Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HANSpeller++: A Unified Framework for Chinese Spelling Correction

The number of people learning Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) has been booming in recent decades. The problem of spelling error correction for CFL learners increasingly is becoming important. Compared to the regular text spelling check task, more error types need to be considered in CFL cases. In this paper, we propose a unified framework for Chinese spelling correction. Instead of conventional methods, which focus on rules or statistics separately, our approach is based on extended HMM and ranker-based models, together with a rule-based model for further polishing, and a final decision-making step is adopted to decide whether to output the corrections or not. Experimental results on the test data of foreigner's Chinese essays provided by the SIGHAN 2014 bake-off illustrate the performance of our approach.
SemEval 2015 Task 18: Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing

Task 18 at SemEval 2015 deﬁnes Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing (SDP) as the problem of recovering sentence-internal predicate–argument relationships for all content words , i.e. the semantic structure constituting the relational core of sentence meaning. In this task description, we position the problem in comparison to other language analysis sub-tasks, introduce and compare the semantic dependency target representations used, and summarize the task setup, participating systems, and main results.
Optimal harvest and inventory of Norwegian forests

An optimal control theory model for the determination of optimal harvest and inventory is shown initially. The second part uses some aggregate data from Norwegian forestry to illustrate how the theory could be applied in the elaboration of a national forest policy. Finally the practical implications are discussed in relation to the social discount rate, industrial capacity and environmental concerns.
Study of the Polymorphism of Saturated Monoacid Triglycerides I: Melting and Crystallization Behaviour of Tristearin

The crystallization and melting behaviour of tristearin has been considered in detail. Both the thermal and structural characteristics of the β'- and β-crystal forms have been found to be largely dependent on the crystallization conditions. For the α-form, crystallization takes place very fast at low undercooling (T about 3°C). Upon melting, the α-form transforms directly to β, without any detectable appearance of a β'-form. The β'-form can only be obtained properly from the isotropic melt within a narrow temperature range (54 to 57°C). Above 57°C, β-crystallization becomes dominant. The main difference between the β'- and β-crystallization process is the induction time for crystallization. The decrease in β'-crystallization kinetics with increasing crystallization temperature is expressed in a longer induction time as well as in a slower rate of crystallization. In the case of the β-crystallization, the decrease in the overall crystallization rate mainly results from the sharp increase in induction time. The experimental data do not support the existence of distinct multiple subforms for the β'-form. The difference between β'2 and β'1 seems to be due to differences in the degree of ordering of the molecules in the β'-form. No significant differences have been observed between tristearin and tripalmitin with respect to their polymorphic behaviour. Both triglycerides only differ from each other in the kinetics of the crystallization and transformation. Untersuchung der Polymorphie von gesattigten einsaurigen einsaurigen Triglyceriden I: Schmelz- und Kristallisationsverhalten von Tristearin Das Kristallisations- und Schmelzverhalten von Tristearin werden im Detail behandelt. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, das die thermischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften der β'- und β-Kristallformen sehr stark von den Kristallisationsbedingungen abhangig sind. Bei der α-Form findet die Kristallisation sehr schnell statt bei geringer Unterkuhlung (T etwa 3°C). Wahrend des Schmelzens wird die α-Form direkt in die β-Form umgewandelt, ohne das sich das Auftreten der β'-Form nachweisen last. Die β'-Form kann nur erhalten werden aus der isotropen Schmelze in einem sehr begrenzten Bereich (54 bis 57°C). Oberhalb 57°C dominiert die β-Form. Die Abnahme der Kinetik bei der β'-Kristallisation bei steigender Kristallisationstemperatur zeigt sich sowohl in einer langeren Induktionsperiode als auch in einer langsameren Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit. Bei der β-Kristallisation resultiert der Abfall in der Gesamtkristallisationsgeschwindigkeit hauptsachlich aus dem starken Anstieg der Induktionsperiode. Die experimentellen Daten geben keinen Hinweis auf die Existenz von deutlich multiplen Subformen fur die β'-Form. Der Unterschied zwischen β'2- und β'1-Form ist anscheinend auf Unterschiede im Ordnungsgrad der Molekule in der β'-Form zuruckzufuhren. In bezug auf das polymorphe Verhalten liegen keine deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen Tristearin und Tripalmitin vor. Beide Triglyceride unterscheiden sich nur in der Kinetik der Kristallisation und Transformation.
Effects of ruminal or postruminal fish oil supply on cow milk yield and composition

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Effects of ruminal or postruminal fish oil supply on cow milk yield and composition Y Chilliard, M Doreau
The Effects of Protein Content and Starch Damage on the Physical Dough Properties and Bread-making Quality of Canadian Durum Wheat

