Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is there a temporal niche separation in the leaf phenology of savanna trees and grasses?

Aim It has been proposed that, in tropical savannas, trees deploy their leaves earlier in the growing season and grasses deploy their leaves later. This hypothesis implies a mechanism that facilitates the coexistence of trees and grasses in savannas. If true, this hypothesis would also allow algorithms to use differences in the phenological timing of grass and tree leaves to partition the relative contribution of grasses and trees to net primary production. In this study we examine whether a temporal niche separation between grasses and trees exists in savanna.
The fine structure of Woloszynskia micra Sp.Nov., a new marine dinoflagellate

The morphology and fine structure of a new dinoflagellate species are described. Superficially this organism appears to be a Gymnodinium but electron microscopy has clearly revealed the presence of a complex theca which is indicative of the genus Woloszynskia. The fine structure of the typical dinoflagellate organelles, trichocysts, pusule and nucleus with permanently condensed chromosomes are detailed. The normal mitochondria and chloroplasts with threethylakoid lamellae and intra-chloroplast pyrenoids are illustrated. W. micra was isolated from the English Channel near Plymouth.
Phylogenetics of Arethuseae (Orchidaceae) Based on Plastid matK and rbcL Sequences

Abstract Circumscriptions of Arethuseae have varied since the tribe was first described by John Lindley in 1840, containing over ninety genera among the different authors. The latest system of Arethuseae defined by Dressler, including around thirty genera, is the most commonly accepted today. The goals of this study are to assess whether Arethuseae sensu Dressler and component subtribes are monophyletic and evaluate the position(s) of Arethuseae within Orchidaceae. Sequences of two plastid genes, matK and rbcL, have been obtained for 24 representative genera of Arethuseae in Dressler's latest two taxonomic systems for the tribe, plus 46 other genera throughout Orchidaceae. Both separate and combined analyses of the matK and rbcL data indicate that the tribe may not be monophyletic, which is also true for most subtribes within Arethuseae. Furthermore, matK data suggest that this gene may be non-functional within Orchidaceae. Communicating Editor: Kathleen A. Kron
Effects of feeding level for four weeks precalving on milk production is small and dependent on level of feeding in early lactation

The aim was to quantify the relationship between pre- and postcalving level of feeding and their effect on milk production. Sixty-eight multiparous dairy cows were randomly allocated to two levels of pasture feeding (Low and High; 4.8 and 11.9 kg DM/day) for 29 ± 7.7 days precalving. At calving, cows were randomly allocated (within precalving levels) to two levels of pasture feeding (Low and High; 8.6 and 13.5 kg DM/day) for 35 days postcalving. Daily milk yields were recorded and fat, protein and lactose concentrations determined on 2 days each week for 5 weeks postcalving, and once weekly for an additional 10 weeks post treatment. Body condition score (BCS) at calving was 4.2 and 4.7 for precalving Low and High treatment groups, respectively. Precalving restriction reduced milk fat production by 8.4% during the first five weeks postcalving, but these differences were not evident subsequently. Postcalving feed restriction reduced yields of milk, fat and protein by 25, 21 and 28%, respectively, during the first five weeks postcalving. Decreased (P < 0.05) yields of milk, fat and protein (12, 10 and 9%, respectively) were also evident for ten weeks after the feed restriction finished. There was a trend towards a treatment interaction (P = 0.13) in milksolids (MS) production during the first five weeks of lactation between pre- and postcalving level of feeding. HighHigh cows produced 7.1 kg more MS than Low-High cows, but there was no effect of precalving level of feeding in cows that were restricted postcalving. Results confirm that level of feeding postcalving influences the milk production effect of precalving feeding. Nevertheless the effect of precalving energy intake on postcalving milk production is small.
The Cellular Basis of T-Cell Memory

