Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defeat and Entrapment Mediate the Relationship Between Insomnia Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults

Abstract Aim In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the relationship between sleep disturbance and suicide. The current study aimed to advance understanding of the psychological processes driving these relationships by examining whether insomnia symptoms are related to suicidal ideation via perceptions of defeat and entrapment. Methods Young adults (n = 259; 202 students [78.0%], 45 employed [17.4%], 12 unemployed [4.6%]) completed an anonymous self-report survey that was advertised via social media, university participant pools, and fliers. The survey was described as being related to sleep and mood/mental health. Validated measures were used to assess insomnia symptoms, chronotype, defeat, entrapment, suicidal ideation, and affective covariates. Results Bivariate associations found insomnia severity to be related to poorer affective outcomes including severity of suicidal ideation. Insomnia and depression were significant independent variables in multiple linear regression with suidical ideation as the dependent variable. The relationship between insomnia and suicidal ideation was mediated by perceptions of defeat and entrapment. Conclusion Taken together, these findings shed light on the psychological mechanisms linking sleep disturbance and suicidal ideation by highlighting the role of defeat and entrapment. These findings have the potential to improve suicide risk assessment and prevention in young adults experiencing difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. Highlights Defeat and entrapment mediate relationship between insomnia and suicidal ideation Evidence for Integrated Motivational–Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior in community sample Uses validated multi-item suicide measure
Guilty, Innocent, or Just Not Proven? Bayesian Verdicts in the Case of Inhibitory Deficits

ABSTRACT Background: This study addresses two issues: Whether age-related differences in working memory (WM) can be studied in online samples, and whether such differences reflect an inhibitory deficit. Currently, the evidence is mixed, but the playing field was not level because traditional statistics cannot provide evidence for the null hypothesis. Experiment 1: MTurk workers (ages 19–74) performed simple and complex visuospatial WM tasks to determine whether a secondary task affected the rate of age-related decline. Performance on both tasks replicated previous laboratory studies, establishing that age-related differences in WM can be studied online. Bayesian analyses revealed it is ten times as likely that there is no inhibitory deficit on visuospatial WM tasks as that there is. Experiment 2: The effects of irrelevant location information on visuospatial WM were examined in older (M age = 64.0) and younger (M age = 25.0) MTurk workers. Irrelevant locations produced interference, but both groups were equally affected. Bayesian analyses provided support for the null hypothesis of no age difference. Conclusions: The results of both experiments on working memory not only revealed equivalent visuospatial inhibitory function in older and younger adults, they also demonstrated that age-related differences in visuospatial WM can be effectively studied online as well as in the laboratory.
Early Insights From a Digitally Enhanced Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Program: Single-Arm Nonrandomized Trial

Background Translation of diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) into a digital format can improve access, but few digital programs have demonstrated outcomes using rigorous evaluation metrics. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a digital DSMES program on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for people with type 2 diabetes. Methods A single-arm, nonrandomized trial was performed to evaluate a digital DSMES program that includes remote monitoring and lifestyle change, in addition to comprehensive diabetes education staffed by a diabetes specialist. A sample of 195 participants were recruited using an online research platform (Achievement Studies, Evidation Health Inc). The primary outcome was change in laboratory-tested HbA1c from baseline to 4 months, and secondary outcomes included change in lipids, diabetes distress, and medication adherence. Results At baseline, participants had a mean HbA1c of 8.9% (SD 1.9) and mean BMI of 37.5 kg/m2 (SD 8.3). The average age was 45.1 years (SD 8.9), 70% were women, and 67% were White. At 4-month follow up, the HbA1c decreased by 0.8% (P<.001, 95% CI –1.1 to –0.5) for the total population and decreased by 1.4% (P<.001, 95% CI –1.8 to –0.9) for those with an HbA1c of >9.0% at baseline. Diabetes distress and medication adherence were also significantly improved between baseline and follow up. Conclusions This study provides early evidence that a digitally enhanced DSMES program improves HbA1c and disease self-management outcomes.
Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in the Unites States: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common neoplasm of the biliary tract with the lowest rates of survival. Most GBCs are adenocarcinomas that arise from the epithelial lining of the gallbladder. There are limited data in the literature regarding the epidemiology of GBC. Using a large database, we aim to describe the epidemiology using a US population database. METHODS A multi-institutional database (Explorys Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) was surveyed. A cohort of patients with a primary malignant neoplasm of gallbladder between 1999-2019 was identified. The prevalence rate was calculated and age-, race-, and sex-based distributions were described. Multivariate analysis was done to evaluate underlying associations. RESULTS Of the 56,197,690 individuals in the database, 4,790 individuals with GBC were identified with a prevalence rate of 8.5 per 100,000. Asian race has the highest prevalence of GBC (13.6/100,000). Patients with GBC were also more likely to be smokers, have a history of alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes, cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and chronic viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest US population studies to date evaluating the epidemiology of GBC. The 20-year period prevalence rate of GBC was 8.5 per 100,000. Patients with GBC were more likely to be elderly, females, obese, diabetic, and have chronic hepatobiliary disorders.
Variations in Risk and Motivations for Substance Use over the Course of Military Service

