Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is mild ADHD beneficial: Brain criticality is maximal with moderate ADHD symptom scores

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by involuntary fluctuations of attention in continuous performance tasks (CPTs) wherein attention must be sustained over long periods of time. The neuronal basis underlying aberrant attentional fluctuations in time scales from seconds to minutes have remained poorly understood. Neuronal alpha- and gammaband oscillations are thought to implement attentional and top-down control of sensorimotor processing. We hypothesized that aberrant behavioral fluctuations in ADHD would be caused by aberrant endogenous brain dynamics in alpha and gamma-band oscillations and specifically by their aberrant long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs). We measured brain activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) from adult participants diagnosed with ADHD (N = 19) and from healthy control subjects (N = 20) during resting state and two CPTs; a threshold stimulus detection task and a Go/NoGo task. We then estimated LRTCs of neuronal oscillations and behavioral fluctuations with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). ADHD was associated with aberrant LRTCs in both behavioral performance and of neuronal oscillations. LRTCs were correlated with symptom severity with a U-shaped correlations indicating that the LRTCs were largest with moderate symptom scores. These data demonstrate the presence of aberrant temporal dynamics of neuronal oscillations in adult ADHD patients, which may underlie involuntary attentional fluctuations in ADHD. Taken that LRTCs are a hallmark of brain critical dynamics, these data show that moderate ADHD symptoms scores maximize brain criticality which is thought to be beneficial for performance.
Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1’ Protein regulates the expression and distribution of TIM-1 to promote viral infection

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus, which may cause severe encephalitis in humans, horses, and other animals. TIM-1 has been identified to be a receptor that promotes various viruses to enter into target cells in recent years. In the present study, we found that TIM-1 protein was significantly increased in A549 cells at the late stage of JEV infection, while the transcription levels of TIM-1 remained unaltered. Interestingly, we found that NS1’ protein plays a key role in increasing the expression of TIM-1 in cells infected with JEV. Further, we found that the NS1’ protein also efficiently regulates TIM-1 protein to distribute in the cytoplasm in JEV-infected cells, and the amount of TIM-1 protein located on the cell membrane was reduced instead. As a consequence, NS1’ protein antagonize TIM-1 mediated viral restriction for further viral infection and propagation in the late stage of infection. In molecular mechanism, the molecular weight of TIM-1 increased a bit in the present of NS1’. Expression of NEU1 down-regulated TIM-1 expression and oseltamivir treatment increased the expression of TIM-1. Therefore, our data indicated that JEV NS1’ protein facilitated the sialylation modification of TIM-1 to up-regulate the level of TIM-1 expression and regulate its distribution. Collectively, our study revealed that JEV NS1’ protein regulates the expression and distribution of TIM-1 by facilitating its sialylation to antagonize TIM-1-mediated JEV restriction for further infection. Understanding the functional interplays between TIM-1 and NS1’ proteins will offer new insights into virushost interaction. IMPORTANCE T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 1 (TIM-1) is known to promote cellular entry of various enveloped viruses. We discovered a novel phenomenon of dynamic expression and functional regulation of TIM-1 during JEV infection. Firstly, TIM-1 protein increased in the cytoplasm at the late stage of JEV infection. Furthermore, JEV NS1’ protein up-regulated the intracellular expression of TIM-1 and antagonize TIM-1-mediated viral restriction for further viral infection. In molecular mechanism, JEV NS1’ protein facilitated the sialylation of TIM-1 to increase the level of TIM-1 expression and cytoplasm distribution. Taken together, at the late stage of infection, JEV employs a strategy in which NS1’ promotes JEV release by promoting the sialylation of TIM-1, causing it to be primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we discovered new functions of TIM-1 and JEV NS1’ during the process of JEV infection, and provide a new insight into the interactions between JEV and cell hosts.
Cell-specific occupancy dynamics between the pioneer-like factor Opa/ZIC and Ocelliless/OTX regulate early head development in embryos

