Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The agricultural land tenancy contract from the Islamic perspective and its practice among farmers: A study in Selangor, Malaysia

In agricultural activities, there are times when farmers have to lease their land to increase the space area for the agricultural activities and sometimes, it is due to them not owning their own land. Land leasing is done by getting cash or by dividing the agricultural product between the land owner and the farmer at 1/2 or 1/4 profit sharing, depending on the agreement between the two parties. Payment for leasing land by the farmer is done via ijarah contract, whereas land leasing using the agricultural product as payment is done through the muzara‘ah contract (sharecropping). Islamic scholars are unanimous in accepting the practice of land leasing through monetary means; nevertheless, they are mostly not in agreement in the case of land leasing through agricultural produce. Abu Yusuf and those who accepted the leasing of land by paying with agricultural produce are of the opinion that the muzara‘ah contract (sharecropping) can be likened to the mudarabah contract carried out in the business. Whereas Abu Hanifah and those who rejected the muzara‘ah contract felt that it contains elements of gharar . The gharar element existed because the agricultural produce used as payment for land lease does not exist yet when the contract is carried out. Islamic scholars are also not unanimous in determining whether it is the land owner or the farmer who must pay tithe for the produce gained from the leased land. A study was done in Selangor to see the land leasing practice among paddy or rice farmers. Four hundred and three (403) tithe payers were chosen as respondents in this study. The results showed that majority of the paddy farmers lease land using monetary payments compared to paying with their produce. The payment for land lease is done either prior to planting the crops, after harvesting or annually. The study found that the majority of respondents are of the opinion that the responsibility to pay the tithe is the land owner.
Fiscal policy, economic conditions, and terms in office: Simulating presidential election outcomes

This paper reports on a set of simulations of a fiscal model of American presidential elections previously developed by the authors in which, independently of economic conditions, fiscal expansion and consecutive terms in office combine to reduce the percent of the two-party vote going to the incumbents, thus contributing to their defeat. The model adequately fits the data on all thirty elections held since 1880. The purpose of the simulations is to explore important attributes of the model not readily apparent in the historical data. The model views voters as averse but incumbents as favorably inclined to fiscal expansion. Theoretically, the confluence of these contrary currents should give rise to a fiscal-electoral cycle. To see if this is the case, 1,000 elections are simulated. Two feedback loops are observed, the joint operation of which results in the expected fiscalelectoral cycle. The cycle places a natural limit on the number of consecutive terms a party will remain in control of the White House. These findings suggest crucial behavioral differences between democracies and dictatorships. Paper prepared for delivery at the 44 annual meeting of the International Society for Systems Sciences Toronto, Canada July 20-22, 2000
Three research-based approaches to the design of physics activities

A variety of activities are commonly used in college physics courses including lab, tutorials, and studio curricula. Instructors must choose among using research-based activities, designing their own activities or modifying existing activities. Instructors' choices depend on their own goals and the goals of activities from which they are choosing. To assist them in developing or modifying activities for their situation, we examine research-based activities to determine their goals and the features of the activities associated with these goals. Since most activities ask students to perform tasks to assist them in learning, sixty-six activities from eleven different research-based curricula were coded for student actions. The coding scheme containing forty-nine codes in ten categories was developed from a subset of activities, interviews with some of the activity designers, and recommendations from the American Association of Physics Teachers 2014 lab report. The results were examined using k-means cluster analysis revealing three design clusters. We label these clusters Thinking like a Scientists, Learning Concepts, Building Models. These three clusters reflect diverse design goals. In the Thinking like a Scientist cluster, activities emphasize design of experiments by students, discussion, error analysis, reasonableness checking, supporting claims, and making assumptions or simplifications. The Learning Concepts cluster focuses on prediction of results and experimental observations. The Building Models cluster emphasizes discussion and answering physics or math questions that do not use collected data. This work connects common features appearing in physics activities with the goals and strategies of the designers. In this way it may provide instructors with a more straightforward way to creat activities which achieve their desired outcomes.
Root Initiation in Apple Shoots Cultured in Vitro With Auxins and Phenolic Compounds

SummaryTwo phloridzin breakdown products, phloroglucinol and phloretic acid, more than doubled the proportion of M.7 apple rootstock shoots which rooted when cultured in vitro with auxins. Caffeic acid, catechol and pyrogallol did not significantly increase rooting.
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO 1,2-DIMETHYL-3-ARYLSULFONYL- 4,5-DIHYDROIMIDAZOLIUM IODIDES

ABSTRACT Benzenesulfonamide derivatives 6–11 were prepared from the reactions of arylsulfonylimidazolium iodides 1–5 with malononitrile or nitromethane anions in high yield. The addition product 11 reacted further with tryptamine to produce 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1-methyl-1-nitromethyl-1H-pyrido[3,4]indole (12) in excellent yield through Pictet–Spengler type reaction.
On SkipGram Word Embedding Models with Negative Sampling: Unified Framework and Impact of Noise Distributions

