Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Ornithischian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Kuwajima Formation of Japan

ABSTRACT A new ornithischian dinosaur, Albalophosaurus yamaguchiorum gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of a partial skull and lower jaw recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Kuwajima Formation (Tetori Group) of central Japan. The specimen exhibits a unique suite of characters in the dentition, maxilla, and dentary. A phylogenetic analysis recovers Albalophosaurus as a basal member of Ceratopsia: however, this placement is weakly supported and no unambiguous ceratopsian synapomorphies can be identified in the material. This new taxon should, therefore, be regarded as Cerapoda incertae sedis until further material is discovered. Nevertheless, Albalophosaurus offers additional information on the diversity of east Asian dinosaur faunas during the Early Cretaceous and represents only the third valid dinosaur taxon to be described from Japan.
Cold water intrusion in the eastern gulf of Alaska in 2002

Abstract A patch of anomalously cold and fresh oceanic water appeared off the west coast of North America during the summer of 2002. The coldest anomaly resided 100 to 150 m below the surface, and was the coldest anomaly ever measured in summer. The motion of this water mass is tracked through the Gulf of Alaska in early 2002 and into the following year. It may have formed near the centre of the Alaskan Gyre during previous winters and advected eastward onto the continental margin. Examination of summer temperature anomalies at this range of depths in the south‐east Gulf of Alaska over the previous 35 years shows that the anomalies responded to interannual wind anomalies attributed to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Gulf of Alaska temperatures lag these signals, offering hope that future temperature changes will be predicted.
Parameters determining water temperature of a proglacial stream: The Phelan Creek and the Gulkana Glacier, Alaska

The heat budget of a proglacial stream, Phelan Creek, from the Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, is estimated by using the hourly time series of stream water temperature, discharge and meteorology obtained in the summer of 2006. As an analytical result, the net shortwave radiation and bed friction occupied 32.1 and 38.2% of the total thermal input to the stream, respectively. The time series of the water temperature were simulated by a deterministic model with the coupling of the heat budget and the thermal advective diffusion equation. The simulated result is agreeable to the observed one with the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) of 0.747 and the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 0.236°C over the observation period. However, under condition that the rainfall of more than 1 mm h−1 occurs continually for more than a day, the simulation was less reasonable with NASH = 0.225 and RMSE = 0.226°C. This is probably because the relatively warm subsurface flow input to the stream channel from the non‐glacial area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Fate of Hudson Bay Lowlands Palsas in a Changing Climate

Abstract The climatological conditions for the presence of palsas in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) in Ontario, Canada, are examined using data from four climate stations: Big Trout Lake, Lansdowne House, Peawanuck, and Fort Severn. These stations sandwich the existing region where palsas occur. The criteria for the formation and occurrence of palsas that were taken from the literature on Fennoscandian and neighboring Québec palsas were applied to the HBL. Thermal thresholds set at -2 °C and 0 °C mean annual air temperature, and number of days below -10 °C per year were met for the two more northerly locations; the two southerly locations were on the edge of the thresholds. Climate projections from two models under two emission scenarios for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s indicated that by the 2080s all four locations would fail the -2 °C threshold for palsa formation but at three locations the 0 °C threshold for palsa presence was met for some projection scenarios. Over the next century, it is likely that the climate conditions will continue to be capable of supporting existing palsas; however, by the end of the century the threshold criteria for new palsa formation will not be met for most of the HBL.
Using a coupled lake model with WRF for dynamical downscaling

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to downscale a coarse reanalysis (National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project reanalysis, hereafter R2) as a proxy for a global climate model (GCM) to examine the consequences of using different methods for setting lake temperatures and ice on predicted 2 m temperature and precipitation in the Great Lakes region. A control simulation is performed where lake surface temperatures and ice coverage are interpolated from the GCM proxy. Because the R2 represents the five Great Lakes with only three grid points, ice formation is poorly represented, with large, deep lakes freezing abruptly. Unrealistic temperature gradients appear in areas where the coarse‐scale fields have no inland water points nearby and lake temperatures on the finer grid are set using oceanic points from the GCM proxy. Using WRF coupled with the Freshwater Lake (FLake) model reduces errors in lake temperatures and significantly improves the timing and extent of ice coverage. Overall, WRF‐FLake increases the accuracy of 2 m temperature compared to the control simulation where lake variables are interpolated from R2. However, the decreased error in FLake‐simulated lake temperatures exacerbates an existing wet bias in monthly precipitation relative to the control run because the erroneously cool lake temperatures interpolated from R2 in the control run tend to suppress overactive precipitation.
Surface water‐groundwater interaction near shallow circular lakes: Flow geometry in three dimensions

