Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric aerosol growth and HNO3 gas phase depletion from coupled HNO3 and water uptake by liquid particles

Aqueous sulphuric acid droplets, which constitute the background stratospheric aerosol, strongly absorb HNO3 and HCl under cold conditions. A thermodynamic model is used to predict partitioning of HNO3, HCl and H2O between gas and aerosol phases, and show that a 50-fold increase in aerosol volume, observed in the Arctic stratosphere as temperature approached the frost point (188.9 K), can be explained in terms of uptake of HNO3 and H2O by liquid aerosols. Calculated degrees of saturation of the droplets with respect to solid hydrates, taking into account the reduction in vapour phase HNO3, suggest that the droplets remain liquid to the frost point. Near this temperature, they can yield larger aerosol volumes than would have been the case for solid NAT (HNO3•3H2O) particles. The depletion of gas phase HNO3 into enhanced volumes of liquid aerosols resulting from volcanic eruptions may hamper NAT formation.
Identification and properties of fragipan soils in the Piemonte region of Italy

The presence of a fragipan horizon in the soil profile restricts plant growth and limits nonagricultural uses. This is of special concern in the Piemonte region, in northwestern Italy, where the son of numerous areas is reported to have a fragipan. Four sites were selected for this study with the aim of ascertaining the presence in the profile of a horizon that meets the criteria for a fragipan. In addition to standard morphological observations and physical analyses, Hg intrusion porosimetry and image analysis of thin sections were used to help in fragipan characterization. The pan of all four sites showed a suite of characteristics such as coarse prismatic primary structure, prominent vertical mottling, extremely hard dry consistence, brittleness, and absence of roots that indicated the presence of a fragipan. Other pedogenic features, e.g. clay films, mangans, ferrans, and concretions, were observed in the field. Although some of the Bx horizons had a clay content slightly higher than prescribed, in general textures were within the range prescribed for fragipans, as were bulk densities. Mercury intrusion showed a decrease in total porosity with depth, residual pores becoming dominant over storage and transmission pores in the fragipan. Image analysis of thin sections revealed a decrease of elongated pores and the presence of vesicles and compound packing voids. Also, oriented clay coatings within the pores and mangans and ferrans were observed in the fragipan. Pore-size distribution and pore shape appeared to be useful in characterizing the fragipan.
GoogLeDNet: GoogLeNet with Dendritic Learning for Image Classification

The neuron model is a widely-used approach for classification problems that imitates the behavior of neurons in the brain. However, most existing neuron models do not account for the non-linear characteristics of dendrites and synapses. To address this limitation, we propose a novel deep learning model, called GoogLeDNet, which combines the GoogLeNet architecture with the dendritic neuron model (DNM). By incorporating the non-linear characteristics of dendrites and synapses, our model closely resembles the structure of biological neurons and demonstrates superior performance on the CelebA gender classification dataset. Compared to other baseline models, including AlexNet, MobileNet, ShuffleNet, and GoogLeNet, our model achieves an accuracy of 93.3% and an F1 score of 93.2%.
Change in the Annual Water Withdrawal-to-Availability Ratio and Its Major Causes: An Evaluation for Asian River Basins Under Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change Scenarios

More than half of the world's population lives in Asia, and ensuring a stable water supply is a critical issue. This study evaluates changes in the annual water withdrawal-to-availability ratio (WAR), and the major causes thereof, for each of Asian river basins under different socioeconomic development and climate change scenarios. According to our evaluation, the WAR will increase in 59%–61% of the Asian river basin areas by around 2030, as a result of population growth and the increase in per capita municipal and industrial water withdrawals. On the other hand, the WAR will decrease in 8%–16% of such areas, due to the increase in water availability associated with global warming and a decrease in per capita water agricultural withdrawal. After 2030, there will be a reduction of areas with increasing WAR because of a slowdown in the growth of both population and per capita municipal and industrial water withdrawals, while there will be an expansion of areas with decreasing WAR caused by continual decrease in per capita agricultural water withdrawal and intensified water availability. Significant measures to suppress WAR increase will differ by river basin, depending on the causes for the WAR increase. For instance, measures to deal with population increase and efforts to improve industrial and municipal water use by around 2030 will be important in the Huang He river basin. In the Indus river basin, coping with the decrease in water availability after around 2030 will be important. In addition, measures to handle population increase will be necessary.
The Role of Trust in Predicting Behavioral Intention to Use Electric Car-sharing Services: Evidence from China

