Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A merger mystery: no extended radio emission in the merging cluster Abell 2146

We present a new 400 ks Chandra X-ray observation and a GMRT radio observation at 325 MHz of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146. The Chandra observation reveals detailed structure associated with the major merger event including the Mach M = 2.1± 0.2 bow shock located ahead of the dense subcluster core and the fi rst known example of an upstream shock (M = 1.6± 0.1). Surprisingly, the deep GMRT observation at 325 MHz does not detect any extended radio emission associated with either shock front. All other merging galaxy clusters with X-ray detected shock fronts, including the Bullet cluster, Abell 520, Abell 754 and Abell 2744, and clusters with candidate shock fronts have detected radio relics or radio halo edges coincident with the shocks. We consider several possible factors which could affect the formation of radio relics, including the sh ock strength and the presence of a pre-existing electron population, but do not find a favourab le explanation for this result. We calculate a 3σ upper limit of 13 mJy on extended radio emission, which is significantly below the radio power expected by the observed Pradio LX correlation for merging systems. The lack of an extended radio halo in Abell 2146 maybe due to the low cluster mass relative to the majority of merging galaxy clusters with detected radio halos.
A CATALOG OF EXTENDED GREEN OBJECTS IN THE GLIMPSE SURVEY: A NEW SAMPLE OF MASSIVE YOUNG STELLAR OBJECT OUTFLOW CANDIDATES

Using images from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE), we have identified more than 300 extended 4.5 μm sources (Extended Green Objects (EGOs), for the common coding of the [4.5] band as green in three-color composite InfraRed Array Camera images). We present a catalog of these EGOs, including integrated flux density measurements at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0, and 24 μm from GLIMPSE and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer Galactic Plane Survey. The average angular separation between a source in our sample and the nearest IRAS point source is greater than 1′. The majority of EGOs are associated with infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), and where high-resolution 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser surveys overlap the GLIMPSE coverage, EGOs and 6.7 GHz CH3OH masers are strongly correlated. Extended 4.5 μm emission is thought to trace shocked molecular gas in protostellar outflows; the association of EGOs with IRDCs and 6.7 GHz CH3OH masers suggests that the extended 4.5 μm emission may pinpoint outflows specifically from massive protostars. The mid-IR colors of EGOs lie in regions of color–color space occupied by young protostars still embedded in infalling envelopes.
A Bayesian algorithm for model selection applied to caustic-crossing binary-lens microlensing events

We present a full Bayesian algorithm designed to perform automated searches of the parameter space of caustic-crossing binary-lens microlensing events. This builds on previous work implementing priors derived from Galactic models and geometrical considerations. The geometrical structure of the priors divides the parameter space into well-defined boxes that we explore with multiple Monte Carlo Markov Chains. We outline our Bayesian framework and test our automated search scheme using two data sets: a synthetic light curve, and the observations of OGLE-2007-BLG-472 that we analysed in previous work. For the synthetic data, we recover the input parameters. For OGLE-2007-BLG-472 we find that while χ2 is minimized for a planetary mass-ratio model with extremely long time-scale, the introduction of priors and minimization of the Bayesian information criterion, rather than χ2, favour a more plausible lens model, a binary star with components of 0.78 and 0.11 M⊙ at a distance of 6.3 kpc, compared to our previous result of 1.50 and 0.12 M⊙ at a distance of 1 kpc.
MULTIWAVELENGTH VARIATIONS OF 3C 454.3 DURING THE 2010 NOVEMBER TO 2011 JANUARY OUTBURST

