Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic source mechanism of degassing bursts at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii : results from waveform inversion in the 10–50 s band

The current (March 2008 to February 2009) summit eruptive activity at Kilauea Volcano is characterized by explosive degassing bursts accompanied by very long period (VLP) seismic signals. We model the source mechanisms of VLP signals in the 10–50 s band using data recorded for 15 bursts with a 10‐station broadband network deployed in the summit caldera. To determine the source centroid location and source mechanism, we minimize the residual error between data and synthetics calculated by the finite difference method for a point source embedded in a homogeneous medium that takes topography into account. The VLP signals associated with the bursts originate in a source region ∼1 km below the eastern perimeter of Halemaumau pit crater. The observed waveforms are well explained by the combination of a volumetric component and a vertical single force component. For the volumetric component, several source geometries are obtained which equally explain the observed waveforms. These geometries include (1) a pipe dipping 64° to the northeast; (2) two intersecting cracks including an east striking crack (dike) dipping 80° to the north, intersecting a north striking crack (another dike) dipping 65° to the east; (3) a pipe dipping 58° to the northeast, intersecting a crack dipping 48° to the west–southwest; and (4) a pipe dipping 57° to the northeast, intersecting a pipe dipping 58° to the west–southwest. Using the dual‐crack model as reference, the largest volume change obtained among the 15 bursts is ∼24,400 m3, and the maximum amplitude (peak to peak) of the force is ∼20 GN. Each burst is marked by a similar sequence of deflation and inflation, trailed by decaying oscillations of the volumetric source. The vertical force is initially upward, synchronous with source deflation, then downward, synchronous with source reinflation, followed by oscillations with polarity opposite to the volumetric oscillations. This combination of force and volume change is attributed to pressure and momentum changes induced during a fluid dynamic source mechanism involving the ascent, expansion, and burst of a large slug of gas within the upper ∼150 m of the magma conduit. As the slug expands upon approach to the surface and more liquid becomes wall supported by viscous shear forces, the pressure below the slug decreases, inducing conduit deflation and an upward force on the Earth. The final rapid slug expansion and burst stimulate VLP and LP oscillations of the conduit system, which slowly decay due to viscous dissipation and elastic radiation. Consideration of the fluid dynamic arguments leads us to prefer the dual‐crack VLP source model as it is the only candidate model capable of producing plausible values of length scales and pressure changes. The magnitudes of the vertical forces observed in the 15 bursts appear consistent with slug masses of 104 to 106 kg.
Polymeric substances and biofilms as biomarkers in terrestrial materials: Implications for extraterrestrial samples

Organic polymeric substances are a fundamental component of microbial biofilms. Microorganisms, especially bacteria, secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form slime layers in which they reproduce. In the sedimentary environment, biofilms commonly contain the products of degraded bacteria as well as allochthonous and autochthonous mineral components. They are complex structures which serve as protection for the colonies of microorganisms living in them and also act as nutrient traps. Biofilms are almost ubiquitous wherever there is an interface and moisture (liquid/liquid, liquid/solid, liquid/gas, solid/gas). In sedimentary rocks they are commonly recognized as stromatolites. We also discuss the distinction between bacterial biofilms and prebiotic films. The EPS and cell components of the microbial biofilms contain many cation chelation sites which are implicated in the mineralization of the films. EPS, biofilms, and their related components thus have strong preservation potential in the rock record. Fossilized microbial polymeric substances (FPS) and biofilms appear to retain the same morphological characteristics as the unfossilized material and have been recognized in rock formations dating back to the Early Archaean (3.5 b.y.). We describe FPS and biofilms from hot spring, deep-sea, volcanic lake, and shallow marine/littoral environments ranging up to 3.5 b.y. in age. FPS and biofilms are more commonly observed than fossil bacteria themselves, especially in the older part of the terrestrial record. The widespread distribution of microbial biofilms and their great survival potential makes their fossilized remains a useful biomarker as a proxy for life with obvious application to the search for life in extraterrestrial materials.
An analysis of the spectra of geomagnetic variations having periods from 5 min to 4 hours

