Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Multimodal Pilot Control Behavior in Real Flight

Flight simulators are widely used for research and training of pilots. However, in skill-based control tasks, pilots behave differently in the simulator compared to real flight, due to limited visual and physical motion cues. This warrants a method that quantifies simulator fidelity by the differences between pilot control behavior in real flight and in the simulator. This paper presents the results of in-flight experiments to determine multimodal pilot control behavior in real flight, the baseline in determining simulator fidelity. The experiment is performed in a Cessna Citation II laboratory aircraft with a custom-built fly-by-wire system. To estimate pilots' visual and vestibular responses, two forcing functions need to be inserted into the control loop at different locations. The fly-by-wire system was used to physically disturb the aircraft with a disturbance forcing function, while pilots had to track a target forcing function on a display in the cockpit. Both a multisine and a ramp target signal were tested in roll and pitch control tasks, resulting in four experimental conditions. The results show that multimodal pilot control behavior can indeed be identified in real flight using the current fly-by-wire system setup. For two pilots, pilot model parameters could be estimated with high accuracy for all conditions. For some conditions of the two remaining pilots, however, no accurate parameter estimates could be found, as their control activity did not allow for a stable global optimum of the parameter estimation problem.
Some results on the mean residual waiting time of records

Often, in reliability theory, risk analysis, renewal processes and actuarial studies, mean residual life function or life expectancy plays an important role in studying the conditional tail measure of lifetime data. In this paper, we introduce the notion of the mean residual waiting time of records and present some monotonic and aging properties. Sharp bounds for the mean residual waiting time of records are also investigated.
Analysis of convectively‐generated gravity waves in mesoscale model simulations and wind‐profiler observations

The characteristics of convectively‐generated gravity waves during an episode of deep convection near the coast of Wales are examined, in high‐resolution mesoscale simulations with the Met Office Unified Model and in observations from a mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere wind‐profiling Doppler radar. In this episode, deep convection reached the tropopause and generated vertically‐propagating high‐frequency waves in the lower stratosphere that produced vertical‐velocity perturbations of order of 1 ms−1. Wavelet analysis is applied in order to determine the characteristic periods and wavelengths of the waves. Both in the simulations and in the observations, the wavelet spectra contain several distinct preferred scales, indicated by multiple spectral peaks. The peaks are most pronounced in the horizontal spectra at several wavelengths less than 50 km. Although these peaks are most clear, and of largest amplitude, in the highest‐resolution simulations (with 1 km horizontal grid length), they are also evident in coarser simulations (with 4 km horizontal grid length). Peaks also exist in the vertical and temporal spectra (at approximately 2.5–4.5 km and 10–30 min respectively), with good agreement between simulation and observation. Two‐dimensional (wave‐number–frequency) spectra demonstrate that each of the selected horizontal scales contains peaks at each of the preferred temporal scales revealed by the one‐dimensional spectra alone. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Monitoring Variability and Analyzing Multivariate Autocorrelated Processes

Abstract Traditional multivariate quality control charts are based on independent observations. In this paper, we explain how to extend univariate residual charts to multivariate cases and how to combine the traditional statistical process control (SPC) approaches to monitor changes in process variability in a dynamic environment. We propose using Alt's (1984) W chart on vector autoregressive (VAR) residuals to monitor the variability for multivariate processes in the presence of autocorrelation. We study examples jointly using the Hotelling T2 chart on VAR residuals, the W chart, and the Portmanteau test to diagnose the types of shift in process parameters.
The Foundations of Causal Decision Theory

Preface Introduction: a chance to reconsider 1. Prudential rationality as expected utility maximization 2. Decision problems 3. Savage's theory 4. Evidential decision theory 5. Causal decision theory 6. A general theory of conditional beliefs 7. A representation theorem for causal decision theory 8. Where things stand Notes References.
On the stability of spectral methods for the homogeneous Boltzmann equation

Abstract In this paper we introduce a new smoothed scheme derived from the spectral Fourier method for the homogeneous Boltzmann equation recently introduced in [14, 15]. More precisely we show that using suitable smoothing filters the method can be designed in such a way that the spectral solution remains positive in time and preserves the total mass. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the previous analysis.
Aims, challenges and progress of the Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX) following the third HEPEX workshop held in Stresa 27 to 29 June 2007

Since several years, users of weather forecasts have begun to realize the benefit of quantifying the uncertainty associated with forecasts rather than relying on single value forecasts. At the same time, hydrologists and water managers have begun to explore the potential benefit of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) for hydrological applications. The Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX) is an international project that aims to foster the development of probabilistic hydrological forecasting and corresponding decision making tools. Since 2004, HEPEX has provided discussion opportunities for hydrological and meteorological scientists involved in the development, testing, and operational management of forecasting systems, and end users. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Alignment of defect levels and band edges through hybrid functionals: Effect of screening in the exchange term

