Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of gate–image charge on RTS amplitudes in ultra-thin gate oxide n-MOSFETs

An experimental study of RTS (random telegraph signal) noise amplitudes in ultra-thin gate oxide n-MOSFETs biased in sub-threshold and linear regions was conducted. At the same time, a modified model integrating effects of trapped charge and its gate image charge on the carrier number and mobility fluctuations in the conducting channel was presented. Compared with the widely used model, the newly built model fits the experimental RTS noise data of ultra-thin gate oxide n-MOSFETs better than the former one. By employing this model in the extraction of dynamic border trap characteristics by RTS noise means in ultra-thin gate oxide n-MOSFETs, a more accurate result can be expected.
THE EXPANDING PUBLIC SECTOR: SOME CONTRARY EVIDENCE

In real terms government's share of gross domestic product declined between 1950 and 1970 in a majority of thirteen developed countries studied. Elasticity coefficients below unity were obtained for nine of the thirteen countries, at the level of government consumption (resource-absorbing expenditure); and for eight of the thirteen, at the level of total current expenditure, including transfer payments. In every country examined the price (cost) index of government sendees rose by a greater margin than the price index for GDP. Allowing for data inadequacies, the study suggests that real size of the public sector may have peaked in many mature economies.
Conjugate Heat Transfer CFD Predictions of the Influence of the Impingement Gap on the Effect of Crossflow

This conjugate heat transfer (CHT) CFD predictions were carried out for a square array impingement holes with X/D of 5 and at a single high mass flow cooling rate G of 1.84kg/sm2bar. CHT was modelled with a 100kW/m2 fixed heat flux imposed at the hot face of the target wall, which gives a temperature at the cold face that is typical of normal operating conditions of a gas turbine. The wall temperatures as a function of distance along the gap and through the wall thickness were computed, together with the gap aerodynamics. The main parameter investigated was the gap Z/D (0.83–7.0). The results showed that the surface averaged Nu/Pr0.33 was predicted to be reduced from 73 to 48 over the range of Z/D, which is in good agreement with literature values. The cause was shown to be reduced surface turbulence levels as the crossflow convected turbulence away from the surface. There was also heating of the impingement jets at large Z/D so that the original cool jet air did not reach the surface.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Two selective spectrophotometric methods for the determination of amoxicillin and cefadroxil

Two simple, rapid and selective spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the determination of amoxicillin and cefadroxil. The methods are based on the selective oxidation of the drugs with N-bromosuccinimide or N-chlorosuccinimide in an alkaline medium to give an intense yellow product (λmax= 395 nm). The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reactions obey Beer's law over the range 1–20 µg ml–1 for the two drugs with the two reagents. Interferences from other antibiotics, additives and common degradation products were investigated. The proposed methods were applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing amoxicillin, either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate or flucloxacillin. They were also applied to the analysis of some cefadroxil dosage forms. The results obtained compared favourably with those obtained with other reported methods.
TRADE-OFF IN GROWTH AND STABILITY IN STATE TAXES

With increased reliance on fast growing but unstable taxes, many state governments have experienced wide fluctuations in tax revenues over the different phases of the business cycle. This paper develops and empirically applies a methodology to diversify the tax structure in such a way as to minimize this tax instability for any given growth rate. The basic approach considers the interrelationships among all taxes simultaneously.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes for Membrane Distillation

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat-sheet membranes were prepared for membrane distillation (MD). Pure water was used as a pore-forming additive in the casting solution. Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) was used as the solvent. The polymer solutions were cast over a glass plate or over a nonwoven polyester backing material. The prepared supported and unsupported PVDF membranes were characterized in terms of their nonwettability, pore size and porosity. MD experiments were carried out using a vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) configuration and employing pure water or chloroform/water binary mixtures as the feed. The influence of some relevant parameters, such as the feed temperature, stirring rate, or downstream pressure on the MD flux was studied. The effect of water in the casting solution on the geometrical properties of the membrane is discussed and evaluated. The dependence of the MD flux and separation factor on the geometrical properties of the supported and unsupported membranes was also studied.
Physicochemical characterization of honey from the West region of México

