Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modular reasoning in the presence of event subtyping

Separating crosscutting concerns while preserving modular reasoning is challenging. Type-based interfaces (event types) separate modularized crosscutting concerns (observers) and traditional object-oriented concerns (subjects). Event types paired with event specifications were shown to be effective in enabling modular reasoning about subjects and observers. Similar to class subtyping, organizing event types into subtyping hierarchies is beneficial. However, unrelated behaviors of observers and their arbitrary execution orders could cause unique, somewhat counterintuitive, reasoning challenges in the presence of event subtyping. These challenges threaten both tractability of reasoning and reuse of event types. This work makes three contributions. First, we pose and explain these challenges. Second, we propose an event-based calculus to show how these challenges can be overcome. Finally, we present modular reasoning rules of our technique and show its applicability to other event-based techniques.
Rooting sitka spruce from southeast Alaska.

Rooting and shoot growth characteristics of 10-, 15-, and 20-year-old Sitka spruce cuttings were studied. Twigs from three branch orders were tested with or without 5000 parts per million indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) hormone treatment. Rooting success averaged 64 percent. The effect of ortet age on rooting success was not significant. Cuttings from first-order branch positions rooted slightly better than cuttings from second-and third-order positions. Cuttings treated with the IBA hormone had slightly poorer root induction than control cuttings for all ortet age-branch order combinations, except first-order twigs from 15-and 20-year-old trees. Stecklings from 1 0-year-old ortets had greatest 1st-year shoot growth and lowest cull rate when they were transplanted and less plagiotropic growth than cuttings from 15-and 20-year-old ortets. This report describes the rooting response and the 1st-year growth of cuttings gathered from 1 0-, 15-, and 20-year-old ortets in southeast Alaska. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the rooting capacities and growth characteristics of cuttings from trees of three precommercial thinning ages. Cuttings from three different branch orders were tested with and without the IBA rooting hormone.
11 The Influence of Race on Eyewitness Memory

One Sunday morning in May of 2000, a 15-year-old Black youth named Brenton Butler was walking to a video store to apply for a job when he was picked up by police as a possible suspect in a brutal murder that had occurred earlier that morning. Taken back to the motel where the murder had taken place, Butler was positively identified by the murder victim’s husband, James Stevens, who had observed the murder from close range just two and a half hours earlier. Although he had described the murderer as 20 to 25 years old, Stevens identified Butler as the man who had demanded his wife’s purse and then shot her. When asked if he was certain about his identification, he remarked that he “wouldn’t send an innocent man to jail”—yet subsequent events showed that this is precisely what happened (Hattenstone, 2002; Schoettler & Treen, 2000; Schoettler & Pinkham, 2002). The misidentification and subsequent confession that was coerced from Butler were later portrayed in an Academy Award–winning documentary titled Murder on a Sunday Morning. Unfortunately, incidents such as this, where an innocent person is arrested or incarcerated on the basis of a cross-racial identification, may be all too common in the justice system. The cross-race effect (CRE), also known as the own-race bias or other-race effect, refers to the consistent finding that adults are able to recognize individuals of their own race better than faces of another, less familiar race. Although observations involving race and face recognition have been documented since the early twentieth century (Feingold, 1914; Brigham, 2002), the past 30 years have been rich with empirical studies demonstrating
Temporal focusing‐based widefield multiphoton microscopy with spatially modulated illumination for biotissue imaging

A developed temporal focusing‐based multiphoton excitation microscope (TFMPEM) has a digital micromirror device (DMD) which is adopted not only as a blazed grating for light spatial dispersion but also for patterned illumination simultaneously. Herein, the TFMPEM has been extended to implement spatially modulated illumination at structured frequency and orientation to increase the beam coverage at the back‐focal aperture of the objective lens. The axial excitation confinement (AEC) of TFMPEM can be condensed from 3.0 μm to 1.5 μm for a 50 % improvement. By using the TFMPEM with HiLo technique as two structured illuminations at the same spatial frequency but different orientation, reconstructed biotissue images according to the condensed AEC structured illumination are shown obviously superior in contrast and better scattering suppression. Picture: TPEF images of the eosin‐stained mouse cerebellar cortex by conventional TFMPEM (left), and the TFMPEM with HiLo technique as 1.09 μm−1 spatially modulated illumination at 90° (center) and 0° (right) orientations.
Intestinal ischemia‐reperfusion injury: reversible and irreversible damage imaged in vivo

