Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forming disc galaxies in ΛCDM simulations

We used fully cosmological, high-resolution N-body + smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations to follow the formation of disc galaxies with rotational velocities between 135 and 270km s -1 in a A cold dark matter (CDM) universe. The simulations include gas cooling, star formation, the effects of a uniform ultraviolet (UV) background and a physically motivated description of feedback from supernovae (SNe). The host dark matter haloes have a spin and last major merger redshift typical of galaxy-sized haloes as measured in recent large-scale N-body simulations. The simulated galaxies form rotationally supported discs with realistic exponential scalelengths and fall on both the / band and baryonic Tully-Fisher relations. An extended stellar disc forms inside the Milky Way (MW)-sized halo immediately after the last major merger. The combination of UV background and SN feedback drastically reduces the number of visible satellites orbiting inside a MW-sized halo, bringing it in fair agreement with observations. Our simulations predict that the average age of a primary galaxy's stellar population decreases with mass, because feedback delays star formation in less massive galaxies. Galaxies have stellar masses and current star formation rates as a function of total mass that are in good agreement with observational data. We discuss how both high mass and force resolution and a realistic description of star formation and feedback are important ingredients to match the observed properties of galaxies.
Spitzer Space Telescope IRAC and MIPS Observations of the Interacting Galaxies IC 2163 and NGC 2207: Clumpy Emission

IC 2163 and NGC 2207 are interacting galaxies that have been well studied at optical and radio wavelengths and simulated in numerical models to reproduce the observed kinematics and morphological features. Spitzer IRAC and MIPS observations reported here show over 200 bright clumps from young star complexes. The brightest IR clump is a morphologically peculiar region of star formation in the western arm of NGC 2207. This clump, which dominates the Hα and radio continuum emission from both galaxies, accounts for ~12% of the total 24 μm flux. Nearly half of the clumps are regularly spaced along some filamentary structure, whether in the starburst oval of IC 2163 or in the thin spiral arms of NGC 2207. This regularity appears to influence the clump luminosity function, making it peaked at a value nearly a factor of 10 above the completeness limit, particularly in the starburst oval. This is unlike the optical clusters inside the clumps, which have a luminosity function consistent with the usual power-law form. The giant IR clumps presumably formed by gravitational instabilities in the compressed gas of the oval and the spiral arms, whereas the individual clusters formed by more chaotic processes, such as turbulence compression, inside these larger scale structures.
Average Properties of a Large Sample of zabs ~ zem Associated Mg II Absorption Line Systems

We studied a sample of 415 associated (zabs ∼ zem; relative velocity with respect to QSO in units of c, β < 0.01) Mg II absorption systems with 1.0 ⩽ zabs ⩽ 1.86, in the spectra of SDSS DR3 QSOs, to determine the dust content and ionization state in the absorbers. We also compared these properties to those of a similarly selected sample of 809 intervening systems (β > 0.01), so as to understand their origin. Normalized, composite spectra were derived for absorption line measurements, for the full sample and for several subsamples, chosen on the basis of the line strengths and other absorber and QSO properties. From these, and from the equivalent widths in individual spectra, we conclude that the associated Mg II absorbers have higher ionization (higher ratios of the strengths of C IV and Mg II lines), than the intervening absorbers. The ionization decreases with increasing β. Average extinction curves were obtained for the subsamples by comparing their geometric mean QSO spectra with those of matching (in zem and i magnitude) samples of QSOs without absorption lines. There is clear evidence for SMC-like dust attenuation in these systems; the 2175 Å absorption feature is absent. The extinction is almost twice that observed in intervening systems. We reconfirm that QSOs with nonzero FIRST radio flux are intrinsically redder than the QSOs with no detection in the FIRST survey. The incidence of associated Mg II systems in radio-detected QSOs is 1.7 times that in radio-undetected QSOs. The associated absorbers in radio-detected QSOs cause 3 times more reddening than those in radio-undetected QSOs. This excess reddening is correlated with the strength of Mg II absorption, possibly suggesting an intrinsic nature for the associated absorbers in radio-detected QSOs.
CONCENTRAÇÃO DE CRÔMIO NO SISTEMA SOLO-PLANTA-PERCOLADO EM FUNÇÃO DA APLICAÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS DE CURTUME EM UM ARGISSOLO DE ESTÂNCIA VELHA (RS)

