Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the impacts of vegetation distribution and evaporative cooling on synthetic urban daytime climate using a coupled LES—LSM model

Local flow properties and regional weather or climate are strongly affected by land‐atmosphere interactions of momentum and scalars within the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL). In this study, we investigate the impact of green space scale on the daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over a synthetic urban domain using a recently developed large‐eddy simulation‐land surface model (LES–LSM) framework. With the use of realistic soundings as initial conditions, a series of numerical experiments over synthetic urban surfaces with varied scale of vegetated area is performed. Simulated micrometeorological properties, surface fluxes, basic CBL characteristics, and cloud distribution are analysed. The results show reference‐level air potential temperature and specific humidity as well as surface fluxes over green space are significantly affected by the scale of green space in the urban domain. The surface organization due to vegetated area scale also has impacts on horizontally averaged scalar and momentum profiles; however, the magnitude in this study is smaller than the results of a previous study using a set of offline surface fluxes as the lower boundary condition for LES. In addition, even though this study only performs a daytime diurnal cycle, the impact of green space scale on cloud distribution in simulations is significant. The cases with more organized green space yield lower‐elevated cumulus cloud and larger‐cloud cover fraction, which impacts the energy budget at the top of boundary layer and, in turn, could lead to additional surface cooling with respect to longer‐term weather and climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subglacial Water Pressures and the Shape of Subglacial Conduits

Abstract Measured subglacial water pressures are frequently higher than theoretical values calculated by assuming that subglacial conduits are straight and either circular or semi-circular in shape. While this may be attributed to errors in the estimates of conduit roughness or ice viscosity, we suggest here an alternative explanation: namely, that the conduits are actually broad and low rather than semi-circular. Good agreement between measured and calculated pressures can be obtained by assuming that the cross-sectional shape of conduits resembles the space between the arc of a circle and its chord. The angle subtended by the arc, θ, is treated as an adjustable parameter. In four cases studied, θ ranged from 2° to 36°.
How can a facilitator’s caring approach trigger and deepen pre-service teachers’ reflection on their pedagogical practice? A year-long action research study

ABSTRACT Throughout a year-long Action Research (AR) conducted in Physical Education Teacher Education, this study explored how a facilitator’s caring approach can help develop strategies and create circumstances to enhance and deepen Pre-Service Teachers’ (PSTs) reflection on their pedagogical practice. Participants included six PSTs and the first author, who assumed the dual role of external facilitator (EF) and researcher. Three action research-cycles were conducted, enabling the EF to analyze the needs and thoughts of PSTs thoroughly. This allowed EF to tailor her interventions to developed strategies and created circumstances that triggered and deepened the PSTs’ reflection. Qualitative data collected through focus group interviews, informal interviews, reflective journals, and field notes guided the EF’s strategic progression in each AR-cycle through thematic analysis to design subsequent interventions. Through the ongoing AR-cycles, the facilitator underwent a strategic evolution propelled by PSTs’ needs and thoughts. Specifically, PSTs’ reflections transitioned from conformity to autonomy, which embraced multifaceted analysis, transcending consensus. It is recommended that Physical Education Teacher Education programs incorporate a customized caring environment that nurtures vulnerability, fosters the development of trusting relationships, and is responsive to the unique learning context.
Mantle anisotropy beneath northwest Pacific subduction zones

To assess the location, strength, and orientation of seismic anisotropy in the southern Kuril, Japan, and Izu-Bonin subduction zones, we analyzed shear wave splitting in local S phases and teleseismic SKS phases. Fast directions from these phases are roughly parallel to the direction of absolute Pacific plate motion (∼WNW) in Izu-Bonin, roughly parallel to the strike of the trench (∼NNE) in central Honshu, and roughly N in the southern Kuril back arc in the vicinity of Sakhalin Island. Assuming that the orientation and strength of anisotropy does not vary with depth, modeling of splitting times from local S and teleseismic phases recorded at Sakhalin Island requires that the maximum depth of anisotropy lies between 480 km and 950 km. In contrast, splitting times for local S phases from events in Izu-Bonin rule out anisotropy in the transition zone. All the data are consistent with a model in which the lower transition zone (520–660 km) and lower mantle are largely isotropic and in which anisotropy occurs intermittently in the upper transition zone (410–520 km), possibly due to preferred orientation of β spinel. Assuming that splitting in the upper mantle is produced by preferred orientation of olivine, the observed fast directions indicate that the geometry of back arc strain varies systematically between subduction zones. The relationship of fast directions and plate motions suggests that the subducting slab exerts significant control on back arc flow, but that flow correlated with upper plate deformation must also exist.
Factors Influencing Thermal Resistivity of Sands

