Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plant speciation across environmental gradients and the occurrence and nature of hybrid zones

Environmental gradients are very common and many plant species respond to them through adaptive genetic change. This can be a first step along a continuum of change that leads ultimately to the origin of fully reproductively isolated forms, i.e., ‘biological species’. Before complete reproductive isolation is achieved, hybrid zones may form between divergent lineages either through primary intergradation or secondary contact. Here, I review the literature on plant hybrid zones between native species and highlight: mode of origin (primary intergradation versus secondary contact); distribution among plant families, genera and life form; type and genotypic composition related to strength and type of reproductive isolation between parental lineages; nature of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers; level and direction of gene flow; and the stability of hybrid zones in the face of climate change. The total number of plant hybrid zones detected in a literature search was surprisingly small (137). This was the case even for areas of the world with a long history of research into plant evolution, ecology and systematics. Reasons for this are discussed, including the possibility that plant hybrid zones are naturally rare in the wild. Only for a few hybrid zones have attempts been made to distinguish between formation by primary intergradation or secondary contact, and it is assumed that most hybrid zones originate through secondary contact. From the limited information available, it appears that plant hybrid zones may frequently move in response to climate change, but long‐term studies are required to confirm this.
Motor Programs as Indicators of Penalty Direction in Soccer

Introduction: Many football games are decided on penalties and usually in championship final games. When seeking to anticipate movements, differences in amplitude can harm players because the informational movement appears to be spread "globally" throughout the action and should be coded at several levels. Thus, it would be interesting to analyze the entire period of the kick, since the player begins his run to approach the ball to recognize the motor patterns used in the kick that identify his direction. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify patterns of behavior in penalty kicks that may indicate the direction of their action / kick and in my moment they appear. Methodology: The sample consisted of 21 subjects hitting a penalty kick, 18 males and 3 females with an average age of 22.18 ± 2.44 years and two goalkeepers with college football experience. The tests consisted of a battery of two penalty kicks for each subject in order to score. The kicks were recorded by a video camera with a front view of the goal goal and the back of the batter. The kick phases were divided into the starting leg position; first step leg; angle of the elbow in relation to the body seen from behind; angle of the elbow in relation to the displacement line seen from above; direction of the tip of the supporting foot and position on the goal where the kick was. Each kick was preceded by a start signal. The data were analyzed from the registration of each variable and the position of the goal in which the ball was kicked, considering it in three sectors: left, right and central. Results: The main results indicated that the variable “Leg of the first step” had 81% of the kicks associated with the direction of the goal; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 84.6% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. The variable “Elbow angle in relation to the body seen from behind” had 81.8% repeated behavior pattern regardless of the goal position and the variable “Elbow angle in relation to the displacement line seen from above” had 81% association with the sector of the goal in which the ball was kicked; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 91.7% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. Conclusions: The main conclusions indicate that it is possible to relate the kick location with the batter's body information; the start of the race seems to indicate that there is a prior intention of movement programs; the decision of where to hit the penalty appears to be made before contact with the ball and more closely to the placement of the support foot and with this relationship, the size of the goal to be defended by the goalkeeper could be reduced, increasing the possibility of defense.
Assessing the potential use of two portable chlorophyll meters in diagnosing the nutritional status of plants

ABSTRACT The SPAD-502 and the FieldScout CM 1000 chlorophyll meters were compared in their performance in diagnosing the nutritional status of plants. Leaves of a wide range of greenness were used to push the sensitivity of the tools to their limits. Both devices showed high reproducibility when used by different operators. The SPAD-readings were well-correlated with leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations, since leaves from heavily fertilized plants were not included in the sample population. The FieldScout-readings showed a marked saturation curve with the leaf N concentration, thus it cannot be used as a reliable N nutritional status index. The results also showed that the use of SPAD-502 in the diagnosis of the nutritional status of an orchard requires the establishment of specific critical concentrations for cultivars and sampling dates. The SPAD-502 appeared to have potential in the diagnosis of the nutritional status of the orchard for nutrients other than N.
Monitoring Arsenic Species Content in Seaweeds Produced off the Southern Coast of Korea and Its Risk Assessment

