Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controlling the emission of organic dyes for high sensitivity and super-resolution microscopy

In this paper we show that the emission of ordinary organic dyes can be controlled in order to increase photostability or to induce long off-states for superresolution microscopy. We therefore extend a recently introduced concept that utilizes triplet-state quenching via redox-reactions and recovery of the electronic ground-state by complementary redoxreactions: it is shown that different reagents in an oxidizing and reducing system (ROXS) can positively influence the fluorescence properties of organic dyes. In more detail, the effects of Trolox, a ferrocene-based compound, an oxidized quinone derivative of Trolox and nitrobenzoic acid are investigated and compared to the prototypical compounds ascorbic acid and N,N methylviologen. While the redox potential is the most important parameter for the realization of the ROXS concept it is demonstrated that also kinetic aspects have to be taken into account to explain the properties of the specific redox agents. Photostabilization and the induction of off-states are of paramount importance for fluorescence microscopy in general and especially for superresolution microscopy based on "blinking" molecules.
ANTHROPOGENIC MARINE DEBRIS ACCUMULATION IN MANGROVES ON PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

Knowledge on anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) distribution and accumulation dynamics in mangroves is limited. To address this shortfall, abundance, sorting, and diversity parameters of AMD were evaluated in Penang’s urban and peri-urban mangroves. Debris were counted and classified across transects parallel to the coastline at progressively higher water marks. Plastic percentages make most of the AMD across all sites. More AMD were retained in the urban sites, consistent with larger population density. Diversity of debris was consistent with land use and livelihood of the population in each area. The greatest differences in abundance, diversity, and evenness were recorded between the lower intertidal zones and the remaining inner transects consistent with sorting towards the coastal edge in favour of plastic items. Differences across transects and sites suggested: 1) the main body of the mangrove efficiently retained debris with little sorting; and 2) debris deposited closer to the edge are increasingly sorted and lost to the water body in favour of smaller plastic items. The findings show that mangroves are vulnerable to accumulation and retention of potentially harmful debris, with evidence of a less efficient retention and selective sorting of materials back to the water body closer to their coastal edges.
Scaling Up of Chemical Injection Experiments

Abstract It is well known that laboratory experiments are the most useful means of developing predictive models for various engineering applications. However, scaling laws should be known in order to scale up laboratory results to field conditions. This scaling up offers a formidable challenge in scenarios involving complex solid/fluid interactions which are predominant in chemical processes such as in petroleum engineering and environmental remediation. This article presents a series of chemical adsorption tests and provides one with the scaled-up versions; these results are then compared with numerical simulation results. Finally, recommendations are made as to how to interpret laboratory experimental results and apply scaling laws to predict field behavior.
Formation of banana phases in bent-shaped molecules with unusual bent angles as low as 60°

We prepared a homologous series of bent-shaped molecules with a low bent angle of about 60° using a 1,7-naphthalene central core, a long side wing in which one phenyl ring is attached to the classical wing via an ester linkage and alkoxy tail groups with numbers of carbons of 4 to 14. All the compounds form well-defined mesophases. Two calamitic nematic (N) and SmA phases, and two banana SmAPA and B4 phases were identified with a sequence of N–SmA–SmAPA–B4 upon decreasing temperature. In all these phases, molecules behave as bent molecules irrespective of the low bent angle of approximately 60°, and are packed with the bent direction perpendicular to the n-director. SmAPA is different from SmA only by having biaxiality, and exhibits antiferroelectric switching characteristic of banana smectic phases.
Carbon Nanostructure Reactivity: Reactions of Graphite Powders with Ozone

Abstract The kinetics of ozone absorption by fine graphite powders at 20°C, the behavior of unpaired electrons of the graphene conjugated systems, and IR spectra of surface functional groups were studied. It was shown that ozone reacts with six‐membered cycles at the graphite surface. After one‐sixth of the accessible surface six‐membered cycles were consumed, the reaction slows down sharply, probably due to the inductive influence of the functional groups formed, the reaction leads to a significant loss of the sample's mass. The observed changes of the ESP spectra in the ozonation process are indicative of free radicals localization at the surface layers, increase radical concentration and its transformation to peroxide radicals. The reaction of ozone with a graphite surface is accompanied by formation of local zones of destruction, which decrease the reactivity of the neighboring areas to ozone and thereby protect the remaining graphite surface nanostructures from further decomposition. The similarities and differences between graphite and fullerene C60 nanostructural units in reactions with ozone were considered.
Effective adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+) from aqueous solution by immobilization of adsorbents on Ca-alginate beads

