared not to affect both the morphology and the volume of the SLG acini. Interestingly, PCNA expression in diabetic SMG glands acini was significantly higher than diabetic SLG glands acini. Furthermore, we found that the expression pattern of PCNA was significantly higher between the control and diabetic groups in both glands. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the mucous acini of the SLG glands are less affected by the oxidative damage induced by DM.
Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Assess Forage Quality of a Mediterranean Shrub

Abstract Shrubs are an important source of food for domestic livestock and wildlife in semiarid areas. This is particularly true during dry periods when forage from natural pastures is scarce and its quality is low. Cytisus multiflorus is a leguminous shrub which is endemic to the Northwestern Iberian peninsula. This species occurs in poor soils and in degraded or marginal areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine quality attributes of Cytisus multiflorus as a forage feed. NIRS calibrations were developed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, ash, and organic dry matter digestibility (OMD). The sample population used included different plant parts and plants of different ages, and was collected in the Spanish province of Salamanca. Calibration models were accurate for the prediction of crude protein (r 2 = 0.99; Standard error of prediction (SEP) = 3.8 g kg−1), OMD (r 2 = 0.98; SEP = 15.7 g kg−1), NDF (r 2 = 0.98; SEP = 13.3 g kg−1), ADF (r 2 = 0.94; SEP = 19.1 g kg−1), cellulose (r 2 = 0.96; SEP = 12.2 g kg−1), and ash (r 2 = 0.91; SEP = 1.1 g kg−1). The results of the lignin and hemicellulose calibrations had lower accuracy (r 2 = 0.76; SEP = 7.0 g kg−1 for lignin and r 2 = 0.88; SEP = 13.6 g kg−1 for hemicellulose). The results showed that NIR spectroscopy can be used for the rapid and accurate prediction of quality attributes in samples of the mediterranean shrub Cytisus multiflorus.
Semi-automated segmentation of pollen grains in microscopic images: a tool for three imaging modes

Abstract Image analysis methods have the potential to increase the accuracy and rates of data collection in palynological research. Automated segmentation of pollen grains is a method that would facilitate image-based palynological analysis by creating large reference image libraries. We developed an executable for the automated segmentation and cropping of pollen grains from microscope images based on pixel intensity values. Our method works with images taken using transmitted-light, widefield-fluorescence, structured illumination (Apotome), and includes a novel approach for cropping the Apotome Z-stack. The system crops pollen grains from sampled fields of view with ~97% recall and ~97% precision for transmitted-light and widefield-fluorescence images, and ~90% recall and ~89% precision for Apotome fluorescence images. Results differed between different imaging wavelengths for fluorescence images, with Apotome images showing the greatest difference between red and green emission wavelengths. Recall in cropping of transmitted-light images was comparable to previous segmentation efforts.
The Influence of French on Learning English Vocabulary for L1 Arabic Speakers: The Case of Secondary School Students in Algeria

The present study is an attempt to explore the cross-linguistic influence of French on the learning of English vocabulary for L1 Arabic Speakers who have French as L2 and English as L3 in Algeria. In order to investigate this issue, 30 first-year students, at Metkanat Hasi El-ghara Al-gharbiya secondary school – Lmniaa in Algeria, were asked to do two exercises. Both of them is fill in the gap exercises. They were designed to find out how French knowledge affects English and what types of lexical transfer students encountered to be analyzed qualitatively. The findings showed that students tend to transfer from French. These findings support the idea that transfer occurs due to the similarities that exist between languages.
Some studies relating to "independent" growth of vesicular - arbuscular endophytes

In dual culture with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots nutrient conditions were sought that would totally suppress mycorrhizal infection while stimulating "independent" growth of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes. In this system fungal development in the agar was comparable in extent with that normally occurring only after mycorrhizal infection has become well established; it differed qualitatively from that characteristic of germinating spores and extramatrical mycelium in such cultures. There was profuse development of arbuscule-like branches, many anastomoses, and increased branching of extension hyphae. Biomass increased up to fivefold when the mycelium was detached in situ from the inoculum (root pieces or spores). Growth from explants was little more than residual and was hampered by extensive bacterial contamination at the desired pH, near neutrality. The rationale of this approach to the culture of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes is discussed.
Subcuticular growth of Alternaria brassicae in rapeseed

