Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Development of Multiple Auroral Substorms: Double Auroral Bulge Formation

The expansion phase of auroral substorms is characterized by the formation of an auroral bulge, and it is generally considered that a single bulge forms following each substorm onset. However, we find that occasionally two auroral intensifications takes place close in time but apart in space leading to the formation of double auroral bulges, which later merge into one large bulge. We report three such events. In those events the westward auroral electrojet intensified in each auroral bulge, and geosynchronous magnetic field dipolarized in the same sector. It appears that two substorms took place simultaneously, and each substorm was accompanied by the formation of its own substorm current wedge system. This finding strongly suggests that the initiation of auroral substorms is a local process, and there is no global reference frame for their development. For example, ideas such as (i) the auroralbreakup takes place in the vicinity of the Harang reversal and (ii) the westward traveling surge maps to the interface between the plasma sheet and low‐latitude boundary layer, do not necessarily hold for every substorm. Even if those ideas may be suggestive of causal magnetospheric processes, the reference structures themselves are probably not essential. It is also found that despite the formation of two distinct auroral bulges, the overall magnetosphere‐ionosphere current system is represented by one globally coherent system, and we suggest that its structure is determined by the relative intensities and locations of the two substorm current wedges that correspond to the individual auroral bulges.
Development and Validation of a Convolutional Neural Network for Automated Detection of Scaphoid Fractures on Conventional Radiographs.

Purpose To compare the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to that of 11 radiologists in detecting scaphoid bone fractures on conventional radiographs of the hand, wrist, and scaphoid. Materials and Methods At two hospitals (hospitals A and B), three datasets consisting of conventional hand, wrist, and scaphoid radiographs were retrospectively retrieved: a dataset of 1039 radiographs (775 patients [mean age, 48 years ± 23 {standard deviation}; 505 female patients], period: 2017-2019, hospitals A and B) for developing a scaphoid segmentation CNN, a dataset of 3000 radiographs (1846 patients [mean age, 42 years ± 22; 937 female patients], period: 2003-2019, hospital B) for developing a scaphoid fracture detection CNN, and a dataset of 190 radiographs (190 patients [mean age, 43 years ± 20; 77 female patients], period: 2011-2020, hospital A) for testing the complete fracture detection system. Both CNNs were applied consecutively: The segmentation CNN localized the scaphoid and then passed the relevant region to the detection CNN for fracture detection. In an observer study, the performance of the system was compared with that of 11 radiologists. Evaluation metrics included the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results The segmentation CNN achieved a DSC of 97.4% ± 1.4 with an HD of 1.31 mm ± 1.03. The detection CNN had sensitivity of 78% (95% CI: 70, 86), specificity of 84% (95% CI: 77, 92), PPV of 83% (95% CI: 77, 90), and AUC of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.91). There was no difference between the AUC of the CNN and that of the radiologists (0.87 [95% CI: 0.81, 0.91] vs 0.83 [radiologist range: 0.79-0.85]; P = .09). Conclusion The developed CNN achieved radiologist-level performance in detecting scaphoid bone fractures on conventional radiographs of the hand, wrist, and scaphoid.Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Machine Learning Algorithms, Feature Detection-Vision-Application Domain, Computer-Aided DiagnosisSee also the commentary by Li and Torriani in this issue.Supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
Identifying the spatiotemporal variations of ozone formation regimes across China from 2005 to 2019 based on polynomial simulation and causality analysis

