Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Color vision.

INTRODUCTION . 42 Trichromacy nd the Trichromatic Theory . 42 Psychol~hysical l~$timates of the Cone Sensitivities . 44 The Two-Color P ocedure and the ~" Mechanisms . 45 Postreceptorol Processes . 48 Color Deficiency . 49 RECENT REVIEWS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCES, TESTS, PERSONALIA . 49 Books . 49 Journals . 50 Reviews and Specialist Bibliographies . 50 New Tests and, clOth,Other Materials . 51 Necrology . 51 THE FUNDAMENTAL SENSITIVITIES . 52 Psychophysical E timates . 52 Microspectrophotometry . 57 Concordance of Estimates of the Human Fundamentals. 59 Individual Differences . : . 61 THE ANOMALIES OFTHE SHORTWAVE SYSTEM . 63 Group A: Sensitivity of Short-Wavelength System . 63 Group B:Adaptational Anomalies . 66 Two Explanatory Principles . 67 COLOR-OPPONENT CHAN ELS . 68 Pn’mate El ctrophysiology . 68 Psychophysical Techniques for Isolating Color-Opponent Channels . 68 Chromatically Opponent Processes Manifested in Threshold Measurements . 70 Possible Identity of Opponent Mechanisms Revealed by Changes in . Sensitivity, by Phenomenological Cancellation, and by Chromaticity Discrimination . 72 DO STILES’S ~MECHANISMS CORRESPOND TO CONE FUNDAMENTALS? 73 Experimental Tests . 73 A Theory of ~’1 and tr3 . 75 Self-Screening . 75 Conclusions . 76
AL17: triggering interactions in an ecosystem of wearables

In the real world, point2point communications in heterogeneous device ecosystems are hard to implement since established routing algorithms for such networks generate a large amount of communication overhead. This paper presents a mechanism to reduce this overhead by limiting the number of interactions that each device participates in, using an abstracted metric of the awareness between devices, at the cost of potentially missing available routing paths. Finally, we investigate the viability of the developed concept in a real world instantiation of a device ecosystem.
Spectroscopic and lipid binding studies on the amino and carboxyl terminal fragments of Locusta migratoria apolipophorin III.

The structural basis for the lipid binding capability of Locusta migratoria apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) was assessed by characterizing the amino and carboxyl terminal halves of the protein. The native molecule (approximately 20 kDa) was deglycosylated with endoglycosidase F (molecular mass of deglycosylated species approximately 18 kDa) and cleaved with endoproteinase Arg-C to yield two fragments with molecular masses of approximately 9 kDa each. The two fragments were purified by reversed-phase HPLC and identified by mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing as the amino terminal (N9) and carboxyl terminal (C9) halves. Due to the apparent discrepancy of the protease digestion pattern obtained compared to that expected from the deduced amino sequence of apoLp-III cDNA, we carried out partial amino acid sequencing of the fragments and cDNA sequencing for the entire protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the N9 and C9 peptides revealed that both exist in buffer in a random coil state. However, addition of trifluoroethanol, a helix-inducing agent, resulted in the formation of an alpha-helix, reflecting an innate propensity of the peptides to adopt a helical conformation. When cosonicated with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) both peptides assumed an alpha-helical conformation, indicative of interaction with the phospholipid. In the presence of phospholipids, a 22 nm blue shift in Trp fluorescence emission was observed in the case of the C9 peptide, suggesting that the Trp residues are located in a more hydrophobic environment. Electron microscopy revealed that, compared to native apoLp-III, both peptides possessed a reduced ability to transform DMPC vesicles to disklike complexes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MOBILE FACIAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR PATIENT IDENTIFICATION IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

Medical emergencies are part of the common daily lives of people in developing and under-developed economies. Frequently, some of these medical emergencies end up tragically for many people in these countries due to many reasons, among which is the delivery of medical treatment when the patient is uncommunicative or unresponsive. The ability of the attending medical personnel to access a patient’s medical history is critical for the quality of the treatment rendered. Unfortunately, today many lives are lost in low income economies during medical emergencies due to lack or inaccessibility of a patient’s medical information. One of the major contributing factors of this paucity in records is attributable to the absence of reliable and cost-efficient healthcare delivery systems that support patient identification and verification. Due to the current ubiquity of mobile devices with their concomitant digital cameras, this paper explores the feasibility and practicability of using mobile platform and facial recognition technology as a means to deploying a cost-efficient system for reliable patient identification and verification.
An Overview of the EPIC Architecture for Cognition and Performance With Application to Human-Computer Interaction

EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a cognitive architecture especially suited for modeling human multimodal and multiple-task performance. The EPIC architecture includes peripheral sensory-motor processors surrounding a production-rule cognitive processor and is being used to construct precise computational models for a variety of human-computer interaction situations. We briefly describe some of these models to demonstrate how EPIC clarifies basic properties of human performance and provides usefully precise accounts of performance speed.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics Working Paper Series Can't We All Be More like Scandinavians? Asymmetric Growth and Institutions in an Interdependent World? Can't We All Be More like Scandinavians? Asymmetric Growth and Institutions in an Interdependent World

Because of their more limited inequality and more comprehensive social welfare systems, many perceive average welfare to be higher in Scandinavian societies than in the United States. Why then does the United States not adopt Scandinavian-style institutions? More generally, in an interdependent world, would we expect all countries to adopt the same institutions? To provide theoretical answers to this question, we develop a simple model of economic growth in a world in which all countries bene…t and potentially contribute to advances in the world technology frontier. A greater gap of incomes between successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs (thus greater inequality) increases entrepreneurial e¤ort and hence a country's contribution to the world technology frontier. We show that, under plausible assumptions, the world equilibrium is asymmetric: some countries will opt for a type of " cutthroat " capitalism that generates greater inequality and more innovation and will become the technology leaders, while others will free-ride on the cutthroat incentives of the leaders and choose a more " cuddly " form of capitalism. Paradoxically, those with cuddly reward structures, though poorer, may have higher welfare than cutthroat capitalists; but in the world equilibrium, it is not a best response for the cutthroat capitalists to switch to a more cuddly form of capitalism. We also show that domestic constraints from social democratic parties or unions may be bene…cial for a country because they prevent cutthroat capitalism domestically, instead inducing other countries to play this role.
Making sense of card sorting data

Abstract: Among the knowledge elicitation techniques card sorting is notable for its simplicity of use, its focus on subjects' terminology (rather than that of external experts) and its ability to elicit semi‐tacit knowledge. Card sorting involves categorizing a set of pictures, objects or labelled cards into distinct groups using a single criterion. This paper focuses on the challenges associated with analyzing the data that result from card sorts, especially when large data sets are generated. Traditional semantic analysis methods that require direct researcher interpretation of elicited linguistic terms are distinguished from methods that are purely syntactic, and hence can be automated. Each paper within this special issue is summarized and its contribution to card sorting in general, and data analysis in particular, is highlighted. The set of novel computational techniques presented in several of the papers in this issue is examined. The paper concludes by noting that even large‐scale data sets can be meaningfully analysed by combining well‐known interpretative methods with the new computational approaches presented within this special issue.
Study on Fungi-Bacteria Consortium Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Mangrove Sediments Amended with Mixed Biosurfactants

The co-culture of fungus-bacteria was used for the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted mangrove sediment. The comparisons of single biosurfactant rhamonolipid and mixed biosurfactants (rhamonolipid and sophorolipid) added to enhance bioremediation were conducted in this study. The weight ratios of nC17/Pristane and nC18/Phytane were used as biomarker index in this study to monitor the progress of biodegradation progress of petroleum bioremediation test. The results revealed that the introduction of consortium of fungus-bacteria to petroleum hydrocarbons bioremediation was more efficient than the sum of the individual removal obtained in pure culture of fungus and bacteria. The introduction of rhamnolipid in bioremediation test of petroleum hydrocarbon in bioreactor E has higher removal of TPH than bioreactors of A, B, C, and D that without any biosurfactant added. And the result of bioreactor F demonstrated that the combination two different biosurfactant of rhamonolipid and sophorolipid provide a synergistic effects and lead to faster biodegradation than that added with single biosurfactant of rhamonolipid or sophorolipid in mangrove sediment. Conclusively, the combination of biostimulation and bioaugmentation approaches for petroleum bioremediation in mangrove sediment has achieved success in this study by co-culture of the fungus-bacteria amended with mixed biosurfactants, nutrients and aeration.
Multi-Point Cartesian Compliance Control of Redundant Manipulators

A Cartesian compliance based control scheme is presented for the kinematically redundant serial manipulator. The controller can be decomposed into three parts. The first part imposes the desired cartesian compliance of the end effector. The second part attempts to shape the cartesian compliance parameters of the virtual points by the avaiable joint torque null space. Finally, the additional term is introduced to ensure the strict-output passivity and the asymptotic stability of the controlled system. As a result, the compliance characteristics of specified points along the manipulator's links can be addressed with the best effort of the control scheme in addition to the desired end effector compliance of the redundant manipulator.
Secular Trends in Socio-economic Disparities in Edentulism: USA, 1972–2001

