Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The preterm human milk microbiota fluctuates by postpartum week and is characterized by gestational age and maternal BMI

ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that the type of nutrition fed to preterm infants influences their intestinal microbiome and immunity. However, few studies have conducted a longitudinal analysis of the microbiota of mother’s own milk (MOM) and the factors shaping its composition. Furthermore, the microbiota of pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) and infant formula have not been extensively investigated. Here, we examine the microbiota of 238 MOM, 30 PDHM, and 73 formula samples from a cohort of 72 preterm infants using 16S rRNA sequencing. We find differences in the microbial diversity and composition between nutrition types. Additionally, we demonstrate that the microbiota of MOM exhibits temporal fluctuations and has associations with several maternal factors. Lastly, we identify three microbiota community clusters within MOM—termed lactotypes—that have distinct taxonomic compositions and maternal factors. Collectively, our findings lay the foundation for exploring the relationship between the microbiota of nutrition and preterm infant health outcomes. IMPORTANCE Despite a growing recognition that the type of nutrition received by preterm infants influences their intestinal microbiome and health outcomes, the microbiota of mother's own milk (MOM), pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM), and infant formula remain poorly characterized. In our study, we found that the structure of microbial communities, bacterial diversity, and relative abundances of specific genera were significantly different between MOM, PDHM, and formula. Additionally, our results suggest that the microbiota of MOM changes as a function of time and maternal factors. Lastly, we identified three lactotypes within MOM that have distinct microbial compositions and described the maternal factors associated with them. These findings set the stage for future research aimed at advancing our knowledge of the microbiota of preterm infant nutrition and the specific influence it may have on health outcomes. Despite a growing recognition that the type of nutrition received by preterm infants influences their intestinal microbiome and health outcomes, the microbiota of mother's own milk (MOM), pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM), and infant formula remain poorly characterized. In our study, we found that the structure of microbial communities, bacterial diversity, and relative abundances of specific genera were significantly different between MOM, PDHM, and formula. Additionally, our results suggest that the microbiota of MOM changes as a function of time and maternal factors. Lastly, we identified three lactotypes within MOM that have distinct microbial compositions and described the maternal factors associated with them. These findings set the stage for future research aimed at advancing our knowledge of the microbiota of preterm infant nutrition and the specific influence it may have on health outcomes.
SUSTAINING RICE-WHEAT SYSTEM THROUGH MANAGEMENT OF LEGUMES II. EFFECT OF GREEN MANURE LEGUMES AND N FERTILIZER ON WHEAT YIELD

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of 6 green manure legumes viz., mungbean (Vigna radiata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), soybean (Glycine max), sesbania (Sesbania rostrata), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and N fertilizer on wheat yield in rice-wheat system for three years (2001/02-2003/04) at Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. The grain, straw and N yields of wheat were significantly greater in the green manure legumes than in the fallow-based rice-wheat rotation during all the three years. The average improvement gained from the green manure legumes relative to fallow-based cropping, was 18.1% for grain yield, 18.4% for straw yield and 59.7% for total N uptake in grain and straw of wheat crop. The greatest gain of 27.5% in grain yield, 24.5% in straw yield and 82.8% in N uptake of wheat occurred due to green manuring of sesbania. The effects of N fertilizer on grain, straw and N yields of wheat were also significant during all the three years. The average increase by N fertilizer was 18.2% in grain, 19.2% in straw and 46.8% in N yields of wheat crop compared with no N fertilizer treatment. Our results thus suggest that involvement of green manure legumes in rice-wheat system is highly beneficial for sustainable crop production and must be made an integral part of the cropping system.
Déformation et rupture dans les roches tendres et les sols indurés : comportement homogène et localisation

La localisation des deformations sous forme de bandes de cisaillement dans des roches tendres et des sols indures est etudiee par une approche experimentale et theorique : L'etude experimentale porte sur trois materiaux de caracteristiques differentes : un gres des Vosges, une siltite du Gard et une marne tendre de Beaucaire. On decrit d'abord la mise en operation d'une cellule triaxiale a haute pression et le developpement d'une instrumentation de mesure des deformations. On presente ensuite une campagne d'essai sur un gres des Vosges jusqu'a des confinements de 60 MPa. L'etude concerne le comportement homogene de la roche sur des chemins de compression, extension et isotropes, la detection de la localisation, la caracterisation des structures localisees par une observation macroscopique, des mesures tomodensitometriques et une analyse microstructurale quantitative. Sur une siltite du Gard, plus raide que le gres, une etude de l'evolution de la fracturation de l'initiation jusqu'a la ruine de l'eprouvette est menee en utilisant la stereophotogrammetrie de faux relief. Pour la marne de Beaucaire, le comportement normalement consolide est explore en realisant des mesures de permeabilite au cours de la deformation, en regime isotrope ou deviatoire. L'etude theorique presente la nouvelle loi CloE Roche developpee specifiquement pour les roches tendres a partir du modele de lois incrementales non-lineaires hypoplastiques CloE. Elle prend en compte une dependance du comportement en volume vis-a-vis de la contrainte moyenne. L'identification de la loi est realisee sur le gres des Vosges. Une analyse parametrique d'un critere explicite de bifurcation en mode localise prevoyant le moment d'apparition et l'inclinaison des bandes de cisaillement est realisee pour obtenir un calage des resultats theoriques de bifurcation sur les experiences. Cette demarche illustre l'esprit de la loi, qui considere les observations de localisation comme un element de calage de ses parametres.
The paleoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) stage boundary extinctions at Black Mesa, Arizona