The performance of adsorbent system consisting of orange peel cellulose (OPC), banana peel cellulose (BPC), orange peel cellulose immobilized Ca-alginate beads (OPCCA) and banana peel cellulose immobilized Ca-alginate beads (BPCCA) for the removal of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from an aqueous solution was tested. The widely used Langmuir isotherm model was utilized to describe the adsorption equilibrium process. OPC and BPC were characterized by SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) techniques. The concentration of metal ions was varied in order to obtain optimum concentration level. The effect of pH was studied at different pH values. The role of cellulose in the case of OPC and BPC and the role of alginate in OPCCA and BPCCA were well understood leading to two different mechanisms in native and immobilized cellulose. OPC was found to be a better adsorbent among OPC and BPC, and Cu2+ was considered to be adsorbed more effectively than Pb2+ and Zn2+. The extent of enhancement of adsorption capacity in the case of BPC was greater than that of OPC after immobilization. For the same amount of adsorbents used, OPC and OPCCA showed enhanced activity than BPC and BPCCA.
Platelet-Rich Plasma for Androgenetic Alopecia in Women: A Single-Center Case Series Study in Qatar

Objective: Androgenetic alopecia (AA) is a progressive hair loss disorder mediated by systemic androgens and genetic factors. A variety of AA treatments have been investigated. Currently, there is emerging evidence and growing interest in the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for AA. This study describes a single-center experience using PRP to treat AA in women. Methods: A retrospective observational study design was employed. The study cohort comprised 20 women >18 years of age who were diagnosed with AA. PRP was prepared using a commercially available PRP kit. Each patient received six PRP treatment sessions at 4-week intervals. The severity of alopecia tool (SALT) scoring system was used to measure the severity of alopecia, and a paired t-test was used to calculate significance levels. Results: The mean pre-intervention and post-intervention total SALT score was 27.5±6.35 and 9.41±3.71, respectively. The difference in the total mean SALT score was 18.33±1.64 and the effect size was 3.52. The scalp area with the largest effect size was the vertex (Cohen d=2.53). The effect size was similar across other scalp areas (Cohen d=1.91–2.09). There were no serious adverse effects of the treatment; only mild transient adverse effects were reported. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of PRP injections in treating AA in women. However, these findings require confirmation in well-designed studies using standardized treatment protocols and evaluation methods.
Emission of Negative Ions from Metal Surfaces Bombarded by Positive Cesium Ions

High yields (>1%) of negative metal ions, usually including clusters of metal atoms and oxides, have been observed from targets of Cu, Ag, Au, Be, Cd, Al, Sn, Ta, W, and Ni bombarded by a beam of positive cesium ions. The increase observed in the negative‐ion yields when an auxiliary beam of neutral cesium was directed at a copper target indicates that the presence of cesium on the target was an important factor in the production of large numbers of negative ions. From targets of aluminum and tin, respectively, the Al2− and Sn2− yields were an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding single‐atom yields.
Polarized Raman scattering and lattice eigenmodes of antiferromagnetic NdFeO3

The first- and second-order Raman-active phonons in the orthorhombic Pbnm NdFeO3 single crystals were studied by means of polarized Raman scattering and lattice dynamics computations (LDC). The zone-center phonons of Ag symmetry were distinguished from the B1g eigenmodes by performing polarized Raman scattering experiments using two parallel polarization configurations, X′(ZZ)X′ and Z(X′X′)Z. With the help of LDC, we were able to assign most of the observed Raman-active modes, including phonons of B2g and B3g symmetry. The LDC results indicated that among the 16 force constants employed, the one corresponding to the stretching vibration between the central Fe cation and the axial oxygen atom in a FeO6 octahedron unit had the largest value. This suggests that the B-site Fe cation is more tightly bound to the axial O1 ion than the other two equatorial O2 ions. It was further shown that at higher wavenumbers, the displacement of oxygen atoms contributed dominantly to the zone-center vibrations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the effect of the layer-to-layer distance on Li-intercalated graphite

The lithium ion dynamics in graphite, an important anode material for lithium ion batteries, is strongly related with the layer-to-layer distance (d-spacing) and the stacking modes of graphite. We studied these relationships by first-principles calculations. It is found that a larger d-spacing results in the easier transformation of the stacking mode from A-B stacking to A-A stacking when lithium atoms are inserted. This transformation is unfavorable to the lithium diffusion because of the larger diffusion energy barrier for lithium in A-A stacking graphite compared to that in A-B one. On the other hand, as the d-spacing increases, the diffusion energy barrier for lithium in A-A stacking graphite decreases substantially, thus being favorable to the lithium diffusion. These results give a better understanding of the lithium ion dynamics in graphite, and show that it is possible to optimize the lithium ion dynamics in graphite by properly adjusting the d-spacing.
Copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) : Template influence on comonomer reactivity

The copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in aqueous solution is investigated by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The reactivity ratios of the two monomers are determined by the method of Kelen-Tudos. Acrylic acid showed a preferential tendency to cross-polymerisation while 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate tends to auto-propagate. The characterisation of the copolymer obtained in the absence of the template indicates that comonomeric units are distributed along the polymeric chain with a higher 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/acrylic acid ratio with respect to the feed composition. In the presence of the template (poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)), the reaction rate and the reactivity ratio of acrylic acid increase while the same quantities decrease for the other comonomer. This experimental evidence suggests the presence of a stronger interaction betweers acrylic acid and the template. The approach used to study the system could be an useful model to investigate the mechanism of molecular recognition in aqueous (natural) environments.
Variable Pore Connectivity Model Linking Gas Diffusivity and Air‐Phase Tortuosity to Soil Matric Potential

Soil‐gas diffusivity (Dp/Do) and its dependency on soil matric potential (ψ) is important when taking regulative measures (based on accurate predictions) for climate gas emissions and also risk‐mitigating measures (based on upper‐limit predictions) of gaseous‐phase contaminant emissions. Useful information on soil functional pore structure, e.g., pore network tortuosity and connectivity, can also be revealed from Dp/Do–ψ relations. Based on Dp/Do measurements in a wide range of soil types across geographically remote vadose zone profiles, this study analyzed pore connectivity for the development of a variable pore connectivity factor, X, as a function of soil matric potential, expressed as pF (=log |−ψ|), for pF values ranging from 1.0 to 3.5. The new model takes the form of X = X* (F/F*)A with F = 1 + pF−1, where X* is the pore network tortuosity at reference F (F*) and A is a model parameter that accounts for water blockage. The X–pF relation can be linked to drained pore size to explain the lower probability of the larger but far fewer air‐filled pores at lower pF effectively interconnecting and promoting gas diffusion. The model with X* = 2 and A = 0.5 proved promising for generalizing Dp/Do predictions across soils of wide geographic contrast and yielded results comparable to those from widely used predictive models. The X–pF model additionally proved valuable for differentiating between soils (providing a unique soil structural fingerprint for each soil layer) and also between the inter‐ and intraaggregate pore regions of aggregated soils. We further suggest that the new model with parameter values of X* = 1.7 and A = 0 may be used for upper limit Dp/Do predictions in risk assessments of, e.g., fluxes of toxic volatile organics from soil to indoor air at polluted soil sites.
Domain Wall Displacement is the Origin of Superior Permittivity and Piezoelectricity in BaTiO3 at Intermediate Grain Sizes

The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric polycrystalline materials have long been known to be strong functions of grain size and extrinsic effects such as domain wall motion. In BaTiO3, for example, it has been observed for several decades that the piezoelectric and dielectric properties are maximized at intermediate grain sizes (≈1 μm) and different theoretical models have been introduced to describe the physical origin of this effect. Here, using in situ, high‐energy X‐ray diffraction during application of electric fields, it is shown that 90° domain wall motion during both strong (above coercive) and weak (below coercive) electric fields is greatest at these intermediate grain sizes, correlating with the enhanced permittivity and piezoelectric properties observed in BaTiO3. This result validates the long‐standing theory in attributing the size effects in polycrystalline BaTiO3 to domain wall displacement. It is now empirically established that a doubling or more in the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of polycrystalline ferroelectric materials can be achieved through domain wall displacement effects; such mechanisms are suggested for use in the design of new ferroelectric materials with enhanced properties.
Arsenic sorption onto soils enriched in Mn and Fe minerals

The As sorption capacity of a natural Mn and Fe mineral-containing sample from the Iron Quadrangle province, Brazil, was investigated. A detailed mineralogical identification was obtained by combining X-ray diffraction analyses (with Rietveld refinement), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry-EDS. The oxidation state of the adsorbed As species was determined by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the presence of naturally occurring Mn oxides promotes the effective oxidation of As (III) to As(V). Also, the Mn minerals show a significant uptake of both the trivalent and pentavalent As species. This study demonstrates that the combined influences of As(III) depletion by oxidation and adsorption on a natural oxide sample consisting of Mn minerals and Fe oxides may effectively contribute to the reduction the As concentration in waters.
An Overview Study of Low Back Pain Event Among the Dentist in Yogyakarta