The present study aims to examine the determinants that impact the behavioral intention of Chinese consumers towards utilizing electric car-sharing services (ECS). The research identifies conditional value, personal attitude, and sustainability as the primary determinants of behavioral intention towards the use of ECS among users in Guangzhou, China. Additionally, the research indicates that trust serves as a moderator in the relationship between personal attitude and behavioral intention, as well as between conditional value and behavioral intention. The findings indicate that companies operating in the ECS sector ought to prioritize accentuating the contingent worth of their offerings, advocating favorable individual dispositions towards ECS, and underscoring the importance of sustainability as a means of drawing in users within the Chinese market. The results suggest that establishing trust is a crucial factor in promoting the utilization of ECS services among Chinese users.
Genomic analysis of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) uncover polygenic signatures of reinforcement speciation

Abstract Speciation can involve phases of divergent adaptation in allopatry and ecological/reproductive character displacement in sympatry or parapatry. Reproductive character displacement can result as a means of preventing hybridization, a process known as reinforcement speciation. In this study, we use whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) of two closely related primate species that have experienced introgression in their history, the rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) macaques, to identify genes exhibiting reproductive character displacement and other patterns consistent with reinforcement speciation. Using windowed scans of various population genetic statistics to identify signatures of reinforcement, we find 184 candidate genes associated with a variety of functions, including an overrepresentation of multiple neurological functions and several genes involved in sexual development and gametogenesis. These results are consistent with a variety of genes acting in a reinforcement process between these species. We also find signatures of introgression of the Y‐chromosome that confirm previous studies suggesting male‐driven introgression of M. mulatta into M. fascicularis populations. This study uses WGS to find evidence of the process of reinforcement in primates that have medical and conservation relevance.
Deep Learning Through Parametrically Generated Virtual Building Information Models for Real-World Object Recognition

The present research applies parametric building information modeling (BIM) to automatically generate big training data for machine learning to recognize building objects in the real world, which would be useful for various applications including surveys, documentation, and performance modeling. Training data is typically manually curated and annotated by people. We trained ANNs solely on realistic images of parametrically generated 3D BIM models using the BIMGenE program developed in this research. The ANN training result demonstrated generalizability and good semantic segmentation on a test case as well as arbitrary photos of buildings, which is significant for the future of training AI with generated data for solving real-world architectural problems.
Comparing predicted and observed ground motions from UK earthquakes

The selection of appropriate ground motion predictive equations (GMPEs) is one of the major sources of uncertainty in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and this uncertainty is usually addressed by combining several equations within a logic-tree framework. In the United Kingdom (UK), the uncertainty is large due to the limited number of ground motion records that can provide knowledge on the nature of the ground motions, in particular from M>5.0 earthquake events that are more relevant to the hazard. This data limitation has necessitated the use in the UK of GMPEs derived based on earthquake records from stable continental regions as well as active crustal regions from elsewhere in the world. This paper presents the application of methodology to systematically compare ground motions recorded during recent UK earthquakes with published GMPEs to inform the selection of GMPEs for use in PSHA for important facilities (such as nuclear facilities) in the UK.
Even Conservative voters want the environment to be at the heart of post-COVID-19 economic reconstruction in the UK

In 2019, the environment began to rival the economy among priority issues for the UK public. The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to shift this balance in either direction, because the crisis is not only causing serious economic damage but is also highlighting the usefulness of expert warnings. The current work examines the balance between public prioritisation of environment and economy in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. A nationally representative YouGov sample of 1654 UK adults were presented with two political speeches, either linking COVID-19 to climate and prioritising environment as part of planned economic recovery, or separating the issues and stating that environmental prioritisation is now unaffordable. Most participants (62%) were positive towards the environmental prioritisation speech, and it was more popular than the other speech (which 36% were positive towards). The same proportion of Conservative voters (62%) were positive towards the environmental prioritisation speech (with 50% positive towards the other speech). Higher support for the environmental prioritisation speech was associated with more education but not with socioeconomic status. Voting history and socioeconomic status were therefore less predictive of differences in support for the speeches than expected based on previous research. Consistent with these results is the suggestion that environmental concern in the UK is becoming less tied to social identity and more tied to concern for personal well-being. These findings suggest that foregrounding environmental concerns is politically realistic in post-COVID-19 economic policy, consistent with suggestions from economists and environmental scientists that an environmental focus is feasible and necessary.
Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Contiguous China