Abstract. Ozone formation regimes are closely related to the ratio of VOCs to NOx. Different ranges of HCHO/NO2 indicate three formation regimes, including VOCs-limited, transitional and NOx-limited regimes. Due to the unstable interactions between a diversity of precursors, the range of transitional regime, which plays a key role in identifying ozone formation regimes, remains unclear. To overcome the uncertainties from single models and the lack of reference data, we employed two models, polynomial simulation and Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM), to identify the ranges of HCHO/NO2 across China based on ground observations and remote sensing datasets. The ranges of transitional regime estimated by polynomial simulation and CCM were [1.0, 1.9] and [1.0, 1.8]. Since 2013, ozone formation regime has changed to the transitional and NOx-limited regime all over China, indicating ozone concentrations across China were mainly controlled by NOx. However, despite the NO2 concentrations, HCHO concentrations continuously exert a positive influence on ozone concentrations under transitional and NOx-limited regimes. Under the circumstance of national NOx-reduction policies, the increase of VOCs became the major driver for the soaring ozone pollution across China. For an effective management of ozone pollution across China, the emission-reduction of VOCs and NOx should be equally considered.
Solution‐based deposition of nano‐embossed metal electrodes on cotton fabrics for wearable heaters and supercapacitors

Cotton fabrics have received substantial attention as promising substrates for wearable electronics due to their large surface area and flexibility. Although the majority of studies have been devoted to fabricating electrodes utilizing cotton, the simple fabrication process of highly‐conductive metal electrodes inserted in fabrics has yet to be achieved. Herein, we demonstrate the facile, electroless deposition of Au electrodes inserted in cotton by a seed‐mediated, metal‐growth strategy. The sequencable deposition of Au was achieved by the autocatalytic reduction of Au ions with Au nanoparticle seeds which were electrostatically deposited on cotton. The deposition efficiency was significantly improved by effectively removing physisorbed silane molecules on amine‐modified cotton. The design was applied to various E‐textiles, that is, wearable heaters, and energy storage devices. The cotton‐based, wearable heater exhibited excellent Joule heating properties up to 120°C at 1 V within only 2 seconds. The wearable supercapacitor with cathode‐deposited MnO2 also demonstrated a promising, pseudo‐capacitive performance of 167.55 F g−1 at 0.3 A g−1.
Internal Water Facilitates Thermal Resetting of Clumped Isotopes in Biogenic Aragonite

Biogenic and inorganic calcium carbonates contain considerable amounts of internal water, both as free and organically associated water. The oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O) of internal water and hosting carbonate are analyzed for various carbonates before and after heating at 175°C for 90 minutes. During heating, the δ18O values of internal water significantly increased in biogenic aragonites and speleothem calcite, whereas the δ18O carbonate values were lowered. Correspondingly, an aragonitic bivalve’s clumped‐isotope distribution (Δ47) changed during heating, increasing reconstructed paleotemperatures. In contrast, an inorganic aragonite crystal, containing a comparable amount of internal water, showed no oxygen isotope exchange, and its Δ47 values remained unaltered during heating, implying that there is a link between internal oxygen isotope exchange and Δ47 resetting. This alteration process occurred without any detectable transformation from aragonite to calcite. Our results therefore reveal a mechanism that facilitates oxygen isotope exchange between biogenic aragonite and its internal water, while simultaneously resetting the Δ47 values, without affecting mineralogy. Future studies may therefore apply coupled water‐carbonate analyses to scrutinize these kinds of diagenetic alteration processes. It appears that in biogenic aragonites, more carbonate is available for exchange reactions with the internal water reservoir than in inorganic aragonites, a feature that can be attributed to the distribution of organic‐associated water and/or high surface area fluid inclusions. This water‐aragonite exchange occurs at lower temperatures than those required for solid‐state bond reordering at the same timescale, and thus likely has occurred earlier during the burial of biogenic aragonites.
Ecofriendly Bioagents, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Plectranthus neochilus Extracts to Control the Early Blight Pathogen (Alternaria solani) in Tomato

