Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chlorine loss from Puerto Rican and San Francisco Bay area marine aerosols

Instrumental neutron activation measurements of Cl and Na in aerosols collected by Andersen cascade impactors from Puerto Rico and the San Francisco Bay area were used to calculate Cl loss from the total aerosol mass and loss as a function of particle size. Calculated Cl losses from Puerto Rican samples ranged from 0.18 to 0.27 μg/m3, representing a 7–25% loss of Cl ascribed to the marine aerosol component. The Cl losses for the bay area marine aerosol ranged from 0.24 to 2.78 μg/m3, or from 6% to nearly 90% of the total particulate marine Cl. In all samples, increasing loss of Cl with decreasing particle size was observed. A linear correlation exists between measured gaseous NO2 concentrations and total Cl loss in the bay area samples, indicating a 0.06 μmole/m3 Cl loss per μmole/m3 NO2. This suggests that the Cl loss is controlled by the attachment of HNO3 vapor to the sea-salt droplets, which lowers the pH, causing the release of HCl to the atmosphere. The size dependency of Cl loss could thus be explained by a size-dependent gain of H+ resulting from the accretion of HNO3 vapor on the marine aerosol. A diffusion model based on the accumulation of HNO3 necessary to balance the loss of Cl as HCl yields an average time for completion of gas-particle reactions of 19 min, which is in agreement with previous studies; however, the Cl/Na ratio variation with particle size suggests that chemical equilibrium is not reached. Background levels of gaseous NO2 and SO2 may account for the narrow range of Cl loss observed in the less polluted Puerto Rican atmosphere.
Complex sporoderm structure in bryophyte spores: a palynological study of Erpodiaceae Broth.

Palynological studies of bryophytes are critical for evaluating the taxonomic relevance of their spores. They also provide important support to paleoecological investigations that, usually, treat bryophytes as a whole, which does not permit the evaluation of specific functional traits of a special taxonomic unit. The present study investigated the morphology and ultrastructure of spores of five species of Erpodiaceae (Bryophyta), and assessed the implications for taxonomy and the recognition of spores of past records. Erpodiaceae includes corticolous and saxicolous plants that are widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions. The spores were found to be isomorphic and apolar with a subcircular amb, granulate, inaperturate. The sporoderm possesses a perine, an exine and a stratified intine. The perine is largely responsible for spore surface ornamentation. The occurrence of exine projections, in isolation or sustaining the elements of the perine, characterizes sporoderm structure with features similar to that of a semitectum, a distinctive characteristic that has not been reported previously for bryophyte spores.
Stress-dependent flow through fractured clay till: a laboratory study

Stress-dependent hydraulic conductivities of weathered fractured clay till were measured in a flexible-wall permeameter. Measured conductivities were in the range 107 to 108 cm/s, of the same order as the clay matrix (108 cm/s), and representing equivalent hydraulic apertures in the range 05 μm. In general, the isolated fractures exhibited strongly nonlinear closure characteristics and hysteric behaviour under stress reversal. Some fracture samples exhibited only weak stress dependency, representing observable features of only nominal conductivity. Results of the investigations suggest fractures are closed to residuel aperture for an overburden load of the order of 12 m, this defining an effective closure depth and the degree of maximum useful compactive effort that might be applied to "seal" fractures and reduce fluid migration. Key words: fracture permeability, till, stress permeability, landfills.
A seismic problem in St. Peter’s Basilica

One of the most interesting seismic studies we have made from the Weston Observatory of Boston College is the introduction of seismic techniques to archaeology. At the request of the late Msgr. Ludovicus Kaas, administrator of St. Peter’s Basilica, these studies were made during the spring of 1951 and 1952 to assist the Archaeological Commission in the excavations beneath St. Peter’s. To understand the seismic problem in this case, some geological and archaeological histories:
Modified state-surface approach to the study of unsaturated soil behavior. Part I: Basic concept