This study was carried out to evaluate the chromium concentration in soil plant and leacheate as affected by the soil disposal of two types of waste originating from primary treatment of tannery residual water in a Paleudult soil with ten percent clay from Estancia Velha, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, where several tannery operation are located. Chromium tannery sludge and tannin tannery sludge contained 8.040 and 34 g kg -1 (dry weight) Cr concentration, respectively. Mineral fertilization was compared with sludge application of 15, 30 and 60 ton of sludge ha -1 originated either from tannin or chromium tanneries. One treatment with cattle manure was also included. Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) and sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare Pers) were cultivated. Chromium waste concentration and soil, plant and leacheate chromium concentration were determined. Cr (VI) was not found at any part of the experiment. Application of 30 and 60 t ha -1 chromium tannery sludge in the soil increased radish tissue Cr level and it is considered above of plant maximum permitted level. Sorghum grains Cr level decreased with the application of the two types of tannery sludge in the soil as compared with the mineral fertilization. Cr concentration in soil and leacheate were considered below the maximum level defined by Brazilian environmental law.
Evaluation of the compliance of women with breast cancer to treatment in a reference hospital in a city of North-east, Brazil

For the translation, transcultural adaptation and a pilot test of the instrument were done. Also, the compliance of the breast cancer patients to the treatment was measured. The questionnaire “Cancer Patient Self-Report Questionnaire Non-Adherence” was translated and adapted; and a pilot test with 30 patients was performed. For this study, the questionnaire, Morisky-Green test, was also used. A hundred and thirteen patients diagnosed with breast cancer and who used oral chemotherapy were evaluated. The evaluated patients’ average age was 57 years. 82.5% of them had invasive lobular carcinoma cancer, and almost 50% had a family history of breast cancer. The evaluation of the compliance shows that only 31.85% of the patients completed the medical treatment. Patients who presented adverse reactions were more susceptible to stopping the treatment. The low compliance on the medicated treatment is worrying and shows the need to improve it and further research to identify which factors contribute to the non-compliance to such treatment.
A wave polarization converter for circular polarization

A linearly polarized wave may be converted to a circularly polarized wave by means of a panel which provides 90\deg difference in transmission phase between two crossed linear components. This phase difference is obtained over a wide frequency band by means of thin sheets containing both inductive and capacitive shunt susceptance. Low reflection and near unity axial ratio may be obtained by means of three sheets which are spaced for least reflection. An experimental polarizer has been constructed using three photo-etched sheets and a dielectric honeycomb core. Over a 20 per cent band the axial ratio of the circular polarization is within 1.7 db and the insertion loss is within 0.5 db. Over a 46 per cent band the axial ratio is less than 2.0 db and the insertion loss is less than 1.0 db.
The interplay between radio galaxies and cluster environment