Abstract Samples of no. 1 and no. 2 Canada Western Amber Durum wheat from two consecutive Canadian Grain Commission harvest surveys were composited according to protein content. The resulting composites were milled to achieve three levels of starch damage. When the standard ICC Alveograph test at constant water addition was performed, the curves became higher and shorter as starch damage increased, owing to the increasing flour water absorption. When alveograph water addition was adjusted, the shape of the Alveograms was almost independent of starch damage. As protein content increased, Alveograph extensibility (length) increased. Starch damage was the predominant factor influencing Farinograph water absorption, development time and stability. Protein content exerted a moderate influence on Farinograph absorption. At low protein content, Farinograph development time and stability decreased as starch damage increased. Depending on protein content, starch damage and baking procedure, durum wheat loaf volume was 65 to 85% of that achieved for a high-quality Canadian bread wheat of comparable protein content. Remix-to-peak baking (long bulk fermentation) performance was influenced positively by protein content and was influenced negatively by starch damage. When baked by the Canadian short process (no bulk fermentation), the negative effects of starch damage on baking performance were not apparent. Bread-crumb properties of all Canadian short-process breads were much better than the corresponding remix-to-peak breads, approaching those of high-quality Canadian bread wheats. When potassium bromate was eliminated from the Canadian short process formula (which includes 37·5 ppm ascorbic acid), no negative effects on bread quality were apparent.
Lead Toxicoses in Free-Range Chickens in Artisanal Gold-Mining Communities, Zamfara, Nigeria

Background. In early 2010, outbreaks of lead poisoning due to artisanal gold mining in villages in the northwest Nigerian state of Zamfara have resulted in the death of hundreds of children < 5 years old. There have also been unconfirmed reports of high mortality of geese within these villages. Objectives. To report a case of lead poisoning in three domestic free-range chickens found in one of the affected communities where illegal small-scale gold mining activities take place. Methods. Three free-range domestic chickens were presented during a field investigation in one of the villages. The birds were observed to be emaciated, weak, showing nervous manifestations and moribund. Results. Tissue extracts of liver, spleen and intestines were negative for Newcastle viral antigens, while cultures of liver and spleen biopsy were positive for Escherichia coli. Histopathological lesions were observed in the kidney, proventriculus and brain. Concentrations of lead in the tissues ranged between 7.5 mg/kg and 120.5 mg/kg wet weight, and the potential daily intake of lead in the tissues were estimated at 34.06–200.15 μg/day/kg body weight with an average of 118.37 μg/day/kg body weight. Conclusions. The results of the present study suggest probable risk to human health due to the consumption of chicken contaminated by lead in the affected villages. Poisoning in animal populations may serve as a sentinel to assess the extent of environmental contamination and human health problems related to lead. Ethics Approval. Protocols were approved and performed in accordance with relevant local guidelines and regulations as set by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
RARβ2-Mediated Growth Inhibition in HeLa Cells

Abstract Retinoic acid inhibits the growth of a variety of normal and transformed cells in vitro and in vivo. How retinoic acid inhibits cell growth is poorly understood but involves interactions between the ligand and a series of nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors. The nuclear receptors for retinoic acid are of two types, the RARs and the RXRs. Each can function as a ligand-inducible transcription enhancing factor. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that an isoform of one RAR, RARβ2, is transcriptionally up-regulated in senescent human dermal fibroblasts and senescent human mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, we have also shown that RARβ2 can inhibit oncogene-induced focus formation, in primary rat embryo fibroblasts, as effectively as the tumor suppressor gene p53. Here, we extend our studies of retinoid-regulated signal transduction pathways that inhibit cell proliferation by demonstrating that HeLa cells expressing an RARβ2 construct are growth inhibited by greater than 50% when compared to the parent cell lines. The RARβ2-expressing cell lines are inhibited further by the addition of exogenous all- trans -retinoic acid. Finally, soft agar assays show that the RARβ2-expressing cell lines also demonstrate an inhibition of growth in soft agar, when compared to the parent cell lines, and are inhibited further in the presence of added all- trans -retinoic acid. These data definitively show that RARβ2 can inhibit cell proliferation in an established tumor cell line and provide more strength to the notion that this isoform is an effective growth inhibitor in vitro and, most likely, in vivo.
HBS Ag seroclearance and seroconversion time in Patients with chronic hepatitis B Infection