We present multiwavelength data of the blazar 3C 454.3 obtained during an extremely bright outburst from 2010 November through 2011 January. These include flux density measurements with the Herschel Space Observatory at five submillimeter-wave and far-infrared bands, the Fermi Large Area Telescope at γ-ray energies, Swift at X-ray, ultraviolet (UV), and optical frequencies, and the Submillimeter Array at 1.3 mm. From this data set, we form a series of 52 spectral energy distributions (SEDs) spanning nearly two months that are unprecedented in time coverage and breadth of frequency. Discrete correlation analysis of the millimeter, far-infrared, and γ-ray light curves show that the variations were essentially simultaneous, indicative of cospatiality of the emission, at these wavebands. In contrast, differences in short-term fluctuations at various wavelengths imply the presence of inhomogeneities in physical conditions across the source. We locate the site of the outburst in the parsec-scale “core,” whose flux density as measured on 7 mm Very Long Baseline Array images increased by 70% during the first five weeks of the outburst. Based on these considerations and guided by the SEDs, we propose a model in which turbulent plasma crosses a conical standing shock in the parsec-scale region of the jet. Here, the high-energy emission in the model is produced by inverse Compton scattering of seed photons supplied by either nonthermal radiation from a Mach disk, thermal emission from hot dust, or (for X-rays) synchrotron radiation from plasma that crosses the standing shock. For the two dates on which we fitted the model SED to the data, the model corresponds very well to the observations at all bands except at X-ray energies, where the spectrum is flatter than observed.
Multifrequency study of a double–double radio galaxy J1706+4340

We report the outcome of multifrequency radio observations of a double-double radio source J1706+4340 carried out with the Very Large Array and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. After supplementing our own data with those available in the literature, we collected a considerable set of radio measurements covering the range from 74 to 8460 MHz. This has enabled us to perform a comprehensive review of physical properties of the source and its dynamical evolution analysis. In particular, we found that, while the age of the large-scale outer lobes is in the range 260-300 Myr, the renewal of the jet activity, which is directly responsible for the double-double structure, took place only about 12 Myr ago after about 27-Myr long period of quiescence. Another important property of J1706+4340 we found is that the injection spectral indices and the jet powers for the inner and the outer doubles are very similar. This implies that it is the spin of the supermassive black hole rather than e.g. an instability of the accretion disc that is likely responsible for the jet production and its properties.
The emission mechanism in magnetically dominated gamma-ray burst outflows

We consider the conditions within a Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) emission region that is Poynting flux dominated. Due to the enormous magnetic energy density, relativistic electrons will cool in such a region extremely rapidly via synchrotron. As there is no known mechanism that can compete with synchrotron it must be the source of the prompt sub-MeV emission. This sets strong limits on the size and Lorentz factor of the outflow. Furthermore, synchrotron cooling is too efficient. It overproduces optical and X-ray as compared with the observations. This overproduction of low energy emission can be avoided if the electrons are re-accelerated many times ($\gtrsim 5\times 10^4$)during each pulse (or are continuously heated) or if they escape the emitting region before cooling down. We explore the limitations of both models practically ruling out the later and demonstrating that the former requires two different acceleration mechanisms as well as an extremely large magnetic energy to Baryonic energy ratio. To be viable, any GRB model based on an emission region that is Poynting flux dominated must demonstrate how these conditions are met. We conclude that if GRB jets are launched magnetically dominated they must dissipate somehow most of their magnetic energy before they reach the emission region.
Longitudinal variations of positive dayside ionospheric storms related to recurrent geomagnetic storms

We have performed an analysis of case events and statistics of positive ionospheric storms in the dayside region of the equatorial ionization anomaly during recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs), which dominate in geomagnetic and ionospheric conditions on the declining phase of solar activity in 2004 to 2008. It is shown that total electron content (TEC) has a tendency to minimize before the beginning of RGSs and to peak 3 to 4 days after, i.e., on the RGS recovery phase produced by high‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral activity. The maximum of TEC coincides with the maximum of solar wind velocity within high‐speed solar wind streams. An analysis of electron content vertical profiles, derived from two independent methods using ionosondes and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate /Formosa Satellite mission‐3 radio occultation, showed that in the maximum of an ionospheric storm on 28 March 2008, the F2 layer thickens, NmF2 increases by ~50%, and hmF2 elevates by a few tens of kilometers. The response of positive ionospheric storms to solar, heliospheric, and geomagnetic drivers reveals a prominent longitudinal asymmetry. In the longitudinal range from −90° to 90°, the solar illumination plays a major role, and in the range from 90° to −120°, the influence of heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers becomes significant. The highest correlations of the TEC enhancements with the heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers were found during December–February (r increased from ~0.3 to ~0.5). We speculate that the dynamics controlling this might result from an effect of solar zenith angle, storm time effects of thermospheric ΣO/N2 enhancement, and penetrating electric fields of interplanetary and magnetospheric origin.
Scalar potential of two-Higgs doublet models

