Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individuals as information sources: Could followers benefit from leaders’ knowledge?

In dynamic fission–fusion societies, following specific individuals consistently would not be expected in the absence of benefits to followers. Followers in groups may benefit if leaders have greater knowledge about habitats that are available for foraging and how to access these areas efficiently. A small residential population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Lower Florida Keys (LFK) demonstrates such specific individual leadership, but why others choose to follow is unknown. To determine whether consistent leaders demonstrated greater knowledge of resources and habitat we (1) compared habitat use patterns across areas that varied in prey abundance for groups led by consistent leaders and groups led by individuals that did not consistently lead, (2) compared directness of travel along with number of lead animal switches when traveling for these same two group types and (3) compared home range size and home range complexity between animals that consistently led and those that did not. Foraging groups led by consistent leaders were sighted more frequently over habitat with higher fish biomass, while those led by non-consistent leaders were sighted most often over habitat with lower fish biomass. Groups with consistent leaders had less frequent lead animal switches and took more direct paths when traveling than groups led by those that did not consistently lead. Home ranges of consistent leaders did not differ in size from other individuals, but were more complex. Our results indicate that followers in LFK dolphin groups could potentially benefit from those that consistently lead due to use of profitable habitat, ability to navigate efficiently and potentially the number of areas consistent leaders are familiar with.
Comparison of triple phase ct and ultrasonography findings for evaluation of hepatic lesions

Background: Characterizing a hepatic lesion as benign or malignant is essential for correct therapeutic plan and surgical triage. USG plays major role in screening of a liver lesion. Conventional CT with only portal venous phase has certain limitations including its inability to detect lesions which enhances in early arterial phase like HCC and those enhancing in delayed phase like Cholangiocarcinoma. Triphasic CT utilizes three phases and offers a comprehensive and accurate determination. Design: This prospective study included 100 patients with clinical suspicion of hepatic masses. Materials and Methods: All patients underwent both USG and triple phase CT, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of both the modalities were calculated. Results: USG proved to be a good screening modality with a sensitivity of 82.7% , specificity 95.6 % , PPV 82.7 % and NPV 95.6 % (p value <0.001 , kappa value 0.678) . Triple phase CT is excellent for characterisation and better evaluation of hepatic masses with sensitivity of 91.3%, specificity 97.8 % , PPV 91.3 % and NPV 97.8 % (p value <0.001 , kappa value 0.847). Malignant hepatic lesions can be diagnosed by triphasic CT with accuracy of 93 % , sensitivity and specificity of 93.3 % and 92.5 % respectively and with PPV and NPV of 94.9 % and 90.2 % respectively and by USG with accuracy of 87 % , sensitivity and specificity of 90 % and 82.5 % respectively and PPV and NPV of 88.5 % and 84.6 % respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasonography must be performed in all patients with clinical suspicion of hepatic masses for initial detection and localisation of lesion. Also it is widely available, less expensive and with no radiation exposure. But in comparison to triple phase CT it has lower sensitivity in differentiating benign hepatic lesions from malignant, determining accurate extension of tumor with vascular invasion.
Attraction of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to simulated visual and chemical stimuli from cattle

Different host-seeking responses to cattle by Culicoides brevitarsis and Culex annulirostris were found using two-dimensional cattle-shapes and simulated stimuli. Culicoides brevitarsis was attracted to the respiratory chemicals CO2 and CO2 + octenol but not to octenol alone. It was attracted to cattle-shape when CO2 + octenol was also present and when the shape was enhanced with visible and infrared light. Culex annulirostris was attracted to each chemical treatment but not to any visual stimuli. Orientation of the host, possibly in relation to wind direction, may also be important but requires further consideration. The detection of behavioural differences between the species was dependent on the positioning of attractants and traps in relation to the host image. Responses by C. brevitarsis to CO2 + octenol and the basic shape were only recorded in sticky traps. Contact with the shape was recorded initially on the shape head but preference was shown later to be for the ridge-line of the back. The response by Cx. annulirostris to CO2 + octenol was only recorded in light traps placed centrally and above the shape. It is proposed that the initial location of hosts by C. brevitarsis is by visual stimuli. Attraction to CO2 + octenol is secondary and probably only occurs close to the host. The chemicals help the midge to recognise and come to the potential host where landing is induced visually near the interface between the backline of the host and the background. The primary response by Cx. annulirostris is to CO2 and octenol although these did not appear to bring this insect on to the host. Covers could be used to protect cattle from C. brevitarsis (but not Cx. annulirostris) by blocking the visual stimuli.
Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels

AbstractGrowth, reproductive performance, muscle and eggcomposition were investigated in grass carp, Cteno-pharyngodon idella(Valenciennnes), fed hydrilla orformulated diets with varying protein levels. Fiveexperimental diets, with varying levels (20%, 25%,30%,35%and40%)ofcrudeprotein(CP),wereused.One of the ¢sh groups was fed hydrilla. Fish(44.1 10.3 cm; 913 9g) were stocked (20tank )inoutdoorconcretetanks(20 10 1.5m)induplic-ate, and fed to satiation, twice daily, at 09:00 and17:00 hours for the experimental duration of 360days.High(Po0.05)weightgainwasrecordedin¢shfed30%and35%CPdiets.However,valuesforgona-dosomatic index (GSI), eggdiameter, relative fecund-ity (eggskg 1 body weight), fertilizability andhatchability (%) were comparable (P40.05) in ¢shat 25% of dietary protein intake. Hydrilla-fed ¢shexhibited lower (Po0.05) values for the measuredparameters. Crude protein content in muscle in-creased with dietary protein level. Highest (Po0.05)muscle proteinwas obtained in ¢sh fed 35% CPdiet.Muscle fat was comparable (P40.05) among ¢sh re-ceiving formulated diets. Ash content was not signi-¢cantly (P40.05) diierent among ¢sh of diierentdietary groups. Moisture content in ¢sh fed formu-lated diets, with the exception of 20% CP diet, didnot vary signi¢cantly (P40.05). Eggs of ¢sh fed for-mulated diets contained higher CP and fat contentsthan those of hydrilla-fed ¢sh. High (Po0.05) mois-turecontentwasnotedintheeggsofhydrilla-fed¢sh.Ctenopharyngodon idellafed formulated diet, with aminimumof25%CP,showedbetterreproductiveper-formancethanthosefedhydrilla.Keywords: dietary protein, hydrilla, Ctenopharyn-godon idella, reproductive performance, proximatecomposition, eggsIntroductionGrass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes),feeds naturallyon avariety of macrophytes and hasbeenwidely used for biological control of aquatic ve-getation in various parts of the world (Cross 1969;Chaudhuri, Murty, Dey & Reddy 1976; Leslie Jr, VanDyke, Hestand III & Thompson1987; Jagdish, Rana A Rath, Gupta & Dasgupta1999). Studies on b roodstock nutrition are relatively
The Roma: A Balkan Underclass

