Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate change and future flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: converging forecasts from empirical trend projection and down‐scaled global circulation modelling

To predict future river flows, empirical trend projection (ETP) analyses and extends historic trends, while hydroclimatic modelling (HCM) incorporates regional downscaling from global circulation model (GCM) outputs. We applied both approaches to the extensively allocated Oldman River Basin that drains the North American Rocky Mountains and provides an international focus for water sharing. For ETP, we analysed monthly discharges from 1912 to 2008 with non‐parametric regression, and extrapolated changes to 2055. For modelling, we refined the physical models MTCLIM and SNOPAC to provide water inputs into RIVRQ (river discharge), a model that assesses the streamflow regime as involving dynamic peaks superimposed on stable baseflow. After parameterization with 1960–1989 data, we assessed climate forecasts from six GCMs: CGCM1‐A, HadCM3, NCAR‐CCM3, ECHAM4 and 5 and GCM2. Modelling reasonably reconstructed monthly hydrographs (R2 about 0·7), and averaging over three decades closely reconstructed the monthly pattern (R2 = 0·94). When applied to the GCM forecasts, the model predicted that summer flows would decline considerably, while winter and early spring flows would increase, producing a slight decline in the annual discharge (−3%, 2005–2055). The ETP predicted similarly decreased summer flows but slight change in winter flows and greater annual flow reduction (−9%). The partial convergence of the seasonal flow projections increases confidence in a composite analysis and we thus predict further declines in summer (about − 15%) and annual flows (about − 5%). This composite projection indicates a more modest change than had been anticipated based on earlier GCM analyses or trend projections that considered only three or four decades. For other river basins, we recommend the utilization of ETP based on the longest available streamflow records, and HCM with multiple GCMs. The degree of correspondence from these two independent approaches would provide a basis for assessing the confidence in projections for future river flows and surface water supplies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and Effects on Gas Accumulation of the Sinian-Lower Cambrian Temperature-pressure Field in the Central Paleo-Uplift,Sichuan Basin

The evolution of maturity of the Sinian-Lower Cambrian source rocks was reconstructed,and the starting time for oil cracking was also determined on the basis of the tectono-thermal history of Central Paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin.The pressure evolution of some typical wells and 2D profile was simulated and the genetic mechanism of abnormal pressure in the Sinian-Low Cambrian was analyzed.The evolution of maturity indicated that the Sinian-Lower Cambrian source rocks experienced four stages,including first oil generation,second oil generation,kerogen cracking and late oil cracking.Oil cracking started at Middle-Late Triassic.The paleo-pressure evolution of the Sinian-Lower Cambrian consists of normal pressure,overpressure and pressure relief.The pressure coefficient of Cambrian maximized about 1.7 in Middle Cretaceous,and it was higher in Weiyuan-Ziyang area than Gaoshiti-Moxi structural belt.Rapid burial,hydrocarbon generation and late oil cracking are the primary factors for the overpressure.The excess pressure was relieved due to the tectonic uplift in Yanshan-Himalaya Periods,which resulted in the normal pressure in Sinian of the whole area and in Cambrian of Weiyuan-Ziyang area.However,the pressure coefficient of Cambrian maintains a high value about 1.5 in Gaoshiti-Moxi structural belt.The evolutions of temperature and pressure impacted gas generation,migration,accumulation and preservation significantly.
Research on relationship between structure and deformation property of intact loess

The compression tests are conducted on Lanzhou and Xi'an intact loess under different water contents.The quantitative comprehensive structural parameter is defined by using void ratio of intact,disturbed and saturated loess.The effects of water content and pressure on the structural parameter are investigated.The study indicates. (1)The better relationship between deformation characteristics(compressibility and collapsibility)and structure can be obtained by using the variation characteristics of the structural parameter of intact loess with the change of water content and pressure. (2)Under the same water content,the structure parameter increases with the increase of pressure before structure strength;and it decreases or scarcely increases after it. (3)Under the same pressure,the structure parameter scarcely decreases with the increase of water content before the initial structure destruction water content ωf;and it apparently decreases after it. ωf decreases with the increase of pressure.The change of water content has obvious effect on the structure parameter. (4)The relationship between coefficient of collapsibility and the structural parameter almost is the same line for intact loess in two regions under different pressures and water contents.
Expression of P0 Tolerance Induction by Intrathymic