We investigate how various treatments of exact exchange affect defect charge transition levels and band edges in hybrid functional schemes for a variety of systems. We distinguish the effects of long-range vs short-range exchange and of local vs nonlocal exchange. This is achieved by the consideration of a set of four functionals, which comprise the semilocal Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, the PBE hybrid (PBE0), the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) functional, and a hybrid derived from PBE0 in which the Coulomb kernel in the exact exchange term is screened as in the HSE functional but which, unlike HSE, does not include a local expression compensating for the loss of the long-range exchange. We find that defect levels in PBE0 and in HSE almost coincide when aligned with respect to a common reference potential, due to the close total-energy differences in the two schemes. At variance, the HSE band edges determined within the same alignment scheme are found to shift significantly with respect to the PBE0 ones: the occupied and the unoccupied states undergo shifts of about +0.4 eV and -0.4 eV, respectively. These shifts are found to vary little among the materials considered. Through a rationale based on the behavior of local and nonlocal long-range exchange, this conclusion is generalized beyond the class of materials used in this study. Finally, we explicitly address the practice of tuning the band gap by adapting the fraction of exact exchange incorporated in the functional. When PBE0-like and HSE-like functionals are tuned to yield identical band gaps, their respective results for the positions of defect levels within the band gap and for the band alignments at interfaces are found to be very close.
Soil Organic Matter Persistence as a Stochastic Process: Age and Transit Time Distributions of Carbon in Soils

The question of why some types of organic matter are more persistent while others decompose quickly in soils has motivated a large amount of research in recent years. Persistence is commonly characterized as turnover or mean residence time of soil organic matter (SOM). However, turnover and residence times are ambiguous measures of persistence, because they could represent the concept of either age or transit time. To disambiguate these concepts and propose a metric to assess SOM persistence, we calculated age and transit time distributions for a wide range of soil organic carbon models. Furthermore, we show how age and transit time distributions can be obtained from a stochastic approach that takes a deterministic model of mass transfers among different pools and creates an equivalent stochastic model at the level of atoms. Using this approach we show the following: (1) Age distributions have relatively old mean values and long tails in relation to transit time distributions, suggesting that carbon stored in soils is on average much older than carbon in the release flux. (2) The difference between mean ages and mean transit times is large, with estimates of soil organic carbon persistence on the order of centuries or millennia when assessed using ages and on the order of decades when using transit or turnover times. (3) The age distribution is an appropriate metric to characterize persistence of SOM. An important implication of our analysis is that random chance is a factor that helps to explain why some organic matter persists for millennia in soil.
Micropinches in laser induced moderate power vacuum discharge

Studies of x-ray emission from a laser induced vacuum discharge of moderate storage energy (<20 J) are examined. It is found that micropinches in the initial stage of the cathode jet expansion into the interelectrode gap are formed. Hot plasma of the micropinches emits a soft x-ray radiation and beams of accelerated electrons moving toward the anode. It is found that these phenomena occur just when both amplitude of the discharge current and energy of the initiating laser pulse lie in the specified ranges of values. The position of the micropinch within the interelectrode gap and also the intensity of the x-ray radiation and beams of the accelerated electrons emitted from the micropinch are variable over a wide range of values through changes in energy of the laser pulse and/or amplitude of the discharge current. The experimental results are compared with the data of the particle-in-cell simulations and a fair agreement is found between them.
Barotropic Quasi-Geostrophic Flow Over Anisotropic Mountains

Abstract This paper discusses the nature of quasi-geostrophic β-plane flow over an idealized set of ridges with height h=F(y/Ly) cosx/Lx. When the mountains are highly anisotropic, with scale factor ratio Lx/Ly≪1, the asymptotically exact forced solution is governed by a simple set of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations similar to those obtained by Charney and DeVore (1978). For fixed forcing, the region of parameter space where multiple, stable steady solutions exist is mapped out. A cusp catastrophe occurs in which a rapid zonal flow over the ridges drops to a very low value as a parameter like the driving Rossby number decreases slightly below a certain critical point; and the zonal flow then remains at this low value for a large range of Rossby number on either side of the bifurcation value. The existence of limit cycle solutions is discussed. Such periodic solutions are shown to exist for the f-plane case, and probably exist for the β-plane as well. However, numerical solutions indicate.
Seamless Stratocumulus Simulation across the Turbulent Gray Zone

