Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simple Adaptive Size-Exact Testing for Full-Vector and Subvector Inference in Moment Inequality Models

We propose a simple test for moment inequalities that has exact size in normal models with known variance and has uniformly asymptotically exact size under asymptotic normality. The test compares the quasi-likelihood ratio statistic to a chi-squared critical value, where the degree of freedom is the rank of the inequalities that are active in finite samples. The test requires no simulation and thus is computationally fast and especially suitable for constructing confidence sets for parameters by test inversion. It uses no tuning parameter for moment selection and yet still adapts to the slackness of the moment inequalities. Furthermore, we show how the test can be easily adapted to inference on subvectors in the common empirical setting of conditional moment inequalities with nuisance parameters entering linearly. User-friendly Matlab code to implement the test is provided.
The evolution of neutral hydrogen over the past 11 Gyr via H i 21 cm absorption

We present the results of a blind search for intervening HI 21 cm absorption toward 260 radio sources in the redshift range 0<z<2.74 with the Green Bank Telescope. The survey has the sensitivity to detect sub-damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) systems for HI spin temperatures $T_s/f$ = 100 K, and despite the successful re-detection of ten known 21 cm absorbers in the sample, we detect no new absorption lines in the full survey. Sources detected in 21 cm absorption were also searched for hydroxyl (OH) 18 cm absorption and we re-detect 1667 MHz OH absorption toward PKS 1830-211. We searched for intervening HI 21 cm absorption along the line of sight in each source achieving a total redshift coverage of $\Delta z$ = 88.64 (comoving absorption path of $\Delta X$ = 159.5) after removing regions affected by radio frequency interference. We compute a 95% confidence upper limit on the column density frequency distribution $f(N_{\rm HI})$ and set a statistical constraint on the spin temperature $T_s$ in the range 100-1000 K, consistent with prior redshifted optical DLA surveys and HI 21 cm emission observations at the same redshifts. We infer a value for the cosmological mass density of neutral gas, $\Omega_{\rm HI}$. Through comparison with prior $\Omega_{\rm HI}$ measurements, we place a statistical constraint on the mean spin temperature of $T_s/f$ = 175 K. Our derived $\Omega_{\textrm {HI}}$ values support a relative mild evolution in $\Omega_{\textrm {HI}}$ over the last 11 Gyr and are consistent with other methods that measure $\Omega_{\textrm {HI}}$.
Supernovae Ib and Ic from the explosion of helium stars

Much difficulty has so far prevented the emergence of a consistent scenario for the origin of Type Ib and Ic supernovae (SNe). Either the SN rates or the ejecta masses and composition were in tension with inferred properties from observations. Here, we follow a heuristic approach by examining the fate of helium stars in the mass range from 4 to 12 M⊙, which presumably form in interacting binaries. The helium stars were evolved using stellar wind mass loss rates that agree with observations and which reproduce the observed luminosity range of galactic Wolf-Rayet stars, leading to stellar masses at core collapse in the range from 3 to 5.5 M⊙. We then exploded these models adopting an explosion energy proportional to the ejecta mass, which is roughly consistent with theoretical predictions. We imposed a fixed 56Ni mass and strong mixing. The SN radiation from 3 to 100 d was computed self-consistently, starting from the input stellar models using the time-dependent nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium radiative-transfer code CMFGEN. By design, our fiducial models yield very similar light curves, with a rise time of about 20 d and a peak luminosity of ~1042.2 erg s−1, which is in line with representative SNe Ibc. The less massive progenitors retain a He-rich envelope and reproduce the color, line widths, and line strengths of a representative sample of SNe Ib, while stellar winds remove most of the helium in the more massive progenitors, whose spectra match typical SNe Ic in detail. The transition between the predicted Ib-like and Ic-like spectra is continuous, but it is sharp, such that the resulting models essentially form a dichotomy. Further models computed with varying explosion energy, 56Ni mass, and long-term power injection from the remnant show that a moderate variation of these parameters can reproduce much of the diversity of SNe Ibc. We conclude that massive stars stripped by a binary companion can account for the vast majority of ordinary Type Ib and Ic SNe and that stellar wind mass loss is the key to removing the helium envelope in the progenitors of SNe Ic.
Relating grain size distributions in circumstellar discs to the spectral index at millimetre wavelengths

