Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new family of boundary‐domain integral equations for the Dirichlet problem of the diffusion equation in inhomogeneous media with H−1(Ω) source term on Lipschitz domains

The interior Dirichlet boundary value problem for the diffusion equation in nonhomogeneous media is reduced to a system of boundary‐domain integral equations (BDIEs) employing the parametrix obtained in Portillo (2019). We further extend the results obtained in Portillo (2019) for the mixed problem in a smooth domain with L2(Ω) right‐hand side to Lipschitz domains and partial differential equation (PDE) right‐hand side in the Sobolev space H−1(Ω), where neither the classical nor the canonical conormal derivatives are well‐defined. Equivalence between the system of BDIEs and the original BVP is proved along with their solvability and solution uniqueness in appropriate Sobolev spaces.
Fission and fusion

Protons and neutrons make up a nucleus, which is the foundation of nuclear science. Fission and fusion involves the dispersal and combination of elemental nucleus and isotopes, and part of nuclear science is to understand the process behind this phenomenon. Adding up the individual masses of each of these subatomic particles of any given element will always give you a greater mass than the mass of the nucleus as a whole. The missing idea in this observation is the concept called nuclear binding energy. Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to keep the protons and neutrons of a nucleus intact, and the energy that is released during a nuclear fission or fusion is nuclear power. There are some things to consider however. The mass of an element's nucleus as a whole is less than the total mass of its individual protons and neutrons. The difference in mass can be attributed to the nuclear binding energy. Basically, nuclear binding energy is considered as mass, and that mass becomes "missing". This missing mass is called mass defect, which is the nuclear energy, also known as the mass released from the reaction as neutrons, photons, or any other trajectories. In short, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.
Reading the Stars

Following the global financial crisis, significant uncertainty has existed around the U.S. economy’s steady state equilibrium. This paper uses a factor model to provide a new approach to estimating “the stars” (i.e. the neutral interest rate, maximum employment, and the level and growth rate of potential output) that are most consistent with a medium-term equilibrium where inflation converges to the FOMC’s two percent target. It is applicable to any country with an inflation targeting central bank. It also explicitly incorporates estimates of the extensive margin of slack in the labor market, which has proven to be an important factor in describing the post-financial crisis landscape.
Comparing apples and oranges (and blueberries and grapes): fruit type affects development and cold susceptibility of immature Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Abstract Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest on unripe soft-skinned fruits. We sought to determine (1) temperature treatments that could be used to kill immature D. suzukii in fruit or packaging and (2) whether development on different fruits led to differences in cold tolerance of immature D. suzukii. We reared animals from egg on a banana-based laboratory diet and diets made of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen; Rosaceae), blueberry (Vaccinium Linnaeus; Ericaceae), cherry (Prunus avium Linnaeus; Rosaceae), grape (Vitis Linnaeus; Vitaceae), orange (Citrus × sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck; Rutaceae), raspberry (Rubus Linnaeus; Rosaceae), or strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne; Rosaceae) homogenate in agar and measured development time, adult body size, and cold tolerance. Diet type had complex effects on development time; in particular, D. suzukii reared on apple-based or blueberry-based diets developed more slowly to a smaller adult body size than those on other diets. Cold exposure killed eggs and both first and second instars. Survival of 24 hours at +4 °C by feeding third instars was lowest in blueberry and cherry. Five days at +0.6 °C killed all feeding third instars; this treatment is likely sufficient for targeting D. suzukii in fruit. Two hours at −5 °C or −6 °C killed all wandering third instars and pupae; this exposure could be sufficient for sanitation of packaging.
Recovering Yield Curves from Dynamic Term Structure Models with Time-Varying Factors

A dynamic version of the Nelson-Siegel-Svensson term structure model with time-varying factors is considered for predicting out-of-sample maturity yields. Simple linear interpolation cannot be applied to recover yields at the very short- and long- end of the term structure where data are often missing. This motivates the use of dynamic parametric term structure models that exploit both time series and cross-sectional variation in yield data to predict missing data at the extreme ends of the term structure. Although the dynamic Nelson–Siegel–Svensson model is weakly identified when the two decay factors become close to each other, their predictions may be more accurate than those from more restricted models depending on data and maturity.
Community Structure and Functional Role of Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis) in Treeline Communities in Rocky Mountain National Park

