Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of olanzapine on feeding and selected biochemical factors related to weight gain

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug exhibiting a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. It is not only effective in treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but also more efficacious against negative and depressive symptoms than classical antipsychotics. Olanzapine has been recommended as the first-line drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, a common side effect of olanzapine, namely weight gain, has also been observed. A comprehensive literature analysis revealed that olanzapine induced higher weight gain than most other antipsychotics, only second to clozapine. The incidence of olanzapine-induced weight gain and related diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, is higher than that of the general population. These unwanted side effects have decreased the adherence to treatment. Many clinical observations and preliminary animal studies have attempted to elucidate the possible mechanism involved. To date, the mechanism for olanzapine-induced weight gain remains unclear. This research project utilizes an animal model to investigate the possible mechanism of olanzapine-induced weight gain. The specific research objectives include: 1) does olanzapine affect feeding behavior; 2) can olanzapine influence the levels of glucose and triglyceride; 3) are cytokines, such as insulin, leptin, and TNF-α involved in olanzapine-induced weight gain; 4) how does olanzapine affect adipose tissue? An olanzapine-induced weight gain animal model has been established in the present investigation. An increase in food and water intake and increase in fat deposition accompanied with weight gain after treatment were observed. No significant increase in levels of glucose and triglyceride was detected. The changes of insulin and leptin levels
Evaluation of the effects of catch‐and‐release angling on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) of the Ponoi River, Kola Peninsula, Russian Federation

– We studied the effects of catch-and-release fishing upon the Ponoi River's Atlantic salmon populations. The Ponoi River is located on the Kola Peninsula of the Russian Federation, and has recently been developed for sports fishing. Angler exploitation rates are estimated to range from 10.4% to 19% of the river's salmon, thus the possibility of significant levels of post-release mortality is of concern. We radio-tracked fish caught and released by anglers in 1995 and 1996. Despite our simple equipment and the large size of the river, we were able to relocate most fish. These fish had high rates of survival, and anglers recaptured about 11% of them per year a second time. This is very similar to the recapture rates observed for Floy-tagged fish released in an angler-based mark-recapture assessment. We also held 62 angled fish for 24 hours in a live cage to evaluate rates of delayed mortality. Only one of the 62 fish died, and it was heavily scarred with gillnet marks. Most fish that are fatally stressed by angling die within 24 h (e.g., Booth et al. 1995). In 1996, up to 10% of our Floy-tagged fish were angled and released twice, and about 0.5% were angled and released three times. No significant biases were detected in the post-angling movement patterns of these fish. The multiple captures and lack of movement bias suggest that fish behavior was little altered by the angling experience. Nine fish Floy tagged prior to spawning have been recovered as typical emaciated kelts. Three were killed, and a post mortem exam showed all had spawned. Parr numbers at all monitored sites have been steadily increasing since the advent of catch-and-release fishing. By contrast, parr growth rates are generally unchanged or significantly better.NOTE
Analysis of the floristic composition of the Brazilian cerrado vegetation II: Comparison of the woody vegetation of 98 areas

An analysis was made of the floristic composition of 98 areas of cerrado and Amazonian savanna, encompassing most of the area of such vegetation in Brazil. A total of 534 species of trees and large shrubs were recorded for these areas, of which 158 (30%) occurred at a single site only. Such unicates and taxa without determinations to specific level were excluded from the study since they provide no basis for comparison. The data were analysed by three techniques of multivariate analysis: (a) a divisive hierarchical classification by Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). (b) an agglomerative hierarchical classification by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Groups Method using Arithmetic Averages) using the Sorensen Coefficient of Community (CC) as a measure of similarity, and (c) an ordination by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The results from all three methods showed great similarity, demonstrating a strong geographic pattern in the distribution of the flora of the cerrado biome and allowing the recognition of southern (Sâo Paulo and S Minas Gerais), southeastern (largely Minas Gerais), central (Federal District, Goias and parts of Minas Gerais), central-western (largely Mato Grosso, Goias and Mato Grosso do Sul) and northern groups (principally Maranhao, Tocantins and Para), as well as a disjunct group of Amazonian savannas. Soil type (mesotrophic or dystrophic) is an important factor in determining floristic composition. The study demonstrated that cerrado vegetation is extremely heterogeneous: none of the 534 species occurred at all sites and only 28 species were present at 50% or more.
Effect of Phytase Supplementation in Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Performance in Broiler Chicks