One of the major characteristics of the immune system is its ability to react more quickly and more intensely on the second exposure to an antigen. This characteristic, usually referred to as immunologic memory, was first observed in studies of antibody production in vivo (reviewed in 1). The secondary, or anamnestic, response to an antigen not only results in the production of increased levels of antibodies, but these antibodies also generally have a higher affinity for antigen compared to those antibodies produced during the primary response (2). Memory at the B-cell level is generally accepted as the result of selection and specific expansion of clones secreting high affinity antibody molecules (3, 4). Molecular studies suggest that somatic hypermutation of antibody variable-region genes during the primary response may be responsible for the occurrence of B cells express­ ing high affinity receptors (reviewed in 5). However, the differentiation pathway involved in the generation of memory B cells is still poorly understood. In particular, it is not clear how, in the primary response, some of the B cells differentiate into terminal plasma cells and others into memory cells. While there is ample evidence that immunologic memory also involves T cells, our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of T-cell secondary responses is quite limited. Following early studies dem­ onstrating that cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) are not necessarily terminal cells but may differentiate, at least in vitro, into cells exhibiting the expected properties of memory cells (6), attempts have been made to define quan­ titative and qualitative differences between memory T cells and T cells that have not yet been stimulated by antigen (which are often designated as
Viabilidade econômica da terminação de novilhos Nelore e Red Norte em confinamento na região de Lavras-MG

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade economica da terminacao em confinamento de novilhos Nelore e Red Norte na regiao de Lavras, MG. Foram utilizados 41 novilhos, nao castrados, de dois grupos geneticos, sendo: 19 Nelore e 22 Red Norte, com pesos vivos iniciais medios de 315 ±31 kg e 321 ±30 kg, respectivamente. O periodo experimental foi de 112 dias, divididos em quatro periodos de 28 dias. A viabilidade economica foi analisada utilizando o modelo de custo, considerando os custos operacionais, alternativos e de depreciacao. Todos os indicadores economicos gerados apresentaram resultados negativos. A atividade apresentou prejuizo de R$ 6,88 e 19,74/arroba para os animais Red Norte e Nelore, respectivamente. Os resultados negativos obtidos nessas condicoes ocorreram porque o custo operacional efetivo foi maior que o preco de venda da arroba. Em um cenario com a aquisicao de animais a atividade de confinamento apresentou residuo proximo de zero para o grupo Red Norte. A pratica do confinamento nao apresentou viabilidade economica para a regiao de Lavras, MG, no ano de 2007.
Selenium and Human Cancer: Epidemiological Aspects and Implications for Clinical Trials

ATES OF CANCER at most sites vary geographically; many are inversely associated with estimates R of selenium intake. These descriptive studies (also called “ecologic” or “correlational” studies), reviewed by Jansson,(l) have provided an important stimulus to research. However, since other dietary or nondietary factors that differ between these geographic areas could provide an alternative explanation for the association with selenium, firm conclusions cannot be drawn from such studies. In general, countries with high selenium intake and low rates of many specific cancers tend to be developing countries that typically have, for example, low fat intake. Indeed, the scatterplot of selenium intake vs national breast cancer mortality ratell) is almost the mirror image of that relating fat intake to mortality due to this neoplasm.13) These descriptive studies of groups can be especially valuable under unusual circumstances, such as when comparisons are made within countries under particularly uniform conditions, as in the study being conducted in China by Chen et a1.I‘) An alternative to observing cancer rates in populations is to examine the occurrence of this disease in individuals. Such studies, either case-control or cohort in design, usually offer greater opportunity to control for potentially confounding factors. This article reviews the methodological difficulties encountered conducting studies of selenium and cancer among individual humans, examines available data regarding this relationship from case-control and cohort studies, and discusses some of the implications of these findings for clinical trials.
The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study

