Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soybean (Glycine max) – Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Interspecific Competition

In a 2-yr field study conducted on a Weswood silt loam soil (Fluventic Ustochrepts), interspecific competition between soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hutton′] and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik. # ABUTH) resulted in greater than 40 and 50% reductions in soybean and velvetleaf seed yield, respectively. Leaf area index, number of mainstem nodes, total number of leaves, and plant dry weight of monocultured and intercropped velvetleaf differed significantly as early as 4 weeks after emergence. Interspecific competition had litttle or no effect on soybean morphology before 8 weeks after emergence. Soil water extraction occurred to 1-m depths in a monoculture of velvetleaf (five plants/m2) in 1984 and 1985. Monocultured soybeans (32.5 plants/m2) extracted water from a 1.5-m or greater depth of the soil profile during the same years. Soil water extraction in the intercropped plots resembled that of the monocultured velvetleaf treatment until soybeans attained R6, when soil water was extracted to a 1.5-m depth. The potential for interspecific competition for water existed early in the season before late-season soybean root development. Relative water content and leaf water potential (Ψw1) did not differ (0.05) between monocultured and intercropped soybeans in 1984 or 1985. In 1985, Ψw1 differed between monocultured and intercropped velvetleaf during anthesis. Leaf water potential values in the youngest, fully expanded leaves were approximately 0.3 and 0.4 MPa lower during midmorning and midday hours, respectively, in intercropped and monocultured velvetleaf. Transpiration and stomatal conductance did not differ between monocultured and intercropped soybeans or velvetleaf at any time during 1984. Photosynthetic and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and Ψw1 were lower in intercropped than in monocultured velvetleaf during anthesis in 1985, suggesting interspecific competition for soil water. Soybean water relations were not affected in either year. The data suggest that soybean yield reductions in soybean-velvetleaf interspecific competition are attributable to resource limitations other than water in south-central Texas.
Chrysanthemum response to timing of paclobutrazol and uniconazole sprays

Spray applications of 15 or 30 mg uniconazole or 30 or 60 mg paclobutrazol/liter (20 ml/1.5-liter pot) were sprayed 0, 2, or 4 weeks after pinching of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura Bright Golden Anne' plants. Plants were shorter the earlier growth regulators were applied. Plants were more responsive to uniconazole, requiring paclobutrazol at up to four times the uniconazole concentration to achieve the same height control (.)
Genetic Variability in Myracrodruon urundeuva (Allemão) Engl. Progeny Tests

Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) is a widely spread tree species, but due to its excellent wood quality it is now part of the list of vulnerable trees for extinction. Thus, strategies for the conservation of the genetic variability of the remaining natural populations are needed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability in M. urundeuva progeny tests, from natural populations located in areas with and without human disturbance. Seeds of six natural populations of M. urundeuva were collected from two conditions, with and without anthropogenic disturbance, and nine progeny tests were installed in the Education, Research and Extension Farm, located in Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The overall height, average crown diameter (DMC) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) were assessed as phenotypic traits. Estimates of variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by REML/BLUP method (maximum restricted likelihood/best unbiased linear prediction). The results showed that natural population with human disturbance presented less genetic variability than populations originating from areas without human disturbance (CVr until 0.87). The progeny tests evaluated had high accuracy (0.91 for DBH), which ensures the viability of the ex situ genetic conservation bank and its successful use in the breeding program, i.e., in the conversion of the progeny tests into M. urundeuva seed orchards. The most suitable character for selection was the DBH.
Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

ABSTRACT It is nearly 90 years since a bumblebee species has been described for the first time from Canada or the USA that was previously unrecognised by science. We describe and illustrate Bombus(Alpinobombus) kluanensis sp. nov. and begin to map its distribution. This species was discovered through analysis of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I barcodes and had been unsuspected on the basis of morphological and colour characteristics. So far, 247 female specimens considered to belong to this species are known from the subarctic mountains associated with the Denali Fault running from the Alaska Range (Alaska, USA) to Kluane in the Saint Elias Mountains (Yukon, Canada). A checklist of all species of the subgenus Alpinobombus worldwide is provided. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:78D524DD-FFBA-4BC4-8D39-3EF4F6BDD39E
Flavonoid glycosides from Viscum album

Using combined chromatographic methods, four flavonoid glycosides, (2 S )-homoeriodictyol-7- O - β -D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-O- β -D-glucopyranoside ( 1 ), (2 S )-5-hydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavanone-4′- O - β -D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)- O - β -D-glucopyranoside ( 2 ), homoflavoyadorinin-B ( 3 ), and 3′-methoxyapiin ( 4 ) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves and twigs of Viscum album. Their structures were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra and in comparison with those reported in the literature. Keywords. Vis cum album , flavonoid glycoside.
VARIATIONS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO A SIMPLE DETERMINANT.

