Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On High-Dimensional Constrained Maximum Likelihood Inference

Abstract Inference in a high-dimensional situation may involve regularization of a certain form to treat overparameterization, imposing challenges to inference. The common practice of inference uses either a regularized model, as in inference after model selection, or bias-reduction known as “debias. ” While the first ignores statistical uncertainty inherent in regularization, the second reduces the bias inbred in regularization at the expense of increased variance. In this article, we propose a constrained maximum likelihood method for hypothesis testing involving unspecific nuisance parameters, with a focus of alleviating the impact of regularization on inference. Particularly, for general composite hypotheses, we unregularize hypothesized parameters whereas regularizing nuisance parameters through a L0-constraint controlling the degree of sparseness. This approach is analogous to semiparametric likelihood inference in a high-dimensional situation. On this ground, for the Gaussian graphical model and linear regression, we derive conditions under which the asymptotic distribution of the constrained likelihood ratio is established, permitting parameter dimension increasing with the sample size. Interestingly, the corresponding limiting distribution is the chi-square or normal, depending on if the co-dimension of a test is finite or increases with the sample size, leading to asymptotic similar tests. This goes beyond the classical Wilks phenomenon. Numerically, we demonstrate that the proposed method performs well against it competitors in various scenarios. Finally, we apply the proposed method to infer linkages in brain network analysis based on MRI data, to contrast Alzheimer’s disease patients against healthy subjects. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Evaluation of prostate cancer prevalence in Iranian male population with increased PSA level, a one center experience.

PURPOSE This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Iranian male patients with increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and normal or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) that underwent prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS From March 2006 to April 2009, a total of 346 consecutive males suspected of having PCa due to increased PSA levels underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided sextant biopsy of the prostate. The total PSA (tPSA), demographic data, incidence of PCa, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatitis were assessed. RESULTS The patients were divided into two groups according to their PSA values (group A serum tPSA level, 4-10 ng/mL; group B serum tPSA level, 10.1-20.0 ng/mL). Of the 346 biopsied cases, 193 cases (56%) had PCa, 80 cases (23%) had BPH, and 73 cases (21%) had prostatitis. The mean PSA and the age of the carcinoma group were significantly higher than those of the benign group (P < 0.01). The biopsy results were grouped as PCa, BPH, and prostatitis. Incidence of PCa for group A and group B cases were 115 cases (51%), and 78 cases (65%), respectively. In the case of PCa, BPH, and prostatitis, the mean PSAs were 10.02 ng/mL, 8.76 ng/mL, and 8.41 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.40). CONCLUSION TRUS-guided prostate biopsy and interpretation by a skilled team is highly recommended for early detection of PCa or its ruling-out. It seems that a PSA cutoff value of 4 ng/mL may be applied to the Iranian population. Although the chance of PCa is high in the PSA levels of 4-10 ng/mL, the combination of some data, like age and prostate volume, can decrease the rate of unnecessary prostate biopsies. We recommend prostate biopsy when PSA and/or DRE is elevated in symptomatic patients with obstructive and/or irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as dysuria, frequency, or nocturia. Due to the very high incidence of PCa in the patients with PSA greater than 10 ng/mL, TRUS-guided biopsy is indicated, whatever the findings on DRE and/or LUTS, since the PCa detection rate is high.
Minimizing second cancer risk following radiotherapy : current perspectives

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Cancer Management and Research 2015:7 1–11 Cancer Management and Research Dovepress
evolving role of cetuximab in the treatment of colorectal cancer

: In recent years, the monoclonal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody cetuximab was introduced into systemic therapy of colorectal cancer and gained an established role in the treatment of this disease. Cetuximab was shown to be active as a single agent in chemorefractory metastatic disease as well as in combination with varying chemotherapies. Recently, randomized trials demonstrated the activity of cetuximab combinations in the first-line setting of metastatic colorectal cancer. Interestingly, the activity of cetuximab was restricted to patients with KRAS wildtype tumors, as was seen with panitumumab, another EGFR antibody. While 60%–70% of tumors harbor KRAS wildtype genes, 30%–40% of tumors express oncogenic KRAS with mutations in codons 12 and 13 causing constitutive activation of signaling cascades downstream of EGFR and resistance to EGFR blockade. Since proof of KRAS wildtype status became a prerequisite for cetuximab treatment, KRAS testing is being established throughout the world. Future trials will address the question which part of the KRAS wildtype cohort will benefit from EGFR inhibition and how to identify those patients. Additionally, new strategies for treatment of KRAS mutated tumors are strongly needed. Recent developments and future strategies will be summarized.
Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast presenting with hypoglycemia : a case report and literature review

