Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of knowledge

I use the term ‘manipulation of knowledge’ to refer to biasing of information that is made available to the academic community and the public. Those who engage in manipulation typically create a more favourable impression of current knowledge than would be justified by complete and unbiased information. This may occur for any of several reasons. In the health care industry, there may be a desire to create or retain market share for a particular product, creating incentives to exaggerate its efficacy or safety. In the case of product liability, such as unexpected safety or toxicity concerns, the goal may be to avoid blame and especially lawsuits. From the perspective of a researcher or academician, there may be an incentive to put a positive ‘spin’ on findings in order to keep funding sources happy. Furthermore, academicians may want to defend a pet theory, help build or protect a reputation, or assure academic promotion and success. The motivations of academic researchers are harder to identify or quantify, so much of the present discussion will focus on industry‐sponsored research, and the interaction between industry and universities. Several strategies have become common for making research results seem as favourable as possible. The simplest and easiest to understand is simply withholding or suppressing unfavourable research studies. Conversely, a researcher or sponsor may wish to publish favourable results multiple times, creating the appearance of a larger body of supportive research data than actually exists. Selective reporting is another concern, in which a researcher reports only measurements showing favourable results, and suppresses those that do not. In the world of medical research, ‘ghost‐writing’ has become commonplace. In this practice, professional writers, typically employed by a public-relations firm, prepare scientific articles and editorials, then invite a prominent academician to be identified as the author. Yet another strategy is simply to eliminate independent research funding sources or to eliminate the editors of professional journals who publish unflattering results. We will consider each of these in more detail.
Temperature-dependent evolution of RbBSi2O6 glass into crystallineRb-boroleucite according to X-ray diffraction data

Abstract The temperature-dependent evolution of the glass into a crystalline phase is studied for a rubidium borosilicate glass of composition 16.7 Rb2O · 16.7 B2O3 · 66.6 SiO2 employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. A glass sample was prepared by melt quenching from 1500°С within 0.5 hour. The glass sample was step-wise annealed at 13 distinct temperatures from 300 °C up to 900 °C for 1 h at every annealing step. To investigate changes in the glass structure, angle-dispersive XRD was applied by using an energy-resolving semiconductor detector. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) were calculated at every stage. For polycrystalline states the crystal structure of the samples with different thermal history was refined using the Rietveld method. Comparing correlation distances estimated from RDFs of glass and polycrystalline samples and mean interatomic distances calculated for polycrystalline samples by using atomic coordinates after Rietveld refinement, it is concluded that the borosilicate glass under study is converted into the crystalline state in the temperature range of 625–750 °C (i.e. in the temperature range close to the glass transition range 620–695 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry by using of heating rate of 20 K/min) at an average heating rate of about 0.35 K/min. When the heating rate is increased up to 10 or 20 K/min, the crystallisation temperature shifts sharply up to 831–900 °C and 878–951 °C, respectively. XRD data give evidence that distinctive traces of cubic RbBSi2O6 appear from glass at about 625 °C and a two-phase range exists up to 750 °C. After annealing at higher temperatures (800–900 °C) the crystal structure practically does not change any more.
Surface and Stability Characterization of a Nanoporous ZIF-8 Thin Film

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been widely investigated for numerous applications including energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, and greenhouse gas adsorption. Much of the early work has focused on the bulk properties of microcrystalline ZIFs. Herein, we focus on identifying the nature of the surface of ZIF-8 by studying a supported ZIF-8 nanoparticle film using surface characterization techniques. We have experimentally identified the presence of a zinc-rich surface terminated by carbonates and water/hydroxyl groups (in addition to the expected methylimidazole terminations) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermal stability of ZIF-8 thin films was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). We determined the onset of decomposition of ZIF-8 thin films to be approximately 630 K using TPRS in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. This work presents the first characterization steps needed to study the e.
Comparison of the Occupational Aspiration among Orphanage Reared and Home Reared Secondary School Students

It is said that a person cannot sustain life without having aims and aspirations. The study compares the occupational aspirations among orphanage reared and home-reared secondary school students. The study covers 100 adolescents, including 50 orphanages reared and 50 home-reared school students chosen from Delhi through purposive sampling. The occupational Aspiration Scale developed and standardized by J. S. Grewal has been used in the study. MannWhitney U Test has been used to assess the data. The study revealed no significant difference in the occupational aspiration and the idealistic expression of occupational aspiration between orphanage reared and home reared secondary school students (p>.05). Only the dimension realistic expression of occupational aspiration, home-reared students have significantly higher than orphanagereared students (p<.05). Concerning gender, it revealed that there was no significant difference in occupational aspiration and idealistic expression of occupational aspiration (p>.05), whereas a significant difference found in the realistic expression of occupational aspiration between male and female (p<.01).
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Short- and Long-Term Kidney Allograft Outcomes