The geomagnetic field variation spectra for the period range of 5 min to 4 hours were analyzed at 64 world observatories to discover systematic behavior in the spectral composition that could be associated with the time of day, season, solar cycle, activity level, component direction, and geographical location of the station. There was found no consistent frequency location for peaks in the spectral composition. Rather, the displays of spectral amplitudes A were mostly ''linear'' in form, often obeying A approximately T/sup m/, where T is the period. The spectral slope m was usually close to 1.0 but varied at times from 0.5 to 2.0. The amplitudes always showed a maximum at the auroral zone latitudes, a minimum near 20 to 40/sup 0/, and a minor maximum near the equator. The positions shifted equatorward with increasing activity. The relative growth in amplitude with rising activity varied with latitude. Seasonal peaks in activity were found at equinoctil months. A summertime minimum occurred at auroral zone stations; elsewhere a summertime enhancement occurred. General findings emphasizing the North American hemisphere and the year 1965 are presented in a number of tables and graphs.
Plume-lithosphere interaction in the generation of the Tarim large igneous province, NW China: Geochronological and geochemical constraints

The magmatism in the early Permian Tarim large igneous province (TLIP) in NW China is represented by basaltic lava flows in Keping and ultramafic-mafic-felsic intrusions and mafic dikes in Bachu, northwestern Tarim Craton. This paper reports new Ar-Ar dating results and chemical compositions of Keping basalts and Bachu dikes, with aims of better characterizing the timing of and mantle/crustal contribution to the TLIP. The Keping basalts yield two well-defined 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 287.3 ± 4.0 Ma and 287.9 ± 4.1 Ma, which, together with age data from the literature, define a magmatic event at ∼289 Ma. The intrusions and dikes in Bachu are believed to have formed at ∼279 Ma based on screened literature data. Thus, they together define two magmatic episodes. The Keping basalts, representing the earlier episode, have alkaline affinity (SiO2 = 44.0-47.9 wt.%, Na2O + K2O = 3.7-4.9 wt.%), low MgO (4.3-5.9 wt.%) and high TiO2 (3.8-5.1 wt.%) contents, showing fractionated chondrite-normalized LREE and nearly flat HREE patterns [(La/Yb)N = 6.27-7.71; (Dy/Yb)N = 1.36-1.48] with noticeable negative Nb and Ta anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized trace element diagram. They have negative and relatively uniform εNd(t) (−2.3 to −3.8) and low (206Pb/204Pb)i (17.43-17.57). We argue that these “crustal signatures” cannot be attributed to crustal assimilation because neither εNd(t) nor (206Pb/204Pb)i correlates with SiO2; rather they are more likely derived from a sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) source metasomatized by subduction-related processes. The Bachu dikes, representing the later episode and confined to the margins of the Tarim Craton, have similar MgO (3.6-5.4 wt.%) and TiO2 (3.1-4.7 wt.%) contents to the Keping basalts, and display more fractionated REE patterns [(La/Yb)N = 10.1-14.0; (Dy/Yb)N = 1.79-1.99]. They have variable isotope compositions [εNd(t) = −0.3-4.8, (206Pb/204Pb)i = 17.50-18.11] and display OIB-like trace element signatures. Correlations between isotopic and trace element ratios indicate that some dikes with low εNd(t) and low initial Pb isotope ratios could have been subjected to crustal assimilation. We propose a model involving plume-lithosphere interaction to account for the two discrete magmatic episodes with distinct mantle sources in the TLIP. The earlier episode was formed in response to the impact of a sub-lithospheric mantle plume at the base of the SCLM. Partial melting of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle was triggered by temperature increase due to conductive heating of the impregnating mantle plume. The later episode was generated by decompression melting of the mantle plume, as a result of deflection of the plume towards the margins of the Tarim Craton with thinner lithosphere.
Automatic target tracking in FLIR image sequences

