Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Deep Acoustic Sources Associated with Solar Magnetic Structures

It is generally accepted that solar acoustic (p) modes are excited by near-surface turbulent motions, in particular by downdrafts and interacting vortices in intergranular lanes. Recent analysis of Solar Dynamics Observatory data by Zhao et al. (2015) revealed fast-moving waves around sunspots, which are consistent with magnetoacoustic waves excited approximately 5 Mm beneath the sunspot. We analyzed 3D radiative MHD simulations of solar magnetoconvection with a self-organized pore-like magnetic structure, and identified more than 600 individual acoustic events both inside and outside this structure. By performing a case-by-case study, we found that acoustic sources surrounding the magnetic structure are associated with downdrafts. Their depth correlates with downdraft speed and magnetic field strength. The sources often can be transported into deeper layers by downdrafts. The wave front shape, in the case of a strong or inclined downdraft, can be stretched along the downdraft. Inside the magnetic structure, excitation of acoustic waves is driven by converging flows. Frequently, strong converging plasma streams hit the structure boundaries, causing compressions in its interior that excite acoustic waves. Analysis of the depth distribution of acoustic events shows the strongest concentration at 0.2–1 Mm beneath the surface for the outside sources and mostly below 1 Mm inside the magnetic region, that is, deeper than their counterparts outside the magnetic region.
How Merchant Towns Shaped Parliaments: From the Norman Conquest of England to the Great Reform Act

We study the emergence of urban self-governance in the late medieval period. We focus on England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, building a novel comprehensive dataset of 554 medieval towns. During the Commercial Revolution (twelfth to thirteenth centuries), many merchant towns obtained Farm Grants: the right of self-governed tax collection and law enforcement. Self-governance, in turn, was a stepping stone for parliamentary representation: Farm Grant towns were much more likely to be summoned directly to the medieval English Parliament than otherwise similar towns. We also show that self-governed towns strengthened the role of Parliament and shaped national institutions over the subsequent centuries. (JEL D02, D72, D73, K11, K34, N43, N93)
To Wait or Not to Wait? Use of the Flexibility to Postpone Investment Decisions in Theory and in Practice

Business sustainability and real options are closely connected, as real options are managerial flexibility that allows organizations to adapt to changes in their environment, thus making the organization more robust and economically sustainable. Studies in real options theory abound, yet there is still a lack of evidence on whether people make decisions consistently with the predictions made by real options models. We run a laboratory experiment to study the role of option value and the laboratory time required to resolve uncertainty in individuals’ decision to price and adopt an option to wait. Specifically, we compare decision makers’ choices in two investment scenarios: One with a short time to maturity (implying a low option value), and another with a longer time to maturity (implying a high option value). In the lab, both scenarios are implemented with the waiting time of twenty and sixty minutes. Our results show that decision makers deviate from the theoretical predictions, recognizing the benefit of waiting, when the value of the option is higher, or when the waiting time is shorter. Our study does not only bring more insights into real options adoption at the individual level, but also emphasizes the great potential of behavioral and experimental approach to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the real options literature.
Board of directors' characteristics and corporate risk disclosure: the moderating role of family ownership

This study aims at examining the level of risk of disclosure practices and the effect of four board of directors' characteristics (board size, board meetings, CEO duality and board expertise) on these practices in the Jordanian context. This study also adds to the body of literature by examining the moderating effect of family ownership on the relationship between the board of directors' characteristics and the corporate risk disclosure. ,The sample of this study contains the non-financial Jordanian firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). 376 annual reports of the sampled firms over four years from 2014 to 2017 were used. The content analysis approach was used to collect data and to determine the level of risk disclosure by computing the number of risk-related sentences in the annual reporting. To test the study's hypothesis, the random effect model was employed. ,The empirical results show that the total of the risk disclosure sentences for each firm ranges from a minimum value of 2 sentences to a maximum value of 61 sentences, and the mean of CRD is 28 sentences. The results also indicate that the board expertise is positively related with the level of risk disclosure. Conversely, CEO duality has a negative impact on the risk disclosure practices. However, the results failed to support that the board size and the board meetings have a significant effect on the level of risk disclosure. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the family ownership moderates the relationship between the board of directors and the corporate risk disclosure. ,The finding of this study is more likely be useful for many concerned parties, researchers, authorities, investors and financial analysts alike in understanding the current practices of the risk disclosure in Jordan, thus helping them in reconsidering and reviewing the accounting standards and improving the credibility and transparency of the financial reports in the Jordanian capital market. ,The current study contributes to the literature of risk disclosure because the previous research has paid little attention to this topic in Jordan. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this study is the first Jordanian study that focuses on examining the relationship between the board of directors' characteristics and the corporate risk disclosure in the non-financial sector. Furthermore, it is the first study that examines the moderating role of family ownership on such relationships. Consequently, the results of the current study draw attention to the CRD practices and the monitoring role of board of directors in Jordan.
Long non-coding RNAs function annotation : a global prediction method based on bicolored networks

