Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting progeny variance from parental divergence in hard red spring wheat

Selection of parents is an important first step in any breeding program. The ability to assess accurately genetic differences between parents and subsequently to predict progeny performance would enhance the efficiency of breeding programs. This study examined the association between genetic similarity (GS) based on coefficient of parentage (COP) and molecular marker data for 10 hard red spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). In addition, we assessed the value of parental diversity based on COP, and molecular marker data, and combinations of them, to predict progeny genetic variance for 12 crosses of hard red spring wheat. Coefficient of parentage was computed for all pair-wise combinations of the 10 parents. Parents were assayed with 205 sequence-tagged sites (STS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets and 14 arbitrarily chosen selective amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Fifty random progeny lines from each of 12 crosses among the 10 parents were grown in three field environments. Genetic variance estimates were obtained for nine traits, and an overall variance was obtained as the sum of single trait variance components from standardized data. Genetic similarities estimated from COP, STS-PCR primer sets, and AFLP primer combinations were interrelated. Genetic distance computed from COP, STS-PCR primer sets, AFLP primer combinations, or combinations of them was not a strong predictor of progeny genetic variance or number of transgressive segregates for single traits. However, significant correlations were obtained between COP and STS-PCR-based genetic distance and overall variance.
THE REQUIREMENT OF AQUATIC BRYOPHYTES FOR FREE CO2 AS AN INORGANIC CARBON SOURCE: SOME EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

Summary Twenty bryophyte species were tested for photosynthetic uptake of bicarbonate by immersing plants in 2.0 mM and 0.2 mM NaHCO3 and monitoring rise in pH. Equilibrium values were clustered around pH 9.0 and pH 8.0 in the two solutions, indicating limitation by free CO2 and inability to use bicarbonate. Anthoceros husnotii reached a maximum pH value of 9.5 in 2.0 mM NaHCO3, suggesting possible, although inefficient, bicarbonate uptake. Four species of bicarbonate-using plants tested for comparison gave final pH values in the range of 10.1 to 10.9. Field measurements gave results consistent with the laboratory experiments. Availability of CO2 to bryophytes growing in different aquatic habitats is discussed and their ecology is considered in light of the results.
Soil water repellency and its implications for organic matter decomposition – is there a link to extreme climatic events?

Earth system models associate the ongoing global warming with increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts and heat waves. The carbon balance of soils may be more sensitive to the impact of such extremes than to homogeneously distributed changes in soil temperature (Ts) or soil water content (θs). One parameter influenced by more pronounced drying/rewetting cycles or increases in Ts is the wettability of soils. Results from laboratory and field studies showed that low θs, particularly in combination with high Ts can increase soil water repellency (SWR). Recent studies have provided evidence that the stability of soil organic matter (SOM) against microbial decomposition is substantially enhanced in water repellent soils. This review hypothesizes that SWR is an important SOM stabilization mechanism that could become more important because of the increase in extreme events. We discuss wettability‐induced changes in soil moisture distribution and in soil aggregate turnover as the main mechanisms explaining the reduced mineralization of SOM with increasing SWR. The creation of preferential flow paths and subsequent uneven penetration of rainwater may cause a long‐term reduction of soil water availability, affecting both microorganisms and plants. We conclude that climate change‐induced SWR may intensify the effects of climatic drought and thus affects ecosystem processes such as SOM decomposition and plant productivity, as well as changes in vegetation and microbial community structure. Future research on biosphere–climate interactions should consider the effects of increasing SWR on soil moisture and subsequently on both microbial activity and plant productivity, which ultimately determine the overall carbon balance.
The biology and systematics of the genus Coincya Porta & Rigo ex Rouy (Cruciferae)