The excess emission seen in spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is commonly used to infer the properties of the emitting circumstellar dust in protoplanetary and debris discs. Most notably, dust size distributions and details of the collision physics are derived from SED slopes at long wavelengths. This paper reviews the approximations that are commonly used and contrasts them with numerical results for the thermal emission. The inferred size distribution indexes p are shown to be greater and more sensitive to the observed sub(mm) spectral indexes, αmm, than previously considered. This effect results from aspects of the transition from small grains with volumetric absorption to bigger grains that absorb and emit near to their surface, controlled by both the real and the imaginary part of the refractive index. The steeper size distributions indicate stronger size-dependence of material strengths or impact velocities or, otherwise, less efficient transport or erosion processes. Strong uncertainties remain because of insufficient knowledge of the material composition, porosity, and optical properties at long wavelengths.
Giant pulses from J1823−3021A observed with the MeerKAT telescope

The millisecond pulsar J1823-3021A is a very active giant pulse emitter in the globular cluster NGC 6624. New observations with the MeerKAT radio telescope have revealed 14350 giant pulses over 5 hours of integration time, with an average wait time of about 1 second between giant pulses. The giant pulses occur in phases compatible with the ordinary radio emission, follow a power-law distribution with an index of -2.63 $\pm$ 0.02 and contribute 4 percent of the total integrated flux. The spectral index of the giant pulses follows a Gaussian distribution centered around -1.9 with a standard deviation of 0.6 and is on average flatter than the integrated emission, which has a spectral index of -2.81 $\pm$ 0.02. The waiting times between the GPs are accurately described by a Poissonian distribution, suggesting that the time of occurrence of a GP is independent from the times of occurrence of other GPs. 76 GPs show multiple peaks within the same rotation, a rate that is also compatible with the mutual independence of the GP times of occurrence. We studied the polarization properties of the giant pulses finding, on average, linear polarization only at the 1 percent level and circular polarization at the 3 percent level, similar to the polarization percentages of the total integrated emission. In 4 cases it was possible to measure the RM of the GPs which are highly variable and, in two cases, is inconsistent with the mean RM of the total integrated pulsar signal.
Lukash plane waves, revisited

The Lukash metric is a homogeneous gravitational wave which at late times approximates the behaviour of a generic class of spatially homogenous cosmological models with monotonically decreasing energy density. The transcription from Brinkmann to Baldwin-Jeffery-Rosen (BJR) to Bianchi coordinates is presented and the relation to a Sturm-Liouville equation is explained. The 6-parameter isometry group is derived. In the Bianchi VII range of parameters we have two BJR transciptions. However using either of them induces a mere relabeling of the geodesics and isometries. Following pioneering work of Siklos, we provide a self-contained account of the geometry and global structure of the spacetime. The latter contains a Killing horizon to the future of which the spacetime resembles an anisotropic version of the Milne cosmology and to the past of which it resemble the Rindler wedge.
Quo Vadis, Open Source? The Limits of Open Source Growth

Open source software plays a significant role in the software industry. Prior work described open source to be growing polynomially or even exponentially. However, such growth cannot be sustained infinitely given finite resources. In this study, we present the results of four accumulated measurements on size and growth of open source considering over 224,000 open source projects for the last 25 years. For each of those projects, we measured lines of code, commits, contributors and lifecycle state over time, which reproduces and replicates the measurements of three well-cited studies. We found the number of active open source projects has been shrinking since 2016 and the number of contributors and commits has decreased from a peak in 2013. Open source -- although initially growing at exponential rate -- is not growing anymore. We believe it has reached saturation.
Stock Index Autocorrelation and Cross-autocorrelations of Size-sorted Portfolios in the Japanese Market

Following Lo and MacKinlay's work on the U.S. market (1988, 1990), this paper investigates the autocorrelation of the market index and the cross-autocorrelations of size-sorted portfolios in the Japanese market. The structure of the cross-autocorrelations in the Japanese market is very similar to that of the U.S. in the sense that there are lead-lag relations running from larger stocks to smaller stocks, which will create positive autocorrelation in the market index. Although we have found no autocorrelation in the popular Japanese TOPIX market index, it is because TOPIX puts much more weight on larger stocks compared to the CRSP index for the U.S. market. However, such a cross-autocorrelation structure disappeared during the latter half of the 1990s, as the largest stocks in the Japanese market began to exhibit negative autocorrelation. The possibility of a serious financial crisis during this period provides an explanation for negative autocorrelation. Some empirical evidence is provided for this explanation.
CONNECTIVITY DETERMINES POST-FIRE COLONISATION BY OPEN-HABITAT BIRD SPECIES: THE CASE OFTHE ORTOLAN BUNTING