Although many engineering projects require assessment of the thermal properties of soils for use in heat transfer calculations, geotechnical engineers are often unfamiliar with procedures for measuring these properties. A simple test for measuring the thermal properties of soils, called the “thermal needle” test is described. The apparatus and procedure have been refined to allow measurement of the thermal resistivity of sands for conditions of elevated temperature, water content reduction by stage, drying, and long‐term saturation. Laboratory thermal needle tests were conducted using surge sand, silica sand, and Monterey 60 Sand; it was found that the thermal resistivity decreased with increasing temperature and increasing compaction water content. Also, the thermal resistivity of silica sand decreased with time of saturation. The test results are not only useful for study of thermal geotechnical problems, but could be used to interpret other structural and mechanical property characteristics of sands.
Experiments in a high‐amplitude Kinoshita meandering channel: 1. Implications of bend orientation on mean and turbulent flow structure

Meandering rivers exhibit complex planform patterns with both upstream and downstream valley oriented meander bends. In order to describe the effects of bend orientation on long‐term river evolution, it is of great importance to be able to describe bend orientation (curvature) effects on the hydrodynamics of the flow as a first approximation. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics were investigated experimentally in a periodic, asymmetric, meandering channel herein called “the Kinoshita channel”. The channel planform configuration retains high‐order harmonic modes. Upstream and downstream valley oriented meander bends can be studied by reversing the flow. A flat, smooth bed (without sediment) condition has been considered to avoid further complexity. Spatial distributions of mean flow (e.g., velocities) and turbulence parameters (Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy) were observed at several cross sections along the meander wavelength. Measurements show that at the bend apex, the core of maximum velocity is found near the inner bank for both planform orientations. At the same cross section, observations show that when bends are oriented upstream valley, the secondary flow is not as well developed as in the case where bends are oriented downstream valley. Furthermore, for the upstream condition the energy gradient is smaller than that for the downstream condition, suggesting that the friction (i.e., flow resistance) due to curvature is higher for the downstream‐skewed condition. Implications about having upstream and downstream bends in the meandering river migration framework are also discussed herein.
Neutron scattering investigation of liquid–liquid transition in confined water

Pioneering quasi-elastic neutron scattering (or QENS) studies have revealed an exotic phase transition, known as a liquid-to-liquid crossover in supercooled water—in which the hydrogen bond network goes from a ’fragile’ high-density state at room temperature to a ’strong’ low-density phase at lower temperatures. Various research groups have since attempted to independently confirm the existence of this transition and elucidate the mechanism behind it, but obtained conflicting results. The present study uses deep inelastic neutron scattering (DINS) to investigate the proton momentum distribution n(p) and the average proton kinetic energy ⟨KE⟩\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\langle {\rm{KE}}\rangle$$\end{document} between the two phases. The measurements show a relative increase of ⟨KE⟩\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\langle {\rm{KE}}\rangle$$\end{document} as the temperature is lowered across the transition, suggesting a stiffer inter-molecular potential below TLL, in agreement with recent DINS studies of water confined in nanoporous Xerogel.
Heterointerface Engineered Core-Shell Fe2O3@TiO2 for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Storage

The rational design of the heterogeneous interfaces enables precise adjustment of the electronic structure and optimization of the kinetics for electron/ion migration in energy storage materials. In this work, the built-in electric field is introduced to the iron-based anode material (Fe2O3@TiO2) through the well-designed heterostructure. This model serves as an ideal platform for comprehending the atomic-level optimization of electron transfer in advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As a result, the core-shell Fe2O3@TiO2 delivers a remarkable discharge capacity of 1342 mAh g−1 and an extraordinary capacity retention of 82.7% at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles. Fe2O3@TiO2 shows an excellent rate performance from 0.1 A g−1 to 4.0 A g−1. Further, the discharge capacity of Fe2O3@TiO2 reached 736 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 2000 cycles, and the corresponding capacity retention is 83.62%. The heterostructure forms a conventional p-n junction, successfully constructing the built-in electric field and lithium-ion reservoir. The kinetic analysis demonstrates that Fe2O3@TiO2 displays high pseudocapacitance behavior (77.8%) and fast lithium-ion reaction kinetics. The capability of heterointerface engineering to optimize electrochemical reaction kinetics offers novel insights for constructing high-performance iron-based anodes for LIBs.
Experimental study on transient and steady‐state dynamics of bedforms in supply limited configuration

