Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Mastitis

Clinical mastitis represents one of the most common reasons for antibiotic usage on a dairy farm, especially if a dairy uses a blanket mastitis treatment program. With a blanket mastitis treatment program, many cows are treated unnecessarily or treated with an ineffective antibiotic. The first eight days represent a time period in which, if the antibiotic is effective, a bacterial cure due to an antibiotic should take place. Daily culturing of the clinical mastitis case and the use non-treated controls (for research) is really the only way to determine the effect of an antibiotic, as self-cures can occur with any organism. In this study, cows that developed naturally occurring clinical mastitis were treated with various antibiotics and methods and had the following monitored for the first eight days, then once a week until completely cured, culled, or dead: temperature, pulse, respiration, hydration status, rumen status, secretion color, udder firmness, somatic cell count (SCC), culture, and colony forming units (cfu). Conclusions: It is usually safe to wait for culture results (one to two days) before determining if antibiotic treatment is necessary for cows with mild to moderate clinical mastitis. The majority of clinical mastitis cases are mild to moderate. About 25% of clinical mastitis cases are no-growth and require no treatment. Mild cases of Escherichia coli do not require antibiotic treatment. Intramammary antibiotics are warranted for streptococcal clinical mastitis. First lactation cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis should be treated with an intramammary antibiotic. While these results and conclusions are based on findings from a single dairy, utilizing culture-based therapy and following up with daily culturing on clinical mastitis cases will help any dairy to develop the most prudent and justified mastitis treatment plan. It will also result in savings through decreased milk loss due to improper treatment, milk discard due to drug withholding periods, and drug costs.
On the dynamics of unsteady gravity waves of finite amplitude Part 1. The elementary interactions

This paper is concerned with the non-linear interactions between pairs of intersecting gravity wave trains of arbitrary wavelength and direction on the surface of water whose depth is large compared with any of the wavelengths involved. An equation is set up to describe the time history of the Fourier components of the surface displacement in which are retained terms whose magnitude is of order (slope)2 relative to the linear (first-order) terms. The second-order terms give rise to Fourier components with wave-numbers and frequencies formed by the sums and differences of those of the primary components, and the amplitudes of these secondary components is always bounded in time and small in magnitude. The phase velocity of the secondary components is always different from the phase velocity of a free infinitesimal wave of the same wave-number. However, the third-order terms can give rise to tertiary components whose phase velocity is equal to the phase velocity of a free infinitesimal wave of the same wave-number, and when this condition is satisfied the amplitude of the tertiary component grows linearly with time in a resonant manner, and there is a continuing flux of potential energy from one wave-number to another. The time scale of the growth of the tertiary component is of order of the (−2)-power of the geometric mean of the primary wave slopes times the period of the tertiary wave. The Stokes permanent wave appears as a special case, in which the tertiary wave-number is the same as that of the primary, but its phase is advanced by ½π. The energy transfer to the tertiary component in this case is usually interpreted as an increase in the phase velocity of the wave. The dynamical interactions in water of finite depth are considered briefly, and it is shown that the amplitude of the secondary components becomes large (though bounded in time) as the water depth becomes smaller than the wave-length of the longest primary wave.
The Stability of Thick, Self-Gravitating Disks in Protostellar Systems.

Using numerical hydrodynamics techniques, we perform a nonlinear stability analysis of accretion disk systems that contain thick, self-gravitating disks. The systems are initially represented by a point mass M(sub c) at the center and a geometrically thick, axisymmetric disk of mass M(sub d) that supports uniform specific angular momentum and obeys an n = 3/2, polytropic equation of state. The equilibrium disk structure is uniquely defined upon the specification of two key dimensionless system parameters: M(sub d)/M(sub c) and T/absolute value of W (the ratio of rotational kinetic energy if the disk to the gravitational potential energy of the system). The focus of this work is on the identification of systems within this two-dimensional parameter space that are marginally unstable toward the development of nonaxisymmetric distortions. The geometric form and relative pattern speed of the disk's distortion as well as the likelihood of disk fragmentation as a result of such instabilities is examined, particularly in the context of protostellar systems. The value of T/absolute value of W at which thick disks first become dynamically unstable to nonaxisymmetric distortions is found to vary significantly with the mass ratio of the accertion disk system. Nonaxisymmetric eigenmodes with four distinctly different characters are identified in systems with mass ratios in the range 0.2 less than or equal to (M(sub d)/M(sub c)) less than or equal to 5.
TRICE‐2 Rocket Observations in the Low‐Altitude Cusp: Boundaries and Comparisons With Models

