Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards a Unified Notation of Source Parameters

Summary The displacement field for body waves, surface waves, static deformations and free oscillations are examined in a unified algebraic treatment relating it to the parameters of various source mechanisms. By using a convenient notation of the source parameters θ, δ, γ (representing the strike angle, dip angle and slip angle, respectively), handling of the algebraic expressions becomes simplified. It is shown that the ambiguity between the fault plane and the auxiliary plane exists for all the above-mentioned fields. The various conventions for expressing the parameters and by different authors are also related so that the method may be useful to all.
Gender Differences in Remote Learning amid COVID-19: Disruptive Peers and Self-Control

A shift to remote and blended learning following pandemic-induced school closures changed the nature of the learning environment for students, leading to changes in the relative importance of educational inputs and their impacts on student outcomes. Further, concerns have been raised that the pandemic may have exacerbated pre-existent achievement gaps by race/ethnicity, gender, and socio-economic status. In this paper, I explore another dimension of achievement growth differences during the pandemic, student gender. I employ the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and Two-Stage Least Squares methods to examine how changes in exposure to disruptive peers and gender-based differences in self-control due to the pandemic-induced remote learning impacted student learning trajectories. Analyses during pre-pandemic in-person instruction indicate that being exposed to historically disruptive peers and a lack of personal self-control negatively affect student achievement and that boys are disproportionately negatively impacted by lacking self-control, compared to girls. The two mechanisms continue to be significant determinants of student achievement over the course of the pandemic, where differences in students’ pre-pandemic self-control explain a moderate share of the observed gender achievement gaps. Also, results indicate that during blended remote learning, where students received a mix of in-person and virtual instruction, math achievement gaps widened for those who remained remote whereas there were no significant gaps for those returned to school.
Slow uptake of 32P over a barrier reef flat

A double-label experiment with 32P and 3H was conducted over a reef flat dominated by algae in the Indian Ocean. Very little 32P was removed relative to 3H, demonstrating relatively slow exchange of P between the benthos and the water column. The best estimate of the constant of proportionality (k) between the rate of respiration-normalized P uptake (P*/R*) and concentration of P ([PI) was 9.2 liters (mmol 0,)--l, about the same value reported for two other reef flats.
The conditions of metamorphism of a grossular—wollastonite vesuvianite skarn from the omey Granite, Connemara, western Ireland, with special reference to the chemistry of vesuvianite

Abstract The Fountain Hill skarn, which was produced by thermal metamorphism of impure limestone in the Omey Granite aureole, consists of wollastonite, calcite, grossular-andradite garnet, diopside, B-free vesuvianite and small amounts of albite, K-feldspar and quartz. Zoning in vesuvianite is, overall, independent of birefringence but oscillatory concentric zoning in the mineral is controlled mainly by Ti. In addition to extensive within-site substitutions (e.g. F for OH in the OH-sites, Fe2+ for Mg, Fe3+ for Al, Ti for Al etc. in the Y-sites), there are significant cross-site combined substitutions involving Y-X and Y-Z but not X-Z sites so that ideal solution models for this mineral are not applicable. The thermodynamic mole fraction of Hoisch (1985) is modified to account for the excess of the ΣY cations in the Y sites and can be applied to both B-bearing and B-free vesuvianites. Using the thermodynamic dataset of Holland and Powell (1990) and taking into account the existence of andalusite, sillimanite and corundum in associated pelites, leads to the conclusion that the metamorphic conditions were about 640±20°C and 3.3±0.3 kb at 0.15±0.05 XCO₂.
Microbial biomineralization processes forming modern Ca:Mg carbonate stromatolites

Modern Ca:Mg carbonate stromatolites form in association with the microbial mat in the hypersaline coastal lagoon, Lagoa Vermelha (Brazil). The stromatolites, although showing diversified fabrics characterized by thin or crude lamination and/or thrombolitic clotting, exhibit a pervasive peloidal microfabric. The peloidal texture consists of dark, micritic aggregates of very high‐Mg calcite and/or Ca dolomite formed by an iso‐oriented assemblage of sub‐micron trigonal polyhedrons and organic matter. Limpid acicular crystals of aragonite arranged in spherulites surround these aggregates. Unlike the aragonite crystals, organic matter is present consistently in the dark, micritic carbonate comprising the peloids. This organic matter is observed as sub‐micron flat and filamentous mucus‐like structures inside the interspaces of the high‐Mg calcite and Ca dolomite crystals and is interpreted as the remains of degraded extracellular polymeric substances. Moreover, many fossilized bacterial cells are associated strictly with both carbonate phases. These cells consist mainly of 0·2 to 4 μm in diameter, sub‐spherical, rod‐like and filamentous forms, isolated or in colony‐like clusters. The co‐existence of fossil extracellular polymeric substances and bacterial bodies, associated with the polyhedrons of Ca:Mg carbonate, implies that the organic matter and microbial metabolism played a fundamental role in the precipitation of the minerals that form the peloids. By contrast, the lack of extracellular polymeric substances in the aragonitic phase indicates an additional precipitation mechanism. The complex processes that induce mineral precipitation in the modern Lagoa Vermelha microbial mat appear to be recorded in the studied lithified stromatolites. Sub‐micron polyhedral crystal formation of high‐Mg calcite and/or Ca dolomite results from the coalescence of carbonate nanoglobules around degraded organic matter nuclei. Sub‐micron polyhedral crystals aggregate to form larger ovoidal crystals that constitute peloids. Subsequent precipitation of aragonitic spherulites around peloids occurs as micro‐environmental water conditions around the peloids change.
Avian-Inspired Claws Enable Robot Perching or Walking