Genetic deﬁciency or instability of myelin protein zero (P0) results in hereditary motor sensory neuropathy. In view of recent advances in gene therapy, substitution of the molecular defect may become realistic in the near future. Here we investigate the impact of genetic deﬁciency of P0 on selection of the autoreactive T cell repertoire in the corresponding mouse model. We show that P0 mRNA transcripts are expressed in thymic stroma, similar to other myelin proteins and that expression of intact P0 protein can be detected by Western blot. Using a library of overlapping 20mer peptides spanning the entire length of P0 and applying the ELISPOT technique, we detected a strong immune response toward P0 extracellular domain peptide aa 41–60 in P0 (cid:1) / (cid:1) knockout mice, but not in heterozygous P0 (cid:2) / (cid:1) or wild-type (wt) mice. In addition, one cryptic epitope and two subdominant epitopes of P0 were identiﬁed. Using P0 (cid:1) / (cid:1) into wt bone marrow (BM) chimeras we found that P0 expression in the host sufﬁces for full tolerance induction, which is in line with its presence in thymic stroma. However, repopulation of P0 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice with wt BM led to partial induction of tolerance, suggesting that BM derived cells can also express this protein. Our ﬁndings may have implications for secondary autoimmunity developing after gene therapy in hereditary neuropathies and other diseases with genetically determined protein deﬁciency, because the repaired protein will then represent a foreign, nontolerized Ag. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 1364–1370. (cid:2) 40 cycles of ampliﬁcation at 58°C annealing temperature and 45-s elongation time. RT-PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis on a 1.5% agarose gel. To determine the speciﬁcity of the RT-PCR products, they were cloned and sequenced. yguanosine to
Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis 1-Year Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an option in certain high-risk surgical patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. It is unknown whether TAVR can be safely introduced to lower-risk patients. OBJECTIVES The NOTION (Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention Trial) randomized clinical trial compared TAVR with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in an all-comers patient cohort. METHODS Patients $ 70 years old with severe aortic valve stenosis and no signi ﬁ cant coronary artery disease were randomized 1:1 to TAVR using a self-expanding bioprosthesis versus SAVR. The primary outcome was the composite rate of death from any cause, stroke, or myocardial infarction (MI) at 1 year. RESULTS A total of 280 patients were randomized at 3 Nordic centers. Mean age was 79.1 years, and 81.8% were considered low-risk patients. In the intention-to-treat population, no signi ﬁ cant difference in the primary endpoint was found (13.1% vs. 16.3%; p ¼ 0.43 for superiority). The result did not change in the as-treated population. No difference in the rate of cardiovascular death or prosthesis reintervention was found. Compared with SAVR-treated patients, TAVR-treated patients had more
Visioning Diversity: Planning Vancouver's Multicultural Communities

The roles and responsibilities of planners in managing culturally diverse cities are beginning to be articulated in the literature. “Visioning,” as planners have used it in recent years, has the potential to help realize “multicultural planning” because of its intentions to involve broad public participation and represent diverse interests, thereby promoting equity and facilitating democracy. This exploratory study examines how the City of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada has involved ethnocultural groups through a visioning process. To date, four Vancouver communities containing a sizeable immigrant population have participated in preparing plans for their neighbourhood through the city’s Community Visions Program. Information for this study was gathered through a critical review of planning-related documents and key informant interviews with staff and community participants (including those of visible minority background) in the Visions Program. Results from the data collection were grouped into main themes and triangulated for analysis. Results indicate that visioning, as it has been used in Vancouver, is capable of being a useful technique in carrying out multicultural planning. There is evidence that planners have learned a great deal from engaging in multicultural planning, as seen through the increased success of outreach in the latter two communities to undergo the Visions Program. This suggests that Vancouver’s visioning exercise will improve simply by virtue of continued outreach. However, it is important to differentiate between the public consultation process and the resultant products in regard to policy and land use change. There appears to be more general satisfaction with the inclusive visioning process than with the end results. Empirical research suggests that if planners are serious about engaging in a multicultural planning process, they will need to guarantee some tangible results that can be seen in the community and that acknowledge and respect cultural diversity.
Sediment Suspension and Elevation Loss Triggered by Atlantic Mud Fiddler Crab (Uca pugnax) Bioturbation in Salt Marsh Dieback Areas of Southern New England

ABSTRACT Smith, S.M. and Green, C. , 2015. Sediment suspension and elevation loss triggered by Atlantic mud fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) bioturbation in salt marsh dieback areas of southern New England. The effects of bioturbation on sediment suspension and elevation loss by the Atlantic mud fiddler crab, Uca pugnax (Smith), were investigated in this study. High densities of U. pugnax occur in unvegetated areas of Cape Cod salt marshes that have been denuded by the herbivorous Sesarma reticulatum (purple marsh crab). The hypothesis addressed in this study is that U. pugnax then causes sediment suspension and subsequent erosion. Anecdotal evidence suggests that unlike vegetated zones sediments are rapidly eroding from dieback areas, but the various mechanisms by which this is occurring are unclear. In this study, we focused on the role that U. pugnax might play in this process through experiments that assessed sediment suspension during rainfall events and flooding tides, as well as elevation changes. The results indicate that U. pugnax contributes to elevated sediment loads in the water column and that the suspended sediment is transported elsewhere, resulting in elevation lowering. The loss of vegetation through S. reticulatum herbivory has resulted in a cascading series of events, with one of the consequences being an elevated potential for sediment mobilization and erosion by U. pugnax bioturbation. This has consequences for vegetation recovery and overall marsh resiliency.
DEM resolution effects on shallow landslide hazard and soil redistribution modelling