The traditional state-surface approach to the study of unsaturated soil behavior is becoming much less popular these days, as it uses unique constitutive surfaces to represent unsaturated soil behavior. This approach is essentially a nonlinear elastic formation and cannot be used to explain complex stress-path dependency for unsaturated soils. In this paper, a modified state-surface approach (MSSA) is proposed to represent unsaturated soil behavior under isotropic stress conditions in which a conventional void-ratio state surface is considered to be made up of an elastic surface and a plastic hardening surface. The plastic hardening surface remains stationary at all times, whereas the elastic surface remains unchanged when the soil experiences elastic deformation and moves downward when there is plastic hardening occurrence. Using the MSSA, the loading–collapse (LC) and the suction increase (SI) yield curves in the Barcelona basic model (BBM) are derived. The prediction of three typical cases of soils und.
Neural Network prediction of the low-frequency coastal sea level response using conventional and NECP/NCAR Reanalysis data

This paper presents a study about the variations of the coastal sea level in Paranagua Bay-Parana State, South Region of Brazil (SRB) from January 1997 to December 1998. Tidal forcing is the main cause of this variability, but the effects of meteorological variables are also present in the rising and lowering of the observed sea level. Hourly time series of the water level, atmospheric pressure and wind from the gauge tide and meteorological conventional stations were used. The Reanalysis data set of the “National Centers for Environmental Prediction” (NCEP) and the “National Center Atmospheric Research” (NCAR), on some points over the oceanic area near the bay were also used. The meteorological influences present in the original tide gauge records were extracted using a low-pass filter removing the oscillations with periods relative to the astronomical tide patterns. Meteorological time series were also filtered. Local and remote atmospheric driving forces were studied using statistical analysis on time and frequency domains. Therefore, the correlations in this physical process were defined to know the lag time between the meteorological variables and the coastal sea level response to the occurrences of the low frequency atmospheric systems. The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data translated better with the low frequency atmospheric phenomena variations showing that they are a very good information source for the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) region where the lack of data is still substantial.
Assessment Tools for Urban Catchments: Developing Stressor Gradients 1

Abstract: This is the first in a series of three articles designed to establish empirically defined biological indicators and thresholds for impairment for urbanized catchments, and to describe a process by which the biological condition of waterbodies in urbanized catchments can be applied. This article describes alternative gradients of urbanization for assessing and selecting a nationally applicable biological index (article 2 – Purcell et al., this issue ) and defining the potential of biological communities within a gradient of cumulative stressors (article 3 – Paul et al. this issue ). Gradients were designed to represent the most prominent mosaic of stressors found in urban settings. A primary urban gradient was assembled based on readily obtained information of urbanization to include three broad‐scale parameters: percent urban land use/land cover, population density, and road density. This gradient was used as the standard by which alternative urban gradients, which included fine‐scale instream chemical and hydrologic parameters, were assessed. Five alternative gradients were developed to provide numerous environmental management options based on availability of data from water program resources. The urban gradients were developed with the intent that they be applied throughout the country; therefore, data from three different regions of the United States (Mid‐Atlantic, Midwest, and Pacific Coast) were used to validate the urban gradient model. Our study showed that a relatively straightforward stressor gradient consisting of human population density, road density, and urban land use is useful in providing a framework for developing relevant biological indicators and evaluating the potential of biological communities as a basis for assessing attainment of designated aquatic life use.
Waste‐Water Injection: Geochemical and Biogeochemical Clogging Processes

Examination of near-well clogging processes at two experimental injection sites in Hawaii shows that filtration of suspended solids is not a long-term cause of clogging. While particulate filtration is probably a short-term cause of clogging at the start-up of injection, the injected organics are biodegraded once the microbial biomass becomes established. The injection head gradient determined from monitoring wells shows that most of the initial head loss is immediately adjacent to the well, but that after several weeks it shifts to a region over 0.5 m from the well. Denitrifying bacteria become sufficiently numerous to produce significant amounts of nitrogen gas, which in turn produces a gas-bound zone about 0.5 to 1 m from the well. With continued injection the nitrogen gas-bound zone is slowly extended farther out into the injection stratum. Dissolution of the carbonate aquifer also occurs, but its effects are partially masked by gas binding.
Two-dimensional Occam model of COPROD2 data: first order description of resolution and variance