We perform a detailed analysis of the Two-Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) potential. At the tree-level, the potential may accommodate more than one minima, one of them being the electroweak (EW) minimum where the universe lives. The parameter space allowed after the data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) came in almost excludes those cases where the EW vacuum is shallower than the second minimum. We extend the analysis by including terms in the 2HDM potential that break the $Z_2$ symmetry of the potential by dimension-4 operators and show that the conclusions remain unchanged. Furthermore, a one-loop analysis of the potential is performed for both cases, namely, where the $Z_2$ symmetry of the potential is broken by dimension-2 or dimension-4 operators. For quantitative analysis, we show our results for the Type-II 2HDM, qualitative results remaining the same for other 2HDMs. We find that the nature of the vacua from the tree-level analysis does not change; the EW vacuum still remains deeper.
Boundary problems for Dirac electrons and edge-assisted Raman scattering in graphene

The paper reports a theoretical study of scattering of electrons by edges in graphene and its effect on Raman scattering. First, effective models are discussed for translationally invariant and rough edges. Second, they are used in a calculation of the edge-activated Raman D peak intensity and its dependence on the polarization of the incident/scattered light, as well as on the position of the excitation spot. Manifestations of the quasiclassical character of electron motion in Raman scattering are discussed.
Fermi surfaces in N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory

We investigate and classify Fermi surface behavior for a set of fermionic modes in a family of backgrounds holographically dual to N=4 Super-Yang-Mills theory at zero temperature with two distinct chemical potentials. We numerically solve fluctuation equations for every spin-1/2 field in five-dimensional maximally supersymmetric gauged supergravity not mixing with gravitini. Different modes manifest two, one or zero Fermi surface singularities, all associated to non-Fermi liquids, and we calculate dispersion relations and widths of excitations. We study two limits where the zero-temperature entropy vanishes. In one limit, a Fermi surface approaches a marginal Fermi liquid, which we demonstrate analytically, and conductivity calculations show a hard gap with the current dual to the active gauge field superconducting, while the other is insulating. In the other limit, conductivities reveal a soft gap with the roles of the gauge fields reversed.
Spin transport in non-degenerate Si with a spin MOSFET structure at room temperature

Spin transport in non-degenerate semiconductors is expected to pave a way to the creation of spin transistors, spin logic devices and reconfigurable logic circuits, because room temperature (RT) spin transport in Si has already been achieved. However, RT spin transport has been limited to degenerate Si, which makes it difficult to produce spin-based signals because a gate electric field cannot be used to manipulate such signals. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of spin transport in non-degenerate Si with a spin metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) structure. We successfully observed the modulation of the Hanle-type spin precession signals, which is a characteristic spin dynamics in non-degenerate semiconductor. We obtained long spin transport of more than 20 {\mu}m and spin rotation, greater than 4{\pi} at RT. We also observed gate-induced modulation of spin transport signals at RT. The modulation of spin diffusion length as a function of a gate voltage was successfully observed, which we attributed to the Elliott-Yafet spin relaxation mechanism. These achievements are expected to make avenues to create of practical Si-based spin MOSFETs.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN FEELINGS TOWARDS NEIGHBORS AND APPEARANCE OF NEIGHBORHOOD: ANALYSIS BY COMBINING A MAIL SURVEY AND GOOGLE STREET VIEW

