Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rainfall anomalies are a significant driver of cropland expansion

Significance Rainfall anomalies are known to have deleterious impacts on agricultural yields, but the resulting consequences on cropland expansion remain uncertain. We study the differential scale of these impacts around the world. We find that repeated dry anomalies increase cropland expansion specifically in developing countries, which are characteristically dominated by small-holder farming, implying that cropland is expanded to compensate for lower yields. Two tests corroborate the results. First, comparable reductions in forest cover due to repeated dry anomalies are found in the same regions where cropland expands. Second, in places where infrastructure buffers yields from rainfall anomalies, cropland expansion halts. Understanding the synchronous challenges facing agriculture and the environment will be critical to inform appropriate policy interventions. Rainfall anomalies have long occupied center stage in policy discussions, and understanding their impacts on agricultural production has become more important as climate change intensifies. However, the global scale of rainfall-induced productivity shocks on changes in cropland is yet to be quantified. Here we identify how rainfall anomalies impact observed patterns of cropped areas at a global scale by leveraging locally determined unexpected variations in rainfall. Employing disaggregated panel data at the grid level, we find that repeated dry anomalies lead to an increase in cropland expansion in developing countries. No discernible effects are detected from repeated wet events. That these effects are confined to developing countries, which are often dominated by small-holder farmers, implies that they may be in response to reduced yields. The estimates suggest that overall, in developing countries, dry anomalies account for ∼9% of the rate of cropland expansion over the past two decades. We perform several tests to check for consistency and robustness of this relationship. First, using forest cover as an alternative measure, we find comparable reductions in forest cover in the same regions where cropland expands due to repeated dry anomalies. Second, we test the relationship in regions where yields are buffered from rainfall anomalies by irrigation infrastructure and find that the impact on cropland expansion is mitigated, providing further support for our results. Since cropland expansion is a significant driver of deforestation, these results have important implications for forest loss and environmental services.
Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ)

Abstract The Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (BERQ) is a self-report measure of the behavioral strategies individuals use to regulate emotions in response to stressful or negative events. The purpose of the present study was to report on the psychometric properties of the Turkish version. The sample was recruited through courses at a semi-private university in Turkey and through social-media announcements. A sample of 320 adults (81.9% females, 18.1% males) with a mean age of 22.03 (SD = 2.73) completed the Turkish translation of the BERQ, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the Turkish version replicated the 5-factor structure of the original version; yet, a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the original model showed an inadequate fit to the present data. Internal consistency coefficients of the subscales ranged between 0.72 and 0.88, and the test-retest reliability of subscales over a 3-week interval ranged from 0.51 to 0.70. As in the original version, we found that actively approaching and seeking social support were more adaptive strategies, whereas withdrawal and ignoring were less adaptive strategies. Results were mixed for the seeking distraction subscale. Additionally, withdrawal significantly predicted future depressive and anxiety symptoms. Overall, our results provide support for the Turkish version of the BERQ as a reliable and valid measure of behavioral emotion regulation strategies.
The Role of Quantitative EEG in the Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) is a modern type of electroencephalography (EEG) analysis that involves recording digital EEG signals which are processed, transformed, and analyzed using complex mathematical algorithms. QEEG has brought new techniques of EEG signals feature extraction: analysis of specific frequency band and signal complexity, analysis of connectivity, and network analysis. The clinical application of QEEG is extensive, including neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, stroke, dementia, traumatic brain injury, mental health disorders, and many others. In this review, we talk through existing evidence on the practical applications of this clinical tool. We conclude that to date, the role of QEEG is not necessarily to pinpoint an immediate diagnosis but to provide additional insight in conjunction with other diagnostic evaluations in order to objective information necessary for obtaining a precise diagnosis, correct disease severity assessment, and specific treatment response evaluation.
Systematic Review of Voxelotor: A First‐in‐Class Sickle Hemoglobin Polymerization Inhibitor for Management of Sickle Cell Disease

Voxelotor, a sickle hemoglobin polymerization inhibitor, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat sickle cell disease (SCD) in November 2019. This article reviews published data about voxelotor treatment of SCD based on a search of MEDLINE, Embase, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. In a phase I/II trial, voxelotor demonstrated a dose‐dependent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response and was well tolerated in healthy volunteers and patients with SCD. In a multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, phase III trial (HOPE trial), a significantly higher percentage of patients randomized to voxelotor had increased hemoglobin (> 1 g/dl from baseline) compared to placebo. A greater reduction of hemolytic markers was also observed in the voxelotor‐treated group, whereas the incidence of adverse effects was comparable. Three case series or reports also demonstrated the efficacy and safety of voxelotor use in a limited number of SCD patients in the real‐world situation, although one patient with SCD, severe anemia, and a history of autoantibody‐mediated hemolysis failed to respond to voxelotor. An ongoing trial (HOPE‐KIDS) is designed to establish the use of voxelotor in younger pediatric patients with SCD. There is a theoretical concern that voxelotor may impair oxygen delivery, due to modification of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, which needs to be further evaluated. As a first‐in‐class hemoglobin modulator, voxelotor offers a new treatment option targeting the root cause of SCD.
Heterosis studies for yield and physiological traits in rice hybrids under shallow low land condition

Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were estimated for grain yield, its attributes and physiological traits in 33 cross combinations between rice cultivars (improved and landraces) and three male sterile parents (one wild abortive and two indigenous) generated through Line x Tester mating design, with the aim to develop physiologically efficient heterotic hybrid for this ecosystem. In general, the hybrids performed significantly better than the respective parents. Among the 33 hybrids, six hybrids viz., IR 58025A/OR 1898–18RAU 729-12-44, IR58025A/R 304-34, CRMS 31A/RPHR 203-3, CRMS 31A/IR 68830-NDR-1-1, CRMS32A/RPHR-203-3 and IR 58025A/CHINIKAPOOR, had significant heterosis for yield, flag leaf angle, IInd leaf angle, IIIrd leaf angle and flag leaf area.
Combination of CD47 and signal‐regulatory protein‐α constituting the “don’t eat me signal” is a prognostic factor in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

The interaction between CD47 and signal‐regulatory protein‐α (SIRPα) inhibits phagocytosis, thus affecting the clinical outcomes of neoplastic diseases. Although CD47 upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in several malignancies, the effect of SIRPα expression and its coexpression with CD47 remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic effect of CD47 and SIRPα expression in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Immunostaining of 120 biopsy samples showed that CD47 is primarily expressed in tumor cells, whereas SIRPα is expressed in nonneoplastic stromal cells, mostly macrophages. CD47high cases showed higher MYC protein expression and lower MYC translocation. The SIRPαhigh cases presented significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) than SIRPαlow cases in the activated B‐cell (ABC) subtype of DLBCL (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). Both CD47high and SIRPαhigh presented significantly shorter OS and PFS than other cases among all DLBCL patients (P = .01 and P = .004, respectively), and the ABC type (P = .04 and P = .008, respectively) but not the germinal center B‐cell type. Both CD47high and SIRPαhigh yielded a constant independent prognostic value for OS and PFS in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20‐7.43; P = .02; and HR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.42‐5.85; P = .003, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that combinatorial CD47 and SIRPα expression is a potential independent prognostic factor for DLBCL. Evaluation of CD47 and SIRPα expression could be useful before CD47 blockade therapy.
Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections: a rapid review

Abstract Background Handwashing is important to reduce the spread and transmission of infectious disease. Ash, the residue from stoves and fires, is a material used for cleaning hands in settings where soap is not widely available. Objectives To assess the benefits and harms of hand cleaning with ash compared with hand cleaning using soap or other materials for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections. Search methods On 26 March 2020 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, WHO Global Index Medicus, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Selection criteria We included all types of studies, in any population, that examined hand cleaning with ash compared to hand cleaning with any other material. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently screened titles and full texts, and one review author extracted outcome data and assessed risk of bias, which another review author double‐checked. We used the ROBINS‐I tool for observational studies, we used RoB 2.0 for three interventional studies, and we used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. We planned to synthesise data with random‐effects meta‐analyses. Our prespecified outcome measures were overall mortality, number of cases of infections (as defined in the individual studies), severity of infectious disease, harms (as reported in the individual studies), and adherence. Main results We included 14 studies described in 19 records using eight different study designs, but only one randomised trial. The studies were primarily conducted in rural settings in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries. Six studies reported outcome data relevant to our review. A retrospective case‐control study and a cohort study assessed diarrhoea in children under the age of five years and self‐reported reproductive tract symptoms in women, respectively. It was very uncertain whether the rate of hospital contacts for moderate‐to‐severe diarrhoea in children differed between households that cleaned hands using ash compared with households cleaning hands using soap (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.11; very low‐certainty evidence). Similarly, it was very uncertain whether the rate of women experiencing symptoms of reproductive tract infection differed between women cleaning hands with ash compared with cleaning hands using soap (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.86; very low‐certainty evidence) or when compared with handwashing with water only or not washing hands (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.96; very low‐certainty evidence). Four studies reported on bacteriological counts after hand wash. We rated all four studies at high risk of bias, and we did not synthesise data due to methodological heterogeneity and unclear outcome reporting. Authors' conclusions Based on the available evidence, the benefits and harms of hand cleaning with ash compared with soap or other materials for reducing the spread of viral or bacterial infections are uncertain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of High-Grade Cancer in the Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study.