By combining the REFLEX and NORAS cluster data sets with the NVSS radio catalogue, we obtain a sample of 145, z < 0.3, X-ray-selected clusters brighter than 3 x 10- 12 erg s -1 cm -2 that show a central radio emission above 3 mJy. For virial masses M vir ≤ 10 14.5 M⊙, 11 clusters out of 12 (corresponding to 92 per cent of the systems) are inhabited by a central radio source. This fraction decreases with higher masses as α M -0.4 vir . If this decrease is a selection effect, it suggests that the majority of X-ray-selected clusters host in their centre a radio source brighter than ∼10 20 W Hz -1 sr -1 A division of the sample into clusters harbouring either point-like or an extended radio-loud active galactic nucleus (AGN) reveals that the steepening of the L x -T relation for low-temperature clusters is strongly associated with the presence of central radio objects with extended jets and/or lobe structures. In the latter case, L x oc T 4 while for point-like sources one recovers an approximately self-similar relation L x α T 2.4 . Monte Carlo simulations show that the steepening of the L x -T relation is not caused by clusters being underluminous in the X-ray band, but rather by overheating, most likely caused by the interplay between the extended radio structures and the intracluster medium. In the case of low-mass systems, we also find a tight correlation between radio luminosity and cluster temperature. The effects of the central radio source on the thermal state of a cluster become less important with increasing cluster mass. The presence of radio sources with extended structures (61, corresponding to ∼42 per cent of the sample) is enhanced in X-ray luminous clusters with respect to 'field' radio-loud AGN. Furthermore, we find that the luminosity distribution of the cluster radio population differs from that of all radio sources, as there is a deficit of low-luminosity (LR≤ 10 22 W Hz -1 sr -1 ) objects, while the number of high-luminosity ones is boosted. The net effect on the radio luminosity function of radio galaxies associated with cluster centres is of a flattening at all luminosities L R ≤ 10 24 WHz -1 sr -1 .
Second‐order properties of the point process of nodes in a stationary Voronoi tessellation

In this paper we derive representation formulae for the second factorial moment measure of the point process of nodes and the second moment of the number of vertices of the typical cell associated with a stationary normal Voronoi tessellation in ℝd . In case the Voronoi tessellation is generated by a stationary Poisson process with intensity λ > 0 the corresponding pair correlation function gV,λ (r) can be expressed by a weighted sum of d +2 (numerically tractable) multiple parameter integrals. The asymptotic variance of the number of nodes in an increasing cubic domain as well as the second moment of the number of vertices of the typical Poisson Voronoi cell are calculated exactly by means of these parameter integrals. The existence of a (d − 1)st‐order pole of gV,λ (r) at r = 0 is proved and the exact value of limr →0 rd –1 gV,λ (r) is determined. In the particular cases d = 2 and d = 3 the graph of gV,1(r) including its local extreme points, the points of level 1 of gV, 1(r) and other characteristics are computed by numerical integration. Furthermore, an asymptotically exact confidence interval for the intensity of nodes is obtained. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF GRB 090902B: A DISTINCT SPECTRAL COMPONENT IN THE PROMPT AND DELAYED EMISSION

We report on the observation of the bright, long gamma-ray burst (GRB), GRB 090902B, by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Large Area Telescope (LAT) instruments on-board the Fermi observatory. This was one of the brightest GRBs to have been observed by the LAT, which detected several hundred photons during the prompt phase. With a redshift of z = 1.822, this burst is among the most luminous detected by Fermi. Time-resolved spectral analysis reveals a significant power-law component in the LAT data that is distinct from the usual Band model emission that is seen in the sub-MeV energy range. This power-law component appears to extrapolate from the GeV range to the lowest energies and is more intense than the Band component, both below ∼50 keV and above 100 MeV. The Band component undergoes substantial spectral evolution over the entire course of the burst, while the photon index of the power-law component remains constant for most of the prompt phase, then hardens significantly toward the end. After the prompt phase, power-law emission persists in the LAT data as late as 1 ks post-trigger, with its flux declining as t−1.5. The LAT detected a photon with the highest energy so far measured from a GRB, 33.4+2.7−3.5 GeV. This event arrived 82 s after the GBM trigger and ∼50 s after the prompt phase emission had ended in the GBM band. We discuss the implications of these results for models of GRB emission and for constraints on models of the extragalactic background light.
Gorenstein liaison of some curves in $P^4$