The complex mixture of antibody molecules formed against diverse protein antigens generally appears increasingly avid the longer the interval between immunization and bleeding. That is, the antibodies produced late in the immune response form particularly stable complexes with the corresponding antigen (1, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21). (For references to older observations of increasing avidity with time, see K. Landsteiner, The Specificity of Serological Reactions, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., rev. ed., 1945, p. 144-145.) In parallel with these changes, it has been found that the anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies isolated from serum at various intervals after immunization have increasing affinity for simple haptens. Thus, the average association constant for the reversible binding of e-2,4-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine increases about 1,000-fold between 2 and 8 weeks after antibody formation is initiated (9). Two alternatives were considered in seeking an explanation for the variations in affinity of serum antibodies (9). One possibility is that the nature of the antibodies synthesized and secreted by the lymph node cells changes with time and that this change is directly responsible for the changing properties of the serum antibodies. Alternatively, it seemed possible that the spectrum of binding
Distribution of a climate‐sensitive species at an interior range margin

Advances in understanding the factors that limit a species’ range, particularly in the context of climate change, have come disproportionately through investigations at range edges or margins. The margins of a species’ range might often correspond with anomalous microclimates that confer habitat suitability where the species would otherwise fail to persist. We addressed this hypothesis using data from an interior, climatic range margin of the American pika (Ochotona princeps), an indicator of relatively cool, mesic climates in rocky habitats of western North America. Pikas in Lava Beds National Monument, northeastern California, USA, occur at elevations much lower than predicted by latitude and longitude. We hypothesized that pika occurrence within Lava Beds would be associated primarily with features such as “ice caves” in which sub-surface ice persists outside the winter months. We used data loggers to monitor sub-surface temperatures at cave entrances and at non-cave sites, confirming that temperatures were cooler and more stable at cave entrances. We surveyed habitat characteristics and evidence of pika occupancy across a random sample of cave and non-cave sites over a 2-yr period. Pika detection probability was high (~0.97), and the combined occupancy of cave and non-cave sites varied across the 2 yr from 27% to 69%. Contrary to our hypothesis, occupancy was not higher at cave sites. Vegetation metrics were the best predictors of site use by pikas, followed by an edge effect and elevation. The importance of vegetation as a predictor of pika distribution at this interior range margin is congruent with recent studies from other portions of the species’ range. However, we caution that vegetation composition depends on microclimate, which might be the proximal driver of pika distribution. The microclimates available in non-cave crevices accessible to small animals have not been characterized adequately for lava landscapes. We advocate innovation in the acquisition and use of microclimatic data for understanding the distributions of many taxa. Appropriately scaled microclimatic data are increasingly available but rarely used in studies of range dynamics.
Broiler litter and inorganic fertilizer effects on seed yield and productivity of buckwheat and fenugreek in row intercropping

ABSTRACT We present data of a 2 years field experiment on influence of intercropping and N source on yield and yield components of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) intercrops. The experiment was conducted at the research farm, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord, Iran during 2014 and 2015. Treatments included sole cropping of fenugreek (F), sole cropping of buckwheat (B), and three intercropping ratios. Second factor was N fertilizer type: mineral chemical fertilizer (CF) or broiler litter (BL). Intercropping improved yield of fenugreek and buckwheat compared with sole cropping and BL was the more effective fertilizer especially in intercrops. Fenugreek and buckwheat in intercrops used available environmental resources for increasing pods plant−1, seeds pod−1, 1000-seed weight, and harvest index (HI) (for fenugreek) and clusters plant−1 and 1000-seed weight (for buckwheat) compared to the respective sole crops in both years. The resulting land equivalent ratios (LERs) of intercrops varied from 0.99 to 1.72 and the highest LER was observed in F:B = 2:1 treated with BL. This study shows a potential yield benefit of fenugreek–buckwheat intercropping under semiarid growing conditions when planting fenugreek and buckwheat at a ratio of 2:1, respectively, and applying BL compared with sole cropping with inorganic fertilizer application.
Compositional analysis and antioxidant profile of yellow, orange and purple Polignano carrots