Physicochemical properties of eight samples of Mexican honeys from the West region were measured over 23 parameters, including moisture, water activity, soluble solids, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), ash, electrical conductivity, acidity (free, lactonic, and total), sugar content (fructose and glucose), color (L*, a*, b*), and mineral content. In addition, honey samples were classified according to the pollen quantitative analysis. According to the physicochemical parameters studied, the samples showed the values typical of honey. All honey samples were classified as dark according to the values of the L* color parameter. Only two honey samples were classified as monofloral and six as multifloral type. In general, the honey samples presented a good level of quality because they meet the physicochemical specifications of international regulation.
PUBLIC CAPITAL FORMATION AND THE GROWTH OF REGIONAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Our purpose in this paper is to provide new estimates of the link between public infrastructure and economic performance by extending and updating our earlier work on regional manufacturing productivity. Our findings suggest that this link is weak. Productivity actually grew slightly faster in the older, declining regions of the country during the period 1951-1986. In contrast, the public capital stock grew substantially faster in the Sun Belt. 1978-1986 is of particular interest; the public capital stock grew much more quickly and productivity grew much more slowly in the Sun Belt as compared to the Snow Belt during that period.
Redetermination of the crystal structure of tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl) amine: localisation of hydrogen atoms, C27H33NO3

C27H33NO3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.5900(3) Å, b = 8.6530(2) Å, c = 25.0237(5) Å, $ = 110.693(1)°, V = 2347.7 Å, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0465, wRref(F ) = 0.1358, T = 200 K.
A STUDY OF TAX EVASION JUDGMENTS

A veloping growing number negative of perceptions taxpayers are of the developing ne ative p ceptions of the federal income tax. For example, surveys conducted by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernment Relations find that Americans perceive the federal income tax as the worst tax imposed on them and the least fair (Myers and Shannon, 1980, 1983). Further, tax evasion appears to be on the rise paralleling the increase in negative perceptions. The 1RS estimates that approsimately $90 billion in federal revenues were lost in 1982 due to tax-
Better visual outcome associated with early vitrectomy in the management of endophthalmitis

Aims To examine the role of early vitrectomy in the management of endophthalmitis from all causes. Methods Retrospective study of 290 consecutive subjects diagnosed with endophthalmitis at Auckland District Health Board between 1 January 2006 and 31 July 2019. Main outcome measure was visual acuity at 9-month follow-up and proportion of subjects with severe vision loss (≤20/200). Results Median age at presentation was 70.4 years and 151 subjects (52.1%) were women. Cataract surgery was the most common cause of endophthalmitis in 92 subjects (31.7%) followed by intravitreal injection in 57 (19.7%), endogenous endophthalmitis in 48 subjects (16.6%), non-surgical trauma in 42 subjects (14.5%), glaucoma surgery in 24 subjects (8.3%), vitrectomy in 22 subjects (7.6%) and corneal in 5 subjects (1.7%). Culture was positive in 136 (46.9%) with gram-positive organisms most common (76.5%). Early vitrectomy was performed in 82 subjects (28.3%). Median visual acuity at 9 months was 20/100 (IQR 20/30 to light perception), and severe vision loss occurred in 100 (43.5%). Retinal detachment occurred in 35 eyes (12.1%) and 26 eyes were enucleated. On multivariate analysis, younger age, poor presenting visual acuity and culture-positive endophthalmitis were associated with worse outcomes, and early vitrectomy was associated with better outcomes. Conclusions Early vitrectomy (within 24 hours) is associated with better visual outcomes at 9 months, while younger age, poor presenting visual acuity and culture-positive endophthalmitis are associated with poorer visual acuity outcomes.
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The point of departure for my contribution to this symposium is the striking contrast in the extent of fiscal centralization of the industrialized and the developing countries: government in the developing nations appears to be far more centralized (as measured by existing fiscal indices) than in the industrialized countries. This marked differential in degrees of fiscal centralization is widely documented. Over two decades ago in an empirical study of fiscal federalism (Oates, 1972), I found, for a sample of 58 countries, that measures of fiscal centralization were significantly and negatively correlated with levels of per capita real income. And, more recently, using a sample of 43 countries, my sample statistics (1985) revealed an average share of central-government spending in total public expenditure of 65 percent in the subsample of 18 industrialized countries as contrasted to 89 percent in the subsample of 25 developing nations. In terms of public revenues, the average share of central governments in the developing countries was in excess of 90 percent! These measures thus suggest that central government in the developing countries assumes the lion's share of fiscal responsibility. Bird (1986), among others, has expressed some legitimate reservations concerning the validity of fiscal data from the developing nations and the resulting summary measures of the sort I have just cited. There are, in particular, some serious problems regarding the extent of coverage and comparability. Moreover, there is considerable variability among countries within the samples.
Effect of vegetation switch on soil chemical properties