Early events in an intestinal ischemic episode have been difficult to evaluate. In vivo microscopy was used to continually report the effects of short (15 min) or long (50 min) ischemia with subsequent reperfusion (IR) on mouse jejunal epithelium. IR was imposed by an inflatable vascular occluder. Blood flow was monitored with confocal imaging. During short ischemia, villus NAD(P)H contents rapidly increased (23%; confocal autofluorescence) and the intracellular pH (BCECF) showed a biphasic response, quickly alkalinizing from 6.8+0.1 to 7.1+0.1 but then strongly acidifying to 6.3+0.1. Upon reperfusion, the pH normalized. In contrast, during long ischemia one‐third of the villus cells remained viable with reversible changes upon reperfusion, but remaining cells lost membrane integrity (Lucifer Yellow uptake) and were shed from the villus. This damage became more pronounced during reperfusion. Irreversible effects of IR mainly occurred at the anti‐mesenteric jejunal side, most likely due to incomplete restoration of blood flow upon reperfusion (stereo microscopy).
Scrambling algorithms for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in long haul coherent optical OFDM systems

Recently, Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) has been seen as a potential candidate for long haul optical transmission. It is due to OFDM technique that was proved as an effective solution for mitigating chromatic dispersion (CD) effects in optical communication systems. However, a very basic drawback of OFDM technique is large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem which requires large scale linear power amplifier and optical external modulator. The large PAPR leads to the increase of nonlinearity of optical fiber which depends on instantaneous signal power. So, the performance of CO-OFDM system is degraded. Several approaches were studied and applied in wireless communication. Among all techniques of PAPR reduction, Selected Mapping (SLM) and Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) are considered as two better methods because of their distortionless characteristics. It is also known as a kind of scrambling technique. But the efficiency of these algorithms in long haul optical communication application is still an open issue. In this paper, we study both PTS and SLM technique to reduce the influence of optics nonlinear effects. The Simulink simulation results are presented and discussed.
Incorporating feature hierarchy and boosting to achieve more effective classifier training and concept-oriented video summarization and skimming

For online medical education purposes, we have developed a novel scheme to incorporate the results of semantic video classification to select the most representative video shots for generating concept-oriented summarization and skimming of surgery education videos. First, salient objects are used as the video patterns for feature extraction to achieve a good representation of the intermediate video semantics. The salient objects are defined as the salient video compounds that can be used to characterize the most significant perceptual properties of the corresponding real world physical objects in a video, and thus the appearances of such salient objects can be used to predict the appearances of the relevant semantic video concepts in a specific video domain. Second, a novel multi-modal boosting algorithm is developed to achieve more reliable video classifier training by incorporating feature hierarchy and boosting to dramatically reduce both the training cost and the size of training samples, thus it can significantly speed up SVM (support vector machine) classifier training. In addition, the unlabeled samples are integrated to reduce the human efforts on labeling large amount of training samples. Finally, the results of semantic video classification are incorporated to enable concept-oriented video summarization and skimming. Experimental results in a specific domain of surgery education videos are provided.
FADS2 Genetic Variance in Combination with Fatty Acid Intake Might Alter Composition of the Fatty Acids in Brain

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that fatty acids (FA) play an important role in cognitive function. However, little is known about the functional genetic pathways involved in cognition. The main goals of this study were to replicate previously reported interaction effects between breast feeding (BF) and FA desaturase (FADS) genetic variation on IQ and to investigate the possible mechanisms by which these variants might moderate BF effect, focusing on brain expression. Using a sample of 534 twins, we observed a trend in the moderation of BF effects on IQ by FADS2 variation. In addition, we made use of publicly available gene expression databases from both humans (193) and mice (93) and showed that FADS2 variants also correlate with FADS1 brain expression (P-value<1.1E-03). Our results provide novel clues for the understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating FA brain expression and improve the current knowledge of the FADS moderation effect on cognition.
Cell Selection Game for Densely-Deployed Sensor and Mobile Devices In 5G Networks Integrating Heterogeneous Cells and the Internet of Things

With the rapid development of wireless networking technologies, the Internet of Things and heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs) tend to be integrated to form a promising wireless network paradigm for 5G. Hyper-dense sensor and mobile devices will be deployed under the coverage of heterogeneous cells, so that each of them could freely select any available cell covering it and compete for resource with others selecting the same cell, forming a cell selection (CS) game between these devices. Since different types of cells usually share the same portion of the spectrum, devices selecting overlapped cells can experience severe inter-cell interference (ICI). In this article, we study the CS game among a large amount of densely-deployed sensor and mobile devices for their uplink transmissions in a two-tier HCN. ICI is embedded with the traditional congestion game (TCG), forming a congestion game with ICI (CGI) and a congestion game with capacity (CGC). For the three games above, we theoretically find the circular boundaries between the devices selecting the macrocell and those selecting the picocells, indicated by the pure strategy Nash equilibria (PSNE). Meanwhile, through a number of simulations with different picocell radii and different path loss exponents, the collapse of the PSNE impacted by severe ICI (i.e., a large number of picocell devices change their CS preferences to the macrocell) is profoundly revealed, and the collapse points are identified.
Genetic basis for queen–worker dimorphism in a social insect