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Cancer Management and Research 2014:6 467–473 Cancer Management and Research Dovepress
Personalized treatment for advanced colorectal cancer : KRAS and beyond

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Ltd. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Cancer Management and Research 2013:5 387–400 Cancer Management and Research Dovepress
Role of microRNA in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis and clinical perspectives

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Cancer Management and Research 2014:6 205–216 Cancer Management and Research Dovepress
Can I Finish? Learning When to Respond to Incremental Interpretation Results in Interactive Dialogue

We investigate novel approaches to responsive overlap behaviors in dialogue systems, opening possibilities for systems to interrupt, acknowledge or complete a user's utterance while it is still in progress. Our specific contributions are a method for determining when a system has reached a point of maximal understanding of an ongoing user utterance, and a prototype implementation that shows how systems can use this ability to strategically initiate system completions of user utterances. More broadly, this framework facilitates the implementation of a range of overlap behaviors that are common in human dialogue, but have been largely absent in dialogue systems.
and allocation of

An often cited explanation for the weak growth effects of education in developing countries is the misallocation of educated workers to inefficient activities in the public sector. This paper assesses the strength of this argument by studying the effect of educational attainment on employment status of Tunisian men. We exploit policy changes that restricted access to secondary education in the 1970’s as an instrument for education and use data from 2004 Tunisian census as well as 2010 Labor Force Survey to estimate the effect of education on working in different sectors and within specific occupational categories. Consistently with the misallocation argument, we find that education increases employment, but that this increase is concentrated either in relatively low skill white collar occupations or in the public sector. Given that our instrument probably affected the academically weaker students this pattern of results suggests that the public sector might inefficiently reward titles.
Daily weather in Dublin 1716–1734: the diary of Isaac Butler

A summary of daily weather in Dublin was recorded in a diary between 1716 and 1734 by Isaac Butler. Frequencies of wet days during the summer months and for each year have been calculated. Annual numbers of days with frost, snow and hail are shown, as well as the longest frost‐free periods in each year. These totals are compared with those for the present‐day climate, using weather observations from Dublin airport between 1981 and 2010. Notable climatic events are highlighted, including a prolonged drought (May–October 1723) and frosts in June 1728. This diary is of particular interest as it provides one of the earliest records of daily weather in Ireland.
CAN AI GENERATE LOVE ADVICE?: TOWARD NEURAL ANSWER GENERATION FOR NON-FACTOID QUESTIONS

Deep learning methods that extract answers for non-factoid questions from QA sites are seen as critical since they can assist users in reaching their next decisions through conversations with AI systems. The current methods, however, have the following two problems: (1) They can not understand the ambiguous use of words in the questions as word usage can strongly depend on the context (e.g. the word “relationship” has quite different meanings in the categories of Love advice and other categories). As a result, the accuracies of their answer selections are not good enough. (2) The current methods can only select from among the answers held by QA sites and can not generate new ones. Thus, they can not answer the questions that are somewhat different with those stored in QA sites. Our solution, Neural Answer Construction Model, tackles these problems as it: (1) Incorporates the biases of semantics behind questions (e.g. categories assigned to questions) into word embeddings while also computing them regardless of the semantics. As a result, it can extract answers that suit the contexts of words used in the question as well as following the common usage of words across semantics. This improves the accuracy of answer selection. (2) Uses biLSTM to compute the embeddings of questions as well as those of the sentences often used to form answers (e.g. sentences representing conclusions or those supplementing the conclusions). It then simultaneously learns the optimum combination of those sentences as well as the closeness between the question and those sentences. As a result, our model can construct an answer that corresponds to the situation that underlies the question; it fills the gap between answer selection and generation and is the first model to move beyond the current simple answer selection model for non-factoid QAs. Evaluations using datasets created for love advice stored in the Japanese QA site, Oshiete goo, indicate that our model achieves 20 % higher accuracy in answer creation than the strong baselines. Our model is practical and has already been applied to the love advice service in Oshiete goo.
Liveness with (0, 1, ∞)-counter abstraction