During development, embryonic patterning systems direct a set of initially uncommitted pluripotent cells to differentiate into a variety of cell types and tissues. A core network of transcription factors, such as Zelda/POU5F1, Odd-paired (Opa)/ZIC and Ocelliless (Oc)/OTX, are conserved across animals. While Opa is essential for a second wave of zygotic activation after Zelda, it is unclear whether Opa drives head cell specification past gastrulation onset, in the Drosophila embryo. Our hypothesis is that Opa and Oc are interacting with distinct cis-regulatory regions for shaping cell fates in the embryonic head. Using super-resolution microscopy and epigenomic meta-analysis of single cell RNAseq datasets we find that opa’s and oc’s overlapping expression domains are dynamic in the head region, with both factors being simultaneously transcribed at the blastula stage. However, analysis of single-embryo RNAseq data reveals a subgroup of Opa-bound genes to be Opa-independent in the cellularized embryo. Interrogation of these genes against Oc ChIPseq combined with in situ data, suggests that Opa is competing with Oc for the regulation of a subgroup of genes later in gastrulation. Specifically, we find that Oc binds to late, head-specific enhancers independently and activates them in a head-specific wave of zygotic transcription, suggesting distinct roles for Oc in the blastula and gastrula stages.
Submillimeter Continuum Observations of rho Ophiuchi A: The Candidate Protostar VLA 1623 and Prestellar Clumps

We have mapped the submillimeter continuum emission from the rich star-forming core, ρ Oph A, at 350, 450, 800, and 1300 μm using the JCMT and IRAM 30 m telescopes. In addition to the diffuse emission from the cloud core itself, these observations reveal four well-defined clumps, which, suprisingly, are barely visible in the single-dish molecular maps obtained so far in this region. The gas may have partially frozen out onto the dust grains, due to low temperature and/or high density in the clumps. We discuss the possibility that these clumps are prestellar or extremely young, low-mass protostars
DeepAdversaryDefense: A Deep Model to Identify and Prevent Adversarial Attacks against Medical Speech Recognition

Deep learning models have made significant progress in safety-critical environments such as health-care systems, machine-learning based robots, Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles (AIV)), aviation software, etc. Deep Learning models can learn from input data, the property of learning has its own drawbacks as these models can be easily affected by minor disturbances in input examples. These input examples are generally created purposely by attackers and are known as adversarial examples. A small malicious change in input can cause the model to generate incorrect output. Majority of works in literature are towards understanding and generation of adversarial attack. Most of these attacks do not effectively resist detection networks. On the other hand, adversarial example detectors have inadequate evaluation. In this paper, a secure medical speech Recognition (MSR) system is proposed that can prevent malicious attacks. Adversarial examples that pose security concerns can be detected and filtered out. With the proposed model such system-malicious inputs designed to perform an attack on safety-critical applications, even if the adversary has no access to the underlying model are prevented.
Self-organized Critical Model of Energy Release in an Idealized Coronal Loop

We present and discuss a new avalanche model for solar flares, based on an idealized representation of a coronal loop as a bundle of magnetic flux strands wrapping around one another. The model is based on a two-dimensional cellular automaton with anisotropic connectivity, where linear ensembles of interconnected nodes define the individual strands collectively making up the coronal loop. The system is driven by random deformation of the strands, and a form of reconnection is assumed to take place when the angle subtended by two strands crossing at the same lattice site exceed some preset threshold. Driven in this manner, the cellular automaton produces avalanches of reconnection events characterized by scale-free size distributions that compare favorably with the corresponding size distribution of solar flares, as inferred observationally. Although lattice-based and highly idealized, the model satisfies the constraints Δ · B = 0 by design and is defined in such a way as to be readily mapped back onto coronal loops with set physical dimensions. Carrying this exercise for a generic coronal loop of length 1010 cm and diameter 108 cm yields flare energies ranging from 1023 to 1029 erg, for an instability threshold angle of 11° between contiguous magnetic flux strands. These figures square well with both observational determinations and theoretical estimates.
Rationalizing Policy Functions by Dynamic Optimization

