Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variação dos valores de pH e dos teores de carbono orgânico, cobre, manganês, zinco e ferro em profundidade em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, sob diferentes sistemas de preparo de solo

No-till has been adopted more and more by farmers and research has generated much information on nutritional aspects, mainly related to organic matter, nutrients accumulation, especially macronutrients, and soil acidity. However, there is a lack of information on micronutrient dynamics in this tillage system. In an experiment installed fifteen years ago on an Ultisol (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo) soil samples were collected to evaluate the influence of six soil tillage systems: no-till (SD), moldboard plow (AA), disk plow (AD), tandem-heavy disk plow (GP), tandem-heavy disk plow + moldboard plow (GP+AA) and tandem-heavy disk plow + disk plow (GP+AD), on pH values and contents of organic carbon and micronutrients copper, manganese, zinc and iron in four depths (0-2.5; 2.5-5.0; 5.0-10.0 and 10.0-20.0 cm). Differences were observed for values of pH and contents of organic carbon, copper, manganese and zinc for tillage systems and soil depths, with the largest values being observed in the first 5 cm of soil depth under the SD system. Below the depth of 5 cm more similarity for the studied treatments was observed, with greater content reductions in the layer from 10 to 20 cm. Iron contents was negatively influenced by the organic matter in surface in SD and GP systems. Micronutrient contents correlated positively with organic carbon contents in the different tillage systems and depths. The treatments that involved greater soil turn-over showed larger homogeneity on organic matter and micronutrient contents along the sampled profile.
Pengaruh Pemberian Latihan Soal Terstruktur Setelah Pembelajaran Langsung Terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Bilangan Kuantum Pada Siswa Kelas X MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2018/2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan Pengaruh Pemberian Latihan Soal Terstruktur Setelah Pembelajaran Langsung Terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Bilangan Kuantum Pada Siswa Kelas X MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2018/2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan desain penelitian non ekuivalen, pretest-posttest control group design dan melibatkan 53 siswa dari dua kelas X MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Palangka Raya sebagai sampel yang ditentukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling, yaitu kelas X MIPA-7 (kelas eksperimen) sebanyak 28 orang siswa dan siswa kelas X MIPA-6 (kelas kontrol) sebanyak 25 orang siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal tes pemahaman tes I dan tes II, latihan soal terstruktur, dan latihan soal. Data tes I diperoleh setelah pembelajaran langsung dan data tes II diperoleh setelah pembelajaran menggunakan latihan soal terstruktur dan latihan soal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa thitung > ttabel (3,06 > 1,675) pada taraf signifikasi (α) 5%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian latihan soal terstruktur setelah pembelajaran langsung berpengaruh terhadap pemahaman konsep bilangan kuantum pada siswa kelas X MIPA SMAN 1 Palangka Raya tahun ajaran 2018/2019.
Patterns of seed polymorphism and allozyme variation in the bladder campions, Silene vulgaris and Silene uniflora (Caryophyllaceae)

Seed morphology (testa ornamentation and seed shape) and allozyme variation were investigated in three closely related and partially sympatric taxa of Silerze in the Nordic region. Within this region, Silene viclgaris is a widespread weed of anthropogenic habitats. The two subspecies of Silene urliflora are restricted to naturally open habitats; ssp. uniflora has a coastal distribution, whereas the Swedish endemic, ssp. perrnen, is restricted to limestone habitats on the islands of 0land and Gotland. All three taxa show a seed ornamentation polymorphism, with individuals producing either tubercled or smooth ("armadillo") seeds. Both seed n~orphology and allozymes show a separation between the two species Siletze vulgnris and Siletze utziflora and support the present taxonomic treatment of the endemic "perraen" as a subspecies of Silerze uniflora. Tuberclcd seeds predominate in Silerze vulgaris and armadillo seeds predominate in Silerze urzi'ora. However, there is considerable between-population variation in seed morph frequencies within taxa. In contrast to the other two taxa, populations of Silene ~oziflora ssp. perraea consistently show intermediate frequencies of both seed morphs. Silene uniflora ssp. petraea has the lowest between-population component of diversity in both seed shape (18-46%) and allozymes (0.8%) and shows no significant geographic structure in any of the character sets. Both Silerle ur~iflora ssp. ict~iflora and Silene viclgaris show significant geographic differentiation in allozymes and seed morphology. The highest between-population component of diversity was found in Silene urziflora ssp. reniflora, where 17% of the total allozyme diversity and 39-82% of the seed shape diversity are accounted for by differences between populations.
CO2 and CH4 fluxes across a Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. stand

