Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
QUANTUM INFORMATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN PHOTONS AND ATOMS

Quantum information processing tasks have been implemented in various physical platforms. In this thesis, we consider two specific implementations: Part I presents a detailed study of the interaction of a single atom with a light pulse. Part II examines the case of a quantum controlled-phase gate in circuit quantum electrodynamics in the ultrastrong coupling regime. They are both actively pursued by many research groups. In Part I, we first present the framework for a single two-level atom interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field. The effect of temporal and spectral properties of the pulses on atomic excitation is studied for both Fock state and coherent state pulse. The detailed analysis of atomic excited state population is provided for single photon pulse with various temporal shapes. The work is then extended to a more general case with two spatial-modes and multi-photon pulses. The difference between Fock state and coherent state pulse on atomic excitation is further investigated. We find that at few photon levels, the maximum atomic excitation probability is a monotonic function of photon number for the coherent state pulse, but not for the Fock state pulse. Furthermore, we show that the atomic dynamics can be controlled by the initial relative phase between the two counter-propagating coherent state pulses incident on the atom, which is not the case with two Fock state pulses. The theoretical prediction is then compared with an experiment, where a single trapped 87Rb atom interacts with coherent state pulses engineered in temporal shape of rising exponential and rectangular form. Next, we propose a quantum memory setup based on a single two-level atom in a half cavity with a moving mirror. The efficiency of the quantum storage process is studied analytically and
STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS OF SIS HOUSE

We analyse SIS epidemics amongst populations partitioned into households. The analysis considers both the stochastic and deterministic model and unlike previous analysis, we consider general infectious period distributions. For the deterministic model, we prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium for the epidemic if and only if the threshold parameter, R⁄ > 1. Furthermore, by utilising Markov Chains we show that the total number of infectives converges to the endemic equilibrium as time t ! 1. For the stochastic model, we prove a law of large numbers result for the convergence of the mean number of infectives per household in the stochastic model to the deterministic limit. This is followed by the derivation of a Gaussian limit process for the fluctuations of the stochastic model.
Assessing Algebraic Solving Ability Of Form Four Students

Mathematics researchers generally agree that algebra is a tool for problem solving, a method of expressing relationship, analyzing and representing patterns, and exploring mathematical properties in a variety of problem situations. Thus, several mathematics researchers and educators have focused on investigating the introduction and the development of algebraic solving abilities. However research works on assessing students' algebraic solving ability is sparse in literature. The purpose of this study was to use the SOLO model as a theoretical framework for assessing Form Four students' algebraic solving abilities in using linear equation. The content domains incorporated in this framework were linear pattern (pictorial), direct variations, concepts of function and arithmetic sequence. This study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, students were given a pencil-and-paper test. The test comprised of eight superitems of four items each. Results were analyzed using a Partial Credit model. In the second phase, clinical interviews were conducted to seek the clarification of the students' algebraic solving processes. Results of the study indicated that 62% of the students have less than 50% probability of success at relational level. The majority of the students in this study could be classified into unistructural and multistructural. Generally, most of the students encountered difficulties in generalizing their arithmetic thinking through the use of algebraic symbols. The qualitative data analysis found that the high ability students seemed to be more able to seek the recurring linear pattern and identify the linear relationship between variables. They were able to coordinate all the information given in the question to form the algebraic expression and linear equations. Whereas, the low ability students showed an ability more on drawing and counting method. They lacked understanding of algebraic concepts to express the relationship between the variables. The results of this study provided evidence on the significance of SOLO model in assessing algebraic solving ability in the upper secondary school level.
Bibliometric Analysis of AANS/CNS Joint Section on Tumors (JST) Award Recipients

The AANS/CNS Joint Section on Tumors (JST) awards are given for tumor research and clinical achievements. Associations between scholarly awards and academic productivity in neurosurgery have not been thoroughly investigated. We explore associations between JST awards and measures of academic productivity to evaluate the relationship between scholarly output, fellowship training, and awarded recognition. Demographic information was collected from public data of 1671 academic neurosurgeons comprising 115 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited institutions. h -index was queried from Scopus. The mean-Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) and weighted-RCR were gathered from the NIH iCite database from 2002-2020. JST award reception was determined from the JST official resource. RCR, h -index, and NIH funding were compared between neurosurgeons who received JST awards and those who did not, using multivariable linear regression. Analysis showed w-RCR was higher among award recipients (β=15.02; 95% CI:4.741,25.29; p <0.01), while m-RCR was not significantly different (β=-0.049, 95%CI 0.2214,0.1238; p =0.5336). h -index was higher among award winners (β=2.155; 95% CI 1.164,3.147; p =0.0008). Award recipients also received greater NIH funding ( p <0.0001) and were positively associated with Oncology/Skull Base, General, and Radiosurgery subspecialty training. Receiving a JST award may be correlated with a more productive research career and establishes benchmark metrics for JST award winning. To our knowledge, this is one of the first analyses on this type of award winning in neurosurgery using both the h -index and the more recently created RCR.
EFFECT OF TYPES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF STABILIZERS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPRIT GINGER (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) EXTRACT TEMPE BEVERAGE

