Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TOW MANGO CULTIVARS EWAIS AND ZEBDA (Mangifera indica L.) IN EGYPT

This study was conducted at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The investigation aimed to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of two mango cultivars i.e., Ewais and Zebda (Mangifera indica L.). Mango trees, 10 years old (planting distance 7 × 7 m) from each cultivar were selected to be nearly size and being in their off bearing. Leaves at different stages of growth and fruits were investigated. Results revealed that, Ewais leaves have phenolic compounds from 80.36 to 92.82 (mg gfw), Cytokinin from 3.60 to 4.41 (ng/gfw), gibberilic acid from 28.58 to 36.61 (µg/gfw), absisic acid from 8.44 to 9.5 (µg/gfw), total protein from 4.38 to 9.13(g 100 gdw), total free amino acids from 23.72 to 36.70 (m mol 100 gdw), total protein from 5.83 to 7.22 (µmol gfw), total carbohydrate from 18.76 to 21.09 (g 100gdw), total chlorophyll from 1.55 to 2.11 (mg/gfw) and total carotenoid from 0.82 to 0.98 (mg/gfw). Enzymes activities (mmol gfw) in Ewais leaves were as follow, catalase between 26.23 and 50.31, peroxidase between 1.23 and 2.80, polyphednol oxidase from 101 . 29 to 106.62 and amylase from 7.13 to 8.1. These results dependant on growth stages and were superior for Zebda cultivar. Ewais cultivar has higher yield (yield tree, kg) (92.82) than zebda (89.27). Fruits of Ewais have a higher performance parameters than fruits of Zebda.
EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOSTING, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND INOCULATION WITH Rhizobium phaseoli IN COMMON BEAN

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em condicao de campo num Neossolo Litolico Eutrofico tipico, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilizacao de vermicomposto, inoculacao das sementes com Rhizobium contendo as estirpes Semia 4077 e 4080, e adubacao nitrogenada em cobertura na cultura do feijoeiro. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. No cultivo de 2000/2001, nao ocorreu diferenca significativa entre as formas de adubacao para massa das plantas, numero de nodulos por planta e rendimento de graos. A inoculacao com Rhizobium aumentou a massa seca das plantas, o numero de nodulos por planta e a massa seca de nodulos, enquanto que o uso de adubacao nitrogenada em cobertura apresentou comportamento semelhante, contudo aumentou o rendimento de graos. No cultivo de 2001/2002, os resultados foram similares entre as diferentes formas de adubacao de base, mostrando que a adubacao orgânica desempenha um papel tao importante quanto a adubacao mineral no rendimento de graos. Foi encontrada maior diferenca significativa para a associacao micorrizica no cultivo de 2000/2001, sendo que estas diferencas tendem a diminuir quando o feijoeiro e cultivado em anos consecutivos na mesma area.
Out of Africa: north‐westwards Pleistocene expansions of the heather Erica arborea

Aim The heather Erica arborea L. is a dominant element of the circum‐Mediterranean region. Its broad, disjunct distribution, ranging from Macaronesia to eastern Africa, is consistent with the fragmentation of the evergreen tropical and subtropical forests that dominated Europe and North Africa in the Tertiary. This study aims to investigate phylogeographical patterns in E. arborea and to determine whether the current disjunct distribution of the species is a relict of a once wider distribution, or a recent range expansion in response to the establishment of suitable conditions.
Proposta para teste carrapaticida por imersão de larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: avaliação em cipermetrina e amitraz

The aim of this work was to develop a technique of acaricides evaluation by immersion of larvae. Larvae were obtained from 30 engorged females of Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were collected in a ranch in Lages, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Larvae were obtained from 10mg of eggs placed into 5ml disposable syringes, previously prepared and kept under controlled conditions of laboratory, and collected between the third and the twelfth day of oviposition. Seven to ten days old larvae were submitted to the acaricide laboratory test, in ten replications, by their immersion in eight dilutions of commercial acaricides (amitraz or cypermethrin), for 30 seconds; for each replication and commercial product, a control group was immersed in distilled water. Results were evaluated 24 hours after each treatment by counting the number of live and dead larvae. The mean LD50 values and standard error of the mean for cypermethrin and amitraz were 2.99 ± 0.36 and 17.22 ± 4.20 ppm, respectively, for a confidence interval of 95%. The proposed acaricide laboratory test procedures by larvae immersion offered promising results for the evaluation of acaricides.
Cercospora sojina: Over-winter survival and fungicide resistance