AbstractA pragmatic approach for representing partially resolved turbulence in numerical weather prediction models is introduced and tested. The method blends a conventional boundary layer parameterization, suitable for large grid lengths, with a subgrid turbulence scheme suitable for large-eddy simulation. The key parameter for blending the schemes is the ratio of grid length to boundary layer depth. The new parameterization is combined with a scale-aware microphysical parameterization and tested on a case study forecast of stratocumulus evolution. Simulations at a range of model grid lengths between 1 km and 100 m are compared to aircraft observations. The improved microphysical representation removes the correlation between precipitation rate and model grid length, while the new turbulence parameterization improves the transition from unresolved to resolved turbulence as grid length is reduced.
Vortex drift. I: Dynamic interpretation

Vortical flow, restricted to a finite domain (in three dimensions) in an unbounded incompressible viscous fluid that is at rest at infinity, is investigated by the consideration of the dynamics in the potential flow region that surrounds the vortical domain. The evolution equations are considered for a flow that is given at an initial time t. The potential change in the far field is connected to the pressure, which in turn is expressed as the solution of a Poisson equation with sources distributed over the whole flow field. The leading term of the pressure at infinity is a quadrupole, which is caused by a drifting dipole field with a constant strength that is given by the impulse. This ‘‘dynamic’’ value of the drift is then identified with the classical ‘‘kinematic’’ definition as the speed of the impulse centroid. The main new result obtained by this method is the solution of the asymptotic drift problem in three dimensions, complementing the corresponding solution of Cantwell and Rott [Phys. Fluids 31, 3213 (1988)] for plane flow. The connection to the solution of the classical drift problem for a vortex ring is also established.
Adiabatic Survey of Subdwarf B Star Oscillations. I. Pulsation Properties of a Representative Evolutionary Model

We present the first results of a large, systematic adiabatic survey of the pulsation properties of models of subdwarf B (sdB) stars. This survey is aimed at providing the most basic theoretical data with which to analyze the asteroseismological properties of the recently discovered class of pulsating sdB stars (the EC 14026 stars). Such a theoretical framework has been lacking up to now. In this paper, the first of a series of three, an adiabatic pulsation code is used to compute, in the 80-1500 s period window, the radial (l = 0) and nonradial (from l = 1 up to l = 3) oscillation modes for a representative evolutionary model of subdwarf B stars. Quantities such as the periods, kinetic energies, first-order rotational splitting coefficients, eigenfunctions, and weight functions are given by the code, providing a complete set of very useful diagnostic tools with which to study the mode properties. The main goal is to determine how these quantities relate to the internal structure of B subdwarfs, a crucial and necessary step if one wants to eventually apply the tools of asteroseismology to EC 14026 stars. All modes (p, f, and g) were considered in order to build the most complete picture we can have on pulsations in these stars. In that context, we show that g-modes are essentially deep interior modes oscillating mainly in the radiative helium-rich core (but not in the convective nucleus), while p-modes are shallower envelope modes. We demonstrate that g-modes respond to a trapping/confinement phenomenon induced mainly by the He/H chemical transition between the H-rich envelope and the He-rich core of subdwarf B stars. This phenomenon is very similar in nature to the g-mode trapping and confinement mechanisms observed in pulsating white dwarf models. We emphasize that p-modes may also experience distortions of their period distribution due to this He/H transition, although these are not as pronounced as in the g-mode case. These phenomena are of great interest as they can potentially provide powerful tools for probing the internal structure of these objects, in particular, with respect to constraining the mass of their H-rich envelope. The results given in this first paper form the minimal background on pulsation mode characteristics in sdB stars. Upcoming discussions on additional mode properties in subdwarf B star models (Paper II and Paper III of this series) will strongly rely on these basic results since they provide essential guidance in understanding mode period behaviors as functions of B subdwarf stellar parameters and/or evolution.
The magnetocaloric effect in soft magnetic amorphous alloys

The influence of different compositional modifications on the magnetic entropy change and refrigerant capacity of Finemet, Nanoperm, HiTperm, and bulk amorphous alloys is presented. For all the studied alloys, the field dependence of the magnetic entropy change exhibits a quadratic dependence in the paramagnetic regime, a linear dependence in the ferromagnetic temperature range, and a potential law with a field exponent ∼0.75 at the Curie temperature. This exponent can be explained using the critical exponents of the Curie transition. It is shown that for alloys of similar compositional series, the magnetic entropy change follows a master curve behavior.
Long-Term Feeding of Soy Protein Attenuates Choline Deficient-Induced Adverse Effects in Wild Type Mice and Prohibitin 1 Deficient Mice Response More Sensitively

