Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model

Abstract Diagnostic cloudiness parameterizations in large-scale models are evaluated by using a two-dimensional numerical cumulus ensemble model. The model covers a large horizontal domain (512 km) but resolves individual clouds. This study explores the dependence of diagnostic relations (between cloud amount and a large-scale variable) on cloud regime, horizontal averaging distance, and cloud type for tropical convective cloud regimes. Large-scale variables, including relative humidity, cumulus mass flux, large-scale vertical velocity and surface precipitation rate, are examined. It is shown that the total cloud amount can be better estimated as the sum of separate estimates of stratiform and convective cloud amounts using different large-scale variables than by an estimate of the total cloud amount using any single large-scale variable. The stratiform cloud amount can best be estimated by using relative humidity. The convective cloud amount can be diagnosed by using cumulus mass flux. Neither set of dia.
Acoustic Emission Study of PZN-7%PT Crystals

Phase transitions in PbZn 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 -7%PbTiO 3 (PZN-7%PT) relaxor ferroelectric crystals have been investigated by the acoustic emission (AE) method. Two types of transitions have been detected: (i) associated with the thermally induced (on cooling) formation of intrinsic polar nanoregions (PNRs) and (ii) related to the electric-field-induced macroscopic phase transitions. An AE signal found near 740 K corresponds to the Burns temperature, below which the PNRs begin to form. Further cooling reveals an AE signal at 500 K, which is ascribed to the shift of PNRs along their polar direction relative to the surrounding non-polar matrix in the framework of the “phase-shifted condensed soft mode” model. Monitoring of the AE response of PZN-7%PT crystals under an increasing [001] dc electric field has allowed a unique in situ observation of a sequence of phase transitions, from the zero-field rhombohedral via M A monoclinic (∼ 3 kV/cm) and M C monoclinic (∼ 16 kV/cm) to the tetragonal (∼ 19 kV/cm) phase, respectively. It is shown that AE is a very sensitive method for detecting both the PNRs kinetics and low distortion phase transitions in relaxor ferroelectrics.
On the Projections of Isotropic Distributions

The class of distributions on Rm, 1 -c m < oo which are the m-dimensional marginal distributions of orthogonally invariant distributions on Rm+n is characterized. This result is then used to provide a partial answer to the following question: given a symmetric distribution on R and an integer n :2, under what conditions will there exist a random vector X E Rn such that a'X has the given distribution (up to a positive scale factor) for all a # 0, a E Rm.
In Situ Samplings and Remote Sensing Measurements to Characterize Aerosol Properties over Southeast Italy

Abstract Ground-based particulate matter (PM) samplers, an XeF Raman lidar operating in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET), and a sun/sky radiometer operating in the framework of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) have been used to characterize vertical profiles, optical and microphysical properties, and chemical composition of aerosols during the 29 June–1 July 2005 dust outbreak that occurred over the central-eastern Mediterranean. Aerosol backscatter coefficient, total depolarization, and lidar ratio vertical profiles revealed that a well-mixed dust layer extending from ∼0.5 to 6 km was present over southeastern Italy on 30 June. Sun/sky radiometer measurements revealed a bimodal lognormal size distribution during all measurement days. The particle volume distribution was found to be well correlated either to the PM mass distribution measured at ground by a seven-stage cascade impactor and to the fine to total suspended PM mass ratio measured by ground-based PM s.
On the Role of the Amazon River for N2 Fixation in the Western Tropical Atlantic