Despite the recent advances made in Gorenstein liaison, there are still many open questions for the theory in codimension $\geq 3$. In particular we consider the following question: given two curves in $\mathbb{P}^n$ with isomorphic deficiency modules (up to shift), can they be evenly Gorenstein linked? The answer to this is yes for curves in $\mathbb{P}^3$, due to Rao, but for higher codimension the answer is not known. This paper will look at large classes of curves in $\mathbb{P}^4$ with isomorphic deficiency modules and show that they can be Gorenstein linked. However, we are not able to prove (or disprove) the general case.
Minimizing Control Management Overhead for Scalable Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

In this paper, we provide a parametric model for analyzing the control overhead usage In mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). In particular, we focus on evaluating the Impact of the hierarchy of both topology formation and routing on the scalability of overhead usage. Via an analytical approach, we quantitatively characterize the amount of overhead under different domain sizes, as well as other design parameters. The results help us to assess optimal scaling of overhead traffic as a function of network size N and to provide insights into developing scalable routing architectures for MANET.
Structure of Turbulent Shear Flows: A New Look

The problem of turbulent now continues to be an outstanding one in technology and in physics. Of the nine Dryden research lectures so far, four have been on some aspect of the turbulence problem. At meetings such as this one the turbulence problem is always the subject of some sessions and lurks in the background of many others; for example, separated now, combustion, jet noise, chemical lasers, atmospheric problems, etc. It is continually the subject of conferences, workshops and reviews. In his time Hugh Dryden wrote several reviews of turbulent now. In reading some of them again, one statement particularly relevant to the present lecture caught my attention: "-it is necessary to separate the random processes from the nonrandom processes. It is not yet fully clear what the random elements are in turbulent now. " Neither is it fully clear what the nonrandom, orderly elements are, but some of them are beginning to be recognized and described. Generally the picture one has had of turbulence is of chaos and disorder, implicit in the name. Although it was known that organized motion could exist, superimposed on the background of "turbulence," for example, vortex shedding from a circular cylinder up to Reynolds numbers of 10^7, such examples were regarded as special cases closely tied to their particular geometric origins and not characteristic of "well-developed" turbulence. It was known that large structures are important in the development of turbulent shear flows and that these ought to possess some definable features. But even when the concept of a characteristic "big eddy" was explored, it was usually in the context of a statistical quantity. The earliest and most decisive attempts to define the form of such large eddies were made by Townsend and his students. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that turbulent shear flows do contain structures or eddies whose description is more deterministic than had been thought, possessing identifiable characteristics, existing for significant lifetimes, and producing recognizable and important events. More accurate descriptions of their properties, how they fit into the complete description of a turbulent flow, to what extent are they central to its development, and how they can be reconciled with the apparent chaos and disorder, are problems which are becoming of interest to an increasing number of researchers. It is the purpose of this lecture to describe some of these new developments. The discussion will draw largely on experiences from our own laboratory; it is not intended to be a complete survey. Other discussions of these ideas can be found in various recent publications.
Ischemic stroke in the young: Current perspectives on incidence, risk factors, and cardiovascular prognosis

About one-fourth of ischemic strokes occur in working-aged individuals in the high-income countries, with worldwide increasing incidence in this age group from 1980s to present. Recent evidence suggests that traditional vascular risk factors are more prevalent than previously suggested in young adult stroke patients and they accumulate with age particularly in men. Accordingly, relatively high rates of atherosclerotic changes have been detected in these patients. The strength of association of vascular risk factors has gone poorly studied, however. Many young patients with ischemic stroke have, in turn, no traditional risk factors, while they may harbor other conditions with weak or uncertain association with the stroke alone. These individual conditions often represent a risk factor that may be strictly young-age specific, more prevalent in younger than older stroke patients (e.g. patent foramen ovale), or more prevalent among the young in the population. Despite high rates of vascular risk factors and atherosclerotic changes, these findings do not translate to higher frequencies of identified classical stroke mechanisms. In fact, cryptogenic causes are markedly common and even more frequent among the very young patients. Limited randomized trial evidence exists to support secondary prevention decision-making in patients, yet they face an increased risk of death and future vascular events for years to come—dependent on risk factor profile and cause of the stroke. This review provides an overview of recent data on epidemiology, risk factors, and their strength of association in ischemic stroke in the young. Furthermore, the relationship between with the risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes and key features on the evidence related to secondary prevention will be discussed.
Positive Eigenfunctions of Markovian Pricing Operators: Hansen-Scheinkman Factorization and Ross Recovery

