Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methods of quantum field theory for trapped Bose–Einstein condensates

In this tutorial we present an introduction to some theoretical methods of quantum field theory applied to the description of a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate. First of all, we give a brief account of the main characteristics of the phenomenon of condensation and present the many-body Hamiltonian of the system. We outline some of the most important approaches used in the characterization of a condensed Bose gas, including the mean-field theory and the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov method. Finally we illustrate the use of these techniques addressing some important issues in quantum atom optics. We characterize the quantum state of a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) at zero temperature. We also describe a process of Beliaev coupling between quasiparticles using a method that includes terms beyond the usual Bogoliubov approach.
Effect of the azimuthal inhomogeneity of electron emission on gyrotron operation

Gyrotrons are typically driven by electron beams produced by magnetron-type thermionic electron guns operating in the regime of temperature limited emission. Very often, the current density in such annular electron beams is azimuthally nonuniform. To describe the effect of this nonuniformity on gyrotron operation, the code MAGY [M. Botton et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 882 (1998)], which is widely used for modeling of slow and fast microwave sources, was properly modified. The results of numerical simulations demonstrate the effect of azimuthal inhomogeneity of the emission on the excitation of low- and high-frequency satellites of the operating mode and on the efficiency degradation. The calculations are done for parameters typical for megawatt-class, long-pulse, millimeter-wave gyrotrons, which are currently under development for electron cyclotron plasma heating and current drive experiments in controlled fusion reactors.
Nonuniformly spaced linear and planar array antennas for sidelobe reduction

The material discussed can be divided into two parts. In the first part, an iteration method is presented for calculating the distances between the elements of a symmetrical nonuniformly spaced linear array antenna for sidelobe reduction. The amplitude of the excitation is assumed to be constant. The iteration method is applied to linear array consisting of 24 elements. After a few iterations, the sidelobe-to-mainlobe power ratio was reduced to over 22 dB from its value of 13.2 dB for uniform array spacing. In the second part, several symmetrical nonuniformly spaced planar array antennas have been designed, using the nonuniform linear array spacings of part one. The planar arrays include square-shaped and circular structures, with the number of elements ranging from 284 to 576. The iteration method discussed can be applied to linear arrays with any number of elements to obtain nonuniform grid spacings for sidelobe reduction. A number of planar grid structures can be constructed using the nonuniform linear grids. The nonuniform linear and planar arrays utilize fewer radiating elements and result in desirable sidelobe structures.
Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning pada Materi Asam Basa Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik

Students have not been able to distinguish the concept of acid-base, and have not been able to apply every formula in acid-base, thus making students less active, less able to explore their knowledge, express their ideas, so that students' creative thinking skills are low. To help students, a learning model is needed that uses real-world problems as a context for students to be active and creative in finding solutions and expressing ideas to solve these problems through scientific procedures. This study aims to determine the high effectiveness of the problem based learning model on student learning outcomes on acid-base matrri. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 8 Pinrang in class XI IPA 1. Data collection was carried out using learning outcomes tests and observation sheets. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Learning is said to be effective if the learning outcomes of students are at N-gain g 0.3 to 1.00. The results showed that the average value of normalized gain was 0.75 in the high category, so it can be concluded that the use of problem-based learning models is effective on the learning outcomes of students in class XI IPA 1 SMAN 8 Pinrang
Prone versus Supine FDG PET/CT in the Staging of Breast Cancer

Supine [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission technology/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a commonly used modality for the initial staging of breast cancer, and several previous studies have shown superior sensitivity and specificity of prone FDG PET/CT in comparison to its supine counterpart. This retrospective study included 25 females with breast cancer referred for staging. They underwent supine FDG PET/CT followed by prone FDG PET/CT. The outcomes were: number of primary breast lesions, anatomical site of FDG-avid lymph nodes (LNs), and number and type of bone lesions, with SUVmax of all corresponding parameters. Performance was superior in prone acquisition compared to supine acquisition, with the respective results: 29 vs. 22 breast tumor lesions detected, 62 vs. 27 FDG-avid axillary LNs detected, sensitivity of 68% vs. 57%, specificity of 64% vs. 53%. The detection rate of axillary LNs in the prone position was significantly higher (p = 0.001). SUVmax for breast tumor lesions (p = 0.000) and number of detected axillary LNs (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in prone acquisition. Five patients were upstaged after experts read the prone acquisition. Prone FDG PET/CT acquisition is a promising technique in detecting primary breast lesions and metastatic LNs possibly missed in supine acquisition, which may lead to change in patient staging and management.
Dynamic event‐triggered consensus of multi‐agent systems under directed topology