The authors derive necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of functions to be the optimal policy function and the optimal value function of a dynamic maximization problem with convex constraints and concave objective functional. It is shown that every Lipschitz continuous function can be the solution of such a problem. If the maintained assumptions include free disposal and monotonicity, then the authors obtain a complete characterization of all optimal policy and optimal value functions. This is the case, e.g., in the standard aggregative optimal growth model.
Calculation and Measurement of Absolute Transmission in Rubidium

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the transmission of a π (or σ + ) polarized laser beam for a Doppler broadened rubidium vapor cell. The transmission of the laser beam for the D 2 transition line of 85 Rb atoms was measured as a function of the laser frequency for various laser intensities. The observed spectra were compared with calculation, taking into account both the Gaussian beam profile and the fact that atoms were measured while crossing the laser beam. We found excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated results. We also investigated different operating mechanisms of variation of transmission for each transition line.
Hydrologic Interpretation of Machine Learning Models for 10-daily streamflow simulation in Climate sensitive Upper Indus Catchments

Machine learning for hydrologic modeling has seen significant development and has been suggested as a valuable augmentation to physical hydrological modeling, especially in data-scarce catchments. In Pakistan, surface water flows predominantly originate from the transboundary Upper Indus sub-catchments of Chenab, Jhelum, Indus, and Kabul rivers. These are high elevation data scarce catchments and generated streamflows are highly seasonal and prone to climate change. Given the catchment characteristics, there is an utmost need to develop machine learning models that are hydrologically robust. Thus, 5 the current study besides evaluating the potential of three machine learning models for streamflow simulation also focused on the hydrologic interpretation of machine learning models using SHapley Additive exPlananations(SHAP). XGBOOST, Ran-domForest, and Classification and Regression Trees(CART) were evaluated. All of these models performed well and the range of R 2 and Nasche-Efficiency for all three models lies between 0.61 to 0.90. Our study’s most crucial contribution is SHapley Additive exPlananations(SHAP) method which gives extensive insights into the influence of each variable on simulated stream-10 flow. SHAP analysis highlighted the significance of minimum temperature in high elevation zones for both Indus and Chenab catchments where streamflows are dominated by snow and glacier melt. We strongly believe that the findings of this study will promote the use of SHAP analysis for streamflow forecasting in data scarce and high elevation catchments in Pakistan.
Geographical controls and anthropogenic impacts on dissolved organic carbon from mountainous rivers: Insights from optical properties and carbon isotopes

Mountainous rivers are one of the critical systems in transporting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from terrestrial environments to downstream ecosystems. However, how geographical factors and anthropogenic impacts control the composition and export of DOC in mountainous rivers remains largely unclear. Here, we explore DOC dynamics in three subtropical mountainous catchments (i
Disorder improves nanophotonic light trapping in thin-film solar cells

We present a systematic experimental study on the impact of disorder in advanced nanophotonic light-trapping concepts of thin-film solar cells. Thin-film solar cells made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon were prepared on imprint-textured glass superstrates. For periodically textured superstrates of periods below 500 nm, the nanophotonic light-trapping effect is already superior to state-of-the-art randomly textured front contacts. The nanophotonic light-trapping effect can be associated to light coupling to leaky waveguide modes causing resonances in the external quantum efficiency of only a few nanometer widths for wavelengths longer than 500 nm. With increasing disorder of the nanotextured front contact, these resonances broaden and their relative altitude decreases. Moreover, overall the external quantum efficiency, i.e., the light-trapping effect, increases incrementally with increasing disorder. Thereby, our study is a systematic experimental proof that disorder is conceptually an advantage for nanophotonic light-trapping concepts employing grating couplers in thin-film solar cells. The result is relevant for the large field of research on nanophotonic light trapping in thin-film solar cells which currently investigates and prototypes a number of new concepts including disordered periodic and quasi periodic textures.
Can neuroscientists ask the wrong questions? On why etiological considerations are essential when modeling cognition