PURPOSE We investigated the ability of prostate MRI to detect Gleason Grade Group (GG) ≥2 cancer in a standardized, multi-institutional active surveillance cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated men enrolled in Canary Prostate Active Surveillance Study (PASS) with GG<2 and who underwent a biopsy within 12 months of a multiparametric MRI. Our primary outcome was biopsy reclassification to GG2 or greater. We evaluated the performance of MRI PIRADS score and clinical factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit with MRI and clinical factors and used to perform receiver operating curve analyses. RESULTS There were 361 participants with 395 prostate MRIs with a median follow-up of 4.1 (IQR: 2.0-7.6) years. Overall, 108/395 (27%) biopsies showed reclassification. Defining positive MRI as PIRADS 3-5, the NPV and PPV for detecting GG ≥2 cancer was 83% (95% CI: 76-90%) and 31% (95% CI: 26-37%), respectively. PIRADS was significantly associated with reclassification (PIRADS 5 versus 1 and 2: OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.21-6.17, p = 0.016) in a multivariable model but did not improve upon a model with only clinical factors (AUC 0.768 versus 0.762). In 194 fusion biopsies, higher grade cancer was found in targeted cores in 21 (11%) instances, while 25 (13%) had higher grade cancer found in the systematic cores. CONCLUSIONS This study adds the largest cohort data to the body of literature for MRI in active surveillance, recommending systematic biopsy in patients with a negative MRI and the inclusion of systematic biopsy in patients with a positive MRI.
Display evaluation for primary diagnosis using digital pathology

Abstract Purpose: As pathology departments around the world contemplate digital microscopy for primary diagnosis, making an informed choice regarding display procurement is very challenging in the absence of defined minimum standards. In order to help inform the decision, we aimed to conduct an evaluation of displays with a range of technical specifications and sizes. Approach: We invited histopathologists within our institution to take part in a survey evaluation of eight short-listed displays. Pathologists reviewed a single haematoxylin and eosin whole slide image of a benign nevus on each display and gave a single score to indicate their preference in terms of image quality and size of the display. Results: Thirty-four pathologists took part in the display evaluation experiment. The preferred display was the largest and had the highest technical specifications (11.8-MP resolution, 2100 cd / m2 maximum luminance). The least preferred display had the lowest technical specifications (2.3-MP resolution, 300 cd / m2 maximum luminance). A trend was observed toward an increased preference for displays with increased luminance and resolution. Conclusions: This experiment demonstrates a preference for large medical-grade displays with the high luminance and high resolution. As cost becomes implicated in procurement, significantly less expensive medical-grade displays with slightly lower technical specifications may be the most cost-effective option.
Sulfur Deficiency Increases Phosphate Accumulation, Uptake, and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana

Recent studies have shown various metabolic and transcriptomic interactions between sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) in plants. However, most studies have focused on the effects of phosphate (Pi) availability and P signaling pathways on S homeostasis, whereas the effects of S availability on P homeostasis remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the interactions between S and P from the perspective of S availability. We investigated the effects of S availability on Pi uptake, transport, and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under sulfur sufficiency (+S) and deficiency (−S). Total P in shoots was significantly increased under −S owing to higher Pi accumulation. This accumulation was facilitated by increased Pi uptake under −S. In addition, −S increased root-to-shoot Pi transport, which was indicated by the increased Pi levels in xylem sap under −S. The −S-increased Pi level in the xylem sap was diminished in the disruption lines of PHT1;9 and PHO1, which are involved in root-to-shoot Pi transport. Our findings indicate a new aspect of the interaction between S and P by listing the increased Pi accumulation as part of −S responses and by highlighting the effects of −S on Pi uptake, transport, and homeostasis.
Estimating geographic subjective well-being from Twitter: A comparison of dictionary and data-driven language methods