The Roma: A Balkan Underclass Jelena Cvorovic. Ulster Institute for Social Research 2014, 245 pages.With unfettered migration permitted within the EU, the Eastern European Roma have become a conspicuous presence in many Western European countries. Tabloid newspapers in the UK often include negative stories about the Roma being engaged in petty crime, disingenuous begging, and the establishment of camps in municipal parks. The Balkan Roma is stereotyped as being uneducated, unemployed, and criminally inclined. In a timely, careful and unemotional examination, Cvorovic demonstrates that these perceptions are broadly accurate.Cvorovic begins with a summary of the origins of the Roma in India and myths which they perpetuated about their origins, such as they were descended from Egyptian royalty. She describes their cultural practices such as bride price, bridal virginity, changing religion to ingratiate themselves with different rulers, their own 'Gypsy Law' which apparently sanctions crime against non-Roma, and their relatively distinctive genetics. Thereafter, a significant portion of this study consists of presenting all of the available data on the lifestyle of the Roma in different Eastern European countries, though there is a focus on the Balkans where Cvorovic has conducted her anthropological fieldwork with the Roma in Serbia. Some of these statistics are sobering. In Hungary, for example, the Roma fertility rate is double that of the Hungarians and their life expectancy is 10 years lower. In Bulgaria, about 50% of Roma adults are illiterate. In Macedonia, distrust of non-Roma means that 15% of Roma children are not vaccinated against anything, and in Bosnia 27% of Roma women aged 20 have had a child already and 84% live in houses without loos. In Serbia, the Roma child mortality rate is more than 3 times the national average and a third of Roma children have never been to school. There are a number of interesting observations here about the way in which the Roma suffered acutely in the wake of the collapse of Communism, as they had become used to playing the socialist system and living off its benefits.However, Cvorovic goes beyond merely providing a statistical reference work. She orients the Roma within J. Philippe Rushton's Differential K model of r-K selection. The Roma, according to her data, have evolved to live a "fast" life history. This manifests itself in high fertility, short gestation, a low level of investment in each child (Cvorovic even comments on a Roma tradition of blaming the apparently unexplained death of a child on 'witches' to avoid suggesting maternal neglect), high child mortality, low intelligence with average IQ estimated at about 70, lack of interest in education, young age of marriage and first intercourse, poor health, and early death. …
Effects of liming on soil acidity and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) regeneration on acid soils in south Swedish beech forests

The soils of four experimental blocks in Scanian beech forests of the Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. and Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. types were scarified and limed with three replicates of four dolomitic lime treatments (controls included) per block and then analysed with respect to the soil acidity status in order to reveal the effects on beech regeneration. Beech seedlings were counted and measured annually 1984–1988. pH, exchangeable acidity and Al3+ of the humus and mineral layers were affected by the dolomitic lime treatment. Liming applied at seed fall showed no major effects on beech regeneration. Seedlings had a tendency to grow faster on an acid brown forest soil than on podzols. Scarification improved the establishment of seedlings. The proportion of browsed seedlings was unrelated to the amount of lime. After four years browsing had reduced the average height of affected seedlings by 6 cm.
Enumeration of natural Microcystis populations

Three methods for estimating the cell concentrations of natural, colonial Microcystis populations are described, and the results are compared statistically. Ultrasonic disruption of colonies is most conveniently applied to dense populations and gives results comparable with those obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. Excessive exposure to ultrasonic waves may destroy cells. A regression relating cell concentration to mean colony volume can, subject to conditions described, give crude estimates of Microcystis at low population densities or in mixed populations.
Pepper gene encoding a basic pathogenesis‐related 1 protein is pathogen and ethylene inducible

A new basic pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 cDNA (CABPR1) was isolated from a cDNA library of pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The full-length clone contains an open reading frame of 531 nucleotides encoding 177 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 20241 and pI of 8.1. The deduced amino acid sequence of CABPR1 has a high level of identity with PR-1 proteins from tobacco and tomato. Expression of the CABPR1 mRNA was greatly induced in an incompatible interaction of pepper leaves with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. Accumulation of the basic PR-1 mRNA in the bacteria-infected leaves was intrinsically associated with the induction of ethylene biosynthesis. Treatment with 1-aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, strongly suppressed the induction of PR-1 mRNA expression in the bacteria-infected leaves. These data suggest that ethylene may function as a strong signal elicitor in the activation of PR-1 genes, eventually mediating the plant defence response. Phytophthora capsici infection also distinctly stimulated ethylene biosynthesis, together with accumulation of PR-1 mRNA. Expression of the basic PR-1 mRNA was also induced in the pepper leaves by treatment with dl-β-amino-n-butyric acid or salicylic acid, but not by wounding. Treatment with methyl jasmonate, in combination with salicylic acid, strongly induced the PR-1 transcripts. The basic PR-1 gene expression occurred in untreated roots, flowers and green fruit of pepper but not in leaf, stem or red fruit.
Competition among Juveniles of Coho Salmon, Brook Trout, and Brown Trout in a Laboratory Stream, and Implications for Great Lakes Tributaries

