Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disparities and Mitigation Behavior during COVID-19

This paper uses a unique large-scale survey administered in April 2020 to assess disparities on several dimensions of wellbeing under rising COVID-19 infections and mitigation restrictions in the US. The survey includes three modules designed to assess different dimensions of well-being in parallel: physical health, mental and social health, and economic and financial security. The survey is unique among early COVID-19 data efforts in that provides insight on diverse dimensions of wellbeing and for subnational geographies. I find dramatic declines in wellbeing from pre-COVID baseline measures across both people and places. Place-level variation is not well explained by local characteristics that either precede or coincide with the pandemic. Analysis by demographic groups also shows large and unequal declines in wellbeing in the COVID era. Hispanic, younger, and lower-earning individuals all faced disproportionately worsening economic conditions, as did those with school-aged children. I conclude that place-based relief policies are unlikely to be efficient relative to support targeted to the neediest individuals. I also find that individual COVID-19 exposure and risk show concerning relationships with employment, protective behavior, and mental health. Those with direct COVID-19 exposure through their households face significantly greater employment loss, but those with recent fever symptoms or elevated risk for COVID complications are not reducing their work hours or taking additional precautions, despite negative mental health status changes indicating concern. These findings suggest that some support policies might be directly targeted to households with confirmed infections.
Assessing the performance of climate change simulation results from BESM-OA2.5 compared with a CMIP5 model ensemble

Abstract. The main features of climate change patterns, as simulated by the coupled ocean–atmosphere version 2.5 of the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM), are compared with those of 25 other CMIP5 models, focusing on temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and radiative feedbacks. The climate sensitivity to quadrupling the atmospheric CO2 concentration was investigated via two methods: linear regression ( Gregory et al. , 2004 ) and radiative kernels ( Soden and Held , 2006 ; Soden et al. , 2008 ) . Radiative kernels from both the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) were used to decompose the climate feedback responses of the CMIP5 models and BESM into different processes. By applying the linear regression method for equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) estimation, we obtained a BESM value close to the ensemble mean value. This study reveals that the BESM simulations yield zonally average feedbacks, as estimated from radiative kernels, that lie within the ensemble standard deviation. Exceptions were found in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and over the ocean near Antarctica, where BESM showed values for lapse rate, humidity feedback, and albedo that were marginally outside the standard deviation of the values from the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble. For those areas, BESM also featured a strong positive cloud feedback that appeared as an outlier compared with all analyzed models. However, BESM showed physically consistent changes in the temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation patterns relative to the CMIP5 ensemble mean.
NOTES ON EXOBASIDIUM

The biology, taxonomy, and host relationship of Exobasidium are discussed. A key, detailed descriptions, and host records are given for Exobasidium vaccinii Wor. , E. vaccinii var. arctostaphyli (Harkn.) comb, nov., E. burtii Zeller, E. decolorans Harkn. , E. canadense sp. nov., E. cordilleranum sp. nov., E. cordilleranum var. minor var. nov., E. vaccinii-uliginosi Boud. , E. vaccinii-uliginosi var. phyllodoces var. nov., E. dimorphosporum sp. nov., and E. empetri Ito & Otani. Evidence is presented to support the derivation of Empetrum from Ericaceae.
Ant versus bird exclusion effects on the arthropod assemblage of an organic citrus grove

1. Predation‐exclusion experiments have highlighted that top‐down control is pervasive in terrestrial communities, but most of these experiments are simplistic in that they only excluded a single group of predators and the effect of removal was evaluated on a few species from the community. The main goal of our study was to experimentally establish the relative effects of ants and birds on the same arthropod assemblage of canopy trees.
Nuclear translocation of protein kinase C‐α and ‐ζ isoforms in HL‐60 cells induced to differentiate along the granulocytic lineage by all‐trans retinoic acid