The Cenomanian-Turonian (C-T) Stage boundary marks the second-largest Cretaceous extinction event and is one of the possibly extraterrestrially forced 26-Ma cyclic extinction events recognized by Raup and Sepkoski (1982). The C-T event occurred near the peak of a major eustatic sea-level rise characterized by warn equable climates and expanding shelf ecospace; however, no convincing physical or chemical evidence has been found to suggest a large body impact. Although an extraterrestrial influence cannot be ruled out, the extinctions as seen in Arizona can be adequately explained by oceanographic and climatic changes associated with the global development of extensive epicontinental seas. Detailed analysis of the macrofauna, lithology, and carbonate and organic-carbon geochemistry through five stratigraphic sections spanning the C-T boundary in the Black Mesa Basin, Arizona, has led to the following discoveries: 1) three shortranging biostratigraphic zones constitute the study interval, each having unique faunal components and relative abundances that define biofacies; 2) some of these biozones and biofacies are bounded by silty zones that appear to reflect periods of rapid relative sea-level rise or increased current activity relative to sediment influx, or both; and 3) the C-T boundary is not reflected by a change in grain size, but does display distinct stable-isotope, carbonate, and organic-carbon fluctuations. These data suggest that soft substrate conditions, dysaerobic to aerobic fluctuations at the sedimentlwater interface, and possibly reduced salinity led to biotic deterioration and a restructuring of the benthic ecosystem preceding the C-T boundary in the Black Mesa Basin.
Object-based urban land cover classification using rule inheritance over very high-resolution multisensor and multitemporal data

Very high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing data facilitate mapping highly complex and diverse urban environments. This study analyzed and demonstrated the usefulness of combined high-resolution aerial digital images and elevation data, and its processing using object-based image analysis for mapping urban land covers and quantifying buildings. It is observed that mapping heterogeneous features across large urban areas is time consuming and challenging. This study presents and demonstrates an approach for formulating an optimal land cover classification rule set over small representative training urban area image, and its subsequent transfer to the multisensor, multitemporal images. The classification results over the training area showed an overall accuracy of 96%, and the application of rule set to different sensor images of other test areas resulted in reduced accuracies of 91% for the same sensor, 90% and 86% for the different sensors temporal data. The comparison of reference and classified buildings showed ±4% detection errors. Classification through a transferred rule set reduced the classification accuracy by about 5%–10%. However, the trade-off for this accuracy drop was about a 75% reduction in processing time for performing classification in the training area. The factors influencing the classification accuracies were mainly the shadow and temporal changes in the class characteristics.
Empirical mode decomposition based smoothing in the flattened domain