Floating-leaved rhizophytes can significantly alter net carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) exchanges with the atmosphere in freshwater shallow environments. In particular, CH4 efflux can be enhanced by the aerenchyma-mediated mass flow, while CO2 release from supersaturated waters can be reversed by the plant uptake. Additionally, the floating leaves bed can hamper light penetration and oxygen (O2) diffusion from the atmosphere, thus altering the dissolved gas dynamics in the water column. In this study, net fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were measured seasonally across vegetated [Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. ] and free water surfaces in the Busatello wetland (Northern Italy). Concomitantly, dissolved gas concentrations were monitored in the water column and N. lutea leaf production was estimated by means of biomass harvesting. During the vegetative period (May-August), the yellow waterlily stand resulted a net sink for atmospheric carbon (from 97.5 to 110.6 g C-CO2 m-2), while the free water surface was a net carbon source (166.3 g C-CO2 m-2). Both vegetated and plant-free areas acted as CH4 sources, with an overall carbon release comprised between 71.6 and 113.3 g C-CH4 m-2. On the whole, water column chemistry was not affected by the presence of the floating leaves; moreover, no significant differences in CH4 efflux were evidenced between the vegetated and plant-free areas. In general, this study indicates that the colonization of shallow aquatic ecosystems by N. lutea might not have the same drastic effect reported for free-floating macrophytes.
THE COMPARISON OF HARMONICALLY RICH SOUNDS USING SPECTROGRAPHIC CROSS-CORRELATION AND PRINCIPAL COORDINATES ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT We explore the effectiveness of spectrographs cross-correlation (SPCC) combined with principal coordinates (PCO) analysis as a method for sound comparison. We do this using synthetic sounds modeled after the individually-distinctive, harmonically-rich contact calls of wild orange-fronted conures Aratinga canicularis. Calls with acoustic properties similar to Aratinga contact calls are common in other taxa including non-oscine birds, primates and cetaceans. We generated signals with known variations in time-frequency pattern, duration, noise level, harmonic content and harmonic weighting, and applied SPCC-PCO analysis to obtain an ordering of sounds in n-dimensional space. We find that shared time-frequency patterns dominate the positioning of sounds in PCO space. This was true despite high variability in signal-to-noise ratio (from −60 to +40 dB) and duration (150–275 ms). Furthermore, inclusion of naturally-weighted harmonics (versus fundamentals only) enhances, rather than obscures, the separation of call types. We conclude that SPCC-PCO is an effective method for sorting sounds based on overall time-frequency pattern. In addition, the resulting PCO measures can be used in statistical tests of association with extrinsic variables. The method is thus an effective starting point for examining most bioacoustic hypotheses.
Stomatal development and patterning in Arabidopsis leaves

The functional unit for gas, exchange between plants and the atmosphere is the stomatal complex, an epidermal structure composed of two guard cells, which delimit a stomatal pore, and their subsidiary cells. In the present work, we define the basic structural unit formed in Arabidopsis thaliana during leaf development, the anisocytic stomatal complex. We perform a cell lineage analysis by transposon excision founding that at least a small percentage of stomatal complexes are unequivocally non-clonal. We also describe the three-dimensional pattern of stomata in the Arabidopsis leaf. In the epidermal plane, subsidiary cells of most stomatal complexes contact the subsidiary cells of immediately adjacent complexes. This minimal distance between stomatal complexes allows each stoma to be circled by a full complement of subsidiary cells, with which guard cells can exchange water and ions in order to open or to close the pore. In the radial plane, stomata (and their precursors, the meristemoids) are located at the junctions of several mesophyll cells. This meristemoid patterning may be a consequence of signals that operate along the radial axis of the leaf, which establish meristemoid differentiation precisely at these places. Since stomatal development is basipetal, these radially propagated signals may be transmitted in the axial direction, thus guiding stomatal development through the basal end of the leaf.
Use of stable isotopes to distinguish farmed from wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

– Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) were examined in wild and aquaculture origin Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to evaluate their utility to identify escaped farmed fish. Samples of muscle tissue obtained from wild Conne River, Newfoundland, salmon were significantly more enriched in nitrogen (δ15N: mean = 12.75; SD ± 0.38‰) but depleted in lipid corrected carbon (δ13C′: mean = −20.51; SD ± 0.23‰) by comparison with aquaculture specimens obtained from Bay d'Espoir, Newfoundland (δ15N = 10.96 ± 0.19‰; δ13C′ = −19.25 ± 0.17‰) resulting in a complete separation of the two groups. Aquaculture specimens differed in δ13C′ from analyses of commercial salmon diet by 0.24‰, within the enrichment range associated with trophic transfers, while the δ15N values in salmon muscle were enriched by 5.01‰. Although differences occurred in direct comparisons of white muscle and adipose tissue (N = 49), the average δ13C′ and δ15N signatures varied in absolute amounts by only 0.5‰, supporting the use of adipose tissue as a nonlethal means to determine isotopic signatures of Atlantic salmon. Resumen 1. Examinamos isotopos estables de carbono y nitrogeno (δ13C y δ15N) de ejemplares de Salmo salar procedentes de una poblacion natural y de acuicultura para evaluar su utilizacion en la identificacion de individuos que se escapan de granjas. 2. Muestreos de tejido muscular obtenidos de ejemplares del Rio Conne (Terranova, Canada) mostraron estar significativamente enriquecidos en nitrogeno (δ15N: media = 12.75; SD ± 0.380/00) pero no contuvieron carbono lipidico (δ13C′: media = −20.51; SD ± 0.230/00) en comparacion con individuos de acuicultura procedentes de Bay d'Espoir, Terranova (δ15N = 10.96 ± 0.19; δ13C′ = −19.25 ± 0.170/00), resultando en una separacion completa de ambos grupos de ejemplares. 3. Los ejemplares de acuicultura difirieron en δ13C′ de analisis de dietas comerciales para salmon en un 0.240/00, dentro del rango de enriquecimiento asociado a trasferencias troficas mientras que los valores de δ15N en musculo aparecieron enriquecidos en un 5.010/00. 4. Aunque aparecieron diferencias en comparaciones directas de musculo blanco y tejido adiposo (N = 49), el promedio de senales de δ13C y δ15N vario en cantidades absolutas por solo 0.50/00, hecho que apoya el uso de tejido adiposo como un medio no letal para determinar senales isotopicas en Salmo salar.
Methylation of arsenic by anaerobic microbial consortia isolated from lake sediment

Anaerobic enrichment cultures, isolated from arsenic–contaminated lake sediment in the Canadian sub–arctic and grown in five selective media, methylated arsenate/arsenite to produce mono−, di− and tri–methyl arsenicals. The extent of methylation and methylarsenic species produced varied with the type of enrichment. Iron–reducing, manganese–reducing, sulfate–reducing and broad–spectrum anaerobic heterotrophic mixed cultures all produced methylarsenicals. Sulfate–reducing cultures produced higher concentrations of methylarsenicals (especially trimethyl species) than iron- or maganese–reducers. There is evidence that several of the methylarsenicals, which were hydride–reactive at pH 6, were methylarsenic(III) thiols. The organoarsenicals produced by enrichment cultures were the same as those detected in the porewater of the lake sediments used to initiate the enrichment cultures. Overall, this study demonstrates that microbes from anaerobic lake sediments can methylate (and demethylate) arsenic, a capability shared by manganese−, iron−, and sulfate–reducing microbial consortia.
Notions on dynamic-catenal phytosociology as a basis of landscape science