Abstract Hourly station rain gauge data are employed to study the seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in southern contiguous China. The results show a robust seasonal variation of the rainfall diurnal cycle, which is dependent both on region and duration. Difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall is found in the following two neighboring regions: southwestern China (region A) and southeastern contiguous China (region B). The diurnal cycle of annual mean precipitation in region A tends to reach the maximum in either midnight or early morning, while precipitation in region B has a late-afternoon peak. In contrast with the weak seasonal variation of the diurnal phases of precipitation in region A, the rainfall peak in region B shifts sharply from late afternoon in warm seasons to early morning in cold seasons. Rainfall events in south China are classified into short- (1–3 h) and long-duration (more than 6 h) events. Short-duration precipitation in both regions reaches the maximum in late af.
Tectonic Evolution of the Outer High of Santos Basin, Southern Sao Paulo Plateau, Brazil, and Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration

Multiple geologic elements combine in the presalt section of deep-water Santos Basin, forming a quite unique exploration play: prolific and mature source rocks are present, synrift structures include huge intrabasinal highs, and the overlying evaporite seal extends throughout most of the area. Significant uncertainties related to reservoir presence and deliverability, which still persist as the key risks on this emerging presalt play, have been progressively reduced throughout a continued drilling campaign, which started in 2006. The most prominent and extensive intrabasinal high in the region is the Outer High of Santos Basin, a regional basement structure that forms a 12,000 km2 (4633 mi2) four-way closure at the Aptian level. The geologic history of the Outer High involves multiepisodic uplift and erosion of a series of rift fault-block shoulders during the Barremian. At that time, regional uplift resulted from a failed sea-floor spreading process that emplaced proto-oceanic crust in the southern Santos Basin. Concurrently, magmatic underplating is postulated as the mechanism responsible for locally thickening the crust and isostatically holding the Outer High as a present-day positive feature above its surroundings. Because of the extreme extension of the continental crust in Santos Basin, zones of deep crustal, or even upper mantle exhumation, are also expected near the transition from continental to oceanic crust. Before continental breakup, the Outer High was roughly located 200 km (124 mi) away from both the African and Brazilian hinge lines. This distal setting, coupled with a positive relief, limited siliciclastic input from the margins. The presence of a long-lived paleohigh, in such a clastic-starved environment, favored the development of a broad carbonate platform, during the Lower Aptian. Tectonically controlled water-level fluctuations affected the evolving platform, serving an important function on reservoir facies development. The Outer High has been the core region of a deep-water presalt exploration outbreak, after a pioneering drilling campaign that started around the middle of this decade. The hydrocarbon potential of this vast frontier area is yet to be fully unraveled.
The effect of concentration‐dependent surface tension on the flaw of water and transport of dissolved organic compounds: A pressure head‐based formulation and numerical model

Unsaturated flow and solute transport models in isothermal porous media generally assume surface tension at the air-water interface to be constant. Yet many organic compounds, including a number of environmental interest, reduce surface tension in proportion to their aqueous phase concentrations. An isothermal saturated-unsaturated flow and transport model has been developed that incorporates variable surface tension caused by varying solute concentration. The model was based on the pressure head form of the unsaturated flow equation and was solved using finite element methods. The extreme nonlinearities inherent in the problem necessitated spatial discretization on the scale of millimeters and initial temporal discretization on the scale of milliseconds. A comparison of simulations with and without varying surface tension showed that changes in surface tension could have significant effects on pressure head, water content, water flux, and solute flux. Implications relative to multiphase flow models, unsaturated zone contamination, and remedial technologies are discussed.
Copyright 2009 by Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Inc. All rights reserved. 10.1518/107118109X12524441081307

One aspect of electronic map displays that has been under examination since their invention is the eff ct of map configuration, i.e., rotating, track-up vs. fix ed, north-up maps, on different navigational tasks. Research has shown that people perform some navigation tasks better with track-up maps, and other navigation ta sks better with north-up maps. In the current experimen t (N = 16), we investigated how the performance of three common navigation tasks performed as part of an aerial reconnaissance simulation (i.e., cardinal direction judgments, route following and map memory ) were affected by an interface factor, map configuration (track-up vs. north-up), and by an in dividual differences factor, differences in spatial ability. The cardinal direction judgment and route following tasks showed improved accuracy with the track-up map configuration; whereas the map reconstruction t ask was better facilitated by the north-up map configuration. Spatial abilities were also associat ed with differences in performance on the three nav igation tasks. Spatial abilities and the map-configuration manipulation showed similar strength of association with navigation performance (similar effect size).
Evapotranspiration Modeling Using Second-Order Neural Networks