SUMMARY A performance trial was conducted with broiler chicks to study the effect of phytase (PHY) supplementation in diets formulated with reduced AME, Ca, and P. The nutrient digestibility was determined during the 14- to 21-d and 28- to 35-d periods. The treatments consisted of 3 diets (NC1, NC2, NC3) differing in nutrient content and each diet with or without supplemental PHY (NC1, 0 or 500; NC2, 0 or 750; NC3, 0 or 1,000 U of PHY/kg feed) and 1 positive control diet (PC). Compared with the PC diet, negative control diets (NC) resulted in lower AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for some amino acids. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets increased AME, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, and apparent ileal crude protein digestibility. Phytase addition also increased mineral absorption in 21- and 35-d-old broilers fed NC diets. Reduced nutrient digestibility appears to be a factor in the weight gain and feed intake results. Reducing Ca and P content reduced feed intake in a stepwise fashion in the NC diets. Phytase increased feed intake and generally improved nutrient digestibility, which resulted in an increase in digestible nutrient intake. Averaged across NC diets, PHY improved body weight. Bone-breaking strength was the most consistent predictor of Ca and P reduction. All NC diets had significantly lower bone-breaking strength than the PC. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets gave bone-breaking strengths that were comparable to the PC. Diets with PHY had the highest bioeconomic index.
Comparison of Suppressiveness of Vermicomposts Produced from Animal Manures and Sewage Sludge against Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan var. nicotianae

The degrees of suppression produced by vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, sheep manure or horse manure and by vermicomposts produced from sewage sludge were compared in greenhouse experiments. The effect of these vermicomposts on the growth and infection of tomato seedlings by Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae was studied. The density of the pathogen and the number of micro-organisms in container media amended with vermicomposts were also analysed. The vermicomposts produced from animal manure significantly reduced the infection of tomato seedlings by the pathogen. The density of P. nicotianae in media which included these vermicomposts was similar to that in infested peat substrate (control treatment). The vermicomposts from sewage sludge did not protect tomato seedlings against P. nicotianae. They also significantly inhibited growth of the plants as well as decreasing the density of the pathogen in container media. In general the vermicomposts had no effect on total number of micro-organisms in potting media compared with control. They only had higher levels of actinomycetes but this did not appear to correspond with their ability to suppress the pathogen. Ein Vergleich der Suppressivitat von Vermikomposten aus tierischem Mist bzw. Klarschlamm gegenuber Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan var. nicotianae In Gewachshausversuchen wurde die Suppressivitat von Vermikomposten, die aus Rinder-, Schaf- bzw. Pferdemist hergestellt worden waren, mit solchen, die aus Klarschlamm gewonnen wurden, verglichen. Der Einfluss dieser Komposttypen auf die Infektion von Tomatensamlingen mit Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae wurde untersucht. Auserdem wurden sowohl die Inokulumdichte als auch eine Gesamtkeimzahl der mit den Komposten versetzten Topferden ermittelt. Die aus tierischem Mist hergestellten Vermikomposte reduzierten die Infektion der Tomatensamlinge mit dem Pathogen signifikant. Die P. nicotianae-Dichte in Topferden versetzt mit diesen Vermikomposten war vergleichbar mit inokuliertem Torfsubstrat (die Kontrolle). Die Vermikomposte aus Klarschlamm lieferten den Tomatensamlingen keinen Schutz gegen P. nicotianae. Auserdem verursachten sie eine signifikante Wachstumshemmung der Pflanzen und reduzierten zusatzlich die P. nicotianae-Dichte im Topfsubstrat. Im allgemein wurde die Gesamtzahl an Mikroorganismen in den Topfsubstraten durch die Vermikomposte nicht beeinflusst. Die Actinomyceten-Populationen nahmen zu, eine Beobachtung, die jedoch keine Korrelation zu deren Pathogensuppressivitat hatte.
Relationships between phytoplankton thin layers and the fine-scale vertical distributions of two trophic levels of zooplankton