This revision of the New Zealand Scincidae recognises 22 species, in the genera Leiolopisma Dumeril & Bibron and Cyclodina Girard. The following species are redescribed: L.fallai McCann; L. suteri (Boulenger); L. smithi (Gray); L. homalonotum (Boulenger); L. moco (Dumeril & Bibron); L. infra‐punctatum (Boulenger); L. striatum (Buller); L. zelandicum (Gray); L. nigriplantare (Peters); L. lineoocellatum (Dumeril & Dumeril); L. grande (Gray); L. otagense McCann; L. (? ) fasciolare (Girard); C. ornata (Gray); C. aenea Girard; C. oliveri (McCann); C. alani (Robb); and C. macgregori (Robb). L. (? ) fasciolare is included in Leiolopisma only provisionally pending further examination; doubts regarding its inclusion in the New Zealand herpetofauna are raised. Leiolopisma gracilicorpus, L. chloronoton, L. acrinasum, and Cyclodina whitakeri are erected as new species. Only 2 subspecies are recognised, in L. nigriplantare. L. n. nigriplantare includes animals described earlier as L. dendyi (Boulenger) and L. turbotti McC.
Microbial Processes Relating to Carbon Cycling in Southeastern Bering Sea Sediments

Several microbial variables were measured in southeastern Bering Sea sediments which should theoretically be related to carbon cycling. The variables studied included glutamate and glucose uptake and respiration rates, CO, and methane production rates and the activities of the following hydrolases: cellulase, amylase, laminarinase, protease and xylanase. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and denitrification rates, and phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities were also determined. The 2 regions studied were offshore sediments in the Saint George Basin (SGB) and inshore bay sediments in Port Moller (PM). Mean rates of all variables studied were higher in PM sediments when compared to SGB. The rates of methane production. CO, production, and nitrogen fixation were comparable to those reported in temperate marine sediments indicating that these rates were not depressed because of low temperature. In sediments of both areas, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities were highly correlated. In PM, the activity of these 2 enzymes was highly correlated with protease activity, glutamate uptake rates, and CO, evolution rates. These correlations suggest that in PM sediments, all of these variables were interrelated and probably reflected relative levels of microbial heterotrophic activity. In the same sediments, the linear correlation between glutamate uptake rates and protease activity was very high (r = 0.993). This high correlation suggests that protease activity reflects amino acid availability to the microbial population as the result of protein hydrolysis. It also suggests that the glutamate uptake rates reflect the adjustment of the microbial population to levels of amino acids available in the sediments. There was a region within SGB where microbial processes were elevated during both sample periods (January and May). This area was located on an oceanographic frontal system. The high microbial activity observed there may be related to the influence of the frontal system on primary productivity and sedimentation processes.
Time programme of the early tooth development in the domestic sheep (Ovis aries, Ruminantia)

Witter K. , I. Mi‰ek: Time Programme of the Early Tooth Development in the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries, Ruminantia). Acta Vet. Brno 1999, 68: 3-8. The knowledge of a generally valid pattern of odontogenesis is a prerequisite for the identification of diseases and developmental anomalies in the oral cavity of domestic animals and man. The sheep is a very interesting model species for the investigation of tooth development, as it shows specialisation processes of the mammalian dentition, such as reduction, complication, transformation and translocation, in one object. In this paper, an attempt at an explanation of the time programme of early odontogenesis in the sheep is made to provide a basis for further studies of this object. Heads of 19 staged embryos and fetuses were decalcified, embedded in paraffin and serial transversal sections were made. Stained series were examined by light microscopy. The dental lamina was formed at DO33 (days of ontogenesis). Later dental buds and dental caps for the deciduous dentition developed. The tooth primordia of the permanent dentition did not appear until DO53. Rudimental primordia of upper incisors and canines, which disappeared after DO55, were also observed. An enamel knot-like structure could be distinguished within these rudiments. The time programme of tooth development in the sheep is comparable with the odontogenesis in other terrestial mammals. Ruminants, odontogenesis, dentition, dental lamina, dental bud, dental cap
Effects of Sidewinds on Optimal Flight Speed of Birds