AbstrActIn the Puglia region, a multicolor landrace called the yellow-purple Polignano carrot has been cultivated since 1940 by local smallholder farmers and has been added to the slow Food list of traditional products. composition analyses of these carrots were carried out including carbohy-drate assay, inorganic cations, nitrate content, and dry weight of each colour. besides, antioxi-dant activity, β-carotene, total phenols and carotenoid content on the full carrots and on the cor-tex and inner core separated tissues were determined. the same analyses were performed on a commercial carrot cultivar.On average, total glucose, fructose, and saccharose content was 22% lower in the yellow-pur-ple Polignano carrot than in the commercial one. In addition, the highest contributor to the rela-tive sweetness in the yellow-purple Polignano carrot was fructose (43.5%), which affects its well-known taste, as well as its glycemic index. As for the nutritional parameters, purple carrots showed the highest content in antioxidant activity, total phenols, carotenoids and β-carotene, mainly de-tected in the cortex.
Tree succession across a seasonally dry tropical forest and forest-savanna ecotone in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Aims: Understanding succession in tropical forest is an important aspect of vegetation science, but to date, successional processes in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) have received much less attention than evergreen humid tropical forests. We aim to fill this knowledge gap. Methods: We investigated vegetation succession in SDTF areas consisting of three different successional stages (early, intermediate, late), and a SDTF-savanna ecotone in the municipal district of Juramento, north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Using twelve 400 m(2) plots in each area, we compared vegetation parameters and structural variables (absolute density and basal area) and examined the floristic composition of the tree component to find gradients of change. Important Findings: We found evidence of species turnover along a successional gradient, with the intermediate stage showing the highest species richness and diversity. This was accompanied with a significant increase in the number of tree individuals and basal area from the early to intermediate successional stage. However, the intermediate and late SDTF successional stages were more similar in structure and floristics. The ecotone was the most species rich and was similar to the intermediate SDTF and early successional stage in species richness and floristic composition respectively. These results will have implications for guiding SDTF management and recovery programs.
Antibacterial Activity of the Glucose Oxidase/Glucose System in Liquid Whole Egg.

The effect of glucose oxidase (GOX) in different GOX/glucose combinations on four commonly occurring microorganisms in liquid whole egg was evaluated. The addition of a combination of 500 U GOX and 0.5 g glucose in 100 ml liquid whole egg killed Salmonella enteritidis , Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus inoculated at 103cells/ml after 5 days of storage at 7°C, and showed a bacteriostatic activity on Pseudomonas fluorescens . The latter possesses the strongest catalase activity of the four bacteria tested, enabling it to more rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically by the GOX/glucose system. The efficacy of the above-mentioned combination was tested on the natural contamination flora of liquid egg and compared to the effect of a simple β-d-glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) treatment (0.7 g/100 ml). The GOX/glucose combination prolonged the lag phase by 6 days. Subsequently, the bacterial flora started to develop, but growth remained retarded by 2 log units. Since GDL did not exert antibacterial activity, growth inhibition by the GOX/glucose system cannot be ascribed to a pH decrease as a result of the production of gluconic acid in the system.
In vitro clonal propagation of banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.) through axillary bud culture

In most of the tropical regions including Bangladesh, there is an urgent need to protect the existing forest cover from further deterioration and enhance reforestation. Induction of forest trees could slow the daily rate of denudation in these areas. The application of tissue culture methods offers new prospects for the rapid multiplication of many plants. In recent years, studies on in vitro propagation of woody plants have shown that these techniques may be a solution for rapid propagation of selected forest trees (Bonga & Durzan, 1987; Ahuja, 1991). However, woody plants have been found to be in general recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration. Banyan (Ficus benghalensis L.), belongs to the family Moraceae, is a woody plant with long life span and attains large dimensions. Its leafy crown sometimes attains a circumference of 1000-2000 feet. It is evergreen except in dry localities where it is leafless for a short time. The tree occurs throughout the forest tracks of India and sub-Himalayan region. The wood of banyan is durable under water and used for well curbs. Stronger and more elastic aerial roots are used for tent poles, cart yokes, carrying shafts etc. Various parts of the plants are considered medicinal (Sharma, 1997). Seeds of this plant do not germinate directly on soil until they pass through the digestive system of the bird. Generally the fruits are eaten by the birds and the seeds are excreted along with faeces and these seeds usually grow on the old walls, cracks of the building and pockets of trees. So propagation of this tree through seed germination is complicated and is beyond our control. Keeping in view these facts, an attempt was made to develop in vitro regeneration system of this giant tree.
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA : FREQUENCE DE CONTAMINATION DES AMYGDALES, FECES ET CARCASSES DE PORC DANS UN ABATTOIR BRETON