: It is common in machine-learning research today for scientists to design and train models to perform cognitive capacities, such as object classification, reinforcement learning, navigation and more. Neuroscientists compare the processes of these models with neuronal activity, with the purpose of learning about computations in the brain. These machine-learning models are constrained only by the task they must perform. Therefore, it is a worthwhile scientific finding that the workings of these models are similar to neuronal activity, as several prominent papers reported. This is a promising method to understanding cognition. However, I argue that, to the extent that this method ’ s aim is to explain how cognitive capacities are performed, it is likely to succeed only when the capacities modelled with machine learning algorithms are the result of a distinct evolutionary or developmental process.
Treatment of Upper Facial Lines With DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection: Results From an Open-Label Phase 2 Study

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Simultaneous treatment of moderate-to-severe upper facial lines is reflective of real-world clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of daxibotulinumtoxinA-lanm for injection (DAXI) for simultaneous treatment of glabellar, forehead, and lateral canthal (LC) lines. METHODS In this open-label, single-arm Phase 2 study, patients (48 enrolled, 94% completed, follow-up 24–36 weeks) received DAXI 40U (glabellar), 32U (forehead), and 48U (LC) lines. Key efficacy endpoints: percentages of patients achieving none/mild wrinkle severity (investigator-rated) for each upper facial line scale at Week 4. RESULTS At Week 4, most patients achieved none/mild wrinkle severity (investigator-rated): glabellar (96%), forehead (96%), and LC (92%). Median times to loss of none/mild response (investigator- and patient-rated) among all patients were: 24.6 (glabellar), 20.9 (forehead), and 24.9 (LC) weeks; and 25.0, 24.0, and 28.1 weeks, respectively, among Week-4 responders. At Week 4, most patients reported improvements (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale: 96%-98%) and high satisfaction rates (85%-98%). Five patients experienced treatment-related adverse events: injection-site erythema (3 patients/7 events), facial discomfort (2 patients/2 events), and headache (1 patient/1 event). No patients experienced eyebrow or eyelid ptosis. CONCLUSION Simultaneous treatment of upper facial lines with DAXI was well tolerated and demonstrated high response rates, extended duration, and high patient satisfaction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04259086.
Rational rotation numbers for homeomorphisms with several break-type singularities

A one-parameter family of circle homeomorphisms with several break-type singularities is considered. If one break dominates, in some sense, all the others, the rotation number is rational for almost all parameter values. Results for two break-type singularities are applied to a geometric problem and yield the typicality of periodic trajectories.
Treatment of Lentigines: A Systematic Review

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. BACKGROUND Treatments for solar lentigines include topical and physical therapies, including chemical peels, lasers, intense pulsed light, and cryotherapy. A direct comparison of treatment methods and their efficacy is lacking. OBJECTIVE To compare treatment efficacy and adverse events for different treatment modalities for lentigines. METHODS Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were searched on August 25, 2021. Studies were included if they met our predetermined population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, study design framework. Results are presented in narrative form. RESULTS Forty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria, representing a total of 1,763 patients. Overall, combination-based treatments showed the greatest frequency of cases with complete response (65%, n = 299/458), followed by laser-based treatments (43%, n = 395/910), topical retinoids (21%, n = 12/57), cryotherapy (15%, n = 25/169), and peels (6%, n = 8/125). Adverse events occurred most commonly while using topical retinoids (82%, n = 23/28), followed by combination-based treatments (39%, n = 184/466), cryotherapy (33%, n = 47/144), laser-based treatments (23%, n = 173/738), and peels (19%, n = 21/110). CONCLUSION Despite heterogeneity of included study designs, patient populations, treatment regimens, and outcome measures, our results suggest that combination-based treatments and laser-based treatments were the most efficacious treatment modalities. Although cryotherapy was previously considered first-line, our results show that it has substantially lower pooled response rates compared with other treatment modalities.
Clinical Characteristics of Basal Cell Carcinomas of the Vulva: An Institutional Retrospective Review

