Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy of Gallbladder Stone Presenting as Empyema in a 9 Year-Old Boy: A Case Report

Background: The gall bladder stones (GBS) are common disease related to diet habit, obesity, hematological diseases, diabetes mellitus and receiving total parenteral nutrition. GBS is a rare cause of hospitalization of pediatric patients but have been increasingly diagnosed in recent years due to widespread use of ultrasonography. The aim of this case report study is to determine the clinical presentation, risk factors, valuable diagnostic procedures and outcome of laparoscopic management of cholelithiasis in children. Case report: Our case is a 9-year-old boy with empyemic gallbladder complaining of attacks of colicky epigastric pain associated with recurrent vomiting. On abdominal palpation, there is positive sign of deep tenderness at hypochondrium area and positive murphy sign. He has central obesity with BMI 29.9, skin folds more than 3.5 cm and waist circumference more than 90 cm. He has History of high cholesterol and fatty diet and fast food habit, prolonged intake of vitamin D and positive family history. While, no other associated risk factors were detected in our patient. All laboratory investigations were within normal ranges even for his lipid profile. Although, empyema was present, no leukocytosis was detected. Abdominal ultrasound showed the gall bladder wall is slightly thick surrounded by pericholycystic fluid, solitary gall bladder stone of 3 cm size and normal CBD. While, post-operative histopathological examination revealed thick wall gallbladder with multiple tiny stones of cholesterol type. The patient was treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy with promising outcome and no complications. Conclusion: Pediatric surgeons should consider cholecystolithiasis as from differential diagnosis of abdominal pain associated with vomiting in children. Empyema of gallbladder should be considered once murphy sign is positive in such child patients. Child obesity, fatty diet, vitamin D dei¬Âciency and family history are possible risk factors. Ultrasonography is the mainstay of diagnosis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the appropriate management for symptomatic cholelithiasis in children.
PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASE

Introduction Low socioeconomic status is associated with high rates of cigarette smoking, and socioeconomic differences in cigarette smoking tend to emerge during young adulthood. To further our understanding of socioeconomic differences in smoking among young adults, we examined correlates of smoking, with attention to multiple socioeconomic indicators that have not been examined in this population. Methods We analyzed data from the 2011–2012 California Health Interview Survey. The analytic sample consisted of young adults aged 18–30 years who were considered socioeconomically disadvantaged as measured by education and poverty. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with smoking status in this group, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine correlates of smoking frequency. Results In this sample (N = 1,511; 48% female, 66% Hispanic/Latino, 18% non-Hispanic white), 39.7% reported experiencing food insecurity in the past year. Smoking prevalence was significantly higher among young adults who reported being food insecure (26.9%) than among those who reported being food secure (16.4%). Past-year food insecurity was significantly associated with current smoking, independent of sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol use. Specifically, food insecurity was significantly associated with daily but not nondaily smoking. Conclusion Socioeconomically disadvantaged young adults with food insecurity may be considered a high-risk group with respect to cigarette smoking. Efforts to reduce tobacco-related health disparities should address diverse sources of socioeconomic influences, including experiences of food insecurity.
Pediatric cataract surgery outcomes in Kano, Nigeria

Objective: To report the outcomes of pediatric cataract surgery over a 7-year period in a mission hospital in northern Nigeria. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively examined the notes of 230 consecutive children aged 16 years and younger, who underwent bilateral cataract surgery by a single surgeon. The patients’ demographic, preoperative, and postoperative clinical details were analyzed. Details regarding the eye with the better postop vision were used in the analysis. Results: A total of 230 patients were included, of which 148 (64.4%) were boys. Age at presentation ranged from 1 month to 16 years, with a mean of 4.89 years and standard deviation of 4.21 years. Median delay for presentation was 12 months, with an interquartile range of 4–36 months. Visual acuity at presentation in the selected operative eye was normal in 2 (0.91%) patients and blind in 179 (81.4%) patients. Best-corrected postop vision was normal in 63 (31.5%) patients, visually impaired in 62 (31.0%) patients, severely visually impaired in 23 (11.5%) patients, blind in 52 (26.0%) patients, and not recorded in 30 (13.0%) patients. A total of 114 (49.8%) patients were prescribed glasses. Median follow-up was 1 month (interquartile range 0.5–3 months). Conclusion: Although a majority of the children were blind in the operative eye prior to surgery, over a quarter achieved normal vision after surgery. Factors that may improve outcomes in this setting include prescribing glasses to all and facilitating increased follow-up.
A protein associated with lipid droplets that regulates lipid metabolism and energy balance