Background: early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most destructive diseases of the tomato, reducing tomato production globally. Methods: four fungal isolates were collected from four tomato cultivars and identified through morphological characterization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcript spacer (ITS) region. Plectranthus neochilus and Parthenocissus quinquefolia methanol extracts and the bioagents Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were used as antifungal agents in vitro and in vivo and compared with chlorothalonil, a reference chemical fungicide. HPLC analysis of the plant extracts was used to identify the main flavonoid compounds, namely, rutin and myricetin. Results: molecular characterization showed that the fungal isolates belonged to A. solani. The results of in vitro antifungal activity studies revealed that chlorothalonil, at a concentration of 2500 mg/L, showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) against A. solani (84.4%), followed by the bioagents T. viride and P. fluorescens, with IPFG values of 72.9% and 67.9%, respectively. Moderate to weak activity was found against A. solani when P. neochilus and P. quinquefolia extracts were applied at a concentration of 2500 mg/L, with an IPFG value of 54% for both extracts. The results of in vivo spray application showed that T. viride and chlorothalonil, as well as P. fluorescens, significantly reduced the disease index of early blight, and followed by the P. neochilus and P. quinquefolia extracts. By HPLC, the flavonoid compounds rutin and myricetin were identified in P. neochilus (leaf) with amounts of 2429.60 and 75.92 mg/100 g of extract, and in P. quinquefolia (fruit), with amounts of 1891.60 and 241.06 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Conclusions: the results of the bioactivity of plant extracts and the bioagents indicate a vital role as antifungal activity against A. solani.
Supervisory and co-worker support on the work-life balance of working women in the banking sector: a developing country perspective

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of the emotional and instrumental support of coworkers and supervisors with respect to the work-life balance of banks’ female staffs. Primary data were obtained a through a questionnaire survey administered to female commercial bank employees in Bangladesh (N = 558). Drawing on the Conservation of Resource (COR) theory indicated that the emotional support from coworkers and the emotional and instrumental support from supervisors have significant impact on the work-life balance (WLB). The findings also revealed that emotional and helpful support from supervisors had profound effect on the WLB than emotional support from coworkers. On the other hand, the results highlighted the insignificant effect of instrumental support from coworkers. The findings of the study may be helpful to managerial practitioners, researchers, and professionals in having a deeper understanding of the direct effects of two particular supports, namely emotional and instrumental support from coworkers and supervisors. The study finally highlights the limitations and directions for future research.
Absence of microsatellite instability in extramammary Paget's disease

Abstract Background Deficiency of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) induces microsatellite instability (MSI). Pembrolizumab, an antibody targeting PD‐1 (an immune checkpoint inhibitor), is more effective against MMR‐deficient tumours than against MMR‐proficient tumours. The status of MMR is a useful biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of pembrolizumab administration. Although the status of MMR has attracted attention in skin tumours, there are few reports on MSI in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). Objectives To evaluate the status of MMR in patients with EMPD. Materials & Methods One hundred one patients with EMPD were included. MMR status of the genomic DNA of each subject was analysed using Promega panel (approved as a companion diagnostic agent for the administration of pembrolizumab). Results MSI testing showed the occurrence rates of MSI‐high (more than two markers are unstable), MSI‐low (one marker is unstable) and MSS (all markers are stable) tumour tissues were 0% (0/101), 1.0% (1/101) and 99.0% (100/101), respectively. Conclusion The status of MMR may not be useful for the potential therapeutic application of pembrolizumab.
Aroused Argumentation: How the News Exacerbates Motivated Reasoning

There is increasing evidence that citizens consume the news because it arouses them. However, to explain the motivated processing of news messages, research usually focuses on negative discrete emotions or the valence dimension of affect. This means that the role of arousal is largely overlooked. In this experiment, conducted in 2019 in Austria, I exposed 191 citizens to a televised news item about immigration—varying the level of threat, while taking physiological measures of negative valence and arousal, followed by self-reported indicators of motivated reasoning. The results indicate that combining the valence and arousal dimensions of affect is the preferred way to understand citizens' reactions to political news. While negative affect predicted motivated reasoning, these effects were much more pronounced for those who experienced high arousal at the same time. Not only does this illuminate some of the black box behind motivated reasoning, the consequences for journalism are profound: the way that journalists cover the news might unwittingly drive citizens apart.
Supplementary material to "Temporal dynamics of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in response to natural and simulated upwelling events during the 2017 coastal El Niño near Callao, Peru"

