Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RATIONALE OF THE ECONOMY OF SOIL TESTING

Probably the cheapest and most widely used chemical analysis employed in agriculture, soil testing is often not properly appreciated for the advantages it has for economically sound fertilizer recommendation for crops. In fact, soil testing is not only useful, but it becomes indispensable for this purpose, considering that it is used to determine unfavorable soil reaction and nutrient deficiencies and excesses that affect plant growth. To demonstrate how soil analysis and the economy of fertilizer use are interrelated, a quadratic model was used to show the magnitude of economic returns under different conditions, using soil analysis as starting point. The parameters used in the quadratic response model used were the sufficiency index of a nutrient obtained by soil analysis, the expected or maximum yield, and the nutrient rate to achieve this yield. Using the sufficiency index of the nutrient in the soil, the cost of the nutrient unit, and the value of the crop unit as inputs for the model, profits and return to investment ratios were calculated for several conditions, covering the range of yield levels, fertilizer costs, and crop values found in agriculture. Profits are higher for nutrients applied when they are more deficient in soils, under conditions of higher maximum yields and also when crop value are higher. The results point to the importance of the proper evaluation of soil fertility and to the removal of yield limiting factors. On the basis of the concepts presented on the economics of fertilizer use, the following cases were discussed: fertilizer use in extensive low value crops; policies to increase crop production with fertilizers; fertilizer use under conditions of limited capital; fertilizer recommendation for precision agriculture; choice of adequate fertilizer blends; fertilization as a sound environmental practice.
Control Loop Performance Assessment. 2. Hammerstein Model Approach for Stiction Diagnosis

In part 2 of this two-part series, an approach for diagnosis and quantification of stiction using a simple single-parameter model is proposed. The stiction model, in conjunction with an identified process model from routine operating data, is shown to successfully facilitate stiction diagnosis. An optimization approach is used to jointly identify the process model and the stiction parameter. This approach is based on the identification of a Hammerstein model of the system comprising the sticky valve and the process. In this work, a new identification procedure for Hammerstein systems that supports stiction diagnosis is proposed. Industrial and simulation case studies are shown to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach for diagnosing stiction.
A solar-powered ice-maker with the solid adsorption pair of activated carbon and methanol

This paper presents the description and operation of a solar-powered ice-maker with the solid adsorption pair of activated carbon and methanol. A domestic type of charcoal was chosen as the adsorbent, and a simple flat-plate collector with an exposed area of 0.92 m2 was employed to produce ice of about 4–5 kg d−1 at an evaporator temperature of about −6°C. The above system could achieve solar refrigeration COP of about 0·1–0·12. With the description of the idealized refrigerating system, the influences of evaporating temperature, adsorbing temperature and condensing temperature on the COP were also analysed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diode Laser Spectrum of OCS: The ν1 Band at 2062 cm–1

Abstract The ν1 band of OCS has been measured in the wavenumber range 2026 to 2081 cm-1 to an accuracy better than 0.0008 cm-1 using a diode laser spectrometer. The width of the observed lines is essentially Doppler-limited. The observed lines could be assigned to the following hot bands: 1110-011O, 1200-0200, 1220-0220, 1001-0001, 1111-O111 of OCS and to 1000-0000 and 1110-0110 of the isotopic species OC34S and OC33S in natural abundances. These data provide a secondary standard in this wavelength region.
Microscopic and macroscopic thermodynamic observations in swollen poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks

Etude par SAWS en mesures de la pression de gonflement de gels de PDMS dans le toluene. Le signal de diffusion mesure en fonction du gonflement, est separe en 2 composantes, une partie «solution» et une partie statique. L'intensite de diffusion avant de la partie «solution» contient toutes les informations thermodynamiques relatives au gel. Les pressions de gonflement calculees a partir des mesures de diffusion en utilisant la theorie de Flory-Huggins sont comparees avec les valeurs mesurees
Modelling oxide thin films