The launch of the Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics‐2 (TRICE‐2) took place on the morning of 08 December 2018. The two rockets of this campaign each sampled the low‐altitude Northern Hemisphere cusp region at approximately the apex of each rocket's trajectory (1,042 and 757 km for the High flyer and Low flyer, respectively). Ion and electron electrostatic analyzers (ESAs) on board each rocket measured in situ particle populations throughout the flights. Energy‐flux spectrograms of ions and electrons from each ESA clearly show the passage of each rocket through the cusp region. This work examines the locations of these entrance/exit points in relation to cusp models as provided in and compiled from the published literature, along with a discussion of model variables that have been optimized to best fit the cusp region boundary sampling locations by TRICE‐2. The results of this study set the stage for understanding the upcoming NASA Small Explorer Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites orbital plane intersections with (i.e., “trajectory cuts” through) the cusp region.
The focus on achieving results and the consequences for teachers in schools in England

ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the challenges that exist for school teachers in England. The research is based on semi-structured interviews with English primary (n = 10) and secondary (n = 10) teachers. The research reveals that too much emphasis is placed on achieving successful academic results in schools in England and that the focus on the highest and lowest achievers results in the middle range learners receiving less attention than is necessary for their successful academic development. Four key themes appear from the interview data and link back to the organisational culture of primary and secondary schools in England and the consequences that this has for the practitioners who are working in these settings. The research findings reveal that primary and secondary schools in England are overly driven by examination results, and that the leadership structures of the schools are considered to be anachronistic. Moreover, there appears to be an absence of forms of education that are interpreted as being enterprising and this works against collaborative professional development. The research develops the argument that instead of emphasising the importance of results, collaborative approaches to enabling professional development for practitioners in schools are necessary.
Single-Cell RNA Transcriptome Profiling of Liver Cells of Short-Term Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is currently considered a global healthcare problem with limited pharmacological treatment options. There are abundant cell types in the liver, such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and so on, but little is known about which kind of liver cells play the most important role in the process of ALD. To obtain a cellular resolution of alcoholic liver injury pathogenesis, 51,619 liver single-cell transcriptomes (scRNA-seq) with different alcohol consumption durations were investigated, 12 liver cell types were identified, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the alcoholic liver injury were revealed. We found that more aberrantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were present in hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells than in other cell types in alcoholic treatment mice. Alcohol promoted the pathological processes of liver injury; the specific mechanisms involved: lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, hypoxia, complementation and anticoagulation, and hepatocyte energy metabolism on hepatocytes; NO production, immune regulation, epithelial and cell migration on endothelial cells; antigen presentation and energy metabolism on Kupffer cells, based on the GO analysis. In addition, our results showed that some transcription factors (TFs) are activated in alcohol-treated mice. In conclusion, our study improves the understanding of liver cell heterogeneity in alcohol-fed mice at the single-cell level. It has potential value for understanding key molecular mechanisms and improving current prevention and treatment strategies for short-term alcoholic liver injury.
An efficient analytic approach for solving two‐point nonlinear boundary value problems by homotopy analysis method

In this paper, we use homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve two‐point nonlinear boundary value problems that have at least one solution. The new approach provides the solution in the form of a rapidly convergent series with easily computable components using symbolic computation software. The scheme shows importance of choice of convergence‐control parameter ℏ to guarantee the convergence of the solutions of nonlinear differential equations. This scheme is tested on three nonlinear exactly solvable differential equations. Two of the examples are practical in science and engineering. The results demonstrate reliability, simplicity and efficiency of the algorithm developed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the simulation of a class of time delay estimation algorithms

The time delay between signals received at two (or more) sensors has proven to be a useful parameter in passive sonar for estimating the location of an acoustic source. This paper presents the results of a simulation comparing the smoothed coherence transform and maximum likelihood estimation methods to the basic cross correlation technique for time delay estimation. Band-limited random signals which are corrupted by white noise and received at two sensors are considered at various signal-to-noise ratios. The variance of the time delay estimates are compared to the minimum variance obtainable in theory as given by the Cramer-Rao lower bound.
Usability Evaluation of Dashboards: A Systematic Literature Review of Tools