Abstract. Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are characterized by enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and low pH and are being further acidified by uptake of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2. With ongoing intensification and expansion of OMZs due to global warming, carbonate chemistry conditions may become more variable and extreme, particularly in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. In austral summer (Feb–Apr) 2017, a large-scale mesocosm experiment was conducted in the coastal upwelling area off Callao (Peru) to investigate the impacts of on-going ocean deoxygenation on biogeochemical processes, coinciding with a rare coastal El Niño event. Here we report on the temporal dynamics of carbonate chemistry in the mesocosms and surrounding Pacific waters over a continuous period of 50 days with high temporal resolution observations (every 2nd day). The mesocosm experiment simulated an upwelling event in the mesocosms by addition of nitrogen (N)-deficient and CO2-enriched OMZ water. Surface water in the mesocosms was acidified by the OMZ water addition, with pHT lowered by 0.1–0.2 and pCO2 elevated to above 900 μatm. Thereafter, surface pCO2 quickly dropped to near or below the atmospheric level (405.22 μatm in 2017, NOAA/GML) mainly due to enhanced phytoplankton production with rapid CO2 consumption. Further observations revealed that the dominance of dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea and contamination of bird excrements played important roles in the dynamics of carbonate chemistry in the mesocosms. Compared to the simulated upwelling, natural upwelling events in the surrounding Pacific waters occurred more frequently with sea-to-air CO2 fluxes of 4.2–14.0 mmol C m−2 d−1. The positive CO2 fluxes indicated our site was a local CO2 source during our study, which may have been impacted by the coastal El Niño. However, our observations of DIC drawdown in the mesocosms suggests that CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere can be largely dampened by biological processes. Overall, our study characterized carbonate chemistry in near-shore Pacific waters that are rarely sampled in such temporal resolution and hence provided unique insights into the CO2 dynamics during a rare coastal El Niño event.
Effects of neighbourhood religious diversity and religious and national identity on neighbourhood trust

This paper examines the relationship between religious diversity, religious and national identity, and neighbourhood trust. Using data from 6,089 individuals in England matched to census-based statistical estimates for 300 local areas, we find that religious diversity is negatively associated with neighbourhood trust. Further analyses tested indirect relationships between religious diversity and neighbourhood trust to examine whether higher levels of religious diversity are associated with a stronger sense of religious identity, and whether a stronger sense of religious identity is associated with lower levels of neighbourhood trust. We simultaneously tested whether higher levels of religious diversity are associated with a weaker sense of national identity, and whether a weaker sense of national identity is associated with lower neighbourhood trust. Multigroup analyses were conducted to assess patterns across religious groups. Results indicate that, for Christians, religious diversity is associated with a stronger subordinate religious identification, which is in turn associated with lower neighbourhood trust. There were no associations between religious diversity, national identification, and neighbourhood trust. For the other religious groups, no significant associations were found between our variables of interest. We discuss the relevance and implication of increasing religious diversity in societies for the multiple groups involved.
A Novel Implementation of CORDIC Algorithm Based on Dynamic Microrotation Generation

Mathematical functions are generally classified into two groups. Functions such as logarithmic or trigonometric functions are called elementary functions, and functions such as sin(1/x), which are a combination of two or more elementary functions, are called combinatorial functions. Mathematical functions have many applications in digital devices, such as digital signal processing, image processing, and telecommunication systems. Although software computation of mathematical functions in digital systems has flexibility and convenience advantage, sometimes it does not keep up with the real-time requirements of modern digital systems. To solve this problem, various algorithms have been proposed to implement mathematical functions on hardware. Hardware implementations tend to have higher throughput compared to software implementations, but usually, they suffer in terms of accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel method for calculating the elementary trigonometric functions using the CORDIC algorithm based on the dynamic microrotation generation technique. We implement our design on Spartan-6 FPGA. Results show our method outperforms similar works in terms of throughput and power consumption while exploiting less hardware.
Managing a natural disaster: actionable insights from microblog data

