Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Response to Postemergence Herbicides

Abstract The invasive biotype of common reed has taken over wetlands and can spread into roadsides, turf, and ornamental sites. Additional control options are needed for managing this biotype in noncrop areas and other sites. In container trials, fosamine, glyphosate, and imazapyr all provided excellent control of common reed. Triclopyr suppressed common reed, with increasing rates improving the growth reduction. Chlorflurenol, primisulfuron, and sulfosulfuron did not suppress common reed growth. In field trials, glyphosate and imazapyr were more effective than fosamine, providing 82 and 93% control, respectively, the following April after either June or September applications. The optimum window of application for glyphosate may therefore include both summer and fall applications, wider than the commonly accepted window of only fall treatments. Fosamine provided greater suppression of common reed when applied in September (68% control) compared to June applications (43% control). Nomenclature: Chlorflurenol; fosamine; glyphosate; imazapyr; primisulfuron; sulfosulfuron; triclopyr; common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
The early development of Erysiphe pisi on Pisum sativum L.

Erysiphe pisi, the powdery mildew pathogen of Pisum sativum, followed a developmental sequence that allowed the identification of 10 distinct growth stages (GS) over 30 h following inoculation. The growth stages were ungerminated conidia (GS1), germinated conidia, having produced a germ tube (GS2), germlings where the germ tube had forked (GS3), germlings with a multi-lobed germ tube (GS4), germlings with a single hypha (GS5), germlings with two (GS6 and 7) or three (GS8 and 9) hyphae, one of which may have formed from the appressorium (GS7 and 9), and germlings with abnormally long germ tubes (GS10), which did not develop hyphae. Conidia germinated rapidly, with a quarter of conidia producing germ tubes by 2 h after inoculation (hai). Most germlings produced multi-lobed appressoria, which showed considerable variation in structure. Haustoria, although often difficult to visualize, were first seen 4 hai, and the first hyphae 14 hai, growing from the body of the conidium. Subsequent hyphae developed from both the body of the conidium and from the appressorium.
Biochemical changes during the ripening of homemade ‘San Simón da Costa’ raw milk cheese

‘San Simon da Costa’ cheese is a traditional smoked variety produced in the northwest of Spain from cow's milk. Biochemical changes were determined during its ripening. Its high calcium and phosphorus content and its low NaCl and sodium content stand out. This cheese undergoes moderate proteolysis. The most abundant free amino acid at the end of the ripening was glutamic acid, followed by tryptophan, leucine, arginine and phenylalanine. The lipolysis throughout ripening is slight; the most abundant free fatty acid being oleic, followed by palmitic and butyric acid.
Energetic cost of foraging in the ant Rhytidoponera aurata in tropical Australia

The energetic costs of foraging by the ant Rhytidoponera aurata (Roger) were investigated both in the laboratory and field. The cost of running was estimated for workers under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Ants were placed in a ring-shaped respiration chamber, connected to a through-flow respirometer, in which they could run freely while their speed and respiratory rates were monitored simultaneously. The energetic costs were measured for workers while running at different speeds, and the same individuals were then used to measure the additional costs of carrying loads. Loads consisted of pieces of platinum one to two times the body mass of the ant, glued to the ants' thoraxes. These were relatively small loads compared to their natural food items. The mean cost of locomotion was 166 mJ/mg/km, and the mean cost of load carriage was 179 mJ/mg/km. A field experiment was carried out in three biotypes in open forest in Northern Territory, Australia, where worker R. aurata forage only during daylight hours at air temperatures ranging from 31 to 36 °C. Food items were placed randomly within the territory of a nest, and the duration and distance of its transportation to the nest by a forager was recorded. There were no significant differences in the frequencies with which ants selected different sized food items in the range 15–165 mg, whereas items weighing 5 mg were selected less often. The relationship between the speed of running and size of a food item transported was linear but this differed in each of three types of ground vegetation recognized. The energy cost of load carriage was extremely small compared with the energetic benefit, e.g. the energy content in a 165 mg food item is equivalent to the cost of carrying it over a distance of 78 km taking 129 days under laboratory conditions. Thus, the main limiting factor in energetic terms for this species is not the retrieval of food items, but the foraging time required to find a food source.
Exploring the Risk Factors of Infrastructure PPP Projects for Sustainable Delivery: A Social Network Perspective

