Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tempo de busca e de manuseio de larvas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) alimentadas com Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Searching and handling time of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) larvae fed on Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae). The objective of this research was to determine the searching and handling times of three larval instars of C. externa fed on U. ambrosiae at densities of 30, 40 and 50 per vial, with the feeding of the larvae at the preceding instars being U. ambrosiae nymphs or Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier, 1819) eggs. The larvae were maintained at 25 ± 2 oC, 70 ± 10% RH and a 14-h photophase. A completely randomized design in a 6 x 3 factorial scheme with 12 replicates was adopted. The shortest searching time was found for the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of C. externa, and this parameter was variable depending on the feeding given to the larvae previously. The handling time was similar for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. The longest searching time was found at an aphid density of 30, as compared to densities of 40 and 50 prey, with which there were no significant differences. Prey density did not have any influence on handling time.
Modelling the spatial distribution of Culicoides biting midges at the local scale

1. Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are ubiquitous on farms in the United Kingdom (UK), but little research has explored their abundance, an important determinant of disease risk. Models to explain and predict variation in their abundance are needed for effective targeting of control methods against bluetongue virus (BTV) and other Culicoidesborne diseases. Although models have been attempted at the national scale (e.g. Scotland), no investigations have taken place at a finer spatial scale. 2. Midge abundances were estimated using light traps on 35 farms in Bala, north Wales. Culicoides catches were combined with remotely sensed ecological correlates, and on-farm host and environmental data, within a GLM model. Drivers of local-scale variation were determined at the 1-km resolution. 3. Local-scale variation in abundance exhibited an almost 500-fold difference (74-33 720) between farms in maximum Obsoletus Group catches. The Obsoletus Group model explained 81% of this variance and was dominated by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). This is consistent with previous studies suggesting strong impacts of forest cover and vegetation activity on distribution, as well as shaded breeding site requirements. 4. The variance explained was consistently high for the Pulicaris Group, C. pulicaris and C. punctatus (80%, 73% and 74%), the other probable BTV vector species in the United Kingdom. The abundance of all vector species increased with the number of sheep on farms, but this relationship was missing from any of the non-vector models. This is particularly interesting given that none of the species concerned are known to utilize sheep-associated larval development sites. Performance of the non-vector models was also high (65-87% variance explained), but species differed in their associations with satellite variables. 5. Synthesis and application. At a large spatial scale, there is significant variation in Culicoides Obsoletus Group abundance, which undermines attempts to record their nationwide distribution in larger-scale models. Satellite data can be used to explain a high proportion of this variation and, if shown to be generalizable, they may produce effective predictive models of disease vector abundance. We recommend undertaking a prior survey for farms with high Culicoides catches within the sampling area and checking stability in catch size between seasons and years. (Resume d'auteur)
Early Regeneration of a Clear‐Cut Southern Appalachian Forest

The components of hardwood forest regeneration on a southern Appalachian watershed were assessed during the 1st yr following clear—cutting. First—year net primary production (NPP) on the clear—cut was 1955 kg/ha, representing 22% of the NPP of a nearby undisturbed hardwood forest. First—year nutrient pools in NPP for N, P, K, Mg, and Ca were estimated at 29—44% of those in the NPP of the control. The greatest NPP and nutrient pools were represented in descending order by hardwood sprouts, herbs, vines, and seedlings. Woody successional species (Robinia pseudo—acacia, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Vitis aestivalis var. argentifolia) and herbs (Aster spp., Solidago spp., and Erechtites hieracifolia) were important in revegetation due to competitive advantages in growth rates, growth forms, and propagative capacities. The woody successional species had higher tissue concentrations of N and P than most other woody species. Herbs as a group had significantly higher foliar concentrations of K than woody species. Woody successional and herbaceous species collectively had higher biomass and elemental pools than other woody species. Following forest disturbance, these fast—growing species conserve substantial pools of nutrients in their biomass and initiate a rapid recovery of forest elemental cycling processes.
Optimization of Particle Bombardment Conditions by Monitoring of Transient sGFP(S65T) Expression in Transformed Soybean

In an attempt to increase the efficiency of soybean transformation by particle bombardment, we examined the effects of bombardment parameters such as gold particle size, target distance, acceleration pressure, amount of DNA per bombardment, and number of bombardments. Transgene delivery to embryogenic tissue grown in suspension culture was evaluated by monitoring the transient expression of a gene for a modified form of jellyfish green fluorescent protein [sGFP(S65T)]. Optimal transient expression of sGFP(S65T) was obtained when the tissue was bombarded twice at an acceleration pressure of 7.6 MPa (1,100 psi) and a distance of 6 cm with gold particles that were 0.6 μm in diameter and coated with 0.8 μg of DNA. Application of these optimized conditions proved effective for the generation of stable transgenic soybean plants. Stable transgene integration in the transformants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The average transformation efficiency achieved with the optimized protocol was siginificantly higher than that with the conventional protocol.
Studies On Genetic Divergence In Maize (Zea mays) Inbreds