ABSTRACT Social media message boards have become a critical source of information during mass emergencies/disasters, leading to appropriate human action. The use of platforms like Twitter to share information about unfolding crises and social media adoption by governments for communication has increased interest in developing rounded disaster management strategies. Although scholarly works exist for modeling human-traits as social media usage predictors, seminal works on using social media as a predictor for human behavior are rare. This paper aims to identify pertinent information communicated amidst a disaster to unearth linguistic and thematic features that make tweets popular and attract human involvement. This research is based on the calamities during the last decade in the Indian subcontinent. We apply computational intelligence to identify features that make a tweet popular during a disaster. Our research suggests that Tweet popularity attracting human action in a disaster is affected by communication style over social media.
Characterization of Phenolics in Rejected Kiwifruit and Their Antioxidant Potential

Kiwifruit hold significant nutritional value and are a good source of antioxidants due to their diverse range of bioactive compounds. Kiwifruit waste is generated throughout the food supply chain, particularly during transportation and storage. Kiwifruit rejected from the retail market due to unfavorable appearance still possess potential economic value as kiwifruit are abundant in phenolic compounds. The present work studied the phenolic profile and antioxidant potential of rejected kiwifruit, including SunGold (Actinidia chinensis), Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa), and round organic Hayward (Actinidia deliciosa). Regarding phenolics estimation, SunGold possessed the highest TPC (0.72 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), while Hayward exhibited the highest TFC (0.05 ± 0.09 mg QE/g). In antioxidant assays, SunGold showed the highest antioxidant activities in DPPH (0.31 ± 0.35 mg AAE/g), FRAP (0.48 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g), ABTS (0.69 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g), •OH-RSA (0.07 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g) assays, and FICA (0.19 ± 0.07 mg EDTA/g), whereas Hayward showed the highest RPA (0.09 ± 0.02 mg AAE/g) and TAC (0.57 ± 0.04 mg AAE/g). Separation and characterization of phenolics were conducted using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 97 phenolics were tentatively characterized from rejected SunGold (71 phenolics), Hayward (55 phenolics), and round organic Hayward (9 phenolics). Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols were the most common phenolics characterized in the three samples. The quantitative analysis was conducted by HPLC-PDA and found that chlorogenic acid (23.98 ± 0.95 mg/g), catechin (23.24 ± 1.16 mg/g), and quercetin (24.59 ± 1.23 mg/g) were the most abundant phenolics present in the rejected kiwifruit samples. The notable presence of phenolic compounds and their corresponding antioxidant capacities indicate the potential value of rescuing rejected kiwifruit for further utilization and commercial exploitation.
Efficient removal of cadmium using facile functionalized of mesoporous silica via a biomimetic coating

A mesoporous material (DMOS), prepared by a facile surface modification strategy based on grafting polydopamine onto meso-structured silica (MOS), was developed as a sorbent to sequester Cd2+. The method used to modify MOS was simple, facile and cost-effective. The DMOS was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET and FT-IR, showing that the material had clear multilayer structures, a large surface area of 431 m2 g−1 and a large pore size of 12.7 nm. The influences of pH, contact time, solid-to-liquid ratio, ionic strength and adsorption–desorption cycles on the sorption process were investigated. It was demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ by DMOS was dramatically improved by functionalization, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 107 mg g−1 at pH 6.0, and that the sorption equilibrium time was 90 minutes. Additionally, the influence of the solid-to-liquid ratio and ionic strength on the sorption was very weak, and the Cd2+ adsorption capacity of regenerated DMOS still remained 86.5% after ten adsorption–desorption cycles. All the results illustrated that the DMOS exhibited excellent performance for the removal of Cd2+.