Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Federated Unlearning: Guarantee the Right of Clients to Forget

The Right to be Forgotten gives a data owner the right to revoke their data from an entity storing it. In the context of federated learning, the Right to be Forgotten requires that, in addition to the data itself, any influence of the data on the FL model must disappear, a process we call “federated unlearning. ” The most straightforward and legitimate way to implement federated unlearning is to remove the revoked data and retrain the FL model from scratch. Yet the computational and time overhead associated with fully retraining FL models can be prohibitively expensive. In this article, we take the first step to comprehensively investigate the way to settle the unlearning paradigm in the context of federated learning. First, we define the problem of efficient federated unlearning, including its challenges and goals, and we identify three common types of federated unlearning requests: class unlearning, client unlearning, and sample unlearning. Based on those challenges and goals, a general pipeline is proposed for federated unlearning for the above three types of requests. We revisit how the training data affects the final FL model performance and thereby empowers the proposed framework with the reverse stochastic gradient ascent (SGA) and elastic weight consolidation (EWC). Various experiments are conducted to verify effectiveness of the proposed method in both aspects of unlearning efficacy and efficiency. We believe the proposed method will perform as an essential component for future machine unlearning systems.
Differential characters of Drinfeld modules and
de Rham cohomology

We introduce differential characters of Drinfeld modules. These are function-field analogues of Buium's p-adic differential characters of elliptic curves and of Manin's differential characters of elliptic curves in differential algebra, both of which have had notable Diophantine applications. We determine the structure of the group of differential characters. This shows the existence of a family of interesting differential modular functions on the moduli of Drinfeld modules. It also leads to a canonical $F$-crystal equipped with a map to the de Rham cohomology of the Drinfeld module. This $F$-crystal is of a differential-algebraic nature, and the relation to the classical cohomological realizations is presently not clear.
Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent Thin Films Based on Nd3+-Doped YAG Nanocrystals in Silica Microstructured Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications

We suggested an alternative to technically complex CVD processes method for producing thin films containing highly luminescent YAG nanocrystals activated with Nd3+ ions inside channels of microstructured optical fibers by the liquid polymer-salt method. As a result of studying structural and spectral properties of the obtained optical elements, the formation of highly luminescent in the near-IR region nanocrystals was determined, which defines the potential of their application in sensor technologies. We studied temperature sensitivity of YAG:Nd3+ nanocrystals synthesized in channels of a microstructured optical fiber and compared it with YAG:Nd3+ nanocrystals having the form of powder. It was found out that luminescence intensity of these materials decreases exponentially in the temperature range from 50 to 600 °C.
On the connected components of affine Deligne–Lusztig varieties

We study the set of connected components of certain unions of affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties arising from the study of Shimura varieties. We determine the set of connected components for basic $\s$-conjugacy classes. As an application, we verify the Axioms in \cite{HR} for certain PEL type Shimura varieties. We also show that for any nonbasic $\s$-conjugacy class in a residually split group, the set of connected components is "controlled" by the set of straight elements associated to the $\s$-conjugacy class, together with the obstruction from the corresponding Levi subgroup. Combined with \cite{Zhou}, this allows one to verify in the residually split case, the description of the mod-$p$ isogeny classes on Shimura varieties conjectured by Langland and Rapoport. Along the way, we determine the Picard group of the Witt vector affine Grassmannian of \cite{BS} and \cite{Zhu} which is of independent interest.
Optimal nonlinear eddy viscosity in Galerkin models of turbulent flows