The high rates of N2 fixation observed in the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean are powered, at least in parts, by large influx of nutrients from the Amazon River. To disentangle the impact of the Amazon on different factors controlling N2 fixation in the region, we use a high‐resolution regional model (Regional Oceanic Modeling System‐Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling model) that includes two diazotrophic phytoplankton classes (Trichodesmium and Diatom‐Diazotroph‐Assemblages, DDAs). In our simulations, the Amazon enhances marine N2 fixation by 74% (3.8 Tg N yr−1), with most of the enhancement driven by DDAs that represent 90% of the diazotrophic community in plume waters. To determine how the Amazon creates the conditions in which DDAs thrive, we analyze bottom‐up and top‐down controls on phytoplankton along the plume pathway and how the phytoplankton competition is disrupted by the delivery of nutrients by the river. Along the entire plume pathway, DDAs out‐compete Trichodesmium as their higher maximum growth makes them more efficient in building biomass. Nevertheless, DDAs never account for more than 25% of the total phytoplankton biomass as they face the competition of other non‐diazotrophic phytoplankton types in the use of the riverine nutrients. Overall, DDAs thrive in the offshore plume region where their nutrient uptake advantages (N‐fixation, DOP uptake) is concomitant with a relaxed grazing pressure.
Development of Grade 11 student Learning Achievements on Quadratic Functions Using Brain-Based Learning (BBL) Management

Integrating the knowledge of neurology in teaching has been an idea for learning management design for decades. The current study found the potential of brain-based learning (BBL) for developing high school students’ mathematics learning achievement. The purposes of the study were to investigate the effects of BBL learning management on grade 11 students’ learning achievement of quadratic functions and to examine students’ satisfaction with the BBL as the main principle of learning activities design. The participants were 36 grade 11 students selected by the cluster sampling method. The instruments were brain-based learning management, a learning achievement test, and a satisfaction questionnaire. The statistics used in data analysis were percentage, mean score, standard deviation, a paired t-test, and the index of effectiveness with the determining criteria of 75/75. The findings indicate the benefits of the BBL on mathematics education. They illustrate how learners nearing the end of high school could understand a complex mathematical idea using the BBL instructional strategy.
The connection between transpolar arcs and magnetotail rotation

Recent observations show that the evolution of transpolar arcs (TPA's) are often associated with a sign change of the dawn‐dusk component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). It is known that a nonzero IMF By causes a twist of the tail plasma sheet. In this study it is assumed that a sign change of IMF By causes the magnetotail to rotate until the entire tail is twisted in the opposite direction. To examine a possible connection between TPA's and tail rotation the Tsyganenko 1989 model is modified such that the near‐Earth tail and the far tail are twisted in opposite directions. Mapping from the tail current sheet to the ionosphere shows a separated region of closed field lines that extends into the polar cap. This separated part may be interpreted as the mapped region of a TPA.
On the nonlinear 9 -Hilfer hybrid fractional differential equations

In this paper, we initially derive the equivalent fractional integral equation to (cid:2) -Hilfer hybrid fractional differential equations and through it, we prove the existence of a solution in the weighted space. The paper’s primary objective is to obtain estimates on (cid:2) -Hilfer fractional derivative and utilize it to derive the hybrid fractional differential inequalities involving (cid:2) - Hilfer fractional derivative. With the assistance of these fractional differential inequalities, we determine the existence of extremal solutions and comparison theorems.
The Structure of the Electron Outflow Jet in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection

Particle-in-cell simulations and analytic theory are applied to the study of the electron outflow jet in collisionless magnetic reconnection. In these jets, which have also been identified in spacecraft observations, electron flow speeds in thin layers exceed the E×B drift, suggesting that electrons are unmagnetized. In this study, we find the surprising result that the electron flow jets can be explained by a combination of E×B drifts and of diamagnetic effects through the combination of the gradients of particle pressure and of the magnetic field. In a suitably rotated coordinate system, the electron motion is readily decomposed into E×B drift and the motion to support the required current density, consistent with electron gyrotropy. This process appears to be nondissipative.
REES MATRIX COVERS FOR A CLASS OF SEMIGROUPS WITH LOCALLY COMMUTING IDEMPOTENTS

Abstract McAlister proved that every regular locally inverse semigroup can be covered by a regular Rees matrix semigroup over an inverse semigroup by means of a homomorphism which is locally an isomorphism. We generalize this result to the class of semigroups with local units whose local submonoids have commuting idempotents and possessing what we term a ‘McAlister sandwich function’. AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M10. Secondary 20M17
Z -eigenvalues based structured tensors: M z -tensors and strong M z -tensors