Steady flow regimes for three‐dimensional lake‐aquifer systems are studied via idealized mathematical models that are extensions of earlier simplified vertical section models of interaction between shallow lakes and underlying aquifers. The present models apply to a shallow circular lake at the surface of a rectangular aquifer of finite depth, yielding a truly three‐dimensional representation of the resulting flow system. Flux boundary conditions are applied at the ends of the aquifer, with net vertical recharge or evapotranspiration at the water table. The lake is defined by a region with constant head. By determining and visualizing solutions to the discretized saturated flow equations, a range of possible flow regimes is identified, and their topological properties are studied. Tools for analyzing flow regimes are described, including a method for locating and mapping three‐dimensional dividing surfaces within steady flow fields. Results show strong similarities between two‐ and three‐dimensional systems, including a large number of flow‐through, recharge, and discharge regimes and reverse flow cells. Flow lines calculated on a vertical plane through the middle of a lake resemble but are not identical to two‐dimensional streamlines for a range of aquifer flow and recharge conditions. Estimates of the widths and depths of capture and release zones for various lake‐aquifer geometries are asymptotic to earlier results for two‐dimensional systems. Numerical predictions are compared with analytical results for certain limiting flow regimes.
Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay

Due to the influence of human activities, nutrient concentrations, nutrient ratios and phytoplankton composition have notably changed in Jiaozhou Bay, China since the 1960s. From the 1960s to the 1990s, nutrient concentrations have increased 1.4 times for PO4-P, 4.3 times for NO3-N, 4.1 times for NH4-N and 3.9 times for DIN. The atomic ratio of DIN:PO4-P increased very rapidly from 15.9 +/- 6.3 for the 1960s, to 37.8 +/- 22.9 for the 1990s. SiO3-Si concentration has remained at a very low level from the 1980s to the 1990s. The high ratio of DIN: PO4-P and low ratios of SiO3-Si:PO4-P (7.6 +/- 8.9) and SiO3-Si:DIN (0.19 +/- 0.15) showed the nutrient structure of Jiaozhou Bay has changed from more balanced to unbalanced during the last 40 years. The possibility that DIN and/or PO4-P as limiting factors of Jiaozhou Bay phytoplankton has been lessened or eliminated and that of SiO3-Si limiting has been increased. The changes in nutrient structure may have led to the decrease of large diatoms and a shift of phytoplankton species composition. It is likely that there is a trend from large diatoms to smaller cells in Jiaozhou Bay. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
MAGMATIC PROCESSES UNDER ARCS AND FORMATION OF THE VOLCANIC FRONT

Temperature structure and stress under arcs are simulated in a two-dimensional cross section taking into account the flow induced by the subducting slab in the mantle wedge. Results of the calculations show three important features with respect to magmatic processes under arcs: (1) Temperature structure in the crust and the mantle wedge under arcs is insensitive to the angle and velocity of slab subduction, the temperature structure of the slab, and that of the back-arc region. This indicates that physical conditions such as temperature and pressure are similar under various arcs. It is thus inferred that primary magmas generated under various arcs should have similar chemical compositions, if chemical composition and the flux rate of fluid from the slab are similar and the chemical compositions of mantle wedge materials are the same. (2) Calculated deviatoric stress magnitude is relatively large (more than a few tens of megapascals) in the partially molten mantle. Cracks may open under high differential stress, and magma can easily segregate and accumulate through interconnected cracks while the buoyancy driven compaction of partially molten mantle proceeds. (3) The deviatoric stress values in the region over the partially molten mantle are relatively large, and the direction of the principal stress changes horizontally; the direction of the maximum compressional stress is nearly vertical under the volcanic zone and is nearly horizontal under the fore-arc region. It is considered that magma segregated in partially molten mantle migrates upward through the brittle mantle and crust by the magma fracturing mechanism. The propagation direction of magma-filled fissures is controlled by the stress field in the crust and mantle and is parallel to the maximum principal stress. The calculated stress is highly compressive horizontally on the trench side, while it becomes tensile on the back-arc side. The location of this stress transition coincides with that of the volcanic front. The location of this transition indicates that the volcanic front marks a change in the ease of upward migration of the magma-filled cracks under relatively high differential stress field.
Characteristics of benzene, toluene and xylene gas removal by a biofilter using scoria

The biodegradation experiments of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) by bacillus culture were carried out. In batch biodegradation experiments of binary mixtures, benzene degradation was inhibited by the presence of either toluene or xylene and toluene degradation was inhibited by the presence of either benzene or xylene. However, xylene degradation was stimulated when xylene was present in a mixture with either benzene or toluene to some extent. In biofilter experiments packed with scoria, benzene and toluene were removed over 90% and xylene was removed over 80% with EBCT between 10 s and 60 s when each concentration was kept constantly at 600 ppmv.
Pulse of the seafloor: Tidal triggering of microearthquakes at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise

Unequivocal evidence of tidal triggering is observed for microearthquakes (−0.4 to 2.0 ML) recorded between October 2003 to April 2004 near 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Although semidiurnal tidal stress changes are small (<2 kPa), seismicity exhibits a significant (>99.9%) nonrandom temporal distribution, with events occurring preferentially near times of peak extension. Due to the proximity of this site to an ocean tidal node, where changes in sea surface height are minimal, periodic stress changes are dominated by the solid Earth tide. In contrast, previous studies on the Juan de Fuca Ridge have shown microearthquake triggering to be a response to seafloor unloading during times of low ocean tide. The modulation of 9°50′N microearthquakes by small‐amplitude periodic stresses is consistent with earthquake nucleation within a high stressing rate environment that is maintained near a critical state of failure by on‐axis magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
Understanding Recent Eastern Horn of Africa Rainfall Variability and Change

AbstractObservations and sea surface temperature (SST)-forced ECHAM5 simulations are examined to study the seasonal cycle of eastern Africa rainfall and its SST sensitivity during 1979–2012, focusing on interannual variability and trends. The eastern Horn is drier than the rest of equatorial Africa, with two distinct wet seasons, and whereas the October–December wet season has become wetter, the March–May season has become drier.The climatological rainfall in simulations driven by observed SSTs captures this bimodal regime. The simulated trends also qualitatively reproduce the opposite-sign changes in the two rainy seasons, suggesting that SST forcing has played an important role in the observed changes. The consistency between the sign of 1979–2012 trends and interannual SST–precipitation correlations is exploited to identify the most likely locations of SST forcing of precipitation trends in the model, and conceivably also in nature. Results indicate that the observed March–May drying since 1979 is due .
Assimilation of Subsurface Thermal Data into a Simple Ocean Model for the Initialization of an Intermediate Tropical Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Forecast Model

Abstract An adjoint variational assimilation technique is used to assimilate observations of both the oceanic state and wind stress data into an intermediate coupled ENSO prediction model. This method of initialization is contrasted with the more usual method, which uses only wind stress data to establish the initial state of the ocean. It is shown that ocean temperature data has a positive impact on the prediction skill in such models. On the basis of hindcasts for the period 1982–91, it is shown that NIN03 SST anomaly correlations greater than 0.7 can be obtained for hindcasts of duration up to 13 months and greater than 0.6 up to 16 months. There are also clear indications of skill at two years.
Palaeogene peraluminous magmatism, crustal melting and continental breakup: the Erlend complex, Faeroe-Shetland Basin, NE Atlantic

Well 209/3-1, located close to the centre of the Tertiary Erlend complex, north of the Shetland Isles, contains an unusual volcanic sequence in which thick basalts of N- to T-type MORB affinity overlie highly peraluminous, cordierite-bearing dacites. The dacites from the Erlend complex are almost identical in terms of their petrography and major-element, trace-element and isotope geochemistry to those of dacites from two previously-described localities in the North Atlantic, and indicate the formation of the dacites by anatexis of aluminous upper crustal sediments, which were probably pelitic in character. The discovery of graphite in the Erlend dacites suggests that carbonaceous shales may be implicated as parent material. The geological settings of the Erlend volcanic sequence, and the other examples in the Rockall Trough and on the Vøring Plateau, correspond to intra-continental, pre-break-up rift systems underlain by thinned continental crust, occurring close to the continental margin. A possible petrogenesis for the dacites involves the partial melting of upper crustal sediments as a result of the extensive contemporaneous basic magmatism documented to have occurred within a wide area of the North Atlantic continental margins during the initial stages of continental break-up. This mechanism suggests that the observed volcanic sequence may be more common than is obvious from the present, very limited, drilling evidence.
Traffic emission effects on ambient air pollution by PM2.5-related PAH in Upper Silesia, Poland

The ambient concentration of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in two industrial towns in Upper Silesia, Poland. The 24 h samples of PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) were collected simultaneously at busy roads (or crossroads) and at an urban background site. Additionally, the samples were collected during the heaviest traffic density (rush hours, from 8 am to 6 pm) at the five crossroads with the most traffic in Zabrze. The impact of traffic emission resulted in the specific distribution of particular PAH concentrations, PAH groups and diagnostic ratio values for all sampling points. The emission of diesel engine cars was significant and influenced dust and PAH concentrations. At four crossroads (including one at which the measurements were carried out for 24 h), the PAH profiles corresponded to that observed for gasoline engine exhausts. At the crossroad in Zabrze, the road in Ruda Śląska and urban area backgrounds without for traffic emission, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM-related PAHs can be affected by hard coal, wood and crude oil combustion.
Laboratory Scale Investigations of Potential Odour Reduction Strategies in Biosolids