Background: Hepatitis B Surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance and seroconversion (development of antibodies against HBsAg) can increases the survival of Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage and timing of HBsAg seroclearance and seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Methods: 1026 patients with CHB infection who referred to a private clinic were included. These patients had been followed-up for an average of 15 years. The patients whose HBs Ag was cleared from the blood and remained negative until the end of follow-up were designated as HBs Ag serocleared and the patients whose HBs Ab was positive during follow-upwas designated as HBs Ag seroconverted. The time of seroclearance and seroconversion of patients was recorded. Liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Hepatitis B early antigen (HBe Ag) status were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analysis with SPSS 17. Results: The duration of follow-up was from 2 to 410 months and most patients were males (58.2%). The survival rate of HBs Ag positivity after 5, 10 and 15 years were 95.6, 89.4 and 80.7%, and 98, 93.5 and 84.9% of patients had not yet developed anti-HBs antibodies after 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Age, gender and taking medication had no effect on HBs Ag clearance from the blood or anti-HBs production Conclusion: The HBs Ag seroconversion is a rare occurrence, but the incidence of this may increase with time, age and drug consumption. Though there was no relationship in our patients
The effect of spatial scale on interactions between two weevils and their parasitoid

1. The effect of spatial scale on the interactions between three hymenopteran parasitoids and their weevil hosts was investigated. The parasitoid Mesopolobus incultus (Walker) parasitised Gymnetron pascuorum Gyll. ; the parasitoids Entodon sparetus (Walker) and Bracon sp. parasitised Mecinus pyraster Herbst. Both of these weevils develop inside the seedhead of Plantago lanceolata L. but occupy different niches. Seedheads were sampled annually from 162 plants at each of two experimental sites consisting of a series of habitat patches of two distinct sizes. Data were analysed from three site‐years.
A within-subject comparison of different relaxation therapies in eliciting physiological and psychological changes in young women

Background Stress reactivity can be different in women compared to men, which might consequently influence disease risk.Stress in women may also generate adverse physiological effects on their offspring during pregnancy or lactation. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different relaxation interventions on physiological outcomes and perceived relaxation in healthy young women, to assist in identifying the most appropriate intervention(s) for use in a subsequent trial for mothers who deliver prematurely. Methods A within-subject study was conducted in 17 women of reproductive age comparing five different relaxation interventions (guided-imagery meditation audio (GIM), music listening (ML), relaxation lighting (RL), GIM+RL, ML+RL), with control (silence/sitting), assigned in random order over a 3–6 week period. Subjective feelings of relaxation (10-point scale), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and fingertip temperature (FT) were measured before and after each technique Results All interventions significantly increased perceived relaxation and FT, while music also significantly reduced SBP (p < 0.05). Compared to control, HR significantly decreased following GIM (mean difference = 3.2 bpm, p < 0.05), and FT increased (mean difference = 2.2 °C, p < 0.05) and SBP decreased (mean difference = 3.3 mmHg, p < 0.01) following ML. GIM + RL followed by GIM were the most preferred interventions. Conclusions Based on preference, simplicity, and the physiological and psychological effects, GIM and ML were identified as the most effective tools for reducing stress and improving relaxation. These techniques warrant further research in larger samples and other populations.
Human milk microbiota associated with early colonization of the neonatal gut in Mexican newborns

Background Human milk microbiota plays a role in the bacterial colonization of the neonatal gut, which has important consequences in the health and development of the newborn. However, there are few studies about the vertical transfer of bacteria from mother to infant in Latin American populations. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study characterizing the bacterial diversity of 67 human milk-neonatal stool pairs by high-throughput sequencing of V3-16S rDNA libraries, to assess the effect of the human milk microbiota on the bacterial composition of the neonate’s gut at early days. Results Human milk showed higher microbial diversity as compared to the neonatal stool. Members of the Staphylococcaceae and Sphingomonadaceae families were more prevalent in human milk, whereas the Pseudomonadaceae family, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium genera were in the neonatal stool. The delivery mode showed association with the neonatal gut microbiota diversity, but not with the human milk microbiota diversity; for instance, neonates born by C-section showed greater richness and diversity in stool microbiota than those born vaginally. We found 25 bacterial taxa shared by both ecosystems and 67.7% of bacteria found in neonate stool were predicted to originate from human milk. This study contributes to the knowledge of human milk and neonatal stool microbiota in healthy Mexican population and supports the idea of vertical mother-neonate transmission through exclusive breastfeeding.
CULTIVAR-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN RED CLOVER