Abstract Among the three species of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus established in the Laurentian Great Lakes, juveniles of coho salmon O. kisutch are most likely to compete with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta for food and space, because their juvenile life histories and ecologies are similar where they rear together in tributary streams. Coho salmon emerged 2–3 weeks earlier and were 6–8 mm longer than brook or brown trout at emergence during 1979 in Lake Michigan tributaries where the species were sympatric. During the first summer of life, coho salmon generally were 6–21 mm (7–54%) longer and weighed 0.3–4.1 g more than brook and brown trout. Size at emergence and first-year growth were similar among brook trout and brown trout. In laboratory stream experiments with pairs of the three species, coho salmon dominated brook or brown trout of equal size, and brook trout dominated equal-size brown trout. Competitive superiority of dominant species was based on the ability of fish.
The value of three cereal aphid species as food for a generalist predator

The value of the cereal aphid species Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) as prey for the linyphiid spider Erigone atra (Bl.) was assessed. Fecundity of females was determined for spiders fed on eight experimental diets: three single‐species aphid diets, a mixed diet of all three aphid species, three mixed diets with each aphid species in combination with fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.), and pure D. melanogaster as a high quality comparison diet. The development and survival of first‐instar juveniles fed on three diets of single aphid species, and on a diet of Collembola were compared with those subjected to starvation. Prey value for adult females was assessed by egg production, hatching success and offspring size.
Hybridization among wild passionflower species

(Hybridization among wild passionflower species). Passion fruits are appreciated for their ornamental value, since their flowers are showy and display a wide variety of colors. In addition, many hybrids have been produced and used in other countries. The genotypes used in selection of plants with ornamental characteristics are hybrid progenies which are used in various crossing strategies. Thus, the aim of this work was to obtain interspecific hybrids, perform backcrossing and obtain progenies from crossings between hybrids, and to determine the reproductive compatibility between the progenitors involved. The percentage of fertilized flowers, germination, and the number of fruits, seeds and plants obtained through crossing were recorded. A series of 374 crossings involved seven species and two hybrids. Crossings such as Passiflora gibertii N. E. Brown vs. P. kermesina Link & Otto and P. gibertii vs. P. alata Curtis did not produce seeds. The largest percentage of fertilized flowers (86%) was recorded for the crossing P. gardneri Mast.vs. P. cincinnata Mast. ; yet, the seeds produced did not show endosperm. Interspecific hybrids were obtained from the crossings P. gardneri vs. P. alata, P. watsoniana Mast.vs. P. alata, P. watsoniana vs. P. gardneri and P. gardneri vs. P. gibertii. Seeds generated from backcrossings involving the hybrids P. sublanceolata (sin. P. palmeri var. sublanceolata (Killip) J. M. MacDougal) vs. P. foetida var. foetida L. (HD13-133 and HD13-141) and F2 reached high germination percentages.
Flowering and seeding patterns in primary, secondary and silvopastoral managed Nothofagus antarctica forests in South Patagonia

Abstract The success of the reproductive process in trees depends on abiotic and biotic factors that determine the final outcome of natural regeneration. Silviculture alters biotic and abiotic factors and results in secondary forest structures. To effectively manage these forests, it is necessary to understand the bottlenecks in reproductive stages using a whole-cycle approach study. The aim of this study was to analyse flowering and seeding patterns in primary, secondary and silvopastoral managed Nothofagus antarctica forests, including investigating the pre-dispersion foraging of insects and birds, as well as abscised biomass production. A high percentage of female flowers produced fruits (95–96%) in which the main loss factor before seeding was the abscission of immature fruits (11–14%). Seeding was greater in secondary forests (11.4 million ha−1), but managed stands presented a higher percentage of flowers resulting in seeds (82%). However, secondary forests had a better seed quality (17% viable seeds), where the main loss factor was empty seeds in all treatments (39–50%). Biotic factors (foraging by insects and birds) were higher in disturbed than primary forests. Nothofagus antarctica produce large quantities of seeds, but abscised immature fruits and empty seeds due to self-incompatibility mechanisms appeared as the major loss factors.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ANT‐FOOD BODIES (BECCARIIAN BODIES) OF MACARANGA TRILOBA AND M. HYPOLEUCA (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Macaranga is a common secondary growth tree of S.E. Asia. Nine species possess hollow stems which harbor an ant colony, and also produce food bodies which are eaten by the ants. In return, the ants protect the plant from herbivore damage. The multicellular food bodies of M. triloba (Bl.) Muell. Arg. are developed on the underside of down-turned clasping stipules, while in M. hypoleuca (Reichb. f. and Zoll.) Muell. Arg. they are produced on the abaxial surface of young leaves. Food body cells of both species are very rich in lipid, contain large starch grains, and possess an electron-dense hyaloplasm. It is proposed to name the Macaranga ant-food bodies Beccariian bodies in honor of the Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari who explored S.E. Asia in the late 1800s. THE GENUS Macaranga Thou. (Euphorbi
Canopy Temperature Depression Sampling to Assess Grain Yield and Genotypic Differentiation in Winter Wheat