The positive (semi-)deﬁniteness of even-order tensors has been widely studied in these years due to its applications in various aspects, such as spectral hypergraph theory, automatic control, polynomial theory, stochastic process, magnetic resonance imaging and so on. It has been shown that M -tensors, B -tensors, H -tensors, Hilbert tensors and stochastic tensors can be positive deﬁnite under proper conditions. However, there are still many positive deﬁnite tensors that can not be determined by the above criteria. In this paper, we provide a new class of positive deﬁnite tensors whose non-diagonal entries can be positive compared to (strong) M -tensors, and we call it strong M z -tensors, which can arise from discretizing differential equations, since it is based on Z -eigenvalues rather than H -eigenvalues traditionally. Moreover, we show that an even-order (strong) M -tensor must be an (a strong) M z -tensor, which reﬂects the inclusion relationship between even-order M -tensors and M z -tensors. We also introduce (strong) H z -tensors, as a generalization of (strong) M z -tensors, and its positive semi-deﬁniteness (positive deﬁniteness) has been studied. Finally, some conditions are given for a tensor to be an (a strong) M z -tensor and we use it to study the stability of a high-order nonlinear system.
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Computations of Synthetic Jet Flows Using Deforming Meshes

Realistic computations of flows induced by synthetic jets in multiple flow conditions are studied with an unsteady preconditioned Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver with deforming meshes. Deforming meshes suitable for structured grid systems are used to simulate the motion of diaphragms driven at a given frequency.With deforming meshes, a boundary-conditionmodel is not necessary for synthetic jet calculations. To obtain time-accurate solutions with a grid system under deformation, the geometric conservation law is employed. Numerical calculations of three cases of the Langley Research Center Workshop Computational Fluid Dynamics Validation of Synthetic Jets and Turbulent Separation Control workshop are carried out, and the computational results are compared with the experimental data. The results indicate the effectiveness of the current method in synthetic jet flow computations.
A Weak Kharitonov Theorem Holds If and Only If the Stability Region and Its Reciprocal are Convex

We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the stability region for the validity of a weak version of Kharitonov's theorem, stating that stability of an ‘interval family’ of complex polynomials is implied by stability of the corner polynomials. Furthermore, we define a class of stability regions which do not satisfy the conditions, but for which the implication still holds in the case of real polynomials.
The Nature of Starburst Galaxies

Utilizing a large sample of infrared-selected starburst galaxies having optical images and long-slit spectra, we explore the interrelationships between the properties of starbursts and relate these properties to those of the “host” galaxy. We find that the half-light radius of the Hα-emitting region (re, Hα) enters into several correlations that suggest it is physically related to the actual starburst radius. Most suggestively, the effective IR surface brightness (LIR/πr2e, Hα) correlates strongly with the far-IR color temperature. This can be reproduced roughly with an idealized model of a surrounding dust screen whose far-IR emissivity is determined by the local energy density of UV starburst light. Typical values for re, Hα are a few hundred pc to a few kpc (with the Ha emission being significantly more compact than the red starlight). This confirms the “circumnuclear” scales of typical starbursts. We show also that starbursts seem to obey a limiting IR surface brightness of about 1011 L☉ kpc2, corresponding to a maximum star formation rate of about 20 M☉ yr–1 kpc2 for a normal initial mass function. We argue that this upper limit suggests that starbursts are self-regulating in some way. We show that most of these galaxies have relatively normal, symmetric rotation curves. This implies that the galactic disk need not suffer severe dynamical damage in order to “fuel” a typical starburst. We show also that the starbursts occur preferentially in the inner region of solid-body rotation. This may reflect both bar-driven inflow of gas to the region between the inner Lindblad resonances and the dominance of gravitational instability over tidal shear in this region. Most of the starbursts reside in galaxies with rotation speeds of 120--200 km s–1 (compared to 220 km s–1 for a fiducial L* galaxy like the Milky Way). The lack of a correlation between galaxy rotation speed and starburst luminosity means that even relatively modest galaxies (masses ~10% of the Milky Way) can host powerful starbursts. We argue on the basis of causality that the internal velocity dispersion in a starburst sets an upper limit to the star formation rate. The most extreme starbursts approach this limit, but most are well below. Finally, we show that the relative narrowness of the nuclear emission lines in starbursts (relative to the galaxy rotation speed) arises because the gas in the nuclear “bin” usually does not sample fully the solid-body part of the rotation curve. The narrow lines do not necessarily imply that the starburst is not in dynamical equilibrium.
A Lagrange multiplier approach for the metric terms of semi‐Lagrangian models on the sphere