Thin layers of phytoplankton are well documented, common features in coastal areas globally, but little is known about the relationships of these layers to higher trophic levels. We deployed the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS) to simultaneously quantify the three trophic levels of plankton, including phytoplankton, primary consumers (copepods and appendicularians) and secondary consumers (gelatinous zooplankton). Over a 2-week sampling period, phytoplankton thin layers, primarily composed of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. , were common on two of the five sampling days. Imagery showed copepods aggregating in zones of lower chlorophyll-a fluorescence, while appendicularians were more common at greater depths and higher chlorophylla levels. All gelatinous zooplankton generally increased in abundance with depth. Bolinopsis spp. ctenophores underwent a ‘bloom,’ and they were the only species observed to aggregate within phytoplankton thin layers. The vertical separation between copepods, phytoplankton and gelatinous zooplankton suggests that copepods may use the surface waters as a predation refuge, only performing short migrations into favorable feeding zones where gelatinous predators are much more abundant. Thin layers containing dense diatom aggregates obstruct light reaching deeper waters (.10 m), which may allow gelatinous zooplankton to avoid visual predation as well as improve the effectiveness of contact predation with copepod prey.
Comment on “The paradox of the ‘paradox of the plankton’” by Record et al.

The biodiversity of plankton ecosystems is no longer a paradox. The mathematical mechanisms that determine the coexistence of competitors in a general class of models, which includes almost all theoretical and applied mass conserving ecosystem models in present use, are clear. Knowledge of these mechanisms simplifies the identification and construction of models with the structural property that all species coexist for all time, irrespective of environmental forcings, spatial interactions, and further model complexities. Here, we discuss the "paradox of the 'paradox of the plankton'" proposed by Record et al. (ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 236-240) and explain the mechanisms that underpin the solution.
Forage Yield and Quality of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) Intercropped With Maize (Zea mays L.) With Flooded Irrigation System in the Semi-Arid Zone of Nigeria

An experiment was conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011 dry seasons to investigate the use of lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) as alternative forage legume for use in maize-legume intercrop under 3 irrigation regimes. Lablab was harvested for forage yield from 6 to 18 weeks after seeding. Forage yield and quality of lablab at different ages of growth and irrigation frequency, as well as maize grain yield and yield components were measured. Plant height of maize and number of leaves of lablab were not affected (P > 0.05) by years of trial. Plant stand count of lablab, number of leaves of maize, plant height of lablab, and LAI of maize and lablab differed (P 0.05) on forage Mg and Na contents of lablab. The CP contents of lablab at 15 and 18 WAS were lower (P 0.05) with irrigation frequency. The maize grain yield was higher (P < 0.05) in 2010 and 2011 (1722-1726 kg/ha) than 2009 (1412 kg/ha). Results from this study suggest that lablab could be introduced as a component crop in an intercropping system with maize under irrigation in Nigeria.
Comparative ecology of clonal plants

Somatic embryogenesis is a phylogenetically ancient trait that allows sessile plants to grow in a modular fashion and to respond plastically to different environmental cues. It facilitates damage repair and permits clonal growth, the capacity to produce potentially independent but genetically identical offspring. Clonal growth is observed to originate from both the shoot or the root part of the plant body and it has been assigned various ecological functions such as reproduction, exploitation and persistence. These functions are rooted in two basic morphological characteristics of clonal growth: the longevity and the length of the connection between clonal parts. Clonality, although an ancient trait, shows a polyphyletic distribution among plant taxa with a strong representation especially among monocots. Phylogenetically controlled comparisons show that clonality is more common among species that occur in cold or nutrient-poor habitats and under poor light conditions. The frequent occurrence of clonals among aquatic species is confounded by the fact that many aquatics are monocots. This however does not necessarily preclude a functional ecological explanation. It is further shown that longevity and length of connection covary negatively, yielding two distinct clonal growth strategies (fragmenting versus compact, persistent clones) with a preference for the more common habitat trait combinations: nutrient-rich, shaded and/or wet versus nutrient-poor, open and/or dry, respectively.
The predictive start of hunting archer fish: a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape C-start