We introduce the (0,1, oo)-counter abstraction method by which a parameterized system of unbounded size is abstracted into a finite-state system. Assuming that each process in the parameterized system is finite-state, the abstract variables are limited counters which count, for each local state s of a process, the number of processes which currently are in local state s. The counters are saturated at 2, which means that κ(s) = 2 whenever 2 or more processes are at state s. The emphasis of the paper is on the derivation of an adequate and sound set of fairness requirements (both weak and strong) that enable proofs of liveness properties of the abstract system, from which we can safely conclude a corresponding liveness property of the original parameterized system. We illustrate the method on few parameterized systems, including Szymanski's Algorithm for mutual exclusion. The method is also extended to deal with parameterized systems whose processes may have infinitely many local states, such as the Bakery Algorithm, by choosing few interesting state assertions and (0,1, ∞)-counting the number of processes satisfying them.
Quasiclassical Trajectory Analysis of Nitrogen for High-Temperature Chemical Kinetics

Understanding gas–phase chemical kinetics is important for modeling hypersonic flows. This paper discusses quasiclassical trajectory analysis, in which gas–phase interactions are simulated using ab initio quantum chemistry data. N2+N2, N2+N, and N2+O2 collisions are studied for conditions at thermal equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The nitrogen dissociation rate with all collision partners is found to be similar for a given thermal environment: the largest deviation is 50% at thermal nonequilibrium, and at equilibrium the N2+N2 and N2+N rates are within 15% of each other. The vibrational energy decrease due to nitrogen dissociation, a necessary input to computational fluid dynamics, also behaves similarly for all collision partners and strongly depends on the degree of thermal nonequilibrium. Using data for nitrogen dissociation and oxygen dissociation with partner N2, the effect of each reactant state on dissociation is quantified. The effect of the collision partner’s internal energy on simple dissociati.
Cultural and ecological considerations within the context of school climate

CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SCHOOL CLIMATE by Tamika P. La Salle School climate has been established as an important construct to measure because of its connections to student psychological, social, and academic outcomes. Existing research has examined school climate in relation to individual (i.e., race and gender) and school level (i.e., teacher characteristics or school size) variables. The current paper presents a cultural-ecological model for research on school climate. The culturalecological model of school climate supports future research incorporating a broadened view of culture, extending beyond race and ethnicity, and a more comprehensive examination of ecological contexts such as the family and community in understanding student perceptions of school climate. Within this model, individual, family, school, and community variables that may influence student perceptions of school climate are described and a research agenda is presented for utilizing the cultural-ecological model of school climate in future school climate research and for developing, implementing and evaluating strategies designed to enhance school climate and school performance based on prevention and intervention. The current study examined the relationship between cultural and ecological variables at the individual, school, and community levels and student perceptions of school climate. A multi-level (HLM) model examining the relationships between individual, cultural, and ecological variables and school climate was evaluated. Results of the current study indicated that for the relationship between student and school characteristics and school climate remain relatively consistent for both groups. Specifically, both individual and school variables influenced student perceptions of school climate. However, this data also confirms the need to further examine additional cultural and ecological variables in order to increase our understanding of how such variables are related to perceptions of climate.
Suprathreshold Psychoacoustics and Envelope-Following Response Relations: Normal-Hearing, Synaptopathy and Cochlear Gain Loss

The perceptual consequences of cochlear synaptopathy are presently not well understood as a direct quantification of synaptopathy is not possible in humans. To study its role for human hearing, recent studies have instead correlated changes in basic suprathreshold psychoacoustic tasks with individual differences in subcortical EEG responses, as a proxy measure for synaptopathy. It is not clear whether the reported missing relationships between the psychoacoustic quantities and the EEG are due to the adopted methods, or to a minor role of synaptopathy for sound perception. We address this topic by studying the theoretical relationship between subcortical EEG and psychoacoustic methods for different sensorineural hearing deficits.
Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Balanites aegyptiaca Seeds (Aqueous Extract) on Diabetic Rats