In this paper we analyse the effects of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution on the results of a model that simulates spatially explicit relative shallow landslide hazard and soil redistribution patterns and quantities. We analyse distributions of slope, specific catchment area and relative hazard for shallow landsliding for four different DEM resolutions (grid sizes of 10, 25, 50 and 100 m) of a 12 km2 study area in northern New Zealand. The effect of DEM resolution is especially pronounced for the boundary conditions determining a valid hazard calculation. For coarse resolutions, the smoothing effect results in a larger area becoming classified as unconditionally stable or unstable. We apply simple empirical soil redistribution algorithms for scenarios in which all sites with a certain landslide hazard fail and generate debris flow. The lower initial number of failing cells but also the inclusion of slope (limit) in those algorithms becomes apparent with coarser resolutions. For finer resolutions, much larger amounts of soil redistribution are found, which is attributed to the more detailed landscape representation. Looking at spatial patterns of landslide erosion and sedimentation, the size of the area affected by these processes also increases with finer resolutions. In general, landslide erosion occupies larger parts of the area than deposition, although the total amounts of soil material eroded and deposited are the same. Analysis of feedback mechanisms between soil failures over time shows that finer resolutions show higher percentages of the area with an increased or decreased landslide hazard. When the extent of sites with lower and higher hazards are compared, finer grid sizes and higher landslide hazard threshold scenarios tend to increase the total extent of areas becoming more stable relative to the less stable ones. Extreme care should be taken when quantifying landslide basin sediment yield by applying simple soil redistribution formulas to DEMs with different resolutions. Rather, quantities should be interpreted as relative amounts. For studying shallow landsliding over a longer timeframe, the ‘perfect’ DEM resolution may not exist, because no resolution can possibly represent the dimensions of all different slope failures scattered in space and time. We assert that the choice of DEM resolution, possibly restricted by data availability in the first place, should always be adapted to the context of a particular type of analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SGLT2 inhibitors: an evidence-based update on cardiovascular implications

ABSTRACT Introduction Sodium Glucose co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (also known as ‘gliflozins’) represent a cornerstone to treat diabetes mellitus. Moreover, recent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated important cardioprotective effects of gliflozins, independent of the presence of diabetes. Herein, we summarize the recent therapeutic progress in the cardiovascular field obtained with SGLT2 inhibitors. Area covered We critically examine the rationale and results of recent clinical studies examining the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes, along with a brief overview of the main ongoing trials that have been designed in order to answer the many pending questions in the field of gliflozins and cardiovascular disease. Expert opinion The favorable results of several clinical trials have broadened the therapeutic scenario for SGLT2 inhibitors, opening, at the same time, new challenges. Additionally, recent preclinical findings have evidenced off-target effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.
The Keurusselkä impact structure, Finland—Impact origin confirmed by characterization of planar deformation features in quartz grains

Abstract– Although the meteorite impact origin of the Keurusselkä impact structure (central Finland) has been established on the basis of the occurrence of shatter cones, no detailed microscopic examination of the impactites from this structure has so far been made. Previous microscope investigations of in situ rocks did not yield any firm evidence of shock features (Raiskila et al. 2008; Kinnunen and Hietala 2009). We have carried out microscopic observations on petrographic thin sections from seven in situ shatter cone samples and report here the discovery of planar fractures (PFs) and planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz and feldspar grains. The detection and characterization of microscopic shock metamorphic features in the investigated samples substantiates a meteorite impact origin for the Keurusselkä structure. The crystallographic orientations of 372 PDF sets in 276 quartz grains were measured, using a universal stage (U‐stage) microscope, for five of the seven distinct shatter cone samples. Based on our U‐stage results, we estimate that investigated shatter cone samples from the Keurusselkä structure have experienced peak shock pressures from approximately 2 GPa to slightly less than 20 GPa for the more heavily shocked samples. The decoration of most of the PDFs with fluid inclusions also indicates that these originally amorphous shock features were altered by postimpact processes. Finally, our field observations indicate that the exposed surface corresponds to the crater floor; it is, however, difficult to estimate the exact diameter of the structure and the precise amount of material that has been eroded since its formation.
Paleoenvironmental Interpretations Based on Vertebrate Fossil Assemblages: An Example of their Utilization in the Gulf Coast