The performance of nine double-cut and three single-cut red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivars was studied at five locations in Atlantic Canada. The single-cut clovers survived relatively well at all locations while the double-cut clovers did not survive well at one location during the first winter. An analysis of data for total dry-matter yield from five environments, i.e., location-year combinations, showed that the single-cut clovers outyielded the double-cut clovers in Newfoundland but yielded lower at the other locations. Among the double-cut cultivars, Florex, Lakeland, Tapiopoly, and Violetta were found to be desirable cultivars because they had a high mean yield and did not yield lower than the population average at any of the five environments. A large cultivar-environment interaction variance was detected for the double-cut cultivars; therefore, at least 15 test environments are required in future trials in order to detect a yield difference of 6% by multiple comparison procedures.Key word.
Deterrent effects of some botanical products on oviposition of the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Extracts from nine plant materials were tested in choice and no-choice tests as oviposition deterrents for cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. Seed treatment with 0.1% crude extract of materials resulted in a significant reduction in ovipositional preference of the bruchid. The highest repellency was found in Rhazya stricta leaves (82%), Azadirachta indica seeds (76.8%), Heliotropium bacciferum aerial parts (59.2%) and citrus peels (58.6%). Progeny production was significantly reduced: only 11.5, 11.9, 12.4, 13.4 and 14.8% of the eggs deposited reached adulthood in R. stricta, neem seeds, Piper nigrum, citrus peels and H. bacciferum, respectively. F1 females laid significantly fewer eggs in response to R. stricta, neem seeds, Eugenia caryophyllata cloves, H. bacciferum, citrus peels and P. nigrum. Percentage reduction in F2 progeny ranged between 71.4% with R. stricta-treated seeds and 24.5% in the P. nigrum treatment.
Embryology of Phoronida

Fertilization in the Phoronida appears to be internal. Three different types of eggs were found: (1) Eggs rich in yolk, about 125μ in diameter, which are retained in the parent's tube, without a true pelagic life; (2) Eggs moderately rich in yolk, about 100 μ in diameter, brooded up to the actinotroch stage in the lophophoral concavity owing to the nidamental glands, with a more or less long pelagic life; (3) Eggs, yolk-poor, about 60 μ. in diameter, which are directly discharged into sea-water and which have a long pelagic life. Cleavage in the Phoronida is total, equal or subequal. The pattern is typically radial though biradial in some stages, but there are instances in which the blastomeres exhibit a spiral appearance. The gastrula arises generally by emboly. The blastocoel is extensive in embryos of type 3 (see above) and virtually obliterated by wall compression in type 2. The blastopore is reduced to an anterior remnant. The differentiation of the ectoderm leads to the formation of the preoral lobe, the apical plate, the tentacular ridge, the nephridial anlage, the oesophagus (issued from the posterior part of the vestibule) and the mouth which does not originate as a stomodeum; the blastopore is located between oesophagus and stomach. Differentiation of the archenteron (endoderm) produces the stomach, the intestine and the anus which opens by perforation of the ectoderm, without formation of a proctodeum. The anus appears to be independent of the blastopore. The mesodern originates as isolated cells proliferated from the anterior and ventrolateral areas of the archenteron, in two phases. The mesoderm is formed in a modified enterocoelous manner. The protocoel is produced first from the anterior archenteric wall and occupies the cavity of the preoral lobe; the metacoel originates from the ventrolateral mesodermal proliferations. The mode of formation of these cavities seems to vary with species.
Influence of pea lectin expressed transgenically in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on adult pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus)

Adult pollen beetles were exposed to three transgenic lines of Brassica napus L. expressing pea lectin up to 0.7% of total soluble protein in anthers. Two lines not expressing the pea lectin were used as controls. Adult responses were recorded in two experiments where beetles were fed either racemes or anthers. There was no effect of plant line on feeding rate, weight change or oviposition rate. A slightly reduced egg size was recorded when beetles were feeding on one of the plant lines with high concentration of pea lectin. Previous studies on the effect of pea lectin on pollen beetles have only focused on larval performance. The results of this study suggest that pea lectin has no adverse effect on the pest in its most damaging life stage.
Species diversity, susceptibility to disturbance and tree population dynamics in tropical rain forest

In 1964 a census of all trees > 9.7 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) was conducted on 22 plots totalling 13.2 ha in lowland tropical evergreen rain forest on Kolombangara, Solomon Islands. Over the following 30 yr (1964–1994), populations of all individuals > 4.85 cm DBH of the 12 most common tree species and amounts of disturbance have been monitored on a declining number of these plots (in 1994, nine plots totalling 5.4 ha were still being recorded). Between November 1967 and April 1970, Kolombangara was struck by four cyclones, although only two of these caused substantial amounts of damage to the canopy structure. Multivariate analysis has identified six forest types on Kolombangara (Greig-Smith et al. 1967). The species richness and diversity of trees in the 1964 census, turnover rates of the populations monitored over 1964–1975, and the amount of disturbance sustained during a cyclone in 1970, were all positively correlated across five of the forest types. The sixth forest type was a consistent outlier in these analyses and is believed to have been seriously disturbed by humans about a century ago. The floristics, turnover and disturbance data support Connell's intermediate disturbance hypothesis. The most species-rich forest types contained a higher proportion of fast-growing individuals and species that are early-successional and which have low density timber. Properties of these species rendered them more susceptible to damage when struck by the 1970 cyclone. They showed higher turnover rates because disturbance-dependent species are also characterised by higher mortality and recruitment rates. Thus, periodic cyclones appear to favour the maintenance of differences in species diversity and composition between forest types.