Seaweed, a popular seafood in South Korea, has abundant dietary fiber and minerals. The toxicity of arsenic compounds is known to be related to their chemical speciation, and inorganic arsenic (iAs) is more detrimental than other species. Due to the different toxicities of the various chemical forms, speciation analysis is important for evaluating arsenic exposure. In this study, total arsenic (tAs) and six arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine) were analyzed in 180 seaweed samples. Although there were differences between seaweed species, the concentration of tAs was detected at levels ranging from 1 to 100 µg/g, and the distribution of six arsenic species differed depending on the seaweed species. No correlation between the concentration of iAs and tAs was found in most seaweed species. Through statistical clustering, hijiki and gulfweed were seen to be the seaweeds with the highest ratios of iAs to tAs. Using the iAs concentration data from the arsenic speciation analysis, a risk assessment of seaweed intake in South Korea was conducted. The margin of exposure values showed no meaningful risk for the general population, but low levels of risk were identified for seaweed consumers, with high intakes of gulfweed and hijiki.
Impact of parenting style and upbringing on menstrual stress in adolescent South Indian girls

Dysmenorrhea and menstrual problems show that an estimate of over 600 million hours are lost from work every year. School absenteeism or work absenteeism because of major symptoms like dysmenorrhea has ranged from 14% to 51% and this has affected the participation of school going girls in school related activities. About 50% of these students miss school because of dysmenorrhea. Literature review focuses on menstrual symptoms pertaining only to primary premenstrual syndrome and not on mental health of adolescent girls during menstruation.
Cryptosporidium in fish: Morphological and molecular characterisation

Cryptosporidium is an Apicomplexa protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal illness in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Little is known of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in fish. This study investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n=216) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) (n=13). Goldfish can be host to a range of Cryptosporidium sp. and research has shown that mullet has been host to genotype 3, therefore sampling from these breeds of fish could provide further characterisation. The fish were acquired from three sources in Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia; Vebas Aquarium (n=16), Water Garden Life fish farm (n=200) and a local bait shop in Fremantle (n=13). Intestines and stomachs were dissected and half kept for histology and the remaining half used for DNA extraction. All samples were initially screened at the 18S locus by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and positives further analysed by nested PCR and sequencing at the 18S and actin loci. Further subtyping was conducted on human-infectious species at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus. The overall prevalence by qPCR was 30.1% (69/229) (CI 24.2-36.1). Of these only 34 samples amplified at the 18S locus and 23 clean sequences were obtained, with the remaining 11 sequences exhibiting mixed chromatograms. At the actin locus, 6 samples were successfully amplified and 3 clean chromatograms were obtained. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis at the 18S locus identified C. parvum (n=2), C. hominis (n=10) and a novel species (n=11), which was identical to a novel genotype identified in a single isolate from a goldfish from a previous Honours project. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that this novel genotype was genetically distinct and most closely related to C. scopthalmi (10.4% genetic distance). At the actin locus, all three isolates sequenced belonged to the novel genotype, which again grouped with C. scopthalmi and exhibited 14.1% genetic distance at this locus. Subtyping of C. hominis and C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus was successful for 3 C. hominis isolates and all were typed as 1bA10G2, which is the main subtype involved in human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. Unfortunately, the parasite could not be identified in histological sections, which may be due to the patchy distribution of Cryptosporidium infections and rapid tissue autolysis. This is the first characterisation of the novel genotype at the actin locus and provides further support for its species status. The identification of human-infectious species in these fish is of public health concern as it may enable control of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks. Future research should focus on analysis of a wider range of fish species as well as clinical signs and histology to better understand the host range and pathogenicity of the novel genotype and the prevalence of human-infectious species in fish.
Shorebird Abundance Estimates in Interior Alaska

