Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emulating and calibrating the multiple‐fidelity Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry magnetosphere–ionosphere coupled computer model

The Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry global magnetosphere–ionosphere coupled model LFM‐MIX is used to study Sun–Earth interactions by simulating geomagnetic storms. This work focuses on relating the multifidelity output from LFM‐MIX to field observations of ionospheric conductance. Given a set of input values and solar wind data, LFM‐MIX numerically solves the magnetohydrodynamic equations and outputs a bivariate spatiotemporal field of ionospheric energy and flux. Of particular interest here are LFM‐MIX input settings required to match corresponding output with field observations. To estimate these input settings, a multivariate spatiotemporal statistical LFM‐MIX emulator is constructed. The statistical emulator leverages the multiple fidelities such that the less computationally demanding yet lower fidelity LFM‐MIX is used to provide estimates of the higher fidelity output. The higher fidelity LFM‐MIX output is then used for calibration by using additive and non‐linear discrepancy functions.
Effect of Jet Pulsing on Film Cooling—Part II: Heat Transfer Results

Pulsed film cooling was studied experimentally to determine its effect on film-cooling effectiveness and heat transfer. The film-cooling jets were pulsed using solenoid valves in the supply air line. Cases with a single row of cylindrical film-cooling holes inclined at 35 deg to the surface of a flat plate were considered at blowing ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 for a variety of pulsing frequencies and duty cycles. Temperature measurements were made using an infrared camera and thermocouples. The plate was equipped with constant flux surface heaters, and data were acquired for each flow condition with the plate both heated and unheated. The local film-cooling effectiveness, Stanton numbers, and heat flux ratios were calculated and compared to baseline cases with continuous blowing and no blowing. Stanton number signatures on the surface provided evidence of flow structures, including horseshoe vortices wrapping around the film-cooling jets and vortices within the jets. Pulsing tends to increase Stanton numbers, and the effect tends to increase with pulsing frequency and duty cycle. Some exceptions were observed, however at the highest frequencies tested. Overall heat flux ratios also show that pulsing tends to have a detrimental effect with some exceptions at the highest frequencies. The best overall film cooling was achieved with continuous jets and a blowing ratio of 0.5. The present results may prove useful for understanding film-cooling behavior in engines, where mainflow unsteadiness causes film-cooling jet pulsation.
Rat Model of Quadriceps Contracture by Joint Immobilization

Simple Summary Muscle contracture can occur in the quadriceps muscle. At the time of diagnosis, the muscle contracture condition is typically advanced, and treatment prognosis is poor. Therefore, to investigate the pathophysiology, early diagnostic method, treatment efficacy, and physical therapy efficacy in future research, we evaluated an easily performed animal model that can allow prolonged knee joint immobilization with minimal trauma to the experimental animals. We created a contracture model using the quadriceps muscle, a relatively large muscle that generates muscle contracture and facilitates future evaluation and approach. We compared previously reported methods of modeling muscle contracture: casts, Velcro hook-and-loop fasteners, and steel wires. After two weeks of immobilization, the range of joint motion, muscle weight, and histological changes in muscle fiber were evaluated. The results showed that the spiral steel wire method was the superior immobilization method. Abstract Muscle contracture is an abnormal pathologic process resulting in fibrosis and muscle atrophy, which can lead to limitation of joint motion. To establish a diagnostic method to detect muscle contracture and a method to control its progression, we investigated an appropriate method to create an animal model of quadriceps contracture using rats. Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups, and bilateral hindlimbs were immobilized with either a cast (Group I), a Velcro hook-and-loop fastener (Group V), or steel wire (Group S) with the knee and ankle joints in extension position for two weeks. Five rats in a control group (Group C) were not immobilized. After two weeks, the progression of quadriceps contracture was assessed by measuring the range of joint motion and pathohistological changes. Muscle atrophy and fibrosis were observed in all immobilization groups. The knee joint range of motion, quadriceps muscle weight, and muscle fiber size decreased only in Group S compared to the other immobilization groups. Stress on rats due to immobilization was less in Group S. These results indicate that Group S is the superior quadriceps contracture model. This model aids research investigating diagnostic and therapeutic methods for muscle contracture in humans and animals.
Clonal Hematopoiesis and Risk of Incident Lung Cancer

