Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY OF FLOODPLAINS, NORTHERN MISSOURI—IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF FLOODPLAIN FOREST COMMUNITIES IN DISTURBED LANDSCAPES

Hydrologic connectivity between the channel and floodplain is thought to be a dominant factor determining floodplain processes and characteristics of floodplain forests. We explored the role of hydrologic connectivity in explaining floodplain forest community composition along streams in northern Missouri, USA. Hydrologic analyses at 20 streamgages (207–5827 km2 area) document that magnitudes of 2‐year return floods increase systematically with increasing drainage area whereas the average annual number and durations of floodplain‐connecting events decrease. Flow durations above the active‐channel shelf vary little with increasing drainage area, indicating that the active‐channel shelf is in quasi‐equilibrium with prevailing conditions. The downstream decrease in connectivity is associated with downstream increase in channel incision. These relations at streamflow gaging stations are consistent with regional channel disturbance patterns: channel incision increases downstream, whereas upstream reaches have either not incised or adjusted to incision by forming new equilibrium floodplains. These results provide a framework to explain landscape‐scale variations in composition of floodplain forest communities in northern Missouri. Faust ( ) had tentatively explained increases of flood‐dependent tree species, and decreases of species diversity, with a downstream increase in flood magnitude and duration. Because frequency and duration of floodplain‐connecting events do not increase downstream, we hypothesize instead that increases in relative abundance of flood‐dependent trees at larger drainage area result from increasing size of disturbance patches. Bank‐overtopping floods at larger drainage area create large, open, depositional landforms that promoted the regeneration of shade‐intolerant species. Higher tree species diversity in floodplains with small drainage areas is associated with non‐incised floodplains that are frequently connected to their channels and therefore subject to greater effective hydrologic variability compared with downstream floodplains. Understanding the landscape‐scale geomorphic and hydrologic controls on floodplain connectivity provides a basis for more effective management and restoration of floodplain forest communities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Low‐frequency waves and instabilities in stratified, gyrotropic plasmas with arbitrary distribution functions

[1] We study the nature and stability of low-frequency waves in collisionless, gyrotropic (P⊥ ≠ P∥), multi-component plasmas, characterized by arbitrary distribution functions. The ambient medium is assumed to be stratified perpendicular to the magnetic field, with a scale height much larger than the wavelength of our waves, and the whole system is allowed to rotate. We show that the waves are generally non-adiabatic, and we identify the four physical causes of their non-adiabatic behavior. We also derive a global necessary condition for stability, which, quite remarkably, consists of the simple superposition of a criterion against instabilities triggered by thermal pressure anisotropies and a criterion against instabilities triggered by stratification. In the case of a nonrotating bi-Maxwellian plasma, our stability condition turns out to be not only necessary, but also sufficient.
Coexistent childhood renovascular and cerebrovascular disease

Paroxysmal dyskinesias constitute a group of episode movement disorders that have been historically classiﬁed based on precipitant, duration, and family history. Careful description of phenotypes has shown that classiﬁcation based on precipitant is the most powerful for predicting features and clinical course. The three major groups are: (1) kinesigenic – triggered by sudden movement; (2) exer-tional – triggered by sustained exertion; (3) non-kinesigenic no discrete trigger but with attacks often following inges-tion of ethanol or caffeine, or after sleep deprivation. All three forms can exist as primary disorders or may be sec-ondary to speciﬁc brain lesions. The primary forms typi-cally begin in childhood and are not associated with neurologic abnormalities between episodes. Several causa-tive genes have been described, but the major gene respon-sible for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) has been elusive until recently.
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL DEFORMATION BY MEANS OF CONE PENETROMETER

Measurement of the settlement of a cone submitted to incremental loading allows the determination of a modulus correlated to those obtained using laboratory tests or derived from other in situ tests. This test can be carried out with standard static penetrometer equipment. After stopping the penetration of a static penetrometer cone at a selected depth, an incremental loading test is carried out until the failure of the ground under the cone is observed. Stress strain relationships can be drawn from cone resistance and sleeve friction. In this manner, a modulus and a friction angle can be obtained. Thus the classical CPT log is enriched offering new possibilities. In this paper the development of the first prototype and measuring devices and the proposed testing procedure are presented. A comparison of laboratory and field tests and geotechnical centrifuge models shows the validity of the testing procedure and the chosen interpretation method. The results of site investigations carried out on French national experimental sites are also discussed and compared with high quality borehole expansion test and field measurement of shear wave velocity. These investigations have been carried out using this new testing method in combination with a semi-heavy static Piezocone penetrometer in order to check the potential use for geotechnical design. An attempt is made in this paper to validate the interpretation method of the results, which can be used for routine geotechnical engineering.
Vertical distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean Sea