The purpose of the present study is to investigate experimentally the development of bedforms in a configuration where the sediment supply is limited. The experimental setup is a rectangular closed duct combining an innovative system to control the rate of sediment supply Qin , and a digitizing system to measure in real time the 3D bedform topography. We carried out different sets of experiments with two sediment sizes (100 µm and 500 µm) varying both the sediment supply and the water flow rate to obtain a total of 46 different configurations. After a transient phase, steady sub‐centimeter bedforms of various shapes have been observed: barchans dunes, straight transverse dune, linguoid transverse dunes and bedload sheets. Height, spacing, migration speed, and mean bed elevation of the equilibrium bedforms were measured. For a given flow rate, two regimes were identified with fine sediment: (i) a monotonic increasing regime where the equilibrium bedform height and velocity increase with the sediment supply rate Qin and (ii) an invariant regime for which both parameters are almost independent of Qin. For coarse sediment, only the first regime is observed. We interpret the saturation of height and velocity for fine sediment bedforms as the transition from a supply‐limited regime to a transport‐limited regime in which the bedload flux has reached its maximum value under the prevailing flow conditions. We also demonstrate that all experiments can be rescaled if the migration speed and height of the bedforms are, respectively, divided and multiplied by the cube of the shear velocity. This normalization is independent of grain size and of bedform morphology. These experimental results provide a new quantification of the factors controlling equilibrium height and migration speed of bedforms in supply‐limited conditions against which theoretical and numerical models can be tested.
Remote Detection of the Electric Field Change Induced at the Seismic Wave Front from the Start of Fault Rupturing

Seismic waves are generally observed through the measurement of undulating elastic ground motion. We report the remote detection of the Earth's electric field variations almost simultaneously with the start of fault rupturing at about 100 km from the fault region using a special electric measurement. The rare but repeated detection indicates that the phenomenon is real. The characteristic time of diffusion is almost instantaneous, that is, less than 1 second to travel 100 km, more than ten times faster than ordinary seismic P wave propagation. We suggest that the measured electric field changes are produced by the electrokinetic effect through increased pore water pressure of the seismic pulse. It is also suggested that the long range propagation is due to the surface wave mode confined near the interface of the different conductivity. The length scale of the finite strength of the electric field is 16 km, 160 km for electric conductivity of 0.01, 0.001, Sm−1, respectively. This phenomenon suggests a new seismic sensing method and a new earthquake early warning system providing more seconds of lead time.
Anomalous subsurface VLF electric field changes related to India-Nepal border earthquake (M=5.3) of 4 April 2011 and their lithosphere-atmosphere coupling observed at Mathura

Subsurface VLF electric field changes have been monitored at Chaumuhan, Mathura (Geographic Lat. 27.5°N, Geographic Long. 77.68°E), India at the frequency of 3.012 kHz employing borehole and vertical antennas since 24 March 2011. Initial data for the period of 15 days are analysed statistically and it has been found that anomalous enhancements occurred in the VLF amplitudes observed by both the antennas. These anomalous enhancements are examined in the light of magnetic storms, local lightning, and earthquakes and are positively correlated with the devastating India-Nepal border earthquake (M=5.3) occurred on 4 April 2011. The precursory period for borehole data ranges between 3-7 days while for vertical antenna data it is 3 days. The generation and propagation mechanism of ELF/VLF emissions in the crustal region have also been discussed.
IMAGES: A three‐dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere

A new three-dimensional chemical transport model of the troposphere is presented. This model, named intermediate model of global evolution of species, has been developed to study the global distributions, budgets, and trends of 41 chemical compounds, including the most important species that determine the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. The chemical mechanism is made of approximately 125 chemical reactions and 26 photodissociations. The model accounts for surface emissions, chemical transformations, dry and wet deposition, and aerosol reactions of trace constituents. The model is formulated in σ coordinates and includes 25 layers in the vertical. Its horizontal resolution is 5° in longitude and 5° in latitude. To keep the requirements in computer time limited, a simplified representation of the transport is adopted: the advection, solved by a semi-Lagrangian scheme, is driven by monthly mean climatological winds provided by an European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis. The effect of wind variability at timescales smaller than a month is taken into account by an eddy diffusion parameterization. Convection in cumulonimbus clouds is also represented. All input field, such as the distribution of winds, clouds, eddy diffusion coefficients, and the boundary conditions, are monthly means constrained by observational data. The modeled global distributions of species such as methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone are generally in good agreement with observations. The lifetime of methane, which can be regarded as a measure of the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, is found to be equal to 11 years, in agreement with recent estimates. The model also shows that the deposition of ozone at the Earth's surface (1100 Tg/yr) balances the sum of the net photochemical production (550 Tg/yr) and the flux from the stratosphere (550 Tg/yr). In the case of carbon monoxide, surface emissions (1400 Tg/yr) are approximately 50% larger than in situ production by hydrocarbon oxidation (900 Tg/yr).
Seismic Parameters from Liquefaction Evidence