In this treatment, the genera Coincya (synonym: Hutera) and Rhynchosinapis are regarded as one genus under the name Coincya which has nomenclatural priority. This study is based on data from morphology, population studies, cytology, ecology and reproductive biology reinforced by breeding experiments.Coincya is a west European genus comprising 14 taxa (including six species, five subspecies and three varieties). Eight new combinations are proposed and two species are excluded; R.nivalis is referable to the genus Brassica and R. Leplocarpa is probably referable to Erucastrum. The chromosome number is either 2n= 24 or 2n= 48, which confirmed previous counts; C. Transtagana has not been counted. Breeding experiments were carried out with C. Longirostra, C.rupestris, C.monensis subsp.monensis, diploid and tetraploid races of subsp.recurvata var.recurvata, var.johnslonii, var.setigera, var.granatensis, subsp.hispida and subsp.puberula. All taxa tested are outbreeding with a genetic self-incompatibility mechanism and are cross-compatible, suggesting that there has been no cytological differentiation between the diploid species in this study. The tetraploids formed semi-sterile triploids when crossed with diploids and although the chromosomes only formed bivalents and trivalents at meiosis it was postulated that the tetraploid was an autotetraploid of polytopic origin. The evolution and differentiation of the genus and species are discussed.
Changes in needle quality and larch bud moth performance in response to CO2 enrichment and defoliation of treeline larches

Abstract. 1. It is hypothesised that the larch bud moth cycle is controlled by host‐tree foliage quality. In a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment at the Swiss alpine treeline (2180 m a.s.l.), the effects of elevated CO2 and previous year defoliation on needle quality of larch and the performance of the larch bud moth were investigated.
Frutos tropicais silvestres e polpas de frutas congeladas: atividade antioxidante, polifenóis e antocianinas

The tropical fruit juices are gaining ever greater space in the consumer market, and Brazil is one of the main producer countries in this market. There is a great diversity of products derived from fruits and new products for consumption are launched constantly, often without the necessary research into their active properties and beneficial activities to health. The objective of this work was to determine some properties of in natura wild tropical fruit and commercialized frozen fruit pulps. Considered as a method of great applicability, 2.2-difenyL-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) was used to determine the antioxidant activity; the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total polyphenol concentration and the pH difference was used for anthocyanins. The fruit pulps of greater market consumption in Southern Brazil under analysis were mulberry, grapes, acai, guava, strawberry, acerola, pineapple, mango, graviola, cupuacu and passion fruit, and the wild fruits were jambolao and baguacu. When represented in TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity), the global antioxidant activity of the frozen fruit pulps oscillated between minimal and maximal TEAC values of 0.5 and 53.2mmol g-1, or between 64.8 and 1198.9mg100 g-1 for VCEAC (vitamin C equivalent antioxidant activity) values. For the in natura fruit pulp extracts, TEAC oscillated between 13.3 and 111.2mmol g-1, and between 42.8 and 2533.1mg100g-1 for VCEAC. The descending order of antioxidant capacity was acerola> mango> strawberry> grapes> acai> guava> mulberry> graviola> passion fruit> cupuacu> pineapple. Among the wild fruits, baguacu presents a greater antioxidant activity than jambolao.
EFECTO DEL CLIMA SOBRE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS SEMINALES DE PORCINOS EN UNA ZONA DE BOSQUE HÚMEDO TROPICAL