Research Highlights: Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is abundant in some alpine treeline ecotone (ATE) communities east of the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) and the Colorado Front Range. Limber pine may be able to colonize the ATE under changing climate aided by directed seed dispersal by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Cronartium ribicola, white pine blister rust, is a growing threat to limber pine and may affect its functional role within the ATE. Background and Objectives: The ATE is sensitive, worldwide, to increasing temperature. However, the predicted advance of treeline under a changing climate may be modified by tree species composition and interactions. We aimed to (1) examine the conifer species composition and relative abundances in treeline communities with limber pine; (2) assess which functional roles limber pine assumes in these communities—tree island initiator, tree island component, and/or solitary tree; and (3) determine whether limber pine’s occurrence as a tree island initiator can be predicted by its relative abundance as a solitary tree. Materials and Methods: We selected four study sites in RMNP above subalpine forest limber pine stands. We sampled the nearest tree island to each of forty random points in each study site as well as solitary tree plots. Results: Across study sites, limber pine comprised, on average, 76% of solitary trees and was significantly more abundant as a solitary tree than Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) or subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Limber pine was a frequent component of multi-tree islands in three study sites, the major component in one study site, and dominated single-tree islands at two study sites. At three of four study sites, no species had significantly greater odds of being a tree island initiator. Limber pine was found less often as a tree island initiator than predicted from its relative abundance as a solitary tree, given the likely role of solitary trees in tree island formation.
3D Printing in the Wild: Adopting Digital Fabrication in Elementary School Education

In recent years, digital fabrication, and especially its associated activities of 3D design and printing, have taken root in school education as curriculum-based and maker-oriented learning activities. This article explores the adoption of 3D design and printing for learning by fourth, ﬁ fth and sixth grade children (n=64) in multidisciplinary learning modules in elementary school education. School-coordinated 3D projects were not led by design experts, such as art and design teachers, designers, researchers or technical specialists, but run ‘ in the wild ’ by school teachers. The study was conducted by using an ethnographic research design, including ﬁ eld observations, non-formal interviews and a re ﬂ ective questionnaire. The results indicate that, in the adoption of 3D printing activities, learning is centred on the technical skills and the usage of 3D tools. Hence, the elementary ABCs of 3D printing do not achieve the full design and creativity potential of digital fabrication that earlier research has suggested. However, the results do have implications for the potential of 3D printing projects to increase children ’ s empowerment. In their current state, 3D design and printing are some of the learning tools, among others, and similar achievements can be achieved with other hands-on learning technologies. In order to enhance the learning of creativity and design thinking skills, 3D activities in school should be planned accordingly.
Spatial Extent of Quasiperiodic Emissions Simultaneously Observed by Arase and Van Allen Probes on 29 November 2018

Recent availability of a considerable amount of satellite and ground‐based data has allowed us to analyze rare conjugated events where extremely low and very low frequency waves from the same source region are observed in different locations. Here, we report a quasiperiodic (QP) emission, showing one‐to‐one correspondence, observed by three satellites in space (Arase and the Van Allen Probes) and a ground station. The main event was on 29 November 2018 from 12:06 to 13:08 UT during geomagnetically quiet times. Using the position of the satellites we estimated the spatial extent of the area where the one‐to‐one correspondence is observed. We found this to be up to 1.21 Earth's radii by 2.26 hr MLT, in radial and longitudinal directions, respectively. Using simple ray tracing calculations, we discuss the probable source location of these waves. At ∼12:20 UT, changes in the frequency sweep rate of the QP elements are observed at all locations associated with magnetic disturbances. We also discuss temporal changes of the spectral shape of QP observed simultaneously in space and on the ground, suggesting the changes are related to properties of the source mechanisms of the waves. This could be linked to two separate sources or a larger source region with different source intensities (i.e., electron flux). At frequencies below the low hybrid resonance, waves can experience attenuation and/or reflection in the magnetosphere. This could explain the sudden end of the observations at the spacecraft, which are moving away from the area where waves can propagate.
Effects of Electrical Conductivity, pH, and Foliar Application of Calcium Chloride on Yield and Tipburn of Lactuca sativa Grown Using the Nutrient–Film Technique