Genetic divergence in 17 CIMMYT Maize inbred lines including one check were assessed based on some morphological traits and grain yield using Mahalanobis’ D 2 -statistics. The experiment was carried out in alpha lattice design with two replications at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi Pabna during the winter 2010-2011. The genotypes were grouped into four clusters. The cluster II contained the highest number of lines (6), while the cluster I contained only single genotype. The maximum inter-cluster distance was noticed between the cluster I and IV and minimum between cluster I and II. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed in the cluster IV and lowest in cluster I. The genotypes in the cluster III showed better performances having shorter growth duration, short stature, shortest ear height, better shelling percentage and reasonable yielding ability. It is expected that crossing of inbred lines belonging high to medium D 2 values may tend to produce high heterosis for yield. Ear aspect had the greatest contribution to the genetic divergence. Days to pollen shedding, silking, maturity, and 1000-grain weight were found to be responsible for primary differentiation. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(1): 71-76, March 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjar.v38i1. 15191
Advancing the Theory of Effective Use through Operationalization

Despite rigorous conceptualization, quantitative investigations of effective use are largely lacking. This, in part, may be due to the complexity in operationalizing and measuring the construct. Moreover, failure to effectively measure the construct could result in erroneous findings. Recognizing this challenge, we sought to understand how effective use can be operationalized and measured. In doing so, we proposed two approaches: a formative multidimensional approach and a first-order approach with relationships between the dimensions of effective use. We drew upon seminal effective use re-search, and refined a survey instrument for measuring effective use. Our analysis provides support for both operationalizations with nomological validity established. We believe this research will help advance the theory of effective use and will enable researchers and practitioners to assess how effectively systems are being used.
Large trilobites in a stress-free Early Ordovician environment

Abstract Understanding variations in body size is essential for deciphering the response of an organism to its surrounding environmental conditions and its ecological adaptations. In modern environments, large marine animals are mostly found in cold waters. However, numerous parameters can influence body-size variations other than temperatures, such as oxygenation, nutrient availability, predation or physical disturbances by storms. Here, we investigate trilobite size variations in the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Shale deposited in a cold-water environment. Trilobite assemblages dominated by small- to normal-sized specimens that are a few centimetres in length are found in proximal and intermediate settings, while those comprising larger taxa more than 20 cm in length are found in the most distal environment of the Fezouata Shale. Drill core material from distal settings shows that sedimentary rocks hosting large trilobites preserved in situ are extensively bioturbated with a high diversity of trace fossils, indicating that oxygen and nutrients were available in this environment. In intermediate and shallow settings, bioturbation is less extensive and shallower in depth. The rarity of storm events (minimal physical disturbance) and the lack of predators in deep environments in comparison to shallower settings would also have helped trilobites attain larger body sizes. This highly resolved spatial study investigating the effects of numerous biotic and abiotic parameters on body size has wider implications for the understanding of size fluctuations over geological time.
VolcDeGas: A program for modelling hydrogen isotope fractionation during degassing of rhyolitic melts

Magma degassing mechanisms are key determinants of explosive and effusive eruption styles. Paired measurements of H2O content and hydrogen isotopic ratios (e.g., δD) in pyroclastic and effusive products can elucidate end-member degassing mechanisms (e.g. closed and open system) during eruption. Here we present VolcDeGas, a MatLab program that models δD-H2O degassing trajectories of rhyolitic magma. Operating within an intuitive GUI, VolcDeGas calculates degassing paths based on: initial δD (in ‰), the H2O content of the melt (wt.%), degassing step size, and temperature. VolcDeGas also calculates hydrous speciation based on either empirical models or analytical data, and incorporates this effect in simulations. VolcDeGas solves open-, closed-, and batched-system fractionation equations, and also combines these into multi-stage (e.g. closed-to-open) degassing paths. Tests show that degassing is highly sensitive to step size, and multi-stage scenarios involving progressively declining steps (e.g. batched-system) provide the best statistical fit to pyroclastic and effusive obsidian geochemical datasets.
Inequality, unemployment, and poverty impacts of mitigation investment: evidence from the CDM in Brazil and implications for a post-2020 mechanism