The horizontal momentum equation of the shallow-water equations on the sphere is written in 3-D vector form using the undetermined Lagrange multiplier method. The direct time discretization of this equation is proposed as an alternative to the usual approach, i.e. time discretization after explicit removal of the constraint by the use of generalized coordinates. The proposed procedure is applicable to any coordinate system and eliminates an instability associated with the metric term in a spherical grid spectral semi-Lagrangian model. For a polar-stereographic grid finite-element model, equivalent results and a gain in efficiency are obtained. The formalism can be extended to multilevel models.
Investigating the association of toll-like receptor 9 rs5743836, rs352140, and rs187084 gene polymorphisms and their mRNA levels with different hepatic fibrosis stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver patients compared to healthy controls

Recent studies have shown that the level of hepatocyte-derived mitochondrial DNA is elevated in plasma samples obtained from mice and NASH patients, and it has the ability to toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation resulting in steatosis, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis. In this study, we explored the association between TLR9 rs5743836, rs352140, and rs187084 polymorphism and its plasma mRNA level in non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) patients with different liver fibrosis scores compared to healthy controls. Seventy Iranian patients diagnosed with NAFL, based on fibroscan testing results, were divided into F0-F1 (N=33), F2-F3 (N=19), and F4 (N=18) hepatic fibrosis groups and compared to 22 healthy controls. Genotyping was done using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the mRNA expression level of TLR9 was determined using Real-Time PCR analysis. Results showed no significant association between allelic and genotypic distribution frequency of TLR9 rs5743836, rs352140, and rs187084 polymorphisms in NAFL patients with hepatic fibrosis compared to healthy controls (P>0.05). However, the mRNA level of TLR9 was significantly elevated in correlation with hepatic fibrosis progression in NAFL patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.05). As a preliminary study, our data showed a correlative overexpression of TLR9 mRNA with hepatic fibrosis progression in NAFL patients without the effectiveness of TLR9 gene polymorphisms.
Analysis of Conduction-Radiation Heat Transfer in a 2D Enclosure Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