Yield reduction resulting from high temperatures and tipburn are common issues during the summer for hydroponically grown lettuce using the nutrient–film technique (NFT). We investigated the yield and degree of tipburn of lettuce ‘Red Butter’, ‘Green Butter’, and ‘Red Oakleaf’ of the Salanova® series under different-solution electrical conductivity (EC) and pH levels. We also quantified the effect of foliar spray application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the yield and degree of tipburn using the lettuce cultivar Green Butter. For the EC experiment, the plants were grown at four EC levels (1.4, 1.6, 1.8, or 2.0 mS·cm–1) and a constant pH of 5.8. For the pH experiment, the plants were grown at and four pH levels (5.8, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.4) and a constant EC of 1.8 mS·cm–1. For the foliar spray experiment, CaCl2 was applied 1 week after transplanting into NFT channels at three different concentrations: 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg·L calcium (Ca). During the EC trial, the maximum yields were observed at or more than 1.8 mS·cm–1 for ‘Green Butter’ (263 ± 14 g/head) and ‘Red Butter’ (202 ± 8 g), and more than 1.6 mS·cm–1 for ‘Red Oakleaf’ (183 ± 6 g). The yield of ‘Green Butter’ was 75 g less at 1.4 mS·cm–1 compared with 1.8 mS·cm–1. Tipburn symptoms were less at 1.4 mS·cm–1 for ‘Green Butter’ whereas other cultivars were not highly susceptible. In pH trials, the maximum yield for all cultivars was found at pH 6.0 and 6.2. There were no differences in tipburn symptoms among all pH levels. The foliar spray treatment, twice a week at 400 or 800 mg·L–1 Ca, provided improved tipburn control, as the tipburn symptoms were minimal and the impact on yield was minor compared with reducing EC. This series of experiments found evidence in proper EC and pH management for optimum yield and tipburn control in NFT lettuce grown in summer conditions.
Economic Gender Equality and the Decline of Alimony in Switzerland

This research was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant-Nr: 149594). Prior versions of this manuscript were presented at the “Inequality Within Couples Workshop” at Humboldt University in Berlin and the junior researcher workshop at the Center for Family Sciences at the University of Basel. The author thanks the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for providing the data, anonymous referees and workshop participants for their helpful comments and Joshua Vidich for proofreading the manuscript
Tailoring pulses for coherent raman microscopy

This thesis describes improvements of chemical selectivity and contrast in coherent Raman scattering (CRS) spectroscopy and microscopy. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) provide chemical information of a sample bsed on the vibrational resonances in molecules. These resonances occur at characteristic frequencies related to the mass of the atoms and the strength of the bonds between the atoms. From the presence of these resonances the presence of compounds of interest can be inferred. In conventional narrowband CRS, the contrast is based on a narrow frequency range, covering only a single vibrational resonance. In samples with many compounds, vibrational resonances can overlap significantly and contrast based on a single resonance may not be sufficient to separate different compounds. Furthermore, CARS suffers from a non-resonant background that is generated even in the absence of vibrational resonances. This non-resonant background can overwhelm the resonant CARS signal. The CRS techniques described in this thesis excite multiple vibrational resonances simultaneously. Spectral phase shaping of the excitation light is used to influence the interferences between the different resonances and excitation pathways. In this way selective and background-free images are obtained.
Leverage in family firms: The moderating role of female directors and board quality

Funding information Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Grant/Award Number: PID2019104304GB-I00; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant/ Award Number: ECO2016-77631-R AEI/ FEDER UE Abstract Grounded in the agency, socioemotional wealth and resource dependence theories, we study how debt decisions are influenced by family control and how such relationship is moderated by an internal corporate governance mechanism, the quality of the board of directors. Our results show that family-controlled firms use more leverage at lower levels of family ownership to retain family control over the business, but once their socioemotional wealth is fulfilled at higher levels of ownership, they decrease leverage in pursuit of conservative financing policies. These actions are found to be moderated by board quality (i.e., experience and expertise) and female directors (predominantly independent).
Comparative Genomics Underlines Multiple Roles of Profftella, an Obligate Symbiont of Psyllids: Providing Toxins, Vitamins, and Carotenoids

Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psylloidea), a serious pest of citrus species worldwide, harbors vertically transmitted intracellular mutualists, Candidatus Profftella armatura (Profftella_DC, Gammaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales) and Candidatus Carsonella ruddii (Carsonella_DC, Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales). Whereas Carsonella_DC is a typical nutritional symbiont, Profftella_DC is a unique defensive symbiont with organelle-like features, including intracellular localization within the host, perfect infection in host populations, vertical transmission over evolutionary time, and drastic genome reduction down to much less than 1 Mb. Large parts of the 460-kb genome of Profftella_DC are devoted to genes for synthesizing a polyketide toxin; diaphorin. To better understand the evolution of this unusual symbiont, the present study analyzed the genome of Profftella_Dco, a sister lineage to Profftella_DC, using Diaphorina cf. continua, a host psyllid congeneric with D. citri. The genome of coresiding Carsonella (Carsonella_Dco) was also analyzed. The analysis revealed nearly perfect synteny conservation in these genomes with their counterparts from D. citri. The substitution rate analysis further demonstrated genomic stability of Profftella which is comparable to that of Carsonella. Profftella_Dco and Profftella_DC shared all genes for the biosynthesis of diaphorin, hemolysin, riboflavin, biotin, and carotenoids, underlining multiple roles of Profftella, which may contribute to stabilizing symbiotic relationships with the host. However, acyl carrier proteins were extensively amplified in polyketide synthases DipP and DipT for diaphorin synthesis in Profftella_Dco. This level of acyl carrier protein augmentation, unprecedented in modular polyketide synthases of any known organism, is not thought to influence the polyketide structure but may improve the synthesis efficiency.
Towards Qualified Human Resources in the Hospitality Industry: A Review of the Hospitality Management Competencies