In the making of emprit ginger extract tempe beverage requires the addition of a stabilizer to increase the stability and viscosity of the product and each stabilizer has a different effect from one another. This study aims to determine the characteristics of gum arabic stabilizer, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and soy lecithin in emprit ginger extract tempe beverage used 0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% of each stabilizer. The observations were physical properties such as stability and viscosity and chemical analysis includes protein content, and pH value. This study used completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors (F1 is the type of stabilizer and F2 is the concentration of the stabilizer) and carried out with 3 replications. The obtained data was analyzed with ANOVA followed by Duncan's test. Decision system analysis was performed using the MADM-SAW method to obtain the best type and concentration of stabilizer. CMC was found out in the first rank of used stabilizers in 0.5% concentration with stability in 21%, viscosity was 2.17 poise, an ash content was 0.26%, protein content was 12.77%, and pH value was 6.2.
Finite element method for the vibration of cracked beams with varying cross section

Vibration analysis of cracked beams having linearly varying cross‐sections both in thickness and width was investigated. A computer program using the finite element method has been written to find the dynamical characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the cracked beam. The cracked section in the beam has been modeled by a massless spring whose flexibility depens on the local flexibility induced by the crack. The stiffness of spring has been derived from the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory as the inverse of the compliance matrix calculated using stress intensity factors and strain energy release rate expression. Some examples have been given to explain the proposed method and investigate the effects of the depth and location of cracks on the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The results of current study and those in the literature are compared and good agreements have been found. Consequently it is showed that proposed method is reliable and simple. (© 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Power of Math Dictionaries in the Classroom.

This article investigates the value of a math dictionary in the elementary classroom and if elementary students prefer using a traditional math dictionary or a dictionary on an iPad. In each child’s journey to reading with understanding, the dictionary can be a comforting and valuable resource. Would students find a math dictionary to be a useful resource in the classroom? Would students prefer to use a traditional math dictionary or a dictionary app on an iPad? Fourth graders were surveyed to find the answers to these two questions. The results are shared in this article.
Development of a Nomogram for Predicting Mortality Risk in Sepsis Patients During Hospitalization: A Retrospective Study

Purpose We attempted to establish a model for predicting the mortality risk of sepsis patients during hospitalization. Patients and Methods Data on patients with sepsis were collected from a clinical record mining database, who were hospitalized at the Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 2013 and August 2022. These included patients were divided into modeling and validation groups. In the modeling group, the independent risk factors of death during hospitalization were determined using univariate and multi-variate regression analyses. After stepwise regression analysis (both directions), a nomogram was drawn. The discrimination ability of the model was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the GiViTI calibration chart assessed the model calibration. The Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the prediction model. Among the validation group, the logistic regression model was compared to the models established by the SOFA scoring system, random forest method, and stacking method. Results A total of 1740 subjects were included in this study, 1218 in the modeling population and 522 in the validation population. The results revealed that serum cholinesterase, total bilirubin, respiratory failure, lactic acid, creatinine, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide were the independent risk factors of death. The AUC values in the modeling group and validation group were 0.847 and 0.826. The P values of calibration charts in the two population sets were 0.838 and 0.771. The DCA curves were above the two extreme curves. Moreover, the AUC values of the models established by the SOFA scoring system, random forest method, and stacking method in the validation group were 0.777, 0.827, and 0.832, respectively. Conclusion The nomogram model established by combining multiple risk factors could effectively predict the mortality risk of sepsis patients during hospitalization.
An integrated targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology approach to exploring the mechanism of ellagic acid against sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment and anxiety