Abstract Background Epidemiological data identify risk factors related to substance use among military service members to inform prevention and treatment. Less is known about how motivations and risks for substance use vary over a military service career. The study goal was to explore substance use patterns and motivations among a sample of United States undergraduate student veterans in order to identify periods of risk. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted (n = 31) between December 2018 and April 2019. Transcripts were coded in ATLAS.ti using thematic content analysis. Results: Interviews revealed complex motivations around substance use and identified key periods of risk. 1) Pre-service: Participants reported using alcohol and marijuana, primarily during social activities. 2) During service: Participants described a culture of heavy alcohol and tobacco use in social contexts, but little use of other substances. Post-deployment was a notable exception, when some reported heavier alcohol use and use of other drugs, including opiates, cocaine, and ecstasy. 3) Post-service: Transitioning out of the military was described as difficult; some participants reported heavier use of substances during this period. Some participants quit smoking after military service, or switched to vaping. Others reported use of alcohol and/or marijuana to calm themselves, relieve stress, and enable sleep. Conclusions: These data indicate that the periods immediately following deployment and transition out of the military may be especially high-risk for heavy substance use and use of a broader range of substances. This highlights the need for tailored interventions and messaging at different points of military service, particularly during periods of greatest risk.
Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans

ABSTRACT Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a major model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Numerous papers on toxicology and pharmacology in C. elegans have been published, and this species has now been adopted by investigators in academic toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery labs. C. elegans has also attracted the interest of governmental regulatory agencies charged with evaluating the safety of chemicals. However, a major, fundamental aspect of toxicological science remains underdeveloped in C. elegans: xenobiotic metabolism and transport processes that are critical to understanding toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, and extrapolation to other species. The aim of this review was to initially briefly describe the history and trajectory of the use of C. elegans in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Subsequently, physical barriers to chemical uptake and the role of the worm microbiome in xenobiotic transformation were described. Then a review of what is and is not known regarding the classic Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III processes was performed. In addition, the following were discussed (1) regulation of xenobiotic metabolism; (2) review of published toxicokinetics for specific chemicals; and (3) genetic diversity of these processes in C. elegans. Finally, worm xenobiotic transport and metabolism was placed in an evolutionary context; key areas for future research highlighted; and implications for extrapolating C. elegans toxicity results to other species discussed.
Hearing threshold levels of Australian coal mine workers: a retrospective cross-sectional study of 64196 audiograms

Abstract Objective This study examined the hearing threshold levels (HTL) of workers commencing employment in Australian coal mines in the State of New South Wales (NSW). The aim was to establish if some degree of hearing loss was identifiable in the mandatory pre-employment audiograms of workers. Design This was an observational, retrospective, repeated cross-sectional study. Study sample De-identified audiometric records of 64196 employees entering NSW coal mining in three representative five-year periods between 1991–2015 were utilised. Results Although HTLs were lower (better) in more recent years, the results showed clinically significant hearing loss (≥25dBHL) for older workers, 45–60 years. Pure tone average (PTA) hearing losses were greater at the higher frequencies associated with excessive noise exposure (3–6 kHz), than at the speech frequencies (0.5–4 kHz). Hearing loss in the left ears were higher compared to the right ears, with higher prevalence of audiometric notches in males. Conclusion Almost a fifth (14.8–20.1%) of male workers commencing work in NSW coal mines presented with an audiometric notch at 4 kHz. Further research is required to determine if these notches represent true NIHL, and how the residual hearing of workers may be conserved.
One–year aerosol characterization study for PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing

Abstract A one–year–long aerosol characterization study was conducted from July 2002 through July 2003, in Beijing, China. Twenty–four hour PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples were collected, and about 50 aerosol samples of each type were obtained. Organic, elemental, and total carbon, levoglucosan and other organic compounds, and inorganic ionic species were measured. The overall mean PM mass concentrations were 99 and 175 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Total carbon was the main component in both PM2.5 and PM10, with overall mean concentrations of 21 and 30 μg/m3, respectively. Of the organic compounds measured, levoglucosan exhibited the highest levels (overall mean of 0.31 ng/m3 in PM2.5 and of 0.40 ng/m3 in PM10). Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with overall mean levels of 15.6 and 17.0 μg/m3 in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Most components measured were predominantly present in the PM2.5 size fraction; the overall mean PM2.5/PM10 ratio was typically in the range of 0.7–0.8, but this ratio was only 0.55 for the PM mass and for Ca2+ it was as low as 0.19. In PM2.5, total carbon exhibited relatively larger concentration levels (30 μg/m3) in winter than in the other seasons. K+ also exhibited a relatively high concentration level in the winter season, with 2.3 μg/m3 in PM2.5. The contribution from biomass burning to K+ in PM2.5 was estimated on the basis of the levoglucosan data and the minimum K+/levoglucosan ratios obtained throughout the year; it was found that the contribution was largest in autumn, with 44%.
Electrical insulation characteristics of cold dielectric high temperature superconducting cable

For the optimization of electrical insulation design for high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, evaluation of electrical insulation characteristics especially for butt gap of LN/sub 2/ impregnated cold dielectric (CD) which consists of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ plays an important role. This paper presents partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown characteristics in LN/sub 2/ impregnated butt gap model which modeled a weak point of the wrapped tape insulation impregnated with LN/sub 2/ and cable model with short length with polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP/sup /spl reg//), Nomex/sup /spl reg// paper and cellulose paper. PD current pulse was found to have a steep rise time of /spl sim/ ns and amplitude of /spl sim/ tens /spl mu/A at PD inception voltage region. Little dependency of breakdown stress on the insulating material is found. PD inception stress is almost independent of insulation thickness of 1 to 3 mm. The requirement insulation thickness for 66 kV class HTS cable is estimated to be /spl sim/ 5 mm under PD-free condition from viewpoint of long-term reliability.
Paternal prescription medication before conception: A retrospective cohort study of all births in Denmark 1997–2017

Aim: To study what medication fathers are being prescribed in the months preceding conception. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of Danish national registries, comprising all births in Denmark 1997–2017 (1.3 million births). Time trends and absolute levels of paternal prescription medication in the 6 months prior to conception were assessed. While all medications were examined (N = 1335), we focused on the main medication groups, medications that have increased in use over time, and medications for which previous evidence exists of an effect on sperm quality. Results: The average number of prescriptions increased over the study period (from 0.75 prescriptions to 0.82 per birth). Polypharmacy (three or more prescriptions) increased from less than 8% to 10% of fathers. The use of pain medication, proton-pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and some inhalants have all increased markedly over the last 20 years. Conclusions: Potential harm to the offspring done by paternal medication may present an increasing problem. As paternal medication exposure is increasing, examination of generational effects, such as major birth defects, is necessary.
Sequential Vestibular Neuritis: Report of Four Cases and Literature Review

Background and Objectives Bilateral sequential vestibular neuritis (BSVN) is a rare condition in which an inflammation or an ischemic damage of the vestibular nerve occurs bilaterally in a sequential pattern. We described four cases of BSVN. Subjects and Methods Every patient underwent video-head impulse test during the first and the second episode of vestibular neuritis (VN), furthermore they have been studied with radiological imaging. Results Contralateral VN occurred after a variable period from prior event. Vestibular function recovered from the first episode in one case. The other three patients developed contralateral VN. One case was due to a bilateral VN in association with a Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, in another patient clinical records strongly suggested an ischemic etiology, whereas in two cases aetiology remained uncertain. Two patients subsequently developed a benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving the posterior canal on the side of the latest VN (Lindsay-Hemenway syndrome). Conclusions Instrumental vestibular assessment represents a pivotal tool to confirm the diagnosis of VN and BSVN.
Molecular Targets for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

ABSTRACT While innovations in the surgical management of retinal detachment (RD) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) have significantly improved anatomic and visual outcomes over the years, recurrent RD due to PVR remains the major limitation to success. There are currently no medical therapies proven to be effective against PVR in humans. Increased understanding of the pathophysiology and risk factors for PVR have helped guide investigations for molecular targets. Drugs that counteract inflammation, proliferation, and growth factors are the leading candidates for treatment of PVR. This review discusses the ongoing search for pharmacologic therapies, with an emphasis on the results of recent clinical investigations.
Potential risk factors for recurrent pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) recurrence is the primary factor affecting the prognoses of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the major challenge physicians face in these patients is the possible risk of PE recurrence after treatment. Given that renal impairment is a significant predictor of mortality in cardiovascular diseases, this study aimed to examine the relationship between renal dysfunction and PE recurrence. METHODS This study was retrospective analysis of the Medical Data Science Academy of Chongqing Medical University database. Patients primarily diagnosed with PE from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019 were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: the PE group and the recurrent PE group. They were screened based on the International Coding of Diseases (ICD) system and verified using computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression (MLR) analysis were used for predicting PE recurrence. RESULTS Of the 365 PE patients included in the study, 55 (15.1%) were recurrent patients. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was found to be closely associated with PE recurrence. MLR analysis yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 4.061 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.471-11.209, P=0.007] for recurrent PE. CONCLUSIONS Renal dysfunction increases the risk of PE recurrence. Thus, clinicians should pay more attention to patients with PE and impaired renal function.
Determining chemical composition of the silicate garnets using Raman spectroscopy

