Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lexical Complexity Prediction using Word Embeddings

Lexical complexity is crucial for reading comprehension. In the past, research work of lexical complexity prediction mainly focuses on differentiating the complexity difference between two words. Moreover, most of the previous lexical complexity prediction approaches only consider traditional lexically relevant features. In this paper, we propose a novel supervised approach using word embeddings features to tackle the lexical complexity prediction problem as a single-label multi-classification problem. We discuss four word embeddings techniques including Word2Vec, fastText, GloVe, and BERT. We also discuss five classification models including k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Multilayer Perception, Random Forest, and XGBoost. The prediction models are evaluated with three datasets in English, Traditional Chinese, and Japanese. The results show that SVM with fastText can achieve the highest accuracy of 66.23% for the English dataset. SVM with GloVe can achieve the highest accuracy of 53.84% for the Traditional Chinese dataset. SVM with Word2Vec can achieve the highest accuracy of 49.96% for the Japanese dataset.
Risk of hospital admission and death from first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection by age group during the Delta and Omicron periods in British Columbia, Canada

Background: Population-based cross-sectional serosurveys within the Lower Mainland, British Columbia, Canada, showed about 10%, 40% and 60% of residents were infected with SARS-CoV-2 by the sixth (September 2021), seventh (March 2022) and eighth (July 2022) serosurveys. We conducted the ninth (December 2022) and tenth (July 2023) serosurveys and sought to assess risk of severe outcomes from a first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection during intersurvey periods. Methods: Using increments in cumulative infection-induced seroprevalence, population census, discharge abstract and vital statistics data sets, we estimated infection hospitalization and fatality ratios (IHRs and IFRs) by age and sex for the sixth to seventh (Delta/Omicron-BA.1), seventh to eighth (Omicron-BA.2/BA.5) and eighth to ninth (Omicron-BA.5/BQ.1) intersurvey periods. As derived, IHR and IFR estimates represent the risk of severe outcome from a first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection acquired during the specified intersurvey period. Results: The cumulative infection-induced seroprevalence was 74% by December 2022 and 79% by July 2023, exceeding 80% among adults younger than 50 years but remaining less than 60% among those aged 80 years and older. Period-specific IHR and IFR estimates were consistently less than 0.3% and 0.1% overall. By age group, IHR and IFR estimates were less than 1.0% and up to 0.1%, respectively, except among adults aged 70–79 years during the sixth to seventh intersurvey period (IHR 3.3% and IFR 1.0%) and among those aged 80 years and older during all periods (IHR 4.7%, 2.2% and 3.5%; IFR 3.3%, 0.6% and 1.3% during the sixth to seventh, seventh to eighth and eighth to ninth periods, respectively). The risk of severe outcome followed a J-shaped age pattern. During the eighth to ninth period, we estimated about 1 hospital admission for COVID-19 per 300 newly infected children younger than 5 years versus about 1 per 30 newly infected adults aged 80 years and older, with no deaths from COVID-19 among children but about 1 death per 80 newly infected adults aged 80 years and older during that period. Interpretation: By July 2023, we estimated about 80% of residents in the Lower Mainland, BC, had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 overall, with low risk of hospital admission or death; about 40% of the oldest adults, however, remained uninfected and at highest risk of a severe outcome. First infections among older adults may still contribute substantial burden from COVID-19, reinforcing the need to continue to prioritize this age group for vaccination and to consider them in health care system planning.
Overview of the ROCLING 2023 Shared Task for Chinese Multi-genre Named Entity Recognition in the Healthcare Domain

This paper describes the ROCLING-2023 shared task for Chinese multi-genre named entity recognition in the healthcare domain, including task description, data preparation, performance metrics, and evaluation results. Among eight registered teams, six participating teams submitted a total of 16 runs. This shared task demonstrates current NLP techniques for dealing with Chinese named entity recognition in multi-genre texts. All data sets with gold standards and evaluation scripts used in this shared task are publicly available for future research.
FADS2 Indel polymorphism rs66698963 predicts colorectal polyp prevention by the n-3 fatty acid EPA

