Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to Not Get Rich: An Empirical Study of Donations in Op€n $our¢e

Open source is ubiquitous and many projects act as critical infrastructure, yet funding and sustaining the whole ecosystem is challenging. While there are many different funding models for open source and concerted efforts through foundations, donation platforms like PayPal, Patreon, and OpenCollective are popular and low-bar platforms to raise funds for open-source development. With a mixed-method study, we investigate the emerging and largely unexplored phenomenon of donations in open source. Specifically, we quantify how commonly open-source projects ask for donations, statistically model characteristics of projects that ask for and receive donations, analyze for what the requested funds are needed and used, and assess whether the received donations achieve the intended outcomes. We find 25,885 projects asking for donations on GitHub, often to support engineering activities; however, we also find no clear evidence that donations influence the activity level of a project. In fact, we find that donations are used in a multitude of ways, raising new research questions about effective funding.
Twenty-five years of z-scores in the UK: do they really work?

Although copious statistical failure prediction models are described in the literature, appropriate tests of whether such methodologies really work in practice are lacking. Validation exercises conducted are, at best, only ex post with clear confusion demonstrated between true ex ante predictive ability and ex post sample classification. This paper describes the operating characteristics of a well known UK-based z-score model and evaluates its performance over the twenty-five year period since it was originally developed. The model is shown to have true ex ante predictive ability over this extended time period and dominates more naïve prediction approaches. However, its performance is attenuated in the most recent period. Prima facie, such results also demonstrate the predictive ability of the published accounting numbers used in the z-score model calculation.
5 Observations and Projections : Extreme Weather 5

Introduction According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), ―based on a range of models, it is likely that future tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation associated with ongoing increases of tropical sea surface temperature‖ (IPCC 2007, p. 15). Since the IPCC contends the Earth already has experienced a warming unprecedented over the past millennium or more, the validity of these claims can be assessed by examining the extent to which the planet‘s emergence from the global chill of the Little Ice Age affected the frequency and magnitude of these extreme and oftendeadly forces of nature. When the historical record is reviewed, the data reveal there have not been any significant warminginduced increases in extreme weather events. This was the conclusion of the 2009 Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report (Idso and Singer 2009), and it is supported by the new scientific papers presented in this chapter. References
Shorting activity , return predictability , and the information environment : Evidence from the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards *

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the relation between shifts in the supply of and demand for shorting and stock return predictability in an international setting. We document that outward shifts in shorting demand, and, to a lesser extent, outward shifts in shorting supply, predict future negative returns, and that this predictability weakens significantly following mandatory IFRS adoption. We find that shorting is more informative for firm-months prior to earnings announcements, in line with the implications of mandatory IFRS adoption for private information revelation. Additionally, we find that short sellers’ ability to interpret and analyze publicly available information is lower following mandatory IFRS adoption. Finally, we find that the effects of IFRS are stronger for firms in countries that require more accounting changes following IFRS adoption and for firms in countries with a strong rule of law. These results are robust to using alternative non-IFRS adoption samples and after controlling for other factors that might explain to our findings.
Effects of infusion conditions on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of banaba herbal tea

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) is normally consumed as an herbal tea by infusing the banaba powder in hot water. However, the infusion method may influence the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and enzyme inhibitor activities of the tea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of the infusion conditions on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and on the inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in banaba instant tea. Banaba extract powder (BEP) was produced by water extraction with the ratio of 1:10 and 1:8 (w/w) at 90 oC and was dried using a spray dryer with the addition of 3% gum arabic. Then the effects of the infusion conditions were investigated by varying the water temperatures (80, 90, and 100 oC) and the amount of BEP (2, 4 and 6 g). The investigated parameters were tannin content, total phenolic content (TPC), αglucosidase inhibitor, αamylase inhibitor and antioxidant activities dinitrosalicylic acid 1,1diphenyl2pieryhdrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The results indicated that tannin content, total phenolic content (TPC), α-glucosidase inhibitor, α-amylase inhibitor, DPPH and FRAP had significantly increased with increased amounts of BEP (p<0.05) . This study also showed that higher water temperature had affected to bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of the banaba tea (p<0.05) . Infusion at 100 oC showed the most effective condition, providing a high concentration of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor activities. Therefore, tea infused at 100 oC was selected to be mixed with lime juice. The addition of lime juice slightly decreased the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of the BEP infusion.
Application Of Remote Sensing Technique In Geomorphological Alterations, Landuse Changes, Sub-Marine And Coastal Discharges In Atalanti Watershed (Central – Eastern Greece)

