Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of concentrated heating on the Hadley circulation

Abstract This study extends the earlier work on Hadley circulations forced by broad, global heating distributions to situations where heating is latitudinally concentrated. In the case of heating symmetrically centered on the equator, concentration unambiguously increases the intensity of the Hadley circulation—by up to a factor of 5. For heating centered off the equator, its effect depends on whether the concentration is drawn symmetrically from both sides of the heating maximum or whether the heat is preferentially drawn from the winter side. In the latter case, concentration again leads to pronounced intensification of the Hadley circulation. Indeed, agreement between the calculated and observed Hadley intensity is achieved with mild concentration, consistent with the observed zonally averaged precipitation, rather than the narrower rainfall association with the ITCZ. This suggests that a weakening of those processes that broaden the zonally averaged rainfall (i.e., the easterly waves and regional land.
Changes of Diurnal Temperature Range in Taiwan and Their Large-Scale Associations: Univariate and Multivariate Trend Analyses

By analyzing the long-term (1950-2007) variability of diurnal temperature range [DTR; daytime maximum (T max ) minus nighttime minimum (T min )] at 21 stations in Taiwan, this study applies univariate analysis, a trend-free prewhitening procedure combined with a modified Mann-Kendall test, and EOF-based multivariate trend analysis (TEOFA) to the ranked station DTR, T max , and T min . To reveal the large-scale associations with the local TEOFA results, this study also uses global gridded T max , T min , nighttime marine air temperature, and sea level pressure (SLP) datasets archived at the U.K. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre. On the basis of the signs and relative magnitudes between the annually-mean T max and T min trends, the stations can be classified into three types through univariate analysis. With a common increasing T min, type-A (type-B) stations have an increasing T min (T max ) faster than T max (T min ) whereas type-C stations have a decreasing T max . Both type-A and type-C (type-B) thus show(s) a decreasing (an increasing) DTR. For most stations, the increasing T min is the largest in December-February. In contrast, all type-B stations have an increasing T max peaking in June-August. Noticeably, six of nine type-B stations, either in the remote islands or in the seaports, are particularly influenced by the ocean. Three DTR trend modes stand out of TEOFA. The first mode, TEOF 1 , captures increasing DTR trends at four type-B stations and decreasing DTR trends elsewhere. The associated increasing T min (T max ) trend is consistent with the increasing (decreasing) clouds during nighttime (daytime) and is well-correlated with the large-scale patterns, suggesting that it is part of the global warming scenario. Nevertheless, TEOF 1 also captures a decreasing T max trend in Taiwan's highly developed western plains (i.e., type C) and eastern China where an increasing SLP pattern is observed, implying the anthropogenic forcings on DTR. TEOF 2 (TEOF 3 ) depicts the decadal-to-interdecadal DTR variability in central (northern) Taiwan. Evolution of TEOF 2 shows smaller (larger) amplitude before 1970s (after mid-1980s). The associated large-scale patterns suggest that TEOF 2 (TEOF 3 ) captures the relationship between an intensified (weakened) East Asian winter monsoon and La Nina (El Nino)-like condition in eastern (central) equatorial Pacific. Embedded in a Pacific-Japan-like teleconnection pattern, the southwestward intrusion of Pacific subtropical anticyclone in June-August that signifies the weakened southwesterly monsoon is also depicted by TEOF 2 .
The sound of a sinusoid: Spectral models

It is commonly believed that the spectrum of a sound can be used to explain not only the pitch and loudness of that sound but also its timbre, or sound quality. This paper presents an experimental refutation of this spectral timbre claim. Listeners were presented with pairs of ‘‘damped’’ and ‘‘ramped’’ sinusoids and asked to choose the one whose sound quality was most like a sinusoid. The damped sinusoids were constructed by repeating a short segment (25 ms) of a sinusoid with an exponential decay; the ramped sinusoids were constructed by reversing the damped sinusoids in time. The spectra of damped and ramped sinusoids are very simple, consisting of one main peak whose width broadens as the half‐life of the decay function decreases. Fourier energy spectra of damped and ramped sounds with the same half‐life are identical. Auditory spectra from a more realistic auditory model with a gammatone auditory filterbank show that the width of the spectral peak of the damped sinusoid is narrower than that of the ra.
An optical method for measuring metal surface temperature in harsh environment conditions