Recent studies demonstrated associations between physical environment (especially greenery) and people’s health, well-being, and crime rate by using street-level imagery as ‘big data’ and automated image recognition methods. However, few prior studies focused on interrelations between physical environment and residents’ social relationships. This study investigated associations between physical environments and psychological tendencies of neighboring communities in Japan by using a mail survey and Google Street View images. The mail survey was collected from 156 regions across eight prefectures in western Japan. Google Street View images of these regions were collected and classified by machine learning models and human observers. The results indicated mainly negative correlations between the survey items related to feelings towards participants’ neighbors such as social capital and the rate of outdoor gardening by region. Additionally, these correlation patterns differed by type of community, namely, fishing, farming, and other types of communities. analyze the aspects and relationships of people living in different communities, on
Giant disc galaxies: where environment trumps mass in galaxy evolution

We identify some of the most HI massive and fastest rotating disk galaxies in the local universe with the aim of probing the processes that drive the formation of these extreme disk galaxies. By combining data from the Cosmic Flows project, which has consistently reanalyzed archival galaxy HI profiles, and 3.6$\mu$m photometry obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, with which we can measure stellar mass, we use the baryonic Tully-Fisher (BTF) relationship to explore whether these massive galaxies are distinct. We discuss several results, but the most striking is the systematic offset of the HI-massive sample above the BTF. These galaxies have both more gas and more stars in their disks than the typical disk galaxy of similar rotational velocity. The "condensed" baryon fraction, $f_C$, the fraction of the baryons in a dark matter halo that settle either as cold gas or stars into the disk, is twice as high in the HI-massive sample than typical, and almost reaches the universal baryon fraction in some cases, suggesting that the most extreme of these galaxies have little in the way of a hot baryonic component or cold baryons distributed well outside the disk. In contrast, the star formation efficiency, measured as the ratio of the mass in stars to that in both stars and gas, shows no difference between the HI-massive sample and the typical disk galaxies. We conclude that the star formation efficiency is driven by an internal, self-regulating process, while $f_C$ is affected by external factors. We also found that the most massive HI detected galaxies are located preferentially in filaments. We present the first evidence of an environmental effect on galaxy evolution using a dynamical definition of a filament.
Neutral chlorine and molecular hydrogen at high redshift

Chlorine and molecular hydrogen are known to be tightly linked together in the cold phase of the local interstellar medium through rapid chemical reactions. We present here the first systematic study of this relation at high redshifts using H$_2$-bearing damped Ly$\alpha$ systems (DLAs) detected along quasar lines of sight. Using high-resolution spectroscopic data from VLT/UVES and Keck/HIRES, we report the detection of Cl$\,$I in 9 DLAs (including 5 new detections) out of 18 high-$z$ DLAs with $N($H$_2) \ge 10^{17.3}\,$cm$^{-2}$ (including a new H$_2$ detection at $z=3.09145$ towards J$\,$2100$-$0641) and present upper limits for the remaining 9 systems. We find a $\sim$5$\,\sigma$ correlation between $N$(Cl$\,$I) and $N$(H$_2$) with only $\sim$0.2$\,$dex dispersion over the range 18.1$\,<\,$log$\,N$(H$_2$)$\,<\,$20.1, thus probing column densities 10 times lower those seen towards nearby stars, roughly following the relation $N$(Cl$\,$I$) \approx 1.5\times10^{-6} \times N($H$_2)$. This relation between column densities is surprisingly the same at low and high redshift suggesting that the physical and chemical conditions are similar for a given H$_2$ (or Cl$\,$I) column density. In turn, the $N({Cl$\,$I})/N({\rm H_2})$ ratio is found to be uncorrelated with the overall metallicity in the DLA. Our results confirm that neutral chlorine is an excellent tracer of molecule-rich gas and show that the molecular fraction or/and metallicity in the H$_2$-bearing component of DLA could possibly be much higher than the line-of-sight average values usually measured in DLAs.
Swift J174540.7−290015: a new accreting binary in the Galactic Centre