The relationship between flight power and airspeed of birds, as derived from flight mechanical theory, can be used to predict the maximum range speed Vmr which is the optimal speed for minimizing the cost of transport. This speed is not constant but depends on the winds. Earlier predictions about the optimal adjustment of flight speed by birds in relation to winds are only valid in due head- and tailwind situations. We derive Vmr for birds flying along a constant track direction with an arbitrary wind. It emerges that the effect of sidewinds on Vmr depends on the marginal rate of return in groundspeed with an increasing airspeed. This marginal rate increases with the angle between the bird's track and heading direction. Hence, Vmr not only depends on the effect of wind on the bird's actual groundspeed but also on the bird's angle of compensation for the sidewinds. As a result, optimal flight speeds are faster in sidewinds than in tail- or headwinds with a corresponding speed increment caused by wind. The adjustments of optimal airspeed in relation to sidewinds will be analogous also for other characteristic flight speeds besides Vmr, such as the optimal flight speed associated with time-saving rather than energy-saving migration, and with food searching, flight between foraging patches and food delivery flights. We also discuss requirements for empirical tests of the predictions proposed in this paper.
Efeito residual do nitrogênio na cultura do milho no sistema de produção integração lavoura-pecuária

The nitrogen is an element required in large quantities by plants. Its application in the pasture, in crop-livestock integration, would provoke high animal productivity in winter and high vegetal productivity in summer. This study aimed to evaluate the residual effect of nitrogen application in the pasture, with and without grazing sheep, under maize culture. The experiment was conducted in Guarapuava (PR) in the 2007/08 season in a randomized block design with split plots. The main parcel consisted of treatments with N in winter (N-TI = 0, 75, 150 e 225kg ha-1 de N) in pasture of white oat (Avena sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), in subparcel with (CP) and without grazing (SP) sheep and, in subsubparcels N in summer (N-TV=0; 75; 150; 225 e 300kg ha-1 de N). The sowing of hybrid 30F53 occurred on 10/24/07. The variables evaluated were: pasture dry mass, productivity, numbers of rows, grains per rows, grains per spike and grain thousand mass. The dry mass plant CP and SP had quadratic response to the level of N-TI and N-TV. The productivity of grains, as well as the number of rows and grains per spike, was not affected by grazing. There was quadratic response in productivity of grains, due to the increase of nitrogen levels N-TI and N-TV.
Relationships of Nitrogenous Compounds in Petiole Sap of Tomato to Nitrogen Fertilization and the Value of these Compounds as a Predictor of Yield

Colonial' tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown on raised beds with black polyethylene mulch, drip irrigation, and preplant-N rates of 0, 67, 134, 202, or 269 kg·ha -1 . Petiole sap was collected 7 and 13 weeks after transplanting. Concentrations of NO3-N, free amino acids, total amino acids, and total-N (the sum of NO 3-N and amino acid-N) were examined as functions of the rate of N fertilization. Also, each of these compounds was used as an independent variable as a predictor of fruit yield. Seven weeks after planting, the concentrations of NO 3-N and 15 of 18 of the free amino acids were correlated with the rate of N fertilization, but concentrations of bound or total amino acids were not. The amount of NO3-N accounted for 37% of the total-N in the 0 kg ·ha -1 treatment, and up to 83% in the 202 kg·ha -1 treatment. NO3-N was highly correlated with total-N for both nonhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed sap (R 2 = 0.98). Thirteen weeks after transplanting, neither the concentration of NO 3-N nor that of amino acids, other than asparagine, glutamine, and proline, were significantly related to the rate of N fertilization. On both dates, concentrations of glutamine plus glutamic acid were correlated with rate of N fertilization whether expressed as absolute values or as percentage values. N fertilization rate and the concentration of NO 3-N or total-N were related to total fruit yield ( R 2 = 0.69 to 0.74), and marketable fruit yield ( R 2 = 0.78 to 0.82). N-fertilization rate and petiole sap concentrations of NO3-N or total-N were also correlated with the N contained in total or marketable yield. Petiole sap variables measured 13 weeks after transplanting were not significantly correlated with fruit yield or the quantity of N contained in the fruit. Free, bound, or total amino acids in petiole sap were not as well correlated with fruit yield parameters as were N-fertilization rate, NO 3-N, or total-N in petiole sap.
A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe saturejeae lamiaceae