Due to the relatively long period and large capital flow of public-private partnership (PPP) projects, PPP participants are faced with a complex risk situation impeding the sustainable project delivery. In recent years, risk management of PPP projects has received increasing attention. In this paper, twenty risk factors associated with infrastructure PPP projects were identified by literature review and in-depth case studies. Relationship data for these twenty typical risk factors were obtained through structured interviews. Based on the obtained data, the risk relationship network within infrastructure PPP projects was identified, and the network structure characteristics were analyzed, including individual node attributes and the influence and cohesion of subgroups. The results indicate that key risk factor nodes can form a reaction chain via bridge nodes that can trigger a risk domino effect within PPP projects. Specifically, the key risk factors of PPP projects are divided into two categories, the first of which include risk factors that have powerful and independent influence, such as delay in government approval, government credit, and imperfect legal and regulatory systems. The second category includes risk factors that are highly vulnerable and easily influenced, such as completion risks, insufficient revenue in the market, and fee change. A key risk factor reaction chain is one in which legal change leads to a decline in government credit rating, triggering a contract risk. Twelve bridge nodes were identified that play an important intermediary role in the network, e.g., legal change, public objection, and financing risk. This paper extends the application of social network analysis in PPP projects management research and identifies the key risk factors and crucial factors influencing chain reactions in PPP projects. The results provide a more in-depth understanding of sustainable PPP project management for government agencies and private enterprises.
The mixed strategy of authoritarian labor rights repression

Abstract This study argues that institutionalized authoritarian states, those with established political parties and legislatures, tend to pursue a two-pronged strategy concerning labor rights: they severely restrict collective labor rights but moderately protect substantive labor rights at the same time. This argument leads to an expectation of a decoupling between collective labor rights protection and substantive labor rights protection in institutionalized autocracies, or a strategic bifurcation. Using a novel global panel data on labor rights, it finds that (1) institutionalized authoritarianism does not protect collective labor rights better than noninstitutionalized authoritarianisms, (2) institutionalized authoritarianism protects substantive labor rights more than noninstitutionalized authoritarianisms, and (3) better protection of collective labor rights has no impact on the protection of substantive labor rights under institutionalized authoritarianism. The findings remain largely robust to alternative estimators, measures, reduced samples, and model specifications.
Evolution of pollinator generalization in bumblebee‐pollinated plants

To understand the relationships between floral morphologies and the reproductive strategies of plants, the contributions of multiple pollinators to plant reproductive success need to be examined. To outline recent advances on this topic, we review studies of five bumblebee-pollinated plants in Japan. These plant species are pollinated by one to three bumblebee species differing in proboscis length: Bombus consobrinus, Bombus diversus and Bombus honshuensis. These pollination systems allow us to compare the reproductive strategies of plants pollinated by single and multiple bumblebee species. First, we address the effects of morphological correspondence between flowers and pollinators on the reproductive success of plants. In plants with narrow tubular flowers, Isodon umbrosus and Clematis stans, pollination effectiveness depended on the morphological correspondence between floral tube length and pollinator mouthparts. These flowers are subject to varied directions and intensities of selection by multiple bumblebee species, resulting in the maintenance of large variation in floral morphology within and between populations, and even within individuals. In contrast, pollination effectiveness in plants having flowers with a wide entrance, Melampyrum roseum and Hosta sieboldiana, did not differ among bumblebee species because of good correspondence between floral morphology and bumblebee body size, resulting in small morphological variations among flowers. Thus, generalized pollination systems with multiple pollinator species favor floral traits that enable the use of various pollinators. Second, we address the quantity and quality of the pollination service in bumblebee-pollinated plants. Isodon umbrosus, with its generalized pollination system, suffered from pollen limitation because of low pollination quality. In contrast, Isodon effusus, which has a specialized pollination system, suffered from pollen limitation because of low pollination quantity. Isodon umbrosus produced large numbers of short tubular flowers to improve pollination quantity, whereas I. effusus produced small numbers of long tubular flowers to improve pollination quality, resulting in a clear trade-off between the size and number of flowers within plants. In M. roseum, which has a generalized pollination system, three bumblebee species achieved sufficient pollination, but seed production was limited by an increased rate of self-pollination. This is because this species invests more resources in cross-pollinated seeds by selective abortion of selfed seeds. Our results demonstrate that the strategy of generalized plants is to improve pollination quantity, whereas the strategy of specialized plants is to improve pollination quality.
Registro de Gracilinanus agilis (Marsupialia, Didelphidae) parasitado por Metacuterebra apicalis (Diptera, Cuterebridae) no cerrado de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil

The first report of infection caused by maggots of the botfly Metacuterebra apicalis (Guerin-Meneville) on miceopossums Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister) is presented. The examined individuals collected in the cerrado vegetation in Brasilia, DF, Brazil, showed infections in ventral area of the body, around genital organs. Two botflies (male and female) emerged in a period of 29 to 31 days.
LA‐ICP‐MS dating of detrital zircon grains from the Cretaceous allochthonous bauxites of Languedoc (south of France): Provenance and geodynamic consequences