Abstract We propose a variational approach to the identification of an optimal nonlinear eddy viscosity as a subscale turbulence representation for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) models. The ansatz for the eddy viscosity is given in terms of an arbitrary function of the resolved fluctuation energy. This function is found as a minimizer of a cost functional measuring the difference between the target data coming from a resolved direct or large-eddy simulation of the flow and its reconstruction based on the POD model. The optimization is performed with a data-assimilation approach generalizing the 4D-VAR method. POD models with optimal eddy viscosities are presented for a 2D incompressible mixing layer at $\mathit{Re}=500$ (based on the initial vorticity thickness and the velocity of the high-speed stream) and a 3D Ahmed body wake at $\mathit{Re}=300\,000$ (based on the body height and the free-stream velocity). The variational optimization formulation elucidates a number of interesting physical insights concerning the eddy-viscosity ansatz used. The 20-dimensional model of the mixing-layer reveals a negative eddy-viscosity regime at low fluctuation levels which improves the transient times towards the attractor. The 100-dimensional wake model yields more accurate energy distributions as compared to the nonlinear modal eddy-viscosity benchmark proposed recently by Östh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, pp. 518–544). Our methodology can be applied to construct quite arbitrary closure relations and, more generally, constitutive relations optimizing statistical properties of a broad class of reduced-order models.
On the K-stability of Fano varieties and anticanonical divisors

We apply a recent theorem of Li and the first author to give some criteria for the K-stability of Fano varieties in terms of anticanonical Q-divisors. First, we propose a condition in terms of certain anticanonical Q-divisors of given Fano variety, which we conjecture to be equivalent to the K-stability. We prove that it is at least sufficient condition and also relate to the Berman-Gibbs stability. We also give another algebraic proof of the K-stability of Fano varieties which satisfy Tian's alpha invariants condition.
Model Reduction in Stochastic Environments

We present a general theory of stochastic model reduction which is based on a normal form coordinate transform method of A.J. Roberts. This nonlinear, stochastic projection allows for the deterministic and stochastic dynamics to interact correctly on the lower-dimensional manifold so that the dynamics predicted by the reduced, stochastic system agrees well with the dynamics predicted by the original, high-dimensional stochastic system. The method may be applied to any system with well-separated time scales. In this article, we consider a physical problem that involves a singularly perturbed Duffing oscillator as well as a biological problem that involves the prediction of infectious disease outbreaks.
Formal Groups, Witt vectors and Free Probability

The set of non-commutative probability distributions with mean one can be endowed with the structure of a unital ring, which is isomorphic to the Grothendieck $\lambda$-ring. Voiculescu's multiplicative and additive free convolution, $\boxtimes$ and $\boxplus$, are related to each other as the logarithm is to the exponential. We show the connection of the $R$- and $S$-transform with Witt vectors, formal group laws and Faber polynomials. Finally we give a representation of the set of all complex-valued multiplicative genera in complex cobordism as elements in a non-commutative probability space.
Radiative transfer of X-rays in the solar corona

The problem of resonance scattering of X-ray emission lines in the solar corona is investigated. For the resonance lines of some helium-like ions, significant optical depths are reached over distances small compared with the size of typical coronal features. A general integral equation for the transfer of resonance-line radiation under solar coronal conditions is derived. This expression is in a form useful for modeling the complex three-dimensional temperature and density structure of coronal active regions. The transfer equation is then cast in a form illustrating the terms which give rise to the attenuation or enhancement of the resonance-line intensity. The source function for helium-like oxygen (O VII) under coronal conditions is computed and discussed in terms of the relative importance of scattering.
On Engel groups, nilpotent groups, rings, braces and the Yang-Baxter equation

It is shown that over an arbitrary field there exists a nil algebra $R$ whose adjoint group $R^{o}$ is not an Engel group. This answers a question by Amberg and Sysak from 1997 [5] and answers related questions from [3, 44]. The case of an uncountable field also answers a recent question by Zelmanov. In [38], Rump introduced braces and radical chains $A^{n+1}=A\cdot A^{n}$ and $A^{(n+1)}=A^{(n)}\cdot A$ of a brace $A$. We show that the adjoint group $A^{o}$ of a finite right brace is a nilpotent group if and only if $A^{(n)}=0$ for some $n$. We also show that the adjoint group of $A^{o}$ of a finite left brace $A$ is a nilpotent group if and only if $A^{n}=0$ for some $n$. Moreover, if $A^{o}$ is a nilpotent group then $A$ is the direct sum of braces whose cardinatities are powers of prime numbers. Notice that $A^{o}$ is sometimes called the multiplicative group of a brace $A$ (for example in [13]). We also introduce a chain of ideals $A^{[n]}$ of a left brace $A$ and then use it to investigate braces which satisfy $A^{n}=0$ and $A^{(m)}=0$ for some $m, n$ (Theorems 2, 3). In Section 2 we describe connections between our results and braided groups and the Yang-Baxter equation. It is worth noticing that by a result by Gateva-Ivanova [17] braces are in one-to-one correspondence with braided groups with involutive braided operators.
Revisiting the de Rham-Witt complex