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, however the exact cause of NAFLD remains unknown. Methionine, an essential amino acid, is the first limiting amino acid of soy protein, and its deficiency is suggested to cause hepatocyte damage and NAFLD. The objective of this study is to examine the changes in NAFLD susceptibility with soy protein consumption and deterioration due to prohibitin 1 (PHB1) deficiency, an important protein in hepatic mitochondrial function. In this study, liver-specific phb1 +/− mice and wild-type mice were fed a normal diet, choline-deficient diet (CDD), or soy protein diet without choline (SPD) for 16 weeks. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining, we showed that SPD attenuates symptoms of hepatocyte damage and lipid accumulation induced by CDD in mouse liver. The liver damage in mice fed the SPD was alleviated by decreasing lipogenic markers and by increasing anti-inflammatory markers. Furthermore, mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic methionine metabolism was significantly lower in liver-specific phb1 +/− mice fed with a SPD compared with wild-type mice fed with a SPD. These data suggest a CDD can cause non-alcohol related liver damage, which can be attenuated by a SPD in wild-type mice. These phenomena were not observed in liver-specific phb1 +/− mice. It may therefore be concluded that SPD attenuates CDD-induced liver damage in wild-type mice, and that PHB1 deficiency blocks the beneficial effects of SPD against CDD-induced liver damage.
Accurate and Fast Neural Network Emulations of Model Radiation for the NCEP Coupled Climate Forecast System: Climate Simulations and Seasonal Predictions*

Abstract The approach to accurate and fast-calculating model physics using neural network emulations was previously developed by the authors for both longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations or the full model radiation, which is the most time-consuming component of model physics. It was successfully tested for a moderate-resolution uncoupled NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) that is driven by climatological SST for a decadal climate simulation mode. In this study, the approach has been further developed and implemented into the NCEP coupled Climate Forecast System (CFS) with significantly higher resolution and time-dependent CO2. The higher complexity of NCEP CFS required further adjustments to the neural network emulation methodology. Validation of the approach for the NCEP CFS has been performed through a decadal climate simulation and seasonal predictions. The developed highly-accurate neural network emulations of longwave and shortwave radiation parameterizations are, on average, 16 and.
Optical, dielectric and DSC studies of “yellow-type” aluminate sodalite Sr8[Al12O24](CrO4)2

Abstract The ferroelectric orthorhombic phase and a new non-polar tetragonal phase of yellow single crystals of Sr8[Al12O24](CrO4)2 are studied by polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), measurements of permittivity, spontaneous birefringence and spontaneous polarization.
Dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl added to bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in combination with general anesthesia for elective lumbar disc operations: A prospective, randomized double-blinded study

Background: The literature on drugs used for combined general anesthesia and epidural analgesia (CGE) in lumbar operations is scarce. The purpose of the study was to compare the addition of either dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in combination with general anesthesia with regard to efficacy and adverse events in such operations. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 80 patients who were scheduled for an elective lumbar disc operation, age 20–65 years, of either sex and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II. They were randomly allocated into one of the two groups – group bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine (BD) (n = 40): patients who received CGE with 15 mL of bupivacaine 0.20% plus 50 μg of dexmedetomidine and group bupivacaine-fentanyl (BF) (n = 40): patients who received CGE with 15 mL of bupivacaine 0.20% plus 50 μg fentanyl. The primary outcome was time to first analgesic requirement, whereas the secondary outcomes were the total opioid consumption and pain scores during the first 24 h. The incidence of adverse postoperative (PO) effects related to the study drugs, such as sedation, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, shivering, and respiratory depression, was also documented. Results: Patients in the BD group experienced a significantly prolonged pain-free period, lower total opioid consumption, and lower pain scores than patients in the BF group (P < 0.001). Patients in the BD group showed a significantly lower intraoperative heart rate and mean blood pressure (P < 0.001). Regarding adverse events, there were greater PO sedation scores (P < 0.001) and less frequent episodes of PO nausea and vomiting in the BD group. In addition, patients in the BD group showed less pruritis and shivering. There were no reported cases of respiratory depression in either group. Conclusion: CGE with bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine provided better PO pain control than bupivacaine plus fentanyl, with fewer adverse events overall.
Nagata-like theorems for integral domains of finite character and finite t-character

An integral domain D is said to be of finite character (resp., finite t-character) if every nonzero nonunit of D belongs to at most a finite number of maximal ideals (resp., maximal t-ideals) of D. Let S be a multiplicative set of D. In this paper we study when DS being of finite character (resp., finite t-character) implies that D is of finite character (resp., finite t-character).