HUSAIN, S. Z. , MARIN, P. D. , SILIC, C. , QAISER, M. & PETCOVIC, B. , 1990. A micromorphological study of some representative genera in the tribe Saturejeae (Lamiaceae). The Old World genera in the tribe Saturejeae are usually distributed either in Europe and North Africa or in the temperate parts of Asia. The centres of distribution of investigated genera are mainly in the Mediterranean region. In taxonomic revisions very little reference is made to micromorphological characters, in particular, to nutlets and leaf indumentum, in spite of the stability of these characters. Scanning electron microscopy of nutlet surface and patterns of leaf indumentum show a wide range of variation, not only among genera, but also at lower levels of classification. In view of this, nutlet surface and leaf indumentum structure, as seen with the SEM, of representative species of eight genera in the tribe Saturejeae provides useful additional character combinations in delimiting these closely related genera. This study also supports Boissier's delimitation of sections Micromeria and Pseudomelissa.
ESTERCO BOVINO E POTÁSSIO NA COMPOSIÇÃO MINERAL DE PLANTAS DE NONI

Noni fruit has been used since antiquity for treatment of many diseases such as allergy, arthritis, asthma, cancer, depression, diabetes, digestion, hypertension, and insomnia and is used as food supplement. Although these properties and its intercontinental adaptability, information about nutrient exigency and crop management is still little frequent in international and national literature. In this direction an experiment was carried out, during the period of July/2009 to July/2010, in Sao Luis, Maranhao state, Brazil, in order to evaluate effects of manure and potassium fertilization of the soil on mineral composition in leaves dry matter of noni plants. The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks 2 x 4 referring to absence and presence potassium fertilization (130 kg ha-1 K2O) in soil with bovine manure levels (0, 1.7, 6.6 e 11.6 kg plant-1) applied in the area of plant projection . From the results, except in calcium and magnesium, the interaction bovine manure x K2O proportioned increment on the content of other macro and micronutrients in dry matter leaf of noni plants. The establishment of levels interpreting nutrient content suitable for noni is needed to assist the discussions of future studies of fertilization and crop nutrition.
Systems analysis of metabolic network operation in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

Preface Summary Microbial cells have acquired an enormous level of complexity, both in terms of metabolic versatility and physiological adaptation to ever-changing environments. While defined tasks can often be assigned to individual metabolic pathways or reactions, their complexinterplay and dynamic adaptability to nomstandard conditions is not understood, at least not quantitatively. Direct assessment of the in vivo pathway activities using an experimental setup that allows rapid and parallel analysis of many strains or conditions is the key to deeperunderstanding of metabolism from a holistic perspective. Over the last decade, methods of metabolic flux analysis based on 13C tracer experiments were established as a valuable tool to gain insight into intracellular metabolism. However, these applications were usually slow, tedious in experimental effort and data evaluation, and rather expensive. Thus, at the Start of this thesis, only about 50-100 flux analyses have been performed worldwide because 13C tracer experiments were clearly not a Standard analysis. This thesis introduces metabolic flux ratio (METAFoR) analysis for mass spectrometry (MS) which is later extended to a simple and robust method for metabolic net flux analysis. Since MS is far more sensitive than NMR for analysis of labeling patterns, METAFoR analysis was developed for MS data, similar to an existing NMR-basedmethod, but now combining a sensitive analytical technique with rapid data evaluation (Chapter 2). In experiments where quantitative physiological measurements are feasible, the flux ratios derived from METAFoR analysis can be used in combination with these measurements to assess the absolute intracellular fluxes. This so-called 13C-constrained flux analysis was developed together with Statistical treatment that allows appropriate consideration of individual measurement errors and resolutions of the obtained fluxes (Chapter3). The novel methods were applied to assess metabolic pathway activities in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis under different environmental conditions. In E. coli, growth on limiting glucose revealed the Operation of a new catabolic cycle, which involves PEP carboxykinase and the enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt, and allows the complete oxidation of PEP to C02 (Chapter4)-a function that has been considered as the exclusive property of the ubiquitous tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.