This study investigated sources of odours from biosolids produced from a Western Australian wastewater treatment plant and examined potential odour reduction strategies on a laboratory scale. Odour reduction methods that were trialled included chemical additions and reduction of centrifuge speed. Chemical addition trials were conducted by adding alum, polyaluminium chloride or ferric chloride to digested sludge that had been sampled prior to the dewatering stage. Trials of chemical addition (alum) to plant dewatered cake were also undertaken. The impact of reducing centrifuge speed on biosolids odour was also investigated using a laboratory scale centrifuge calibrated to operate such that the shear forces on the sample would, as closely as possible, represent those on the plant.
SILURIAN AND DEVONIAN BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CHINA

Integration of newly available Chinese data for the biogeography of the Silurian and Devonian makes possible a number of globally sigificant advances. The Early Silurian, the Llandoverian, can now be shown to have been moderately provincial rather than cosmopolitan, as considered earlier. The Uralian-Cordilleran Region defined previously for the Late Silurian can now be shown with Chinese information to have been in existence with a co-occurring North Atlantic Region since the beginnings of the Silurian and to have been somewhat more provincial than the Late Silurian. The view of Late Silurian provincialism with two major regions is further substantiated with the help of Chinese data. For the Early Devonian, it is now possible to define a South China Region that includes the bulk of the Yangtze Platform Region of South China plus adjacent Tonkin in North Vietnam. The boundary of the South China Region is present in central Yunnan and extends in an approximately north-south direction. The South China Region is still prominent during the lower, Eifelian half of the Middle Devonian. Relatively cosmopolitan Devonian conditions affect China by the latter, Givetian half of the Middle Devonian, as is also the case in most other parts of the world except for eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere Malvinokaffric Realm. The Chinese Upper Devonian is cosmopolitan in a manner similar to that of the rest of the World. It is notable during the Lower Devonian that the nonmarine vertebrate fauna is unusually provincial and very distinct from faunas known in Europe and North America, as well as from those present in northern Asia. It is suggested that previous distinctions between Lower Devonian Uralian and Mongolo-Okhotsk Regions are more likely provincial or even subprovincial. The presence of the atrypacean genus Tuvaella in the Silurian of east-central Asia is shown to represent the restricted occurrence of a single genus, rather than being indicative of a major biogeographic unit. However, it may indicate the presence of a subprovincial unit or of an endemic center.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease-associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition frequently associated with esophagitis and motor abnormalities. Recent evidence suggests that proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, may be implicated because they reduce esophageal muscle contractility, but these results derive from in vitro or animal models of esophagitis. This study used human esophageal cells and tissues to identify the cellular source of cytokines in human esophagitis investigate whether cytokines can be induced by gastric refluxate, and examine whether esophageal tissue- or cell-derived mediators affect muscle contractility. METHODS Endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with and without esophagitis, organ-cultured, and undernatants were assessed for cytokine content. The cytokine profile of esophageal epithelial, fibroblast, and muscle cells was analyzed, and esophageal mucosa and cell products were tested in an esophageal circular muscle contraction assay. RESULTS The mucosa of esophagitis patients produced significantly greater amounts of IL-1beta and IL-6 compared with those of control patients. Cultured esophageal epithelial cells produced IL-6, as did fibroblasts and muscle cells. Epithelial cells exposed to buffered, but not denatured, gastric juice produced IL-6. Undernatants of mucosal biopsy cultures from esophagitis patients reduced esophageal muscle contraction, as did supernatants from esophageal epithelial cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The human esophagus produces cytokines capable of reducing contractility of esophageal muscle cells. Exposure to gastric juice is sufficient to stimulate esophageal epithelial cells to produce IL-6, a cytokine able to alter esophageal contractility. These results indicate that classic cytokines are important mediators of the motor disturbances associated with human esophageal inflammation.
The 1935–2003 Air Temperature Record from the Summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire

Abstract Meteorological observations have been taken continuously at the summit of Mount Washington since 1932. Results of an analysis of the air temperature record over the 1935–2003 period show a statistically significant increase in mean temperature of ∼0.3°C, while the diurnal temperature range has decreased by ∼0.15°C. The decadal structure evident in the record reveals that, in contrast to North American trends, the summit experienced relatively cool temperatures in the 1940s. The late 1980s and early 1990s were relatively warm on the summit, in agreement with North American decadal trends. The times of daily maximum and minimum temperatures show that the summit climate is dominantly influenced by boundary layer processes 30% of the time and free air circulation 50% of the time. No evidence of a “weekend effect” was found.