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the etiology, clinical characteristics, and optimal treatment of vulvar basal cell carcinoma (BCC). OBJECTIVE This retrospective review may aid in treatment decisions for vulvar BCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of our institutional CoPath database was performed, using search terms to identify cases of vulvar BCCs from 2000 to 2018. RESULTS A total of 35 cases of vulvar BCC were included. Patient age ranged from 33 to 97 years with a mean age of 70 years. Of the 35 cases, 28 (80%) involved the cutaneous vulva, 6 (17%) involved the suprapubic area, and 1 (3%) involved the clitoris. Most vulvar BCCs were treated by wide local excision (46%) and vulvectomies (37%), with 3 cases treated with Mohs (11%) and 2 with electrodesiccation and curettage (6%). Preoperative tumor sizes were 0.86 cm2 for Mohs, 0.94 cm2 for excision, and 1.54 cm2 for vulvectomy. The mean margins were 3 mm for Mohs, 4.4 mm for wide local excision, and 6 mm for vulvectomy. Most cases (77%) were identified and treated by gynecology. CONCLUSION Mohs micrographic surgery should be considered for the advantages of being tissue sparing, evaluating the complete peripheral and deep margin, and avoiding the costs and risks of general anesthesia.
The effects of interactions on spiral galaxies. I - Nuclear activity and star formation

We present results of spectrophotometry of the nuclei of 161 (mostly spiral) galaxies with bright companions, and emission-line imaging of 63 galaxies. The program includes a complete sample, unbiased as to morphological disturbance, and an Arp-atlas sample selected for visual evidence of tidal distortion. When compared to a similarly observed sample of isolated-spiral nuclei, both samples of interacting galaxies show significant excesses of nuclear emission. Both nonthermal (Seyfert) activity and nuclear star formation are enhanced, while low-ionization (LINER) nuclei are uncommon. The rate of nuclear star formation is significantly above average even in systems without noticeable tidal distortion in the outer disks, suggesting that the near-nuclear gas is only marginally stable in isolated galaxies. There is evidence that Seyfert nuclei are more frequent in very close pairs. Very disrupted systems possess significantly fewer Seyfert nuclei. These effects become more pronounced with increasing galaxy luminosity. Sizes of nuclear emission regions appear to be unchanged by interactions. The enhancement in nuclear star formation depends only weakly on pair separation over the range we have sampled. Our results suggest that nuclear phenomena are triggered by tidally induced influx of gas from the disk into the nuclear regions, rather than gas transfer between themore » galaxies. « less
Seed dispersal of a range restricted and vulnerable species, Guibourtia copallifera Benn. in Sierra Leone

In the early 20th Century, Guibourtia copallifera Benn. was extensively exploited as a source of gum copal. Its geographic distribution in Sierra Leone is now restricted to a few square kilometers in a single badly degraded forest reserve. We conducted a series of seed rain experiments to quantify its seed dispersal potential. Transects of seed traps were laid out and a total of 1,164,880 seeds were collected over the two months when G. copallifera sheds its ‟ seeds. Seeds from a further 85 species were collected. The majority of species were wind dispersed followed by terrestrial animals, bats and birds. Leguminosae-Caesalpiniaceae had the highest number of species, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae and Sterculiaceae. There is no statistically significant difference between the transects (p>0.05, df=79, F=0.023) or the types of traps (p>0.05, df=118, t=0.089). Median dispersal distances of G. copallifera seeds was 41.22 m from the forest edge. The reserve still possesses a high natural regeneration potential for G. copallifera but increasing human disturbance is opening the canopy allowing pioneering species to dominate and reducing the ability of G. copallifera seedlings to establish.