En una zona de bosque humedo tropical se seleccionaron diez reproductores porcinos con edades entre 12 y 24 meses, con el fin evaluar el efecto de las variables climaticas presentes el dia de la recoleccion de semen y en cada uno de los 45 dias anteriores a ella, sobre las caracteristicas seminales. Se descompuso la variabilidad de cada caracteristica en una componente intraindividual y en otra interindividual, usando estimadores de maxima verosimilitud (PROC VARCOMP de SAS®). Para relacionar las caracteristicas seminales con las variables climaticas se agruparon las anormalidades morfologicas, segun la region espermatica afectada, en anormalidades de cabeza, de pieza intermedia y de pieza principal; las demas caracteristicas fueron relacionadas sin ninguna modificacion o agrupamiento. Se evaluaron posibles correlaciones entre las caracteristicas seminales y las variables climaticas. En un total de 298 eyaculados recolectados semanalmente durante un periodo de 30 semanas, con excepcion del volumen y de anormalidades morfologicas, las caracteristicas seminales presentaron baja o moderada variacion intra e interindividual y fueron semejantes a las que se producen en otras latitudes, con tendencia a presentar mayor volumen seminal y mayor concentracion de espermatozoides. La temperatura maxima, la temperatura minima, el rango entre las temperaturas, la humedad relativa y la precipitacion que se presentaron el dia de la recoleccion de semen y en cada uno de los 45 dias anteriores a ella, tuvieron muy bajo efecto sobre las caracteristicas seminales. Es posible que los reproductores porcinos en zona tropical calida humeda desarrollen un alto grado de adaptacion que permite una adecuada termorregulacion testicular que favorece la funcion espermatogenica en los tubulos seminiferos, de manera que no se afecta sensiblemente la produccion y la calidad del semen.
SNPs identification in swine leptin 5’ flanking region and transcriptional activity of naturally occurring promoter haplotypes

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone which acts as a major regulator for food intake and energy homeostasis. Previous studies have focused on the association between polymorphisms in the coding region of the leptin (LEP) pig gene and economically important traits. The present work aimed to study the leptin gene at the promoter region to search for polymorphisms that could lead to different gene expression regulation. In the 1213 bp 5’ gene flanking region, we identified 17 new polymorphisms in two pig breeds characterized by different fat content, namely Casertana and Large White. In order to investigate whether a polymorphism affects the transcriptional activity of the leptin promoter, we evaluated in vitro reporter gene activity driven by two constructs harboring different naturally occurring haplotypes, and we found a two-fold difference in transcription efficiency (P<0.04). These findings may serve as a basis for future studies even in different breeds and might provide molecular data that can be used in association with phenotypic data and finally in the selection scheme.
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GREEN ALGA CODIUM FRAGILE

Clonal cultures of Codium fragile were established from both swimming cells and vegetative filaments. In the laboratory axis primordia differentiate from heterotrichous juveniles only when cultures are agitated on a reciprocating shaker. The shear forces created by mechanical agitation are essential both for initiation and maintenance of primordia. Contact guidance of growing coenocytic filaments indicates mutual adhesion of filaments as the basis for the differentiation process.
Functional Properties of Rice Bran Protein Isolate at Different pH Levels

The functional properties of proteins from Tarom and Shiroodi cultivars were determined and compared with technological aspects of food and nutraceutical applications. Shiroodi has higher protein content than Tarom, and the yields of protein obtained were 72.88 and 66.36%, respectively. Nitrogen solubilities of rice bran protein of Tarom were more than Shiroodi at all pH levels. In addition, higher solubility was found in acidic or alkaline conditions. Although the rice bran proteins had lower emulsifying properties than bovine serum albumin, they had similar foaming properties in comparison with egg white. Tarom isolates had a significantly higher solubility, emulsifying property, and foaming stability and greater surface properties than Shiroodi isolates. The results showed the surface hydrophobicities of rice bran protein were greater than casein and ovalbumin and lower than other proteins such as bovine serum albumin. Water and oil absorption capacities were 1.03 and 1.66 for Tarom and 87.3 and 75.3 f.
Comparison of diurnal variation of airborne pollen in Mar del Plata (Argentina)

Intradiurnal variation of arboreal pollen (AP) in Mar del Plata city is compared during three non - consecutive years of survey and described in relation to the associated weather. The daily pattern of pollen abundance has a maximum between 10:00 and 12:00 h, while a minimum occurs at 18:00 h. The first two years of survey showed homogeneous daily trends, but in 1995 the maximum and minimum concentrations were delayed because of the change in position of the collecting station. Arboreal pollen spectrum presented qualitative and quantitative changes in the three years analysed. Results indicate optimal conditions for diurnal dispersion of arboreal pollen are high temperatures and low relative humidity. Also interaction between source position and wind direction has important effects on the timing of the peaks of some pollen types.
Synthesis of dibenzyl glycosyl phosphites using dibenzyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidite as phosphitylating reagent: an effective route to glycosyl phosphates, nucleotides, and glycosides