Three simulation methodologies have been employed to investigate the growth, nucleation, and structure of oxides supported on oxide substrates, these are atom-by-atom deposition, layer-by-layer deposition and finally amorphisation of a structure followed by recrystallisation. The materials which have been investigated include the rocksalt-structured oxides; MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO, the perovskite structured SrTiO 3 and also fluorite structured CeO 2 and ZrO 2. The work has shown that the substrate influences critically the structure of the supported thin film by determining the nature and interactions of defects, dislocations and grain-boundaries, as well as influencing the interfacial ion densities and various epitaxial relationships. In addition, graphical techniques have been employed to show the three-dimensional atomistic structure of each structural and epitaxial feature. Moreover, by considering large simulation cell sizes (approaching the mesoscale, 18 nm square), it has been possible to accommodate the synergistic interactions between neighbouring structural features, which can lead to changes in their basic structure. We also show that the particular surface termination of the substrate can influence the structure (and tentatively, the critical thickness) of the supported film through the example of SrO and TiO 2 terminated faces of a SrTiO 3 (001) substrate.
FIELD WIND EROSION: VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

The quantity of soil material transported by wind will decrease with height above the surface. Airborne samples were obtained at five levels above four soils. Mass distribution with height differs for materials in saltation or in suspension. A technique was developed to mathematically describe the two modes of transport so the total quantity being transported could be determined by integrating the two equations. Transition height, where the transport mode changes from saltation to suspension, is termed TSS. TSS decreases as surface soil texture changes from a fine sandy loam to a loam, indicating a higher percentage of the eroded material is moving at a greater distance above the soil surface. TSS increases as roughness of the soil surface increases, indicating a decrease in the suspension component and that the majority of eroded material is moving close to the soil surface.
Bioaccumulation of nickel by aquatic macrophytes

Aquatic plants are being used successfully for the accumulation of trace elements in natural and constructed wetlands. Four aquatic plants were examined for their ability to remove heavy metals from contaminated water. In our study, bioaccumulation abilities of Lemna, Apium, Ceratophyllum and Groenlandia species were found. As for the results, different rates of Ni were removed mostly by Groenlandia on the 6th day correlated with time and concentration. The BCF rates for Ni are found in the concentration values ranging from 576 to 1867 mg g−1 for Lemna trisulca, 587–1116 mg g−1 for Apium nodifolium, 920–2945 mg g−1 for Grolandia densa and 489–774 mg g−1 for Ceratophyllum submersum. Maximum rates for Ni are determined for Grolandia densa and the minimum rate is 489–774 mg g−1 for Ceratophyllum submersum.
Humidity-dependent friction mechanism in an ultrananocrystalline diamond film

Friction behaviour of an ultrananocrystalline diamond film deposited by the microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique is studied in a controlled humid atmosphere. The value of friction coefficient consistently decreases while increasing the humidity level during the tribology test. This value is 0.13 under 10% relative humidity conditions, which is significantly decreased to 0.004 under 80% relative humidity conditions. Such a reduction in friction coefficient is ascribed to passivation of dangling covalent bonds of carbon atoms, which occurs due to the formation of chemical species of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups such as C–COO, CH3COH and CH2–O bonding states.
The absorption and dissociative or ionizing effect of monochromatic radiation in an atmosphere on a rotating earth

The absorption of monochromatic radiation from the sun in an atmosphere of which the density varies exponentially with height is considered; the energy of the radiation, or a definite fraction of it, is supposed to dissociate or ionize the air, and the dissociation products are supposed to recombine with one another only, and not to diffuse away from the element in which they were formed. The resulting distribution of density of the dissociation products is determined, a constant recombination coefficient being assumed, while account is taken of the variation in rate of dissociation due to the earth's rotation. The results are illustrated by numerous diagrams, showing the density of the dissociation-products as a function of height, time, latitude and season.
Phase Behaviour and Physical Property Measurements for VAPEX Solvents: Part II. Propane, Carbon Dioxide and Athabasca Bitumen