Moving target tracking is a challenging task and is increasingly becoming important for various applications. In this paper, we have presented target detection and tracking algorithm based on target intensity feature relative to surrounding background, and shape information of target. Proposed automatic target tracking algorithm includes two techniques: intensity variation function (IVF) and template modeling (TM). The intensity variation function is formulated by using target intensity feature while template modeling is based on target shape information. The IVF technique produces the maximum peak value whereas the reference target intensity variation is similar to the candidate target intensity variation. When IVF technique fails, due to background clutter, non-target object or other artifacts, the second technique, template modeling, is triggered by control module. By evaluating the outputs from the IVF and TM techniques, the tracker determines the real coordinates of the target. Performance of the proposed ATT is tested using real life forward-looking infrared (FLIR) image sequences taken from an airborne, moving platform.
THE PERMIAN–TRIASSIC TRANSITION IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL PLAIN OF ISRAEL (NORTH ARABIAN PLATE MARGIN), DAVID 1 BOREHOLE

ABSTRACT A succession that includes the Permian–Triassic transition was penetrated in the David 1 Borehole (Israel), located on the Levant margin sector of the northwestern Gondwanan plate. This is a fully marine section with a complex depositional interplay of distal siliciclastic and ramp carbonate sediment. Foraminifera distribution, sedimentary microfacies, &dgr;13C excursions and e-log (gamma-ray; resistivity) data were analyzed. The local P-T boundary is placed at the first appearance of Triassic taxa, but there is a 90 m interval of overlapping faunas where the Permian taxa are small species atypical of the underlying Permian strata, and some specimens are clearly reworked. Carbonate strata were deposited in mid- to outer-ramp environments under varying conditions of sea level, storm regime, and siliciclastic (mostly silty) influx. Sea level, tracked by facies shifts, follows a low-order cyclic pattern. Two higher orders of cyclicity are also present: a short-term oscillation in storm frequency in the local depositional basin and a high-order mode in which clastic supply alternates with clastic-free carbonates, interpreted as reflecting humid-arid climate shifts of a remote, continental source region. The last mode lies within the Milankovich band of frequencies. Negative &dgr;13C excursions, glauconite, and pyrite-rich horizons indicate hypoxic or anoxic conditions and reflect perturbations of the global carbon system in the oceans during this time. Although lithification of the latest Permian carbonates in the transitional interval was suppressed, the state of preservation of the carbonate components is not indicative of deposition under conditions of oceanic acidification.
An efficient regression strategy for extracting forest biomass information from satellite sensor data

Monitoring of biomass in forest ecosystems is important as forest is diminishing rapidly in many parts of the world, which is one of the major sources of global carbon emission. Remote sensing is a useful tool for rapid estimation of biomass. Most of the studies currently available to assess biomass from satellite sensor data using regression provide low correlation. The study explores the possibilities to increase it. Various spectral channels and transformations of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data for predicting biomass in a tropical forest ecosystem of south‐eastern Bangladesh were tested. One of the interesting findings of the study is the incorporation of dummy variables based on forest types can dramatically increase the correlation.
Migrant Mothers Becoming Active Agents In A United States Midwestern Context: Building Strengths By Breaking Down The Outside-Inside Barrier

In the current context of extensive national and cross-cultural migration, the education of migrant and refugee children is an important and critical consideration. In the U.S., the education of migrant childrenâ€”who move with their farm worker parents within states, across state borders and sometimes across national bordersâ€”brings challenges that relate to educational discontinuity as well as the cultural contexts and expectations of schooling. This article reports on research that investigated a family literacy program that catered for migrant families in one rural location in the United States Midwest. Through a multipronged approach, the program supported childrenâ€™s early literacy development, provided adult education including English language instruction and parenting education, and offered liaison between the parents and their childrenâ€™s schools. Research data were collected through interviews with migrant mothers who participated in the program. Using Geeâ€™s (1996) notion of Discourse, the article considers the way that the program enabled the mothers to negotiate the outside-inside barrier of the rural community. By building their skills and strategies, the mothers were developing into active agents who could participate in their childrenâ€™s education in ways that community outsiders could not usually do.
A numerical study of the possible perturbation of stratospheric dynamics due to Pinatubo aerosols: Implications for tracer transport