More and more evidences demonstrate that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play many key roles in diverse biological processes. There is a critical need to annotate the functions of increasing available lncRNAs. In this article, we try to apply a global network-based strategy to tackle this issue for the first time. We develop a bi-colored network based global function predictor, long non-coding RNA global function predictor (‘lnc-GFP’), to predict probable functions for lncRNAs at large scale by integrating gene expression data and protein interaction data. The performance of lnc-GFP is evaluated on protein-coding and lncRNA genes. Cross-validation tests on protein-coding genes with known function annotations indicate that our method can achieve a precision up to 95%, with a suitable parameter setting. Among the 1713 lncRNAs in the bi-colored network, the 1625 (94.9%) lncRNAs in the maximum connected component are all functionally characterized. For the lncRNAs expressed in mouse embryo stem cells and neuronal cells, the inferred putative functions by our method highly match those in the known literature.
MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF THE TRUEI AND DALLI MORPHOTYPES OF DALL'S PORPOISE (PHOCOENOIDES DALLI)

Abstract The taxonomic status of the 2 morphologically distinct forms of Dall's porpoises, Phocoenoides dalli (dalli- and truei-type) remains unresolved. To address this uncertainty, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were used to estimate phylogenetic relationships between the 2 types and, in conjunction with microsatellite markers, to test genetic differentiation between truei- and dalli-type populations. Twenty-three truei-type and 113 dalli-type specimens were sequenced for 379 base pairs of the mtDNA control region and genotyped for 6 microsatellite loci. Twelve haplotypes were shared between truei- and dalli-types. A neighbor-joining tree of mtDNA haplotypes showed 2 distinctive clades, each containing individuals from both types. This suggests that truei- and dalli-types are forms of the same species. However, at the population level, statistically significant genetic differentiation was found between truei-type and sympatric dalli-type populations. These results argue that differentiation between truei- and dalli-types is at the population level, much in the same way that dalli-type populations differ among each other.
Long-Lived and Transient Supersolid Behaviors in Dipolar Quantum Gases

By combining theory and experiments, we demonstrate that dipolar quantum gases of both $^{166}$Er and $^{164}$Dy support a state with supersolid properties, where a spontaneous density modulation and a global phase coherence coexist. This paradoxical state occurs in a well defined parameter range, separating the phases of a regular Bose-Einstein condensate and of an insulating droplet array, and is rooted in the roton mode softening, on the one side, and in the stabilization driven by quantum fluctuations, on the other side. Here, we identify the parameter regime for each of the three phases. In the experiment, we rely on a detailed analysis of the interference patterns resulting from the free expansion of the gas, quantifying both its density modulation and its global phase coherence. Reaching the phases via a slow interaction tuning, starting from a stable condensate, we observe that $^{166}$Er and $^{164}$Dy exhibit a striking difference in the lifetime of the supersolid properties, due to the different atom loss rates in the two systems. Indeed, while in $^{166}$Er the supersolid behavior only survives a few tens of milliseconds, we observe coherent density modulations for more than $150\,$ms in $^{164}$Dy. Building on this long lifetime, we demonstrate an alternative path to reach the supersolid regime, relying solely on evaporative cooling starting from a thermal gas.
Arcuate Line Variations : Surgical Significance and Clinical Implications during TEPP Hernioplasty