Due to different reasons, the seismic reflections are not continuous even when no faults or discontinuities exist. We propose a novel approach for enhancing the amplitude of seismic reflections and make seismic reflections continuous. We use plane wave flattening to provide highly horizontal events for the following empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based smoothing in the flattened domain. An inverse plane wave flattening can be used to obtain original curved events. The plane wave flattening process requires a precise local slope estimation, which was provided by the plane-wave destruction (PWD) algorithm. The EMD based smoothing filter is a non-parametric and adaptive filter, thus can be conveniently used. Both pre-stack and post-stack field data examples show tremendous improvement for the data quality, which is especially interpretation friendly.
Looking through Providers' Eyes: Pain in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Objective Evaluate the pain of critically ill newborns is a challenge because of the devices for cardiorespiratory support. This study aim to verify the adults' gaze when assessing the critically ill neonates' pain at bedside. Study Design Cross-sectional study in which pediatricians, nursing technicians, and parents evaluated critically ill neonates' pain at bedside, for 20 seconds with eye-tracking glasses. At the end, they answered whether the neonate was in pain or not. Visual tracking outcomes: number and time of visual fixations in four areas of interest (AOI) (face, trunk, and upper [UL] and lower [LL] limbs) were compared between groups and according to pain perception (present/absent). Results A total of 62 adults (21 pediatricians, 23 nursing technicians, 18 parents) evaluated 27 neonates (gestational age: 31.8 ± 4.4 weeks; birth weight: 1,645 ± 1,234 g). More adults fixed their gaze on the face (96.8%) and trunk (96.8%), followed by UL (74.2%) and LL (66.1%). Parents performed a greater number of fixations on the trunk than nursing technicians (11.0 vs. 5.5 vs. 6.0; p = 0.023). Controlled for visual tracking variables, each second of eye fixation in AOI (1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.42; p = 0.018) and UL (1.07; 95% CI: 1.03–1.10; p < 0.001) increased the chance of perceiving the presence of pain. Conclusion Adults, when assessing at bedside critically ill newborns' pain, fixed their eyes mainly on the face and trunk. The time spent looking at the UL was associated with the perception of pain presence. Key Points Pain assessment in critically ill newborns is a challenge. To assess critically ill neonates' pain, adults mainly look at the face and trunk. Looking at the upper limbs also helps in assessing critically ill neonates' pain.
Improvements in quality of life over 2 years with cladribine tablets in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis: The CLARIFY-MS study

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) negatively affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Objective: To evaluate HRQoL in people with highly active relapsing MS treated with cladribine tablets (CladT; 3.5 mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) in CLARIFY-MS. Methods: Changes in the MS quality of life (MSQoL)-54 scores were analysed using a repeated mixed-effects linear model. Subgroup analyses were performed for participants who were pretreatment-naïve and those pretreated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) before initiating CladT. Safety and tolerability of CladT were also assessed. Results: MSQoL-54 physical (mean change = 4.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.18, 6.53) and mental health (4.80; 95% CI = 3.13, 6.46) composite scores (primary endpoints) showed significant improvement at Month 24 versus Baseline (p < 0.0001). Changes in the MSQoL-54 scores were consistent across the pretreatment-naïve and DMT-pretreated subgroups. No new severe or opportunistic infections occurred. Most post-baseline lymphopenia events were Grade 1–2 in severity. Transient Grade-3 lymphopenia was observed in 19.7% (95/482) of participants. Grade-4 lymphopenia was not observed. Conclusions: CladT treatment significantly improved the mean MSQoL-54 physical and mental health composite scores over 2 years. CladT efficacy in HRQoL, relapse rates and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores demonstrates its multidimensional effects in MS treatment.
Motor Processing in Children With Cochlear Implants as Assessed by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Auditory-motor and visual-motor networks are often coupled in daily activities, such as when listening to music and dancing; but these networks are known to be highly malleable as a function of sensory input. Thus, congenital deafness may modify neural activities within the connections between the motor, auditory, and visual cortices. Here, we investigated whether the cortical responses of children with cochlear implants (CI) to a simple and repetitive motor task would differ from that of children with typical hearing (TH) and we sought to understand whether this response related to their language development. Participants were 75 school-aged children, including 50 with CI (with varying language abilities) and 25 controls with TH. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record cortical responses over the whole brain, as children squeezed the back triggers of a joystick that vibrated or not with the squeeze. Motor cortex activity was reflected by an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (HbO) and a decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (HbR) in all children, irrespective of their hearing status. Unexpectedly, the visual cortex (supposedly an irrelevant region) was deactivated in this task, particularly for children with CI who had good language skills when compared to those with CI who had language delays. Presence or absence of vibrotactile feedback made no difference in cortical activation. These findings support the potential of fNIRS to examine cognitive functions related to language in children with CI.
Inverted U-shaped association between bacillary dysentery and temperature: A new finding using a novel two-stage strategy in multi-region studies

Background Bacillary dysentery (BD) has brought a significant public health concern in China. Temperature is one of the main factors affecting BD incidence. Due to the largely different temperature ranges between regions, the classic multi-region time series studies could only explore the relative temperature-BD association and showed that BD incidence is positively associated with relative temperature (i.e., temperature percentile), which does not conform to the laboratory knowledge that both high and low temperature interfere with the survival of bacteria. The association on relative temperature scale also limits the intuition of epidemiological meanings. Methods A novel two-stage strategy was proposed to investigate the association between monthly temperature and BD incidence on the original temperature scale in 31 provinces, China. In the first stage, truncated polynomial splines, as the substitute of the common natural splines or B-splines in generalized additive models, were used to characterize the temperature-BD association on the original temperature scale in each province. In the second stage, a multivariate meta-analysis compatible with missing values was used to pool the associations. The classic strategy based on relative temperature was used as a reference. Results The average temperature-BD association presented a U-inverted shape, but not a monotonically increasing shape obtained using the classic strategy. This inverted U-shaped association conforms more to the laboratory knowledge and the original-scale association also provided an intuitive perspective and an easily explanatory result. Another advantage is that the novel strategy can extrapolate the province-specific association outside the observed temperature ranges by utilizing information from other provinces, which is meaningful considering the frequent incidences of extreme temperatures. Conclusions The association between temperature and BD incidence presented a U-inverted shape. The proposed strategy can efficiently characterize the association between exposure and outcome on original scale in a multi-region study with largely different exposure ranges.
The impact of sleep apnea on primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis

Introduction As the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) increases nationwide, large sample sized studies following primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in SA patients are scarce. Therefore, this study evaluated whether SA is associated with 1) longer in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS) 2) readmissions 3) medical complications and 4) costs. Methods A retrospective nationwide Medicare analysis from 2005 to 2014 was performed. Inclusion criteria were patients with SA undergoing RSA for the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Study group patients were 1:5 ratio matched to controls yielding 6241 patients in the study and 31,179 in the comparison cohort. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds-ratios (OR) for readmissions and complications. A p-value less than 0.004 was significant. Results SA patients had significantly longer in-hospital LOS compared to their counterparts (3-days versus 2-days, p < 0.0001), but similar rates of 90-day readmissions (7.98% vs. 6.54%; OR: 1.00, p = 0.907). Patients with SA had significantly greater incidence and odds of 90-day medical complications (13.36% vs. 7.29%; OR: 1.42, p < 0.0001) and significantly higher 90-day costs ($16,529.16 vs. $14,789.15, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Patients with SA undergoing primary RSA for the treatment of glenohumeral OA have longer in-hospital LOS, increased medical complications, and costs of care. Readmissions were not more common. Level of Evidence III
Iron fertilization of the Austral ocean: the Hamburg model assessment

We have investigated the effect of an enhanced biological productivity, caused by an artificial iron fertilization, in the southern ocean with a three-dimensional carbon cycle model, which is based on an ocean circulation obtained by an ocean general circulation model. The increase of the biological production did not result in a substantial increase of CO2 uptake by the ocean, as it has been proposed by Martin et al. (1990). We have found that—assuming that the basic structure of the particulate downward flux does not change when higher production occurs—the ocean circulation provides a higher return flux of remineralized products that compensates two thirds of the effect of the higher export production on the atmospheric pCO2. This finding is only slightly modified when assuming a much deeper penetration of particle flux due to the fertilization. Owing to the nonlinearity of the buffer factor the absolute value of CO2 reduction in the atmosphere is higher at high levels of pCO2. In view of the logarithmic dependency of the radiative forcing on CO2, the fertilization is more efficient at low CO2 levels. With our carbon cycle model we have, in essence, confirmed earlier three-dimensional model studies with a simplified geochemical cycling of the Princeton group (Sarmiento and Orr, 1991).
Individual meropenem epithelial lining fluid and plasma PK/PD target attainment

ABSTRACT It is unclear whether plasma is a reliable surrogate for target attainment in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF). The objective of this study was to characterize meropenem target attainment in plasma and ELF using prospective samples. The first 24-hour T>MIC was evaluated vs 1xMIC and 4xMIC targets at the patient (i.e., fixed MIC of 2 mg/L) and population [i.e., cumulative fraction of response (CFR) according to EUCAST MIC distributions] levels for both plasma and ELF. Among 65 patients receiving ≥24 hours of treatment, 40% of patients failed to achieve >50% T>4xMIC in plasma and ELF, and 30% of patients who achieved >50% T>4xMIC in plasma had <50% T>4xMIC in ELF. At 1xMIC and 4xMIC targets, 3% and 25% of patients with >95% T>MIC in plasma had <50% T>MIC in ELF, respectively. Those with a CRCL >115 mL/min were less likely to achieve >50%T>4xMIC in ELF (P < 0.025). In the population, CFR for Escherichia coli at 1xMIC and 4xMIC was >97%. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CFR was ≥90% in plasma and ranged 80%–85% in ELF at 1xMIC when a loading dose was applied. CFR was reduced in plasma (range: 75%–81%) and ELF (range: 44%–60%) in the absence of a loading dose at 1xMIC. At 4xMIC, CFR for P. aeruginosa was 60%–86% with a loading dose and 18%–62% without a loading dose. We found that plasma overestimated ELF target attainment inup to 30% of meropenem-treated patients, CRCL >115 mL/min decreased target attainment in ELF, and loading doses increased CFR in the population.