SUMMARY Once their shots have successfully dislodged aerial prey, hunting archer fish monitor the initial values of their prey's ballistic motion and elicit an adapted rapid turning maneuver. This allows these fish to head straight towards the later point of catch with a speed matched to the distance to be covered. To make the catch despite severe competition the fish must quickly and yet precisely match their turn and take-off speed to the initial values of prey motion. However, the initial variables vary over broad ranges and can be determined only after prey is dislodged. Therefore, the underlying neuronal circuitry must be able to drive a maneuver that combines a high degree of precision and flexibility at top speed. To narrow down which neuronal substrate underlies the performance we characterized the kinematics of archer fish predictive starts using digital high-speed video. Strikingly, the predictive starts show all hallmarks of Mauthner-driven teleost C-type fast-starts, which have previously not been noted in feeding strikes and were not expected to provide the high angular accuracy required. The high demands on flexibility and precision of the predictive starts do not compromise their performance. On the contrary, archer fish predictive starts are among the fastest C-starts known so far among teleost fish, with peak linear speed beyond 20 body lengths s-1, angular speed over 4500 deg. s-1, maximum linear acceleration of up to 12 times gravitational acceleration and peak angular acceleration of more than 450 000 deg. s-2. Moreover, they were not slower than archer fish escape C-starts, elicited in the same individuals. Rather, both escapes and predictive starts follow an identical temporal pattern and all kinematic variables of the two patterns overlap. This kinematic equivalence strongly suggests that archer fish recruit their C-start escape network of identified reticulospinal neurons, or elements of it, to drive their predictive starts. How the network drives such a rather complex behavior without compromising speed is a wide open question.
Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Content during Ageing of Dry-cured Pork Loins Inoculated with Lactobacillus casei ŁOCK 0900 Probiotic Strain

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inoculation with a probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei ŁOCK 0900 and ageing time on the formation of free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines in dry-cured pork loins. The predominant FAAs were glutamic acid, threonine, alanine and leucine. The total FAAs content increased significantly (p < 0.05) during ageing. After the longest examined ageing time, FAAs content in the loins inoculated with a probiotic strain represented significant increase of about 25% in comparison with the control sample. Differences in FAAs concentration were determinant for taste attributes of examined loins. Histamine was not detected in any sample, irrespective of ageing time. Inoculation with a probiotic strain L. casei ŁOCK 0900 proved to be a protective measure against the accumulation of cadaverine, putrescine and tryptamine even though the loins inoculated with L. casei were characterized by higher availability of FAAs.
Oceanography of the Flemish Cap and Adjacent Waters

This paper gives an overview on environmental conditions of the Flemish Cap, and the interactions with adjacent waters, based on an analysis of publicly available oceanographic information from World Data Centre A, WOCE Data, the Reid-Mantyla data set consisting of about 10 000 oceanographic profiles distributed world wide, and satellite data from Colorado Center for Astro dynamics Research (CCAR). The region is influenced to a great extent by water masses of polar origin which provide a highly oxygenated environment rich in nutrients, e.g. phosphate and nitrate. This might be one major reason for favourable environmental conditions for marine vertebrates and invertebrates. The cold water signals, representing branches of the Labrador Current over the Flemish Path, and the side-branch circulating clock-wise around Flemish Cap Bank, are found at a mean depth of 100 m throughout all seasons, and their stable spatial position during the year might point at topographic steering. The frontal zone between the 4°C waters around the Flemish Cap, and the warmer North Atlantic Current waters, is very stable during all seasons. It is located at about 100 km to the east of the Cap. Satellite derived surface flux data indicate on a daily basis that the area of the Flemish Cap is in the neighbourhood of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies originating from the North Atlantic Current. These data show that the oceanographic features of the Cap region are hardly influenced by these eddies.
Vegetation Structure, Food Supply, and Polygyny in Bobolinks (Dolichonyx Oryzivorus)