We investigated whether members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of enzymes were involved in the nuclear events underlying granulocytic differentiation induced by 10−6 M all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in HL‐60 cells. PKC activity was analysed by using a serine substituted specific peptide which enabled the evaluation of the whole catalytic activity of both Ca++‐dependent and Ca++‐independent PKC isoforms. In parallel, the subcellular distribution of various PKC isoforms was evaluated by Western blot, immunoprecipitation and in situ immunocytochemistry analyses.
Running head: RELIGIOUS AND SEXUAL IDENTITIES IN THERAPY Religious x Sexual Identity: An Intersectional, Longitudinal Examination of Change in Therapy

A burgeoning interest in intersectionality has led to the need for more quantitative, intersectional research. The current study employs an intersectional framework to understand how well counselors are meeting the needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Questioning (LGBQQ) and religious clients by examining clients’ initial levels of anxiety and depression and changes in these measures through therapy. Data from 12,825 participants from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health 2012-2014 data set were analyzed. Results from hierarchical linear modeling indicate lower baseline anxiety and depression among religious clients and faster rates of change of anxiety symptoms among non-religious clients. LGBQQ clients presented with higher initial anxiety and depression, but there were no differences in rates of change of anxiety and depression between heterosexual and LGBQQ clients. Significant but minimal interaction effects between religious and sexual identities were found, indicating a need for further research. Counselors are encouraged to be mindful of these disparities in therapy.
Guiding Student Inquiry into Eukaryotic Organismal Biology Using the Plasmodial Slime Mold <italic>Physarum polycephalum</italic>

In order to challenge our undergraduate students’ enduring misconception that plants, animals, and fungi must be “advanced” and that other eukaryotes traditionally called protists must be “primitive,” we have developed a 24-hour takehome guided inquiry and investigation of live Physarum cultures. The experiment replicates recent peer-reviewed research regarding speed–accuracy tradeoffs and reliably produces data with which students explore key biological concepts and practice essential scientific competencies. It requires minimal resources and can be adapted for high school students or more independent student investigations. We present statistical analyses of data from four semesters and provide examples of our strategies for student engagement and assessment.
Anatomia do plexo braquial de macaco-barrigudo (Lagothrix lagothricha)

The woolly-monkey (Lagothrix lagothricha) is an antropoid belonging to the Atelidae Family which includes the largest neotropical primates. A female cadaver woolly-monkey was fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and dissected using a stereoscopic magnifying glass and photodocumented. The brachial plexus originated from the spinal nerves C5 to C8 and T1, forming the cranial, medium, and caudal stems, from which derived the peripheral nerves; those nerves had similar origin and innervation area when compared to plexuses from other primates, with the exception of the musculocutaneous nerve that crossed the coracobraquial muscle. Data from studies with brachial plexus from primates allow the access to valuable information regarding the morphology of those animals, and could also assist in the establishment of anatomical parameters among species, which could then contribute to anesthetic procedures and injury treatments.
Dynamic Inconsistency in Risky Choice: Evidence from the Lab and Field

Many economically important settings, from financial markets to consumer choice, involve dynamic decisions under risk. People are willing to accept risk as part of a sequence of choices---even when it is fair or has a negative expected value---while at the same time rejecting positive-expected value gambles offered in isolation. We use a unique brokerage dataset containing traders' ex-ante investment plans and their subsequent decisions (N=190,000) and two pre-registered experiments (N=940) to study what motivates decisions to take risk in dynamic environments. In both settings, people accept risk as part of a "loss-exit" strategy---planning to take more risk after gains and stop after losses. Notably, this strategy generates a positively-skewed outcome distribution that is not available when the same gambles are offered in isolation. People's actual behavior exhibits the reverse pattern, deviating from their intended strategy by cutting gains early and chasing losses. More individuals are willing to accept risk when offered a commitment to the initial strategy, which suggests at least partial sophistication about this dynamic inconsistency. We use our data to formally identify a model of decision-making that predicts both the observed deviations in planned versus actual behavior, as well as the discrepancy in risk-taking in static and dynamic environments. We then use this model to quantify the welfare costs of naivete in our setting. Together, our results have implications for evaluating the welfare consequences of behavioral biases in dynamic settings, such as the disposition effect, and highlight potentially unintended effects of regulation mandating non-binding commitment.
Effective and ineffective resistance genes to wheat yellow rust during six years monitoring in Ardabil

Stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the most devastating disease of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the cool winter areas. This rust disease represents a constant threat to wheat production in several countries in Central and Western Asia. A wide range of virulent yellow rust pathotypes is evolving in this region causing the breakdown of widely utilised sources of resistance in wheat. Hence, the knowledge of effective resistance genes in the region will enable breeders to target those useful genes in their breeding programmes. From 2006 to 2012, in order to determine of effective resistance genes in Ardabil, north-west of Iran, virulence patterns of wheat yellow rust were studied under the field conditions by planting of differential sets and isogenic lines. The results showed that yellow rust resistance genes Yr1,Yr2+ , Yr3V, Yr3a, Yr4a, Yr4, Yr5, Yr7+ , Yr10, Yr15,Yr16, YrCV, YrSD and YrND were effective and race-nonspecific resistance genes YrA3, YrA4, Yr18 and Yr29 were partially effective during study periods. Genes Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr20, Yr21,Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, YrSU, YrSP and YrA were found ineffective. The Genes found effective against yellow rust under natural conditions may be deployed singly or in combinations with durable resistance genes to develop high yielding resistant wheat cultivars in wheat-growing areas in where yellow rust races have the same virulence profile to the prevalent race/s of Ardabil.
Metabolism and related human risk factors for hepatic damage by usnic acid containing nutritional supplements

Usnic acid is a component of nutritional supplements promoted for weight loss that have been associated with liver-related adverse events including mild hepatic toxicity, chemical hepatitis, and liver failure requiring transplant. To determine if metabolism factors might have had a role in defining individual susceptibility to hepatotoxicity, in vitro metabolism studies were undertaken using human plasma, hepatocytes, and liver subcellular fractions. Usnic acid was metabolized to form three monohydroxylated metabolites and two regio-isomeric glucuronide conjugates of the parent drug. Oxidative metabolism was mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and glucuronidation was carried out by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and UGT1A3. In human hepatocytes, usnic acid at 20 µM was not an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4 relative to positive controls omeprazole, phenobarbital, and rifampicin, respectively. Usnic acid was a relatively weak inhibitor of CYP2D6 and a potent inhibitor of CYP2C19 (the concentration eliciting 50% inhibition (IC50) = 9 nM) and CYP2C9 (IC50 = 94 nM), with less potent inhibition of CYP2C8 (IC50 = 1.9 µM) and CYP2C18 (IC50 = 6.3 µM). Pre-incubation of microsomes with usnic acid did not afford any evidence of time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C19, although evidence of slight time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9 (KI = 2.79 µM and Kinact = 0.022 min−1) was obtained. In vitro data were used with SimCYPRto model potential drug interactions. Based on usnic acid doses in case reports of 450 mg to >1 g day−1, these in vitro data indicate that usnic acid has significant potential to interact with other medications. Individual characteristics such as CYP1A induction status, co-administration of CYP1A2 inhibitors, UGT1A1 polymorphisms, and related hyperbilirubinaemias, or co-administration of low therapeutic index CYP2C substrates could work alone or in consort with other idiosyncrasy risk factors to increase the risk of adverse events and/or hepatotoxicity. Thus, usnic acid in nutritional supplements might be involved as both victim and/or perpetrator in clinically significant drug–drug interactions.
Resource Partitioning and Interspecific Competition Among Coexisting Species of Guans and Toucans in Se Brazil