The goal of this paper is to offer a new construction of the de Rham-Witt complex of smooth varieties over perfect fields of characteristic $p$. We introduce a category of cochain complexes equipped with an endomorphism $F$ (of underlying graded abelian groups) satisfying $dF = pFd$, whose homological algebra we study in detail. To any such object satisfying an abstract analog of the Cartier isomorphism, an elementary homological process associates a generalization of the de Rham-Witt construction. Abstractly, the homological algebra can be viewed as a calculation of the fixed points of the Berthelot-Ogus operator $L \eta_p$ on the $p$-complete derived category. We give various applications of this approach, including a simplification of the crystalline comparison in $A \Omega$-cohomology theory.
Oblique projections on metric spaces

It is known that complementary oblique projections $\hat{P}_0 + \hat{P}_1 = I$ on a Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}$ have the same standard operator norm $\|\hat{P}_0\| = \|\hat{P}_1\|$ and the same singular values, but for the multiplicity of $0$ and $1$. We generalize these results to Hilbert spaces endowed with a positive-definite metric $G$ on top of the scalar product. Our main result is that the volume elements (pseudodeterminants $\det_+$) of the metrics $L_0,L_1$ induced by $G$ on the complementary oblique subspaces $\mathscr{H} = \mathscr{H}_0 \oplus \mathscr{H}_1$, and of those $\mathit{\Gamma}_0,\mathit{\Gamma}_1$ induced on their algebraic duals, obey the relations \begin{align} \frac{\det_+ L_1}{\det_+ \mathit{\Gamma}_0} = \frac{\det_+ L_0}{\det_+ \mathit{\Gamma}_1} = {\det}_+ G. \nonumber \end{align} Furthermore, we break this result down to eigenvalues, proving a "supersymmetry" of the two operators $\sqrt{\mathit{\Gamma}_0 L_0}$ and $\sqrt{L_1 \mathit{\Gamma}_1}$. We connect the former result to a well-known duality property of the weighted-spanning-tree polynomials in graph theory and the latter to the mesh analysis of electrical resistor circuits driven by either voltage or current generators. We conclude with some speculations about an over-arching notion of duality that encompasses mathematics and physics.
Criteria for the Absence and Existence of Bounded Solutions at the Threshold Frequency in a Junction of Quantum Waveguides

In the junction $\Omega$ of several semi-infinite cylindrical waveguides we consider the Dirichlet Laplacian whose continuous spectrum is the ray $[\lambda_\dagger, +\infty)$ with a positive cut-off value $\lambda_\dagger$. We give two different criteria for the threshold resonance generated by nontrivial bounded solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the Helmholtz equation $-\Delta u=\lambda_\dagger u$ in $\Omega$. The first criterion is quite simple and is convenient to disprove the existence of bounded solutions. The second criterion is rather involved but can help to detect concrete shapes supporting the resonance. Moreover, the latter distinguishes in a natural way between stabilizing, i.e., bounded but non-descending solutions and trapped modes with exponential decay at infinity.
Link-BERT: Pretraining a Language Model with Document Links

Language model (LM) pretraining can learn various knowledge from text corpora, helping downstream tasks. However, existing methods such as BERT model a single document, and do not capture dependencies or knowledge that span across documents. In this work, we pro-pose LinkBERT , an LM pretraining method that leverages links between documents, e.g., hyper-links. Given a text corpus, we view it as a graph of documents and create LM inputs by placing linked documents in the same context. We then pretrain the LM with two joint self-supervised objectives: masked language modeling and our new proposal, document relation prediction. We show that LinkBERT outperforms BERT on various downstream tasks across two domains: the general domain (pretrained on Wikipedia with hyperlinks) and biomedical domain (pretrained on PubMed with citation links). LinkBERT is especially effective for multi-hop reasoning and few-shot QA (+5% absolute improvement on HotpotQA and TriviaQA), and our biomedical LinkBERT sets new states of the art on various BioNLP tasks (+7% on BioASQ and USMLE). We release our pretrained models, LinkBERT and BioLinkBERT , as well as code and data. 1
A semi‐implicit numerical model for urban drainage systems