Territories of polygynous male Bobolinks averaged higher percent cover of several forb species than did those of unmated males. Some differences were also found between territories of polygynous and monogamous males, but not in all years. These differences were associated with differing soil moisture conditions on the various male territories. Vertical density of all vegetation types, vegetation biomass, and grass height were not correlated with the number of females attracted to each territory. Observed vegetation differences do not explain why some territories attracted two females while others attracted only one. Caterpillars constitute a major component of nestling diet. Caterpillar densities were higher on polygynous male territories than on adjacent, physiognomically similar monogamous male territories in mesic habitat. They were also higher on polygynous male territories than on physiognomically similar bachelor male territories in dry habitat. Grasshopper densities were higher on polygynous male territories than on monogamous male territories in mesic habitat, but not at the time second- mated females selected territories. They were lower on polygnous male territories than on monoga- mous male territories in dry habitat. The nesting success of second-mated females was lower than that of first-mated females primarily because of higher nestling starvation. It is concluded that polyg- yny occurs in Bobolinks because it enables females to breed in areas with more abundant food resources.
Effects of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet and protein intake on the performance and carcass composition of beef heifers

SUMMARY Isoenergetic diets containing grass silage and concentrates in the ratios 75:25; 50:50 and 30:70 on a dry matter (DM) basis were offered to 42 beef heifers, which were initially 361 kg liveweight, for 115 days in 1987 at Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. Half of the animals given each forage concentrate ratio were given one of two crude protein (CP) intakes in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The silage contained 152 g CP/kg DM, 94 g ammonia-N/kg total N and 734 g digestible organic matter/kg DM. Concentrates were based on barley and soyabean meal and were formulated to equalize CP intakes for the three forage: concentrate ratios. For diets containing 75, 50 and 30% silage, metabolizable energy intakes were 94, 92 and 87 MJ/day; liveweight gains 0·99, 1·07 and 1·12 (S.E. 0·051) kg/day; carcass gains 0·61, 0·64 and 0·67 (S.E. 0·033) kg/day; carcass lean concentrations (estimated from dissection of fore-rib joints) 636, 642 and 648 (S.E. 4·7) g/kg and carcass fat concentrations 204, 199 and 194 (S.E. 5·3) g/kg. Increasing protein intake did not affect performance, but increased carcass fat concentration at all three forage concentrate ratios. It was concluded that increasing the proportion of concentrates in grass silage-based diets increased carcass weight gain per MJ of metabolizable energy consumed and tended to reduce carcass fatness. Contrary to previous findings with young growing cattle, increasing protein intake did not alleviate the problem of greater fat deposition in finishing cattle given high-silage diets, but rather significantly increased carcass fat concentration.
Requerimentos de polinização da goiabeira

Guava (Psidium guajava) is largely cultivated in Northeastern Brazil where it is a very important crop. However few researches have investigated the plant pollination requirements. This knowledge can help in managing orchards to improve crop productivity. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the pollination requirements of guava. The study was carried out with cultivar paluma and treatments of open pollination, restricted pollination, hand self-pollination and hand cross pollination among plants of the same and different cultivars were tested. Guava set fruits when pollinated by wind or biotic agents, but flowers protected from flower visitors set only 15.09%. Guava flowers set fruits when were hand self-pollinated, but cross pollinated flowers showed better results because raised fruit production up to 39.5%. The presence of biotic pollinators promoting cross pollination in guava orchards seems to be necessary to maximize crop productivity.