The early stages of infection by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. in the leaves of the susceptible rapeseed cultivar Candle (Brassica campestris L.) and the moderately susceptible cultivar Altex (B. napus L.) were studied by transmission electron and light microscopy. The pathogen became subcuticular after direct penetration. This was followed by colonization of the epidermal and the mesophyll cells. The histology of early stages of infection was found to be similar in the two cultivars. It is concluded that the basis of differential susceptibility of B. campestris and B. napus to A. brassicae does not reside in the early stages of host–pathogen interaction.
Evaluation of Podological Risk at Type 2 Diabetics Tracked at the Mark Sankale Diabetes Center in Dakar

Introduction: The diabetic foot is a real public health problem due to its economic and functional impact with a high risk of amputations. The objective was to determine the podiatric risk of type 2 diabetics according to the classification of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) in order to put in place suitable prevention measures. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted over 12 months from May 01, 2018 to May 01, 2019 and concerning subjects with type 2 diabetes regularly followed up at the Marc Sankale Center at Abass Ndao Hospital in Dakar. Results: Two hundred (200) patients were collected with an average age of 58.9 ± 10 years, a sex ratio of 0.43. The majority of our patients had diabetes less than 5 years of age (52%) and were on non-insulin medication (63%). The average HbA1c level was 8.1%. Besides diabetes, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia were the most common cardiovascular risk factors in 65% and 25%, respectively. The main podiatric risk factors were: neuropathy (75.5%), arteriopathy (31.5%), deformities (19.5%), history of ulceration (24%) and amputation (2%). Factors associated with the risk of ulceration were: walking barefoot (42%), wearing tight shoes (26.5%), wearing unsuitable socks (46%), gait disturbance (39%), traumatic pedicure (3.5%). The podiatric risk assessment according to the IWGDF grading had identified a podiatric risk foot in 80% of the cases. Depending on the grade of injury, it was a grade 0 (20%), grade 1 (32%), grade 2 (34%) and grade 3 (14%) risky foot. A significant correlation was established between the onset of diabetic foot and age (p p p < 0.01). Conclusion: Podiatric assessment remains an essential point in the fight against complications of diabetes. This study demonstrates the high risk of developing diabetic foot, hence the importance of good grade planning to reduce the impact.
Morphological Characterization and Pathogenicity of pythium sp. Infecting Cucumber Seedlings in Greenhouses

Greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings exhibiting typical symptoms of Pythium damping-off and root rot were collected. The causal agents were isolate on Pythium selective medium; nystatin, ampicillin, rifampicin, and miconazole (NARM) in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Four different isolates was isolated and their pathogenicity was tested using cotyledon and young seedlings assays. Results of these isolates showed variation in their ability to infect cucumber seedling. Isolate "GZ-11" was highly pathogenic, caused 100 % pre- and post-emergence damping-off. The isolate was identified to the species level based on morphological characters along with sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA and showed 99% similarity to Pythium spinosum (Synonym of Globisporangium spinosum). Aggressiveness of P. spinosum was investigated at two levels of inoculum concentrations (10 and 20 g/kg soil). Results reported that P. spinosum was highly aggressive and significantly reduced cucumber seed germination compared to the control.
Effects of Simulated Rain on the Persistence of Beauveria bassiana Conidia on Leaves of Alfalfa and Wheat

The effect of simulated rain at two intensities (26.7 or 112.7 mm h-1) and durations (30 or 60 min) on the persistence of Beauveria bassiana conidia applied in water on leaves of alfalfa leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) was investigated. Initial populations of conidia on the leaves of both crops were similar, and ranged from 1.7 105 to 3.5 105 colony-forming units cm-2. The simulated rain reduced the concentration of conidia on leaves by 28-61%. Although there was a slight effect due to rain intensity for alfalfa, there was no influence of either rain duration or crop type on the retention of B. bassiana conidia.
Trilateral research on the neural system and biogenic amines: Disclosure of the major causes and mechanisms of human characteristic neurocerebromuscular (psychosomatic) disorders