Eusocial insects are characterized by reproductive division of labor, cooperative brood care, and the presence of a sterile worker caste. It is generally accepted that caste determination, including the differentiation of females into sterile workers and reproductive queens, is determined by environmental factors. In contrast, we find that in the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, an individual's genotype at a particular microsatellite locus predicts its caste. We propose that this microsatellite locus is in tight linkage disequilibrium with at least one locus that plays an important role in caste determination. We call this the caste locus. We hypothesize that the system of caste determination we observe segregates the population into two distinct genetic lineages, each of which has distinct alleles at the microsatellite locus and also has distinct alleles, we propose, at caste. Workers are the offspring of parents from different lineages, and are thus heterozygous at caste, whereas queens are the offspring of parents from the same lineage, and are, therefore, homozygous at caste. This mode of caste determination has important consequences for the evolution of multiple mating by females and for control of the sex ratio and reproductive allocation in social insect colonies.
Control Robots using Red Hands: A Human-Robot Interaction System using Human Hand Motions

robot interaction is an evolving area of research in the past few years. Human-robot interaction deals with how humans can interact with, send data to, or receive data from robots. One of the major obstacles in this field is how the robot can obtain the depth information of the surrounding objects. Few years ago, Microsoft has released a depth sensor that computes the depth information using IR rays. Many researches are conducted to control robots using depth sensors, such as Microsoft Kinect and Asus Xition. Although depth sensors are considered to be low cost, it may be unavailable for many users. In this work, we develop a low- cost system for controlling robots (iRobot) with a web-cam and just red markers on the user's hands. Our system requires no extra devices or hardware or other complex technologies. Experimental results of the proposed system demonstrate good results compared to those provided by depth sensors.
Diversity of ants in citrus orchards and in a forest fragment in Southern Brazil

Abstract. The landscapes of the South and Southeast regions of Brazil are a mosaic of agroecosystems and vegetation in different stages of preservation, shapes and sizes and sizes and this changes the community structure of ants. Diversity of ants was compared in three different environments: orange orchard, lemon orchard and a forest fragment of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome, in the northwestern part of the State of Parana, Brazil by a sampling method using pit-fall traps. Both richness and diversity of the species of ants were broader in the forest fragment than in the orchards; the fauna components were distributed rather homogeneously, as shown by the indices of equitability. The proximity of the areas sampled and the orchard management could be the main reasons to explain why all the species trapped in the experiments were found at least once in the forest remnant, whereas some groups of ants were not found in the orchards. Furthermore, the species of antes which were collected from the agricultural areas were mostly generalists and less diverse, leading to a monopoly of resources by a few, more prolific species. On the contrary, the ants living in forested areas were more diverse, where fewer individuals were found per species, and these were expected to be more specialized. The establishment of citrus orchards near the forest fragments may facilitate invasion by ants, especially the opportunistic species. Diversidade de formigas em pomares citricos e em fragmento florestal no sul do Brasil Resumo . As paisagens das regioes Sul e Sudeste do Brasil sao um mosaico de agroecossistemas e vegetacao em diferentes estagios de preservacao, formas e tamanhos e isso altera a estrutura da comunidade de formigas. A diversidade de formigas foi comparada em tres ambientes diferentes: pomar de laranja, pomar de limao e fragmento florestal da Mata Atlântica brasileira, no noroeste do Estado do Parana, por meio de um metodo de amostragem utilizando armadilhas de queda pitfall . Tanto a riqueza como a diversidade das especies de formigas foram mais amplas no fragmento florestal do que nos pomares; Os componentes da fauna foram distribuidos de forma bastante homogenea, conforme demonstrado pelos indices de equitabilidade. A proximidade das areas amostradas e a gestao do pomar podem ser as principais razoes para explicar por que todas as especies capturadas nos experimentos foram encontradas pelo menos uma vez no remanescente da floresta, enquanto que alguns grupos de formigas nao foram encontrados nos pomares. Alem disso, as especies coletadas nos pomares eram na sua maioria generalistas e menos diversificadas, levando a um monopolio de recursos por algumas especies mais prolificas. Ao contrario, as formigas que viviam em areas florestadas eram mais diversas, onde menos individuos eram encontrados por especie, e esperava-se que fossem mais especializados. O estabelecimento de pomares de citros perto dos fragmentos florestais pode facilitar a invasao por formigas, especialmente as especies oportunistas.
Non-negative matrix factorization for polyphonic music transcription