ABSTRACT Article 6 of the Paris Agreement provides for the creation of a successor to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the parameters of which are currently being operationalized. This paper uses the broad literature on the relationship between general foreign direct investment (FDI) and inequality in FDI host countries to develop expectations about the likely impact of past and future international mitigation investment on inequality, unemployment and poverty outcomes. Using 2000 and 2010 census data for small geographic areas in Brazil, we compare the change in those outcomes in areas that experienced CDM project activity to the same in areas that did not, using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that areas with CDM project activity experienced improvements in those outcomes, which appear to be driven by project types that are associated with ‘primary’ sector activity. Including measurement and reporting procedures for these broader sustainable development outcomes in the rulebook of a post-2020 agreement could be favourable to the interests of both developed and developing countries. Key policy insights We find evidence that CDM project activity drove reductions in inequality, poverty and unemployment in Brazilian regions from 2000 to 2010, relative to Brazilian regions where no CDM projects were present. This evidence fits with the idea that investment into primary and secondary sector activities (as opposed to tertiary sector ones) creates new demand for lower-skilled labour. Future supranational and national-level climate and emissions mitigation frameworks could take this into account at the design stage and specifically target inequality, unemployment, and poverty reduction through the new mechanism to be developed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
Effects of Water and Nutrient Stresses on Reduction of Vegetative Growth in Chrysanthemum Grown under Restricted Root Zone Volume

Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of reducing water and nutrient stresses on vegetative growth of chrysanthemum cv. Pinky in restricted root zone volume (10a1000ml). In Exp. 1, plants were grown using continuous flowing hydroponic system (CFHS). In Exp. 2, plants grown on a substrate were supplied nutrient solution via a drip system (SDS) 1, 3, 8 or 13 times per day until leaching occurred. In CFHS, stem length and node number were unaffected by root zone volume 25 days after planting (DAP). Total leaf area, shoot and root dry weights decreased with a decrease in root zone volume ; there were small differences among the plants grown in different containers, e.g. shoot dry weight of plants grown in 10 ml containers was about 80% of that in 1000 ml containers. Shoot to root ratio slightly increased with a decrease in root zone volume. In SDS, reduction in stem elongation was observed 14 DAP in plants grown in 30 ml containers fertigated only once a day. However, there was little difference in stem lengths among the plants grown in different containers 28 DAP when fertigated 8 times per day. Shoot growth 35 DAP was reduced with a decrease in root zone volume, however in plants grown in 30 ml or 100 ml containers, reduction of shoot growth markedly decreased with an increase in fertigation frequency. Root zone volume had a little effect on shoot growth if plants were fertigated 8 or 13 times. Irrespective of fertigation frequency, root dry weight increased with an increase in root zone volume. Shoot to root ratio was unaffected by root zone volume in plants fertigated 1 or 3 times but the ratio in plants treated 8 or 13 times increased with decrease in root zone volume. Thus, limiting of water and nutrients is the main factor in growth suppression caused by root zone restriction. Hence, vegetative growth of chrysanthemum plants in small container (≤100ml), e.g. cell or pot transplants production, can be sustained by the application of water and nutrients 8 times per day.
Stimulation of Armillaria mellea by phenolic fungicides

Phenolic fungicides, which were initially fungicidal to mycelium of Armillaria mellea on the surface of well-colonised wood billets, eventually stimulated the growth of A. mellea. An extensive growth of rhizomorphs was produced from A. mellea inoculum, which had been exposed to phenolic chemicals for 3 months, compared to few or no rhizomorphs produced from inoculum exposed to water or a suspension of a non-phenolic fungicide, fenpropidin. Inoculated privet plants grown either in pots or under field conditions were treated with a range of fungicides; fenpropidin, phenyl phenol, cresylic acid or water (control) was applied every 6 months over 21/2 yr. Fenpropidin caused a slightly (but significantly) lower incidence of infection than occurred in untreated plants, but the phenolic fungicides, cresylic acid and phenyl phenol, did not reduce the incidence of infection. The severity of infection (% root circumference colonised at 5 cm depth) was greater following cresylic acid treatments than the other fungicides or water-treated controls. Use of phenolic fungicides such as cresylic acid for the control of A. mellea may therefore be counter-productive.
On the enigmatic genus Philora: familial assignment and taxonomic revision (Opiliones: Laniatores: Stygnopsidae)

Abstract The harvestman genus Philora Goodnight & Goodnight 1954 and the type species P. tuxtlae are redescribed, and Philora quetzalzin new species is described. The genus is newly assigned to the family Stygnopsidae Sørensen 1932 based on external morphology and male genitalia, which are described herein for the first time. The genus is compared with the morphologically similar genera Paramitraceras Pickard-Cambridge 1905, Sbordonia Šilhavý 1977, and Troglostygnopsis Šilhavý 1974 sensu stricto. Philora is unique within the family in having a scutum completum. The presence of a scutum completum in Philora and others laniatoreans is discussed. The male genitalia of the genera Paramitraceras, Philora, Troglostygnopsis and presumably the genus Sbordonia, are very similar and share a morphological pattern described here as the Paramitraceras-pattern.
Osteopontin and Its Receptor αvβ3 Integrin Are Coexpressed in the Human Endometrium during the Menstrual Cycle But Regulated Differentially