An efficient and convenient synthetic route to glycosyl phosphites and phosphates has been developed that uses dibenzyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidite as a phosphitylating reagent. Glycosyl phosphites and phosphates of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (GalNAc) (29), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc) (30), D-galactose (Gal) (31), D-glucose (Glc) (32), D-mannose (Man) (33), L-rhamnose (Rha) (38), L-fucose (Fuc) (35), and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) (41) were prepared by this procedure. Compounds 29 and 30 were obtained as α anomers exclusively, whereas compounds 31,32 and 41 were β-anomers, ands compounds 33 and 34, as α-anomers, predominately. The phosphates are useful for the synthesis of sugar nucleotides and the phosphites are effective glycosylation reagents
HIV-1 Tat Induces Neuronal Death via Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Activation of Non-N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptors by a NFκB-Independent Mechanism*

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system may result in neuronal apoptosis in vulnerable brain regions, including cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. The mechanisms for neuronal loss are likely to be multifactorial and indirect, since HIV-1 productively infects brain-resident macrophages and microglia but does not cause cytolytic infection of neurons in the central nervous system. HIV-1 infection of macrophages and microglia leads to production and release of diffusible factors that result in neuronal cell death, including the HIV-1 regulatory protein Tat. We demonstrate in this report that recombinant Tat1–86 and Tat peptides containing the basic region induce neuronal apoptosis in approximately 50% of vulnerable neurons in both rat and human neuronal cultures, and this apoptotic cell death is mediated by release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α, and by activation of glutamate receptors of the non-N-methyl-d-aspartate subtype. Finally, we show that Tat-induced apoptosis of human neuronal cell cultures occurs in the absence of activation of the transcription factor NFκB. These findings further define cellular pathways activated by Tat, that dysregulate production of tumor necrosis factor α, and lead to activation of glutamate receptors and neuronal death during HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

By intensive stimulation with large amounts of Salmonella flagellar antigen, newborn rabbits were induced to form high titer flagellar agglutinins usually by the 7th to 10th day of life. Characterization of the agglutinins at various times during the first 30 days of life revealed that the earliest antibody which appeared was a gamma-1 macroglobulin, and that 7S gamma-2 globulins did not appear until the 4th or 5th week of life. In contrast, the adult animals produced macroglobulin antibodies for only 3 to 5 days before the lower molecular weight variety appeared. The infant macroglobulin appears to be similar in all respects to adult macroglobulin antibodies. These data are interpreted to indicate that the newborn and adult rabbit differ in their response to this type of stimulus not in timing of macroglobulin antibody production, but chiefly in the prolonged interval, which precedes the development of the capacity for the 7S type response in the newborn animal.
Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Among Under-five Children in Bangladesh

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to identify the significant risk factors for ARI in children less than five years of age. The data in this study comes from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004. In this study, a child was considered as having experienced ARI if she or he had cough in the last two weeks preceding the survey with any one of the three symptoms of short but rapid breathing, difficulty of breathing or labored inspiration. Logistic regression was used on various independent variables to find the risk factors. Results showed that child's age, sex, body weight and Vitamin A deficiency were correlated with prevalence of ARI. Additionally mother's characteristics like age, malnutrition, education level, and family's socio-economic status were found to be associated. Recommendations include more specific knowledge of ARI to adolescent mothers from the lowest wealth quintile. A community service which could include home visiting for health education, supplementation of vitamin A, and advice would be an advantage if provided for poor or teenaged pregnant women. This in turn would reduce low birth weight incidence, and subsequently reduce incidence of ARI among these children. Keywords: Acute respiratory infections (ARI); Risk factors; Infant; Child under 5 years; Bangladesh. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2037-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1. 1055
Identification of QTLs associated with low chloride accumulation in oriental tobacco