Galectin-12, a member of the galectin family of animal lectins, is preferentially expressed in adipocytes. We recently reported that this galectin is localized on lipid droplets, specialized organelles for fat storage. Galectin-12 regulates lipid degradation (lipolysis) by modulating lipolytic protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Mice deficient in galectin-12 exhibit enhanced adipocyte lipolysis, increased mitochondria respiration, reduced adiposity and ameliorated insulin resistance associated with weight gain. The results suggest that galectin-12 may be a useful target for treatment of obesity-related metabolic conditions, such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Most previously described galectins largely reside in the cytosol, although they can also be induced to become associated with membrane-containing structures. Along with an in-depth characterization of galectin-12, this mini-review comments on this first report of a galectin normally localized specifically in an organelle that performs an important intracellular function. Further studies will help shed light on how this protein regulates cellular homeostasis, especially energy homeostasis, and provide additional insight into the intracellular functions of galectins.
Reactive oxygen species promote ovarian cancer progression via the HIF-1 α /LOX/E-cadherin pathway

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can drive the de-differentiation of tumor cells leading to the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to enhance invasion and metastasis. The invasive and metastatic phenotype of malignant cells is often linked to loss of E-cadherin expression, a hallmark of EMT. Recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxic exposure causes HIF-1-dependent repression of E-cadherin. However, the mechanism by which ROS and/or HIF suppresses E-cadherin expression remains less clear. In the present study, we found that ROS accumulation in ovarian carcinoma cells upregulated HIF-1 α expression and subse-quent transcriptional induction of lysyl oxidase (LOX) which repressed E-cadherin. Loss of E-cadherin facilitated ovarian cancer (OC) cell migration in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo . E-cadherin immunoreactivity correlated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, tumor differentiation and metastasis. Negative E-cadherin expression along with FIGO stage, tumor differentiation and metastasis significantly predicted for a lower 5-year survival rate. These findings suggest that ROS play an important role in the initiation of metastatic growth of OC cells and support a molecular pathway from ROS to aggressive transformation which involves upregulation of HIF-1 α and its downstream target LOX to suppress E-cadherin expression leading to an increase in cell motility and invasiveness.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Mortality Among People With Type 2 Diabetes A study from the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group

OBJECTIVE — The study objective was to describe the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on mortality among people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — We used a population-based national elec-tronic diabetes database for 35- to 84-year-olds in Scotland for 2001 – 2007 linked to mortality records. SES was derived from an area-based measure with Q5 and Q1 representing the most deprived and af ﬂ uent quintiles, respectively. Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) for mortality among people with type 2 diabetes compared with the population without diabetes strati ﬁ ed by age (35 – 64 and 65 – 84 years), sex, duration of diabetes ( , 2 and $ 2 years), and SES. RESULTS — Complete data were available for 210,994 eligible individuals (99.4%), and there were 33,842 deaths. Absolute mortality from all causes among people with type 2 diabetes increased with increasing age and socioeconomic deprivation and was higher for men than women. RR for mortality associated with type 2 diabetes was highest for women aged 35 – 64 years in Q1 with diabetes duration , 2 years at 4.83 (95% CI 3.15 – 7.40) and lowest for men aged 65 – 84 years in Q5 with diabetes duration $ 2 years at 1.13 (1.03 – 1.24). CONCLUSIONS — SES modi ﬁ es the association between type 2 diabetes and mortality so that RR for mortality is lower among more deprived populations. Age, sex, and duration of diabetes also interact with type 2 diabetes to in ﬂ uence RR of mortality. Differences in prevalence of comorbidities may explain these ﬁ ndings.
A theory of alternative designs for biochemical control systems.

: Any theory of alternative designs must include (a) an appropriate language for describing alternatives, (b) methods of analysis for relating system behavior to changes in design elements, and (c) methods for critically comparing the behavior of alternatives. Over the past two decades we have been reasonably successful in developing a theory of alternative designs that meets these basic requirements. The language for describing alternatives is provided by the S-system of differential equations discussed elsewhere in this volume. The methods of analysis consist of adaptations of conventional methods from control theory and newly developed algorithms specific for S-systems. The methods for making critical comparisons perhaps are less familiar and will be treated in some detail. Several applications of this theory to alternative designs for biochemical control are reviewed.
Original Article

Background and aims. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the placement and replacement of resin-based composite restorations and related factors in a private practice in Greece. Materials and methods. The study included 1500 subjects, 720 males and 780 females, aged 18 to 52 years old. The clinical examination involved calculation of the number of teeth with primary caries and failed-restored teeth. In addition the relationship between placed and replaced composite restorations and the following aspects was assessed: gender, cavity type, tooth type and evaluation of longevity of the replaced composite restorations. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-square test. A p value less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Results. The total number of restorations placed were 1940; 1202 of those (62%) were placed for first time while 738 (38%) were replaced. The main reason for the placement of new composite resin restorations was primary caries (60%), while secondary caries was the most frequent reason for the replacement (48%) of those. A statistically significant difference was recorded between males and females regarding the composite restorations placed and replaced (p = 0.00082), the type of cavity of placed restorations (p = 0.00062), and the type of cavity of replaced ones (p = 0.00038). The median longevity of the replaced resin composite restorations was approximately 4 years (47%). Conclusion. Dental caries, primary and secondary, followed by tooth discoloration and loss of filling were the main reasons for placed and replaced composite restorations.
Environmental Health: a Global Access Science Source Long-term Consequences of Arsenic Poisoning during Infancy Due to Contaminated Milk Powder

Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. The main source of exposure is drinking water contaminated by natural geological sources. Current risk assessment is based on the recognized carcinogenicity of arsenic, but neurotoxic risks have been overlooked. In 1955, an outbreak of arsenic poisoning occurred among Japanese infants, with more than 100 deaths. The source was contaminated milk powder produced by the Morinaga company. Detailed accounts of the Morinaga dried milk poisoning were published in Japanese only, and an overview of this poisoning incident and its long-term consequences is therefore presented. From analyses available, the arsenic concentration in milk made from the Morinaga milk powder is calculated to be about 4–7 mg/L, corresponding to daily doses slightly above 500 μg/kg body weight. Lower exposures would result from using diluted milk. Clinical poisoning cases occurred after a few weeks of exposure, with a total dose of about 60 mg. This experience provides clear-cut evidence for hazard assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity. At the present time, more than 600 surviving victims, now in their 50s, have been reported to suffer from severe sequelae, such as mental retardation, neurological diseases, and other disabilities. Along with more recent epidemiological studies of children with environmental arsenic exposures, the data amply demonstrate the need to consider neurotoxicity as a key concern in risk assessment of inorganic arsenic exposure.
Effectiveness of Intradialytic Stretching Exercise on Muscle Cramps among Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis at Selected Hospitals, Salem

An Experimental study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Intradialytic stretching exercise on muscle cramps among patients undergoing haemodialysis at selected hospitals, Salem. Quasi experimental pre test post test with control group design was used for this study. sixty patients were selected through Non Probability Purposive Sampling Technique. Among them 30 patients from Salem Gopi hospital were selected for experimental group and 30 patients from VIMS Hospital, seeragapadi were selected for control group. Pre test score of Muscle cramps were assessed by using Modified Penn Spasm Frequency scale in experimental and control group. The investigator performed Intradialytic stretching exercises for experimental group during dialysis. No intervention was given to control group. Post test was done on the third sittings by using the same scale. The findings revealed that in pre test 8 (26.66%) patients in experimental group and 11 (36.67%) patients in control group had severe muscle cramps whereas in post test 24 (80%) patients in experimental group had no muscle cramps and 14 (46.67%) patients in control group had moderate muscle cramps. In experimental group the pre test and post test mean score was 6.5 ± 2.2 and 0.8 ± 2 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 13.25 which was greater than the table value. Hence the hypothesis H1 was retained at p ≤ 0.05 level. Post test mean score for experimental and control group was 0.8 ± 2 and 7.4 ± 2.1 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 16.5 which was greater than the table value. Hence the hypothesis H2 was retained at p ≤ 0.05 level. Thus it becomes evident that Intradialytic stretching exercise was effective in reducing the severity of muscle cramps among patients undergoing haemodialysis. The chi square value shows that there was no association found between muscle cramps and their selected demographic variables. Hence the hypothesis H3 was rejected. The study concluded that Intradialytic stretching exercise was effective in reducing the severity of muscle cramps among patients undergoing haemodialysis.
Robust Dual Control based on Gain Scheduling

We present a novel strategy for robust dual control of linear time-invariant systems based on gain scheduling with performance guarantees. This work relies on prior results of determining uncertainty bounds of system parameters estimated through exploration. Existing approaches are unable to account for changes of the mean of system parameters in the exploration phase and thus to accurately capture the dual effect. We address this limitation by selecting the future (uncertain) mean as a scheduling variable in the control design. The result is a semi-definite program-based design that computes a suitable exploration strategy and a robust gain-scheduled controller with probabilistic quadratic performance bounds after the exploration phase.
Disc formation and jet inclination effects in common envelopes

The evolution and physics of the common envelope (CE) phase are still not well understood. Jets launched from a compact object during this stage may define the evolutionary outcome of the binary system. We focus on the case in which jets are launched from a neutron star (NS) engulfed in the outer layers of a red giant (RG). We run a set of three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of jets with different luminosities and inclinations. The luminosity of the jet is self-regulated by the mass accretion rate and an efficiency $\eta$. Depending on the value of $\eta$ the jet can break out of the BHL bulge ("successful jet") and aligns against the incoming wind, in turn, it will realign in favour of the direction of the wind. The jet varies in size and orientation and may present quiescent and active epochs. The inclination of the jet and the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, only slightly affect the global evolution. As the accretion is hypercritical, and the specific angular momentum is above the critical value for the formation of a disk, we infer the formation of a disk and launching of jets. The disks' mass and size would be $\sim$10$^{-2}$~M$_\odot$ and $\gtrsim 10^{10}$ cm, and it may have rings with different rotation directions. In order to have a successful jet from a white dwarf, the ejection process needs to be very efficient ($\eta\sim$0.5). For main sequence stars, there is not enough energy reservoir to launch a successful jet.
Orbital Parameter Determination for Wide Stellar Binary Systems in the Age of Gaia

