Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accent Bias and Perceptions of Professional Competence in England

Unequal outcomes in professional hiring for individuals from less privileged backgrounds have been widely reported in England. Although accent is one of the most salient signals of such a background, its role in unequal professional outcomes remains underexamined. This paper reports on a large-scale study of contemporary attitudes to accents in England. A large representative sample (N = 848) of the population in England judged the interview performance and perceived hirability of “candidates” for a trainee solicitor position at a corporate law firm. Candidates were native speakers of one of five English accents stratified by region, ethnicity, and class. The results suggest persistent patterns of bias against certain accents in England, particularly Southern working-class varieties, though moderated by factors such as listener age, content of speech, and listeners’ psychological predispositions. We discuss the role that the observed bias may play in perpetuating social inequality in England and encourage further research on the relationship between accent and social mobility.
Lighting for subsidiary streets: investigation of lamps of different SPD. Part 1—Visual Performance

British Standard BS5489-1: 2003 permits a trade-off between colour rendering and illuminance for lighting in subsidiary streets—if lamps of high colour rendering index such as metal halide are used instead of high- or low-pressure sodium lamps, a lower average illuminance can be used. A series of tests are carried out under mesopic conditions to validate the trade-off, and this paper reports on the new visual performance results. Four tests are carried out: acuity of achromatic and chromatic targets, achromatic contrast detection threshold, and colour identification, these being for on-axis targets. It is found that spectral power distribution (SPD) does not affect the performance of achromatic tasks except for an increase in contrast detection threshold under low-pressure sodium lamps. The performance of an acuity task using coloured targets displayed interaction between target colour and SPD. Colour naming accuracy is found to be significantly higher for metal halide lamps than for sodium lamps. For all tasks there is a reduction in visual performance at lower illuminances, and therefore a reduction in design illuminance leads to a reduction in the performance of some visual tasks which may not be offset by lamp SPD. Implications for the performance of real pedestrian tasks are discussed.
Undergraduate student messengers: Reinforcing young people’s higher education ambitions?

This study draws upon previous research to establish if ‘low cost, high volume’ university outreach interventions change subsequent application behaviour. The results of two distinct but related randomised controlled trials with two-armed designs (RCT 1, n=2,199; RCT 2, n=1,166) compared application outcomes between recipients and non-recipients of messages from existing undergraduates. The research sought to determine if undergraduate student messaging reinforced prior exposure to the University outreach programme and thereby influenced recipient behaviour, in terms of applications and acceptances to that specific institution. The first trial found moderate statistical evidence that sending an email, written by and addressed from an existing undergraduate, to prospective applicants resulted in the opposite of the intended effect; reducing the rate of applications to the University. The second trial found no statistical evidence of any difference in application or acceptance rates amongst the treatment cohort, who received a personal letter in the post from two current undergraduate students, in comparison to the control group who received no correspondence. This reinforces the notion that there is no ‘one size fits all’ programme of widening participation interventions; successful ‘messaging’ is not necessarily transferrable, and can even backfire, given different characteristics of activity providers and recipient cohorts.
Multisensor tracking of a maneuvering target in clutter

An algorithm is presented for tracking a highly maneuvering target using two different sensors, a radar and an infrared sensor, assumed to operate in a cluttered environment. The nonparametric probabilist data association filter (PDAF) has been adapted for the multisensor (MS) case, yielding the MSPDAF. To accommodate the fact that the target can be highly maneuvering, the interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is used. The results of single-model-based filters and of the IMM/MSPDAF algorithm with two and three models are presented and compared. The IMM has been shown to be able to adapt itself to the type of motion exhibited by the target in the presence of heavy clutter. It yielded high accuracy in the absence of acceleration and kept the target in track during the high acceleration periods. >
Evolution of energy and nutrient intake in Brazil between 2008–2009 and 2017–2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the evolution of energy and nutrient intake and the prevalence of inadequate micronutrients intakes according to sociodemographic characteristics and Brazilian regions. METHODS: The food consumption of 32,749 individuals from the National Dietary Survey of the Household Budget Survey 2008–2009 was analyzed by two food registries, as well as 44,744 subjects from two 24-hour recalls in 2017–2018. Usual intake and percentage of individuals with consumption below the average recommendation for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and zinc, vitamins A, C, D, E, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and cobalamin were estimated. Sodium intake was compared to the reference value to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Analyses were stratified by sex, age group, region and income. RESULTS: Mean daily energy intake was 1,753 kcal in 2008–2009 and 1,748 kcal in 2017–2018. The highest prevalence of inadequacy (> 50%) in the two periods were calcium; magnesium; vitamins A, D and E; pyridoxine and, only among adolescents, phosphorus. There was an increase in the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A, riboflavin, cobalamin, magnesium, and zinc among women, and riboflavin among men. The prevalence of inadequacy decreased for thiamine. Sodium intake was excessive in approximately 50% of the population in both periods. The highest variations (about 50%) in the prevalence of inadequacy between the lowest and highest income (< 0.5 minimum wage and > 2 minimum wages per capita) were observed for vitamin B12 and C in both periods. The North and Northeast regions had the highest prevalence of inadequacy. CONCLUSION: Both surveys found high prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake and excessive sodium intake. The inadequacy varies according to income strata, increasing in the poorest regions of the country.
1 Information Externalities Among Listed Firms