A two-dimensional Occam model of crustal electrical conductivity is derived based on data from 35 magnetotelluric stations on a profile in Saskatchewan, Canada. The model is discussed in relation to a first order description of the resolution and variance of the model parameters. Prior to the two-dimensional Occam's inversion, the data are analysed with respect to underestimated data errors. The analysis is based on separate D+ inversions of the E- and H-polarization responses and a procedure for adjusting the data errors is presented. The main features of the model are the presence of two conductive structures with vertically integrated conductivity exceeding 30, 000 S and 100, 000 S respectively. In addition to these main features, some minor conductive structures are inferred.
Improving 30-Day Great Lakes Ice Cover Outlooks*

Abstract Prediction of Great Lakes ice cover is important for winter operations and planning activities. Current 30-day forecasts use accumulated freezing degree-days (AFDDs) to identify similar historical events and associated ice cover. The authors describe statistical models that relate future ice cover to current ice cover, AFDDs, and teleconnection indices, available on the day the forecast is made. These models are evaluated through Monte Carlo simulation and assess the potential of a perfect AFDD forecast in a regression between ice cover and AFDDs between the forecast date (first day of month) and the date for which the forecast is made (first day of next month).
Zircon growth in UHT leucosome: constraints from zircon-garnet rare earth elements (REE) relations in Napier Complex, East Antarctica

Feldspathic leucosomes occur in an ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphosed garnet-bearing paragneiss/quartzite in the Napier Complex, East Antarctica. Coarse (200-400 μm) zircon grains occurring in the leucosomes display 3 textural domains: (I) dark-CL (cathodoluminescence) structured inner-core, (II) bright-CL structured outer-core, and (III) dark-CL structureless rim. Chemical compositions, especially chondrite-normalized REE patterns obtained by SIMS analysis, correlate with these three domains: the inner-core (domain-I) shows HREE-enrichment with Yb(n)/Gd(n) = 3.3, whereas the outer-core (II) and rim (III) have flat to relatively depleted HREE patterns with Yb(n)/Gd(n) = 0.7-0.8. Th/U ratios decrease from 3.2 in the zircon inner-core (I) to 1.2 in outer-core (II) and to 0.3 in the rim (III). Garnets near such zircon grains display two trace element compositional features. Firstly, high core Zr contents (300 ppm) decrease to 100 ppm within 50-100 μm of grain rims. Secondly, the HREE distribution between zircon inner-core (I) and garnet core is 2 at Gd (GdDZrn/Grt = 2), rising to 8 at Lu (LuDZrn/Grt = 8), whereas those defined from zircon outer-core (II) or rim (III) and garnet core or rim are much lower and generally below 1 for Gd thruogh to Lu (GdDZrn/Grt = 0.8-1.2; LuDZrn/Grt = 0.6-0.7). This marked change in the HREE distribution between zircon and garnet must reflect either a change in the minerals with which the zircon was growing or being modified, a change in the physical and chemical conditions of zircon growth, or a combination of the two. Based on comparisons with recent estimates of equilibrium zircon/garnet HREE distribution coefficients we infer that the inner-core (I) did not grow with the garnet that occurs in the paragneiss but grew within a garnet-absent melt that was then injected into the gneiss. The resulting leucosome then underwent wall-rock reaction with the enclosing garnet-bearing gneiss, causing a decrease in garnet to Zr contents to values approaching equilibrium with melt, and precipitating the zircon outer-core (II). Finally, the zircon rim (III) and later monazite formed in a HREE depleted environment. Melt injection, reaction and crystallization of the leucosomes took place within the time interval 2496-2471 Ma at the end of the UHT history of the Napier Complex.
A reply to ‘Implications of a Middle Pleistocene ice‐wedge cast at Trimingham, Norfolk, Eastern England’