Abstract Short essential notions of dynamic-catenal phytosociology are defined as the basis of landscape vegetation science. The most important units – vegetation series, geoseries, permaseries and geopermaseries (sigmetum, geosigmetum, permasigmetum and permageosigmetum) – are discussed and synthesized in several figures.
The Visually Mediated Escape Response in Fish: Predicting Prey Responsiveness and the Locomotor Behaviour of Predators and Prey

The outcome of predator-prey encounters is determined by a number of factors related to the locomotor and sensory performance of the animals. Escape responses can be triggered visually, i.e. by the magnifying retinal image of an approaching object (i.e. a predator), called the looming effect, and calculated as the rate of change of the angle subtended by the predator frontal profile as seen by the prey. A threshold of looming angle (ALT, the Apparent Looming Threshold) determines the reaction distance of a startled fish, which is proportional to the attack speed of the predator and its apparent frontal profile. Optimal tactics for predator attacks as well as consideration on their functional morphology are discussed in relation to ALT. Predator optimal attack speeds depend on predator morphology as well as the prey ALT. Predictions on the scaling of ALT suggest that ALT may increase (i.e. implying a decrease in reaction distance) with prey size in cases in which predator attack speeds are high (i.e. > 4 L/s in a 1-m long predator), while it may be relatively independent of prey size when predators attack at lower speeds. The issue of scaling of ALT is discussed using examples from field and laboratory studies. While the timing of the escape is a crucial issue for avoiding being preyed upon, the direction of escape manoeuvres may also determine the success of the escape. A simple theoretical framework for optimal escape trajectories is presented here and compared with existing data on escape trajectories of fish reacting to startling stimuli.
Effect of intake and feeding frequency on feeding behaviour and quantitative aspects of digestion in sheep fed chaffed lucerne hay

Summary Chaffed lucerne hay of 64% apparent organic matter (OM) digestibility was fed to wether sheep under four feeding regimens: two levels of dry matter (D.M.) intake (700 (L) and 1050 (H) g/day) and within each level two feeding frequencies (once a day (daily) and once an hour (hourly)). Three separate groups of sheep were used concurrently: a slaughter group was used to obtain feeding behaviour data and to measure pool sizes and obtain samples from the reticulo-rumen; a digestion group, in which each sheep was prepared with a rumen and a duodenal cannula, was used to measure duodenal digesta flow, rumen microbial growth and reticulo-rumen motility; a balance group was used to measure digestibility and nutrient balances. High D.M. intake increased reticulo-rumen pool sizes and flow rates but it did not affect apparent digestibilities or the proportions of OM, fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, lipid and nitrogen digested in the stomach and intestines. Increased feeding frequency had a major effect on reticulo-rumen pool sizes but did not affect apparent digestibilities or partition of digestion of non-nitrogenous constituents. Daily feeding resulted in increased total-N flow to the duodenum; however, N retention was significantly greater with frequent feeding. It is suggested that this was due to a more efficient tissue utilization of N. The kinetics of digesta flow within the reticulo-rumen, expressed as fractional flow rates, were studied with data from sheep fed hourly. The fractional inflow, outflow and disappearance rates for OM, fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose did not change with an increase in intake because of an equivalent increase in reticulo-rumen volume. Increasing D.M. intake by 50% resulted in a 24% increase in water intake, a 19% increase in reticulo-rumen water volume, and a 49% increase in water outflow rate. The data suggest that the increased outflow of water was achieved by increasing the net flow of water across the mucosa into the reticulo-rumen, rather than by increasing salivation. There was no difference between treatments in the frequency of reticulo-rumen contractions. It was calculated that for each A sequence contraction, OM flow was 0·26 and 0·37 g and water flow was 4·38 and 0·36 g on L and H intakes respectively. A 50% increase in intake resulted in a 42% increase in OM passage per A sequence contraction. This increased passage with intake was not accompanied by an increase in reticulorumen contraction frequency.
Social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the Adirondack Mountains