We establish the presence of sizeable information externalities across firms listed on U.S. stock exchanges. To identify externalities, we use staggered non-marginal increases in disclosure at peer firms that are unaccompanied by changes in mandatory disclosure at focal firms. We find that a peer firm’s mandatory disclosure improves the focal firm’s trading liquidity directly by reducing information asymmetry and indirectly by crowding in both voluntary disclosure and analyst information production at the focal firm. Positive information externalities, and the complementarities they operate through, support regulators’ use of mandatory disclosure to improve the market-wide information environment.
The Trend of Malaria Cases, Positivity Rate, and Determinant Factors in the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: A Mixed Method

Objectives The objectives of this study were to evaluate the trend of malaria cases and test positivity rate and explore determinant factors in the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods A mixed study design (retrospective record data review and case study) was employed among 67 malaria officers from all zones in the region by using proportional allocation and the 1995 to 2020 malaria document review. 1995 to 2020 trend analysis was conducted using RStudio-1.2. 5033. Vignette Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to dig the possible factors for malaria case buildup using the purposive sampling technique, and a qualitative content analysis was used. Results The overall mean test positivity rate (TPR) was 21.9%, and about 80% of the land of the region was malarious, and 68% of the population was at risk of malaria in the study area from the data records of 1995 to 2020. The year 2012 to 2016 had the peak confirmed malaria cases, while the year 2016 to 2018 dramatically reduced followed by an increase in 2019/2020. The vignette FGDs identified that poor performance on Larval Source Management (LSM) and net utilization, no stock of some antimalarial medicine and supply, quality of malaria diagnosis services, the low commitment of leaders, and climatic anomalies facilitated surge of the disease in 2019/2020. No real accountability at all levels, low coverage of targeted vector control interventions, resource constraint, data quality and use for informed decision making, security issues and Internally Displaced Population (IDP) in various parts of the country, and the COVID-19 pandemic were the possible causes for case buildup. Conclusions This result revealed that the malaria incidence rate showed a remarkable decline. However, the average TPR was 21.9%. Hence, it provided the ongoing feedback, mass fever test and treatment, training to health professionals, and ongoing supportive supervision (SS) and mentorship, improved net utilization and indoor residual spraying (IRS) operation and close follow-up and conducted sensitization workshop, spot messages were transferred through mass media, and temporary case treatment and prevention centers at farm sites established may surpass the threshold of malaria.
Optimal hydrogen storage sizing for wind power plants in day ahead electricity market

Wind energy generation does not often match energy market prices, which are tightly related to consumer demand. The coupling of wind energy conversion system with a storage medium improves the programmability of such generation plants, allowing suppliers to bid both in the energy and services market, and providing suitable profit margins for investors. Today, the ‘renewable hydrogen’ system, where hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, as an energy storage medium represents a way to fully exploit the economic opportunity of energy markets. Optimal sizing of a wind energy storage plant based on hydrogen technology has been analysed. Algorithms are applied in different simulations, varying some parameters such as efficiency and power rating of the plant's sub-systems, that is, electrolyser, fuel cell and storage tank (H2) with regard to their actual and forecasted cost. As a case study, a big wind farm in Sicily and the day ahead market prices in the Italian power exchange have been considered. The results show the incidence of the different components over the total system cost, fixing the possible values that make such a plant feasible considering the net present value.
Comparative Analysis of Morphological Indicators of Street Workout Athletes with Different Training Experience