We were interested to read the recent contribution to Permafrost and Periglacial Processes on the ice-wedge cast at Trimingham, eastern England by Whiteman (2002). The study supports previous discoveries of ice-wedge casts at this locality (i.e. West, 1980; Fish et al ., 1996; Briant et al ., 1999) and demonstrates the existence of permafrost immediately prior to and during the ﬁrst advance of glacial ice across the site. The ice wedge described by Whiteman was found adjacent to a well-developed complex of ice-wedge casts described by Briant et al . (1999), although this was not made clear within the paper. It should also be noted that much of Whiteman (2002) is published in Whiteman et al . (2000). There is one issue raised by the author which we wish to challenge and that is the use of the ice wedge as a stratigraphic marker. This was used by the author to dispel the proposal of Hamblin et al . (2000) that the Happisburgh Till Member (which overlies the ice-wedge cast) was deposited in a pre-Anglian/Elsterian (OIS 12) glaciation. Whiteman’s argument appears to be based upon two assumptions:
Soft‐sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites (Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, Spain)

The identification of triggering agents for soft‐sedimentation structures is an enigmatic geological problem. Mainly seismic‐induced soft‐sediment structures have been recognized in ancient sediments, rather than those resulting from storm waves. We analyse soft‐sediment deformation structures in Upper Miocene calcarenitic tempestites of the Guadalquivir Basin (Southern Spain). The most common structures are load‐casts which vary in height and width from 10 centimetres to several metres. The structures are always restricted to a small part of the stratigraphic sections, in exclusive association with tempestites. The analysed soft‐deformation structures are interpreted to be the result of liquidization processes. Chiefly from their inferred depositional environment, and subordinately from the deformation style, we have devised basic criteria to identify the trigger mechanism. In these soft‐sediment deformation structures the liquefaction was triggered by pore pressure changes induced by cyclic and residual stress of storm waves.
Electromagnetic methods applied to exploration for deep nickel sulphides in the Leinster area, Western Australia

Nickel-sulphide deposits lying at the base of the regolith usually give strong, readily interpreted, surface time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) anomalies. In the Leinster area of Western Australia much of the prospective stratigraphy has been covered by TEM surveys and the strong anomalies have been drill tested. Deep nickel sulphides may be economic if they occur close to existing mining and processing infrastructure, but targeting the subtle TEM responses of these bodies requires skilful application and interpretation of TEM surveys. Conductive regolith can mask the response of deep nickel-sulphide orebodies to surface TEM systems. IP effects and other geological noise originating in the regolith can make recognition of weak bedrock anomalies difficult. Taking a slingram or out-of-loop reading can minimise regolith effects, and give a better response from sub-vertical bedrock conductors than in-loop readings. Downhole electromagnetic (DHEM) surveys in reconnaissance drill-holes increase the effective penetration depth of TEM, and can assist surface TEM interpretation in a prospect area. Despite weak surface TEM anomalism, DHEM surveys of deep drill-holes can yield precise information about the position and conductivity of nickel sulphide systems.
Organic Amendments Influence Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Rice–Wheat Productivity

Soil organic C (SOC) pools under long-term management practices provide information on C sequestration pathways, soil quality maintenance, and crop productivity. Farmyard manure (FYM), paddy straw (PS), and green manure (GM) along with inorganic fertilizers were used in a 19-yr-old rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in subtropical India to evaluate their impact on SOC stock, its different pools-total organic C (C tot ); oxidizable organic C (C oc ) and its four fractions of very labile (C frac1 ), labile (C frac2 ), less labile (C frac3 ), and nonlabile C (C frac4 ); microbial biomass C (C mic ); and mineralizable C (C min ). Cropping with only N-P-K fertilization just maintained SOC content, while N-P-K plus organics increased SOC by 24.3% over the control, their relative efficacy being FYM > PS > GM. A minimum of 3.56 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 was required to be added as organic amendments to compensate for SOC loss from cropping. The passive (C frac3 + C frac4 ) pool and C min constituted about 39 and 11.5%, respectively, of C tot . Organics contributed toward the passive pool in the order FYM > PS > GM. Most of the pools were significantly (P = 0.005) correlated with each other. Yield and sustainable yield index were strongly related with C frac1 , C oc , C mic , and C min . Results suggest C frac1 as a useful indicator for assessing soil health, and balanced fertilization with FYM as suitable management for sustaining crop productivity of the rice-wheat system.
Flow near sloped bank in curved channel