Introduction: Low back pain is a pain sensation in spinal and paraspinal structure of lumbosacral region. The prevalence of low back pain event in several country show the significant percentage every year. Dentist is a high-risk profession related to musculoskeletal disorders particularly low back pain. Bad posture, static sitting position and repetition movement are several risks possibility for the occurrence of low back pain. Objective: This research is purposed to evaluate the prevalence overview of low back pain event among the dentist in Yogyakarta city. Methode: This research was designed by the descriptive observational approach using cross sectional research design. The samples were 76 dentists under the “Indonesian Dentist Association of Yogyakarta” region. The research was conducted through questionnaires utilization to measure the level of low back pain from the respondents to the no disabillity, minimal disabillity, moderate disabillity dan severe disability categories. Result: The result showed that among dentist population in Yogyakarta there were 37 dentists (49%) suffered low back pain with no disabillity, 35 dentists (46%) low back pain with minimal disabillity and 4 dentists (5%) low back pain with moderate disabillitywhile there were nodentist suffered from low back pain with severe disabillity (0%). Conclusion: The total prevalence of low back pain event among dentist in Yogyakarya city categorized by all the severity level was 39 dentists (or 51%) suffered from a low back pain of musculoskeletal disorder.
Resonant Raman studies of compositional and size dispersion of CdS1−xSex nanocrystals in a glass matrix

Resonant Raman scattering spectra of glass-embedded CdS1−xSex nanocrystals are measured and complemented with TEM and optical absorption as well as photoluminescence data. The selectivity of the resonant Raman process not only for the size, but also for the composition of nanocrystals within the ensemble, is directly observed in the dependence of phonon band frequency, linewidth and shape on the excitation wavelength.
Expanding the Pore Size of MCM-41 Silicas: Use of Amines as Expanders in Direct Synthesis and Postsynthesis Procedures

New opportunities are discussed for the pore-size engineering of mesoporous silicas using amines as swelling agents. It was shown that N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHA) is a convenient expander allowing for the synthesis of large-pore MCM-41 in mild conditions. Their pore size increased and the structural ordering decreased as the amount of the amine in the synthesis gel increased. The material with the largest pore size attained (7.7 nm) exhibited narrow pore-size distribution, very large primary mesopore volume, but a disordered pore system. Other amines, such as trioctylamine and tridodecylamine, were also found to be suitable for preparation of large-pore MCM-41 but not as efficient as DMHA. Addition of dimethyldecylamine (DMDA), dimethyloctylamine (DMOA), and small trialkylamines to the synthesis gel did not lead to the pore size enlargement but decreased the structural uniformity and in some cases resulted in development of microporosity. It was also demonstrated that it is possible to induce up to .
The Premixed Conditional Moment Closure Method Applied to Idealized Lean Premixed Gas Turbine Combustors

This paper presents the premixed conditional moment closure (CMC) method as a new tool for modeling turbulent premixed combustion with detailed chemistry. By using conditional averages the CMC method can more accurately model the affects of the turbulent fluctuations of the temperature on the reaction rates. This provides an improved means of solving a major problem with traditional turbulent reacting flow models, namely how to close the reaction rate source term. Combined with a commercial CFD code this model provides insight into the emission formation pathways with reasonable runtimes. Results using the full GRI2.11 methane kinetic mechanism are compared to experimental data for a backward-facing step burning premixed methane. This model holds promise as a design tool for lean premixed gas turbine combustors.
Coagulation and Electrocoagulation of Wastes Polluted with Colloids

Abstract The goal of this work has been to compare for both, continuous and batch processes, the efficiencies of the chemical and the electrochemical coagulation processes with hydrolyzing aluminum salts, and to determine the similarities or differences that exist between both coagulation processes. To meet the objective, experiments of both coagulation technologies have been carried out in the same operation conditions and the results have been interpreted in terms of the mechanisms previously proposed in literature for kaolin coagulation. The charge neutralization by the adsorption of monomeric hydroxocations onto the kaolin surface can be the primary coagulation‐mechanism for low concentration of aluminum and acidic pHs (below 4). In the range of pH 4–7, two primary mechanisms can explain the experimental behavior of the system: sweep flocculation for high concentration of aluminum, and a combination of precipitation‐charge‐neutralization and charge neutralization by adsorption of monomeric or polymeric aluminum, for low concentration of aluminum. In the continuously‐operated processes, the efficiency in the turbidity‐removal seems to be much related to the aluminum species present in the treated waste, and not to the way of adding aluminum to the reaction system. For the same steady‐state pH and aluminum concentration, the same turbidity removal is obtained in both, the chemical and the electrochemical coagulation processes. For high aluminum/kaolin ratios, kaolin suspensions which contain sulfate as electrolyte, achieve better removals of turbidity than those containing chloride ions. The operation mode (continuous or discontinuous) influences greatly on the efficiency of the electrocoagulation processes. Similar efficiencies are obtained for low (below 5 mg dm−3) and high doses of aluminum (above 20 mg dm−3). However, at intermediate doses a strong difference is observed, with a more marked decrease in the efficiency in the discontinuous process. This observation has been explained considering that the addition of aluminum in the continuous process is instantaneous (and not progressive as in the discontinuous one), and thus, the sweep coagulation mechanism is more favored in this operation mode.