Soil chemical properties were investigated under four types of forest to evaluate the effect of replacement of tree species on soil chemical properties in the north of Japan. Two sites had undergone a vegetation switch around 1960 from broadleaved to coniferous trees (BC) and coniferous to broadleaved trees (CB), while the other two sites had had no vegetation change and carried broadleaved trees (BB) and coniferous trees (CC). Soil samples from the four sites were analyzed for pH (water, H2O), electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, exchangeable cations [Ex. calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na)], inorganic nitrogen (Inorg-N), nitrogen mineralization potential, total phosphorus (P), and available phosphate. Most of the soil chemical properties in both the upper (0–5 cm) and lower (5–10 cm) layers at the BC site had lower values than those at the BB site. Values of soil chemical properties in the upper and lower soil layers were similar at the BC and CC sites. pH, Inorg-N, EC, Ex.Ca and Ex.Mg in the upper layer at the CB site were significantly higher than those at CC site, whereas all soil properties at the CB site except for Inorg-N were similar to those at the BB site. In the lower layer at the CB site, values of soil chemical properties except for the C/N ratio were almost the same as those at the CC site, but lower than those at the BB site. The upper soil layer at sites where a vegetation switch had occurred was affected by the current tree species, whereas in the lower soil layer, the effects differed between the different vegetation switch patterns. At the CB site, where the vegetation switch was from coniferous to broadleaved trees, the soil chemical properties in the lower layer remained similar to those at the coniferous site (CC) 50 years after the vegetation switch, while changes in soil properties have occurred following the switch from broadleaved to coniferous trees. The change in soil nutrient content by vegetation switch was considerably affected by change in not only litter quality but also composition of earthworm community. In particular, a combination of epigeic and endogeic earthworms exhibited important roles for nutrient dynamics to the deeper soil layer.
COMMENT ON "THE CROWDING-OUT EFFECT OF GOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS ON PRIVATE CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS"

sions of a burgeoning literature which examines the 'displacement' or ? crowding-ouť of charitable contributions by government provision.1 Abrams and Schmitz break new ground by using aggregated cross-section data from states to test a displacement hypothesis. Various econometric tests performed by the authors support the notion that displacement is prevalent. While Abrams and Schmitz are careful to call for better micro modeling of crowding-out, they nevertheless feel sufficiently confident to suggest that ". cuts in governmental programs may elicit significant additional interest in private contributing. "2 My comment outlines some empirical and theoretical problems in the Abrams/Schmitz research. The authors regress charitable contributions on income, price, transfer, and poverty data. The dependent variable is average charitable contributions by income class and state. An asymmetry arises because the independent governmentprovision variable is state welfare payments, while the dependent variable is itemized charitable contributions. The
TAX INCIDENCE IN A VERTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN

I investigate how the burden of consumption taxes not borne by consumers is shared between upstream firms that produce a taxed good and downstream firms that sell the goods. Using novel data on monthly brand-level cigarette wholesale prices and retail prices from Nielsen Homescan data, I find that taxes are passed through to wholesale and retail prices at rates of 0.80 and 0.72. The results suggest that downstream firms selling cigarettes bear no more than one-third of the firm share of the tax burden.
RULES VERSUS HOME RULE LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO NEGATIVE REVENUE SHOCKS

Local governments rely heavily on sales tax revenue. We use national bankruptcies of big-box retail chains to study sudden plausibly exogenous decreases in this type of revenue. Treated localities respond by reducing spending on law enforcement and administrative services. We further study how cities with different degrees of autonomy vary in their response. Cities in home rule states, who have greater autonomy, react more swiftly by raising other types of revenue. A regression discontinuity analysis of cities in Illinois, where home rule status is triggered by crossing a population threshold, shows that this effect of local autonomy is causal: home rule leads to smaller revenue drops and stronger bond ratings.
Increased Metabolic Rate of Hauled-Out Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) during the Molt

Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) live in cold temperate or polar seas and molt annually, renewing their fur over a period of approximately 4 wk. Epidermal processes at this time require a warm skin; therefore, to avoid an excessive energy cost at sea during the molt, harbor seals and many other pinnipeds increase the proportion of time they are hauled out on land. We predicted that metabolic rate during haul-out would be greater during the molt to sustain an elevated skin temperature in order to optimize skin and hair growth. To examine this, we measured post-haul-out oxygen consumption (V˙O2) in captive harbor seals during molt and postmolt periods. We recorded greater V˙O2 of seals while they were molting than when the molt was complete. Post-haul-out V˙O2 increased faster and reached a greater maximum during the first 40 min. Thereafter, V˙O2 decreased but still remained greater, suggesting that while metabolic rate was relatively high throughout haul-outs, it was most pronounced in the first 40 min. Air temperature, estimated heat increment of feeding, and mass also explained 15.5% of V˙O2 variation over 180 min after haul-out, suggesting that the environment, feeding state, and body size influenced the metabolic rate of individual animals. These results show that molting seals have greater metabolic rates when hauled out, especially during the early stages of the haul-out period. As a consequence, human disturbance that changes the haul-out behavior of molting seals will increase their energy costs and potentially extend the duration of the molt.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Ketones from Boronic Acids and Carboxylic Acids Activated in situ by Pivalic Anhydride

A new palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between arylboronic acids and mixed anhydrides, generated in situ from carboxylic acids and pivalic anhydride, is presented. Optimization of the new catalyst and the reaction conditions led to the development of a convenient one-pot ketone synthesis directly from carboxylic and boronic acids in the presence of different (phosphane)palladium complexes in wet THF at 60 °C. Systematic studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism of this transformation. The scope and the limitations of the new process are demonstrated by the synthesis of 33 functionalized ketones. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Effect of Soil Characteristics on Adsorption and Mobility of (14C)Diazinon

The adsorption and mobility of diazinon (O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate) in 25 soils of different physicochemical properties were studied. The adsorption isotherms were found to conform to the Freundlich adsorption equation. Freundlich's constant, K, and the distribution coefficient, K d , were found to be highly significantly correlated (p<0.001) with the organic matter (OM) content when all soils or only those with an OM content above 2% were considered. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.01) OF K AND K d with the silt plus clay content of soils with an OM content below 2%. On the basis of the R f values obtained by TLC, the pesticide was found to be slightly mobile in 80% and immobile in 20% of the soils studied
WAGNER'S LAW: A POOLED TIME-SERIES, CROSS-SECTION COMPARISON