Multimodal UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are rarely capable of more than two modalities, i.e., flying and walking or flying and perching. However, being able to fly, perch, and walk could further improve their usefulness by expanding their operating envelope. For instance, an aerial robot could fly a long distance, perch in a high place to survey the surroundings, then walk to avoid obstacles that could potentially inhibit flight. Birds are capable of these three tasks, and so offer a practical example of how a robot might be developed to do the same. In this paper, we present a specialized avian-inspired claw design to enable UAVs to perch passively or walk. The key innovation is the combination of a Hoberman linkage leg with Fin Ray claw that uses the weight of the UAV to wrap the claw around a perch, or hyperextend it in the opposite direction to form a curved-up shape for stable terrestrial locomotion. Because the design uses the weight of the vehicle, the underactuated design is lightweight and low power. With the inclusion of talons, the 45g claws are capable of holding a 700g UAV to an almost 20-degree angle on a perch. In scenarios where cluttered environments impede flight and long mission times are required, such a combination of flying, perching, and walking is critical.
Compression of binary sound sequences in human working memory

1Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France 2Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China 3Collège de France, Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
Rapid weathering in Holbrook: An iron‐57 Mössbauer spectroscopy study

Abstract— Samples of Holbrook (an L6 chondrite that fell in Arizona in 1912) were analysed by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the proportion of the total Fe that had been converted to Fe3+ by weathering processes. Although samples recovered in 1912 showed negligible (<1%) alteration, a spectrum recorded from a specimen recovered in 1968 showed that 9.7% of the total Fe was present as Fe3+. Given the existence of samples in similar semiarid environments with terrestrial ages >40 ka, a linear rate of weathering is unrealistic, rapidly producing very high levels of oxidation in samples with low terrestrial ages. However if weathering follows an approximate power law, then we can model a rapid initial phase and the levels of oxidation that are more typical in samples with much longer terrestrial residence times recovered from Roosevelt County. Our analysis, together with work on terrestrial age dated samples, indicates that hot desert weathering of ordinary chondrites is at least a two‐stage process, with an initial rapid phase lasting <500 years before oxidation is passivated.
Mapping seaweed forests with IKONOS image based on bottom surface reflectance

Seaweed forests are important habitats for many fishery species. However, decrease in seaweed forests is reported in all over Japan. Mapping and monitoring seaweed forest distribution is necessary for understanding their present status and taking measures for their conservation. Since traditional diving visual observation is not efficient for large scale mapping, alternative method is required. Although satellite remote sensing is one of the noteworthy methods, only a few studies have been conducted probably due to two main problems about mapping seaweed forests by remote sensing. The first one is a difficulty to collect field truth data. The second one is a light attenuation effect in water column which makes analysis more difficult. We applied an efficient method to overcome these two problems. We selected the seaweed beds off Shimoda in Izu Peninsula, Japan, as a study area. An IKONOS satellite image was used for analysis because its high spatial and radiometric resolutions are practical for seaweed mapping. We measured spectral reflectance profiles of seaweed and substrates in the study area. The result revealed effective wavelength bands for distinguishing seaweeds from other substrates. Truth data for satellite image analysis and evaluation were collected in the field using the boat and an aquatic video camera. This method allowed us to collect many truth data in short time. Satellite image analysis was conducted using radiometric correction for water column and maximum likelihood classification. The overall accuracy using error matrix reached 97.9%. The results indicate usefulness of the method for seaweed forest mapping.
Late Holocene climate oscillations and solar fluctuations from speleothem STAL‐AH‐1, Sauerland, Germany: A numerical perspective