Vertical profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in different areas of the Mediter- ranean Sea were studied during 6 oceanographic surveys conducted between January 1999 and Sep- tember 2001. The study areas were located at key points of water mass circulation of the entire Mediterranean basin. DOC showed similar behaviors at all hydrological stations, with highest values in surface waters, a minimum in the intermediate layers and slightly increasing values in deep waters. Important links were found between DOC distribution in the water column and hydrological structures. In particular, distinctive DOC concentrations were detected in the different water masses. This finding was attributed to the age, origin and route of each water mass.
Controversial stimuli: Pitting neural networks against each other as models of human cognition

Distinct scientific theories can make similar predictions. To adjudicate between theories, we must design experiments for which the theories make distinct predictions. Here we consider the problem of comparing deep neural networks as models of human visual recognition. To efficiently compare models’ ability to predict human responses, we synthesize controversial stimuli: images for which different models produce distinct responses. We applied this approach to two visual recognition tasks, handwritten digits (MNIST) and objects in small natural images (CIFAR-10). For each task, we synthesized controversial stimuli to maximize the disagreement among models which employed different architectures and recognition algorithms. Human subjects viewed hundreds of these stimuli, as well as natural examples, and judged the probability of presence of each digit/object category in each image. We quantified how accurately each model predicted the human judgments. The best-performing models were a generative analysis-by-synthesis model (based on variational autoencoders) for MNIST and a hybrid discriminative–generative joint energy model for CIFAR-10. These deep neural networks (DNNs), which model the distribution of images, performed better than purely discriminative DNNs, which learn only to map images to labels. None of the candidate models fully explained the human responses. Controversial stimuli generalize the concept of adversarial examples, obviating the need to assume a ground-truth model. Unlike natural images, controversial stimuli are not constrained to the stimulus distribution models are trained on, thus providing severe out-of-distribution tests that reveal the models’ inductive biases. Controversial stimuli therefore provide powerful probes of discrepancies between models and human perception.
Does diet influence the retinal microvasculature in children?

To the Editor: The retinal microvasculature is anatomically and physiologically similar to the cerebral microcirculation, and may thus serve as a surrogate marker for small vessel disease in the brain that predisposes people to the development of stroke.1 The recent article by Kaushik and associates reports that higher glycemic index and lower cereal fiber diet are associated with stroke mortality in persons 50 years and older.2 An interesting finding was that 50% of this association was explained by a corresponding association between …
Use of nursery areas by the extinct megatooth shark Otodus megalodon (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes)

Nursery areas are fundamental for the success of many marine species, particularly for large, slow-growing taxa with low fecundity and high age of maturity. Here, we examine the population size-class structure of the extinct gigantic shark Otodus megalodon in a newly described middle Miocene locality from Northeastern Spain, as well as in eight previously known formations (Temblor, Calvert, Pisco, Gatún, Chucunaque, Bahía Inglesa, Yorktown and Bone Valley). In all cases, body lengths of all individuals were inferred from dental parameters and the size-class structure was estimated from kernel probability density functions and Gaussian mixture models. Our analyses support the presence of five potential nurseries ranging from the Langhian (middle Miocene) to the Zanclean (Pliocene), with higher densities of individuals with estimated body lengths within the typical range of neonates and young juveniles. These results reveal, for the first time, that nursery areas were commonly used by O. megalodon over large temporal and spatial scales, reducing early mortality and playing a key role in maintaining viable adult populations. Ultimately, the presumed reliance of O. megalodon on the presence of suitable nursery grounds might have also been determinant in the demise of this iconic top predatory shark.
Post-Late Cretaceous Strike-Slip Tectonics and Its Implications for the Southeast Anatolian Orogen, Turkey

The Southeast Anatolian orogen is a part of the eastern Mediterranean-Himalayan orogenic belt. Development of the Southeast Anatolian orogen began with the first ophiolite obduction onto the Arabian platform during the Late Cretaceous, and it continued until the Miocene. Its lingering effects continue to be discernible at present. During the Late Cretaceous-Miocene interval, three major deformational phases occurred, related to Late Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene nappe emplacements. The Miocene nappes are composed of ophiolites and metamorphic massifs. For a decade, field studies in the region have shown that strike-slip tectonics played a role complementary to the major horizontal effects of the nappe movement, as indicated by: (1) fault systems active during the Eocene; (2) different Eocene rock units composed of coeval continental and deep-sea deposits and presently tectonically juxtaposed; and (3) other stratigraphic and structural data obtained across the present strike-slip fault zones. These strik.
Relationship of pleural fluid pH and glucose: a multi-centre study of 2,971 cases.