PURPOSE To prospectively examine the association between clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and subsequent risk of lung cancer. METHODS Among 200,629 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants with whole-exome sequencing, CH was identified in a nested case-control study of 832 incident lung cancer cases and 3,951 controls (2006-2019) matched on age and year at blood draw, sex, race, and smoking status. A similar nested case-control study (141 cases/652 controls) was conducted among 27,975 participants with whole-exome sequencing in the Mass General Brigham Biobank (MGBB, 2010-2021). In parallel, we compared CH frequency in published data from 5,003 patients with solid tumor (2,279 lung cancer) who had pretreatment blood sequencing performed through Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets. RESULTS In UKBB, the presence of CH was associated with increased risk of lung cancer (cases: 12.5% v controls: 8.7%; multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.74). The association remained robust after excluding participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. No significant interactions with known risk factors, including polygenic risk score and C-reactive protein, were identified. In MGBB, we observed similar enrichment of CH in lung cancer (cases: 15.6% v controls: 12.7%). The meta-analyzed OR (95% CI) of UKBB and MGBB was 1.35 (1.08 to 1.68) for CH overall and 1.61 (1.19 to 2.18) for variant allele frequencies ≥ 10%. In Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets, CH with a variant allele frequency ≥ 10% was enriched in pretreatment lung cancer compared with other tumors after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking (OR for lung v breast cancer: 1.61; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.53). CONCLUSION Independent of known risk factors, CH is associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
Clinical marginal and internal adaptation of single metal-ceramic crowns fabricated by casting, milling, and milling/sintering methods.

PURPOSE To compare the adaptation of single metal-ceramic crowns (MCCs) fabricated by three different methods: lost-wax metal casting (LMC); milling of hard cobalt-chromium (HCC) blanks; and milling of soft presintered cobalt-chromium (SCC) blanks. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this double-blinded parallel randomized clinical trial, 60 single MCCs were fabricated using three different methods. The adaptation of copings was evaluated radiographically, visually, and microscopically. Data were compared among the three groups using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn post hoc test, one-way ANOVA, and paired t test (α = .05). RESULTS Radiographic data showed that the frequency of crowns with no marginal discrepancy was significantly higher in the SCC group than the LMC group. Evaluation of marginal adaptation with an explorer revealed that crowns with excellent marginal adaptation had lower frequency in the LMC group than the HCC and SCC groups. In the silicone replica technique, the recorded data revealed no significant difference. Application of porcelain veneering did not affect the adaptation of copings. CONCLUSION The SCC and HCC groups showed better clinical outcomes compared to the LMC group. However, all MCCs fabricated by the LMC method, milling of HCC blanks, and milling of SCC blanks had acceptable clinical adaptation.
Prediction of instantaneous bottom shear stress for smooth turbulent bottom boundary layers under irregular waves

A method has been proposed to compute instantaneous turbulent bottom shear stress from the variation in free stream velocity under irregular waves for hydraulically smooth plane bed condition. Instantaneous free stream velocity and a modified relationship for turbulent wave friction factor have been introduced as the basis for the correlation with bottom shear stress. Turbulent friction factor and phase difference, obtained through spectral analysis of generated free stream velocity and corresponding bottom shear stress from k–e model computation, corresponds quite well to those from laboratory data. Instantaneous bottom shear stress computed by the proposed method has been compared with those from experimental data for irregular waves. The proposed method presents a high degree of accuracy and has been found to be very convenient in defining the asymptotic behavior of bottom shear stress variation under smooth plane bed condition
Electron diffusion driven by magnetospheric electrostatic waves

The diffusion of electrons in resonance with the intense electrostatic waves recently observed on auroral lines of force is quantitatively investigated. Diffusion coefficients for scattering in both energy and pitch angle are presented as a function of electron energy and equatorial pitch angle. The results show that the waves should generally cause strong pitch angle diffusion and significant energy diffusion for electrons of energies between a few tenths and a few keV. During periods of the most intense waves observed, electrons of energies up to 100 keV can be put on strong diffusion. Measurements of 1- to 20-keV precipitating electrons made during a postbreakup aurora are found to be consistent with the pitch angle anisotropy as a function of electron energy that is predicted to result from interactions with these waves. Additional effects of the waves on the pitch angle and energy distributions of electrons are also discussed.
Boon or Bane? The Significance of Scientific Knowledge and Education Consciousness for Crocodylian Conservation in Malaysia

A fundamental scientific apprehension of the exact nature of crocodiles, combined with the awareness through education for these reptiles could provide a crucial opportunity to enhance the conservation efforts in Malaysia. In this review article, we emphasised that there is a necessity to safeguard estuarine crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) and the Malayan gharials (Tomistoma schelegii) in the local ecosystem. More so, we aim to propose sustainable protection standards for these reptiles. We reviewed selected scientific studies related to crocodylians, and resources with regard to local environmental education and overall wildlife conservation efforts. We deem that the exposure to crocodylian scientific knowledge is exceptionally rare in Malaysia as compared to other wildlife. We argue that the erosion of knowledge will have adverse impacts in safeguarding the species. The discussion further highlighted the need to redress existing biodiversity policies and foregrounding formal biodiversity curriculum and literacy for constructive nature ownership in Malaysian schools. Keywords:scientific knowledge; sociocultural understanding; cultural beliefs; linguistic constructions; biodiversity curriculum
Aerodynamic and thermal characteristics of a maxwell type vortex tube