Historically, frogeye leaf spot (FLS); caused by Cercospora sojina) of soybean has been observed more frequently in the southern U.S. than in the North Central U.S. However, in recent years, FLS field observations have been on the increase in the North Central U.S., including Illinois. To better understand the survival rate of C. sojina in Illinois, a field study was conducted at three locations: Monmouth (west-central Illinois), Urbana (east-central Illinois), and Dixon Springs (southeastern Illinois). In fields at each location, soybean leaves affected by FLS were placed at depths of 0, 10, and 20 cm and retrieved after 12, 19, and 24 months. To determine the viability of C. sojina in the collected leaves, a greenhouse bioassay was developed. Survival of C. sojina declined with time equally at all three locations over 19 months. After 24 months, C. sojina from leaves collected from Monmouth and Urbana was no longer viable, but the fungus was still active in leaves collected from Dixon Springs. Depth of leaf placement had no effect on the survival of C. sojina. These results suggest that planting a non-host crop for two years in central Illinois will reduce the level of C. sojina inoculum to a negligible amount; however, soybean farmers in southern Illinois may need a longer rotation for FLS management.
Invitro and in Vivo Trypanocidal Activitiy of Combretumracemosum Leaves

Trypanosomosis is a severe often fatal disease widely spread in Africa where it affects the general health and wellbeing of human and livestock populations (Igwe et al., 2002, Kamuanga, 2003). Since it has not been possible to develop an effective vaccine against the disease, due to the p r o b l e m o f a n t i g e n i c v a r i a t i o n , trypanocidal drugs play a major role in its management and control (Igwe et al., 2002). The chemotherapy of African trypanosomosis still remains far from being satisfactory and there is growing resistance to the few drugs currently available (De Koning, 2001; Ogbadoyi et al., 2007). Also, many of the drugs currently available for the treatment of trypanosomosis are highly toxic (Matovu et al., 2001; Ogbadoyi et al., 2007).
Creación de praderas diversas para servicios multi-ecosistémicos: un ejemplo de políticas de esquemas agro-ambientales impulsados por la ciencia en Reino Unido

Grassland accounts for 72% of agricultural land use in the UK and constitutes the largest area of habitat managed under the agri-environment schemes (DEFRA, 2016). Most agricultural grassland is intensively managed resulting in floristically species-poor swards supporting a restricted range of invertebrates and grassland agri-environment schemes have had a limited effect in diversifying these homogeneous habitats. Increasing grassland plant diversity can potentially provide multiple benefits including greater productivity and forage quality, increased faunal abundance and diversity, improve soil structure, and reduce erosion and flood risk (Puttock and Brazier, 2014). Floristically diverse grasslands also have the potential to be more resistant to drought. Legumes in swards can help mitigate climate change and acidification and eutrophication of rivers and land by reducing the need for nitrogen fertiliser (Crews and Peoples, 2004). Restoration research has primarily focused on the remaining fragments of species-rich grassland. Since conventionally managed grasslands cover a large proportion of the landscape in the UK, modest increases in plant diversity via agri-environment schemes (AES) could have an extensive impact on the environment as previously suggested by De Deyn et al. (2011) who found that long-term biodiversity restoration practices increased soil C and N storage. Therefore, in order to devise new agri-environment schemes to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, i.e., the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, an experiment was established by Rothamsted Research and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Devon (UK), funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), to develop and test simple, widely available, low-cost seed mixes under different managements in improved grassland. A “sister” site with a similar design was established in Berkshire (Woodcock et al., 2012, 2013, 2014), and both experiments provided the evidence base for an AES option.
Ontogeny and ecology of snapper (Pagrus auratus) in an estuary, the Mahurangi Harbour