We present a methodology for analyzing polyphonic musical passages comprised of notes that exhibit a harmonically fixed spectral profile (such as piano notes). Taking advantage of this unique note structure, we can model the audio content of the musical passage by a linear basis transform and use non-negative matrix decomposition methods to estimate the spectral profile and the temporal information of every note. This approach results in a very simple and compact system that is not knowledge-based, but rather learns notes by observation.
Business Intelligence from Web Usage Mining

The rapid e-commerce growth has made both business community and customers face a new situation. Due to intense competition on the one hand and the customer's option to choose from several alternatives, the business community has realized the necessity of intelligent marketing strategies and relationship management. Web usage mining attempts to discover useful knowledge from the secondary data obtained from the interactions of the users with the Web. Web usage mining has become very critical for effective Web site management, creating adaptive Web sites, business and support services, personalization, network traffic flow analysis and so on. This paper presents the important concepts of Web usage mining and its various practical applications. Further a novel approach called "intelligent-miner" (i-Miner) is presented.i-Minercould optimize the concurrent architecture of a fuzzy clustering algorithm (to discover web data clusters) and a fuzzy inference system to analyze the Web site visitor trends. A hybrid evolutionary fuzzy clustering algorithm is proposed to optimally segregate similar user interests. The clustered data is then used to analyze the trends using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system learned using a combination of evolutionary algorithm and neural network learning. Proposed approach is compared with self-organizing maps (to discover patterns) and several function approximation techniques like neural networks, linear genetic programming and Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system (to analyze the clusters). The results are graphically illustrated and the practical significance is discussed in detail. Empirical results clearly show that the proposed Web usage-mining framework is efficient.
The Generation of Multimedia Presentations

Multimedia systems—systems which employ several media such as text, graphics, animation and sound for the presentation of information—have become widely available during the last decade. The acceptance and usability of such systems is, however, substantially affected by their limited ability to present information in a ﬂexible manner. As the need for ﬂexibity grows, the manual creation of multimedia presentations becomes less and less feasible. While the automatic production of material for presentation is rarely addressed in the multimedia community, a considerable amount of research effort has been directed towards the automatic generation of natural language. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce techniques for the automatic production of multimedia presentations; these techniques draw upon lessons learned during the development of natural language generators.
Performance Characterization of the Servioticy API: An IoT-as-a-Service Data Management Platform

In the last years, Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data platforms are clearly converging in terms of technologies, problems and approaches. IoT workloads generate a vast amount of data that needs to be stored and processed, becoming a Big Data problem. IoT devices and sensors generate streams of data across a diversity of locations and protocols that in the end reach a central platform that is used to store and process these streams. Processing can be done in real time, with transformations and enrichment happening on-the-fly, but it can also happen after data is stored and organized in repositories. In the former case, stream processing technologies are required to operate on the data, in the latter analytics and queries are of common use. This paper presents a detailed characterization of the servIoTicy platform: a state-of-the-art infrastructure for hosting Internet of Things (IoT) workloads in the Cloud. It provides multi-tenant data stream processing capabilities, a REST API, data analytics, advanced queries and multi-protocol support in a combination of advanced data-centric technologies. The deployment of such a complex platform in the cloud requires a detailed understanding of all these components and tiers to allow for auto-scaling and dynamic provisioning capabilities. This paper aims to provide this initial characterization to be the basis for advanced cloud provisioning strategies and algorithms.
Pollen-inferred regional vegetation patterns and demographic change in Southern Anatolia through the Holocene

Southern Anatolia is a highly significant area within the Mediterranean, particularly in terms of understanding how agriculture moved into Europe from neighbouring regions. This study uses pollen, palaeoclimate and archaeological evidence to investigate the relationships between demography and vegetation change, and to explore how the development of agriculture varied spatially. Data from 21 fossil pollen records have been transformed into forested, parkland and open vegetation types using cluster analysis. Patterns of change have been explored using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and through analysis of indicator groups, such as an Anthropogenic Pollen Index, and Simpson’s Diversity. Settlement data, which indicate population densities, and summed radiocarbon dates for archaeological sites have been used as a proxy for demographic change. The pollen and archaeological records confirm that farming can be detected earlier in Anatolia in comparison with many other parts of the Mediterranean. Dynamics of change in grazing indicators and the OJCV (Olea, Juglans, Castanea and Vitis) index for cultivated trees appear to match cycles of population expansion and decline. Vegetation and land use change is also influenced by other factors, such as climate change. Investigating the early impacts of anthropogenic activities (e.g. woodcutting, animal herding, the use of fire and agriculture) is key to understanding how societies have modified the environment since the mid–late Holocene, despite the capacity of ecological systems to absorb recurrent disturbances. The results of this study suggest that shifting human population dynamics played an important role in shaping land cover in central and southern Anatolia.