Ttrilateral research, i.e. a synthetic study of morphology, physiology and molecular biology in conjunction with biomechanics has been carried out to study the development of the neural system. The role of the neural system in evolution has been investigated and the establishment of the pyramidal tract and sympathetic nervous system has been considered. Also, the controlling, regulating and developing mechanisms of the neuromuscular system are deduced from the definition of the life system by comparing a monocellular organism (protozoa) to multicellular organisms (mammals). The author also considers the essential system of specially differentiated organ cells and carries out research on mitochondria in protozoa and mammals by the inductive method. He then investigated the mechanism of auto-nervous evolution under biomechanical energy and investigated a relationship between biogenic amines and mitochondria from the standpoint of the life system. Highly specialized functions in highly differentiated cells in mammal organs are carried out, it is suggested, by their characteristically shaped mitochondria in organ cells, which synthesize, in the case of neurons, biogenic amines and neurotransmitters. The characteristics of mammals are studied via the immune system, human-specific structural defects of the body, and mistaken energy incorporation in life which, it is claimed, create mechanisms for the onset of human characteristic neurocerebromuscular disorders.
Potential effects of maternal factors on spawning stock-recruitment relationships under varying fishing pressure

The use of spawning stock biomass as a direct measure of reproductive potential may not be valid because of age- or size-specific differences in fecundity and the effect of maternal size and condition on offspring viability. In this study, we examine the potential significance of these effects using modelled Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations. We quantify how changes in the age composition of the spawning stock, due to a range of fishing pressures and under different stock-recruitment relationships, could influence the reproductive output. Quantitative comparisons were made between a "standard" population where all age-classes only suffer natural instantaneous mortality (M = 0.2) and populations that suffer increasing levels of fishing pressure (F = 0.0-1.0). The results of the modelling exercise suggests that if the effects of the loss of more fecund older/larger individuals in the population are not considered, the number of potential recruits produced by populations under higher levels of fishing .
A comparison of methods used to determine biomass on naturalized swards

An experiment was conducted in 2000 to compare simple visual estimate, sward height and rising plate meter (RPM) methods for determining forage biomass in mixed-species, naturalized, rotationally grazed dairy and beef pastures. Measurements were taken pre- and post-grazing on 10 sampling dates at the dairy pasture, and post-grazing at 13 sampling dates at the beef pasture. For each sampling date, the effectiveness of each method for estimating the actual biomass from a quadrat was evaluated using regression analysis. The results for the visual estimate method were not consistent, with non-linear relationships occurring early and late in the season. While the meter stick was most effective in the dairy pasture, the RPM was most effective in the beef pasture. Species composition and structural characteristics of the stand were important factors affecting accuracy of biomass estimation. Equations developed for each method and site using data from all dates had low R 2 -adjusted values, and were unreliable predictors of biomass. The results from individual sites and dates were extremely variable, with no single method effective in all circumstances. To estimate forage biomass in mixed-species, naturalized pastures, standard quadrat harvesting remains the most reliable method, provided that enough quadrats are clipped to adequately represent a given area.
Responsiveness to anther culture in cultivars and F1 crosses of spring wheat

Anther culturability of 43 cultivars and 6 F1 crosses representing different quality classes of spring wheat was studied using a glucose-containing, modified N6 medium (HNG). Generally high pollen embryoid formation (up to 111 embryoids per 100 anthers) was associated with lower green plant regeneration (up to 9.1 green plantlets per 100 embryoids) frequencies and a high proportion (63% on average) of albino plants. Anther response was found to be strongly affected by the genotype of the donor plants. Seven of the screened cultivars yielded more than one green regenerated plant per 100 anthers. The most responsive cultivars were Veery #2 (6.2), ST 6 (4.0), and Leader (3.6). No ability to regenerate green plantlets was shown by 10 of the genotypes. Anther responsiveness of F1 progenies as compared with the parental cultivars were different in each cross. Differences found between reciprocal crosses suggest that the cytoplasm of a donor plant may affect anther response. Haploid plants constituted 45% of the.