Commercially available instruments for measuring and monitoring surface temperature of metal parts are very limited and often unsuitable for applications at harsh environment conditions. Another major challenge is to measure temperature of a rotating surface, as it is very difficult to take an electrical signal out from rotating parts. A novel optical reflectance based non-contact temperature measurement technique is discussed which can be used for temperature measurement on metal surfaces. The optical reflectivity of metals is known to depend on metal temperature and wavelength of the incident light. An increase in metal temperature resulted in the change (increase or decrease depending on particular metal properties) of reflected laser power from the metal surface. This also depends on the surface geometries of the metal surface being measured. We have shown that the sensitivity of the temperature measured depends on the angle of incidence, surface topology and surface properties of the object.
Weight Calculation And Purity Identification Of Symplectic Self-orthogonal Codes

The purity identification of quantum errorcorrecting codes and symplectic self-orthogonal is a pivotal problem in quantum code theory. This work is dedicated to some issues of symplectic codes. First, by the MacWillams identity, a fast algorithm to determine the weight polynomial of high-dimension symplectic codes is designed; second a solution to seek for the dual codes of symplectic codes is derived; third the effective method to identify the purity of symplectic codes is obtained; and at last constructions of symplectic selforthogonal codes are given, resulted three impure symplectic self-orthogonal codes, the quantum codes stabilized by the three impure symplectic self-orthogonal codes are optimal. The above work may offer new methods for purity identification of symplectic self-orthogonal codes and quantum error-correcting codes. Keywords-quantum error-correcting codes; symplectic selforthogonal code; weight polynomial; pure codes
Collector breakdown in the heterojunction bipolar transistor laser

Data are presented on a quantum-well (QW)-based InGaP∕GaAs∕InGaAs (QW) heterojunction bipolar transistor laser modified with external (increased) mirror reflection yielding lower threshold current (IB=23→19mA) and higher collector breakdown voltage (⩾2.5V). Increased breakdown at lower currents is observed on the collector I-V characteristics, at constant base current IB, as a slope change, a corner, and a narrow-line to broadband spectral shift from stimulated (high coherent optical field) to spontaneous (lower incoherent field) operation, a consequence of quenching or reducing photon-assisted tunneling (Franz-Keldysh effect) under the constraint IE+IB+IC=0 as α→1(α≡ΔIC∕ΔIE).
Effects of heat transfer on the strength of shock waves emitted upon spherical bubble collapse

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study numerically the effects of heat transfer on the strength of shock waves emitted upon spherical bubble collapse.Design/methodology/approach – The motion of bubble under ultrasound is predicted by solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations for the gas inside a spherical bubble. The Gilmore model and the method of characteristics are used to model the shock wave emitted at the end of the bubble collapse.Findings – The theory permits one to predict correctly the bubble radius‐time curve and the characteristics of shock wave in sulphuric acid solution. These simulations indicated that the heat transfer inside the bubble and the liquid layer plays a major role in the bubble behaviour and the strength of the shock waves. Also, the developed numerical scheme is checked for different gas bubble like air, Argon and Xenon. It is observed that the gas thermal conductivity plays an important role in the shock wave strength. A good agreement is observed by comparison of the.
On the Vlasov hierarchy

Motivated by a recent paper of H. Narnhofer and G. Sewell, we investigate the problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Vlasov hierarchy. It is shown that the unique solution of the Vlasow hierarchy is induced by the flow on the space of probability measures on R6 which is obtained from the solution of the Vlasov equation.
Limit theorems for large deviations of sums of independent lattice random vectors