SkipGram word embedding models with negative sampling, or SGN in short, is an elegant family of word embedding models. In this paper, we formulate a framework for word embedding, referred to as Word-Context Classification (WCC), that generalizes SGN to a wide family of models. The framework, utilizing some "noise examples", is justified through a theoretical analysis. The impact of noise distribution on the learning of the WCC embedding models is studied experimentally, suggesting that the best noise distribution is in fact the data distribution, in terms of both the embedding performance and the speed of convergence during training. Along our way, we discover several novel embedding models that outperform the existing WCC models.
Phenotypic and Genetic Variation

A B S T R A C T Haetmzophiltus influetnzae type b (H.i.b) has been investigated with respect to phenotypic and genetic variations resulting in differential stuseeptibility to bactericidal antibody. Previous studies had shown that after growth in infected rats or in dialysate of rat serum, H.i. b strain Eag became more resistant to the bactericidal activity of antisomiiatic antibodly. We now report that a similar phenotypic shift occurs when strain Eag is incubated with dialysate ofhuman serum, that the increased resistance is to antibodies against determinants in the lipopolysaccharide not for the somatic antigens generally, and that most strains of H.i. b undergo the shift. To assess genetic differences in exposed antigens, a panel of 13 H.i. b isolates from cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed with cross-adsorbed antisera. Seven different patterns were found that could be accounted for through the variable expression of six antigens. These ranged from infrequent (found on 1:13 strains) to common (10:13 strains). At least four were somatic rather than capsular determinants; the most common (antigen 1) was contained in lipopolysaccharide. The epidemiologic relevance of the genetic variations was explored using pairs of isolates from two children who had had two documented infections with H.i. b. In both cases the isolates varied in somiatic antigen expression. The strains from one patient differed in the expression of antigen 1. The isolates from the other were indistinguishable in sub-typing for the six classified antigens, but differed in the expression of an additional antigen identified by use of the patient's serum.
Magnetic fields in star-forming systems – II: Examining dust polarization, the Zeeman effect, and the Faraday rotation measure as magnetic field tracers

The degree to which the formation and evolution of clouds and filaments in the interstellar medium is regulated by magnetic fields remains an open question. Yet the fundamental properties of the fields (strength and 3D morphology) are not readily observable. We investigate the potential for recovering magnetic field information from dust polarization, the Zeeman effect, and the Faraday rotation measure ($RM$) in a SILCC-Zoom magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) filament simulation. The object is analyzed at the onset of star formation, and it is characterized by a line-mass of about M/L $\sim 63\ M_{\odot}\ pc^{-1}$ out to a radius of $1\,$pc and a kinked 3D magnetic field morphology. We generate synthetic observations via POLARIS radiative transfer (RT) post-processing, and compare with an analytical model of helical or kinked field morphology to help interpreting the inferred observational signatures. We show that the tracer signals originate close to the filament spine. We find regions along the filament where the angular-dependency with the line-of-sight (LOS) is the dominant factor and dust polarization may trace the underlying kinked magnetic field morphology. We also find that reversals in the recovered magnetic field direction are not unambiguously associated to any particular morphology. Other physical parameters, such as density or temperature, are relevant and sometimes dominant compared to the magnetic field structure in modulating the observed signal. We demonstrate that the Zeeman effect and the $RM$ recover the line-of-sight magnetic field strength to within a factor 2.1 - 3.4. We conclude that the magnetic field morphology may not be unambiguously determined in low-mass systems by observations of dust polarization, Zeeman effect, or $RM$, whereas the field strengths can be reliably recovered.
Real-World Snapshots vs. Theory: Questioning the t-Probing Security Model

Due to its sound theoretical basis and practical efficiency, masking has become the most prominent countermeasure to protect cryptographic implementations against physical side-channel attacks (SCAs). The core idea of masking is to randomly split every sensitive intermediate variable during computation into at least t+1 shares, where t denotes the maximum number of shares that are allowed to be observed by an adversary without learning any sensitive information. In other words, it is assumed that the adversary is bounded either by the possessed number of probes (e.g., microprobe needles) or by the order of statistical analyses while conducting higher-order SCA attacks (e.g., differential power analysis). Such bounded models are employed to prove the SCA security of the corresponding implementations. Consequently, it is believed that given a sufficiently large number of shares, the vast majority of known SCA attacks are mitigated.In this work, we present a novel laser-assisted SCA technique, called Laser Logic State Imaging (LLSI), which offers an unlimited number of contactless probes, and therefore, violates the probing security model assumption. This technique enables us to take snapshots of hardware implementations, i.e., extract the logical state of all registers at any arbitrary clock cycle with a single measurement. To validate this, we mount our attack on masked AES hardware implementations and practically demonstrate the extraction of the full-length key in two different scenarios. First, we assume that the location of the registers (key and/or state) is known, and hence, their content can be directly read by a single snapshot. Second, we consider an implementation with unknown register locations, where we make use of multiple snapshots and a SAT solver to reveal the secrets.
Silicon Dating