Background Pleural fluid pH and glucose levels are both recommended in the workup of pleural effusions. Whether their levels correlate and predict each other or contribute independent knowledge is unclear. We aimed to investigate the pH/glucose relationship, assess their concordance and ascertain whether performing both tests provides additional information to performing either test alone. Methods The pH and glucose measurements from 2,971 pleural fluid samples, from three centers in Spain, UK and Australia, were categorized into Cancer (n=1,045), Infection (n=544), Tuberculosis (n=249) and Others (n=1,133) groups. The relationship between pH and glucose values and their concordance at clinically relevant cutoffs (pH 7.2 and glucose 3.3 mmol/L) were assessed. Results The mean pH of the cohort was 7.38 (SD 0.22) and median glucose 5.99 (range, 0.00-29.36) mmol/L. A regression model of the relationship between glucose (log-transformed) and pH with a restricted cubic spline showed linear (P<0.01) and nonlinear effects (P<0.01). The relationship was strong with a narrow confidence interval but the prediction interval was wide. Most (91.9%) samples were concordant using pH and glucose levels at cutoffs of 7.20 and 3.30 mmol/L respectively. Using pH alone, without glucose, captured 95.0% of the infection-related effusions with either pH or glucose below cutoff and glucose alone identified 91.7%. Conclusions Pleural fluid pH and glucose have a strong non-linear relationship but, in most situations, the level of one cannot accurately predict the other. Concordance rates were high and either test is sufficient in the majority of cases.
Long-term outcome of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated glomerulonephritis : evaluation of the international histological classi fi cation and other prognostic factors

Background.Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis with renal involvement requires treatment with potentially toxic drugs to reduce morbidity and mortality, and there is a major challenge to determine clinical and histological features predictive of renal prognosis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of the 2010 international histological classification for ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) as a predictor of renal outcomewhen used in conjunction with other prognostic factors. Methods. One hundred and four patients with AAGN treated at our centre were included: 23 were classified as focal, 26 as crescentic, 48 as mixed and 7 as sclerotic. Renal outcomes were based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 and 5 years, and on renal survival. Results. By univariate analysis, patients in the focal class had the best renal outcome, those in the sclerotic class the worst outcome, and those in the mixed and crescentic classes had intermediate renal survival. There was no significant difference in outcome between the mixed and crescentic classes. In multivariate models, histological class did not improve model fit or associate with renal outcome after adjusting for established prognostic factors. Lower percentage of normal glomeruli, greater degree of tubular atrophy (TA), MPOANCApositivity, increasing age and lower starting eGFR, all correlated with poorer renal outcomes. Conclusions. We conclude that, in our cohort of patients, the international histological classification is predictive of renal outcome in AAGN, but did not appear to be additionally informative over other established prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. However, it may be of value to combine the current histological classification with other established parameters, such as TA and percentage normal glomeruli.
Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region

ABSTRACT Sousa, R.C. , Pereira, L.C. C. , Costa, R.M. and Jiménez, J.A. , 2014. Tourism carrying capacity on estuarine beaches in the Brazilian Amazon region. In: Green, A.N. and Cooper, J.A. G. (eds.), Proceedings 13th International Coastal Symposium (Durban, South Africa), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 70, pp. 545–550, ISSN 0749-0208. Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) can be defined as the level of human activity that an area can support without provoking deterioration of its physical and environmental characteristics. The present study aimed to estimate the maximum number of visitors that Colares, Marudá and Murubira beaches can receive during periods of peak visitation. The TCC was calculated considering the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), the Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and the Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) of each beach. In each survey, the number of visitors along a pre-established transect (central portion of each beach) was counted every hour (8 am until 6 pm). The maximum recommended ECC values indicated a maximum of 674 visitors per day at Colares, 812 visitors per day at Marudá and 97 visitors per day at Murubira. In comparison with these recommendations, the observed numbers of visitors were relatively high at Marudá (885 visitors) and Murubira beaches (297 visitors), while Colares was within the suggested limit (193 visitors). Peak visitation rates were recorded between 1 pm and 4 pm, and observed carrying values varied from 1.5 to over 5.000 m2 per visitor at Colares beach, 0.7–426 m2 per visitor at Marudá beach, and 1.7–42.9 m2 at Murubira. The results of the present study indicated that the density of visitors on the study beaches exceeded tolerable limits, and that coastal management measures are necessary to improve local tourist activities.
Sands at Gusev Crater, Mars