SUMMARY . — WildfiresarecertainlyakeynaturaldisturbancetoterrestrialMediterraneanecosystems. After an intense fire different types of habitats revert to relatively similar open habitats. This early successional stage has been shown to be used by many open-habitat bird species, which are able to colonisethesenewsuitablehabitats.Byadoptingaregionalscaleperspective,weassessedtowhatextent post-firecolonisationbyopen-habitatbirdsisconstrainedbythedegreeofisolationofburntareasorthe size of the burnt patch, and analysed the influence of the period elapsed since a fire on species colonisation. We focused on the Catalan population of the ortolan buntingEmberizahortulana and estimated the amount of dispersal flux into a number of recently burnt areas as a measure of patch isolation, using regional data derived from atlas surveys and connectivity metrics based on graph theory. Our results show that species occurrence on recently burnt areas was primarily driven by the amount of dispersal flux, and to a lesser extent by the extent of the burnt area. Species occurrence also tended to increase with time since fire, suggesting that effective colonisation was partly driven by
Organic farming and landscape factors affect abundance and richness of hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in grasslands

Hoverflies provide ecosystem services including pollination, pest regulation and waste decomposition, but not enough is known about how they are influenced by organic farming and landscape composition, and structure to effectively manage them in different landscapes. By conducting transect walks and pan‐trapping, we investigated how hoverfly abundance/richness were related to organic farming, floral abundance, land‐use cover and hedgerows in nine pairs of organic and conventional dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. We found more flowers on organic farms which attracted more hoverfly species. Organic farming also increased hoverfly abundance and richness beyond the benefits from increased floral resources, indicating that other organic management practices benefit hoverflies. This was evident regardless of the surrounding landscape composition. Hoverfly abundance and richness were most strongly related to land use within 4 km around sites, indicating the importance of large spatial scales. Homogenous grassland landscapes (i.e. high grassland cover) supported higher hoverfly abundance and richness, possibly because they contain abundant macrohabitats suitable for the proliferation of grassland hoverflies. Hedgerow structure was also important, with hoverfly abundances greater on sites surrounded by a higher total cover of hedgerows, but with lower total hedgerow lengths (i.e. greater hedgerow volumes) within 1 km. Our findings illustrate complex relationships between hoverflies and local and landscape factors, and they contrast with previous findings for other pollinators. We encourage increased floral resources and organic farming as a means of conserving hoverflies in grassland systems. Future management of grassland hoverflies needs to account for large spatial scales and the possibility that hedgerows greatly impact hoverfly diversity in hedgerow‐dominated landscapes.
Influence of Primary (Parasite) Hosts on Host Selection of the Hyperparasite Cheiloneurus noxius (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

The oviposition-related behavior of females of Cheiloneurus noxius Compere, a hyperparasite of unarmored scale insects, was observed and quantified by presenting them with specimens of the brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L. , which were either unparasitzed or parasitized by larvae or pupae of Diversinervus elegans Silvestri. Modifications of scale insects caused by parasitism had no direct influence on the female's behavior, and only when parasites were present within scales was the hyperparasite's behavior altered significantly. Primary parasites seemed to be detected only after they were contacted by the hyperparasite's ovipositor. Living and dead parasites were discriminated between, eggs being laid only in the former. Possible sensory structures on the ovipositor which may be involved in the discriminatory process are described.
Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima and P. calliantha, and associated domoic acid accumulation in shellfish from the South Brazilian coast

The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle is reported for the first time in the south-western Atlantic Ocean, and is associated with high concentrations of domoic acid (DA) in cultivated mussels. Water samples were collected from seven shellfish farms along the coast of Santa Catarina State, South Brazil, from March 2008 to March 2009. The material was identified in transmission electron microscopy, and typical morphological features of the species were presented and compared with data available in the literature. Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima appeared in higher abundances during the austral summer of 2009 from 21 January to 17 February, accounting for 80.2–98.0% of the total Pseudo-nitzschia cells in the majority of the stations. Pseudo-nitzschia cells reached abundances as high as 22.5×106 cells L−1 almost entirely composed of P. pseudodelicatissima. At four stations, blooms lasted 7–15 days, depending on the sampling station. The concentrations of DA measured in the bivalve Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) surpassed the threshold value of 20 μg g−1 wet weight of tissue for 13 days, with maximum value of 98.5 μg g−1, prompting the closure of harvesting and the embargo of shellfish commercialization for 31 days. Other potentially harmful Pseudo-nitzschia species detected during the summer blooms of P. pseudodelicatissima were P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup & Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle. Among these, P. calliantha became the dominant species at one station, contributing 86–98% of total Pseudo-nitzschia cell counts and DA concentrations as high as 14.4 μg g−1. In conclusion, P. pseudodelicatissima was recorded in high abundance at 5 of the 50 shellfish farms along the Santa Catarina coastline in 2009, and was associated with high concentrations of DA in mussel tissues. This correlative evidence points to this species as a probable novel threat to commercial shellfish farming and the regional tourism in Santa Catarina State.
Anatomy and Variations of the Celiac Trunk