Initial 14C activity in a late Holocene stalagmite (a14Cstal) from Attahöhle (Sauerland, Germany) varies synchronously with atmospheric 14C activity (a14Catm). This observation provides independent chronological support for the correlation between a solar forcing proxy (atmospheric 14C production rate, a14Cprod) and a climate proxy (δ18Ostal) in this stalagmite, and eliminates the need to ‘tune’ the chronology. Monte Carlo randomizations in which 100,000 synthetic δ18Ostal datasets were generated indicate that the correlation between a14Cprod and δ18Ostal is statistically robust. The absence of a significant time lag between a14Cprod and δ18Ostal implies rapid climate response at this site to variations in solar output. Positively correlated a14Cprod‐δ18Ostal indicates drier winter conditions during late Holocene solar minima. This supports atmospheric amplification models that predict reduced NAO indices during solar minima if kinetic enrichment of δ18O during dry phases outweighs the reduction of δ18O in rainfall that results from lower air temperatures during negative NAO phases.
Investigating the Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Effect of Trazodone Regarding Behavioral Recovery in a BL6C57 Mice Stroke Model

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Between 1990 and 2010, its global burden increased notably with reference to the absolute number of incident events, number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years lost. Trazodone is a triazolopyridine derivative that was approved for more than 40 years as monotherapy or in combination with other antidepressant drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adult patients. The aim was investigated if trazodone can improve behavioural outcome after stroke in a mice model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) due to the potential neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects by using three behavioural tests: adhesive tape test, beam test and hole board test. Trazodone administration show modest improvements regarding the motor-sensorial function after stroke especially in the acute post-stroke phase in aged and young animals. The antidepressant effect of the drug was observed in the post-stroke period in aged animals and to a lesser extent in young animals. Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of trazodone at the cellular level to be sure that it has no benefit in stroke patients who do not suffer from depression.
MTa1 promotes proliferation and invasion in human gastric cancer cells

: Although metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) has been widely li nked to tumor metastasis, the relevant mechanisms remain to be elucidated, especially in gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to examine whether the MTA1 gene is associated with the process of proliferation and invasion by regulating several molecular targets in gastric cancer. MTA1 expression in 61 gastric cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of MTA1 for overall survival and disease-free survival was determined by Kaplan–Meier estimates, and the significance of differences between curves was evaluated by the log-rank test. Furthermore, overexpression of MTA1 in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells promoted cell cycle progression, cell adhesion, and cell invasion. Our study found that MTA1 is overexpressed in gastric cancers, which contributes to malignant cell growth by facilitating cell cycle progression through upregulation of cyclin D1 and accelerates the migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells by regulating expression of fibronectin and MMP2/MMP9. Taken together, MTA1 was involved in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and might be a candidate therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
Retracted: Comparison of Two Stump Closure Techniques in Laparoscopic Appendicectomy: A Single-Centre Prospective Cohort Study

was 3.1 ± 0.8 days in the ENDOLOOP® group (p = 0.986). The material cost for the stump ligation with Hem-o-lok® was Rs. 310 ± Rs. 76 while that using ENDOLOOP ® was Rs. 630 ± Rs. 118 (p < 0.001). In the Hem-o-lok ® subset of patients, the mean direct expenses of laparoscopic appendicectomy were considerably lower. During the 12-week follow-up period, none of the patients had any post-operative complications.
Mir-126 regulates proliferation and invasion in the bladder cancer Bls cell line by targeting the PIK3R2 -mediated Pi3K/akt signaling pathway

Objective: To assess whether microRNA-126 (miR-126) targets phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta ( PIK3R2 ) and to determine the potential roles of miR-126 in regulating proliferation and invasion via the PIK3R2 -mediated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in the human bladder BLS cell line. Materials and methods: A recombinant lentivirus (Lv) and metastasis were significantly increased, and cell apoptosis was decreased compared with the PIK3R2 siRNA group (all P , 0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-126 negatively regulated the target gene PIK3R2 and further inhibited the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoting apoptosis in BLS cells.
Long Non-Coding RNA AGAP2-AS1/miR-628-5p/ PTN Axis Modulates Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Apoptosis of Glioma Cells

Purpose: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in a variety of cancers, including glioma. However, the exact role and underlying mechanism of lncRNA AGAP2 antisense RNA 1 (AGAP2-AS1) in glioma have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: The expression levels of AGAP2-AS1, microRNA-628-5p (miR-628-5p) and pleiotrophin (PTN) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, ﬂ ow cytometry, transwell assay, respectively. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein level of PTN. The interaction between miR-628-5p and AGAP2-AS1 or PTN was predicted by bioinformatics software and con ﬁ rmed by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Murine xenograft model was estab-lished to con ﬁ rm the role of AGAP2-AS1 in glioma progression in vivo. Results: AGAP2-AS1 expression was upregulated in glioma tissues and cells. Knockdown of AGAP2-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, but facilitated apoptosis in glioma cells. Moreover, AGAP2-AS1 could directly bind to miR-628-5p and its overexpression reversed the anti-tumor effect of miR-628-5p restoration on the progression of glioma cells. In addition, miR-628-5p directly targeted PTN and its inhibition abolished the inhibitory effect of PTN knockdown on the progression of glioma cells. Furthermore, AGAP2-AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-628-5p to modulate PTN expression. Besides, AGAP2-AS1 depletion reduced tumor growth by upregulating miR-628-5p and downregulating PTN. Conclusion: AGAP2-AS1 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion but promoted cell apoptosis in glioma cells by regulating miR-628-5p/PTN axis, providing novel avenues for treatment of glioma. play essential roles in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers and without protein-coding ability.
Gully erosion: processes and models