The construction of linkage maps and identification of genomic regions controlling traits have great significance for plant breeders. Among different chemical traits in oriental tobacco, chloride content in leaves when it is less than 1.5% improves burning quality. In this study, genetic analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting the chloride accumulation of oriental tobacco leaf was performed using an F2 population of a cross between two oriental tobacco genotypes, ‘Basma Seres 31’ and ‘SPT 406’, comprising 100 individuals. A normal distribution was observed for the chloride accumulation in the F2 population. Linkage map with 23 informative microsatellite and 29 inter simple sequence repeat markers was constructed, which covered 570.8 cM of the tobacco genome. Single marker analysis, interval mapping and composite interval mapping were used to detect the putative QTLs controlling chloride accumulation. There was not any significant relation between ISSR markers and chloride accumulation. SSR marker PT30346 was found to be significantly associated with chloride accumulation through single marker analysis. Two QTLs including ChlIM and ChlCIM with R2 values of 0.4 and 0.07 were identified using IM and CIM, respectively.
Role of Uronic Acid Polymers on the Availability of Iron to Plants

Abstract The interaction between polygalacturonic acid and Fe(III) was studied in the presence and in the absence of pyruvic, malic, and citric acids. Kinetical data and FT‐IR analyses show that the polysaccharidic matrix acts as an accumulator of Fe(III) and that the metal ion interacts electrostatically with both the carboxylic and other functional groups of the polysaccharidic matrix. Copper(II) ions, which have a high affinity towards the carboxylic groups of the polysaccharide, do not influence markedly the Fe(III) absorption indicating that the carboxylic groups are not determining in the Fe(III) accumulation process. Furthermore, the results suggest that iron inside the fibrils is under an hydrolyzed form or as Fe(III) hydroxy polymer. In the presence of malic and citric acids the amount of Fe(III) accumulated at pH 4.7 and 6.0 is markedly lower than that found in the presence of pyruvic acid what was attributed to the higher affinity of citric and malic acid towards the metal ion.
Inheritance of Trifluralin Resistance in Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

In F2 progeny, derived from F1 hybrids, shoot growth of seedlings, measured 4 d after germination, distinguished susceptible (S) and resistant (R) phenotypes. Chisquare values indicated that the F2 data fit a 3:1 (S:R) ratio for both populations and all trifluralin concentrations in which S and R phenotypes could be differentiated. Results indicate that trifluralin resistance in these green foxtail populations is controlled by a single, nuclear recessive gene. This study is the first to demonstrate recessive gene control of herbicide resistance in a weed species. The highly selfed nature and prolific seed production of green foxtail may have facilitated evolution of the recessive trait.
Northern richness and cryptic refugia: phylogeography of the Italian smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis

Recent phylogeographical studies have re-evaluated the role of refugia in central and northern Europe for glacial persistence and postglacial assembly of temperate biota. Yet, on a regional scale within Mediterranean peninsulas, putative ‘northern’ refugia's contribution to the current structure of biodiversity still needs to be fully appreciated. To this end, we investigated the phylogeographical structure and the evolutionary history of the Italian smooth newt, Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis, through phylogeographical, molecular dating and historical demographic analyses. We found ten differentiated mitochondrial lineages with a clear geographical association, mainly distributed in northern Italy. The most ancient divergence among these lineages was estimated at the Early Pleistocene and was followed by a series of splits throughout the Middle Pleistocene. No haplogroup turned out to be derived from another one, each one occupying terminal positions within the phylogenetic network topologies. These results suggest an unprecedented scenario involving long-term survival of distinct evolutionary lineages in multiple northern Mediterranean refugia. This scenario mirrors on a smaller geographical scale what has been previously observed in the literature concerning northern European environments; it also sheds more light on how northern Italy has contributed to temperate species' long-term survival and to the assembly of regional biota. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 590–603.