Between 1987 and 1998 fruit consumption and habitat use of six syntopic species of guans and toucans were studied in two Atlantic rainforest areas of southeastern Brazil: the Paranapiacaba forest fragment (140,000 ha) and the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (22,500 ha). These two areas cover an altitudinal gradient of 0 to 1,095 m. Pipile jacutinga and the larger species of toucans (Ramphastos vitellinus and R. dicolorus) inhabit the upper levels of the forest (canopy and emergent trees), whereas Penelope obscura and the smaller toucanets (Baillonius bailloni and Selenidera maculirostris) mostly inhabit middle levels (subcanopy) and understorey. Diet composition (fruit) differed among guans and toucans and also among guan species. P. jacutinga and P. obscura tended to forage more on the fleshy fruits of Lauraceae and Myrtaceae trees, respectively, while toucans (especially B. bailloni) fed largely on palm fruits (Arecaceae). Potential congeneric competitors in the study areas are Ramphastos vitellinus ariel and R. dicolorus. We suggest that R. v. ariel recently colonized (end of the Quaternary period) the coastal Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, coming from the Amazonian rainforest.
Potential risk map for avian influenza A virus invading Japan

Our goal was to use the occurrence of the influenza A virus in wild birds in Japan to create a potential risk map for the spread of avian influenza by migratory birds. Our modelling included a consideration of the multicollinearity and spatial autocorrelation of environmental variables and an examination of the reproducibility of the model results.
DEVELOPING METHODOLOGIES FOR PREDICTING THE LOCATIONS OF WOOD DUCK BREEDING HABITAT COMPONENTS IN MINNESOTA

There have been alterations to both aquatic and terrestrial habitats used by wood duck (Aix sponsa) hens and broods in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest during recent decades. We initiated this study to develop methodologies to predict the locations and monitor spatiotemporal changes in the areal extent of wood duck breeding complexes. Specifically, we want to use Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) data to identify multiple habitat components and to monitor future changes in these components. We will provide better historical context regarding spatiotemporal changes in nesting habitat by analyzing Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data with a quantitative method currently being developed to accurately estimate the population variance of stems that may have suitable nesting cavities. Our specific objectives are to (1) develop and evaluate spatial predictive models of habitat components that are important to breeding wood ducks (i.e., tree species [alternatively deciduous v. coniferous], diameter-atbreast height [DBH], tree canopy density, stand type, wetland type, water depth) based on LiDAR-generated metrics or other sources of spatial data [e.g., National Wetland Inventory (NWI), existing Geographic Information System (GIS) layers, aerial photographs], (2) ascertain the optimal pulse density of LiDAR needed to accurately measure or classify each habitat component of importance to wood ducks, (3) determine the generalizability of the LiDAR method for predicting the locations of habitat components by applying algorithms developed from data collected in the main study area (Cass County, Forest Ecological Province) to other sites in the Forest, Prairie, and/or Transition Provinces at which adequate LiDAR data have been obtained, (4) estimate the speciesand DBH-specific proportions of trees with suitable cavities and detection probability of suitable cavities from empirical field data, and (5) determine whether there has been a change in the number of potential nest trees since the 1970s based on changes in FIA data.
BSPL: Balanced Static Power Logic

—The down-scaling of circuit technology has led to stronger leakage currents in CMOS standard cells. This source of power consumption is data dependent and can be utilized to extract secrets from cryptographic devices. We propose Balanced Static Power Logic (BSPL), the ﬁrst leakage-balancing approach that achieves optimal data-independence with respect to drain-source leakage. We re-design fundamental standard cells in such a way that their leakage current is essentially constant, irrespective of inputs and outputs, barring process variations. Even in presence of considerable intra-die variations, modeled by Monte Carlo simulations, BSPL gates still maintain a signiﬁcantly reduced mutual information between the circuit’s input and conducted leakage current.
Quantification of seasonal and diurnal dynamics of subglacial channels using seismic observations on an Alpine glacier