In order to service an ever-growing base of legacy electronics, both government and industry customers must turn to third-party brokers for components in short supply or discontinued by the original manufacturer. Sourcing equipment from a third party creates an opportunity for unscrupulous gray market suppliers to insert counterfeit devices: failed, knock-off, or otherwise inferior to the original product. This increases the supplier's profits at the expense of reduced performance/reliability of the customer's system. The most challenging class of counterfeit devices to detect is recycled counterfeits: recovered genuine devices which are re-sold as new. Such devices are difficult to detect because they typically pass performance and parametric tests but fail prematurely due to age-related wear. To address the challenge of detecting recycled devices pre-deployment, we develop Silicon Dating: a low-overhead classifier for detecting recycled integrated circuits using Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) power-on states. Silicon Dating targets devices with no known-new record or purpose-built anti-recycling hardware. We observe that over time, software running on a device imprints its unique data patterns into SRAM through analog-domain changes; we measure the level and direction of this change through SRAM power-on state statistics. In contrast to highly symmetric power-on states produced by variation during SRAM fabrication, we show that embedded software data is generally highly asymmetric and that the degree of power-on state asymmetry imprinted by software reveals device use. Using empirical results from embedded benchmarks running on several microcontrollers, we show that Silicon Dating identifies recycled devices with 84.1% accuracy with no software-specific knowledge and with 92.0% accuracy by incorporating software knowledge---without prior device enrollment or modification.
Evidence of the four-quark nature of 
f0(980)
 and 
f0(500)

There exists a great deal of concrete evidence in favor of the exotic four-quark nature of light scalars. At the same time, the further expansion of the area of the ${q}^{2}{\overline{q}}^{2}$ model validity for light scalars on ever new processes seems extremely interesting and important. We analyze the BESIII data on the decay $J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ and show that the results of this high-statistics experiment can be interpreted in favor of the four-quark nature of light scalar mesons ${f}_{0}(980)$ and ${f}_{0}(500)$.
Limit key polynomials are $p$-polynomials

The main goal of this paper is to characterize limit key polynomials for a valuation $\nu$ on $K[x]$. We consider the set $\Psi_\alpha$ of key polynomials for $\nu$ of degree $\alpha$. We set $p$ be the exponent characteristic of $\nu$. Our first main result (Theorem \ref{maintheorem}) is that if $Q_\alpha$ is a limit key polynomial for $\Psi_\alpha$, then the degree of $Q_\alpha$ is $p^r\alpha$ for some $r\in\N$. Moreover, in Theorem \ref{them2}, we show that there exist $Q\in\Psi_\alpha$ and $Q_\alpha$ a limit key polynomial for $\Psi_\alpha$, such that the $Q$-expansion of $Q_\alpha$ only has terms which are powers of $p$.
Minimal universality criterion sets on the representations of quadratic forms

For a set $S$ of (positive definite and integral) quadratic forms with bounded rank, a quadratic form $f$ is called $S$-universal if it represents all quadratic forms in $S$. A subset $S_0$ of $S$ is called an $S$-universality criterion set if any $S_0$-universal quadratic form is $S$-universal. We say $S_0$ is minimal if there does not exist a proper subset of $S_0$ that is an $S$-universality criterion set. In this article, we study various properties of minimal universality criterion sets. In particular, we show that for `most' binary quadratic forms $f$, minimal $S$-universality criterion sets are unique in the case when $S$ is the set of all subforms of the binary form $f$.
Predicting the effects of habitat loss on corsac fox occupancy in Mongolia

Landscape change affects the distribution of wildlife and represents a conservation concern, especially in Asia, which is experiencing rapid development. We examined the impacts of landscape change on corsac foxes in Mongolia. We addressed 2 questions: 1) how do common features of a landscape, such as habitats, topography, and human structures, shape the distribution of the species? and 2) how will the loss of those features affect distribution? We developed an occupancy model based on locations (n = 2,437) collected in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, then estimated the marginal loss in average occupancy across the landscape when features were removed. The model with the most support indicated that occupancy was best described by the additive combination of open plain, tall grassland, and shrubland habitats. Average occupancy across the reserve was 22% under current conditions. Simulations involving the removal of each habitat resulted in a marginal loss of 12%, 35%, and 49% in average occupancy, respectively. The loss of all 3 habitats, as expected under climate change projections, will probably make the landscape unsuitable. The results provide the first model of corsac fox occupancy, which can be used to examine distribution and impacts of change in other parts of the species' range. They also suggest that managers should plan conservation activities to allow corsac fox distribution to shift northward as the region becomes warmer and drier and vegetation communities change.
Multiwavelength and Neutrino Emission from Blazar PKS 1502 + 106