Processes, environments, and the energy associated with the transport and deposition of sand at Gusev Crater are characterized at the microscopic scale through the comparison of statistical moments for particle size and shape distributions. Bivariate and factor analyses define distinct textural groups at 51 sites along the traverse completed by the Spirit rover as it crossed the plains and went into the Columbia Hills. Fine‐to‐medium sand is ubiquitous in ripples and wind drifts. Most distributions show excess fine material, consistent with a predominance of wind erosion over the last 3.8 billion years. Negative skewness at West Valley is explained by the removal of fine sand during active erosion, or alternatively, by excess accumulation of coarse sand from a local source. The coarse to very coarse sand particles of ripple armors in the basaltic plains have a unique combination of size and shape. Their distribution display significant changes in their statistical moments within the ~400 m that separate the Columbia Memorial Station from Bonneville Crater. Results are consistent with aeolian and/or impact deposition, while the elongated and rounded shape of the grains forming the ripples, as well as their direction of origin, could point to Ma'adim Vallis as a possible source. For smaller particles on the traverse, our findings confirm that aeolian processes have dominated over impact and other processes to produce sands with the observed size and shape patterns across a spectrum of geologic (e.g., ripples and plains soils) and aerographic settings (e.g., wind shadows).
Slowness surface approximations for qSV‐waves in transversely isotropic media

The vertical slowness approximations are widely used in phase‐shift migration methods for quasi P‐ and quasi SV‐waves in transversely isotropic medium. The description of the vertical slowness needed for the migration application for shear waves in transverse isotrophy media is generally complicated. The reason is that this type of approximations results in much simpler expressions for the vertical slowness and, which is most important, they contain fewer parameters than exact expressions.
Dysregulated autophagy in hepatocytes promotes bisphenol A (BPA)- induced hepatic lipid accumulation in male mice

Advance Articles are PDF versions of manuscripts that have been peer reviewed and accepted but not yet copyedited. The manuscripts are published online as soon as possible after acceptance and before the copyedited, typeset articles are published. They are posted "as is" (i.e., as submitted by the authors at the modification stage), and do not reflect editorial changes. No corrections/changes to the PDF manuscripts are accepted. Accordingly, there likely will be differences between the Advance Article manuscripts and the final, typeset articles. The manuscripts remain listed on the Advance Article page until the final, typeset articles are posted. At that point, the manuscripts are removed from the Advance Article page.
Reply to the comment by A. G. Jones et al. on “Deep resistivity cross section of the intraplate Atlas Mountains (NW Africa): New evidence of anomalous mantle and related Quaternary volcanism”

[1] Scientific discussion and different points of view are a basis of the advancement of knowledge. We acknowledge the comments of Jones et al. [2012] as an opportunity to publicly discuss the structure and origin of the Atlas Mountains. Moreover, we welcome the opportunity to compare our results with those recently published by the group responsible for the comment [Ledo et al., 2011], although it is not pertinent to comment in detail on a paper published in another journal. We also wish to remark that the paper of Ledo et al. [2011] was reviewed and published during the revision period of our contribution [Anahnah et al., 2011]; therefore, they are two different approaches and data sets, measured in different sites and by different instruments for the same region, lending readers the chance to compare different interpretations. The main differences on the data sets are: the profile of Anahnah et al. [2011] compared with the profile of Ledo et al. [2011] is 170 km longer, vertical magnetic data were obtained and lower frequencies were recorded. [2] We regret the style and way used by Jones et al. [2012]. We shall answer only those comments of Jones et al. [2012] related to objective issues. [3] One of the final conclusions of Jones et al. [2012] might serve as the starting point of our reply:
Clinical Selection Strategies to Identify Ischemic Stroke Patients With Large Anterior Vessel Occlusion: Results From SITS-ISTR (Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke International Stroke Thrombolysis Registry)

Background and Purpose— The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) correlates with presence of large anterior vessel occlusion (LAVO). However, the application of the full NIHSS in the prehospital setting to select patients eligible for treatment with thrombectomy is limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of simple clinical selection strategies. Methods— Data from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke International Stroke Thrombolysis Registry (January 2012–May 2014) were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with complete breakdown of NIHSS scores and documented vessel status were included. We assessed the association of prehospital stroke scales and NIHSS symptom profiles with LAVO (internal carotid artery, carotid-terminus or M1-segment of the middle cerebral artery). Results— Among 3505 patients, 23.6% (n=827) had LAVO. Pathological finding on the NIHSS item best gaze was strongly associated with LAVO (adjusted odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence interval 3.8–5.3). All 3 face–arm–speech–time test (FAST) items identified LAVO with high sensitivity. Addition of the item best gaze to the original FAST score (G-FAST) or high scores on other simplified stroke scales increased specificity. The NIHSS symptom profiles representing total anterior syndromes showed a 10-fold increased likelihood for LAVO compared with a nonspecific clinical profile. If compared with an NIHSS threshold of ≥6, the prehospital stroke scales performed similarly or even better without losing sensitivity. Conclusions— Simple modification of the face–arm–speech–time score or evaluating the NIHSS symptom profile may help to stratify patients’ risk of LAVO and to identify individuals who deserve rapid transfer to comprehensive stroke centers. Prospective validation in the prehospital setting is required.