Introduction In recent years, the use of dashboards in healthcare has been considered an effective approach for the visual presentation of information to support clinical and administrative decisions. Effective and efficient use of dashboards in clinical and managerial processes requires a framework for the design and development of tools based on usability principles. Objectives The present study is aimed at investigating the existing questionnaires used for the usability evaluation framework of dashboards and at presenting more specific usability criteria for evaluating dashboards. Methods This systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, without any time restrictions. The final search of articles was performed on September 2, 2022. Data collection was performed using a data extraction form, and the content of selected studies was analyzed based on the dashboard usability criteria. Results After reviewing the full text of relevant articles, a total of 29 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Regarding the questionnaires used in the selected studies, researcher-made questionnaires were used in five studies, while 25 studies applied previously used questionnaires. The most widely used questionnaires were the System Usability Scale (SUS), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART), Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Scale (Health-ITUES), respectively. Finally, dashboard evaluation criteria, including usefulness, operability, learnability, ease of use, suitability for tasks, improvement of situational awareness, satisfaction, user interface, content, and system capabilities, were suggested. Conclusion General questionnaires that were not specifically designed for dashboard evaluation were mainly used in reviewed studies. The current study suggested specific criteria for measuring the usability of dashboards. When selecting the usability evaluation criteria for dashboards, it is important to pay attention to the evaluation objectives, dashboard features and capabilities, and context of use.
A kinetic cross‐field streaming instability

In a high‐beta plasma the so‐called modified‐two‐stream instability, which results from strongly magnetized electrons drifting relative to unmagnetized ions across a homogeneous magnetic field, is misnamed because the mode is highly kinetic, particularly when the relative streaming velocity exceeds the Alfven speed of the plasma. This kinetic cross‐field streaming instability is investigated in detail, examining the effect of the electromagnetic terms and the stability boundaries in both low‐ and high‐beta plasmas. An approximate dispersion relation showing the relation of this mode to the whistler is derived and solutions of it are compared with those obtained from the exact dispersion relation. The kinetic mode, unlike the usual modified‐two‐stream instability, is not stabilized by electromagnetic effects when the relative electron–ion drift speed exceeds the Alfven speed.
Multielectrode Array-Based Percutaneous Nerve Stimulation Strategy With Ultrasound Guidance for Ulnar Nerve Injury

Studies have shown that percutaneous nerve stimulation can promote repair of ulnar neuropathy. However, this approach requires further optimization. We evaluated multielectrode array-based percutaneous nerve stimulation for treatment of ulnar nerve injury. The optimal stimulation protocol was determined using a multi-layer model of the human forearm using the finite element method. We optimized the number and distance between electrodes, and used ultrasound to aid in electrode placement. Six electrical needles in series along the injured nerve at alternating distances of five and seven centimeters. We validated the model in a clinical trial. Twenty-seven patients were randomly assigned to a control group (CN) and an electrical stimulation with finite element group (FES). The results showed that disability of arm shoulder and hand (DASH) scores decreased and grip strength increased to a greater extent in the FES group than those in the CN group following treatment ( $\text{P}< 0.05$ ). Furthermore, the amplitudes of compound motor action potentials (cMAPs) and sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) improved in the FES group to a greater extent than those in the CN group. The results showed that our intervention improved hand function and muscle strength, and aided in neurologic recovery, as shown using electromyography. Analysis of blood samples indicated that our intervention may have promoted conversion of the precursor form of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pro-BDNF) to mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to promote nerve regeneration. Our percutaneous nerve stimulation regimen for ulnar nerve injury has potential to become a standard treatment option.
A study of collisional quenching and radiation-trapping kinetics for Rb(5p) in the presence of methane and ethane using time-resolved fluorescence

An experimental study using time-resolved fluorescence techniques together with theoretical simulations has been conducted and used to determine the quenching cross-sections of rubidium–methane and rubidium–ethane. Radiation trapping was significant under many of the experimental conditions (temperatures 40–130 °C and pressures 50–700 Torr) and a detailed analysis of the interplay between radiation trapping and quenching kinetics was carried out. Modifications of the Holstein equation for radiation trapping were implemented to account for the quasi-2 level behaviour of the Rb atom for high buffer gas pressures, the absolute frequency-dependent absorption cross-section for Rb with variable buffer gas pressures which accounts for the hyperfine splitting of 87Rb and modification of the trapping factors so that radiation trapping and quenching by an additive quenching gas could be treated simultaneously. Experimental results supported by theoretical simulations bound the quenching cross-sections (σ) of methane and ethane at 40 °C to be σ ⩽ 0.019 Å2 and σ ⩽ 0.033 Å2, respectively. These values are nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported.
Estimating Market Power and Strategies: Contents