A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic simulation of a vortex tube is carried out to examine its flow and thermal characteristics. The aim of this work is to model the performance of the vortex tube and to capture the highly swirling compressible flow behavior inside the tube for an understanding of the well known temperature separation process. Simulations were carried out using the standard k-ɛ, k-omega, RNG k-ɛ and swirl RNG k-ɛk-ɛ turbulence models. An experimental setup was built and tested to validate the simulation results. The RNG k-ɛ turbulence model yielded better agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data. This model captured well the essential features of the flow including formation of the outer vortex and the inner reverse vortex flow. Flow and geometric parameters that affect the flow behavior and energy separation are studied numerically. Effects of the inlet pressure, with and without an insert in the tube, are examined by numerical experiments.
Interfering Rydberg wave packets in Na

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical analysis of quantum interference between Rydberg wave packets in Na. Pairs of phase-locked wave packets manipulate the total orbital angular momentum of Na Rydberg atoms. Initially, the wave packet is composed of a superposition of s and d Rydberg series. Exploitation of the difference between the quantum defects of the two series allows one to predict the phase of the second wave packet required to engineer specific angular momentum compositions within the resultant wave packet. Experimentally, this final quantum state distribution is analysed in the frequency domain using state-selective field ionization and in the time domain using the optical Ramsey method. The theoretical calculations show how the phase difference between pairs of optical pulses is linked to the corresponding Rydberg frequency spectrum, therefore enabling the control of the quantum state composition of the wave packets. Finally, it is shown that by intuitively chirping one of the laser pulses it is possible to compensate for the dispersion of the wave packet and improve the effectiveness of the angular momentum control.
Measurements of Sonoluminescence Temporal Pulse Shape

Experiments using time-correlated photon counting and optical bandpass filters measure new features in the time and spectral dependences of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). The SBSL full width at half maximum (FWHM) varies with wavelength at 3thinsp{degree}C, but not at 24thinsp{degree}C. The pulse shapes are dominated by nearly Gaussian peaks with FWHM in the 150- to 300-ps range. At 3thinsp{degree}C, increases of pulse width with acoustic drive pressure are independent of wavelength. The pulses have extended tails that decay exponentially, with effective lifetimes of about 150thinspthinspps. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Single‐degree of freedom Hermite collocation for multiphase flow and transport in porous media

The classical collocation method using Hermite polynomials is computationally expensive as the dimensionality of the problem increases. Because of the use of a C1‐continuous basis, the method generates two, four and eight unknowns per node for one, two and three‐dimensional problems, respectively. In this paper we propose a numerical strategy to reduce the nodal unknowns to a single degree of freedom at each node. The reduction of the unknowns is due to the use of Lagrangian polynomials to approximate the first‐order derivatives over the minimal compact stencil surrounding each node. For the solvability of the problem the reduction of the number of collocation equations is done by a nodal weighting strategy. We have applied the proposed approach to enhance the efficiency of a collocation‐based multiphase flow and transport simulator. Benchmark cases illustrate the higher performance of the new methodology when compared to classical Hermite collocation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Related but not the same: Ordinality, cardinality and 1-to-1 correspondence in finger-based numerical representations

Finger-based numerical representations have gained increasing research interest. However, their description and assessment often refer to different numerical principles of ordinality, cardinality and 1-to-1 correspondence. Our aim was to investigate similarities and differences between these principles in finger-based numerical representations. Sixty-eight healthy adults performed ordinal finger counting, cardinal finger montring (showing the number of gestures) and finger-to-number mapping with twisted arms and fingers. We found that counting gestures and montring postures were identical for Number 10 but differed to varying degrees for other numbers. Interestingly, there was no systematic relation between finger-to-number mapping and ordinal finger counting habits. These data question the assumption of a unitary embodied finger-based numerical representation, but suggest that different finger-based representations co-exist and can be recruited flexibly depending on the numerical aspects to be conveyed.
Numerical Heat Transfer Coupled with Multidimensional Liquid Moisture Diffusion in Porous Textiles with a Measurable-Parameterized Model