For health care planning and policy, it is important to determine whether socio-economic disparities in edentulism, an ultimate marker of oral health, have improved over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic disparities in edentulism between 1972 and 2001. Representative samples of the United States population, 25–74 years old, were obtained from NHANES I (1972), III (1991), and 1999–2002. Differences in the edentulism prevalence between high and low socio-economic positions (SEP) were compared. Differences in edentulism prevalence remained stable over approximately three decades (p = 0.480), being 10.6 percentage points in 1972, 12.1 percentage points in 1991, and 11.3 percentage points in 2001. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested that disparities decreased for those individuals reporting a dental visit in the prior year and those reporting never having smoked. In conclusion, the absolute prevalence difference in edentulism between low and high socio-economic positions has remained unchanged over the last three decades.
Localisation Phenomenon Investigation on SMATed Stainless Steel Samples by Speckle Interferometry

Abstract: In‐plane Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) has been successfully used during tensile tests on SMA‐treated (Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment) and as‐received 316L stainless steel in order to measure the strain rate field. The heterogeneity in the strain rate field can be observed from a stage of deformation which doesn’t coincide with the classic Considère’s criterion (dF = 0) for the diffuse neck initiation (or plastic instability). The initiation of this heterogeneity strongly depends on treatments undergone by the material. In this paper, a comparison was performed about the heterogeneity initiation of specimens SMATed during 30 min with 2 mm shot, 3 mm shot and a non‐treated sample. The formation of the two slip band system until fracture of the tensile specimen was also studied.
Prototype Selection for Nearest Neighbor Classification: Taxonomy and Empirical Study

The nearest neighbor classifier is one of the most used and well-known techniques for performing recognition tasks. It has also demonstrated itself to be one of the most useful algorithms in data mining in spite of its simplicity. However, the nearest neighbor classifier suffers from several drawbacks such as high storage requirements, low efficiency in classification response, and low noise tolerance. These weaknesses have been the subject of study for many researchers and many solutions have been proposed. Among them, one of the most promising solutions consists of reducing the data used for establishing a classification rule (training data) by means of selecting relevant prototypes. Many prototype selection methods exist in the literature and the research in this area is still advancing. Different properties could be observed in the definition of them, but no formal categorization has been established yet. This paper provides a survey of the prototype selection methods proposed in the literature from a theoretical and empirical point of view. Considering a theoretical point of view, we propose a taxonomy based on the main characteristics presented in prototype selection and we analyze their advantages and drawbacks. Empirically, we conduct an experimental study involving different sizes of data sets for measuring their performance in terms of accuracy, reduction capabilities, and runtime. The results obtained by all the methods studied have been verified by nonparametric statistical tests. Several remarks, guidelines, and recommendations are made for the use of prototype selection for nearest neighbor classification.
Polyelectrolyte-coated alginate microspheres for optical urea sensing

An optical biosensor based on urease immobilized alginate microspheres and its application for determination of urea levels in the dialysate is described. Ammonium ions liberated in urease catalyzed hydrolysis of urea lead to an increase in the pH of the medium, thereby causing the color of a pH sensitive dye to change. In this work, cresol red, immobilized in polyelectrolyte multilayers assembled on alginate microspheres via Layer-by-Layer self-assembly technique, has been utilized for pH sensing. Measurements were made at wavelengths 434 and 572 nm allowing ratiometric analysis. The response characteristics of the microspheres with the pH sensitive dye and the effects of experimental conditions (on stability of the enzyme) have been studied in detail. Urease enzyme displayed an average residual activity of ~65 % at end of 4 weeks of storage upon immobilization in alginate microspheres. The resulting biosensor allows rapid determination of urea over a range of 0.01 to 6.7 mM and display a response time of ~2 min. Analysis of urea in dialysate samples with this optical sensor yielded results that were comparable to that determined by Nessler's reagent method (one of the standard colorimetric methods for urea determination). These results demonstrate the potential to develop an optical urea sensor that is stable over a month.
Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous B-lymphotropic herpesvirus, has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), but direct proof of its involvement in the disease is still missing. To test the idea that MS might result from perturbed EBV infection in the CNS, we investigated expression of EBV markers in postmortem brain tissue from MS cases with different clinical courses. Contrary to previous studies, we found evidence of EBV infection in a substantial proportion of brain-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in nearly 100% of the MS cases examined (21 of 22), but not in other inflammatory neurological diseases. Ectopic B cell follicles forming in the cerebral meninges of some cases with secondary progressive MS were identified as major sites of EBV persistence. Expression of viral latent proteins was regularly observed in MS brains, whereas viral reactivation appeared restricted to ectopic B cell follicles and acute lesions. Activation of CD8+ T cells with signs of cytotoxicity toward plasma cells was also noted at sites of major accumulations of EBV-infected cells. Whether homing of EBV-infected B cells to the CNS is a primary event in MS development or the consequence of a still unknown disease-related process, we interpret these findings as evidence that EBV persistence and reactivation in the CNS play an important role in MS immunopathology.
Can the Pecking Order Explain the Costs of Raising Capital?