i Dedication . ii Acknowledgements . iii CHAPTER ONE . 1 General Introduction . 1 Estuaries . 2 Fish ecology . 3 Habitats and structural complexity . 5 Snapper . 7 New Zealand estuaries and the contribution of this study . 8 Thesis overview and aims . 9 CHAPTER TWO . 12 Spatial and temporal patterns in juvenile snapper (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae) within an estuary . 12 Introduction . 12 Methods . 15 Results . 20 Discussion . 24 Appendices . 51 CHAPTER THREE . 57 Ontogenetic shifts of snapper (Pagrus auratus: Sparidae) and movement patterns within an estuary . 57 Introduction . 57 Methods . 59 Results . 65 Discussion . 70
Multivariate animal model estimates of genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations for early lactation milk yield and composition in Tunisian Holstein-Friesians

Correlations between milk yield and composition traits (milk, fat and protein yields, and fat and protein percentages) were estimated from 10024 monthly test-day records from 1254 first lactations of Holstein-Friesian cows belonging to seventeen dairy herds. Variance and co-variance components were estimated using a multitrait repeatability animal model. All correlations between yields were positive and close to unity. Correlations between yields and constituent percentages in general were negative except for those of the same constituent. Expected possible correlated changes in traits resulting from selection on other traits were discussed: whether, and how, single-trait selection for milk yield could enrich or impoverish constituent contents in milk and vice-versa.
The effect of fatty acid calcium salt and copper supplementation of daily rations on milk yield and composition lipid metabolism and cholesterol level in cow's milk

The experiment was conducted on 16 Red-and-White cows in a 2 x 2 Latin square design with two levels of CaFA salts (with and without 6% CaFA salts in DM) and a high or low level of copper (13 vs 61 mg Cu/kg DM). The cows were fed grass and maize silages and a concentrate in the amount of 0.28 kg/kg of milk yield. DM intake of all of the cows averaged 16.8±0.1 kg, including 10.6±0.1 kg of silages at an intake of 6.2±0.1 kg d" concentrate. Average FCM was 22.8±0.5 kg/d", with a content of 4.1±0.4% fat, 3.0±0.3% protein and 5.4±0.3% lactose. A significant negative effect of copper on the fat content of milk was found, whereas the effect of CaFA on daily fat and protein synthesis was positive. The total cholesterol content in milk was 13.6±0.4 mg/100 g and did not differ significantly for either of the experimental factors. No effect of the experimental factors was found on the Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents in cow's milk, whereas a significant increase in the Cu level was observed. Feeding cows CaFA salts significantly lowered the content of saturated fatty acids in milk, i.e. of caprinic (C10), lauric (CI2), myristic (CI4) and palmitic (CI6) acids, and increased the content of stearic and oc-linolenic (CI 8:3, n-3) acids. The higher copper level significantly elevated the oleic acid (C 18:1) content of milk. CaFA salts led to a highl significant rise in the level of unsaturated fatty acids in milk; the high copper level increased them significantly. The concentration of acids having a cholesterol-lowering effect increased by 40.9 to 46.8% in response to CaFA salts and by 43.1 to 44.6% under the influence of copper. No significant differences were found in the glucose, total protein, urea and total cholesterol and HDL levels in the blood plasma of cows. Increased doses of copper lowered the level of LDL cholesterol and increased the plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Higher dose of CaFA salts significantly in400 C A L C I U M SOAP A N D COPPER A N D M I L K Y I E L D creased the plasma activity of alkaline phosphatase and copper level. No effect of the studied factors was found on plasma calcium, phosphorous, magnesium or zinc levels.
Germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento in vitro de plântulas de Cattleya loddigesii Lindl. (Orchidaceae)