Significance Spatial aggregation of Twitter language may make it possible to monitor the subjective well-being of populations on a large scale. Text analysis methods need to yield robust estimates to be dependable. On the one hand, we find that data-driven machine learning-based methods offer accurate and robust measurements of regional well-being across the United States when evaluated against gold-standard Gallup survey measures. On the other hand, we find that standard English word-level methods (such as Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015’s Positive emotion dictionary and Language Assessment by Mechanical Turk) can yield estimates of county well-being inversely correlated with survey estimates, due to regional cultural and socioeconomic differences in language use. Some of the most frequent misleading words can be removed to improve the accuracy of these word-level methods. Researchers and policy makers worldwide are interested in measuring the subjective well-being of populations. When users post on social media, they leave behind digital traces that reflect their thoughts and feelings. Aggregation of such digital traces may make it possible to monitor well-being at large scale. However, social media-based methods need to be robust to regional effects if they are to produce reliable estimates. Using a sample of 1.53 billion geotagged English tweets, we provide a systematic evaluation of word-level and data-driven methods for text analysis for generating well-being estimates for 1,208 US counties. We compared Twitter-based county-level estimates with well-being measurements provided by the Gallup-Sharecare Well-Being Index survey through 1.73 million phone surveys. We find that word-level methods (e.g., Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count [LIWC] 2015 and Language Assessment by Mechanical Turk [LabMT]) yielded inconsistent county-level well-being measurements due to regional, cultural, and socioeconomic differences in language use. However, removing as few as three of the most frequent words led to notable improvements in well-being prediction. Data-driven methods provided robust estimates, approximating the Gallup data at up to r = 0.64. We show that the findings generalized to county socioeconomic and health outcomes and were robust when poststratifying the samples to be more representative of the general US population. Regional well-being estimation from social media data seems to be robust when supervised data-driven methods are used.
Performance in Collegiate-Level Baseball Players After Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction

Background: The increase in ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) elbow reconstructions over the past 20 years has affected younger athletes more than any other age group. Although return to play and postoperative performance have been extensively studied in professional baseball players, outcomes in collegiate baseball players are less known. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to characterize return to play and changes in performance after UCL reconstruction (UCLR) in collegiate baseball players. We hypothesized that collegiate baseball players would have similar return-to-play rates compared with professional athletes and no significant differences in performance compared with matched controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Collegiate athletes undergoing UCLR by a single surgeon were identified. Postoperatively, individual collegiate career paths were analyzed through use of publicly available data from team websites, injury reports, and press releases. Data obtained included time to return to competition, number of collegiate seasons played after surgery, total games started and played, seasonal wins, losses, saves, innings played, hits, earned run average (ERA), home runs, shutouts, strikeouts, walks, and walks plus hit per inning pitched (WHIP). The UCLR group was compared with a matched control group of collegiate pitchers without elbow injury. Results: Of the 58 collegiate baseball players analyzed (mean ± SD age, 19.95 ± 1.19 years), 84.5% returned to play at the collegiate level. Players returned to competition at 16.98 ± 6.16 months postoperatively and competed for 1.60 ± 0.84 seasons postoperatively. In terms of career longevity, 81.0% of collegiate pitchers either completed their collegiate eligibility or remained on active rosters, and 2 players (4.1%) ultimately played at the professional level after UCLR. Compared with a matched cohort, the UCLR group had no significant differences in collegiate pitching performance statistics after surgery. Conclusion: College baseball players returned to play at a rate comparable with the rate published in prior literature on professional pitchers and often completed their collegiate playing eligibility postoperatively. Compared with controls, the UCLR group had no statistically significant differences in pitching performance postoperatively. Further studies are needed to determine the exact reasons why college players retire despite having endured extensive surgical and postoperative rehabilitation processes related to UCLR. Younger populations are experiencing elbow injuries at an increasing rate secondary to increased workloads at the amateur level. As these athletes matriculate into the collegiate ranks, they are at continued risk of sustaining UCL injury, and little explicit information is available on their prospects of return to play and career longevity after UCLR.
An Improved Classification Model for Depression Detection Using EEG and Eye Tracking Data

At present, depression has become a main health burden in the world. However, there are many problems with the diagnosis of depression, such as low patient cooperation, subjective bias and low accuracy. Therefore, reliable and objective evaluation method is needed to achieve effective depression detection. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye movements (EMs) data have been widely used for depression detection due to their advantages of easy recording and non-invasion. This research proposes a content based ensemble method (CBEM) to promote the depression detection accuracy, both static and dynamic CBEM were discussed. In the proposed model, EEG or EMs dataset was divided into subsets by the context of the experiments, and then a majority vote strategy was used to determine the subjects’ label. The validation of the method is testified on two datasets which included free viewing eye tracking and resting-state EEG, and these two datasets have 36,34 subjects respectively. For these two datasets, CBEM achieves accuracies of 82.5% and 92.65% respectively. The results show that CBEM outperforms traditional classification methods. Our findings provide an effective solution for promoting the accuracy of depression identification, and provide an effective method for identificationof depression, which in the future could be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of depression.