Background As a neuroprotective agent, ellagic acid (EA) is extremely beneficial. Our previous study found that EA can alleviate sleep deprivation (SD)-induced abnormal behaviors, although the mechanisms underlying this protective effect have not yet been fully elucidated. Objective An integrated network pharmacology and targeted metabolomics approach was utilized in this study to investigate the mechanism of EA against SD-induced memory impairment and anxiety. Methods Behavioral tests were conducted on mice after 72 h of SD. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and nissl staining were then carried out. Integration of network pharmacology and targeted metabolomics was performed. Eventually, the putative targets were further verified using molecular docking analyses and immunoblotting assays. Results The present study findings confirmed that EA ameliorated the behavioral abnormalities induced by SD and prevented histopathological and morphological damage to hippocampal neurons. Through multivariate analysis, clear clustering was obtained among different groups, and potential biomarkers were identified. Four key targets, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), glutathione S-transferase A2 (GSTA2), and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), as well as the related potential metabolites and metabolic pathways, were determined by further integrated analysis. Meanwhile, in-silico studies revealed that EA is well located inside the binding site of CYP1B1 and COMT. The experimental results further demonstrated that EA significantly reduced the increased expression of CYP1B1 and COMT caused by SD. Conclusion The findings of this study extended our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which EA treats SD-induced memory impairment and anxiety, and suggested a novel approach to address the increased health risks associated with sleep loss.
Spectral broadening and flow randomization in free shear layers

Abstract It has been observed experimentally that when a free shear layer is perturbed by a disturbance consisting of two waves with frequencies ${\omega }_{0} $ and ${\omega }_{1} $ , components with the combination frequencies $(m{\omega }_{0} \pm n{\omega }_{1} )$ ( $m$ and $n$ being integers) develop to a significant level thereby causing flow randomization. This spectral broadening process is investigated theoretically for the case where the frequency difference $({\omega }_{0} \ensuremath{-} {\omega }_{1} )$ is small, so that the perturbation can be treated as a modulated wavetrain. A nonlinear evolution system governing the spectral dynamics is derived by using the non-equilibrium nonlinear critical layer approach. The formulation provides an appropriate mathematical description of the physical concepts of sideband instability and amplitude–phase modulation, which were suggested by experimentalists. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear evolution system indicate that the present theory captures measurements and observations rather well.
Regional‐Scale Wilting Point Estimation Using Satellite SIF, Radiative‐Transfer Inversion, and Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere Transfer Simulation: A Grassland Study

Although water availability strongly controls gross primary production (GPP), the impact of soil moisture content (SMC) (wilting point) is poorly quantified on regional and global scales. In this study, we used 10 years of observations of solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) satellite to estimate the wilting point of a semiarid grassland on the Mongolian Plateau. Radiative‐transfer model inversion and soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere transfer simulation were sequentially conducted to distinguish the drought impacts on plant physiology from the changes in the leaf‐canopy optical properties. We modified an existing inversion algorithm and the widely used Soil‐Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes model to adequately evaluate dryland features, for example, sparse canopy and strong convection. The modified model, with retrieved parameters and calibration to GOSAT SIF, predicted realistic GPP values. We found that (a) the SIF yield estimated from GOSAT showed a clear sigmoidal pattern in relation to drought, and the estimated wilting point matched ground‐based observations in the literature within ∼0.01 m3 m−3 for the SMC, (b) tuning the maximum carboxylation rate improved the SIF prediction after considering the changes in the leaf‐canopy optical properties, implying that GOSAT detected drought stress in leaf‐level photosynthesis, and (c) the surface energy balance significantly impacted the grassland's SIF; the modified model reproduced observed SIF well (mean bias = 0.004 mW m−2 nm−1 sr−1 in summer), whereas the original model predicted substantially low values under weak horizontal wind conditions. Some model‐observation mismatches in the SIF suggest that more research is needed for fluorescence parametrization (e.g., photoinhibition) and for additional observation constraints.
Adaptive technique-based distributed fault estimation observer design for multi-agent systems with directed graphs

In this study, under the directed communication topology, an adaptive observer-based distributed fault estimation observer (DFEO) is studied with the use of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) for multi-agent systems. Firstly, for each agent, a corresponding fault estimation observer is constructed based on their relative output estimation errors. To consider DFEO design from an overall perspective, the whole error dynamics is obtained by defining global error vectors. Then an adaptive technique-based DFEO design is proposed for multi-agent systems with directed communication topology. Moreover, the proposed design can be represented with LMIs to establish a systematic design procedure. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design techniques.
Systematics of the Stripetail Darter, Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam), and the Distinctiveness of the Upper Cumberland Endemic Etheostoma cumberlandicum Jordan and Swain

The Stripetail Darter, Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam), is widely distributed in tributaries of the lower Ohio River, the upper Green River system, the Clarks River system, throughout the Tennessee River system, the Laurel River system, and the upper Cumberland River system. Etheostoma cumberlandicum Jordan and Swain was described in 1883 from a population sampled in the Clear Fork system that drains to the upper Cumberland. A previous morphological analysis led to the placement of E. cumberlandicum into the synonymy of E. kennicotti. Results from molecular phylogenetic and relaxed molecular clock analyses, genetic variation at 25 microsatellite loci, morphological disparity in meristic traits, and variation in pigmentation from specimens sampled throughout the geographic distribution of E. kennicotti (s.l.) indicate E. cumberlandicum is a distinct species and there are multiple undescribed species masquerading as E. kennicotti. We elevate Etheostoma cumberlandicum out of synonymy and propose Moonbow Darter as the common name for the species. The results of the phylogenetic analyses are discussed in the context of the historical biogeography of rivers draining the Eastern Highlands of North America.
A proposed model of xeno-keratoplasty using 3D printing and decellularization