This paper tests Wagner's "Law of expanding state expenditures" against pooled time-series, cross-section data for 53 countries grouped into poor, developing, and developed countries by means of the Physical Quality of Life Index. Wagner's "Law" is tested for each group in a model relating the growth of government expenditures to several measures of economic development. The hypothesized relationship between economic development and the growth of government expenditures is found to hold for the developing group of countries, but not for the poor, or for the developed groups. In fact, for the developed group a decline in the government expenditure ratio with increased economic development is observed.
SIMPLIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT FISCAL INDICATORS

About on the every national thirty scene years or draw so, events public on the national scene draw public attention to the measurement and reporting of the financial conditions of state and local governments. For example, in the early 1870's, as a result of repudiation of Confederate debt and sundry other misadventures on the part of several states, there was a general move toward restraining state government borrowing and fiscal practices. Again, around the turn of the century, local governments (which had come into ascendancy with a relative decline of state activity) showed a very similar phenomenon: after an orgy of expenditures and peculation on the part of local governmental officials, it was brought to the attention of citizens that greater controls and restrictions were needed on local government fiscal activities. Great stress was placed upon incorporating more business-like procedures, especially budgeting, into local government affairs. The next awakening occurred in the 1930's. With the advent of
Understanding gas separation in metal–organic frameworks using computer modeling

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new family of nanoporous materials that combine the advantages of both inorganic and organic materials with great variety in functionality, pore size and topology. Gas separation is one of the fields that the first practical application of MOFs may be applied to; however, the study of MOFs as adsorbents in gas separation is still in its early stage, and their separation characteristics are not quite clear. Here, we summarize the recent advances on gas separation in MOFs using computer modeling, and show how computer modeling can help to understand the separation characteristics of MOFs. In addition, several strategies are proposed to improve the separation efficiency of MOFs, which are expected to be useful for designing new MOFs with improved separation performance for targeted properties.
Scanning tunnelling microscopy of Aspergillus niger glucoamylases

The primary structure of glucoamylase 1 (glucan-1,4-α-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.3) from Aspergillus niger consists of a catalytic and a binding domain separated by an O-glycosylated peptide 40 amino acid residues in length. Scanning tunnelling microscopic (STM) images of glucoamylase 2 (the catalytic domain with linker peptide) and a proteolytically cleaved product (the binding domain G1C, residues 471–616 of glucoamylase 1) confirmed that these proteins are globular and nearly spherical. Observed dimensions are: isolated catalytic domain (median half-height diameter, dm= 5.8 nm, ‘in-plane’ axial ratio, γ= 1.15 : 1), isolated binding domain (dm= 2.2 nm, γ= 1.18 : 1), catalytic domain within glucoamylase 1 (dm= 5.9 nm, γ= 1.1 : 1) and binding domain within glucoamylase 1 (dm= 3.4 nm, γ= 1.1 : 1). However, STM images of glucoamylase 1 suggest that the enzyme consists of two spatially separated globular domains. Measurements of the inter-domain spacing (median spacing between domain centres in glucoamylase 1, ds= 9.5 nm) suggest that the linker glycopeptide is extended and semi-rigid. These data suggest that the O-glycosylated sequence may play an important role in determining the shape and functionality of the enzyme.
Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Separation and Determination of Positional Isomeric Mono‐ and Di‐substituted Anilines and Phenols on an R,S‐Hydroxypropyl Ether β‐Cyclodextrin Column

Abstract A reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of a group of fourteen positional isomeric di‐ and tri‐substituted benzenes; including o‐, m‐, and p‐aminophenol, o‐, m‐, and p‐nitrophenol, o‐, m‐, and p‐nitroaniline, 2‐chloro‐4‐nitroaniline, 4‐chloro‐2‐nitroaniline, 2,4‐dinitroaniline, 2,6‐dinitroaniline, and 3,5‐dinitroaniline. Baseline separation was achieved within 40 min using a Cyclobond I RSP (R,S‐hydroxypropyl ether‐β‐cyclodextrin) stationary phase in conjunction with gradient elution with methanol–water as the mobile phase. All compounds were detected at 254 nm. The quantitation limits ranged from 0.80 to 5.6 ng/mL.