Shear and velocity distributions near a sloped bank in a 270° open channel bend are studied. Data, which include detailed velocity and turbulence measurements in both the longitudinal and transverse flow directions, are collected with a laser Doppler anemometer system. The flow adjacent to a 2:1 (horizontal: vertical) and a 3:1 sloped bank is examined. The purpose is to examine in unprecedented detail the developing flow near a sloped bank in a curved channel, including the effect of varying side slope. It is found that the longitudinal flow redistribution is fully developed at the downstream end of this 270° bend, although the spiral flow is found to develop much more quickly. In the straight reach upstream of the bend it is found that the friction factor on the sloped bank is more dependent on channel shape than a local velocity‐shear‐stress relationship. Within the bend, velocities and shear stresses on the sloped bank increase significantly, with the shear stress correlating more directly with the loc.
An empirical calibration of the integral equation model based on SAR data, soil moisture and surface roughness measurement over bare soils

The retrieval of surface parameters demands the use of well calibrated models and unfortunately, none of the existing models provide consistently good agreement with the measured data. The overall objective of this article is to propose a semi-empirical calibration of the Integral Equation Model (IEM) so as to better reproduce the backscattering coefficient measured from SAR images over bare soils. As correlation length is not only the least accurate parameter but also the most difficult to measure, we propose its empirical estimation from an experimental data set of SAR images and soil parameter measurements. Based on a first data set, correlation length behaviour was studied in terms of f rms (where f is the wave number and rms the standard deviation of surface height) and radar configuration (polarization and incidence angle). Exponential relationships between optimal correlation length and rms height were found for each radar configuration. The IEM was then tested on another set of measured data in order to validate the calibration procedure. The new calibrated version of the IEM, corresponding to the original IEM with a coupling of the empirical function of correlation length, shows a very good agreement with the backscattering measurements provided by space-borne SAR systems. This adapted version of the IEM can be used in inversion techniques for retrieving rms height and/or soil moisture from radar observations.
Regional wave propagation in southern California and Nevada: Observations from a three-component seismic array

We present results from a study conducted to characterize regional wave propagation in southern California and Nevada. The data are from events whose paths sample the southern Coast Ranges, the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains and the southern Basin and Range. These regional earthquake data were recorded by a small-aperture three-component seismic array located at the Pinon Flat Observatory, southern California. The data are analyzed using a statistical array processing algorithm that provides estimates of the propagation direction, frequency, wavenumber, and particle motion polarization characteristics of the coherent arrivals observed at the array. Perhaps the most striking feature shared by these data is the extent to which the P, S and Lg wave trains are composed of coherent, forward scattered/multipathed energy. The nature of the P, S and Lg wave trains suggests that spatially anisotropic scattering plays an important role in regional wave propagation in southern California and Nevada, and that scattering sources are located not on elliptical shells whose foci are the source and the receiver but instead in a limited volume subparallel to the path of the direct arrivals. The high-amplitude, coherent nature of numerous of the Pg and Lg coda waves suggests that strong scattering in the source zone plays an important role in shaping the Pg and Lg wave trains. While the P, S and Lg wave trains for these regional events share some general characteristics they also exhibit fairly significant differences. These differences illustrate the important role regional and source zone structure play in shaping the wave field, and the need to account for both complex scattering and three-dimensional propagation effects in regional waveform modeling. The coda for these regional data do not begin to exhibit a character consistent with the random scattering model for coda generation until the arrival of the surface waves. The fact that much of the surface wave coda cannot be effectively modeled as plane waves suggests that it is not the product of scattering from distant heterogeneities.