Corneal opacity is a leading cause of vision impairment and suffering worldwide. Transplantation can effectively restore vision and reduce chronic discomfort. However, there is a considerable shortage of viable corneal graft tissues. Tissue engineering may address this issue by advancing xeno-keratoplasty as a viable alternative to conventional keratoplasty. In particular, livestock decellularization strategies offer the potential to generate bioartificial ocular prosthetics in sufficient supply to match existing and projected needs. To this end, we have examined the best practices and characterizations that have supported the current state-of-the-art driving preclinical and clinical applications. Identifying the challenges that delimit activities to supplement the donor corneal pool derived from acellular scaffolds allowed us to hypothesize a model for keratoprosthesis applications derived from livestock combining 3D printing and decellularization.
Photon and photoneutron spectra produced in radiotherapy Linacs

A Monte Carlo calculation, using the MCNPX code, was carried out in order to estimate the photon and neutron spectra in two locations of two linacs operating at 15 and 18 MV. Detailed models of both linac heads were used in the calculations. Spectra were estimated below the flattening filter and at the isocenter. Neutron spectra show two components due to evaporation and knock-on neutrons. Lethargy spectra under the filter were compared to the spectra calculated from the function quoted by Tosi et al. that describes reasonably well neutron spectra beyond 1 MeV, though tends to underestimate the energy region between 10 and 1 MeV. Neutron and Bremsstrahlung spectra show the same features regardless of the linac voltage. The amount of photons and neutrons produced by the 15 MV linac is smaller than that found for the 18 MV linac. As expected, Bremsstrahlung spectra ends according to the voltage used to accelerate the electrons.
Synthesis of FeOOH-Loaded Aminated Polyacrylonitrile Fiber for Simultaneous Removal of Phenylphosphonic Acid and Phosphate from Aqueous Solution

Phosphorus is one of the important metabolic elements for living organisms, but excess phosphorus in water can lead to eutrophication. At present, the removal of phosphorus in water bodies mainly focuses on inorganic phosphorus, while there is still a lack of research on the removal of organic phosphorus (OP). Therefore, the degradation of OP and synchronous recovery of the produced inorganic phosphorus has important significance for the reuse of OP resources and the prevention of water eutrophication. Herein, a novel FeOOH-loaded aminated polyacrylonitrile fiber (PANAF-FeOOH) was constructed to enhance the removal of OP and phosphate. Taking phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) as an example, the results indicated that modification of the aminated fiber was beneficial to FeOOH fixation, and the PANAF-FeOOH prepared with 0.3 mol L−1 Fe(OH)3 colloid had the best performance for OP degradation. The PANAF-FeOOH efficiently activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of PPOA with a removal efficiency of 99%. Moreover, the PANAF-FeOOH maintained high removal capacity for OP over five cycles as well as strong anti-interference in a coexisting ion system. In addition, the removal mechanism of PPOA by the PANAF-FeOOH was mainly attributed to the enrichment effect of PPOA adsorption on the fiber surface’s special microenvironment, which was more conducive to contact with SO4•− and •OH generated by PDS activation. Furthermore, the PANAF-FeOOH prepared with 0.2 mol L−1 Fe(OH)3 colloid possessed excellent phosphate removal capacity with a maximal adsorption quantity of 9.92 mg P g−1. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the PANAF-FeOOH for phosphate were best depicted by pseudo-quadratic kinetics and a Langmuir isotherm model, showing a monolayer chemisorption procedure. Additionally, the phosphate removal mechanism was mainly due to the strong binding force of iron and the electrostatic force of protonated amine on the PANAF-FeOOH. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for PANAF-FeOOH as a potential material for the degradation of OP and simultaneous recovery of phosphate.
A mixture model for interval-censored time-to-response quantal assay data

Various mixture models are proposed and fitted to a set of time-to-response quantal assay data. The models provide a natural extension to the time-dependent case of the classical threshold model for quantal assay data. The approach deals simply with interval censoring, and provides flexible families of distributions, for both the mixing probability and the cumulative distribution function for time to response. For data of the kind considered in this paper, mixture models may provide a more suitable description than other models from survival analysis, such as the proportional hazards model.