The Charleston, S.C. , earthquake of 1886 (M=7.5-7.7) is the largest earthquake to occur on the Eastern Seaboard during historic times. No strong motions from the event were recorded and no causative fault was identified. Following the earthquake, accounts of widespread liquefaction and heavy structural damage were documented. Recent field studies led to the discovery of relict liquefaction features in soil exposures excavated in the Charleston area. The studies indicate that while some of the liquefaction features were caused by the 1886 event, many were caused by prehistoric earthquakes. The present study provides a geotechnical engineering perspective on the liquefaction findings, especially those associated with the 1886 earthquake. Existing liquefaction prediction methods were used to back‐calculate the magnitude and peak ground accelerations required to produce the liquefaction that occurred in 1886. The results suggest that the ground motions of the 1886 earthquake were significantly less than those.
The Gulf states and the energy transition in the Indo-Pacific

ABSTRACT This paper examines the interdependence between the Gulf states and the Indo-Pacific in the context of the global energy transition away from a fossil-fuel based energy system. Instead of ending this energy interdependence, we argue that the energy transition presents opportunities for the Gulf states to address and manage energy governance issues with the Indo-Pacific. Applying a framework with four stylized choices comprising rule breaking, taking, promoting, and shaping, we find evidence that the Gulf states have evolved away from binary choices of rejecting or accepting the rules of global energy governance. Instead, some of them are becoming more adept at rule promoting and rule shaping, which, respectively, strengthen and contest but not undo the energy transition status quo.
EVALUATION OF ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE ON ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Objective: The present research is designed to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of HAGS (Hydroalcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre) in NSAIDs and pylorus ligation-induced rat models. Methods: The antiulcer activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (100 and 200 mg/kg, p. o.) was evaluated in ethanol, indomethacin, pylorus ligation and acetic acid-induced ulcer models in rats. Parameters such as mean ulcer indices and percentage ulcer inhibition were assessed in ethanol, indomethacin and acetic acid-induced ulcer models, while the gastric volume, pH, and titratable acidity were evaluated in the pylorus ligation ulcer model. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) could significantly (P<0.001) reduce the ulcer index, ulcerated area and total acidity compared to standard drug and thereby significantly (P<0.001) increase percentage inhibition of ulcers and protected area which was evident by the significant rise in pH of gastric content. A significant increase was observed in pH, NP-SH, GSH, enzymic antioxidants and protein with a significant decrease in volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity, acid output and LPO levels activities in 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of HAGS treated rats compared to disease control rats. The effect of extracts was dose-dependent and results were comparable to that of the standard drug Cimetidine. Conclusion: It is concluded that the Hydroalcoholic extract of Gymnema sylvestre shows a significant effect on NSAIDs and Pylorus ligation-induced rat models. It shows a significant reduction in the lesion index.
The potential of remotely sensed thermal infrared data to infer surface soil moisture and evaporation

Recently launched satellites provide high-quality thermal infrared data suitable for estimating hydrologic parameters at the earth's surface. Analytical expressions are derived that relate mean evaporation rate and a quantity dependent on soil moisture (diurnal heat capacity) to surface temperature of bare soil areas. These expressions are corrected for micrometeorological effects through use of a numerical model which simulates the diurnal cycle of surface temperature under realistic air temperature, humidity, and wind speed conditions. Results illustrate the sensitivity of 24-hour mean temperature to mean evaporation rate, and of the day-night temperature range to near-surface soil moisture. This suggests the potential of remotely sensed thermal data for assessing the surface moisture budget.
Photodynamic Treatment of Human Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells Using Rose Bengal-Encapsulated Nanoparticles

Cancer, a prominent cause of death, presents treatment challenges, including high dosage requirements, drug resistance, poor tumour penetration and systemic toxicity in traditional chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy, using photosensitizers like rose bengal (RB) with a green laser, shows promise against breast cancer cells in vitro. However, the hydrophilic RB struggles to efficiently penetrate the tumour site due to the unique clinical microenvironment, aggregating around rather than entering cancer cells. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized RB-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles with a peak particle size of ~200 nm. These nanoparticles are readily internalized by cells and, in combination with a green laser (λ = 532 nm) killed 94–98% of cultured human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and prostate cancer cells (PC3) at a low dosage (25 μg/mL RB-nanoparticles, fluence ~126 J/cm2, and irradiance ~0.21 W/cm2). Furthermore, these nanoparticles are not toxic to cultured human normal breast cells (MCF10A), which opens an avenue for translational applications.