Confusing and sometimes contradictory results and reports have led to a sizeable body of literature on, but unfortunately not to a clear understanding of, gully erosion processes. In the following review, relevant concepts on gully erosion are summarized. Their implications for gully erosion modelling are presented along with some recommendations for future research.
Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on weaning success in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation: a meta‐analysis

Background Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) has been proposed to shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation in intubated patients, especially those who fail initial weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). However, there are also some discrepancies in terms of weaning success or failure, incidence of re‐intubation, complications observed during study and patient outcomes. The primary objective of this update was to specifically investigate the role of NIPPV on facilitating weaning and avoiding re‐intubation in patients intubated for different etiologies of acute respiratory failure, by comparing with conventional invasive weaning approach. Methods We searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing noninvasive weaning of early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV with invasive weaning in intubated patients from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Knowledge and Springerlink databases. Records from conference proceedings and reference lists of relevant studies were also identified. Results A total of 11 RCTs with 623 patients were available for the present analysis. Compared with IMV, NIPPV significantly increased weaning success rates (odds ratio (OR): 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46‐4.30, P=0.0009), decreased mortality (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20‐0.75, P=0.005), and reduced the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08‐0.37, P <0.00001) and complications (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07‐0.72, P=0.01). However, effect of NIPPV on re‐intubation did not reach statistical difference (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.33‐1.11, P=0.11). Conclusions Early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV is superior to conventional invasive weaning approach in increasing weaning success rates, decreasing the risk of mortality and reducing the incidence of VAP and complications, in patients who need weaning from IMV. However, it should be applied with caution, as there is insufficient beneficial evidence to definitely recommend it in terms of avoiding re‐intubation.
Vitamin D reduces falls and hip fractures in vascular Parkinsonism but not in Parkinson’s disease

Purpose: Vitamin D supplementation is suggested to reduce the risk of falls in older institutionalized or ambulatory individuals by 20%. The present study was undertaken to address the reduced risk, by vitamin D supplementation, of falls and hip fractures in patients with vascular Parkinsonism (VP) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Patients and methods: In the open-label-study, 94 elderly patients with VP and 92 age-matched patients with PD were followed for 2 years. All patients received 1200 IU ergocalciferol daily. The number of falls per person and incidence of hip fractures were compared between the two groups. Results: At baseline, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels were in the deficient range ( , 25 nmol/L) in all patients, and vitamin D treatment enhanced serum 25-OHD and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in both groups. Improved muscle strength of lower extremities was observed in both groups. There was significant difference between the two groups in the number of falls per subject during the 2 years (1.9 ± 0.5 in the PD group and 0.8 ± 0.4 in the VP group, P , 0.001). Hip fractures occurred in seven of 88 in the PD group and one in 90 of the VP group during the 2-year study period ( P = 0.035). Conclusion: It is suggested that vitamin D decreases falls and hip fractures in VP by increasing muscle strength but not in PD.
Recursive fury : Conspiracist ideation in the blogosphere in response to research on conspiracist ideation

Conspiracist ideation has been repeatedly implicated in the rejection of scientific propositions, although empirical evidence to date has been sparse. A recent study involving visitors to climate blogs found that conspiracist ideation was associated with the rejection of climate science and the rejection of other scientific propositions such as the link between lung cancer and smoking, and between HIV and AIDS (Lewandowsky, Oberauer, & Gignac, in press; LOG12 from here on). This article analyzes the response of the climate blogosphere to the publication of LOG12. We identify and trace the hypotheses that emerged in response to LOG12 and that questioned the validity of the paper’s conclusions. Using established criteria to identify conspiracist ideation, we show that many of the hypotheses exhibited conspiratorial content and counterfactual thinking. For example, whereas hypotheses were initially narrowly focused on LOG12, some ultimately grew in scope to include actors beyond the authors of LOG12, such as university executives, a media organization, and the Australian government. The overall pattern of the blogosphere’s response to LOG12 illustrates the possible role of conspiracist ideation in the rejection of science, although alternative scholarly interpretations may be advanced in the future.