This paper develops a spectral theory of Markovian asset pricing models where the underlying economic uncertainty follows a continuous-time Markov process X with a general state space (Borel right process (BRP)) and the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is a positive semimartingale multiplicative functional of X. A key result is the uniqueness theorem for a positive eigenfunction of the pricing operator such that X is recurrent under a new probability measure associated with this eigenfunction (recurrent eigenfunction). As economic applications, we prove uniqueness of the Hansen and Scheinkman (2009) factorization of the Markovian SDF corresponding to the recurrent eigenfunction, extend the Recovery Theorem of Ross (2013) from discrete time, finite state irreducible Markov chains to recurrent BRPs, and obtain the long maturity asymptotics of the pricing operator. When an asset pricing model is specified by given risk-neutral probabilities together with a short rate function of the Markovian state, we give sufficient conditions for existence of a recurrent eigenfunction and provide explicit examples in a number of important financial models, including affine and quadratic diffusion models and an affine model with jumps. These examples show that the recurrence assumption, in addition to fixing uniqueness, rules out unstable economic dynamics, such as the short rate asymptotically going to infinity or to a zero lower bound trap without possibility of escaping.
A study on numerical solutions of epidemic models

This thesis deal with three different types of deterministic epidemic models that explore the transmission dynamics of influenza. Models are represented by ordinary differential equations and reaction-diffusion equations. First two models are based on basic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model. Third model represents an attempt on modeling the effects of vaccination on the SEIR epidemic model. First the SEIR type model is discussed. The SEIR model equations with and without diffusion have been solved numerically using different initial conditions. The effect of diffusion on the influenza transmission is investigated. The effects of some intervention strategies have also been investigated. It is shown that diffusion and initial population distribution play crucial role for disease transmission. Numerical analysis is provided to explain the multiple steady states and their bifurcation. In order to represent the transmission dynamics of influenza, SEIRS model is proposed. Sustained and damped oscillations are obtained for different type of disease transmission rate. To help controlling the influenza transmission by vaccination, vaccinated type (SV EIRS) epidemic model is proposed. First the model of SV EIRS is discussed to describe the behavior of an epidemic disease when a vaccination policy is in effect. The stability analysis of steady states and vaccinationreduced basic reproduction number is investigated. In order to determine the most influential parameters to the initial disease transmission and equilibrium disease prevalence, the sensitivity indices of the basic reproduction number, (Rvac) and the endemic point of equilibrium, (P ∗) to the parameters in the model are calculated. Sensitivity analysis of basic reproduction number is performed with two different approaches: (i) through local derivative on Rvac, where Rvac is estimated by specific input parameter values; (ii) sampling-based approaches, where sensitivity indices are calculated considering the effects of uncertainty in the parameter estimation. Results are obtained and compared for random and Latin hypercube sampling approaches with 1000 sample sizes. The SV EIRS model parameters are estimated afresh using the available field data. The SV EIRS model equations are solved numerically using new estimated parameters’ value. To investigate the vaccination
GMM Estimation with Noncausal Instruments

Lagged variables are often used as instruments when the generalized method of moments (GMM) is applied to time series data. We show that if these variables follow noncausal autoregressive processes, their lags are not valid instruments and the GMM estimator is inconsistent. Moreover, in this case, endogeneity of the instruments may not be revealed by the J-test of overidentifying restrictions that may be inconsistent and, as shown by simulations, its finite-sample power is, in general, low. Although our explicit results pertain to a simple linear regression, they can be easily generalized. Our empirical results indicate that noncausality is quite common among economic variables, making these problems highly relevant.