The orbits of binary stars and planets, particularly eccentricities and inclinations, encode the angular momentum within these systems. Within stellar multiple systems, the magnitude and (mis)alignment of angular momentum vectors among stars, disks, and planets probes the complex dynamical processes guiding their formation and evolution. The accuracy of the Gaia catalog can be exploited to enable comparison of binary orbits with known planet or disk inclinations without costly long-term astrometric campaigns. We show that Gaia astrometry can place meaningful limits on orbital elements in cases with reliable astrometry, and discuss metrics for assessing the reliability of Gaia DR2 solutions for orbit fitting. We demonstrate our method by determining orbital elements for three systems (DS Tuc AB, GK/GI Tau, and Kepler-25/KOI-1803) using Gaia astrometry alone. We show that DS Tuc AB’s orbit is nearly aligned with the orbit of DS Tuc Ab, GK/GI Tau’s orbit might be misaligned with their respective protoplanetary disks, and the Kepler-25/KOI-1803 orbit is not aligned with either component’s transiting planetary system. We also demonstrate cases where Gaia astrometry alone fails to provide useful constraints on orbital elements. To enable broader application of this technique, we introduce the python tool lofti_gaiaDR2 to allow users to easily determine orbital element posteriors.
On Anomaly Interpretation via Shapley Values

Anomaly localization is an essential problem as anomaly detection is. Because a rigorous localization requires a causal model of a target system, practically we often resort to a relaxed problem of anomaly interpretation, for which we are to obtain meaningful attribution of anomaly scores to input features. In this paper, we investigate the use of the Shapley value for anomaly interpretation. We focus on the semi-supervised anomaly detection and newly propose a characteristic function, on which the Shapley value is computed, specifically for anomaly scores. The idea of the proposed method is approximating the absence of some features by minimizing an anomaly score with regard to them. We examine the performance of the proposed method as well as other general approaches to computing the Shapley value in interpreting anomaly scores. We show the results of experiments on multiple datasets and anomaly detection methods, which indicate the usefulness of the Shapley-based anomaly interpretation toward anomaly localization.
Inverse Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Scattering from Coated Polyhedral Scatterers With a Single Far-Field Pattern

It is proved that a convex polyhedral scatterer of impedance type can be uniquely determined by the electric far-field pattern of a single incident plane wave with fixed direction, polarization and wavenumber. Our proof relies on the reflection principle for Maxwell's equations with the impedance (or Leontovich) boundary condition enforcing on a hyper-plane. We prove that it is impossible to analytically extend the total field across any vertex of the scatterer. This leads to a data-driven inversion scheme for imaging an arbitrary convex polyhedron.
Private Knowledge Transfer via Model Distillation with Generative Adversarial Networks

The deployment of deep learning applications has to address the growing privacy concerns when using private and sensitive data for training. A conventional deep learning model is prone to privacy attacks that can recover the sensitive information of individuals from either model parameters or accesses to the target model. Recently, differential privacy that offers provable privacy guarantees has been proposed to train neural networks in a privacy-preserving manner to protect training data. However, many approaches tend to provide the worst case privacy guarantees for model publishing, inevitably impairing the accuracy of the trained models. In this paper, we present a novel private knowledge transfer strategy, where the private teacher trained on sensitive data is not publicly accessible but teaches a student to be publicly released. In particular, a three-player (teacher-student-discriminator) learning framework is proposed to achieve trade-off between utility and privacy, where the student acquires the distilled knowledge from the teacher and is trained with the discriminator to generate similar outputs as the teacher. We then integrate a differential privacy protection mechanism into the learning procedure, which enables a rigorous privacy budget for the training. The framework eventually allows student to be trained with only unlabelled public data and very few epochs, and hence prevents the exposure of sensitive training data, while ensuring model utility with a modest privacy budget. The experiments on MNIST, SVHN and CIFAR-10 datasets show that our students obtain the accuracy losses w.r. t teachers of 0.89%, 2.29%, 5.16%, respectively with the privacy bounds of (1.93, 10^-5), (5.02, 10^-6), (8.81, 10^-6). When compared with the existing works \cite{papernot2016semi,wang2019private}, the proposed work can achieve 5-82% accuracy loss improvement.