Event‐triggered consensus of multi‐agent systems (MASs) under directed topology is investigated in this paper. First, one shortcoming about the event‐trigger conditions in some recent results is pointed out through a counterexample. Then, two reasonable event‐trigger conditions are proposed and analyzed. Meanwhile, a novel dynamic event‐trigger strategy is applied in the two designed event‐trigger conditions, in which an auxiliary term is introduced for each agent to regulate its threshold dynamically. It is proved that the dynamic term plays an essential role in excluding Zeno behavior. The case of strongly connected topology is first investigated. Then, the results are extended to the more general topology containing a spanning tree. Numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the designed event‐trigger conditions.
Excitation of Pc 5 pulsations in the morning sector by a local injection of particles in the magnetosphere

The authors have determined a characteristic of Pc 5 pulsation in the morning sector by use of ground magnetometer and riometer (cosmic noise absorption) data, in conjunction with data acquired with satellites which include the magnetic fields above the ionosphere and electron fluxes at geosynchronous orbit. They have found that the onset of a flux increase in energetic electrons of 30 keV to 200 keV at geosynchronous orbit almost coincides with the onset of Pc 5 pulsation activity and riometer absorption on the ground. They have ascertained that when the large-scale Birkeland current system observed at ionospheric altitude splits into a number of small-scale Birkeland current pairs. They could infer that the electron flux enhancement, presumably supplied from the tail plasma sheet associated with the substorm onset, provides stress to cause the background large-scale plasma vortex to split into the small-scale vortices. They suggest that the field-aligned currents in the small-scale vortices propagate along the field lines and sustain the standing Alfvenic oscillations at several different, but neighboring shells of the field lines.
A Review on Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Non-Human Primates: Understanding the Potential Threats to Humans

Non-human primates (NHP) share a close relationship with humans due to a genetic homology of 75–98.5%. NHP and humans have highly similar tissue structures, immunity, physiology, and metabolism and thus often can act as hosts to the same pathogens. Agriculture, meat consumption habits, tourism development, religious beliefs, and biological research have led to more extensive and frequent contact between NHPs and humans. Deadly viruses, such as rabies virus, herpes B virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and monkeypox virus can be transferred from NHP to humans. Similarly, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and yellow fever virus can be transmitted to NHP from humans. Infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can affect the health of both primates and humans. A vast number of NHP-carrying pathogens exhibit a risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, zoonotic infectious diseases should be evaluated in future research. This article reviews the research evidence, diagnostic methods, prevention, and treatment measures that may be useful in limiting the spread of several common viral pathogens via NHP and providing ideas for preventing zoonotic diseases with epidemic potential.
Preliminary investigation of microwave telemetry on an EML projectile

This paper describes a preliminary experimental investigation to convey acceleration measurements, made on-board an electromagnetic (EM) launched projectile, using microwave telemetry techniques. The focus of the investigation is to extend the Hardened Subminiature Telemetry and Sensor Systems (HSTSS) technology for use in EM launch environments. Many aspects of the HSTSS technology have already been successfully demonstrated in high-G, high-pressure launch environments in conventional gun systems. In addition, microwave transmission in stationary experiments, where the telemetry package was exposed to relatively high magnetic fields and EM transients in a railgun launcher, has been demonstrated. However, microwave telemetry during an EM launch has not been demonstrated until now. In this work, setback acceleration measurements obtained with an on-board accelerometer were processed by HSTSS electronics and transmitted simultaneously during launch via an antenna located in front of the EM launch package. While only the test conducted at 9-kG peak acceleration provided the most useful data, detailed analyses suggest that mechanical problems-rather than the microwave telemetry process itself-were probably responsible for difficulties experienced at higher accelerations. This paper reviews the experimental methodology and discusses the results of the investigation.
Evaluation of electrical and mechanical Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato

Abstract Field studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of physical weed management of Palmer amaranth management in cucumber, peanut, and sweetpotato. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial in which the first factor included a treatment method of electrical, mechanical, or hand-roguing Palmer amaranth control and the second factor consisted of treatments applied when Palmer amaranth was approximately 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 m above the crop canopy. Four wk after treatment (WAT), the electrical applications controlled Palmer amaranth at least 27 percentage points more than the mechanical applications when applied at the 0.3- and 0.6-m timings. At the 0.9- and 1.2-m application timings 4 WAT, electrical and mechanical applications controlled Palmer amaranth by at most 87%. Though hand removal generally resulted in the greatest peanut pod count and total sweetpotato yield, mechanical and electrical control resulted in similar yield to the hand-rogued plots, depending on the treatment timing. With additional research to provide insight into the optimal applications, there is potential for electrical control and mechanical control to be used as alternatives to hand removal. Additional studies were conducted to determine the effects of electrical treatments on Palmer amaranth seed production and viability. Treatments consisted of electricity applied to Palmer amaranth at first visible inflorescence, 2 wk after first visible inflorescence (WAI) or 4 WAI. Treatments at varying reproductive maturities did not reduce the seed production immediately after treatment. However, after treatment, plants primarily died and ceased maturation, reducing seed production assessed at 4 WAI by 93% and 70% when treated at 0 and 2 WAI, respectively. Treatments did not have a negative effect on germination or seedling length. Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson; cucumber; Cucumis sativus L. ‘Maxi pick’; peanut; Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Walton’; sweetpotato; Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. ‘Covington'
H2(v = 0,1) + C+(2P) → H+CH+ STATE-TO-STATE RATE CONSTANTS FOR CHEMICAL PUMPING MODELS IN ASTROPHYSICAL MEDIA

State-to-state rate constants for the title reaction are calculated using the electronic ground state potential energy surface and an accurate quantum wave-packet method. The calculations are performed for H2 in different rovibrational states, v = 0, 1 and J = 0 and 1. The simulated reaction cross section for v = 0 shows a rather good agreement with the experimental results of Gerlich et al., both with a threshold of 0.36 eV and within the experimental error of 20%. The total reaction rate coefficients simulated for v = 1 are two times smaller than those estimated by Hierl et al. from cross sections measured at different temperatures and neglecting the contribution from v > 1 with an uncertainty factor of two. Thus, part of the disagreement is attributed to the contributions of v > 1. The computed state-to-state rate coefficients are used in our radiative transfer model code applied to the conditions of the Orion Bar photodissociation region, and leads to an increase of the line fluxes of high-J lines of CH+. This result partially explains the discrepancies previously found with measurements and demonstrates that CH+ excitation is mostly driven by chemical pumping.
Comparing Salivary Caffeine Kinetics of 13C and 12C Caffeine for Gastric Emptying of 50 mL Water

Gastric water emptying as a critical parameter for oral drug absorption can be investigated by several imaging techniques or by the interpretation of pharmacokinetics of appropriate substances. Recently introduced salivary caffeine kinetics is a valuable tool, but the required caffeine abstinence limits its applicability. To avoid the caffeine abstinence, stable isotope-labeled caffeine might be used, but the representability and transferability of kinetics for evaluation of gastric emptying must be demonstrated. Thus, salivary caffeine pharmacokinetics were compared for naturally occurring 12C-caffeine and 13C3-caffeine after the administration of water under fasting conditions in six healthy young subjects. For this purpose, an ice capsule containing the two caffeine species was administered with 50 mL tap water. Gastric water emptying was simultaneously quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gastric emptying of 50 mL of water could be successfully evaluated. The salivary caffeine kinetics of 13C3- and 12C-caffeine were nearly congruent and showed good linear correlations in all subjects, with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.96 in pooled data. Thus, the substitution of natural 12C caffeine with stable isotope-labeled 13C3-caffeine offers the opportunity for broader application of the salivary caffeine gastric emptying technique and increases the robustness of the method against environmental contamination with caffeine.
Calibration uncertainty in ocean color satellite sensors and trends in long-term environmental records

Launched in late 2011, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) spacecraft is being evaluated by NASA to determine whether this sensor can continue the ocean color data record established through the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). To this end, Goddard Space Flight Center generated evaluation ocean color data products using calibration techniques and algorithms established by NASA during the SeaWiFS and MODIS missions. The calibration trending was subjected to some initial sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Here we present an introductory assessment of how the NASA-produced time series of ocean color is influenced by uncertainty in trending instrument response over time. The results help quantify the uncertainty in measuring regional and global biospheric trends in the ocean using satellite remote sensing, which better define the roles of such records in climate research.
Research methods anxiety, attitude, self-efficacy and academic effort: A social cognitive theory perspective