Importance: A precision medicine approach to identify who would benefit from supplementation with the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for colorectal cancer prevention has not been reported. A fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) insertion-deletion (Indel) polymorphism (rs66698963) controls levels of the n-6 HUFA arachidonic acid (AA), which drives intestinal tumorigenesis and which is antagonized by EPA. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the FADS2 Insertion (I) allele, which is associated with elevated AA levels, predicts those individuals who display colorectal polyp risk reduction by EPA. Design: Secondary analysis of the randomized, placebo-controlled, 2x2 factorial seAFOod polyp prevention trial of EPA 2g daily and aspirin 300mg daily, stratified for FADS2 Indel genotype. Setting: Colonoscopy surveillance 12 months after clearance screening colonoscopy, in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP). Participants: A predominantly White European, male cohort (mirroring the BCSP colonoscopy demographic). 528 trial participants with colonoscopy data and a FADS2 Indel genotype from the original randomized trial population of n=707. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Total (adenomatous and serrated) colorectal polyp risk associated with EPA or aspirin compared with its respective placebo. Presence of at least one I allele and an interaction term (at least one I allele x active intervention) were co-variates in negative binomial regression models. Results: EPA use, irrespective of FADS2 Indel genotype, was not associated with reduced total colorectal polyp number (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.74,1.16), mirroring the original seAFOod trial analysis. However, the presence of at least one I allele identified EPA users with a significant reduction in colorectal polyp number (IRR 0.50 [0.28,0.90]), unlike aspirin for which there was no evidence of an interaction. Similar findings were obtained for analysis of the polyp detection rate (% of individuals with at least one polyp). Conclusions and Relevance: The FADS2 Indel I allele identifies individuals who display colorectal polyp prevention efficacy of EPA, with a similar effect size to aspirin. Assessment of rs66698963 as a therapeutic response biomarker in other populations and healthcare settings is warranted. Trial Registration: The seAFOod polyp prevention trial and STOP-ADENOMA project - ISRCTN05926847.
Are maternal vaccines effective and safe for mothers and infants? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Introduction Maternal vaccination is a promising strategy to reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases for mothers and infants. We aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the efficacy and safety of all available maternal vaccines. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov on 1 February 2022, for phase III and IV randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared maternal vaccination against any pathogen with placebo or no vaccination. Primary outcomes were laboratory-confirmed or clinically confirmed disease in mothers and infants. Secondary safety outcomes included intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, maternal death, preterm birth, congenital malformations and infant death. Random effects meta-analysis were used to calculate pooled risk ratio’s (RR). Quality appraisal was performed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Six RCTs on four maternal vaccines, influenza, tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis (Tdap), pneumococcal and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were eligible. The overall risk of bias and certainty of evidence varied from low to high. Maternal influenza vaccination significantly reduced the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.79, event rate 57 vs 98, 2 RCTs, n=6003, I2=0%), and clinically confirmed influenza cases in mothers (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99, event rate 418 vs 472, 2 RCTs, n=6003, I2=0%), and laboratory-confirmed influenza in infants (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.85, event rate 98 vs 148, 2 RCTs, n=5883, I2=0%), although this was not significant for clinically confirmed influenza in infants (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.05, event rate 1371 vs 1378, 2 RCTs, n=5883, I2=0%). No efficacy data were available on maternal Tdap vaccination. Maternal pneumococcal vaccination did not reduce laboratory-confirmed and clinically confirmed middle ear disease (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.02, event rate 9 vs 18, 1 RCT, n=133 and RR 0.88 95% CI 0.69 to 1.12, event rate 42 vs 47, 1 RCT, n=133, respectively), and clinically confirmed lower-respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.43, event rate 18 vs 34, 1 RCT, n=70) in infants. Maternal RSV vaccination did not reduce laboratory-confirmed RSV LRTI in infants (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.01, event rate 103 vs 71, 1 RCT, n=4527). There was no evidence of a significant effect of any of the maternal vaccines on the reported safety outcomes. Conclusions The few RCTs with low event rates suggest that, depending on the type of maternal vaccine, the vaccine might effectively prevent disease and within its size does not show safety concerns in mothers and infants. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021235115.
Geochemistry of porphyries and volcanic rocks and ore-forming geochronology of Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit in Bangonghu belt, Tibet: Constraints on metallogenic tectonic settings