We estimate the probabilities of large deviations of sums of independent lattice random vectors which take values from the ^-dimensional Euclidean space and may be not identically distributed. Under the hypothesis that the Cramer condition in the lattice case is satisfied, we formulate a local limit theorem and prove an integral limit theorem for some class of convex Borel sets.
Hydrodynamic wake resonance as an underlying principle of efficient unsteady propulsion

Abstract A linear spatial stability analysis is performed on the velocity profiles measured in the wake of an actively flexible robotic elliptical fin to find the frequency of maximum spatial growth, that is, the hydrodynamic resonant frequency of the time-averaged jet. It is found that: (i) optima in propulsive efficiency occur when the driving frequency of a flapping fin matches the resonant frequency of the jet profile; (ii) there can be multiple wake resonant frequencies and modes corresponding to multiple peaks in efficiency; and (iii) some wake structures transition from one pattern to another when the wake instability mode transitions. A theoretical framework, termed wake resonance theory, is developed and utilized to explain the mechanics and energetics of unsteady self-propulsion. Experimental data are used to validate the theory. The analysis, although one-dimensional, captures the performance exhibited by a three-dimensional propulsor, showing the robustness and broad applicability of the technique.
The flavour symmetry S3 and the neutrino mass matrix with two texture zeroes

In this work, discuss neutrino masses and mixings in the framework of a minimal S3 symmetric extension of the Standard Model. In this model, the mass matrices of all fermions take the same generic form with two texture zeroes. The mass matrices of the neutrinos and charged leptons are re-parameterized in terms of their eigenvalues, then the neutrino mixing matrix, VPMNS, is computed and exact, explicit analytical expressions for the neutrino mixing angles as functions of the masses of neutrinos and charged leptons are obtained in excellent agreement with the latest experimental data. We also compute the branching ratios of some selected flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) processes, as well as the contribution of the exchange of neutral flavour-changing scalars to the anomaly of the magnetic moment of the muon, as functions of the masses of charged leptons and the neutral Higgs bosons. We find that the S3 × Z2 flavour symmetry and the strong mass hierarchy of the charged leptons strongly suppress the FCNC processes in the leptonic sector, well below the present experimental bounds by many orders of magnitude. The contribution of FCNC's to the anomaly of the muon's magnetic moment is small, but not negligible.
Material Thermal Degradation Under Reentry Aerodynamic Heating

For the spent upper-stage rocket and defunct spacecraft bodies reentering the Earth’s atmosphere, the extent of aerothermal degradation depends on the rate of energy dissipated during flight and on the thermal characteristics of the material. It is well known that the reentry trajectory and the aerodynamic heating are significantly influenced by the aerodynamic drag. In this paper, a study involving the measurement of rarefied drag and of material degradation under simulated reentry heating is reported. The rarefied drag coefficient was experimentally determined by direct pressure measurements in a rarefied wind tunnel. From the ensuing reentry trajectory, the aerodynamic heating was estimated. The material thermal response and the physical nature of degradation were studied experimentally through transient heat flux simulations. Results of the experiments are compared with numerical results of transient heat flux simulations. Various space faring materials were considered for study and the sensitivity of.
Some basic properties of the MLE's for a multivariate normal distribution with monotone missing data

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn this paper we study some basic properties of the MLE's and for a p-variate normal population Np(μ, Σ), based on a k-step monotone sample. For k = 2 and 3, we obtain the exact means and variances of and the exact bias of . Asymptotic expansions of the distributions of these estimators are also obtained in the situation when the sample size is large. For a general k, the MLE's of μ and the usual transformed matrix Δ of Σ are given in explicit forms. Some analogous properties are also obtained.
Underwater streamer propagation analyzed from detailed measurements of pressure release