Abstract. Water flowing below glaciers exerts a major control on glacier basal sliding. However, our knowledge of the physics of subglacial hydrology and its link with sliding is limited because of lacking observations. Here we use a 2-year-long dataset made of on-ice-measured seismic and in situ-measured glacier basal sliding speed on Glacier d'Argentière (French Alps) to investigate the physics of subglacial channels and its potential link with glacier basal sliding. Using dedicated theory and concomitant measurements of water discharge, we quantify temporal changes in channels' hydraulic radius and hydraulic pressure gradient. At seasonal timescales we find that hydraulic radius and hydraulic pressure gradient respectively exhibit a 2- and 6-fold increase from spring to summer, followed by comparable decrease towards autumn. At low discharge during the early and late melt season channels respond to changes in discharge mainly through changes in hydraulic radius, a regime that is consistent with predictions of channels' behaviour at equilibrium. In contrast, at high discharge and high short-term water-supply variability (summertime), channels undergo strong changes in hydraulic pressure gradient, a behaviour that is consistent with channels behaving out of equilibrium. This out-of-equilibrium regime is further supported by observations at the diurnal scale, which prove that channels pressurize in the morning and depressurize in the afternoon. During summer we also observe high and sustained basal sliding speed, which supports that the widespread inefficient drainage system (cavities) is likely pressurized concomitantly with the channel system. We propose that pressurized channels help sustain high pressure in cavities (and therefore high glacier sliding speed) through an efficient hydraulic connection between the two systems. The present findings provide an essential basis for testing the physics represented in subglacial hydrology and glacier sliding models.
COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE ESTIMATIVA DE EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA (ETo) PARA LINHARES, ES

Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho de equacoes empiricas de Thornthwaite, Camargo, Camargo Simplificado e Garcia Lopez e fisica de Priestley Taylor, para estimativa da evapotranspiracao de referencia, comparando-as ao metodo universal de Penman – Montheit FAO 1998 para as condicoes climaticas da localidade de Linhares, no litoral norte do Estado do Espirito Santo. Foram utilizadas as variaveis climaticas de temperaturas medias do ar (oC), umidade relativa (%) e radiacao global (MJ.m-2) referentes ao periodo de 10 meses (janeiro a dezembro, do ano de 2008, adquiridas pela plataforma de dados do CEUNES – UFES provenientes da estacao automatizada meteorologica, codigo n° A614, instalada no municipio citado a 40 metros a nivel do mar. Para comparar os valores de ETo estimados por meio das equacoes empiricas e fisica com os metodos de Penman – Montheit FAO 1998 foram considerados os parâmetros da equacao de regressao β0 e β1, modelagem da eficiencia (EF%), coeficiente de determinacao (r²), coeficiente de correlacao (r), estimativa do erro padrao (EEP), indice de concordância (d), indice de confianca ou desempenho (c), para as escalas diaria, acumulado de tres, sete dias e mensal, para os meses estudados nos dois municipios. Para as condicoes climaticas de onde se realizou o estudo, em relacao aos indices, parâmetros estudados e escalas de tempo, o metodo de melhor desempenho foi o de Garcia Lopez.
Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth in Asian Countries: Evidence from GEM Based Data 2008- 2012

This study aims to explain the impact of three key components of entrepreneurship on economic growth in 11 Asian countries that are members of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The countries in this study include Iran, China, South Korea, Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, Japan, Russia, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, and Taiwan. In the conceptual framework of GEM, the 3A model of entrepreneurship includes Entrepreneurial Attitude, Activities, and aspirations. Entrepreneurial Attitude is related to the entrepreneurial intention and includes perceived opportunities and capabilities, no fear of failure and the status of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Activity is divided into four different parts for the study: (a) Necessity-driven entrepreneurship, (b) Opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, (c) Total-early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA), and (d) Established entrepreneurial activity. Factors that contribute to increased entrepreneurial aspirations include: (a) international orientation early-stage entrepreneurial activity, (b) new product early-stage entrepreneurial activity. In this study we will use the econometric model using panel data from these countries using the GEM crossnational data for the years 2008 through 2012 to look even further into these key indicators and how they affect economic growth in the countries we will be looking at.
Feeding by short‐snouted weevils on seedlings of seven tree species planted beneath Norway spruce at differing stand densities

1 Short‐snouted weevils, including Strophosoma spp. and related species, may damage tree seedlings. We investigated the damage caused by these weevils feeding on seedlings of seven tree species planted in clear‐cuts and under shelterwoods with three densities (control, dense, and sparse).