Osteopontin is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing acidic glycoprotein component of the extracellular matrix that is postulated to bind to integrin receptors at the cell surface to mediate cellular adhesion and migration during embryo implantation. The primary aim of this study was to examine the uterine expression of osteopontin throughout the menstrual cycle in normal fertile controls sampled prospectively based on urinary LH surge detection. Expression of osteopontin was documented using Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the temporal pattern of osteopontin expression was compared with that of its receptor, the αvβ3 integrin. Using Ishikawa cells, a well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, the in vitro regulation of osteopontin and its receptor αvβ3 integrin was studied. By Northern blot analysis, osteopontin mRNA appears during the early secretory phase, with maximal expression occurring in mid to late secretory-phase endomet.
Survey of the First Recently Discovered Population of Acantharchus pomotis (Mud Sunfish) in Alabama

Abstract We collected 14 Acantharchus pomotis (Mud Sunfish) from the first recently discovered population in Beaver Dam Creek, Tombigbee River drainage, Washington County, AL, in 2011. This effort brings the total number of Mud Sunfish collected in Alabama to 17 specimens since 2000. We captured the specimens using trash-can traps, and Mud Sunfish was the most abundant fish species collected; however, catch-per-unit-effort was low (0.02 fish/trap-night). Male and female Mud Sunfish varied in size from 86 to 125 mm and 90 to 124 mm total length, respectively. Squamation indicated the Alabama population is more closely aligned with Florida and Gulf Slope populations. Currently, Beaver Dam Creek is home to the only known population of Mud Sunfish in Alabama.
CHROMOSOMAL MAPPING OF CALMODULIN 1 (CALM1) AND α-GLOBIN 1 GENES (HBA1) IN THE BOVINE

Chromosomal mapping of the bovine calmodulin 1 and α-globin 1 genes was performed by analyzing bovine/murine somatic cell hybrid DNAs with PCR using primers specific for 3′-untranslated regions of those bovine genes. The calmodulin 1 and α-globin 1 genes were assigned to bovine chromosomes 25 and 29, respectively. Results from the present study should contribute to improvement in map resolution of bovine chromosomes and increase comparative information available on bovine chromosomes.
FINE STRUCTURAL DEMONSTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN MOUSE LIVER AND KIDNEY WITH A NEW TECHNIQUE

Since hydrogen peroxide is produced from glucose oxidized by glucose oxidase, the histochemical localization of glucose can be demonstrated at the electron microscopic level by capturing this hydrogen peroxide. Iron ions show good results as capture reagents. Cytochemical localization of glucose in mice liver and kidney are observed as fine precipitates in the periphery of glycogen area, rough endoplasmic reticulum and others. These evidences agree well with the localization of
Host plant diversity of Sesamia calamistis: cytochrome b gene sequences reveal local genetic differentiation

Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the indigenous stem borer pests associated with maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (both Poaceae) in Africa. Its pest status varies across the continent and this has been attributed to variation in diet breadth and ecological preferences among populations. Its larvae were found on 12 plant species during a study initiated at four sites (Muhaka, Mtito Andei, Kakamega, and Suam) in Kenya to estimate its diet breadth and genetic population structure. Ten of the infested plant species belonged to the family Poaceae [Echinochloa haploclada (Stapf) Stapf, Eleusine corocana L. , Eleusine jaegeri Pilg. , Panicum deustum Thunb, Panicum maximum Jacquin, Pennisetum purpureum Schumacher, Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. , Sorghum arundinaceum (Desvaux) Stapf, S. bicolor, and Z. mays]; the other two were Cyperaceae: Cyperus distans L. and Cyperus dives Delile. Combined with collections from other African countries (Uganda, South Africa, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo), comparisons of partial cytochrome b sequences revealed the presence of 68 haplotypes that differentiated into clades I and II. In Kenya, the two clades colonized different regions, except in Mtito Andei where they co‐existed. Individuals from Mtito Andei could be separated based on their host plants: clade I with 14 haplotypes was found mainly on maize (78.6%), whereas clade II with 10 haplotypes was found mainly among wild host plants (63.6%). Detection of divergence among these clades with cytochrome b suggests that their evolutionary separation may have taken place about one million years ago. This article discusses the potential implication of this differentiation for the management of S. calamistis as a pest of maize and sorghum in Africa.