Yersinia enterocolitica contamination of pig tonsils, carcasses and feces in one French slaughterhouse Pig is considered to be the main animal reservoir of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains, which could contaminate meat during the slaughtering process. Two sampling campaigns were lead in one slaughterhouse to obtain prevalence data for Y. enterocolitica during winter on tonsils, feces and carcasses from 23 batches of 5 pigs sampled and analyzed during campaign 1 (10/2009-03/2010) and from 9 batches of 5 pigs for campaign 2 (11-12/2010). Results showed a high frequency of positive pigs with 12,3% and 13,6% of either positive tonsils or feces in campaigns 1 and 2 respectively. The inter batches prevalence was 34,8% in campaign 1 and 55,5% in campaign 2. On the 20 positive pigs found, 8 and 15 were respectively positive only on tonsils or feces, and 3 pigs only were positive both on tonsils and feces. Despite the unexpected high detection rate on feces, no carcass was found to be positive. The importance of Y. enterocolitica at slaughter level is confirmed with 12,6% (8,3 to 18,7%) of positive pigs in winter and 89% of isolated strains belonging to the pathogenic biotypes 4/O:3, 2/O:9 or 3/O:5,27.
Changes in the swimming behaviour of larval herring in response to two different prey densities

Laboratory-reared herring larvae adjusted several characteristics of their swimming behaviour to the presence of food in the experimental tank. When food density was low, as in the outer limits of a food patch in the sea, the larvae increased their turning frequency, an exploratory behaviour to locate the centre of the patch. At a higher prey concentration, such as in the centre of a food patch, the larvae crossed their previous swimming path more frequently, indicating a local search strategy aimed at foraging in the centre of the patch. The prey of actively foraging planktonic predators, such as fish larvae, is patchily distributed. The main factors governing the ability of the predators to encounter prey are the relative velocities of predator and prey, and the prey detection radius by the predator relative to the distance between prey items (Gerritsen & Strickler, 1977). The enhancement of encounter rate by turbulence through its effect on relative velocity has been widely discussed in the literature since Rothschild & Osborn's (1988) publication. However, an effective forager should be able to adjust its behaviour to optimize prey encounter by, for example, altering its position in the water column in relation to conditions of turbulence, or modifying its searching behaviour in response to spatial aggregation of prey. This latter aspect has received comparatively little attention. Different swimming modes have been described in herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae and in larvae of many other fish species. Foraging larvae swim in a more linear path between food patches and follow a more complex track when a patch of prey is located.
Effect of Pathogenic, Cultural Variability and Chemical Management of Sclerotium rolfsii

Among the ten isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii , collected from major chilli growing areas of Uttar Pradesh found that the pathogenic variability of the pre germination disease incidence was highest (21.20%) in isolate of district Fatehpur and was lowest (9.5%) in Raibarelly isolates. The cultural variability on the radial growth of fungus and sclerotial production indicated that the radial growth of fungus was maximum in the case of SR1 (83.0 mm) isolate, followed by SR9 (82.00 mm) isolate which were statistically at par with each other. The colony characters was excellent, fluffy in SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, SR8, SR9 and SR10 isolates and compact in isolates of SR5, SR6 and SR7. In vitro studies revealed that the fungicides like Taqat, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole, Tricyclazole, Copper-oxychloride and Vitavax were most effective against the pathogen. The effect of fungicides as seed treatment revealed Taqat and Hexaconazole were found most effective in seed germination (92.8 and 87.5%), respectively and minimum in disease incidence (5.3 and 7.1%), respectively.
Effect of adding mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia atropes to raw milk on mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total coliforms

Raw milk is one of the most important food for human consumption, particularly for small dairy farms who produce milk either self-consumption or to sell it to local artisanal cheese makers; due to the elevate risk of contamination by pathogenic bacteria, it is important to offer alternatives to enhance microbiological quality of raw milk. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of liquid mucilage and dried mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia atropes to the raw milk on the growth of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total coliforms. Raw milk samples from Holstein cows supplied by a smallholder was added with liquid mucilage or dried mucilage from O. ficus-indica or O. atropes at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. Samples were measured for mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total coliforms and results were analyzed by the fixed effects model and means comparisons. In general, counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and total coliforms were significant reduced (P<0.05) when both mucilages were added at 0.5%, independently of the physical form (dried or liquid) added to the raw milk. Lower counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (P<0.05) were observed when dried mucilage from O. ficus indica (log10 2.6 CFU mL-1) and O. atropes (log10 2.7 CFU mL-1) were added at 0.5%, respectively. Control raw milk with no added mucilage had log10 3.6 CFU mL-1. The best response for total coliforms was observed when dried mucilage was added at 1% from O. ficus-indica (log10 3.0 CFU mL-1) and liquid mucilage at 1% from O. atropes (log10 2.7 CFU mL1). Dried mucilage or liquid mucilage from O. ficus-indica and O. atropes reduced the microbial content of raw milk.