Application of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) recently extended by Pietro et al. [P. Asinari, S. C. Mishra, and R. Borchiellini, A Lattice Boltzmann Formulation to the Analysis of Radiative Heat Transfer Problems in a Participating Medium, Numer. Heat Transfer B, 57(2), 126–146, 2010] for calculation of volumetric radiative information is extended for the analysis of a combined mode transient conduction and radiation heat transfer in a 2D rectangular enclosure containing an absorbing, emitting and scattering medium. Unlike all previous studies, with volumetric radiative information computed using the proposed LBM, the energy equation is formulated and solved using the LBM. In the combined mode conduction–radiation problem, to assess the computational advantage of computing the radiative information too using the LBM, the same problem is also solved using the LBM–finite volume method (FVM) formulation. In this LBM–FVM formulation, the FVM is used to calculate the volumetric radiative information needed for the energy equation, and the energy equation is solved using the LBM. Comparisons are made for the effects of the extinction coefficient, the scattering albedo and the conduction–radiation parameter on the temperature distributions in the medium. Although the number of iterations for the converged solution in LBM–LBM is much more than that of the LBM–FVM, computationally, the LBM–LBM is faster than the LBM–FVM.
Milk Calcium and Phosphorus in Ugandan Women with HIV on Tenofovir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: Breastfed infants depend on human milk calcium and phosphorus for bone mineral accretion and growth. We reported greater mobilization of bone mineral and delayed skeletal recovery in lactating Ugandan women with HIV initiated on tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy compared to HIV-uninfected counterparts in the Gumba Study. However, it is unknown if these disruptions in maternal bone metabolism affect milk mineral concentrations. Research Aim: To compare concentrations and patterns of change in milk calcium and phosphorus between lactating women with and without HIV. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was conducted to compare milk mineral concentrations between women with HIV receiving tenofovir-based ART and uninfected women in the Gumba Study. Milk collected at 2, 14, 26, and 52 weeks lactation was analyzed for calcium and phosphorus. Sodium and potassium were measured at 2 and 14 weeks to detect sub-clinical mastitis. Differences in milk composition between 84 women with HIV and 81 uninfected women were investigated. Results: Women with HIV had higher milk calcium than uninfected women at 14 weeks. The percent difference was +10.2% (SE = 3.0, p = .008) and there was a tendency to greater values at 2 and 26 weeks. Milk calcium decreased in both groups during lactation (p ≤ .001) but was more pronounced in women with HIV. The magnitude of change within individuals in the 1st year of lactation from 2 to 52 weeks was −28.3% (SE 3.9) versus −16.5% (SE 3.5), p for interaction = . 05. Differences in milk phosphorus and calcium-to-phosphorus ratio were smaller and mostly not significant. Conclusions: Participants with HIV on tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy had altered milk mineral composition. Studies are needed to investigate mechanisms and health implications for the woman and infant.
First-trimester diet quality in association with maternal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue thicknesses and glucose homeostasis during pregnancy

Abstract We aimed to characterise the associations between first-trimester diet quality, adiposity, and glucose homeostasis measurements throughout pregnancy in a sample of 104 healthy pregnant women. Three Web-based 24-h recalls were completed, from which the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) was calculated. At each trimester (12.5 ± 0.7, 22.8 ± 1.0, and 33.6 ± 1.3 weeks of gestation), fasting glucose and insulin were measured to compute an insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue thicknesses were estimated by ultrasound at the end of the first trimester. Inverse associations were observed between the first-trimester AHEI and first-trimester fasting insulin (r = 0.24; p < 0.05), and HOMA-IR (r = −0.22; p < 0.05), as well as third-trimester fasting insulin (r = −0.20; p < 0.05). A trend was also observed between first-trimester AHEI and first-trimester SAT thickness (r = −0.17; p < 0.1). Pre- and early-pregnancy adiposity measurements were identified as high predictors fasting insulin concentrations throughout pregnancy. Higher early-pregnancy diet quality is associated with more favourable metabolic measurements during pregnancy.
Biological therapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia

ABSTRACT Introduction The introduction of target molecules and immunological therapies is changing the treatment landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Areas covered We recapitulate the biological therapies that can be employed in the treatment of elderly patients with AML. Alongside small molecules inhibitors that target specific gene mutations, antibodies, tumor microenvironment modulators, and cellular therapies are being developed for the cure of the disease. Here, we report the biological activities, the efficacy and toxicities of humanized antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates that targets surface antigens as CD33 (gemtuzumab ozogamicine) or CD123 (pivekimab sunirine). We further explore mechanisms and effectiveness of medications that modify the microenvironment, such as glasdegib, or that harness the immune system against leukemia, such as CD47 antibody magrolimab, PD1/PDL1 inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab, TIM3 inhibitor sabatolimab, T-cell and NK-cell engagers. Cellular therapies are considered, even if a large trial is still pending for the feasibility of the approach. In this scenario, a brief overview of the mechanism of action of target agents is provided, particularly with respect to their biological mechanisms. Expert opinion Overall, this therapeutic armamentarium will constitute the basis for multimodal and personalized combinations that, in the idea of precision medicine, will enormously benefit elderly AML patients.