Introduction Kidney transplantation has excellent short-term results with current immunosuppression regimes, but long-term outcomes have barely improved over the past two decades. Hence, there is a need for new therapeutic options to increase long-term survival of kidney grafts. Drug development for kidney transplantation has slowly plateaued, limiting progress while making drug repurposing an attractive alternative. We, therefore, investigated the impact of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene (TNF) polymorphisms on kidney graft survival after transplantation. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study to assess the association of TNF polymorphisms (rs1800629 G>A and rs3093662 A>G) with primary non-function and death-censored kidney allograft survival in 1271 kidney transplant pairs from the University Medical Center Groningen in The Netherlands. Results The G-allele of the TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in donor kidneys was associated with a higher risk of immediate graft loss (odds ratio: 2.05; 95%-CI: 1.06–3.97; P = 0.032). Furthermore, the G-allele of this TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in the donor was also associated with worse 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year death-censored kidney graft survival (P < 0.05). The cumulative incidence of graft loss was 15.9% in the reference AA-genotype group and 25.2% in the AG/GG-genotype group, respectively. In multivariable analysis, the association between the TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in the donor and 15-year death-censored kidney graft survival remained significant (hazard ratio: 1.51; 95%-CI: 1.05–2.19, P = 0.028). Discussion In conclusion, kidney allografts possessing a high-producing TNF polymorphism have a greater risk of immediate and late graft loss. Our study adds to a growing body of literature indicating the potential of TNF-α blockade in improving kidney transplantation outcomes.
Clinical Determinants and Predictors for Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pediatric Patients in Saudi Arabia

Background The significant variations in clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID 19 that range from asymptomatic to severe fatal illness entail searching for potential prognostic determinants to help predict the disease course and early detection of patients at risk of developing life-threatening complications. Although children are less commonly infected by SARS CoV 2 than their adult counterparts, and their symptoms are generally milder, a severe type of COVID-19 cannot be precluded. Methods At first, demographic, clinical, laboratory measurement data, and outcomes for 26 COVID 19 infected children of less than 12 years of age, admitted to King Abdallah Hospital, Bisha, Saudi Arabia, were retrieved from the electronic medical records for the observational retrospective study. Later, electronic and manual database searches were carried out for pediatric severe COVID 19 related articles. The relevant data from 20 eligible studies and the present retrospective study were analyzed to assess the association of demographic characteristics and comorbidities with COVID-19 severity. Results In the retrospective study, 5 (19%) of the children presented with severe symptoms admitted to PICU, 18 (69%) presented with cough, 5 (19%) with diarrhea, 7 (27%) with underlying comorbidities, 4 (15%) with respiratory illnesses, 3 (12%) with cardiovascular diseases and 2 (8%) were obese. None of the patient characteristics showed any significant association with COVID-19 severity. Of the 21 studies selected for meta-analyses, 14 studies were included in the analysis of the association between any comorbidity and disease severity, resulting in OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.38, 5.26, P < 0.05, for analysis of the association between cardiovascular comorbidities and disease severity 14 studies were included giving OR: 4.06, 95%CI: 1.86 , 8.87, P < 0.05, for analysis of the association between respiratory comorbidity and disease severity 15 studies were included giving OR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1.54 , 2.74, P < 0.05, for analysis of the association between obesity and disease severity 10 studies were included, giving OR: 2.48, 95%CI: 1.16 , 5.32, P < 0.05, for analysis of the association between age <10 years old and diseases severity, 16 studies were included, giving OR: 0.80, 95%CI: 0.65, 0.97, P < 0.05, and for analysis of the association between female gender and disease severity, 19 studies were included, giving OR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.59, 1.18, P > 0.05. Conclusion It can be concluded that COVID-19 pediatric patients with underlying comorbidities, being cardiovascular, respiratory, or obesity, are at high risk of developing severe illness, and young age has a protective role against the disease severity.
Balestraite, KLi2VSi4O10O2, the first member of the mica group with octahedral V5+