The increasing internationalization and demands of the global market have put pressure on organizations to equip their staff with critical competencies. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the core competencies regarded as essential in entering the senior management positions of the hotel industry. By employing a mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative techniques, the study was carried out in Turkey. The findings suggest that the core competencies pertain to the leadership, interpersonal, administrative, and conceptual/creative domains of the competency domain model.
Asymmetric Dynamics of Oil Price and Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Pakistan

The main objective of the study is to explore asymmetric impact of oil price on environmental degradation in Pakistan over the period 1975-2018. The study employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) method to check the asymmetric connection of oil price with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which represents environmental degradation along with gross capital formation, energy consumption, foreign direct investment and population. The NARDL result expresses that there is different effect of oil price as we break it into positive and negative changes, and decrease in oil price has a greater effect on environmental degradation in Pakistan. The other variables, FDI and energy consumption and population, have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emission. The study provides the policies for policymakers and government officials after uncovering the asymmetric relationship between oil and other variables with an environment that would be helpful in policymaking for Pakistan.
Multi-objective optimization for the green vehicle routing problem: A systematic literature review and future directions

Abstract This article aims to present research conducted on the literature regarding multi-objective optimization for routing problems with environmental considerations, referred to here as Multi-objective Optimization for the Green Vehicle Routing Problem (MOOGVRP). A Brazilian database, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), was used to collect articles of general application, case studies and reviews in English starting from, since 2012. The terms “green vehicle routing problem” (GVRP), “pollution routing problem” (PRP), “vehicle routing problem in reverse logistics” (VRPRL) and “multi-objective” were used in the research protocol. Consequently, this study obtained 1,744 research results that, following the application of the filtering criterion, resulted in a sample of 76 articles from 38 journals, for which a bibliometric data (bibliometric review) survey was conducted. The originality of this article lies in how the research is presented, highlighting the results and details obtained through the survey, which may be considered of great academic importance in the sense of guiding the trends for future research.
Oceanic Environmental Effects on American Eel Recruitment to the East River, Chester, Nova Scotia

The effect of oceanic environmental conditions on the recruitment of American Eel Anguilla rostrata to coastal waters is poorly understood. This study examined correlations between the annual elver count index of the East River, Chester, Nova Scotia, seasonal oceanic environmental conditions associated with the larval and glass eel stages, and larval and glass eel migration times between the spawning area and continental recruitment. In recent years, the elver ﬁ shery of the East River has started earlier in conjunction with increasing inshore, continental shelf, and Gulf Stream water temperatures, with the strength of the correlation decreasing with distance from shore. A northward shift of the Gulf Stream may also have contributed to earlier arrival dates. Annual elver index values increased over the study period but were not signi ﬁ cantly correlated with any atmospheric or oceanic environmental conditions, perhaps due to a relatively short time series, although effect sizes (correlation coef ﬁ cient r ) were often medium, a level potentially considered of biological importance. Elver mean lengths varied annually with no trend and were not signi ﬁ cantly correlated with the elver index. Signi ﬁ cant correlations occurred between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Sargasso Sea primary productivity (lag of 0) and Emerald Basin (Scotian Shelf) water temperatures (lag of – 5), while Scotian Shelf chlorophyll values decreased with increasing water temperatures (lag of – 3). The mean migration period from spawning to stream entrance at the East River was estimated at 1.2 years, mostly spent growing in and ultimately leaving the Sargasso Sea, then crossing oceanic and continental shelf waters between the Gulf Stream and coastal streams, with a short period of transport along the Gulf Stream. The estimate of total migration period based on observed recruitment times at various sites and the mean of the estimated spawn- ing period averaged 45.5% greater than those estimated from otolith methods, perhaps due to the effect on otolith daily ring deposition during glass eel migration in oceanic water temperatures < 10 ° C between the Gulf Stream and coast.