This paper deals with the digital image preand post-processing and analysis methods used in remote sensing technique. Remote sensing is the science of obtaining and interpreting information from a distance using sensors that are not in physical contact with the object being observed. Remote sensing data (LANDSAT 5, 7, 8) during different time periods were compared and rectified and their differences were underlined as well. Also, the observations that led to the successful application of relatively new techniques of image analysis to remote sensing were explained and the close relationship and interaction that exists in research level between image analysis and geoinformatics, through GIS was emphasized. Remote sensing provides a means of observing geomorphological state variables over large areas. With the introduction of the earth observing satellites, remote sensing has become an important tool in analyzing the Earth’s surface characteristics, and hence in supplying valuable information necessary for the geomorphological analysis. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to delineate the land use changes, to estimate the submarine and coastal discharges, if any, and to give satisfactory explanations in any geomorphological alterations and land surface characteristics. Today, near-real time environmental monitoring and management is possible with the help of high resolution satellite data.
Utilization of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Growing Some Aromatic Plants to Produce Volatile Oils and Study Its Nutritional Status in Arid Region

To avoid any contamination risk of edible crops, the safety use of treated municipal wastewater is growing industrial nonfood crops such as aromatic plants to produce volatile oils for manufacturing soaps, cosmetics and perfumes, etc. Some investigators stated that aromatic plants can be grown in soils enriched with heavy metals without risk for metals transfer into the oils. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted in a sandy soil to investigate the influence of treated domestic sewage effluents or freshwater (control) on the essential oils of geranium, peppermint, fennel, marjoram, and chamomile plants. In the first experiment, the plants were irrigated with treated domestic sewage effluents, while in the second the plants irrigated with fresh water and received the chemical fertilizers. Heavy metals accumulation in plant organs and the nutrient status of plants were studied. Results indicated that the treated municipal waste water contain obvious amount of nutrients sufficiently to growing the tested crops and the plants had higher herb yield than that irrigated with fresh water. Irrigation of geranium and fennel plants with wastewater caused a significant increment in the essential oils concentration by 10.9 and 15.7 %, but lowered it in peppermint and sweet marjoram plants by 4.6 and 13.7 %, respectively. The oil yields of five crops were higher under wastewater irrigation and with geranium plants exceeded by 64.5% than that irrigated with fresh water. Uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in plant parts was varied according to element, plant specie and organ. No detectable amount of the potential toxic elements was recorded in the essential oils of the aromatic plants. From this standpoint, treated municipal waste water can be used for growing aromatic plants in the arid area to produce volatile oils without causing any reduction in quantity and quality of volatile oils.
An Analysis of Total Quality Management (TQM) within the Thai Auto Parts Sector

The study intended to investigate the factors that affect the total quality management (TQM) process in the 1,800 firm Thai auto parts industry. Automotive parts export shipments from Thailand are ranked 13th globally and are destined for over 100 countries, with Thailand’s combined automotive industry representing 12% of GDP. Therefore, with the authors understanding the importance of this economic sector, a research tool was developed, which contained a five-level scale to investigate 455 auto parts managers, executives, and owners’ opinions. Topics surveyed included the respondents’ opinions on the effects of knowledge management (KNG), product quality (QLY), strategic planning (STY), and technology and innovation (TIN) on the Thai auto part industry TQM process. The study’s eight hypotheses made use LISREL 9.1 software to analyze the final structural equation model (SEM). Results showed that all the model's variables had a positive influence on TQM, which can be combined to explain the variance of the factors affecting TQM (R2) by 78%. Additionally, the variables affecting TQM ranked in importance were STY, KNG, QLY, and TIN. Disruptive change has also arrived within the automotive sector, as Industry 4.0 technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) are being used in the development of a new generation of autonomous and electric vehicles (EVs), making many current manufacturers' technologies and processes obsolete. Therefore, management and vendors must embrace these changes for their survival. The study's results highlight the necessity for international firms to embrace innovation and technological change to retain a competitive advantage or even their survival. Governments and educational institutions must also go the ‘extra mile' to support their domestic automotive and auto parts sectors.
TEF Disclosure in UK Higher Education: Countersignaling and Ranking Consistency