Interior Alaska, USA, is the least ‐ studied region in Alaska for breeding shorebirds because of challenging accessibility and expectations of low densities and abundances. We estimated lowland and upland shorebird population sizes on 370,420 ha of military lands in interior Alaska boreal forest from May – July 2016 and 2017. We modi ﬁ ed the Program for Regional and International Shorebird Monitoring (PRISM) protocol used elsewhere in Alaska and incorporated a probability ‐ based sampling design and dependent double ‐ observer methods. We pooled all lowland shorebird and all upland shorebird ob servations and estimated abundance using Huggins closed captures models in Program MARK. Estimated abundances of all lowland and upland shorebirds were 42,239 ± 13,431 (SE) and 3,523 ± 494, respectively. The survey area is important for shorebirds in Alaska. We estimate that military lands in interior Alaska support 45,762 ± 13,925 shorebirds, including 7 species of conservation concern. Higher abundance of lowland shorebirds was best explained by lower elevation, lower percent scrub canopy, and higher percent water on plots. Higher abundance of upland shorebirds was best explained by higher elevation and in creased distance to wetland. Our modi ﬁ ed Arctic PRISM protocol was e ﬀ ective for surveys in the boreal forest and we recommend continued use of method modi ﬁ cations for future shorebird surveys in boreal forests. Identifying baseline abundances of shorebirds using interior Alaska is an important step in mon itoring distributional shifts and potential future population declines. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society. selection and cumulative variable weights to elevation cumulative
A Brief Literature Review on Structure, Conduct and Performance Paradigm: Critical Analysis for the Indian Industry

The paper critically reviews the famous study of the SCP paradigm in the Indian context. It also tries to compare and contrast both paper by Athreye & Sandeep Kapur[4] and Bhandari [5] concerning the research question, data, and model used, econometric technique, and finally, results. Keywords: Performance Paradigm, Indian Industry, Critical Analysis.
Species invasions threaten the antiquity of China's freshwater fish fauna

Human‐mediated species introductions and extirpations have resulted in the homogenization of biotas over time. However, there remains considerable uncertainty in our understanding of homogenization process for megadiverse regions of the world. Here, we investigate the consequences of widespread species invasions and extirpations for the biogeography of China's unique freshwater fish fauna.
Prediction of weights and percentages of retail cuts in Holstein bull carcasses.

This study was made to predict the weights and percentages of retail cuts in Holstein bull carcasses. The study material were 47 Holstein bull (mean slaughter age: 20.57±0.606 months) carcasses. Hot carcass weight (HCW, kg), ribeye area (REA, cm2) and fat thickness (FT, cm) were used to predict weights and percentages of retail cuts. Bull carcasses were divided into 12 retail cuts and grouped as total retail cuts (TRC), first degree retail cuts (FRC) and second degree retail cuts (SRC). Regression analysis was made (stepwise method) to predict weights and percentages of TRC, FRC and SRC. Slaughter weight (SW), dressing percentage (DP), HCW, REA and FT were determined as average 544.550±6.776 kg; 55.75±0.169%; 303.600±3.948 kg; 85.538±1.978 cm2 and 0.310±0.023 cm, respectively. All predicted models (F) were found significantly (P<0.001; P<0.01) in the analysis. As a result, it was found that HCW is most important predictor in predicting the weights and percentages of retail cuts. HCW and REA explained for 94.5% (R2) of the variation of dependent variable (YTRC) in the predicted model for weights of total retail cuts (TRCkg). REA and HCW explained for 21.7% (R2) of the variation of dependent variable (YTRC) in the predicted model for percentages of total retail cuts (TRC%).
Is Low-Level Laser Therapy Effective for Complications of Mandibular Third Molar Surgery? A Literature Review

Background and aim: Wisdom tooth surgery, as one of the most routine surgeries, has various complications and difficulties for which there is no comprehensive remedy that can compromise all the side effects. Materials and methods: Low-level laser therapy is a recently recommended method with inconsistent results in different studies done past few decades, but it can be the treatment of choice. By a strategic search of keywords in PUBMED, MEDLINE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR, 72 articles were explored. Results: Seventeen randomized clinical trials and preliminary articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as the coordination of articles with the concept, full-text availability, and clinical trials. (application of laser in fields other than surgery is an exclusion criterion) The data were sorted as four tables after perusal of all the pick-up papers. Conclusion: Through different sketching of studies and laser applications used, other outcomes are justifiable and reasonable.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Moxibustion Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evidence supporting the effectiveness of moxibustion treatment for osteoarthritis. There were 9 databases used to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used moxibustion as treatment for osteoarthritis. The quality of methodology for the RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool [Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.3 Windows, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark]. The inclusion criteria for this review was met by 27 RCTs. All studies were conducted in China. A 4-week moxibustion treatment period was the most common. EX-LE4 and SP10 and GB34 acupoints were most frequently selected in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The most commonly used evaluation index was the visual analog scale (VAS). All studies, including a meta-analysis showed that moxibustion treatments were statistically significantly effective at treating knee osteoarthritis. However, welldesigned randomized RCTs without a high risk of bias should be designed in the future.
Young educated adult awareness regarding drug utilization and chemical composition during pregnancy