This article reports on the numerical simulation of the transient heat transfer coupled with multidimensional liquid diffusion in porous textiles with a measurable-parameterized model. This model is developed with the incorporation of measured multidimensional liquid diffusion properties into the parameterization of the liquid transfer model by the investigation of physical mechanisms. An improved two-node model of human body is employed to simulate the thermoregulatory behaviors and the thermal responses between the textiles and body skin are considered through the boundary conditions for accuracy simulation of realistic wearing situations. The predicted results of this model are compared with the experimental data for validating the model accuracy. The influence of the multidimensional liquid diffusion property of porous textiles on the moisture performance of clothing during the wearing period is investigated through a series of computational experiments. This model offers the ability to predict the multidimensional liquid transfer capacity and is more effective in realistic application due to the measurable properties.
A Single-Carrier Delay-and-Superposition Based High Spectral Efficiency Differential Chaos Shift Keying for Maritime Internet of Vessels

The fast growing Internet of Vessels (IoV) requires maritime communications to be more spectral efficient to make full use of the scarce maritime spectral resource, provide a high data transmission rate and support massive communication nodes to access the network. However, the spectral efficiency of most existing maritime communications are still relatively low, and consequently maritime communications can hardly support high volume multi-user communications. Therefore, in this paper, a high spectral efficiency Differential Chaos Shift Keying system based on a single-carrier delay-and-superposition modulation technology (SCDS-DCSK) is proposed for IoV scenarios. In a SCDS-DCSK symbol, all sub-carriers have the same frequency, indicating that the symbol of SCDS-DCSK only occupies the bandwidth of a single sub-channel. As a result, a large amount of maritime communication resources can be saved for accommodating more communication nodes and the spectral efficiency is significantly improved. System architectures and principles are firstly demonstrated. Then, the spectral efficiency, peak mean power ratio (PAPR), complexity, and the origin of error bits of SCDS-DCSK are analyzed, and the bit-error-rate expressions are derived. Moreover, effects of various system parameters and levels of sea states on the system performance are simulated and discussed. Simulation results verify the theoretical analyses, and manifest that the SCDS-DCSK can achieve a high spectral efficiency under various sea states. Thanks to characteristics such as high spectral efficiency, flexible parameter configuration, and simple implementation, SCDS-DCSK is a promising technology for improving the quality of service (QoS) of future maritime IoV.
Massive star-formation in G24.78+0.08 studied by means of maser VLBI and thermal interferometric observations

Abstract This work presents the results of VLBI observations of 6.7 GHz methanol and 22.2 GHz water masers towards the mm core A in the massive star-forming region G24.78+0.08. Comparing the maser with previous millimeter interferometric and recent continuum VLA observations, the physical properties and the gas kinematics of the G24 A core on linear scales from ~100 AU to ~0.1 pc are determined.
Is Habitual Dietary Intake of Fats Associated with Apelin Gene Expression in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues and Its Serum Levels in Obese Adults?

Introduction: Apelin could be one of the last protective defenses before developing obesity-related disorders, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, which can be modified by dietary intake. The present study investigated the association of habitual intake of total fatty acids (TFAs), saturated-, monounsaturated-, polyunsaturated FAs, n-3, and n-6 FAs with Apelin expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Methods: We obtained VAT and SAT from 168 participants (64 nonobese and 104 obese) who had undergone open abdominal surgery. Dietary intake information was gathered with a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The mRNA expression of the Apelin gene was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: Apelin serum levels were increased in the obese subjects compared to the nonobese group (p = 0.016). The SAT and VAT Apelin mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the obese participants compared to the nonobese ones (p < 0.05). Based on BMI status, only obese subjects indicated a positive association between SAT and VAT Apelin expression and TFA intake (p < 0.001). However, this association was observed between SAT and VAT Apelin gene expression and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3 FA intakes in both obese and nonobese groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High Apelin gene expression was associated with TFA intake in obese subjects in both fat tissues. However, habitual intake of PUFA and n-3 FA was associated with Apelin gene expression in obese and nonobese individuals. Our results indicate a determinative role of the quality and quantity of FA intake on adipose tissue.
Shaping complex fluids—How foams stand up for themselves

Being able to model at what point a yield stress material starts to flow under its own weight is of great importance for many practical applications. However, describing the deformation of yield stress fluids under gravity is anything but a simple exercise due to the feedback between the shape of the deposited material and the locally acting stresses. In this article, we concentrate on a specific aspect of this problem: What is the maximum height of a pile of a yield stress fluid which can be obtained under gravity? For this purpose we use the example of liquid foams in which the yield stress is strongly coupled to the bubble size and the liquid fraction. We show that a good agreement between models and experiments is obtained over a wide parameter range in two limiting cases: When the yield stress is either higher or much lower than the normal stresses encountered in the material.