Purpose. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the morphological indicators of street workout (StW) athletes with different training experience (TE). Materials and methods. The study involved StW athletes (n = 27). Athletes were divided into two groups: StW-1 (n = 13, age 15.15 ± 0.44 years, TE 1.56 ± 0.22 years); StW-2 (n = 14, age 16.57 ± 0.48 years, TE 2.64 ± 0.53 years). The body length and body mass were measured; the level and harmony of physical development were evaluated. The regression method was used. The handgrip was evaluated by hand dynamometry indicators Camry EH101 electronic dynamometer (China). The handgrip was measured by the maximum grip frequency in 10 s the electronic device "Kepai" (China). The content of muscle and adipose tissue were determined by the body composition monitor OMRON BF-511 (Japan). Results. The average value of the strength index in the StW-1 was more than 60%, and in the StW-2 was more than 70%. The StW-2 had a significant excess of the hand dynamometry, power index, impulse index of both hands; index of static and dynamic grip of the left hand; specific weight of muscles. The average level of physical development was observed in (61.54 ± 13.49)%, above the average was observed in (23.08 ± 11.69)% of StW-1. Harmonious physical development had (38.46 ± 13.49)%. In StW-2, the average level of physical development had (64.29 ± 12.81)%, above the average had (21.43 ± 10.97)%. Harmonious physical development had (50.00 ± 13.36)%. In StW-1 (46.15 ± 13.83)% had a normal fat content and a fat level below normal. In StW-2, the normal fat content had (30.77 ± 12.80)%, and the low adipose tissue content was (69.23 ± 12.80)%. Conclusions. All athletes had a high content of muscle tissue. It was confirmed the specific effect of StW on the body of athletes. Grip strength, specific weight of muscle component are predictors of success. The information content of the proposed indices for monitoring the functional state of athletes was confirmed.
Exploiting SARS-CoV-2 Replication Cycle for COVID-19 Therapies

The tail end of 2019 saw the identification of SARS-CoV-2 as the causative virus of COVID-19, which was followed in March 2020 by the assignment of pandemic status to this disease. COVID-19 has exacted terrible tolls on the lives, health, and economies of nearly every country on the planet since then. The major focus in fighting the pandemic has been on the fast development and deployment of vaccines. Despite the undoubted success of vaccines, a few COVID-19 cases will continue to be encountered that require medical interventions. The field of pharmacological treatment has been largely set aside with no emerging specific and effective therapies that are tailored and designed to combat SARS-CoV-2. This narrative review looks at pharmacological therapies that target parts of the viral replication cycle or counteract the body’s response to the presence of the virus. A literature search was undertaken using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant medicinal therapies and clinical studies for the management of COVID-19.
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Cefazolin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Critically Ill Patients

Abstract Background The relative distribution of cefazolin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remains debated. Determining the distribution of cefazolin into the CSF in noninfected adults may allow for further treatment applications of cefazolin. This prospective pharmacokinetic study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefazolin in serum and CSF from external ventricular drains (EVDs) in neurologically injured adults. Methods Blood and CSF were collected, using a biologic waste protocol, for cefazolin quantification and trapezoidal rule–based pharmacokinetic analysis in a total of 15 critically ill adults receiving 2000 mg intravenously every 8 hours or the renal dose equivalent for EVD prophylaxis. Results A median (range) of 3 (2–4) blood and 3 (2–5) CSF samples were collected for each patient. The most common admitting diagnosis was subarachnoid hemorrhage (66.7%). The median calculated cefazolin CSF Cmax and Cmin values (interquartile range [IQR]) were 2.97 (1.76–8.56) mg/L and 1.59 (0.77–2.17) mg/L, respectively. The median (IQR) CSF to serum area under the curve ratio was 6.7% (3.7%–10.6%), with time-matched estimates providing a similar estimate (8.4%). Of those receiving cefazolin every 8 hours, the median and minimum directly measured CSF cefazolin concentration ≥4 hours following administration were 1.87 and 0.78 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Cefazolin dosed for EVD prophylaxis achieved CSF concentrations suggesting viability as a therapeutic option for patients with meningitis or ventriculitis due to susceptible bacteria such as methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Further clinical trials are required to confirm a role in therapy for cefazolin. Population-based pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling may suggest an optimal cefazolin regimen for the treatment of central nervous system infections.
The Challenges of E-Learning Implementation During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Senior High School

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought changes in various fields of life, including education. The purpose of this study was to describe the challenges faced by teachers and students in e-learning in the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative approach through data collection using an online questionnaire with Google form and structure interview by phone. Respondents consisted of 163 geography teachers and 104 students at the high school level in North Sumatra Province. This data is then analyzed descriptively in the form of scores and percentages. The result showed that the challenges faced by teachers were especially expertise, preparation for learning, access to e-learning, management of learning in the e-learning platform, supporting facilities, and time effectiveness in e-learning. While the challenges faced by students include understanding the material, access to the learning process, discipline in online learning, learning support facilities for e-learning, and the conditions of the learning environment. Pandemi Covid-19 membawa perubahan pada berbagai bidang kehidupan termasuk bidang pendidikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan tantangan yang dihadapi guru dan siswa pada e-learning di masa pandemi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui pengumpulan data dengan kuesioner online menggunakan Google form dan wawancara terstruktur melalui telepon. Responden terdiri atas 163 guru geografi dan 104 siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dalam bentuk skor dan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tantangan yang dihadapi guru antara lain keahlian, persiapan pembelajaran, akses e-learning, pengelolaan pembelajaran dalam platform e-learning, fasilitas pendukung dan efektifitas waktu. Sedangkan tantangan yang dihadapi siswa meliputi pemahaman terhadap materi, akses e-learning, disiplin dalam e-learning, fasilitas pendukung dan kondisi lingkungan pembelajaran.
Ecology and Ethnobotany in and around Api Nampa Conservation Area (ANCA), Darchula, Nepal