The solubility of pure carbon dioxide in Athabasca bitumen was measured and compared with the literature data. Multiple liquid phases were observed at carbon dioxide contents above approximately 12 wt%. A correlation based on Henry's law was found to fit the saturation pressures at carbon dioxide contents below 12 wt%. The saturation pressure and solubility of carbon dioxide and propane in Athabasca bitumen, as well as the liquid phase densities and viscosities, were measured for three ternary mixtures at temperatures from 10 to 25°C. Two liquid phases (carbon dioxide-rich and bitumen-rich) were observed at 13 wt% carbon dioxide and 19 wt% propane. Only liquid and vapour-liquid regions were observed for the other two mixtures (13.5 wt% propane and 11.0 wt% carbon dioxide; 24.0 wt% propane and 6.2 wt% carbon dioxide). The saturation pressures for the latter mixtures were predicted using the correlation for the carbon dioxide partial pressure and a previously developed correlation for the propane partial pressure. The mixture viscosities were predicted with the Lobe mixing rule.
The Influence of Field Site and Natural Sediments on the Growth and Tissue Chemistry of Vallisneria americana Michx

ABSTRACT Rosettes of Vallisneria americana were transplanted into three upstate New York lakes, all on the same fertile lake sediment, at depths which received approximately the same quantum flux density. The lakes varied in pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. In two of the lakes, Vallisneria was also planted on native sediment. After ten weeks, dry matter accumulation for plants grown on the fertile sediment was approximately six-fold greater in the high pH, high DIC site, but concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were much lower in shoots of these plants. Greater DIC availability appears to have led to more rapid biomass gain, and effectively diluted the mineral nutrients in plant tissues. The highly significant site effect also led to greater total N, P, and K content in shoots in the high DIC site. Sediment source had a significant effect in one of two cases. Growth was reduced ca. 60% on the sediment with the lowest pore water ammonium and soluble react.
Influence of cathodic current density and mechanical stirring on the electrodeposition of Cu-Co alloys in citrate bath

Cathodic polarization curves of Cu-Co alloys were galvanostatically obtained on a platinum net, using electrolytes containing copper and cobalt sulfates, sodium citrate and boric acid (pH values ranging from 4.88 to 6.00), with different mechanical stirring conditions. In order to evaluate quantitatively the influence of the applied current density and the mechanical stirring on the cathodic efficiency, the alloy composition for the Cu-Co alloy deposition process, and the average deposition potential, an experimental central composite design 22 was employed, and three current density intervals (0.11 to 0.60, 0.50 to 1.98 and 2.44 to 9.94 mA.cm-2) were chosen from the polarization curves for this purpose. The results indicated that the current density (mainly in the range between 0.11 and 0.60 mA.cm-2) affected significantly all the studied variables. In the intermediate range (0.50 to 1.98 mA.cm-2), only the average potential was influenced by the current density. On the other hand, the mechanical stirring had a significant effect only on the copper content, for both the lowest (0.11 to 0.60 mA.cm-2) and the highest current density range (2.44 to 9.94 mA.cm-2). Indeed, in the last range, none of the studied deposition parameters presented significant influence on the studied variables, except for the copper content. This could probably be explained by the direct incorporation of Cu-Citrate complexes in the coating, which was enhanced at high current values.
Vitrification depth can be increased more than 10‐fold by high‐pressure freezing

Biological specimens prepared for cryoelectron microscopy seem to suffer less damage when they are frozen under 2 kbar pressure rather than under normal conditions. The volume that can be well preserved is larger. This fact has been illustrated in a number of publications on a number of different samples. However, there is a lack of quantitative data concerning the depth of this good specimen preservation.
Double many-body expansion potential energy surface for ground-state HCN based on realistic long range forces and accurate ab initio calculations