The orchid family is among the world’s most endangered and Cattleya loddigesii Lindl. is in decline in the forests of the State of Sao Paulo. This study examined the influence of different culture media on germination and in vitro development of Cattleya loddigesii. Knudson C (KC), Vacin & Went (VW), Murashige and Skoog (MS), and MS media with half the concentration of nutrients (MS/2) were tested and compositions were supplemented with 2% sucrose and MS micronutrients. The percentage of viable seeds by tetrazolium test, the percentage of germinated seeds, the initial development and growth of plants after 180 and 360 days were the parameters evaluated. The viability test showed that approximately 68% of seeds were viable. Twenty days after the first signs of germination, the MS media yielded the highest germination percentage (77%). In the early development, after 180 days of in vitro culture the KC and VW media resulted in the largest number of seedlings with at least one leaf and root (93 and 91%, respectively), although many seedlings have died. At 540 days, the development analysis showed that plants in MS and MS/2 media presented higher fresh and dry masses of stem and highest number of leaves as well, producing more vigorous plants. Therefore, there was differential promotion of culture media at different stages of development C. loddigesii.
Senior Cycle Review: analysis of discussions in schools on the purpose of senior cycle education in Ireland

This report is intended to inform the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) review of senior cycle and draws on the first cycle of the consultation process with 41 schools with different profiles and characteristics. The first cycle of the process has looked at teacher, parent and student perspectives on the purpose of senior cycle. The report outlines their perceptions of the benefits and challenges of the current senior cycle and their views on how senior cycle could be changed to address these challenges and to foster greater inclusion. a. Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin b. Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin ESRI working papers represent un-refereed work-in-progress by researchers who are solely responsible for the content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. Working Paper No. 607
Why are there so many small plants? Implications for species coexistence

1 The prominently right‐skewed distribution of species sizes has been the subject of a large literature in animal ecology, but has received comparatively little attention from plant ecologists. It is evident that not all explanations that have been offered for animals are directly applicable to plants. 2 We suggest three hypotheses that require further study in the interpretation of size‐dependent species richness in plants. 3 These hypotheses are all based on mechanisms that have generated, for smaller plants, a greater historical opportunity for speciation: (i) large adult plant size confers significant adaptation primarily in habitat types that have been relatively uncommon in space, across evolutionary time; (ii) relatively small species are more widely differentiated from each other in the environmental qualities defining their niches, many of which are made possible by the mere presence of larger species residing in the same habitat; and (iii) compared with large species, smaller species generally have higher fecundity allocation, i.e. they can produce a greater number of offspring per unit plant size per unit time, which generally confers a higher premium under most circumstances of natural selection, thus generating a potentially greater number of descendant individuals, and derived species. 4 We discuss the implications of these hypotheses in addressing an underlying paradox in plant competition/coexistence theory, i.e. that large adult size is assumed to be the principal trait that confers competitive ability yet, even in those habitat types where competition is assumed to reach the highest levels of intensity within vegetation, the vast majority of the resident species are, nevertheless, relatively small.
Data on the parasite fauna of the European common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio and Asian common carp Cyprinus carpio haematopterus support an Asian ancestry of the species.

The common carp subspecies (Cyprinus carpio carpio) has been regarded as an autochtonous species of Europe. Evidence obtained by comparing the parasite fauna of the European and the Asian subspecies (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) establish that such fish in the Far East harbour a significantly richer array of parasite species, and were the exclusive hosts of most of the specific parasites, including all monogenean and myxosporean spp. , until recent intensive fish translocations from the Far East. I therefore propose that the common carp originated in the Far-East. The common carp would have originally inhabited only the Far East freshwaters, arriving in Europe in the Middle Ages by anthropogenic transfers. During the long trip from China to Europe, the common carp lost its original parasite fauna. In its new habitat, it acquired some parasite from the crucian carp, Carassius carassius, a closely related fish. Infection of the European subspecies with the Asian parasites that had been lost in Europe recommenced only in the middle of the last century, when the Amur wild carp and the coloured carp variations became introduced to Europe. The examination of the parasite fauna of fishes is an excellent tool for surveying the origin of fishes.
PENGARUH LAMA SIMPAN SEMEN DALAM PENGENCER NaCl FISIOLOGIS PADA SUHU KAMAR TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA AYAM KAMPUNG (Gallus domesticus)

Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kualitas spermatozoa ayam kampung dalam pengencer NaCl fisiologis dengan lama simpan yang berbeda pada suhu kamar. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semen ayam kampung berumur 1-1,5 tahun. Lama simpan pada suhu kamar adalah 0, 30, 60, 90, dan 120 menit dengan 10 kali ulangan. Rasio pengenceran semen dengan pengencer 1:10. Variabel yang diamati yaitu motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa lama simpan semen ayam kampung pada suhu kamar dengan pengencer NaCl fisiologis selama 0, 30, 60, 90, dan 120 menit berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap motilitas individu dan viabilitas. Rata-rata motilitas individu pada penyimpanan selama 0, 30, 60, 90, dan 120 menit masing-masing adalah 68,5+5,5; 58,5+5,79; 49,5+7,25; 39,5+8,9; dan 26+11,7% sedangkan rata-rata viabilitas masing-masing adalah 83,1+3,63; 77,6+3,47; 67,8+4,4; 57,7+7,7; dan 45,6+7,19%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa ayam kampung mengalami penurunan secara bertahap seiring dengan lama simpan pada suhu kamar.
Microbial analysis of shelled eggs and chemical and functional analysis of liquid eggs

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in humans has been chiefly attributed to the consumption of raw or undercooked eggs or egg products. The objective of this study was to determine if increasing hen age influenced the total microflora counts or the prevalence of Salmonella spp. on the egg shell surface, within the shell, or in the contents. Eggs from Hy-Line W-98 and Bovans White layer strains were sampled approximately every 28 d from 17 to 66 wk of age from the 35 North Carolina Layer Performance and Management (NCLP&M) Test. The layers were managed under identical husbandry practices. This study utilized 45 eggs per hen population for a total of 90 eggs per period. Five replicates from each strain were represented within the samples, with the same hens being sampled each period. Pooled sets of 9 eggs were used for each strain. The exterior, interior shell, and contents were enumerated to obtain total aerobic counts and tested for the prevalence of SE. There were 120 total egg pools taken, and, of these, there was one positive Salmonella sample for exterior and one for interior. For this study, essentially all eggs produced by the two strains during the 35 NCLP&M test were tested. Sampling of the egg began with rinsing the exterior shell to collect any microorganisms that may have
The reproductive biology and the histological and ultrastructural characteristics in ovaries of the female gadidae fish Merluccius merluccius from the Egyptian Mediterranean water

Monthly analysis of the maturity stages distribution revealed that the gadidae fish Merluccius merluccius has a long spawning period extending from early January to early June. All the females over 34.4 cm in body length are mature. The peak value of gonadosomatic index (GSI) was attained in January and continued to May and thereafter decreased gradually from June to August. The analysis of ova diameter revealed that there are eight ova groups in each ripe and spawning ovary; the first four groups are small and transparent and the remaining four groups are yolky. Fecundity shows a wide range for a given length, the absolute fecundity has a linear relationship with length groups and gutted weight. Relative fecundity ranged from 743 to 1699 egg per 1 cm and varied from 92 to 148 eggs per 1 g. The general pattern of the histological development of the ovaries includes six periods: 1. Immaturation period characterized by “small spherical cells each with a large nucleus”. 2. The maturation period characterized by “appearance of isolated follicular epithelial cells around the oocyte and the formation of yolk nuclei”. 3. Vacuolization period characterized by appearance of “marginal vacuoles; the oocyte wall consists of zona radiata coated with a follicular epithelial layer”. 4. The yolk deposition period characterized by “the presence of yolk granules in the cytoplasm”. 5. Ripening period characterized by “migration of the nucleus to the animal pole”. 6. Spawning-spent period characterized by presence of “empty follicles, different stages of cytoplasmic growth”. The ultrastructure of the vacuolized and ripe oocyte wall showing the presence of five different layers, in which the outer most layers, is theca layer; the second layer is the follicular epithelial layer and then the third and fourth layers are zona radiata externa and zona radiata interna, respectively. The fifth layer is known as “cortical alveoli".