The Cretaceous of southern France is characterised by a long erosional hiatus, outlined with bauxite deposits, which represent the only remaining sedimentary record of a key period for geodynamic reconstructions. Detrital zircons from allochthonous karst bauxites of Languedoc (Southern France) have been dated using LA‐ICP‐MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), in order to specify the age of deposition and to constrain the provenance of the weathered material. We analysed 671 single detrital zircons grains from three karst bauxitic basins, stretching from close to the Variscan Montagne Noire to the present‐day Mediterranean Sea. Analytical results provide Variscan (300–350 Ma) and Late Proterozoic (550–700 Ma) ages as primary groups. In addition, Middle‐, Late Proterozoic and Early Archean (oldest grain at 3.55 Ga) represent significant groups. Mid‐Cretaceous zircons (118–113 Ma) provide a pooled age of 115.5 ± 3.8 Ma, which constitutes the maximum age for bauxite deposition. Results also suggest a dual source for the Languedoc bauxite: one generalised sedimentary source of regional extent and a localised source in the Variscan basement structural high, that has been progressively unroofed during Albian. Integration of these new findings with previously published thermochronological data support the presence of an Early Cretaceous marly cover on the Variscan basement, which has been weathered and then, removed during the Albian. The Languedoc bauxite provide a spatial and temporal link between the uplift of southern French Massif Central to the north, and the Pyrenean rift and its eastward extension to the south. These new results allow to constrain the timing and distribution of uplift/subsidence during the mid‐Cretaceous events in relation with the motion of the Iberian plate relative to Eurasia.
Procompsognathus: theropod, “thecodont” or both?

ABSTRACT We show that Procompsognathus triassicus, long held to be a primitive theropod, is actually a paleontological chimera composed of the postcranial skeleton of a Segisaurus-like ceratosaur and the skull of a basal crocodylomorph. We dismember the holotype of P. triassicus on convincing evidence—theropod synapomorphies in the postcranium and crocodylomorph synapomorphies in the skull and referred material. We demonstrate, furthermore, that the holotype skull and a referred skull and partial forelimb belong to the contemporary basal crocodylomorph Saltoposuchus connectens. Saltoposuchus connectens, now with a nearly complete skull, carpus, and manus, is compared in detail to other basal crocodylomorphs. Current opinion maintains that S. connectens is the sister-group to all other crocodylomorphs and that other sphenosuchians constitute a paraphyletic assemblage of sister-taxa to Crocodyliformes. This view is overturned by a quantitative cladistic analysis of 20 characters, which suggests that by the .
A Quantitative Study of Corticolous Bryophytes in the Vicinity of Winnipeg, Manitoba'

On trees in bottomland forests near Winnipeg, Manitoba domi- nated by Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and to a lesser extent Acer negundo, Leskea obscura/polycarpa was the dominant bryophyte, with Anomodon minor, Frullania inflata, and Orthotrichum pumilum sometimes also prominent. On trees in the upland Populus tremuloides-Quercus macro- carpa forests in the same area, Amblystegium juratzkanum, A. varium, Brachy- thecium salebrosum, Mnium cuspidatum, and Pylaisiella polyantha were domi- nants. The bryophytes prominent in bottomland forests are eastern boreal while the upland dominants, except Pylaisiella polyantha, which is boreal, are pan-North American. We suggest that the river valleys provide favourable ecological niches, especially regarding higher humidity levels, and allow the westward extension of predominantly eastern bryophytes while excluding by spring flooding the pan-North American species.
From hanging out to figuring it out: Socializing online as a pathway to computational thinking

Although socializing is a powerful driver of youth engagement online, platforms struggle to leverage social engagement to promote learning. We seek to understand this dynamic using a multi-stage analysis of over 14,000 comments on Scratch, an online platform designed to support learning about programming. First, we inductively develop the concept of “participatory debugging”—a practice in which users learn through the process of collaborative technical troubleshooting. Second, we use a content analysis to establish how common the practice is on Scratch. Third, we conduct a qualitative analysis of user activity over time and identify three factors that serve as social antecedents of participatory debugging: (1) sustained community, (2) identifiable problems, and (3) what we call “topic porousness” to describe conversations that are able to span multiple topics. We integrate these findings in a framework that highlights a productive tension between the desire to promote learning and the interest-driven sub-communities that drive user engagement in many new media environments.
Species Composition and Habitat Preference of Watermolds in the Nainital District of Kumaun Himalaya, India

A total of thirty two species of watermolds have been identified from the entire study area. Of these, 22 % species were restricted to water, 44 % to soil and 34 % occurred in water and soil both. The maximum number of species were found during rainy season in both the ecosystems. Pythium s pp. were dominant in terrestrial ecosystem whereas Pythium s pp. and Saprolegnia spp. were dominant in water system. There were two clusters indicative of presence of two distinct communities in both the systems.
Studies on Chilling Sensitivity of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) Embryos