AbstractThis study introduces the utility of the second-order neural network (SONN) method to model the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in different climatic zones of India. The daily climate data of minimum and maximum air temperatures, minimum and maximum relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation from 17 different locations in India were used as the inputs to the SONN models to estimate ET0 corresponding to the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method. With the same inputs, for all 17 locations the first-order neural networks such as feed forward back propagation (FFBP-NN) models were also developed and compared with the SONN models. The developed SONN and FFBP-NN models were also compared with the estimates provided by the FAO-56 PM method. The performance criteria adopted for comparing the models were root-mean-squared error (RMSE), mean-absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and the ratio of average output to average target ET0 values (Rratio). Based on the comparisons,.
A STUDY OF WAVE AMPLIFICATION IN THE VENETIAN HARBOR OF CHANIA, CRETE

We studied resonance in the Venetian Port of Chania, a 14th century historic monument, which frequently exhibits large wave motions in its basin with flooding of its docks. We measured time histories of surface elevation and currents off the harbor for a period of two years and also measured wave elevations at one location inside the Port. Offshore, we recorded maximum Hs= 4.1m with Ts =9.2s. We employed a Boussinesq-type model COULWAVE to explore resonance and determined the resonant frequencies for the entire basin. We also examined the effect of a past proposed breakwater extension design on the resonant frequencies and respective modes. We conclude that the overtopping observed under storm conditions may not be the result of harbor resonance but the little protection of the existing breakwater sheltering the entrance.
Simultaneous detection of burned areas of multiple fires in the tropics using multisensor remote-sensing data

Fires associated with recurrent El Niño events have caused severe damage to tropical peat swamp forests. Accurate quantitative information about the frequency and distribution of the burned areas is imperative to fire management but is lacking in the tropics. This article examines a novel method based on principal component analysis (PCA) of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) from multisensor data for simultaneously detecting areas burned due to multiple El Niño–related fires. The principal components of multitemporal NDWI (NDWI-PCs) were able to capture the areas burned in the 1998 and 2003 El Niño fires in NDWI-PC3 and 2, respectively. The proposed method facilitates the reduction of dimensionality in detecting the burned areas. From 22 image bands, the proposed method was able to accurately detect the burned areas of multiple fires with only three NDWI-PCs. The proposed method also shows superior performance to unsupervised classifications of the principal components of combined image bands, multitemporal NDWI, NDWI differencing and post-classification comparison methods. The results show that the 1998 El Niño fire was devastating especially to intact peat swamp forest. For degraded peat swamp forest, there was an increase in the burned area from 1998 to 2003. The proposed method offers the retrieval of accurate and reliable quantitative information on the frequency and spatial distribution of burned areas of multiple fires in the tropics. This method is also applicable to the detection of changes in general as well as the detection of vegetation changes.
Lithospheric structure in Central Europe : integrated geophysical modelling ; Détermination d'un modèle lithosphérique en Europe centrale : modélisation géophysique intégrée

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Lithospheric structure in Central Europe : integrated geophysical modelling Michal Grinc
Mechanical weathering rates on Signy Island, maritime antarctic

By means of re-evaluating a number of properties of rock tablets left in the field for varying time periods, an estimation of rock breakdown rates is attained. From data obtained during the last five years, it would appear that rates are very slow, only of the order of 2% mass loss per 100 years. These rates refer to omnidirectionally frozen, relatively wet samples and, on the basis of laboratory simulation results, are over 50 times greater than for unidirectionally frozen bedrock. It is suggested that mechanical weathering rates in the maritime Antarctic are very slow. En reevaluant differentes proprietes de tablettes de roche laissees sur le terrain pour des periodes de temps variees, une estimation des vitesses de fragmentation de ces roches a ete obtenue. A partir des donnees recueillies pendant les cinq dernieres annees, il apparait que les vitesses de desagregation sont tres lentes et atteignent seulement par siecle une perte de l'ordre de 2% de la masse. Ces vitesses se rapportent a des gels dans toutes les directions d'echantillons relativement humides. Elles sont cependant 50 fois superieures a ce qui se produit lorsque la roche gele dans une seule direction. Ces donnees suggerent que la desagregation mecanique des roches dans l'Antarctique maritime est tres lente.