Canopy temperature depression (CTD = air temperature (Ta) - canopy temperature (Tc)) has been used to estimate crop yield and to rank genotypes for tolerance to heat and drought, but when to measure CTD for breeding selec- tion has seldom been addressed. Our objec- tives were to evaluate the suitability of CTD for the Texas High Plains environment and to deter- mine optimal measurement times in relation to growth stage, time of day, and weather. Three years of CTD and weather data were used to assess regression models of grain yield in three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines. Under dryland agriculture, long-term mean CTD at noon and yield were correlated in 2000 and 2001. The relation of short-term CTD readings to grain yield was highly variable. Poor correlation was associated with days of low solar irradiance, high wind speed, and rain events. Genotype effects on CTD were detected for all hours of day and night. Genotype × hour interaction was insignifi cant at night, suggesting that nighttime measurements may provide more stable condi- tions for CTD comparison among genotypes. In general, tree regression assessed grain yield from short-term CTD measurements better than linear regression and suggested that the best times to measure CTD were 0900, 1300, and 1800 h. Tree regression models provided a heu- ristic interpretation of crop water status under different scenarios of soil water availability.
Species and microsite effects on litter decomposition in a Puerto Rican landslide

Because decomposition is an important ecosystem process and species control of it is an issue in the tropics, we examined how much plant species controlled decomposition compared to environmental conditions on a landslide in Puerto Rico. We chose a landslide because of its extreme special variation in environmental conditions, and found that the landslide center microsite had the greatest variation in temperature and precipitation. Litterbags were filled with single-species leaves of three different plant species and placed in center, border and forest landslide microsites. Bags were collected after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks and analyzed for organic matter and various other chemicals. All chemicals showed strong differences among plant species and very little significant environmental variation and, with one exception, organic matter loss followed the same exponential decay pattern for all species and microsites. Interestingly, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) immobilization was seen for all three litter types, and calcium immobilization was seen for two of the three. However, immobilization of N and P were most pronounced for the early successional species. Finally, the dominance of species effects over environmental effects suggests that leaf litter chemistry strongly influences decomposition in landslides. While the soil decomposer biota act similarly along landslide environmental ranges, they are more responsive to substrate quality.
Fire Potential in the Spruce Budworm-damaged Forests of Ontario

An experimental burning program was carried out in Ontario between 1978 and 1982 to document quantitatively fire behavior in balsam fir killed by spruce budworm. Forest fire potential in budworm-killed balsam fir stands was shown to be significantly higher for a number of years following stand mortality. Crown breakage and windthrow, with resultant fuel complex rearrangement and increased surface fuel loads, peaked 5-8 years after mortality. Fire potential was greatest during this period, decreased gradually as balsam fir surface fuels began to decompose and understory vegetation proliferated. Fires occurring prior to "green-up" in the spring behaved explosively with continuous crowning, high spread rates, and severe problems with downwind spot fires. Summer fires in this fuel type did not spread at all in the early years following mortality; however, sufficient woody surface fuel accumulation 4-5 years after mortality permitted summer fire spread