Article history: Received 21 February 2020 Received in revised form 8 May 2020 Accepted 19 May 2020 Pregnancy is a unique biological condition where medicine intake makes people worry because of the changing pharmacokinetics and medication crossing the placenta, which may cause impairment to the growing fetus. However, treatment and medication during the prenatal period cannot be completely avoided because many pregnant ladies may have chronic medical conditions that need uninterrupted medication, some of whom had serious medical complications related to pregnancy. Neglect in controlling these conditions may possibly affect the mother and the infant's wellbeing. To assess medication-related awareness and beliefs in general and during pregnancy among King Faisal University female students. It also determines the perception of the students regarding drug utilization and chemical composition. Prospective descriptive study design was used. A selfadministered questionnaire was distributed to (400) students in both medical and non-medical colleges. Out of 400 students who took the questionnaire only (371) returned the completely filled out questionnaire, resulting in the response rate of 92.8%. The mean age of the respondents was 21.34. Out of the total respondents, (66%) were from non-medical colleges. More than one-tenth of the respondents (15.9%) were pregnant. More than one-third of the respondents (36.4%) took medication during pregnancy. For the type of medication used during pregnancy, 37.8 of them used the most frequently prescribed drugs during pregnancy, including vitamins, iron, folic acid, and calcium supplements. The result also shows that (85.5%) of respondents believed that pregnant women should read the medicine composition. Some respondents (37.2%) believed that doctors prescribe too many medicines, while almost half of them (46.4%) disagreed with this. Also, (22.7%) of the participants disagreed about reading the chemical composition of medicine before using it. There is a lack of essential knowledge on the safety of drug utilization towards both mother and growing fetus during prenatal period among King Faisal University female students.
Incorporating professional recommendations into a graduate-level statistical consulting laboratory: A case study

Abstract Introduction: There has been a recent trend in medical research towards a more collaborative relationship between statisticians and clinical investigators. This has led to an increased focus on the most efficient and effective ways to structure, conduct, and measure the impact of organizations that provide statistical services to clinical investigators. Several recent guidelines and recommendations on the conduct of statistical consulting services(SCSs) have been made in response to this need, focusing on larger SCSs consisting primarily of faculty and staff statisticians. However, the application of these recommendations to consulting services primarily staffed by graduate students, which have the dual role of providing a professional service and training, remains unclear. Methods: Guidelines and recommendations, primarily from the Clinical and Translational Science (CTSA) consortium, were applied to a SCS staffed primarily by graduate students in an academic health center. A description of the organizational structure and outcomes after 3 years of operation is presented. Results: The guidelines recommended by the CTSA consortium and other groups were successfully incorporated into the graduate consulting laboratory. At almost one new project request per week, the consulting laboratory demonstrated a large bandwidth and had an excellent feedback from investigators. Conclusions: Guidelines developed for larger statistical consulting organizations are able to be applied in student-led consultation organizations. Outcomes and recommendations from 3.5 years of operation are used to describe the successes and challenges we have encountered.
Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s thin films: Morphology, crystallinity and nanomechanical properties

Poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate)s are considered as the most attractive and interesting alternatives to replace oil-based terephthalic polymers. These furan-based polyesters can be synthesized using fully bio-based synthetic strategies, allowing to reduce the environmental impact of plastics. At the same time, these polymers have shown outstanding thermal, mechanical and gas-barrier properties. All these results envisage their industrial use in the near future. Now, considering the downscaling of the products’ size towards the nanometer scale, we present a study of the morphology and nanomechanical properties of poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate) thin films. Using Atomic Force Microscopy, we report the development of nanostructures upon crystallization, following different thermal treatments, for thin films with thicknesses below 200 nm. Moreover, we studied the impact of crystal growth in the nanomechanical properties of these materials. We found that the polymer thin films preserve their excellent mechanical response even in the confined geometry, as proved by the Young’s moduli values close to the GPa, accompanied by high surface stiffness, and low indentation depths. The poly(alkylene 2,5-furanoate) thin films were found to have nanomechanical properties comparable to those of the oil-based poly(ethylene terephthalate), a further evidence that in the future they could replace traditional polymers in several applications.