Following adoption of the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) by the British government, awards of Gold, Silver, and Bronze ratings to UK universities that satisfied TEF criteria were announced in June 2017. We categorize UK universities in five buckets on the basis of their ranking and investigate whether top ranked schools are least likely to disclose their rankings on their websites. Furthermore, we test whether Guardian university rankings are consistent and informative about the TEF medals awarded. Our finding that the higher the ranking of the university the less the likelihood to disclose the TEF result on the university’s website is consistent with prior literature. We assert that universities that have a higher rank use nondisclosure as a countersignal, while universities that have a middle rank use disclosure to stand out from the other middle rank universities. Moreover, we find that the probability of UK universities to get a TEF Gold is significantly lower than that of the top-10 and that probability falls substantially in lower ranking buckets. Finally, even though Guardian rankings appear to be generally consistent with and supportive of TEF ratings, only 35% of the topranked universities by Guardian are rated TEF Gold, indicating discrepancy between Guardian rankings and public national TEF classifications, thereby rendering further investigation of the Guardian ranking TEF rating relationship necessary, in order to enhance the usefulness of rankings for student consumers.
CONTEMPORARY BED ELEVATION CHANGES FROM THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS

Channel Bed Elevation Changes from the Eastern Carpathians. The rivers that drain the Eastern Carpathians were studied under the aspect of the contemporary modifications of the bed elevation using a data base on 60 cross sections. The determination method of the bed elevations dynamics is based on the hydrometric measurements in the pre-established sections, calculating the height of the lowest point of the bed in comparison with the reference level represented by “0” graphic of the hydrometric measuring staff. Thus, it was possible the determination of the fluvial important processes: degradation, aggradation and stability of the river beds. The observation period was comprised between 30-50 years. The dominant fluvial process in our study area is that of degradation of the river beds (over 52%), followed by aggradation (29%) and the rest was represented by river beds with a stable elevation. The mobile layer of the river bed was frequently comprised between 50-100 cm, but the degradation of the river bed registered the biggest incisions, up to 3.5 m. The causality of this phenomenon was studied in this article in which concerns the variability of the discharges that are responsible for the phenomena of scour. The long time variations of the changes of bed elevations are in relation with the changes related to the sediment supply deficit or surplus of the rivers.
Retrieval-based Neural Source Code Summarization

Source code summarization aims to automatically generate concise summaries of source code in natural language texts, in order to help developers better understand and maintain source code. Traditional work generates a source code summary by utilizing information retrieval techniques, which select terms from original source code or adapt summaries of similar code snippets. Recent studies adopt Neural Machine Translation techniques and generate summaries from code snippets using encoder-decoder neural networks. The neural-based approaches prefer the high-frequency words in the corpus and have trouble with the low-frequency ones. In this paper, we propose a retrieval-based neural source code summarization approach where we enhance the neural model with the most similar code snippets retrieved from the training set. Our approach can take advantages of both neural and retrieval-based techniques. Specifically, we first train an attentional encoder-decoder model based on the code snippets and the summaries in the training set; Second, given one input code snippet for testing, we retrieve its two most similar code snippets in the training set from the aspects of syntax and semantics, respectively; Third, we encode the input and two retrieved code snippets, and predict the summary by fusing them during decoding. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our approach and the experimental results show that our proposed approach can improve the state-of-the-art methods.
The Unknown Side of Income-Shifting Micro-Estimates: The Role of Trademarks

Based on affiliate level data, estimates for the extent of income shifting by multinational corporations have been rather modest. This is in stark contrast to the high estimates based on aggregate data and to the high level of concern about income shifting in many countries and multilateral organizations. One potential explanation is the incomplete coverage of granular financial information. This paper provides evidence in support of this view by empirically analyzing strategic location decisions of intangible assets at the affiliate level without depending on the availability of financial information. We find that location choice is very sensitive to tax differentials. By directly comparing decisions about patent and trademark location, we show that the issue is particularly aggravated for trademarks. Trademarks tend to be more mobile than patents which can be sticky when forming agglomerations.
Cloud Computing Adoption by Public Hospitals in Kenya: A Technological, Organisational and Behavioural Perspective

