Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical Models to Predict Concrete Expansion Caused by Sulfate Attack

The development of empirical models to predict concrete expansion produced by sulfate attack is described. Data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation over more than 40 years of nonaccelerated testing form the basis for the model. In the nonaccelerated test program, concrete cylinders were continuously submerged at room temperature in 2.1% sodium sulfate solution, which corresponds to severe field exposure conditions. Expansion measurements were made periodically. Over 8,000 expansion measurements were collected for 114 specimens cast from 51 different mixtures. Analysis of the data showed the significance of water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and C3A content of the cement, with the data revealing distinct behavior for mixtures containing cements with low C3A content (less than 8%) and high C3A content (greater than 10%). As a result, two models are proposed to predict expansion by sulfate attack as a function of w/c, duration of exposure, and C3A content. The random effects method was used to capture unobserved heterogeneity in the data set, and the results from a simple regression and a regression including the random effects method are compared.
Application of multiple sequence alignment profiles to improve protein secondary structure prediction

The effect of training a neural network secondary structure prediction algorithm with different types of multiple sequence alignment profiles derived from the same sequences, is shown to provide a range of accuracy from 70.5% to 76.4%. The best accuracy of 76.4% (standard deviation 8.4%), is 3.1% (Q3) and 4.4% (SOV2) better than the PHD algorithm run on the same set of 406 sequence non‐redundant proteins that were not used to train either method. Residues predicted by the new method with a confidence value of 5 or greater, have an average Q3 accuracy of 84%, and cover 68% of the residues. Relative solvent accessibility based on a two state model, for 25, 5, and 0% accessibility are predicted at 76.2, 79.8, and 86.6% accuracy respectively. The source of the improvements obtained from training with different representations of the same alignment data are described in detail. The new Jnet prediction method resulting from this study is available in the Jpred secondary structure prediction server, and as a stand‐alone computer program from: http://barton.ebi. ac.uk/. Proteins 2000;40:502–511. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CH4, CO2 and N2O supersaturation in 12 Finnish lakes before and after ice-melt

The world's forests have been estimated to contain up to 80% of al! above-ground e and about 40% of al! below-ground (soils, litter, and roots) terrestrial C. DIXON et al. (1994) estimated that 49% of carbon in forest vegetation and soils is found at high latitudes. Although freshwater lakes and reservoirs account only for about 0.4% of the Earth's surface (WETZEL 1975), they have been suggested to be important conduits for the transfer of terrestrially fixed carbon to the atmosphere (e.g. CoLE et al. 1994, HoPE et al. 1996). COLE et al. (1994) summarized ice-free period data on CO, oversaturation in 1,835 lakes with a worldwide distribution and found that boreal, temperate and tropical lakes are typically supersaturated with CO,. Less than l 0% o f the samples were within 20% of equilibrium with the atmosphere, while 87% of the samples were supersaturated. On a global scale, the potential effiux of CO, from lakes was estimated to be slightly less than half as great as the rota! export of organic or inorganic carbon through rivers to the sea. Freshwater environments have been estimated to contribute over 70% of the natural source and over 20% of the total global source of CH4 to the atmosphere. Although wetlands are proposed to be the most important component of this source (e.g. KHALIL & SHEARER 1993), recent studies have also emphasized the importance o f freshwater Iakes to the emissions. MICHMERHUIZEN et al. (1996) showed that most of the CH4 produced in anaerobic conditions under ice cover during winter stratification is emitted during spring overturn. ALM et al. (1997) suggested that the significance of lake ecosystems, especially the littoral regions, as CH, sources has probably been underestimated. Most of the world's lakes are small, with large ratios of littoral zone area to lake area emphasizing the ro le o f littoral regions. Although lakes seem not to contribute significantly to global atmospheric N,O emissions MENGIS et al. (1997) showed that surface layers of al! sampled Swiss lakes were supersaturated with N,O throughout the year. Hence, at the time of sampling these lakes acted as sources for atmospheric N,O.
Scaled Conjugate Gradient Method for Radar Pulse Modulation Estimation

This paper addresses the problem of estimating a common modulation from a group of intercepted radar pulses. Estimated modulation profile operates as the basis for specific emitter identification (SEI). A robust M-estimation technique using scaled conjugate gradient algorithm for improving the frequency alignment of the pulses is proposed. In addition, postprocessing of the estimated modulation profiles for identification is considered. Simulation experiments are conducted in order to compare the performance with previously proposed methods. Results show that the proposed robust M-estimation technique provides improved performance at low signal-to-noise ratio regime due to better frequency alignment of the intercepted pulses.
Subauroral Neutral Wind Driving and Its Feedback to SAPS During the 17 March 2013 Geomagnetic Storm

Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) are associated with closure of region 2 field‐aligned current (R2 FAC) through the low conductivity region. Although SAPS have often been studied from a magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling perspective, recent observations suggest strong interaction also exists between SAPS and the thermosphere. Our study focuses on thermospheric wind driving and its impact on SAPS and R2 FAC during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm using both observations and the physics‐based Rice Convection Model‐Coupled Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Plasmasphere, electrodynamics (RCM‐CTIPe) model that self‐consistently couples the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)‐18 and Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite observations show that, as the storm progresses, sunward ion flows intensify and expand equatorward and are accompanied by strengthening of subauroral neutral winds with some delay. Our model successfully reproduces time evolution and overall structure of the sunward ion drift and neutral wind. A force term analysis is performed to investigate the momentum transfer to the neutrals from the ions. Contrary to previous studies showing that Coriolis force is the main driver of neutrals during storm time, we find that the ion drag is the largest force driving westward neutral wind in the SAPS region where the ion density is low in the trough region. Furthermore, simulations with and without the neutral wind dynamo effect are compared to quantify the effect of the neutral to plasma flow. The comparison shows that the self‐consistent active ionosphere thermosphere coupling increases the R2 FAC and the westward ion drift equatorward of the SAPS region by 20% and 40% by the flywheel effect, respectively.
LiteRace: effective sampling for lightweight data-race detection

Data races are one of the most common and subtle causes of pernicious concurrency bugs. Static techniques for preventing data races are overly conservative and do not scale well to large programs. Past research has produced several dynamic data race detectors that can be applied to large programs. They are precise in the sense that they only report actual data races. However, dynamic data race detectors incur a high performance overhead, slowing down a program's execution by an order of magnitude. In this paper we present LiteRace, a very lightweight data race detector that samples and analyzes only selected portions of a program's execution. We show that it is possible to sample a multithreaded program at a low frequency, and yet, find infrequently occurring data races. We implemented LiteRace using Microsoft's Phoenix compiler. Our experiments with several Microsoft programs, Apache, and Firefox show that LiteRace is able to find more than 70% of data races by sampling less than 2% of memory accesses in a given program execution.
MAAY: a decentralized personalized search system

This paper focuses on decentralized personalized search engines. It is composed of three parts. Firstly, we formulate the problem and we propose a graph-based measure of quality of a document given a user and a word. This quality gives a formal measure to test the personalized relevance of answers provided by search engines. Secondly, we present a decentralized system namely MAAY which aims to provide personalized results to its users. Users can share, search and retrieve documents from others. Nodes locally learn others' profile from previous interactions and use feedbacks to raise words characterizing a document. By querying preferentially nodes with similar profile and by ranking documents according to the requester profile, nodes may find documents which are relevant for them. Finally, we propose a framework for experimental studies of such system. Then, we use it to show that the main principles of MAAY could benefits to users
Monolingual Alignment by Edit Rate Computation on Sentential Paraphrase Pairs

In this paper, we present a novel way of tackling the monolingual alignment problem on pairs of sentential paraphrases by means of edit rate computation. In order to inform the edit rate, information in the form of subsentential paraphrases is provided by a range of techniques built for different purposes. We show that the tunable TER-PLUS metric from Machine Translation evaluation can achieve good performance on this task and that it can effectively exploit information coming from complementary sources.
4-Chloroanilinium (4-chlorophenyl)guanidinium dichloride hemihydrate

In the title hydrated molecular salt, C6H7ClN+·C7H9ClN3 +·2Cl−·0.5H2O, the water O atom lies on a crystallographic twofold axis. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds form layers perpendicular to the ac plane in which both the water molecule and the chloride anion are involved in connecting the layers into a three-dimensional structure.
New experimental congenital diabetic mice (N.S.Y. mice).

New experimental congenital diabetic mice were obtained in the descendants of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was developed by the administration of strepotozotocin in normal adult I.C. R. mice, and then these mice were mated to obtain the F1 mice. The F1 mice with impaired glucose tolerance were mated within the siblings. The same process was repeated over several generations. The diabetic features of the spontaneously diabetic mice thus obtained were as follows: 1) The mice did not show a tendency toward obesity. 2) Glucose tolerance of these mice, especially after the F6 generation, was remarkably impaired. However, the elevation of the fasting blood glucose level was slight throughout the generations. We propose to designate the congenital diabetic mice as the N.S. Y. (Nagoya, Shibata, Yasuda) mice. The N.S. Y. mice are considered to be useful models for human diabetes.
Ultrafast IR Laser Writing of Strong Bragg Gratings Through the Coating of High Ge-Doped Optical Fibers