In 2019 July, the IceCube experiment detected a high-energy neutrino from the direction of the powerful blazar PKS 1502+106. We perform multiwavelength and multimessenger modeling of this source, using a fully selfconsistent one-zone model that includes the contribution of external radiation fields typical of flat-spectrum radio quasars. We identify three different activity states of the blazar: one quiescent state and two flaring states with hard and soft gamma-ray spectra. We find two hadronic models that can describe the multiwavelength emission during all three states: a leptohadronic model with a contribution from photohadronic processes to X-rays and gamma-rays, and a proton synchrotron model, where the emission from keV to 10 GeV comes from proton synchrotron radiation. Both models predict a substantial neutrino flux that is correlated with the gamma-ray and soft X-ray fluxes. Our results are compatible with the detection of a neutrino during the quiescent state, based on event rate statistics. We conclude that the soft X-ray spectra observed during bright flares strongly suggest a hadronic contribution, which can be interpreted as additional evidence for cosmic-ray acceleration in the source independently of neutrino observations. We find that more arguments can be made in favor of the leptohadronic model vis-a-vis the proton synchrotron scenario, such as a lower energetic demand during the quiescent state. However, the same leptohadronic model would be disfavored for flaring states of PKS 1502+106 if no IceCube events were found from the direction of the source before 2010, which would require an archival search.
Effects of fish meal substitution with poultry by-product meal on growth performance, nutrients utilization and blood contents of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (30.22 ± 0.02% CP and 19.007 ± 0.015 MJ kg-1 diet) were formulated to represent four dietary treatments. The first treatment (control) without poultry by-product (PM0), while the second, third and fourth diets formulated with substitution of fish meal by poultry by-product meal as 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Each diet was fed to 100 juvenile tilapia (1.5 ± 0.05 g), in triplicate cement ponds of 2 m3. Fish were fed diets at a rate of 3% of its biomass daily divided into two equal portions. The highest (P<0.05) growth performance parameters (finial weight, weight gain, daily gain and specific growth rate) and best nutrient utilization (feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization) were recorded with PBM0 and PBM100% groups. The applied treatments showed insignificant effects on nutrients digestibility coefficient among dietary groups for Dry matter, Energy, CP, Fat and nitrogen free extract. No significant effects on dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash contents were recorded between dietary treatments. Juvenile tilapia fed the experimental diets showed insignificant different in blood contents (P<0.05) between groups. The present study recommended substitution of 100% fish meal with poultry by-product meal in juvenile Nile tilapia diets.
Cooperative Formation of Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Flow: Beyond Platooning

Cooperative formation and control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) promise increased efficiency and safety on public roads. In single-lane mixed traffic consisting of AVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs), the prevailing platooning of multiple AVs is not the only choice for cooperative formation. In this paper, we investigate how different formations of AVs impact traffic performance from a set-function optimization perspective. We first reveal a stability invariance property and a diminishing improvement property of noncooperative formation when AVs adopt an independently designed Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) strategy. Then, we focus on the case of cooperative formation where AVs utilize a centralized optimal controller. We further investigate the corresponding optimal formation of multiple AVs using set-function optimization. Two predominant optimal formations, i.e., uniform distribution and platoon formation, emerge from extensive numerical experiments. Interestingly, platooning might have the least potential to improve traffic performance when HDVs have poor string stability behavior. These results suggest more opportunities for cooperative formation of AVs, beyond platooning, in practical mixed traffic flow.
Potential etiologic of the epigenetic field defect in the diseases and in cancer

The genomic era has brought to a great advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of diseases. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) has provided a comprehensive map of genetic susceptibility to some complex diseases [1, 2]. However, only a minority of diseases are associated with single nucleotide mutations, deletions, amplifications or polymorphisms. Recently, results of GWAS studies on many cancer types have been published and forthcoming, for example pancreas, gastric, prostate, breast, colon, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia [3-8].
Measuring the Primordial Gravitational-Wave Background in the Presence of Astrophysical Foregrounds.

Primordial gravitational waves are expected to create a stochastic background encoding information about the early Universe that may not be accessible by other means. However, the primordial background is obscured by an astrophysical foreground consisting of gravitational waves from compact binaries. We demonstrate a Bayesian method for estimating the primordial background in the presence of an astrophysical foreground. Since the background and foreground signal parameters are estimated simultaneously, there is no subtraction step, and therefore we avoid astrophysical contamination of the primordial measurement, sometimes referred to as "residuals. " Additionally, since we include the non-Gaussianity of the astrophysical foreground in our model, this method represents the statistically optimal approach to the simultaneous detection of a multicomponent stochastic background.