Abstract The integration and mandatory study of research method courses by university students is a global phenomenon. However, students demonstrate apprehension and disinterest in research methods courses. Consequently, this study investigated the interplay among research methods anxiety, positive disposition toward research, perception of usefulness, self-efficacy, and academic effort in research. Paper-and-pencil questionnaires were used to collect data from a convenience sample of 636 technical university students in Ghana. Based on partial least squares structural equation modeling results, research anxiety reduces students’ self-beliefs (β = −0.172; t = 2.729; p = .000) and negatively affects perception of research usefulness (β = −0.172; t = 2.729; p = .000). A positive disposition towards research enhances students’ academic efforts in research (β = 0.919; t = 3.308; p = 0.001). Furthermore, self-efficacy drives students’ efforts (β = −0.172; t = 2.729; p = .000), enhances positive disposition toward research (β = 0.191; t = 3.308; p = .001) and perception of research usefulness among students (β = 0.224; t = 3.064; p = .002). Students’ perception of research usefulness mediates the relationship between anxiety and effort in research (β = −0.075; t = 3.653; p = .000), positive research disposition and effort (β = −0.056; t = 2.519; p = .012) as well as research self-efficacy and effort in studies (β = 0.083; t = 3.02; p = .003).
Purity- and entropy-bounded uncertainty relations for mixed quantum states

We give a review of different forms of uncertainty relations for mixed quantum states obtained over the last two decades and present many new results. The nonclassical properties of mixed states minimizing the purity-bounded uncertainty relations (a possibility of sub-Poissonian statistics, squeezing etc) are considered. The normalized Hilbert–Schmidt distance between the minimizing states and the ‘most classical’ thermal states is used as a ‘measure of nonclassicality’ together with the Mandel parameter. For highly mixed minimizing states (whose ‘purities’ are very small), the normalized Hilbert–Schmidt distance tends to a finite limit, which depends on the nature of the state (15% of the maximal possible distance if the deviation from pure states is characterized by the ‘standard purity’ Tr ˆ ρ 2 and 37% if the ‘superpurity’ limr→0[Tr( ˆ ρ 1+1/r )] r is chosen as a measure of deviation).
Electromagnetic and structural coupled finite element analysis of active control in an anti-vibration device

An active control model of an anti-vibration device is analyzed using a coupled electromagnetic and structural finite element technique. The model consists of two parallel conducting wires moving in a uniform magnetic field. Displacement and velocity of the wires are detected and transformed into voltages. Those voltages are fed back to each wire to control the motion by Lorentz force. Calculated response of the motion is shown to agree with the theory of the equivalent mechanical model.
Occupational Silica Exposure and Pericarditis: An Uncommon Link

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-system necrotising vasculitis, particularly affecting small vessels. Upper respiratory tracts, lungs and kidneys are common target organs, while cardiac involvement would also be the first and rare manifestation of the disease. In GPA with cardiac involvement, structures such as the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and conduction system could be involved. In the literature, there are reports of an association between autoimmune diseases and silica exposure. In our case, a 73-year-old sculptor with regular exposure to silica presented with pericarditis and was later diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This report provides additional evidence of an association between silica exposure and autoimmune vasculitis.
Empirical Generalizations and Marketing Science: A Personal View

Marketing has matured to the point where it seems desirable to take stock of where we are, what we have learned, and fruitful directions for extending the knowledge base that has developed. Science is a process involving the interaction between empirical generalizations and theory. An is “a pattern or regularity that repeats over different circumstances and that can be described simply by mathematical, graphic, or symbolic methods. ” One of the purposes of the Empirical Generalizations Conference held at Wharton on February 16–18, 1994 was to develop a list of examples of such empirical generalizations in marketing. Empirical generalization can precede a theory to explain it or it can be predicted by a theory. Science is the process of interaction between theory and data that leads to higher level theories. Examples are provided here of empirical generalizations in marketing and their theoretical counterparts. One example is provided of a higher level theory.
An Empirical Torsional Spring Model for the Inclined Crack in a 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Cantilever Beam

This paper presents an empirical torsional spring model for the inclined crack on a 3D-printed ABS cantilever beam. The work outlined deals mainly with our previous research about an improved torsional spring model (Khan-He model), which can represent the deep vertical (90°) crack in the structure. This study used an experimental approach to investigate the relationships between the crack angle and torsional spring stiffness. ABS cantilever beams with different crack depths (1, 1.3 and 1.6 mm) and angles (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90°) were manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The impact tests were performed to obtain the dynamic response of cracked beams. The equivalent spring stiffness was calculated based on the specimen’s fundamental frequency. The results suggested that an increased crack incline angle yielded higher fundamental frequency and vibration amplitude, representing higher spring stiffness. The authors then developed an empirical spring stiffness model for inclined cracks based on the test data. These results extended the Khan-He model’s application from vertical to inclined crack prediction in FDM ABS structures.