In this paper, a semi‐implicit numerical model for one‐dimensional urban drainage networks is formulated in such a fashion as to intrinsically account for arbitrary cross sections, for the occurrence of dry areas, for free surface, and for pressurized flows. The governing differential equations are discretized with a consistent mass conservative scheme that naturally applies to all flow regimes. The resulting mildly nonlinear system, at every time step, is efficiently solved with a converging, properly devised, nested Newton‐type algorithm. It will be shown that with the proposed semi‐implicit model, high accuracy can be achieved at a moderate computational cost. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation functions of the integrable isotropic spin-1 chain: algebraic expressions for arbitrary temperature

We derive algebraic formulae for the density matrices of finite segments of the integrable su(2) isotropic spin-1 chain in the thermodynamic limit. We give explicit results for the 2- and 3-site cases for arbitrary temperature T and zero field. In the zero-temperature limit the correlation functions are given in elementary form in terms of Riemann’s zeta function at even integer arguments.
Finite-key security analysis for multilevel quantum key distribution

We present a detailed security analysis of a d-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol based on two and three mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) both in an asymptotic and finite-key-length scenario. The finite secret key rates (in bits per detected photon) are calculated as a function of the length of the sifted key by (i) generalizing the uncertainly relation-based insight from BB84 to any d-level 2-MUB QKD protocol and (ii) by adopting recent advances in the second-order asymptotics for finite block length quantum coding (for both d-level 2- and 3-MUB QKD protocols). Since the finite and asymptotic secret key rates increase with d and the number of MUBs (together with the tolerable threshold) such QKD schemes could in principle offer an important advantage over BB84. We discuss the possibility of an experimental realization of the 3-MUB QKD protocol with the orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom of photons.
New gravity–capillary waves at low speeds. Part 1. Linear geometries

Abstract When traditional linearized theory is used to study gravity–capillary waves produced by flow past an obstruction, the geometry of the object is assumed to be small in one or several of its dimensions. In order to preserve the nonlinear nature of the obstruction, asymptotic expansions in the low-Froude-number or low-Bond-number limits can be derived, but here, the solutions invariably predict a waveless surface at every order. This is because the waves are in fact, exponentially small, and thus beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics; their formation is a consequence of the divergence of the asymptotic series and the associated Stokes Phenomenon. By applying techniques in exponential asymptotics to this problem, we have discovered the existence of new classes of gravity–capillary waves, from which the usual linear solutions form but a special case. In this paper, we present the initial theory for deriving these waves through a study of gravity–capillary flow over a linearized step. This will be done using two approaches: in the first, we derive the surface waves using the standard method of Fourier transforms; in the second, we derive the same result using exponential asymptotics. Ultimately, these two methods give the same result, but conceptually, they offer different insights into the study of the low-Froude-number, low-Bond-number problem.
A generalization of Mathieu subspaces to modules of associative algebras

AbstractWe first propose a generalization of the notion of Mathieu subspaces of associative algebras $$ \mathcal{A} $$, which was introduced recently in [Zhao W. , Generalizations of the image conjecture and the Mathieu conjecture, J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 2010, 214(7), 1200–1216] and [Zhao W. , Mathieu subspaces of associative algebras], to $$ \mathcal{A} $$-modules $$ \mathcal{M} $$. The newly introduced notion in a certain sense also generalizes the notion of submodules. Related with this new notion, we also introduce the sets σ(N) and τ(N) of stable elements and quasi-stable elements, respectively, for all R-subspaces N of $$ \mathcal{A} $$-modules $$ \mathcal{M} $$, where R is the base ring of $$ \mathcal{A} $$. We then prove some general properties of the sets σ(N) and τ(N). Furthermore, examples from certain modules of the quasi-stable algebras [Zhao W. , Mathieu subspaces of associative algebras], matrix algebras over fields and polynomial algebras are also studied.
The L2 Weak Sequential Convergence of Radial Focusing Mass Critical NLS Solutions with Mass Above the Ground State