In this paper we describe experimental observations connected with the propagation of primary and secondary streamers in water. Using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer we determined the pressure field surrounding the streamer channel at a given instant in time with high temporal and spatial resolution. This pressure field contains information on the time evolution of the pressure pulse inside the discharge channel. The pressure history in the channel has been reconstructed by comparing the experimentally obtained fringe shifts in the interferograms with those derived from one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations in cylindrical geometry. Assuming different trial pressure pulses, it has been possible to establish the channel pressure iteratively. A reproduction of the experimental data from secondary streamers requires short (2–3ns) pressure pulses with amplitudes of 2–3GPa. These findings are inconsistent with the assumption of bubble-initiated propagation of secondary streamers. It has also been inferred fro.
A macroscopic damage‐plastic constitutive law for modeling quasi‐brittle fracture and ductile behavior of concrete

A new phenomenological macroscopic constitutive model for the numerical simulation of quasi‐brittle fracture and ductile concrete behavior, under general triaxial stress conditions, is presented. The model is particularly addressed to simulate a wide range of confinement stress states, as also, to capture the strong influence of the mean stress value in the concrete failure mechanisms.
Micromagnetic recording model of pole-tip saturation effects

Auxiliary write-head fields, either from simple analytic approximations or from finite-element computations, are used to record transitions on a Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert model of thin-film recording media. A micromagnetic model of a magnetoresistive element is used to read back the transitions. Focus is on the impact of pole-tip saturation on the quality of the recorded track and subsequent playback. It is shown that with increasing write current, the quality of the recorded transitions degrades much more rapidly than would be expected from the analytical expressions for the write-head field. Specifically, head saturation causes the transition parameter to increase. At high write currents, poor write field gradients at the track edges result in a strong increase in transition parameter with read width percentage of the recorded track.
A moving frame of reference algorithm for fluid/structure interaction of rotating and translating bodies

A mathematical and numerical formulation is derived for fluid/structure interaction problems involving arbitrary geometries relevant to the simulation of bridge deck instabilities due to cross winds. A translating and rotating moving frame of reference is attached to the body to utilize an efficient fixed mesh spectral/hp element solver. The formulation is validated against experiments with flow simulations of circular cylinders at Reynolds numbers of 100–400 undergoing free and forced motion in the transverse and in‐line directions. The well‐documented phenomena of vortex lock‐in is captured. The formulation is then applied a rectangular body at Re=250 under forced and free motion the latter of which demonstrates torsional galloping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations of Hα surges and ultraviolet jets above satellite sunspots

Aims. To know more about the physical origin of surges and jets, we investigated seven successive surge events, which occurred above the satellite sunspots of active region NOAA 10720 on 2005 January 15. Methods. Using data from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) and Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), we present a detailed study of the surges and their relations with the associated small arch filament, UV jets, flares and photospheric longitudinal magnetic fields. Results. The seven Hα surges we studied repeatedly occurred where the photospheric longitudinal fluxes of opposite magnetic polarities emerged, converged and were canceled by each other. Correspondingly, a small satellite spot emerged, decayed and disappeared during a period of about 2 hours in the white-light observations. In morphology, all surges displayed almost linear ejective structures. Their dynamic properties, such as the transverse velocity, projected maximum length and lifetime, varied in wide ranges. They are 30–200 km s −1 , 38 000–220 000 km and from several to tens of minutes, respectively. Correspondingly, the intensities of their correlated microflares were different too. The surges of major velocities or maximum lengths seemed to be accompanied by processes of more energy release. Prior to these surge events, a small Hα arch filament connecting the opposite flux elements was found at the base region. Instead of erupting completely, it gradually disappeared during the surges. Its role in the surge activities is very like a bipolar flux, which contained the cool plasma and reconnected with the ambient magnetic fields. In 1600 A, three surge events exhibited the composite structures of bright jets and nearby small flaring loops, which provides direct evidence of magnetic reconnection origin of the surges. A careful comparison revealed that the ends of the arch filament, the UV jets and the small flaring loops just corresponded to the interacting longitudinal fluxes in the photosphere. Conclusions. These observational results support the magnetic reconnection model of surges and jets.
Nonlinear Evolution of Singular Disturbances to the Bickley Jet