Abstract A mica-group mineral characterized by a high V content and free of Al was found in the mangane- siferous beds within the metacherts of the ophiolitic sequences at the Cerchiara mine, Eastern Liguria (Italy), in association with hematite, quartz, and calcite. Chemical and structural characterization supported by Raman data defines this phase as a new mineral species, which is named balestraite after Corrado Balestra, a prominent Italian amateur mineralogist. Balestraite, ideally KLi2V5+Si4O10O2, is a 1M trioctahedral mica crystallizing in the C2 space group, with a = 5.2024(5), b = 8.9782(7), c = 9.997(2) Å, β = 100.40(2)°, V = 459.3(1) Å3, Z = 2. The reduction of symmetry from the “ideal” space group C2/m is related to the ordering of V at only one of the two pseudo-symmetric octahedral sites. Vanadium forms very distorted octahedra with a [2+2+2] geometry characteristic of the valence state +5. The Li,V composition of the octahedral sheet, the pure tetrasilicic character of the tetrahedral sheet, and the anhydrous character produce unusual geometrical features for this mica. The occurrence of 5+ as the dominant valence state of V and the virtually complete O2- → OH- substitution at the O4 site indicate strongly oxidizing conditions of crystallization, which are consistent with balestraite occurring at the boundary between carbonate-bearing veins and hematite bands. The new mineral and name were approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, IMA (2013-080).
Assessment of Nutrient Leaching in Flooded Paddy Rice Field Experiment Using Hydrus-1D

Solute runoff and leaching are two direct pathways of nutrient pollution from paddy fields into water systems. Due to the dynamic nature of paddy fields, solute transport and transformation processes are complex and difficult to understand. Therefore, in this study, nitrogen (N) transport in flooded paddy rice fields with conventional irrigation (flooding irrigation) in the Tanjung Karang Rice Irrigation Scheme (TAKRIS), Sawah Sempadan, were observed and modelled using the Hydrus-1D numerical model during two consecutive rice growing seasons. Based on solute transport analysis results, it was observed that 50.3% to 48% of percolated N was accumulated in the top 40-cm soil layer, while 49.7% to 52% of leachate N was lost below the 40-cm soil layer (40–100 cm) during the off and main seasons, respectively. About 85% of N leaching loss was in the form of NO3−. NO3− was absorbed by rice roots within 0–40 cm and the denitrified root zone; however, there was still a large quantity of NO3− which remained below the root zone, which was quickly transported downward along with the leachate water. The NH4+ concentration in subsurface water was lower than the NO3− concentration due to various processes that removed NH4+ from the topsoil layer (0–40 cm), such as ammonium volatilisation, nitrification, and plant uptake. The total leaching loss of N was 34.9 and 27.9 kg/ha during the off and main seasons, respectively. The simulated and observed water flow and nutrient leaching were in a good agreement (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 0.24). The results showed that Hydrus-1D successfully simulated the solute movement under different soil depths during the study period.
Flashback Limit and Mechanism of Methane and Syngas Fuel

Flashback is one of the major problems in lean premixed combustion of gas turbine combustor. Due to the effulgent future of co-product system and IGCC, lean premixed combustion, one of the approaches to ultra low NOx for rich hydrogen syngas fuel need farther research on anti-flashback and low pressure drop combustor. Mechanism and characteristics of methane and syngas flashback for 2 types of flame holders, i.e. ring shape and rod shape have been researched through experiment as well as numerical simulation. The partial premix model has been selected to simulate premixed combustion flashback process since it combined the advantage of PDF model and TFC model. Experiments demonstrate that, the flashback velocity of different fuel compositions or flame holder size generally can be correlated to the same dimensionless function by using Peclet number model if the structures of flame holders are the same. Peclet function curves were used to compare the anti-flashback performance of the 2 types of flame holders mentioned above with swirl holder. Boundary coaxial jet can change flashback through the wall into flashback in the core flow and significantly improve the anti-flashback performance of the ring-type flame holder on condition that the velocity of the boundary coaxial jet is in an optimal range. As the result, ring shape holder shows the best while swirl holder the worst on anti-flashback performance. © 2006 ASME
Research on a theoretical model of magnetic nondestructive testing for ferromagnetic materials based on the magneto–mechanical coupling effect

In this paper, a new nonlinear magneto–mechanical coupling constitutive model, based on thermodynamic theory and the hysteresis effect, introduces the 6th order term of magnetization in the whole magnetic field and the global coupling factor related to the magneto–mechanical coupling into the magnetostrictive strain. Compared with the Zheng Xiao-Jing–Liu Xin-En model and Jiles–Atherton model, the nonlinear model precisely describes the hysteresis of the material and the magnetostrictive strain under the compressive stress and the nonlinear change of the magnetostrictive strain with stress and magnetization. The comparison of the prediction results of different models with the existing experimental data shows that the proposed model has a better prediction ability of the mid-field magnetostrictive strain, low-field magnetic flux density, and high-field magnetic flux density than other models. In addition, this paper also investigates that the effects of stress and plastic deformations on the hysteresis curve, coercivity, and remanence. The difference and mechanism of elasto–plastic deformations affecting the magnetization process of materials are obtained. Above all, the results in this paper are of great significance for the development of non-destructive testing inversion technology.
Momentum Returns of U.S. Equities: Diversification, Idiosyncratic Volatility, and Momentum Prediction of Industry Portfolios