Elliott, Lang. Social Behavior and Foraging Ecology of the Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias stnatus) in the Adirondack Mountains. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 265, 107 pages, 52 figures, 30 tables, 1978. —Herein are described the social biology and ecology of a field population of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Spatial dynamics of the population are reviewed and correlated with adult social behavior. Social behavior in the litter prior to dispersal is described and mating dynamics of the species is discussed in detail. Data on foraging behavior are provided, with especial emphasis on the energetics of food-hoarding behavior. Finally, a theoretical framework is proposed that relates spatial and temporal patterning of food resources to the social and spatial systems of the eastern chipmunk. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Elliott, Lang Social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) in the Adirondack Mountains. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 265) Bibliography: p. 1. Eastern chipmunk—Behavior. 2. Social behavior in animals. 3. Mammals—Behavior. 4. Mammals—New York (State)—Adirondack Mountains—Ecology. 5. Mammals—New York (State)—Adirondack Mountains. I. Title: Social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 265. QL1.S54 no. 265 [QL737.R68] 591'. O8s [599'. 3232] 77-13218
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIA OF ANIMALS WITH ENVIRONMENT

All processes of life, all physiological events, do work and expend energy. A continuing supply of energy is necessary for an animal to live. One of the primary means by which the environment influences animals is through the exchange of energy. If the animal takes in more energy than it gives out it will get warmer, overheat and perish. If the animal loses more energy than it gains it will cool and not survive. An animal may warm or cool for a limited period of time, but on the average, over an extended period of time, an animal must be in energy balance with its environment: The mobility of most animals permits them to seek the environment most compatible with their physiological requirements for energy. The factors of the environment which are primarily responsible for energy flow to an animal are several, e.g. radiation (sunlight, skylight, and radiant heat), air temperature, wind, and humidity. There are other environmental factors, such as the gravitational, electrical, or magnetic fields, which might determine energy flow between animals and environment but may be ignored as generally not significant to the energy budget of an animal. The microclimate around an animal is thought of as a four dimensional space in which the four independent variables-radiation, wind, air temperature, and humidity-are acting simultaneously and are each time dependent. The exchange of energy between an animal and its environment affects the body temperature of the aimal. The body temperature is considered here as a dependent variable. The rate of moisture loss by the animal is in part determined by environmental
The use of stomach fullness and colour indices to assess Sardina pilchardus feeding

Scales for stomach fullness and colour were developed and calibrated in order to provide an easy and reliable way to determine feeding intensity and food quality in sardines. The categories of the fullness scale reproduce the amount of food intake as indicated by the weight of the stomachs. The levels of the colour scale reflect the type of plankton eaten as shown by concentration of a-type phaeopigments and prey analysis of the stomach contents. Individuals of a wide length range were used in this study, leading us to suggest that these indices can be applied to the entire juvenile and adult sardine population. The use of the colour and fullness scales provides a rapid and efficient means of characterizing sardine feeding. Based on the colour and fullness categories of the stomachs the majority of stomachs were almost empty or at most half-full and the diet was composed of different proportions of phyto- and zooplankton items. As indicated by the prey analyses of the contents the most important constituent of the diet, in volume, were zooplankton prey.
Elucidating the spectrum of α-thalassemia mutations in Iran

α thalassemia (α-thal) is one of the most common hemoglobin (Hb) disorders in the world.1 α-globin genes are located on chromosome 16. The majority of α-thal mutations are deletions but point mutations are found as well.2 Since the Iranian population is a mixture of different ethnic groups, frequency and distribution of α-globin mutations in various regions of the country need to be clarified. These findings can contribute to a wider understanding of this disorder.
Desempenho e qualidade da casca para poedeiras recebendo vitamina D nas rações de pré-postura e postura

An experiment was conducted to evaluate vitamin D levels on performance and eggshell quality of prelaying and laying hens. One hundred and ninety two 16 week-old-hens were used. Hens were allotted in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 3x2 (3 vitamin D levels – 1,200; 2,400 and 3,600 IU/kg in the prelaying phase and 2 levels, 1,200 and 2,400 IU/kg, in the laying phase) in a total of six treatments and four replications of eight birds each. A prelaying diet was offered to 16 to 18 week- birds, followed by the laying diet. The results showed that overall performance and egg shell quality were not affected by vitamin D levels in the diet of prelaying and laying periods