Traditional description of the inguinal anatomy is oversimplified and stereotyped [1,2], and the same is still taught in our anatomy classrooms although ‘The study of anatomy has changed enormously in the last few decades’ [3]. The anatomy learned in the early days of our medical career gets imprinted, leading to a fixed mindset that often proves counterproductive even under the excellent internal perspective and magnified view of the modern day laparoscopy [4] for instant recognition and precise dissection of the anatomical structures, especially the variant anatomy often reported in the literature [5] which are of paramount surgical importance during the laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty [6]. Moreover, gross anatomy is often not translated into the surgical anatomy observed on the operation table [7], especially in the unfamiliar laparoscopic posterior perspective [8,9]. Laparoscopic surgery warrants ‘crisp precise anatomic knowledge’ [10] of not only the target inguinal region but also the adjacent access areas [1012]. Poor understanding of the level of entry into and maintenance of the surgical pre-peritoneal plane is now regarded as the main cause of surgical difficulties during total extraperitoneal preperitoneal (TEPP) hernioplasty for inguinal hernia with a long learning curve and poor clinical outcomes despite its proven efficacy and better results documented by a number of investigators [13-15]. Knowledge of the Arcuate line of Douglas, the lower border of the posterior rectus sheath, is a crucial key for the success of the laparoscopic hernia surgery through the total extraperitoneal preperitoneal (TEPP) approach [16]. Literature on the arcuate line is scanty and mainly cadaveric in nature, and that too rarely reported in the preperitoneal perspective [17]. Because of its extensive nature, the laparoscopic live surgical anatomy of the arcuate line of Douglas has been published separately by the author [18]. Herein, the surgical significance and clinical implications of the arcuate line variations observed during the total extraperitoneal preperitoneal (TEPP) hernioplasty but not yet discussed in the literature are presented in the present study.
The Determinants of Corporate Dividend Policy: Evidence from Palestine

This paper aims at finding if there is any difference between the dividend policyÂ implemented by listed companies in the Palestine market and those that areÂ popularly documented in the literature. The data used for this study is collectedÂ from the Palestinian Stock Exchange for a period from 2008 to 2012 and from theÂ interviews with Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of the listed companies. TheÂ paper finds that profitability and firm size are positively significant to the dividendÂ payout, while financial leverage and asset structure are negative to it. The viewsÂ from CFOs mostly support this finding. We however do not find the impact ofÂ liquidity, free cash flows, growth opportunities and ownership on dividend payoutÂ as indicated in the literature. The CFOs also agree with most common dividendÂ policy theories documented in the literature. We conclude that there is not muchÂ difference between the Palestinian market and other developed markets in terms ofÂ the approach to dividend policy and its determinants. Our research therefore addsÂ to the literature with new evidence from the Palestine market.
A Histological Study on Platelet Poor Plasma versus Platelet Rich Plasma in Amelioration of Induced Diabetic Neuropathy in Rats and the Potential Role of Telocyte-like Cells

Background: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a major chronic diabetes complication characterized by functional and structural alterations in peripheral nerves. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is an encouraged biological blood derivative that has gained publicity in diverse applications & proved its efficacy.Aim of work: Evaluate the probable ameliorating effect of platelet poor plasma (PPP) versus PRP on induced DN in rats.Materials and Methods: This study included 48 male adult albino rats, 10 to obtain PRP & PPP. Thirty eight were divided into 4 groups; group I (control). Group II (DN group): received a single intraperitoneal STZ (60 mg/kg) injection & were left till the end of the experiment. Groups III (PRP group) & IV (PPP group) received subcutaneous PRP or PPP 0.5 mL/kg, 2 times a week for 3 weeks after 60 days diabetes. Body weight, blood glucose, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) & miRNA 146a were assessed, as well as tissue MDA, TNFα, NGF, ZO-1 & claudin-1. Right sciatic nerve specimens were taken & processed for HE axonopathy, Schwannopathy & angiopathy, with affected NCV & telocyte-like cells (TLCs). PRP & PPP groups showed comparable results to each other and to the control. They revealed almost normal biochemical & histological features & NCV. In addition, they revealed significant increase in S100 and CD34 immunoexpression with significant decrease in area percent of caspase-3 versus DN group.Conclusion: PPP & PRP proved to exert ameliorative effect on DN through improving the biochemical and histopathological altera‌tions and TLCs preservation.
Risk factors associated with visiting or not visiting the accident & emergency department after a