We consider the nonlinear evolution of a disturbance to the Bickley jet, and the critical layer for the disturbance is located very close to the nose of the jet rather than at the inflection points. Using a nonlinear critical layer analysis, equations governing the evolution of the disturbance are derived and discussed. When the critical layer is located exactly at the nose of the jet, we find that the disturbance cannot exist on a linear basis, even with weak viscosity present, but that nonlinear effects inside the critical layer do permit the disturbance to exist if both modes are present. However, when the phase velocity of the disturbance is perturbed sufficiently away from unity, so that we have a pair of critical layers slightly above and below the nose rather than a single critical layer, we find that the waves can exist on a linear basis, and again we derive equations governing the nonlinear evolution of the disturbance.
The physics of rubber elasticity

1. General Physical Properties of Rubber 2. Internal Energy and Entropy Changes on Deformation 3. The Elasticity of Long-Chain Molecules 4. The Elasticity of a Molecular Network 5Ex5 Experimental Examination of the Statistical Theory 6. Non-Gaussian Chain Statistics and Network Theory 7. Swelling Phenomena 8. Cross-linking and Modulus 9. Photoelastic Properties of Rubbers 10. The General Strain: Phenomenological Theory 11. Alternative Forms of Strain-Energy Function 12. Large-Deformation Theory: Shear and Torsion 13. Thermodynamic Analysis of Gaussian Network
Residuated Structures, Concentric Sums and Finiteness Conditions

This article is motivated by a concern with finiteness conditions on varieties of residuated structures—particularly residuated meet semilattice-ordered commutative monoids. A “concentric sum” construction is developed and is used to prove, among other results, a local finiteness theorem for a class that encompasses all n-potent hoops and all idempotent subdirect products of residuated chains. This in turn implies that a range of residuated lattice-based varieties have the finite embeddability property, whence their quasi-equational theories are decidable. Applications to substructural logics are discussed.
Entire solutions of reaction-diffusion equations and an application to discrete diffusive equations

We study entire solutions of a scalar reaction-diffusion equation of 1-space dimension. Here the entire solutions are meant by solutions defined for all $(x,t)\in\mathbb R^2$. Assuming that the equation has traveling front solutions and using the comparison argument, we prove the existence of entire solutions which behave as two fronts coming from the both sides of $x$-axis. A key idea for the proof of the main results is to characterize the asymptotic behavior of the solutions as $t\to-\infty$ in terms of appropriate subsolutions and supersolutions. This argument can apply not only to a general bistable reaction-diffusion equation but also to the Fisher-KPP equation. We also extend our argument to the Fisher-KPP equation with discrete diffusion.
Sample size for estimating a binomial proportion: comparison of different methods

The poor performance of the Wald method for constructing confidence intervals (CIs) for a binomial proportion has been demonstrated in a vast literature. The related problem of sample size determination needs to be updated and comparative studies are essential to understanding the performance of alternative methods. In this paper, the sample size is obtained for the Clopper–Pearson, Bayesian (Uniform and Jeffreys priors), Wilson, Agresti–Coull, Anscombe, and Wald methods. Two two-step procedures are used: one based on the expected length (EL) of the CI and another one on its first-order approximation. In the first step, all possible solutions that satisfy the optimal criterion are obtained. In the second step, a single solution is proposed according to a new criterion (e.g. highest coverage probability (CP)). In practice, it is expected a sample size reduction, therefore, we explore the behavior of the methods admitting 30% and 50% of losses. For all the methods, the ELs are inflated, as expected, but the coverage probabilities remain close to the original target (with few exceptions). It is not easy to suggest a method that is optimal throughout the range (0, 1) for p. Depending on whether the goal is to achieve CP approximately or above the nominal level different recommendations are made.