Strong fiber Bragg gratings were written through the standard polymer coatings of "off-the-shelf" high numerical aperture single-mode optical fibers after a few seconds exposure with femtosecond pulse durations of infrared radiation through a phase mask. While writing through the acrylate coating, we obtained index modulations of up to 1.4 x 10-3 and 7 x 10-4 with and without H2 -loading, respectively.
Flexible Parsing of Discretely Uttered Sentences

In this paper we describe a syntactic semantic parser of spoken sentences pertaining to a subset of natural Italian language. Error-free and fast analysis, partial interpretation ability, man-machine dialogue trend, different semantic environment adaptability and natural language usage are its main characteristics. All of these features are supported by a technique of input reliability evaluation. Particular attention is devoted to the description of the knowledge internal representation and of the mechanism that manages, at different points of the anlysis, the whole process.
Enzymatic Glycosylation of Vancomycin Aglycon: Completion of a Total Synthesis of Vancomycin and N- and C-Terminus Substituent Effects of the Aglycon Substrate

Studies on the further development of the sequential glycosylations of the vancomycin aglycon catalyzed by the glycosyltransferases GtfE and GtfD and the observation of unusual, perhaps unexpected, aglycon substrate substituent effects on the rate and efficiency of the initial glycosylation reaction are reported.
Modulation of retinal cell populations and eye size in retinoic acid receptor knockout mice.

PURPOSE The retinoic acid receptors are expressed from early stages of development in the diverse tissues that make up the vertebrate eye. Their loss has subtle effects on eye development. We adapted sensitive quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping methods to assess consequences of inactivating alleles of the alpha and beta receptors, Rara and Rarb, on eye and retinal development. Rara is of particular interest because this gene is a candidate for Nnc1, a QTL that controls retinal ganglion cell proliferation. METHODS We studied lines of mice in which expression of the a1 isoform of Rara or all isoforms of Rarb had been disrupted by gene targeting. We measured eye weight, lens weight, retinal area, and retinal ganglion cell number in each of six genotypes (Rara and Rarb -/-, +/-, +/+; 10-25 cases/genotype). RESULTS Loss of either protein is associated with a small but significant loss of eye weight and retinal area. However, only the Rarb knockout has a significant effect on the ganglion cell population and the loss of both wildtype alleles leads to an 8,000 cell deficit. Surprisingly, loss of the Rara a1 isoform that is expressed in this cell population from early stages has no effect on number. Null alleles of both genes have little if any effect on lens growth. CONCLUSIONS Despite its expression in embryonic retina, Rara is unlikely to be the Nnc1 QTL. In contrast, Rarb, a gene that maps to Chr 14 and which is not an Nnc1 candidate gene, has a significant effect on cell number and is therefore a QTL controlling this key population. This raises the intriguing possibility that normal allelic variants of Rarb modulate the ganglion cell population in other vertebrates, including humans.
Uncovering Interaction Patterns in Mobile Outdoor Gaming

Significant advances in recreation planning have been achieved thanks to the mobile technology and the ubiquitous computation. Today it is possible to know the real time position of a group of individuals participating in an outdoor game, and to obtain a large amount of data about their movements. However, most analyses have focused onindividual movements based on trajectories. In this paper we present a novel form of conceptualising and analysing human movement, based on a metaphor we have called "movement as interaction" which conceives movement as a result of interaction between individuals, collectives and the environment. The implementation of the proposed approach has enabled us to uncover interaction patterns in a group of children participating in an outdoor game based on mobile technology. The first results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach to detect game interactions.
Quality of nursing documentation and approaches to its evaluation: a mixed-method systematic review.

AIMS This paper reports a review that identified and synthesized nursing documentation audit studies, with a focus on exploring audit approaches, identifying audit instruments and describing the quality status of nursing documentation. INTRODUCTION Quality nursing documentation promotes effective communication between caregivers, which facilitates continuity and individuality of care. The quality of nursing documentation has been measured by using various audit instruments, which reflected variations in the perception of documentation quality among researchers across countries and settings. DATA SOURCES Searches were made of seven electronic databases. The keywords 'nursing documentation', 'audit', 'evaluation', 'quality', both singly and in combination, were used to identify articles published in English between 2000 and 2010. REVIEW METHODS A mixed-method systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies concerning nursing documentation audit and reports of audit instrument development was undertaken. Relevant data were extracted and a narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS Seventy-seven publications were included. Audit approaches focused on three natural dimensions of nursing documentation: structure or format, process and content. Numerous audit instruments were identified and their psychometric properties were described. Flaws of nursing documentation were identified and the effects of study interventions on its quality. CONCLUSION Research should pay more attention to the accuracy of nursing documentation, factors leading to variation in practice and flaws in documentation quality and the effects of these on nursing practice and patient outcomes, and the evaluation of quality measurement.
The case for persistent-connection HTTP