Two related studies on chilling and nonfreezing storage of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos were undertaken. In the first part of the investigation, 10 developmental stages of zebrafish embryos were studied for chilling sensitivity. Early developmental stages were the most sensitive to chilling, with approximately 50% of 3-, 7-, 15-, 20-, and 27-h (heartbeat-stage) embryos being killed by exposure to 0°C for periods of 0.2, 4, 14, 16, and 20 h, respectively. Heartbeat-stage embryos tolerated a temperature of 0°C for up to 10 h without adverse effect, but embryo survival was significantly reduced at subzero temperatures. While 27- to 40-h stage embryos showed similar sensitivity to chilling with 56.9 ± 12.1 to 54.5 ± 5.5% survival, 45- to 49-h (prehatch) stage embryos showed increased sensitivity with 28.4 ± 6.3 to 11.7 ± 4.6% survival after 18 h at 0°C. In the second part of the investigation, the cryoprotective effects of various media on chilling sensitivity were studied. The presence of sucrose or trehalose slightly enhanced cooling tolerance of the embryos. Methanol proved to be an optimal cryoprotectant for nonfreezing storage of embryos at zero and subzero temperatures. The optimal methanol concentration, when supplemented with sucrose (0.1 M), was temperature dependent, being 1 M at 0°C, 2 M at - 5°C, 3 M at -10°C, and 5 M at - 15°C, with embryo survival of 30.2 ± 3.5, 28.6 ± 5.8, 27.3 ± 12.1, and 14.3 ± 4.2% after storage for 48, 24, 6, and 1 h, respectively. Survival of supercooled embryos decreased with storage time and temperature. No embryo survived exposure for 72 h at 0°C or 1 h at -20°C. The loss of embryo viability may be related to chilling injury, cryoprotectant toxicity, osmotic stress, or other factors.
Production of French final stressed syllables in Accentual Phrase by Chinese learners: A pilot study

Rhythm plays an essential role in the segmentation of speech, a fundamental process in encoding and decoding messages for speakers and listeners. This study compared productions of French stressed syllables at different rhythmic boundaries, by French native speakers (NS) and Chinese learners (CL). The study started by retrieving duration of vowels and syllables within the examined utterances, with special focus on the last stressed syllables in Accentual Phrase (AP), for which temporal and non-temporal parameters were examined. Results concerning the temporal patterns showed that both NS and CL produced final lengthening in AP final syllables. However, CL’s durations were much longer than the NS’. At the utterance level, CL with low proficiency had a wide temporal variation among segments, while high proficient CL had an isochrony tendency, similar to NS’ performance. Results concerning the non-temporal parameters showed that low proficient CL produced a pitch fall between rhythmic units, which was not the case in NS’ production. We considered this finding as a negative transfer from resetting of pitch register in Mandarin Chinese. Distribution of pauses was also analyzed, and some inappropriate pauses inserted within sense groups were found in CL. These pauses may weaken listener’s decoding process in speech.
Networking for online teacher collaboration

ABSTRACT Teacher collaboration through networking needs to be promoted due to its positive effects on the world of teaching. Teaching collaboration in virtual environments affects the professional learning of teachers in their initial and in-service training, being potentially beneficial for instructional processes. The purpose of this paper is to know ways to promote teacher collaboration through the establishment of professional networks within and between schools, involving both teachers and students themselves at all educational stages. The method used in this paper is the Systematic Review, according to the PRISMA guidelines. The research was made in Scopus and WOS databases. The systematic review gave as a result of 16 articles on how teachers professionalize their positions through the establishment of intra- and inter-institutional collaboration networks. It has been observed that Web 2.0 and ICT offer new paths to achieve effective teacher collaboration relationships. It also sets out the main challenges to be faced by teachers and institutions themselves to effectively strengthen networks for school improvement. As a conclusion, the establishment of a collaborative networking culture requires the setting-up of virtual environments.
Studies on durability of sustainable biobased composites: a review

Global concerns over environmental issues have led to a tremendous growth in sustainable materials emerging from biobased plastics and their composites (biocomposites). This class of materials can be an alternative to traditional composite materials to reduce the carbon footprint and strain on the environment. Many studies and reviews have been focused on enhancing the mechanical performance of biocomposites with the aim for them to compete with traditional composites and expand their applications. However, the current scientific knowledge relating to the long-term durability performance of biocomposites is very limited in open access literature. Studies of the effects of different aging mechanisms when subjected to different service conditions and environments on the biocomposites' behaviours are needed. This review provides a focused discussion on the overview of the long-term durability performance and degradation behaviour under various aging environments (thermo-oxidative aging, accelerated weathering (ultraviolet aging), hydrolytic degradation, fatigue and creep, etc.) of the commercially important biobased-composites for the first time. Future perspectives and methods to improve the durability performance of biocomposites are also discussed in this review.