Background: Little is known about the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of falling in elderly persons with a fallhistory who do not visit the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department after one or more falls. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in a population that visited the A&E Department after a fall (A&E group) and in a community-dwelling population of elderly individuals with a fall history who did not visit the A&E Department after a fall (non-A&E group). Methods: Two cohorts were included in this study. The first cohort included 547 individuals 65 years and older who were visited at home by a mobile fall prevention team. The participants in this cohort had fall histories but did not visit the A&E Department after a previous fall. These participants were ageand gender-matched to persons who visited the A&E Department for care after a fall. All participants were asked to complete the CAREFALL Triage Instrument. Results: The mean number of modifiable risk factors in patients who did not visit the A&E Department was 2.9, compared to 3.8 in the group that visited the A&E Department (p<0.01). All risk factors were present in both groups but were more prevalent in the A&E group, except for the risk factors of balance and mobility (equally prevalent in both groups) and orthostatic hypotension (less prevalent in the A&E group). The risk factors of polypharmacy, absence of orthostatic hypotension, fear of falling, impaired vision, mood and high risk of osteoporosis were all independently associated with visiting the A&E Department. Conclusion: All modifiable risk factors for falling were found to be shared between community-dwelling elderly individuals with a fall history who visited the A&E Department and those who did not visit the Department, although the prevalence of these factors was somewhat lower in the A&E group. Preventive strategies aimed both at patients presenting to the A&E Department after a fall and those not presenting after a fall could perhaps reduce the number of recurrent falls, the occurrence of injury and the frequency of visits to the A&E Department.
Deconvolution of temperature dependence of conductivity, its reduced activation energy, and Hall-effect data for analysing impurity conduction in n-ZnSe

ABSTRACT The temperature dependence of the reduced activation energy w = ε/kBT of the conductivity σ has been utilised for determining the impurity conduction mechanism in doped semiconductors in many studies. Herein, the formula for deconvoluting w when plural conduction mechanisms appear is used to confirm the analysis of the data of the Hall-effect measurements on Al-doped n-ZnSe samples. The analysis is performed on the basis of an impurity-Hubbard-band model which includes ε 2 conduction in the top Hubbard band as well as ε 3 and Efros-Shklovskii (ES) variable-range hopping (VRH) conduction processes in the bottom Hubbard band. As the result of the analysis, transitions among the three hopping conduction mechanisms of ε 2, ε 3, and ES VRH are clearly shown in the temperature dependence of w as well as in that of the Hall mobility, which are hardly noticed in the temperature dependence of σ. In addition, the power-law exponent of the prefactor of ES VRH conductivity is determined through the fit to the temperature dependence of w to show that it decreases from ∼ 1.5 to ∼ 0 with increasing net donor concentration.
Child Y Parent Psychotherapy : 6-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: To examine the durability of improvement in child and maternal symptoms 6 months after termination of childYparent psychotherapy (CPP). Method: Seventy-five multiethnic preschool-age childYmother dyads from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds were randomly assigned to (1) CPP or (2) case management plus community referral for individual treatment. Children were 3 to 5 years old. Follow-up assessments were conducted 6 months after the end of a 1-year treatment period. Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and the Symptom Checklist Revised to assess child_s and mother_s symptoms. Results: For treatment completers, general linear model (GLM) repeated-measures analyses support the durability of CPP with significant group time interactions for children_s total behavior problems and mothers_ general distress. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed similar findings for children_s behavior problems but were not significant for maternal symptoms.Conclusions: The findings provide additional evidence of the efficacy and durability of CPP with this population and highlight the importance of a relationship focus in the treatment of traumatized preschoolers. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2006;45(8):913Y918.
Deploying multispectral remote sensing for multi‐temporal analysis of archaeological crop stress at Ravenshall, Fife, Scotland

Diminishing returns of archaeological crop marks in lowland areas from traditional observer‐directed visible spectrum aerial survey with standard photographic cameras highlights a need to explore alternative approaches to maintain the effectiveness of survey programmes. Developments in low‐cost multispectral remote sensing have in part been driven by the growth of precision agriculture and, whilst contributing to the intensification of land use, these technologies may offer new spectral and temporal capacities for detecting, recording and monitoring historic landscapes. However, there are significant challenges to the deployment of such approaches, not least the costs of data acquisition and uncertainty about the best conditions for data collection. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Parrot Sequoia, a relatively low‐cost multispectral sensor recently developed for agricultural applications, for the detection of crop marks to inform archaeological survey. A series of observations were taken with the sensor mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at Ravenshall, Fife, Scotland, between April and July 2017. The resulting reflectance maps are compared to red, green and blue (RGB) photographs taken with a Nikon D800E digital camera during seven light aircraft surveys, with the aim of testing the sensors' comparative ability to record crop mark developments over time. The contrast in reflectance between vegetation samples growing over buried archaeological remains and the surrounding field was assessed through separability in regional histogram values across different image band combinations. Separable values indicative of crop marks were found in both the multispectral and RGB results from June 2017 onwards. Several vegetation index (VI) maps, particularly the Simple Ratio (SR) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were found to be effective for distinguishing crop marks in the multispectral results. The Sequoia is a cost‐effective sensor offering improved spectral resolution over the RGB photographs, showing potential for subtle crop mark detection across compact study areas.