The success of the World-Wide Web is largely due to the simplicity, hence ease of implementation, of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP, however, makes inefficient use of network and server resources, and adds unnecessary latencies, by creating a new TCP connection for each request. Modifications to HTTP have been proposed that would transport multiple requests over each TCP connection. These modifications have led to debate over their actual impact on users, on servers, and on the network. This paper reports the results of log-driven simulations of several variants of the proposed modifications, which demonstrate the value of persistent connections.
The 'Out of Africa' Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development

This research argues that deep-rooted factors, determined tens of thousands of years ago, had a significant effect on the course of economic development from the dawn of human civilization to the contemporary era. It advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance from the cradle of humankind to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a long-lasting effect on the pattern of comparative economic development that is not captured by geographical, institutional, and cultural factors. In particular, the level of genetic diversity within a society is found to have a hump-shaped effect on development outcomes in both the pre-colonial and the modern era, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the intermediate level of genetic diversity prevalent among Asian and European populations has been conducive for development, the high degree of diversity among African populations and the low degree of diversity among Native American populations have been a detrimental force in the development of these regions.
Assessment and modeling of groundwater flow and nitrate contamination within coastal karst aquifer of Puerto Rico

Karst aquifers, capable of store and transmit large amount of water, are the main source of drinking water in many regions worldwide. Their excessive permeability leads to enhanced vulnerability to contamination accordingly. In the first section of this study, a comprehensive overview of hydrological processes and concepts, assessment methods and governing equations regarding groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karst aquifers is presented. Moreover, surface water and groundwater interaction and recent groundwater remediation techniques in karst terrains are discussed. Due to the complexity of karst aquifers, different approaches are developed by researchers for investigating and predicting karst processes and groundwater behavior. Modeling techniques are among the most beneficial and powerful methods for assessing groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karst aquifers, as hydrogeological systems with complicated and unpredictable behavior. Hence, several modeling approaches, are reviewed and assessed. Moreover, associated research works conducted for northern Puerto Rico are discussed to complement ongoing hydrogeologic investigations in this island. In the second section, groundwater Nitrate contamination, as a result of agricultural, industrial and urban development, is assessed for north-central part of Puerto Rico. Using collected field samples and historical data, a Nitrate fate and transport simulation was conducted using MODFLOW and MT3D models. The calculated results of the regional-scale simulation showed high correlation with observed values and hence, the calibrated model was used for prediction purposes. Using land cover data and by assessing agricultural development trend in the island, spatiotemporal pattern of groundwater Nitrate concentration was predicted for the next two decades. It was predicted that agricultural activities will rise dramatically after economic damages of Hurricane Maria and this will negatively impact the groundwater quality. Based on the model prediction results, recommended management plans for each municipality were presented for the use of policy makers and authorities.
Economic Shocks , Civil War & Ethnicity

We study the non-monotonic effect of economic downturns on civil war onset. Using a novel global panel dataset, we show that declining commodity terms of trade or income growth increases civil war risk significantly in countries with intermediate levels of ethnic diversity. The effect on civil war risk in highly diverse or homogenous societies is negative or insignificant. Given that the size of the largest ethnic group explains 96% of the variation in our ethnic diversity measure, we conjecture that a key problem may be ethnic dominance: countries where the ethnic plurality is large, but not so large it cannot be challenged, may be most vulnerable to economic shocks. Our findings contrast with previous studies that estimate a monotonic effect of economic shocks on civil war. They also help to synthesize the competing views that civil conflict is determined by economic factors and that it is determined by ethnic differences.
Advances in solar photovoltaic technology: an applications perspective

Advances in photovoltaic module technology, inverters, system installation practices, and design standards are improving the performance of PV systems and have led to PV becoming established as a strongly competitive energy source for off-grid energy applications. PV is also on the cusp of becoming competitive in grid connected configurations and is currently experiencing strong growth in this type of application. Substantially reduced PV module cost and higher module efficiency compared to products of just a decade ago are playing a key role in this expansion. The introduction of modern inverters that are more efficient, have higher reliability, and improved utility system interface features are also facilitating market growth. In addition, experience gained from hundreds of thousands of PV installations over the past decade, as well as a maturing base of PV service providers, system integrators, and new industry design standards has led to improved designs and economies in the installation of PV Systems. Overall, PV energy costs have fallen by a factor of about 2 over the past decade and the prospects for continued improvement are strong. This presentation reviews advances in PV technology and the role they are playing in its expansion.