Cloud computing has emerged as a technological paradigm to reduce Information Technology costs, foster collaboration while increasing productivity, availability, reliability, flexibility and minimizing response times. Despite cloud computing offering numerous benefits to the health sector, there are only few successful implementations. Adoption is slower in healthcare sector compared to other industries. Furthermore, there is little concerning the adoption and benefits of cloud computing in Kenyan healthcare sector. This study integrated the Technological Acceptance Model, Technology-OrganizationEnvironment model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour to provide a richer theoretical lens for assessing factors affecting cloud adoption. This study sought to determine the influence of technological, organisational and behavioural contexts in cloud computing adoption. The target population for this study were 114 healthcare personnel (facility in-charges and health records and information officers) in Public hospitals. The study employed a cross sectional survey in one-time data collection using questionnaires from sampled personnel. Logistic regression was used to establish the correlation between the projected factors and adoption of cloud computing, and to show the strength of this relationship. The cloud computing adoption prevalence was at 58% among public hospitals. In terms of cloud computing service models among adopters, Software-as-a-Service was at 100%, followed by Platform-as-a-Service at 5% while none had implemented Infrastructure–as-a-Service. The study found out that technological readiness, service quality, expert scarcity, top management support, firm size, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and social influence have a significant effect on cloud computing adoption. The findings from this study will help healthcare organisations to better understand what affects cloud computing adoption and to guide them in the adoption process. Cloud computing providers can also use the findings of this work to address areas of concern thereby offering products and services that have the confidence of healthcare institutions in Kenya.
Microbial load in unpasteurized milk obtained from selected milk outlets in Kawempe division

Background: Milk consumption and demand has increased drastically over the past years in response to expanding human population in Uganda and world at large. Despite this, many residents of Kampala city obtain milk from shops supplied by milk vendors, who in turn, collect it directly from farms. The microbial load of this unpasteurized milk is not known, yet it could expose the population to milk-borne diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of bacterial contamination of unpasteurized milk sold in different milk outlets in Kawempe Division, one of the five divisions of Kampala City.
The Role of Anxiety in Achievement

A fair number of previous studies have found a significant relationship between achievement and anxiety (Diaz et al, 2001). Generally, it could be concluded that there is a positive relationship between high degrees of achievement and low anxiety. There is specific degree of anxiety that increases achievement, but if anxiety increases beyond a certain level the reverse happens. On the basis of the YerkesDodson law both the task difficulty and the level of anxiety must be taken into consideration. That is, "on difficult tasks low levels of arousal improve performance relative to high levels, but on easy tasks, the reverse is true" (Reber, 1995). Abstract
Comparative Scrotal Ultrasound Findings in Fertile and Infertile Males in Jos, North Central Nigeria

Introduction: Infertility remains a threat to successful reproduction by couples desirous of pregnancy. Since the seminiferous tubules make up 70%–80% of the testicular mass, the testicular volume reflects spermatogenesis. The testicular volume demonstrates a relationship with the semen profiles in infertile men, and its measurement has been used to estimate spermatogenesis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study where 85 infertile and 85 fertile male subjects were recruited and examined in Jos University Teaching Hospital. All the subjects had their seminal fluids analyzed and their testes examined using a high frequency(10 MHZ) linear transducer of an ultrasound scanner. The results were expressed as percentages and tests of significance were done using the chi-square and Student’s t-test. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : The common abnormal scrotal ultrasound findings were hydroceles (32.7%), bilateral small volume testes (24.7%) and varicocele (22.9%). There were statistically significant difference between fertile and infertile men (p<0.05). The average testicular volume for fertile and infertile groups were 14.07 ± 3.08 ml and 9.37 ± 3.57 ml respectively (p<0.05). There was positive strong linear association between testicular volume and sperm count (coefficient of correlation 'r' =0.481, p<0.05). Conclusion :This study found a strong positive correlation between ultrasound measured testicular volume and total sperm count. It was also observed that the critical mean testicular volume of less than 10.3ml is associated with sub-fertility.
How Banks Respond to Distress: Shifting Risks in Europe’s Banking Union

This paper uses granular bond portfolio data to study how banking systems across the European Union (EU) adjust their asset holdings in response to regulatory solvency shocks. We also study the impact of these shocks at financial intermediaries on the prices of bonds in their portfolio. Despite the creation of a Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) in the EU, we find that risk-shifting interacts with regulatory arbitrage motives to explain how banks adjust their portfolios after adverse solvency shocks. After regulatory solvency declines, banks increase their exposure to domestic bonds, including higher yielding but zero risk-weight sovereign bonds. The increase in banking system risk might therefore be even larger than the decline in risk-weighted solvency ratios suggests. Distress in the banking system also feeds back onto bond prices. Bonds owned by less-well capitalized banking systems trade at a discount relative to otherwise similar bonds owned by better capitalized intermediaries.