This paper investigates the presence of momentum returns in U.S. equities using industry portfolio approach spanning from 1990 to 2017. Using winner-minus-loser strategy, taking a long on winners and taking a short on losers, can generate substantial returns over the time. Divining into 48 industries, the result suggests that the presence of momentum exists in all the 48 industries. Using idiosyncratic volatility measure proposed by Fu (2009), momentum return does not improve. Adding liquidity factor for double sorting also suggests the similar result. Testing for momentum predictability using Moreira and Muir (2017) inverse conditional volatility, momentum returns are affected by the size of liquidity and risk factors rather than economic variables.
Effects of calcium minerals on the rapid pyrolysis of a bituminous coal

This paper presents results on the pretreatment of coal with calcite (CaCO/sub 3/) and lime (CaO). These minerals have already been shown to influence fluidized-bed pyrolysis, steam gasification, and CO/sub 2/ gasification of coal. Addition of CaCO/sub 3/ or CaO to coal reduces the high temperature yield of hydrocarbon products and increases the yield of CO in rapid coal pyrolysis. The former effect is probably attributable to lime-catalyzed secondary cracking reactions, while the latter results from base catalysis of a step in the decomposition of the phenolic groups. Calcite in the presence of coal decomposes to lime and CO/sub 2/ at lower temperatures than it will when pyrolyzed alone.
A Comparative Study on the Structure–Performance Relationships of Chemically and Electrochemically Coagulated Al(OH)3 Flocs

In this paper, various physical and chemical characteristics of electro-coagulated (ECC) and chemical-coagulated (CC) aluminum hydroxide flocs were explored comparatively in the context of their impacts on the pollutant removal performance of the processes. First, the sedimentation rate, floc size and zeta potential of the flocs at different pH values were measured in solution. Furthermore, flocs dried at 105 °C were characterized by various techniques such as TGA,FT-IR, SEM, XRD, BET and XPS as well as by chemical analysis. It was found that ECC flocs were bigger in size, faster in sedimentation and better pressed, while they had higher BET area, less water and higher isoelectric pH than CC flocs. Furthermore, pollutant removal tests using various chemicals such as benzoquinone, hydroquinone and a reactive dye showed that ECC flocs outperformed CC flocs, due to superior physical-chemical characteristics.
Dendrimer-Stabilized Titanate Nanowire Dispersions as Potential Nanocarriers

The effect of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generations G2, G6, and G10 on the dispersion stability of titanate nanowires (TiONWs) as potential nanocarriers was clarified in order to develop biocompatible delivery systems. The PAMAMs adsorbed strongly on the oppositely charged TiONWs even under slightly alkaline conditions where the macromolecules possess low amounts of charged groups and they were able to reverse the charge of the particles. This process resulted in unstable dispersions near the dose where the charge reversal occurred, while stable samples were observed away from it. No generation dependence was found on the aggregation and charging behavior at low ionic strengths. Although heterogeneous adsorption of the dendrimers led to attractive patch-charge interactions at intermediate doses, interparticle forces of electrostatic origin described by Derjaguin and Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) played the major role in colloidal stability. The nanowires were found to adopt a face-to-face orientation within the aggregates, giving rise to the formation of well-defined bundles. Highly stable dispersions were observed once the TiONWs were coated with PAMAM dendrimers of higher generations even at elevated ionic strengths.
Interpretation of the Phenomena of Heat Transfer from Representations of Nyquist and Bode Plots

The thermal impedance of a tow-plaster material is determined from the thermal electrical analogy in the dynamic frequency regime. The thermophysical characteristics magnitudes of the material, thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal diffusivity are relating to shunt and series resistances determined from the results of the study of representations of Nyquist and Bode plots. The study applied to the composite tow-plaster showed it can be used as a good thermal insulator.
Citizenship in young people's daily lives: differences in citizenship competences of adolescents in the Netherlands

The results of a nationwide study of the citizenship competences of adolescents in the Netherlands are presented from the perspective of democratic citizenship in this article. Citizenship competences are defined as the knowledge, skills, attitudes and reflection needed by young people in a democratic and multicultural society to adequately fulfil social tasks that are part of their daily lives. The Citizenship Competences Questionnaire was administered to 16,000 adolescents in either sixth or ninth grade. With the help of analyses of variance and partial correlations, background factors related to the students and the environment were analysed in conjunction with each other. The results showed significant differences in citizenship competences to depend upon the gender, age, cognitive level, socio-economic status and ethnic backgrounds of the adolescents in addition to the degree of urbanisation characteristic of their school environments. The findings are discussed in light of research previously conducted on the citizenship of young people.