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la anatomia del tronco celiaco a traves de sus diametro, longitud, origen y variacion de sus ramos. Fueron disecados 69 cadaveres fijados en formalina al 10% en los Laboratorios Anatomia de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Universidad Lusiadas de Santos y Universidad Santo Amaro (UNISA), Brasil y 20 cadaveres del Servicio de Verificacion de Obitos de la Universidad Sao Paulo (USP) y de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Brasil. Las disecciones de la region del tronco celiaco fueron realizadas despues de hacerlo con la cavidad peritoneal. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: 1) La longitud media del tronco celiaco hasta su primera rama, la arteria gastrica izquierda y/o esplenica en 81 cadaveres fue de 1,23 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,18 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como primer ramo del tronco celiaco, la arteria gastrica izquierda en 55 (67,90%), arteria esplenica en dos (2.47%), ambas en seis (7,41%), y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcandose en la misma altura formando el triple de Haller. 2) La medida de la longitud del tronco celiaco hasta su ultimo ramo, la arteria hepatica comun y/o esplenica en 68 cadaveres, tuvo una longitud media de 1,74 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,74 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como ultimo ramo del tronco celiaco, la arteria hepatica comun en 13 (19,12%), la arteria esplenica en cuatro (5.88%), ambas en 33 (48,53%) y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcandose en la misma altura. 3) La medida del diametro del tronco celiaco en 77 cadaveres tuvo una mediana de 0.65 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,67 cm en el femenino. 4) La medida de la distancia entre el tronco celiaco y la arteria mesenterica superior en 76 cadaveres, tuvo una mediana de 0,72 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,74 cm en el femenino. 5) El tronco celiaco emitio las arterias gastrica izquierda, esplenica y
The diet of otters (Lutra lutra) on the Agri river system, one of the most important presence sites in Italy: a molecular approach

Background The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) underwent a strong decline in large areas of the Central-Western part of its distribution range, during the second half of the twentieth century. In Italy, only residual fragmented nuclei survive in the Central-Southern part of the peninsula. Nowadays, the otter is one of the most endangered mammals in Italy, and increasing the knowledge about the ecology of this species is a key step in defining fitting management strategies. Here we provide information about the diet of otter on the Agri river system, one of the most important presence sites in Italy, to understand both the species’ food requirements and the impact on fish communities. Methods DNA metabarcoding and High Throughput Sequencing were used on DNA extracted from spraints. We amplified DNA with a primer set for vertebrates, focusing efforts on the bulk of the otter’s diet (fishes and amphibians). Results Our findings showed that the diet of the otter was dominated by cyprinids (97.77%, and 99.14% of fishes), while amphibians represented 0.85% of the sequences analyzed. Results are in general accordance with previous studies based on morphological characterization; however, molecular analyses allow the resolving of some morphological uncertainties. Although the study area offers a very wide range of available prey, the diet of the otters shows marked selectivity. We highlighted a variation in prey consumed, in accordance with the typology of water system (i.e., river, lake, tributary). Some of the preys found in the diet were alien species introduced by man for sport fishing. Our findings could help define strategies useful for the conservation of the otter population in Southern Italy, suggesting management actions directed at avoiding fish community alterations through illegal stockings without severe controls on their taxonomic status. These introductions could result in a general reduction in the diversity of the otter’s preys, affecting its predatory behavior.
Inter-Regulation of Kv4.3 and Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Underlies Predisposition to Cardiac and Neuronal Channelopathies

BACKGROUND Genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) encoded by SCNXA genes, responsible for INa, and Kv4.3 channels encoded by KCND3, responsible for the transient outward current (Ito), contribute to the manifestation of both Brugada syndrome (BrS) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA19/22). We examined the hypothesis that Kv4.3 and Nav variants regulate each other's function, thus modulating INa/Ito balance in cardiomyocytes and INa/I(A) balance in neurons. METHODS Bicistronic and other constructs were used to express WT or variant Nav1.5 and Kv4.3 channels in HEK293 cells. INa and Ito were recorded. RESULTS SCN5A variants associated with BrS reduced INa, but increased Ito. Moreover, BrS and SCA19/22 KCND3 variants associated with a gain of function of Ito, significantly reduced INa, whereas the SCA19/22 KCND3 variants associated with a loss of function (LOF) of Ito significantly increased INa. Auxiliary subunits Navβ1, MiRP3 and KChIP2 also modulated INa/Ito balance. Co-immunoprecipitation and Duolink studies suggested that the two channels interact within the intracellular compartments and biotinylation showed that LOF SCN5A variants can increase Kv4.3 cell-surface expression. CONCLUSION Nav and Kv4.3 channels modulate each other's function via trafficking and gating mechanisms, which have important implications for improved understanding of these allelic cardiac and neuronal syndromes.