Using an econometric model to estimate issue costs for new external capital, I provide evidence that challenges the pecking order's predictions. Strongly counter to the pecking order, I find that debt costs often exceed equity costs, especially for firms without access to public debt. While the results suggest information asymmetry effects in the costs of raising external capital, I find no evidence that information asymmetry pushes firms toward a pecking order.
Inhaled whole exhaust and its effect on exercise performance and vascular function

Context: Internal combustion engines are a major source of particulate matter (PM) which has been shown to result in vasoconstriction, yet no present study to our knowledge has investigated the effect of exhaust emissions on both exercise performance and the vasculature. Objective: To examine the effect of freshly generated whole exhaust on exercise performance, pulmonary arterial pressure (PP), and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male, collegiate athletes (age: 20.8 ± 1.28 years) were randomly assigned to submaximal exercise for 20 min followed by a 6 min maximal work accumulation exercise test in either high PM (HPM) or low PM (LPM) conditions on two consecutive days. After a 7-day washout period, subjects completed identical exercise trials in the alternate condition. HPM conditions were generated from a 4-cycle gasoline engine. The participants’ PP and FMD were assessed before and after each exercise trial by tricuspid regurgitant velocity and brachial artery imaging, respectively. Results: Total work (LPM: 108.0 ± 14.8 kJ; HPM: 104.9 ± 15.2kJ, p = 0.019) and FMD (LPM: 8.17 ± 6.41%; HPM: 6.59 ± 2.53%; p = 0.034) significantly decreased in HPM while PP was significantly increased (LPM: 16.9 ± 1.13 mmHg; HPM: 17.9 ± 1.70 mmHg; p = 0.004). A significant correlation was identified between the change in exercise performance and the change in FMD (r = 0.494; p = 0.026) after the first HPM trial. Conclusion: Exercise performance declined in HPM conditions in part due to impaired vasodilation in the peripheral vasculature.
FPGA implementation of CubeHash, Gr⊘stel, JH, and SHAvite-3 hash functions

In this work, FPGA implementation of the compression function for four of the second round candidates of the SHA-3 competition are presented. All implementations w ere performed using the same technology and optimization techniques to present a fair comparison between the candidates. Achieved results are compared with similar implementations to provide a comprehensive comparison of candidates performance in hardware.
ChIP-Seq of transcription factors predicts absolute and differential gene expression in embryonic stem cells

Next-generation sequencing has greatly increased the scope and the resolution of transcriptional regulation study. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and ChIP-Seq experiments are now generating comprehensive data on transcript abundance and on regulator–DNA interactions. We propose an approach for an integrated analysis of these data based on feature extraction of ChIP-Seq signals, principal component analysis, and regression-based component selection. Compared with traditional methods, our approach not only offers higher power in predicting gene expression from ChIP-Seq data but also provides a way to capture cooperation among regulators. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we find that a remarkably high proportion of variation in gene expression (65%) can be explained by the binding signals of 12 transcription factors (TFs). Two groups of TFs are identified. Whereas the first group (E2f1, Myc, Mycn, and Zfx) act as activators in general, the second group (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Smad1, Stat3, Tcfcp2l1, and Esrrb) may serve as either activator or repressor depending on the target. The two groups of TFs cooperate tightly to activate genes that are differentially up-regulated in ESCs. In the absence of binding by the first group, the binding of the second group is associated with genes that are repressed in ESCs and derepressed upon early differentiation.
Optimal circadian rhythm control with light input for rapid entrainment and improved vigilance

Circadian rhythm is the biological process critical to the well being of all living organisms. The circadian rhythms oscillate with a period of approximately 24 hours due to the light-darkness pattern of the solar day. Circadian disruption, as experienced by night shift workers, travelers, submariners or miners, can lead to lower productivity, sleep disorder, and other more serious health problems. Using artificial light to regulate the circadian rhythm has long been proposed. The common approach is to use the phase response curve - the amount of steady state phase shift due to light pulses applied at specified times. In this paper, we consider a commonly used nonlinear second order oscillator model for the circadian rhythm response with light intensity as the input. Our first goal is to establish a performance bound by solving the minimum time control problem for a specified phase shift with contrained light intensity. The result is a much faster phase shift as compared to natural light-darkness pattern. We further extend the optimal control to vigilance, which is regulated in part by circadian rhythm, to maximize a vigilance lower bound for specified time and duration. Based on the two-process model of vigilance, the problem is formulated as an optimal control of switched system, and the optimization strategy is demonstrated via a simulation example.