We report on the identification of the new Galactic Centre (GC) transient Swift J174540.7−290015 as a likely low-mass X-ray binary located at only 16 arcsec from Sgr A⋆. This transient was detected on 2016 February 6, during the Swift GC monitoring, and it showed long-term spectral variations compatible with a hard- to soft-state transition. We observed the field with XMM–Newton on February 26 for 35 ks, detecting the source in the soft state, characterized by a low level of variability and a soft X-ray thermal spectrum with a high energy tail (detected by INTEGRAL up to ∼50 keV), typical of either accreting neutron stars or black holes. We observed: (i) a high column density of neutral absorbing material, suggesting that Swift J174540.7−290015 is located near or beyond the GC and; (ii) a sub-Solar iron abundance, therefore we argue that iron is depleted into dust grains. The lack of detection of Fe K absorption lines, eclipses or dipping suggests that the accretion disc is observed at a low inclination angle. Radio (Very Large Array) observations did not detect any radio counterpart to Swift J174540.7−290015. No evidence for X-ray or radio periodicity is found. The location of the transient was observed also in the near-infrared (near-IR) with gamma-ray burst optical near-IR detector at MPG/European Southern Observatory La Silla 2.2 m telescope and VLT/NaCo pre- and post-outburst. Within the Chandra error region, we find multiple objects that display no significant variations.
A model with interaction of dark components and recent observational data

In the proposed model with interaction between dark energy and dark matter, we consider cosmological scenarios with different equations of state ($w_d$) for dark energy. For both constant and variable equation of state, we analyze solutions for dark energy and dark matter in seven variants of the model. We investigate exact analytic solutions for $w_d={}$ constant equation of state, and several variants of the model for variable $w_d$. These scenarios are tested with the current astronomical data from Type Ia Supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, Hubble parameter $H (z)$ and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Finally, we make a statistical comparison of our interacting model with $\Lambda$CDM as well as with some other well known non-interacting cosmological models.
Standards and regimentations of biosafety and biosecurity in medical biology laboratories in Togo, 2021

Legal instruments are necessary for the regulation of programs such as the biosafety and biosecurity (BSS) system in a country, yet little information is available in this sector in Togo. The study conducted aimed to take an analytical look at the normative and regulatory environment of biosafety and biosecurity in medical biology laboratories in Togo. A documentary review was carried out on the web, in the Official Journal, and on governmental sites between January and June 2021. A total of 76 documents were initially identified and then 14 were included in the synthesis. Of the 14 texts regulating the biosafety and biosecurity sector worldwide, 10 have been ratified or are being used in Togo. In total, 05 laws and 02 decrees are in force in the area of BSS in Togo on June 30, 2021. Our study has also allowed us to highlight several activities to be regulated. The approach adopted has revealed a current deficit in terms of regulations in the area of biohazard management in Togo in a multisectoral framework. It is necessary to strengthen the existing regulatory texts by taking into account the areas required internationally. conveniently grouped into areas of high impact on BSS worldwide. Country-level gaps in terms of BSS regulation were identified.
Nonexponential fidelity decay in randomized benchmarking with low-frequency noise

Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics,The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia(Dated: February 24, 2015)We show that non-exponential ﬁdelity decays in randomized benchmarking experiments on quantum dotqubits are consistent with numerical simulations that incorporate low-frequency noise. By expanding standardrandomized benchmarking analysis to this experimental regime, we ﬁnd that such non-exponential decays arebetter modeled by multiple exponential decay rates, leading to an instantaneous control ﬁdelity for isotopically-puriﬁed-silicon MOS quantum dot qubits which can be as high as 99.9% when low-frequency noise conditionsand system calibrations are favorable. These advances in qubit characterization and validation methods underpinthe considerable prospects for silicon as a qubit platform for fault-tolerant quantum computation.