Abstract A spectral three-dimensional model of the stratosphere is used to investigate the possible dynamical effects in the stratosphere of the aerosol cloud formed after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. A non-negligible perturbation of the diabatic circulation is found, with a substantial upwelling in the tropical latitudes generated by the aerosol-induced diabatic heating. This effect has been recently shown to have also occurred in coincidence with the eruption of El Chichon. In this work a substantial anomaly in the planetary wave activity is also found, with some remarkable similarities to what is observed for the easterly phase of the quasi-biennal oscillation. A parameterization of horizontal eddy mixing for use in photochemical two-dimensional models is attempted: the modeled Kyy anomaly forced by the aerosols during the Northern Hemisphere winter is such that the northward ozone transport toward midhigh latitudes is enhanced. It is shown that this effect coupled with the additional subsidence relat.
SEISMIC AND TECTONO- METAMORPHIC CHARACTERS OF THE LOWER CONTINENTAL CRUST IN PHANEROZOIC AREAS: A CON-

Deep seismic profiles of Phanerozoic continental crust commonly show a highly reflective lower crust. Rheological considerations suggest that the seismic fabric of the lower crust can be attributed to the tectonic transposition of various petrological heterogeneities in the main flow plane. The Variscan provinces of western Europe have been affected, during Phanerozoic times, by several extensional and compressional events. The geometrical relationships between seismic and geological structures indicate that the layering of the lower crust was acquired during the Late Carboniferous to Permian when the thickened Variscan crust was affected by gravitational collapse. Petrological and geochronological analyses of deep crustal rocks (xenoliths and exposed sections) indicate that the lower crust has recorded a major high-T / medium-P granulite facies metamorphism during the late Variscan extension, whereas on the surface Upper Carboniferous to Permian basins were being deposited. A similar scenario characterizes other Phanerozoic orogenic belts. In the Caledonian provinces of the British Islands, the lower crust is seismically reflective; it has undergone medium-P granulitic metamorphism during the deposition of Devonian sedimentary basins, at the end of the Caledonian orogeny. In the same way, collapse of the Mesozoic belt in the western part of North America is responsible, during the Cenozoic, for pervasive crustal extension whose consequence is a seismic layering of the lower crust accompanied by a low-P granulite grade metamorphic event, while in the mid- and upper crusts, low-angle, ductile, normal faults give rise to the Basin and Range Province. Therefore, it is proposed that there is a genetic relationship between (1) post-thickening crustal extension, (2) low- to medium-P granulite facies metamorphism of the lower crust and (3) seismic layering of the lower crust.
A New Species of Meiolaniform Turtle and a Revision of the Late Cretaceous Meiolaniformes of South America