The silicate garnets are a group of minerals with diverse chemical compositions and multifaceted impacts on the geological sciences. The determination of a silicate garnet’s chemical composition is typically done using electron microprobe or mass spectrometry, both of which are destructive. Raman spectroscopy has been used in the past century to identify crystalline materials by observing the vibrational modes. This project created a technique which correlates the Raman modes of a silicate garnet and its chemical composition. This study utilizes forty silicate garnets, taken from RRUFF project samples, whose chemistry was determined by electron microprobe, and whose Raman spectra were measured using a Thermo Nikolet Almega microRaman system or an open access custom built Raman spectroscopic instrument. A correlation matrix was created to compare the shifts of Raman peak position and correlated changes in chemical composition. This approach can characterize silicate garnet samples with thirteen chemical compositional variations using six Raman modes. This method is accurate to within 5% of the electron microprobe calculation of bulk chemical composition, and correctly names all varietals of silicate garnet. This technique will make it possible for the future determination of chemical compositions of garnets to be nondestructive, thus advancing the utility of Raman spectroscopy, and making the estimation of chemical composition in the silicate garnet group much faster and easier than with the use of microprobe analysis.
Recent progress in the chemistry of multicomponent reactions

Abstract The chemistry of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and isocyanides belongs to three periods: In the century 18591958, isocyanide chemistry was moderately active and was separate from the classical name reactions of the MCRs. In the next period, isocyanides became well available, and MCRs of isocyanides became the most variable way of forming chemical compounds. The year 1993 began a new era of the formation and investigation of the products and the libraries of the Ugi reaction (U-4CR) and higher MCRs of the isocyanides. This chemistry is primarily accomplished in the industrial search and preparation of new pharmaceutical and plant-protecting products.
Underreporting of symptomatic adverse events in phase I clinical trials.

BACKGROUND Clinician reporting of symptomatic adverse events (AEs) in phase I trials utilizes the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). The utility of the patient-reported outcomes (PRO) version of the CTCAE (PRO-CTCAE) in this setting is unknown. This prospective, observational study compared patient- and clinician-reported symptomatic-AEs in phase I patients. METHODS Phase I study eligible patients at Princess Margaret were surveyed with the PRO-CTCAE full item library (78 symptomatic-AEs) at baseline (BL), mid-cycle 1 (C1) and mid-cycle 2 (C2). Patient and trial characteristics, best response, and survival data were collected. Presence/absence of patient- (PRO-CTCAE) or clinician-reported (CTCAEv4) symptomatic-AEs were compared (kappa) at defined timepoints and overall (BL+C1+C2). RESULTS Of 292 patients approached from 05/2017-01/2019, 265 (90.8%) were consented, with 243 (91.7%) evaluable and 552 PRO-CTCAE surveys (completion rate = 98.7%) included in analyses. Evaluation of overall patient-reported symptomatic-AEs identified 50 PRO-CTCAE and 11 CTCAE items with ≥10% reporting frequency. 19 CTCAE items were reported at ≤ 1% despite matched PRO-CTCAE items with reporting ≥10%. Underreported categories included sexual health, bodily emissions, and cognition. Clinician- relative to patient-reporting frequency (ratio) demonstrated 9 symptomatic-AEs with a ≥ 50-fold lower clinician reporting rate. Overall patient-clinician agreement for individual symptomatic-AEs ranged from poor (kappa = 0.00-0.19) to moderate (kappa = 0.40-0.59) with discordance driven by lack of clinician reporting. Dyspnea (kappa = 0.54) and peripheral neuropathy (kappa = 0.63) at BL, and limb edema (kappa = 0.55) at C2 demonstrated highest patient-clinician agreement. CONCLUSION Poor to moderate patient-clinician agreement for symptomatic-AEs suggests clinician underreporting in phase I trials. Analyses of severity and interference PRO categories are ongoing.