ABSTRACT Foraminifera, ostracodes, and various invertebrates have traditionally been utilized to define and interpret paleoenvironments in the Gulf Coast. In the last decade, studies have demonstrated the value of vertebrates, especially fish otoliths or earstones, in the determination of ancient environmental conditions. This study analyzes the use of fish otoliths and other vertebrate remains in the paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Mint Spring Formation (Vicksburg Group, Oligocene) in Rankin County, Mississippi. The paleoecology of the formation was ascertained based on otoliths and related vertebrate material obtained from three sampled intervals. The vertebrate fossil assemblage included remains from cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, reptiles, and mammals. The vertebrate-based paleoecology was compared to paleoenvironmental parameters based on foraminifera, macroinvertebrates, and the sedimentological data. The vertebrate-based interpretations agreed quite well with the invertebrate-based data for the formation and provided further evidence of the usefulness of vertebrate-based paleoecology in the Gulf Coast. The fish otoliths provided more detailed data about the paleoecology than the remains of the other vertebrate groups. Although the vertebrate remains proved to be valuable and accurate in the interpretation of the paleoenvironment, limitations on their utilization were noted.
Bleeding characteristics for viscous cement and cement-bentonite grouts

INTRODUCTION Bleeding of cement-based grouts reduces the effectiveness of compensation grouting operations. Compensation grouting involves the injection of a grout to heave the soil and compensate for settlements resulting from ground loss during tunnelling with a TBM. A grout bleeds at the incipience of the injection pressure. Water is squeezed out from pores between cement particles, into the ground, in a similar process to water drainage in soil consolidation. Water loss through bleeding has several consequences.
The Change Characteristics of Sunshine Duration during the Past 48 Years in South China

Based on the annual sunshine duration data from 110 observational stations during 1961-2008 in South China,the climatic changes and the spatial temporal features of sunshine duration were studied by using statistical diagnostic methods,including linear regression analysis,Mann-Kendall test,power spectrum function and the computation of trend coefficients.The results show that the annual mean sunshine duration shows a decreasing trend from South China to North China in the past 48 years.The highest center is located in Nanning of Guangxi(2552 h)and the lowest center in Jingxiu of Guangxi(1172h). The annual sunshine duration has declined at a mean rate of 4.09 h/a,which is higher than that of China.The changes of annual sunshine duration show significant 22 year and 11 year periods,with an abrupt change in the late 1970's.The trend of sunshine duration in South China has a remarkable regional difference.Decreasing trend of sunshine duration is obvious in most part of South China.There are three decreasing centers,located in Shenzhen of Guangdong(-12.86 h/a),Chengmai of Hainan(-12.85 h/a)and Hengxian of Guangxi(-11.85 h/a)respectively.The distribution of the annual mean sunshine duration is in accord with that of total cloudiness,but the secular trend variation of sunshine duration is different from that of total cloudiness.In most part of Guangdong,the total cloudinessincreases and the sunshine duration decreases obviously.
The interpretation of the Northumberland Trough geomagnetic variation anomaly using two-dimensional current models

Summary. The electromagnetic fields at the surface are non-linear functionals of the electrical conductivity of the Earth. However, the anomalous magnetic fields which are created by lateral variations in the conductivity are linear functionals of the internal current density. The inverse problem analysed in this paper is that of using the spatial structure of the vertical field, defined along a profile perpendicular to the strike of a 2-D structure, to infer the lateral and vertical distribution of current parallel to the strike. In the Northumberland Trough survey, magnetometers at some sites are operated simultaneously with a reference instrument at Durham, and interstation vertical field transfer functions were fitted to the data. They are subsequently used to predict the vertical field at each site which is associated with a specific horizontal field at the reference. Other magnetometers were run separately, and only single-station transfer functions could be computed. These yield predictions of the vertical field which are biased by anomalous horizontal fields. When the spatial structure of the anomaly is known, the horizontal component of the field can be predicted from the vertical by using the constraint that the field derives from a potential which satisfies the Laplace equation. The corrections that are required to convert from singlestation to inter-station transfer functions can be estimated from the maps of the horizontal field. This approach is used to generate vertical field values at sites spaced at 10 km intervals along a 100 km profile traversing the Alston Block and Northumberland Trough in northern England. The map of the horizontal component anomalies relates more simply to the structure than the vertical component map. The surface magnetic fields do not define a unique distribution of current density withm the Earth. The non-uniqueness is removed by fixing the direction and bounding the magnitude of the current density. The inversion of the set of constraints is solved by linear programming methods. The current density in the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks filling the Northumberland Trough is calculated by combining estimates of their conductivity based on Archie’s Law with measurements of the electric field at a magneto