Abstract. A new species of meiolaniform turtle, Trapalcochelys sulcata gen. nov. sp. nov. is described, based on material from the late Campanian—early Maastrichtian Allen Formation, Patagonia (Argentina). The postcranial remains recovered are described macroscopically (e.g., external morphology) and microscopically (e.g., histological sections of the shell). Trap alcochelys sulcata gen. nov. sp. nov. shares with other meiolaniforms the presence of sulci strongly curved anteriorly among marginal scales, and dermal bones ornamented with small foramina. This new species differs from the other Late Cretaceous meiolaniform from Patagonia —Patagoniaemys gasparinae— in the general size and in the shape of neural 1. The shell-bone histology is characterized by a diploe structure, in which well developed internal and external compact bone layers frame an area of cancellous bone. Compact bone is mostly composed by interwoven structural fiber bundles. The abundance of structural fibers in the internal cortex and the presence of large pipe-like vascular spaces in the cancellous bone are the most distinctive histological features observed for T. sulcata. All meiolaniform turtle remains of the Upper Cretaceous of South America are exhaustively revised. The known South American record of Upper Cretaceous meiolaniforms is restricted to Argentina and in this revision six localities with outcrops bearing these fossils have been identified. Meiolaniforms are confirmed as a component of the late Campanian—early Maastrichtian South American Allenian tetrapod assemblage.
A multicomponent decomposition of spatial rainfall fields: 2. Self‐similarity in fluctuations

In the first paper (Kumar and Foufoula-Georgiou, this issue) we developed a methodology for the segregation of large- and small-scale features (fluctuations) of spatial rainfall fields. In this paper we develop a framework for testing the presence and studying the nature of self-similarity in the fluctuations. It is found that rainfall fluctuations may be approximated by stable distributions and show scaling up to a certain scale. We define and estimate parameters that characterize the scaling and spatial dependence of the rainfall fluctuations and we use these parameters, estimated for several radar rainfall frames (in time), to relate to and identify the evolutionary nature of rainfall. Two radar depicted rainfall fields have been extensively analyzed: a severe spring time midlatitude squall line storm and a mild midlatitude winter type storm. The type of scaling in rainfall fluctuations shows significant variation from one rainfall field to another.
The business of pantomime: regional productions 1865 to 1892

Whilst in recent years the study of nineteenth-century popular theatre and culture has expanded into the music hall, fairgrounds and 'minor' theatres, embracing melodrama and spectacle, the Victorian pantomime has attracted little attention. More especially, the widespread and dynamic productions of the English provincial theatres have been largely excluded in discussions that repeatedly focus on the London stage. My thesis is centred on the Theatres Royal of Nottingham and Birmingham, two towns sited in the English Midlands, but with markedly different population sizes, socioeconomic structures and national status. My argument, however, is not predicated on comparison but rather on siting the pantomimes within the very specific local contexts of each town. The relationship between the pantomime and the town engages with a notion of audience, identifiable through textual and promotional materials. The argument in my thesis moves from an overview of production styles at the two theatres to a specific analysis of the financing and promotion of the pantomime at Nottingham in the mid- 1860s. Using extant financial records, I have established how the pantomime was produced in times of local hardship, and how a production affected by low expenditure and failing revenue was promoted to its potential audiences. The emphases of advertising and the promotional techniques engaged by the theatre managements, together with those of the local newspapers also enable a reassessment of the role of the pantomime author. The traditional understanding of authorship as related to ownership of the text is reconsidered in relation to the role the pantomime author played in the promotion of the production, and his real and construed relationship to the theatre and town for which he was writing. Moreover, the available empirical evidence has served to foreground the pantomime text as an expression of local concerns and political interests that were particular to each town and displayed an acute awareness of issues of regional identity and status.
Centrifuge and numerical modeling of axial load effects on piles in consolidating ground

This paper reports the results of four centrifuge model tests that were undertaken to investigate behavior of floating piles subjected to negative skin friction (NSF) and to study effects of axial load on the load-transfer mechanism along single floating piles and shielded center piles inside a group of sacrificing piles. In addition, three-dimensional numerical analyses of the centrifuge model tests were carried out with elasto-plastic slip considered at the pile–soil interface. Prior to applying load, the measured neutral plane position of the single floating piles was located at approximately the three-quarter depth level of the embedded pile length. The neutral plane elevation shifts lower down the pile shaft as the distance of pile tip above the bearing stratum decreases. Under the application of axial load, the dragload generated by excessive soil settlement decreases and is eventually eliminated. The amount of axial load for complete NSF elimination does not seem to be significantly affected by the.