This book presents, compares, and develops various techniques for estimating market power - the ability to set price profitably above marginal cost - and strategies - the game-theoretic plans used by firms to compete with rivals. The authors start by examining static model approaches to estimating market power. They extend the analysis to dynamic models. Finally, they develop methods to estimate firms' strategies directly and examine how these strategies determine market power. A detailed technical appendix reviews the relevant information-theoretic and other econometric models that are used throughout. Questions and detailed answers for students and researchers are provided in the book for easy use.
A nonlinear model for analysis of slug‐test data

While doing slug tests in high‐permeability aquifers, we have consistently seen deviations from the expected response of linear theoretical models. Normalized curves do not coincide for various initial heads, as would be predicted by linear theories, and are shifted to larger times for higher initial heads. We have developed a general nonlinear model based on the Navier‐Stokes equation, nonlinear frictional loss, non‐Darcian flow, acceleration effects, radius changes in the well bore, and a Hvorslev model for the aquifer, which explains these data features. The model produces a very good fit for both oscillatory and nonoscillatory field data, using a single set of physical parameters to predict the field data for various initial displacements at a given well. This is in contrast to linear models which have a systematic lack of fit and indicate that hydraulic conductivity varies with the initial displacement. We recommend multiple slug tests with a considerable variation in initial head displacement to evaluate the possible presence of nonlinear effects. Our conclusion is that the nonlinear model presented here is an excellent tool to analyze slug tests, covering the range from the underdamped region to the overdamped region.
Impulsive 2-10 keV solar electron events not associated with flares

Data from the ISEE3 satellite reveal a class of impulsive solar electron events with no measurable increase in flux above 10--20 keV. The flux histories and angular distributions indicate that the electrons propagate through interplanetary space with little or no scattering. The smooth extension of the power-law energy spectra down to the limit of the observations at 2 keV indicates that the electrons are accelerated at altitudes greater than 0.5 R/sub sun/ in the solar corona. Although these events occur more frequently than any other type of impulsive solar particle event observed, we have found no correlation with flares or flare-related activity. However, there is a close correlation with low-frequency (<1 MHz) type III radio bursts.
A model to calculate em fields in tropospheric duct environments at frequencies through SHF

Free-space field levels are common in a tropospheric duct environment even at distances well beyond the horizon, when the frequency of propagation is above the minimum trapping frequency of the duct. Thus the likelihood of experiencing such a field enhancement is greater at higher propagation frequencies as long as molecular absorption does not become appreciable. A formulation of the wave-guide duct problem is described which facilitates numerical solution without encountering the numerical difficulties for higher frequencies reported by previous investigators. Field predictions are shown to compare favorably with measurements for 2.201-GHz propagation in an elevated duct environment.
BIEMBEDDINGS OF LATIN SQUARES AND HAMILTONIAN DECOMPOSITIONS

Face 2-colourable triangulations of complete tripartite graphs $K_{n,n,n}$ correspond to biembeddings of Latin squares. Up to isomorphism, we give all such embeddings for $n=3,4,5$ and 6, and we summarize the corresponding results for $n=7$. Closely related to these are Hamiltonian decompositions of complete bipartite directed graphs $K^*_{n,n}$, and we also give computational results for these in the cases $n=3,4,5$ and 6.
Mental Fatigue Is Associated with Subjective Cognitive Decline among Older Adults

Both Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and mental fatigue are becoming increasingly prevalent as global demographics shifts indicate our aging populations. SCD is a reversible precursor for Alzheimer’s disease, and early identification is important for effective intervention strategies. We aim to investigate the association between mental fatigue—as well as other factors—and SCD. A total of 707 old adults (aged from 60 to 99) from Shanghai, China, participated in this study and completed self-reported instruments covering their cognitive and mental status as well as demographic information. Mental fatigue status was assessed by using four items derived from the functional impairment syndrome of the Old Adult Self Report (OASR). SCD was assessed by using the Memory/Cognition syndrome of OASR. A total of 681 old adults were included in the current study. The means of SCD significantly differed between each group of factors (age, gender, and mental fatigue). The general linear regression models showed that SCD increased with age, females scored higher than males, and SCD was positively associated with mental fatigue factors including difficulty getting things done, poor task performance, sleeping more, and a lack of energy among old adults. The study also found that SCD is negatively associated with the high-income group among young-old (aged from 60 to 75) males and associated with good marital/living status with the companion of spouses/partners among young-old females. These results suggest that gender, income level, marital/living status, and mental fatigue are crucial factors in preventing SCD among old adults and are pivotal in developing early intervention strategies to preserve the mental health of an increasingly aging population.