A single-valued double many-body expansion potential energy surface is reported for ground-state HCN based on a realistic representation of the long-range forces, and a fit to accurate ab initio calculations for the HCN↔CNH regions [J. M. Bowman, B. Gazdy, J. A. Bentley, T. J. Lee, and C. E. Dateo, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 308 (1993)] and novel full valence complete active space energies for CHN geometries. The various topographical features of the novel global potential energy surface are examined, and vibrational calculations are presented to characterize the minima associated to the HCN and CNH isomers. The quality of the new fit is compared with that of the seminumerical representation of Bowman et al. in terms of root-mean-squared deviations for stratified energy regimes.
BLEACHED, PRIMARY PAPERMILL SLUDGE EFFECT ON BERMUDAGRASS GROWN ON A MINE SOIL

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of bleached, primary papermill sludge on the yield and elemental concentrations of common bermudagrass (Cyanodon dactylon L.) grown on a mine soil. Pots containing soil treated with lime, fertilizer, and sludge (at the rate of 56, 112, and 224 Mg/ha added alone or in combination with fertilizer) were planted to bermudagrass from April through September 1988, following subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean, L. W. woogenelux). Fertilizer application was found necessary to revegetate the mine soil. Addition of sludge and fertilizer gave significantly higher yields in two of the last three harvests. Maximum production was obtained in the second harvest with 112 Mg/ha sludge and fertilizer. Addition of N, P, and K resulted in concentrations lower than reported sufficient levels for N and K and similar levels for P in the forage. Generally, high tissue concentrations of Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu and low levels of S were observed in all three harvests. Calcium was low in the fertilizer-only treatment. Aluminum decreased as the sludge increased because of its liming ability, and Na increased as the sludge increased as a result of the high levels of exchangeable Na in the sludge. Neither concentration was high enough to cause determintal effects.
On a New Mechanism for Separating two Components in a Stationary Flow through Mesopores

When simulating the behavior of fluids in a stationary flow through mesopores we have observed a phenomenon that may prove useful in some cases as basis for separating fluid components. The scheme works at constant temperature which makes it energy efficient as are other schemes like (molecular) sieves or chromatography. Sieves rely on differences in molecular size and chromatography on different affinity of components to the solid material of the ‘packing’. The scheme presented here may sometimes complement the established techniques in that it is based on a different mechanism. The fluids to be separated can have the same molecular size and the same affinity to solid material they are in contact with. The only requirement for the scheme to work is that the miscibility behavior varies somewhat with pressure or density. From literature it is known that virtually any mixture reacts on strong variations of pressure. Even a mixture that behaves almost ideally at ambient pressure will show slight deviations from ideal miscibility when exposed to extreme pressure. The strong differences in pressure are not created by external means but by exploiting the spontaneous behavior of fluids in mesopores. If the experiment is designed correctly, strong pressure gradients show up in mesopores that are far beyond any gradient that could be established by technical means. Our simulations are carried out for situations where pressure inside the pores varies between a few hundred bar positive pressure and a few hundred bar negative pressure while the pressure in the gas phase outside the pores amounts to ca.170 mbar.
H2O: another ice phase and its melting curve

The large disagreement in the previously measured melting curves of H2O above 20 GPa may be explained by new measurements in the laser-heated diamond cell, revealing a transition from ice VII to a new solid phase. This transition was most likely interpreted as melting in previous melting experiments due to the observed loss of Raman or X-ray signals. The structure of this new phase will therefore be difficult to indentify.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BE AND MG

Classical MD approach has been applied to modeling Be thermodynamic and mechanical properties in wide range of pressure and temperature . Special attention has been paid to calculation of melting curve at high pressure and physical properties when melting. Hugoniostat MD technique was applied to obtain Hugoniot of beryllium taking melting into account. The results of calculations were compared to experimental data and the results of ab initio and quantum MD calculations.
Distribution of Zinc Fractions in Some Major Soils of India and the Impact on Nutrition of Rice

Abstract Speciation study of microelements in soils is useful to assess their retention and release by the soil to the plant. Laboratory and greenhouse investigations were conducted for five soils of different agro‐ecological zones (viz., Bhuna, Delhi, Cooch‐Behar, Gurgaon, and Pabra) with diverse physicochemical properties to study the distribution of zinc (Zn) among the soil fractions with respect to the availability of Zn species for uptake by rice plant. A sequential extraction procedure was used that fractionated total soil Zn into water‐soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), specifically adsorbed (SA), acid‐soluble (AS), manganese (Mn)‐oxide‐occluded (Mn‐OX), organic‐matter‐occluded (OM), amorphous iron (Fe)‐oxide‐bound (AFe‐OX), crystalline Fe‐oxide‐bound (CFe‐OX), and residual (RES) forms. There was a wide variation in the magnitude of these fractions among the soils. The studies revealed that more than 90% of the total Zn content occurred in the relatively inactive clay lattice and other mineral‐bound form (RES) and that only a small fraction occurred in the forms of WS, EX, OM, AFe‐OX, and CFe‐OX. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differ widely in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency. Results suggested that Zn in water‐soluble, organic complexes, exchange positions, and amorphous sesquioxides were the fractions (pools) that played a key role in the uptake of Zn by the rice varieties (viz., Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, Pusa‐44, Pusa‐834, Jaya, and Pusa‐677). Isotopic ally exchangeable Zn (labile Zn) was recorded higher in Typic Ustrochrept of Pabra soil, and uptake of Zn by rice cultivars was also higher in this soil. The kinetic parameters such as maximum influx at high concentrations (Imax) and nutrient concentration in solution where influx is one half of Imax (Km) behaved differentially with respect to varieties. The highest Imax value recorded was 9.2×10−7 µmol cm−2 s−1 at the 5 mg kg−1 Zn rate for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, and the same was lowest for Pusa‐44, being 4.6×10−7 µmol cm−2 s−1 at the 5 mg kg−1 Zn rate. The Km value was highest for Pusa‐44 (2.1×10−4µmol cm−2 s−1) and lowest for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1 (1.20×10−4µmol cm−2 s−1). The availability of Zn to rice cultivars in Typic Ustrochrepts of Bhuna and Delhi soils, which are characterized by higher activation energy and entropy factor, was accompanied by breakage of bonds or by significant structural changes.
Direct growth of β-FeSi2 nanowires with infrared emission, ferromagnetism at room temperature and high magnetoresistance via a spontaneous chemical reaction method

Self-catalyzed β-FeSi2 nanowires with a high aspect ratio have been synthesized by a spontaneous chemical vapor transport and reaction method. The as-synthesized single-crystalline β-FeSi2 nanowires exhibit photoluminescence at a wavelength of 1.54 μm, which is suitable for Si-based optical communication, at room temperature. The conductivity of a single-stem β-FeSi2 nanowire was found to increase with decreasing diameter. The room temperature ferromagnetism and high magnetoresistance performance of 6% at 200 K indicates that β-FeSi2 nanowires are potentially applicable for spintronic nanodevices.
Crystallization kinetics of amorphous Ga–Sb–Te chalcogenide films: Part I. Nonisothermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry

Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of amorphous chalcogenide Ga–Sb–Te films with compositions along the pseudo-binary tie-lines connecting Sb_7Te_3-GaSb and Sb_2Te_3–GaSb of the ternary phase diagram were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Powder samples were prepared firstly by film deposition using a co-sputtering method; the films were then stripped from the substrate. The activation energy ( E _a) and rate factor ( K _o) were evaluated from the heating rate dependency of the crystallization temperature using the Kissinger method. The kinetic exponent ( n ) was deduced from the exothermic peak integrals using the Ozawa method. The crystallization temperature ( T _x = 181 to 327 °C) and activation energy ( E _a= 2.8 to 6.5 eV) increased monotonically with increasing GaSb content andreached a maximum value in compositions located at the vicinity of GaSb. The kinetic exponent is temperature dependent and shows higher values in the SbTe-rich compositions. Promising media compositions worthy of further studies were identified through the determined kinetics parameters.