Objectives: Type II diabetes mellitus is increasing health problems that negatively affect health care systems worldwide. There is a constant urge to develop new therapies with better effects, lower side effects at lower prices to treat this disease. Therefore, the present study carried out to investigate whether Balanites aegyptiaca (seeds) could treat the hyperglycemic, dislipidemic, liver, and kidney toxicity and the pancreatic damage in diabetic rats. Material and method: fifteen adult male albino rats were divided into two groups; group 1: control group, group 2: alloxan induced diabetic rats that divided into two subgroups; subgroup1: diabetic untreated rats, subgroup2: diabetic treated with aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca (seeds). After thirty days of treatment, all rats were sacrificed. Blood sample were collected to estimate some hematological and biochemical parameters. Liver samples were collected to determine their glycogen content and pancreatic samples were obtained and processed for microscopic and quantitative evaluation of α, β & δ-cells number. Results: diabetic group recorded reduction in body weight's gained, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, significant increase in some parameters of liver and kidney functions, dislipidemia, changes in proteins level and decreased liver glycogen content. While, treatment with B. aegyptiaca (seeds) was ameliorated most of the toxic effects of alloxan and showed partially improvement in histological changes produced by alloxan. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca (seeds) has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effects, increasing insulin level, and decreasing insulin resistance. Moreover, ameliorate the
Antitumor activity of total flavonoids from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et gilg is associated with the inhibition of regulatory T cells in mice

Objective: To determine the antitumor activity of Radix tetrastigmae flavonoids and their inhibitory effect on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. Materials and methods: Total flavonoids were isolated from Radix tetrastigmae, the root of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, and administered to C57BL/6 mice by oral gavage after inoculation with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. The effects of total flavonoids on tumor growth in vivo were examined. Flow cytometry was used to study the effects on Tregs, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the changes in the serum levels of transforming growth factor β , prostaglandin E2, and cyclooxygenase 2 after tumor inoculation and flavonoid administration. Results: Total flavonoids from T. hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg significantly inhibited tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice inoculated with LLCs. These flavonoids dramatically suppressed regulatory T-cell development in tumor-bearing mice. Further studies revealed that total flavonoids significantly decreased the serum levels of transforming growth factor β , prostaglandin E2, and cyclooxygenase 2 in tumor-bearing mice, which may be responsible for the inhibition of Tregs. Conclusion: The antitumor activity of total flavonoids from T. hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is associated with the inhibition of Tregs in a mouse tumor model. Total flavonoids from T. hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg may be used as antitumor agents in cancer prevention and treatment.
Accurate Electronic, Transport, and Related Properties of Wurtzite Beryllium Oxide (w-BeO)

We report details of our ab-initio, self-consistent density functional theory (DFT) calculations of electronic and related properties of wurtzite beryllium oxide (w-BeO). Our calculations were performed using a local density approximation (LDA) potential and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) formalism. Unlike previous DFT studies of BeO, the implementation of the Bagayoko, Zhao, and Williams (BZW) method, as enhanced by the work of Ekuma and Franklin (BZW-EF), ensures the full physical content of the results of our calculations, as per the derivation of DFT. We present our computed band gap, total and partial densities of states, and effective masses. Our direct band gap of 10.30 eV, reached by using the experimental lattice constants of a = 2.6979 A and c = 4.3772 A at room temperature, agrees very well the experimental values of 10.28 eV and 10.3 eV. The hybridization of O and Be p states in the upper valence bands, as per our calculated, partial densities of states, are in agreement with corresponding, experimental findings.
Oil-palm village vs non-oil palm village: lesson learned from a mix method study involving village development index

Indonesia has acknowledged the oil palm industry as a blessing in disguise. Despite being most critically discussed commodity, it has generated considerable benefits not only economically and socially, but also ecologically for the archipelago. Many debates have gone against it. That evidence had been investigated at the micro-scale level or individual farm level spot by spot, but only a few have been discussed in a nationally representative manner. Many had also claimed that palm oil might spill over to farm individual prosperity, reducing deprivation and even promoting structural transformation in the ground. However, not much has been evaluated to what extent the improvement process is transferred at the village level, as the most immediate administrative level governs the oil palm farmers. Thus, this work is aimed to evaluate the impact of oil palm adopting-villages compared to that of the non-oil palm adopting-villages in terms of its village development index (IDM, Indeks Desa Membangun). The study uses mix-method analysis, which combines propensity score matching (PSM) to assess the impact quantitatively, and text mining analysis to confirm the former result qualitatively. The process is supplied with village characteristics from the eight most prominent oil palm-producing provinces, such as Riau, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Jambi, and Aceh. The result indicated that oil palm plantation has emerging benevolent outcomes in terms of economic, social, and ecology aspects at the village level. Yet, it is revealed that some issues remained questioned