Ouobuza copper deposit,located in the north of Bangonghu-Nujiang suture,possesses giant perspective,representative gold-rich porphyry copper deposit in Tibet.On the base of geochemistry of ore-forming porphyry,basaltic volcanic rock,distinguish three series of rock:adakites,high Nb basaltic rocks (HNB) and normal arc volcanic rocks.All rocks belong to calc-alkaline series, with SiO_2 ranging from 47% to 68%,Al_2O_3 13% to 18%,MgO 1.4% to 8.5%,FeOt 2.3% to 8.1% and CAO 2.1% to 10%. MgO,MnO and FeOt abundance exhibit a negative correlation with SiO_2,K_2O exhibit a positive correlation with SiO_2. The high Nb basaltic rocks and normal arc volcanic rocks are enrichment in Na,Na_2O/K_2O ranging from 0.9 to 7,whereas adakites have more enrich in K_2O. Total concentration of REE,with ranging from 29×10~(-6) to 203×10~(-6),gradually decreases from uhramafic to felsic rocks,and high Nb basaltic rock (HNB) have the highest ∑REE concentration,whereas adakites have the lowest.Chondrite- normalized REE patterns are LREE-rich,with LREE/HREE 7.0～12.4,(La/Yb)_N 为 3.2～13,δEu 0.9～2.1. The adakites and normal arc basaltic andesites are systematically more enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE:Rb,Ba,Sr,K),more mobile highly incompatible lithophile elements (HILE:U,Th) and relatively depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE:Nb,Ta,Zr, Hf,Ti),and these geochemical characteristics suggest they have the characteristics of subduction-related magma.However,high Nb basaltic rocks are characterized by Nb,Ta positive anomaly,high TiO_2 (2%) and low (La/Nb)_(PM) ratios (2). Trace element geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics suggest that adakitic magma directly derived by partial melting of subduction ocean crust,with the addition of subduetion sediments.High Nb basaltic rocks (HNB) are products of a mantle souce,enriched in Nb,Ta, metasomatized by a adakitic meh or supercritical fluid,likely with the infiltration of asthneosphere material.Normal arc basaltic andesites derived from mantle wedge metasomatized by hydrous fluids from subduction dehydration.In addition,the spatial association of the HNB with adakites"adakitic metasomatic volcanic series",indicate Duobuza porphyry copper deposit form in the typical island arc subduction setting.Ore-forming granodiorite porphyry zircon have obvious oscillatory zone,Th/U (0.51～0.90) ratio0.1, indicate zircon is magmatic genesis,and its SHRIMPU-Pb gave an age of 121.6±1.9Ma,suggests Banonghu-Nujiang ocean were subducting northward at least during approximate 120Ma,and the closure time of this ocean should later than early Cretaceous.
Exploring Mid-air Gestural Interfaces for Children with ADHD

This study examined the potential of mid-air gestural interfaces specifically designed for children, in the context of full-body motion control for confirmation actions while interacting with large conventional displays. The study aimed to investigate gestures for confirmation actions that were feasible for children, including children with challenges in behavior control and impulse inhibition. Two scenarios were explored, namely, active full-body gesturing (i.e., jumps and jumps with hands up) and freezing (i.e., motionless posture) to identify their usability for confirmation actions. Experiment I involved 11 typically developing children playing the game to check the system’s general functionality and robustness. Experiment II involved 18 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to evaluate a prolonged usage of the confirmation gestures in six game sessions. The results showed that the children were able to interact with the large conventional displays with consistent accuracy and responsiveness in both active gesturing and freezing scenarios. Moreover, jumps with rising hands were significantly preferred as an interaction input method. Further, there was no significant difference in ratings of the difficulty of freezing gesture, and children successfully repeated the predefined postures. The findings provided insights into the functionality and suitability of mid-air gestural interfaces for confirmation actions in interactive applications targeted to children.
Assessment of irrigation systems for dry season vegetable production in urban and peri-urban zones of Ibadan and Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria

Dry season vegetable irrigation system plays a key role in the economics of Nigeria as a basic source of food, income, and employment generation especially in the off-season of rainfall agriculture. This diagnostic study was embarked upon to assess the different irrigation systems to better understand the characteristic problems and needs. This article reports on some general information on irrigation systems that are useful to project planners, agencies and policy makers. Results indicate that farmers are frequently faced with low stream flow, conveyance of water from source to farm site as well as sources of water drying up. Majority of the farmers whom are illiterates lacks basic knowledge of crop-water requirement, irrigation scheduling and skills in maintaining and operating irrigation systems. These affect the productivity of the systems, as the crops are either over- or under-irrigated, leading to wastages of the little available water. Recommendations are made that could enhance the farmers’ productivity and increase their farm hectares in order to meet the growing demand for vegetables especially during the off season. Key words: Irrigation systems, management practices, dry season, vegetable production, urban-peri-urban, Nigeria.
A correlation method of apparent velocity measurement

Crustal refraction measurements present many uncertainties, some of which may be resolved by studying the apparent velocities of the entire train of arrivals. Discrete crustal layers have an over-all apparent velocity distribution which is distinctly different from that produced by a major crustal velocity gradient, while travel times show very little difference between the two. Visual measurement of apparent velocities in the secondary portion of a seismogram is uncertain and subject to error due to the lack of sharp onsets of events and to the generally higher background level. A computer method in which velocity filtering and statistical correlation are used has been developed. It eliminates this difficulty and makes it possible to investigate a wide range of apparent velocities. The first results of this method prove it to be a good constraint on a standard interpretation. Also, many features of the travel-time plot are revealed which have yet to be explained. The method promises to be a useful additional tool for the interpretation of crustal refraction measurements.
A Systematic Study on Video Summarization: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions

With the exponential growth of user-generated videos, video summarization has become a prominent research field to quickly understand the essence of video content. The goal is to automate the task of acquiring key segments from the video while retaining the contextual semantics of the video and combining them to generate a summary. The major challenge is to identify important frames or segments corresponding to human perception, which varies from one genre to another. To this end, the survey paper furnishes a thorough panorama encompassing diverse categories of video summarization. In this research work, we investigate, compare, and offer valuable insights into the progress and effectiveness of video summarization techniques. We discuss an end-to-end general pipeline to understand the complexity of the video summarization task. Further, we also discuss several benchmark datasets used to evaluate the performance of video summarization algorithms. Furthermore, this study also explores various challenges specific to video summarization, and potential future directions for further research, and encourages researchers to explore new avenues in video summarization.
Cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain

Debate remains around anatomic origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of the structural organization and cellular origins. Here, we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific Mosaic Variant Barcode Analysis. From four hemispheres from two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants (MVs), respectively that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allelic fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted compared with resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome-transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of MVs across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals restrictions of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes that of the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus cell-type resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
Multilayer network associations between the exposome and childhood brain development

Growing up in a high poverty neighborhood is associated with elevated risk for academic challenges and health problems. Here, we take a data-driven approach to exploring how measures of children’s environments relate to the development of their brain structure and function in a community sample of children between the ages of 4 and 10 years. We constructed exposomes including measures of family socioeconomic status, children’s exposure to adversity, and geocoded measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status, crime, and environmental toxins. We connected the exposome to two structural measures (cortical thickness and surface area, n = 170) and two functional measures (participation coefficient and clustering coefficient, n = 130). We found dense connections within exposome and brain layers and sparse connections between exposome and brain layers. Lower family income was associated with thinner visual cortex, consistent with the theory that accelerated development is detectable in early-developing regions. Greater neighborhood incidence of high blood lead levels was associated with greater segregation of the default mode network, consistent with evidence that toxins are deposited into the brain along the midline. Our study demonstrates the utility of multilayer network analysis to bridge environmental and neural explanatory levels to better understand the complexity of child development.
Dynamic model of carbon dioxide-induced stomatal closure reveals a feedback core for cellular decision-making

Stomata are pores on plant aerial surfaces, each bordered by a pair of guard cells. They control gas exchange vital for plant survival. Understanding how guard cells respond to environmental signals such as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is not only insightful to fundamental biology but also relevant to real-world issues of crop productivity under global climate change. In the past decade, multiple important signaling elements for stomatal closure induced by elevated CO2 have been identified. Yet, there is no comprehensive understanding of high CO2 induced stomatal closure. In this work we assemble a cellular signaling network underlying high CO2-induced stomatal closure by integrating evidence from a comprehensive literature analysis. We further construct a Boolean dynamic model of the network, which allows in silico simulation of the stomatal closure response to high CO2 in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and in cases of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of network nodes. Our model has a 91% accuracy in capturing known experimental observations. We perform network-based logical analysis and reveal a feedback core of the network, which dictates cellular decisions in closure response to high CO2. Based on these analyses, we predict and experimentally confirm that applying nitric oxide (NO) induces stomatal closure in ambient CO2 and causes hypersensitivity to elevated CO2. Moreover, we predict a negative regulatory relationship between NO and the protein phosphatase ABI2 and find experimentally that NO inhibits ABI2 phosphatase activity. The experimental validation of these model predictions demonstrates the effectiveness of network-based modeling and highlights the decision-making role of the feedback core of the network in signal transduction. We further explore the model’s potential in predicting targets of signaling elements not yet connected to the CO2 network. Our combination of network science, in silico model simulation, and experimental assays demonstrates an effective interdisciplinary approach to understanding system-level biology.
STILBITE FROM TAKENOYU GEOTHERMAL AREA, KUMAMOTO PREFECTURE, KYUSHU, JAPAN

Stilbite was found from the hydrotherm ally altered rocks of Takenoyu geothermal area, Kumamoto Prefecture. The stilbite replaces volcanic glass and plagioclase of altered tuff breccia. The occurrence of stilbite in active geothermal area have been reported only from Pauzetka, Kamchatka, USSR (Naboko, 1970), and the mineralogical description of stilbite of such occurrence has not been reported previously. This paper describes optical, X-ray,