We study the non-scattering $L^{2}$ solution $u$ to the radial focusing mass-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation with mass just above the ground state, and show that there exists a time sequence $\{t_{n}\}_{n}$, such that $u(t_{n})$ weakly converges to the ground state $Q$ up to scaling and phase transformation. We also give some partial results on the mass concentration phenomena of the minimal mass blow-up solution.
Lamperti-Type Theorems for Random Fields

In the paper we consider Lamperti type theorems for random fields. Together with known results we present some new results on ${\mathbb R}^m$-valued self-similar fields $\{{\bf X} ({\bf t}), \ {\bf t} \in {\mathbb R}^d \}$, their domains of attraction and the so-called Lamperti transformations, expressing the relation between self-similarity and stationarity. Also we investigate regularly and slowly varying functions of several variables.
On generating functions for classical polynomials

Recently Brown [1] gave two new classes of generating functions which include the generating functions for the polynomials of Gegenbauer, Jacobi and Laguerre. The aim of the paper is to give a new class of generating functions which includes both sets of generating functions given by Brown and provides a new class of generating functions for the polynomials of Gegenbauer, Jacobi and Laguerre.
Normal approximation for sums of discrete $U$-statistics - application to Kolmogorov bounds in random subgraph counting

We derive normal approximation bounds in the Kolmogorov distance for sums of discrete multiple integrals and $U$-statistics made of independent Bernoulli random variables. Such bounds are applied to normal approximation for the renormalized subgraphs counts in the Erd{\H o}s-R\'enyi random graph. This approach completely solves a long-standing conjecture in the general setting of arbitrary graph counting, while recovering and improving recent results derived for triangles as well as results using the Wasserstein distance.
The component structure of dense random subgraphs of the hypercube

Given p ∈ (0, 1), we let Qp=Qpd be the random subgraph of the d‐dimensional hypercube Qd where edges are present independently with probability p. It is well known that, as d → ∞, if p>12 then with high probability Qp is connected; and if p<12 then with high probability Qp consists of one giant component together with many smaller components which form the “fragment”. Here we fix p∈(0,12) , and investigate the fragment, and how it sits inside the hypercube. For example, we give asymptotic estimates for the mean numbers of components in the fragment of each size, and describe their asymptotic distributions, much extending earlier work of Weber.
Structure of the Galactic Bulge: Is the Milky Way a Double-barred Galaxy?

Using the data of the IRSF/SIRIUS infrared survey along the Galactic plane (| l | ≤ 105 at b = +1°), we find a distinct structure, which is probably a secondary bar, inside the primary bar of our Galaxy. The apparent magnitude peak of Bulge red clump stars changes continuously from KS ~ 13.5 (l = −10°) to KS ~ 12.3 (l = +10°), and this can be explained by the bar structure of the Galactic Bulge. However, the apparent magnitude changes by only ~ 0.1 mag over the central 8°, and this indicates that there is a distinct structure inside the primary bar. In the process of the distance derivation, we have used the infrared extinction law in the J, H, and KS bands toward the Galactic center newly determined from our survey.
Stochastic homogenization in amorphous media and applications to exclusion processes.

We consider random walks on marked simple point processes with symmetric jump rates and unbounded jump range. We prove homogenization properties of the associated Markov generators. As an application, we derive the hydrodynamic limit of the simple exclusion process given by multiple random walks as above, with hard-core interaction, on a marked Poisson point process. The above results cover Mott variable range hopping, which is a fundamental mechanism of phonon-induced electron conduction in amorphous solids as doped semiconductors. Our techniques, based on an extension of two-scale convergence, can be adapted to other models, as e.g. the random conductance model.