Background: Far-Western mountainous Region of Nepal is a rich source of floral diversity and medicinal plants. The latter is frequently being used in traditional healing systems in the region. In the present study, we aimed to document richness and diversity of flowering plant species including medicinal species and their indigenous uses in Api Nampa Conservation Area (ANCA) of Darchula district, Far Western Nepal. To be precise, we explored the detail ethnobotanical accounts of Hippophae species of the area. Methods: Fieldwork for this study was carried out twice in July 2019 and July 2020. Ghajir Kshetti, Khirsha and Lamthing villages of eastern ANCA (considered as a protected site, government managed) and Patha, Ranghadi, Kantai and Batheldhunga villages of northern ANCA (considered as community-managed site) were sampled. A total of ten quadrats each measuring 10 m x 10 m size in each site was laid to inventory the species and analyze the ecological traits. For ethnobotanical assessment, two field observations were made and 20 people, representing male, female, senior citizens were interviewed. Supplementary information was collected during informal group discussions held in the villages and in district center. Results: We recorded 76 plant species including Hippophae salicifolia study of Darchula. The 33 The dominant comparative ANCA site 37 (48.68%) IVI for Hippophae salicifolia and minimum (2.37) for papyracea. As dominant, the Hippophae salicifolia was frequently used Out of used for and 11 species for ethnomedicine.
Epidemiology of fractures in indoor patients at a tertiary care centre in India: a study of 3000 cases

Background: Implementing appropriate fracture control measures and treatment protocols is crucial to maximizing health and development gains. This requires an in depth understanding of age-specific, sex-specific and cause-specific injury patterns at the national and subnational levels. No such study on fracture epidemiology has been undertaken in the Indian population.Methods: Study was conducted in a tertiary care centre (KEM hospital, Mumbai) which is one of the highest volume trauma centres in the country. Data of 3000 patients was obtained from the medical records department for the year 2016-2019. Patients were segregated with respect to their genders and into three age groups. Etiology of fracture was noted, and fractures classified according to the anatomical area. Whether the patient received conservative or operative management was also recorded.Results: 43.83% of the fractures occurred in 18-50 years age group. 41.33% in the above 50 group and only 14.73% in the below 18 age group. Overall male to female ratio was 1.4: 1. Vehicular accident was the most common mode of injury (47.07%) followed by fall from height (21.03%). Proximal femur fractures were the most common accounting for 19.57% of all fractures followed by forearm (10.53%), tibia diaphysis (8.10%). Talus was the least common. 81.07% cases were managed operatively and 18.93% conserved.Conclusions: Our study highlights that Indian epidemiology is unique from our Western counterparts. Population affected is much younger, old age males are affected more than females. Lower limb fractures are more prevalent and road traffic accidents are responsible for almost half the fractures.
Establishment of semen collection technique using electroejaculator and semen cryopreservation of Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809)

Abstract Background and Aim: The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is a subspecies of Panthera pardus spp. , spread across the African and Asian regions. Information on reproductive aspects is crucial for wild animals, including the Javan leopard. In this study, we aimed to developelectroejaculator (EE) techniques and evaluate cryopreservation success in Javan leopard semen. Materials and Methods: The semen of four adult Javan leopards was collected once a week using EE. Placement of the EE probe in the rectum was performed after ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography) to determine the prostate body location. The semen obtained was then evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Three Javan leopards were used for cryopreservation. The ejaculate was divided into two parts [i.e., one part diluted with AndroMed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) and the other part with Steridyl®(Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany)] at a 1:1 ratio immediately after collection and evaluation. The semen was then packed in a 0.25 mL MiniStraw® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) then equilibrated at 4°C for 2 h. After equilibration, the straw was then frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Frozen semen was then stored in containers until further evaluation. Results: The results showed that ejaculation response occurred at all levels of stimulation, while erections did not always occur. The fastest ejaculation and erection occurred at the fourth voltage. The macroscopic evaluation showed that the semen volume was 0.80±0.26 mL, cloudy white, pH 7.44±0.14, and with watery semen consistency. The microscopic evaluation showed that the sperm motility was 66.98±0.39%, with sperm viability of 75.6±1.79%. Sperm concentration was 62.17±46.95×106 mL−1 with a total concentration of 42.14±23.51×106 cells. Normal sperm morphology is only 40.72±6.26%. Conclusion: This study concluded that the development of a semen collection technique using an EE preceded by imaging of the EE probe location using ultrasound was effective for the ejaculation of Javan leopards. The characteristics of the semen of the Javan leopard showed moderate semen volume, sperm motility, and viability. Javan leopard showed low sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology.