Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Efficacy of Primary School Teachers in Mathematics Teaching: A Comparative Research on Teacher Training Program Products.

This research aims at comparing the self-efficacy of primary school (SD, Sekolah Dasar) teachers who had taken teacher training program (PPG, Program Pelatihan Guru) on Mathematics teaching and vice versa in which it was seen from the personal belief subfactors in teaching Mathematics and the expectation of mathematics teaching outcomes. This research employed quantitative approach with comparative research design. In addition, the samples were 198 alumni of Primary School Education Program at one of the universities that held PPG in Indonesia. The data analysis was processed by SPSS version 23. Based on the calculation of T-test result, it has been indicated that there were no significant self-efficacy differences between primary school teachers who had taken PPG on mathematics teaching and vice versa. Therefore, the results of this research concluded that self-efficacy was an important variable in a pedagogical competence as it could influence the way teachers managed the classroom in order to attain maximum students’ achievement.
A bibliometric overview of transformational leadership: Performance relationship

Previous research highlighted undoubtedly positive impact of transformational leadership on a wide range of performance, including its follower, individual and organizational levels. However, the focus to date has mainly been on the concept’s empirical underpinnings and, hence, the purpose of this study is to present and clarify the intellectual structure of transformational leadership – performance relationship studies. Building on the bibliometric analysis, we have provided the information on publishing trends, the most prolific countries and authors that shape this relationship, whereas term analysis provides a taxonomy for ongoing and recommended upcoming research in the field. The results showed a) the field is under a surprisingly strong influence of a diversified research context along with the focus on the well-recognized and expected Anglo-American region; b) there are five clusters which have been recognized as representatives of the field; c) scarcity of research into sales and managerial performance has been identified which indicates that there is a considerable potential for wide-ranging research in fields of marketing and management in general. In the context of contribution, this study provides a reference to researchers entering this field, as well as guidance for future research.
A comparison of soil extraction procedures for 31P NMR spectroscopy

The effect of extractants on phosphorus determination by 31 P NMR spectroscopy was examined using five forest floor samples. The extractants used were: 0.25 M NaOH, 1:6 soil to Chelex in water, 1:6 soil to Chelex in 0.25 M NaOH, and a 1:1 mix of 0.5 M NaOH and O.1 M EDTA. The broadest peaks were produced by the NaOH + EDTA extraction. However, NaOH + EDTA extracts contained the highest percentage of total phosphorus and the greatest diversity of P forms. These extracts were the only ones to show peaks for polyphosphates. Metals analysis indicated that NaOH + EDTA maintained Mn in solution, which seemed to be responsible for the line broadening. The sharpest peaks, with the best separation, were produced with Chelex + NaOH, and these were improved further by increasing the pH with NaOH prior to NMR analysis. Chelex + NaOH extracted 23 to 35% of the total soil P, Chelex in water extracted 10 to 13%, NaOH alone extracted 22 to 34%, and NaOH + EDTA extracted 71 to 90%. This work suggests that, because the extractant used will affect the P forms, care must be taken when interpreting studies of P cycling in soils using 31 P NMR spectroscopy and when comparing studies using different extractants.
SURVEY DETECTION OF TRACE HEAVY METALS IN POTATO CHIPS AND ICE CREAM FROM ASSIUT GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

A total of 243 samples of potato chips (135 samples) and ice cream (108 samples) were collected from different regions and brands in Assiut Governorate Egypt during May to July, 2011. Iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, cadmium, selenium and arsenic were determined in samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed no significant differences (P≤0.01) among regions in most ice cream and potato chips samples. The mean concentration of Lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic (potato chips) and nickel (ice cream) were exceeded than the legal limits established by the Egyptian and Codex standards.
Electron Delocalization and the Fermi Hole

The delocalization of electrons is controlled by the Pauli exclusion principle through a corresponding delocalization of the density of the Fermi hole for electrons of given spin. It is proposed that the spatial distribution of the Fermi-hole density be used to provide a common, quantitative basis for the concept of electron delocalization, as it is used throughout chemistry. To this end, the following correspondences are made: The atomic patterns of delocalization of the Fermi hole recover the resonance structures corresponding to different possible spin-pairings and their relative importance, in terms of both energy and reactivity. The π-electron density of benzene distorted into a Kekule-like structure is shown to be less delocalized than in the symmetrical structure. The effects of a hetero ring atom and of substituents on the delocalization of the π-electrons in benzene are quantified. To illustrate the range of phenomena that are determined by the delocalization of the Fermi-hole, it is shown that .
Effect of reactor residence time distribution on the size distribution of polymer particles made with heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta and supported metallocene catalysts. A generic mathematical model

A generic mathematical model for analyzing the effect of ideal and non-ideal reactor residence time distributions on the size distribution of polymer particles produced with heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta and supported metallocene catalysts was developed. It was shown that the residence time distribution in polymerization reactors can have a significant effect on the size distribution of polymer particles and this can lead to imperfect replication of the catalyst particle size distribution.
Characteristics and Control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolates in Behera Governorate, Egypt

ight isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered from guava and banana fruits showed anthracnose symptoms collected from different orchards in Behera Governorate. Isolates were characterized according to types of colony colour, colony diameter, conidium shape and size, appressorium shape and size and the effect of different temperature degrees on isolates radial growth. The isolates showed mostly gray colony phenotype while the olive-gray and the dark-gray phenotypes were also existed in four out of the investigated eight isolates. Diameter of the developed colonies ranged between 80 and 85 mm. Conidia of the developed eight isolates were mostly monomorphic and exhibited cylindrical, hyaline conidia with size ranged between 14.5 and 19.1 µm for length and 4.4 and 6.5 µm for width. Clavate appressoria were recorded in all isolates. Irregular appressoria were also recorded accompanied with the clavate ones in five of the eight investigated isolates. The optimal temperature for radial growth was 25°C with rate of 8.0 - 8.37 cm, five days after inoculation. All isolates were pathogenic on different host species Guava cv. Balady, Apple cv. Golden Delicious, Banana cvs. Balady and Grantidin, Mango cv. Ewasy and Pepper cv. Balady. Apple fruits were the most susceptible for the infection by C. gloeosporioides isolates while pepper was the most tolerant for the infection. Moreover RAPD-PCR analysis using five random oligonucleotide primers revealed DNA fingerprints and considerable variations were revealed with primers tested. However, the RAPD-PCR phylogenetic analysis did not reveal known genetic entities for isolates from each guava and banana, since it did revealed two clusters for the highly virulent isolates and the moderately virulent isolates in the dendrogram of the tested C. gloeosporioides isolates. Anthracnose control of fruits by chitosan as a natural product was tested. The in vitro 2.5 % chitosan application significantly inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides isolates tested by 96.6 % on agar plates. The in vivo tests on fruits of different species, i.e. banana, mango, apple and guava confirmed the in vitro results. The chitosan treatment to artificially infected fruits reduced the development of symptoms, at the different chitosan concentrations, i.e. 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%. The 2.5% chitosan was the most affective concentration for anthracnose control in the different fruit species. The study supported the view that chitosan offers a safe alternative to synthetic fungicides in postharvest anthracnose diseases control and could be considered as a potential agrochemical of low environment impact.
Facebook and its uses and gratifications: a study of Palestinian students at a Public University in Malaysia / Bader Alakklouk and Aida Mokhtar.

This study explores the uses and gratifications theory on the use of Facebook among Palestinian students at a public university in Malaysia. The theory posits that individuals actively choose media channels or media content to satisfy their needs. In-depth interviews were conducted among 12 heavy users of facebook. These participants comprise Palestinian students of a public university in Malaysia. As it is, Facebook is a convenient platform to express ideas and opinions on the Palestine crisis making it popular amongst Palestinian users particularly with the PalestineIsrael conflict that is taking place now in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jerusalem. The findings of the study identify the needs gratified by Facebook: connecting, source of news and information, freedom of expression, entertainment and academic purposes. The reasons why Facebook gratifies the public university’s Palestinian students’ needs is because Facebook is perceived as a convenient platform, is a famous social networking site (SNS), provides entertainment and allows the freedom of expression. The participants pointed out three improvements that are required from Facebook: improving the privacy of users, cutting advertisements and allowing more freedom of expression.
Interaction of ultrathin nickel oxide films with single‐crystal zirconia and alumina surfaces

The behaviour upon thermal annealing of ultrathin nickel oxide films formed on yttria‐stabilized ZrO2(100) (YSZ) and α‐Al2O3(0001) (sapphire) by in situ oxidizing vapour‐deposited Ni films of 0.2–5 ML thickness, was investigated by XPS/x‐ray‐induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). The sapphire substrate was also used following room‐temperature argon ion sputtering to create a defective surface. Heating the nickel oxide films in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) leads to decomposition in a temperature range strongly dependent on the substrate. On YSZ, the oxide decomposes towards metallic Ni at ∼200 K lower temperature compared with sapphire, where the decomposition temperature is close to the estimated thermodynamic stability limit for nickel oxide in the UHV chamber (∼900 K). This result supports the previously conjectured substrate‐mediated nickel oxide decomposition on YSZ. Furthermore, upon oxide decomposition on sapphire, a chemical interaction with the substrate is evidenced, especially by XAES. This interaction, which appears to exist already at 580 K on the sputtered sapphire substrate, is attributed to the formation of an NiAl2O4 spinel‐like interfacial compound. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CO2 methanation property of Ru nanoparticle-loaded TiO2 prepared by a polygonal barrel-sputtering method

Highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles loaded on a TiO2 support (Ru/TiO2(B)), which affects the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH4 (methanation), were prepared by employing a “dry” modification method using a barrel-sputtering instrument. The loaded Ru nanoparticles exhibited a narrow particle-size distribution with a mean diameter of ca. 2.5 nm. Methanation of CO2 on the Ru/TiO2(B) catalyst produced a 100% yield at ca. 160 °C, which is more than 200 °C below that required for Ru/TiO2 prepared by a conventional “wet” impregnation method. In addition, the methanation reaction over Ru/TiO2(B) proceeded at temperatures as low as room temperature with a reaction rate of 0.04 µmol min−1 g−1.
Computer simulation of ion recombination in irradiated nonpolar liquids

A review of the results of computer simulation of the diffusion controlled recombination of ions is presented. The ions generated in clusters of two and three pairs of oppositely charged ions were considered. The recombination kinetics and the ion escape probability at infinite time with and without external electric field have been computed. These results are compared with the calculations based on the single-pair theory.
Femtosecond hot‐carrier energy relaxation in GaAs

Excited carrier dynamics in GaAs and Al0.2Ga0. 8As are investigated using femtosecond pump and continuum probe techniques. We observe absorption spectral hole burning arising from excited carriers generated by transitions from the split‐off band as well as the heavy‐ and light‐hole bands. Transient absorption saturation measurements indicate that the initial nonthermal carrier distribution thermalizes on a time scale of several tens of femtoseconds.
Improved simulation of liquid water by molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics calculations on a classical model for liquid water have been carried out at mass density 1 g/cm3 and at four temperatures. The effective pair potential employed is based on a four‐charge model for each molecule and represents a modification of the prior ``BNS'' interaction. Results for molecular structure and thermodynamic properties indicate that the modification improves the fidelity of the molecular dynamics simulation. In particular, the present version leads to a density maximum near 27°C for the liquid in coexistence with its vapor and to molecular distribution functions in better agreement with x‐ray scattering experiments.
Sensory properties of kishk: comparison of products containing bovine and caprine milk

There is growing consumer interest in fermented milk and in products containing fermented milk because of their nutritional value and healthy image. Kishk, a traditional product of Middle Eastern origin, has been examined with a view to developing its potential for a wider market. Kishk is traditionally made from a dough, containing yogurt, parboiled cracked wheat and salt, which is sun dried then ground to a flour. The flour may be consumed in a variety of ways, but one popular use is in the preparation of a hot, porridge like gruel. This paper describes the sensory profiles of gruel made from 15 samples of kishk and compares them with those of two traditional Scottish oatmeal porridges. Substantial differences were noted between kishk and the oat based products. In addition, there was evidence that the origin of the fermented milk component of the kishk was important. Kishk made from fermented caprine milk was clearly distinguished from that made with yogurt of bovine origin. It was noted that many of the kishk samples were rated highly for bitterness and for cardboard character. Such attributes are believed to be disliked by consumers in the United Kingdom.
Fate of a Mercuric-Mercurous Chloride Fungicide Added to Turfgrass 1

The behavior of a mercurous-mercuric chloride fungicide (Caloclor) added to turfgrass and bare soil was investigated. From 44 to 56% of the total Hg added to a turfgrass surface was lost in 57 days. Plant uptake and removal upon cutting did not account for these losses which were attributed to volatilization of metallic Hg formed in the turfgrass-soil system. Where additions were made in the turfgrass root zone, loss was reduced and redistribution of Hg in the soil followed a pattern in qualitative agreement with metallic Hg formation and redistribution. Verification of volatilization from bare soil surfaces was made.
Nitrogen leaching losses from lysimeters containing winter kale: the effects of urinary N rate and DCD application

Nitrogen (N) leached from the plant-soil system is an environmental concern. The objective of this study was to quantify N leaching losses from cow urine deposited during grazing of a winter forage crop (kale), and determine the effect of using the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) to reduce N leaching losses. Fresh cow urine was applied to the surface of large soil monolith lysimeters in late June 2011 at two urinary N deposition rates; 500 and 700 kg N ha−1 (with and without DCD), and compared with losses from lysimeters receiving no urine. Most of the N leaching loss was in the form of nitrate-N (NO3–-N), with an average of 25% leached as ammonium-N (NH4 +-N). Nitrate-N leaching losses were significantly higher under urine-treated lysimeters (213 and 380 kg NO3–-N ha−1 at the 500 and 700 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively) than those without urine (c. 33 kg NO3–-N ha−1). The application of DCD reduced NO3–-N leaching losses by up to 54%. The results indicate that N leaching losses from winter forage crop systems are high and that the application of DCD can reduce these losses.
Gaussian deconvolution: a useful method for a form‐free modeling of scattering data from mono‐ and multilayered planar systems

A new method for analysis of scattering data from lamellar bilayer systems is presented. The method employs a form-free description of the cross-section structure of the bilayer and the fit is performed directly to the scattering data, introducing also a structure factor when required. The cross-section structure (electron density profile in the case of X-ray scattering) is described by a set of Gaussian functions and the technique is termed Gaussian deconvolution. The coefficients of the Gaussians are optimized using a constrained least-squares routine that induces smoothness of the electron density profile. The optimization is coupled with the point-of-inflection method for determining the optimal weight of the smoothness. With the new approach, it is possible to optimize simultaneously the form factor, structure factor and several other parameters in the model. The applicability of this method is demonstrated by using it in a study of a multilamellar system composed of lecithin bilayers, where the form factor and structure factor are obtained simultaneously, and the obtained results provided new insight into this very well known system.
Experiments with mercury jets

1. Introductory . —Certain electro-chemical experiments, to be described in a subsequent communication, arose out of peculiarities which we noticed in the behaviour of a stream of mercury issuing from the lower, drawn-out, end of a vertical tube containing that liquid. The salient feature of the phenomena is the relation between the length of the continuous part of the liquid stream, called for convenience the “jet-length,” and the “head” under which the mercury is ejected. The experiments were made with orifices of diameters varying from about 0·25 mm. downwards to about 0·1 mm. It was found that the relation between the jet-length l and the head h depended appreciably upon the form of the nozzle through which the mercury escaped. For definiteness the nozzles were all constructed in the same way, namely by drawing out a piece of capillary tubing of about 1 mm. bore and severing it, as nearly as possible perpendicularly, at the centre of the constricted part. The nozzle so obtained tapered, in between 1 and 2 cm. , from the original diameter of the tube to the diameter of the orifice and was very nearly cylindrical at the point of discharge. The values of the jet-length were determined by means of a cathetometer microscope.
Flame Spread Over Combustible Surfaces for Laminar Flow Systems Part I: Excess Fuel and Heat Flux

Abstract The fire hazard of a combustible material may be ranked according to its ignition and flame spread characteristics. For chemically reacting flow systems, the spread rate assumes a special significance because the rate is usually faster than for stagnant systems. What fuel parameters significantly control the flame spread rate? In this paper, we focus our attention on the production of “excess fuel,” “excess flame length” due to burning of excess fuel, the heat fluxes to the burnt region and unburnt regions which raise the temperature of virgin surface to the gasification level, and finally the flame spread rate. In Part I, we have used integral techniques to obtain simple results for excess fuel and heat fluxes to the burning surface for buoyant, forced convection and stagnation flow systems; explicit but approximate results are provided for each parameter of interest and they are compared with numerical results and with experiment to provide a check on the present results. In Part II those resul.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere on the Compressibility of Stored Baked Goods

Whole wheat flour breads, white breads and biscuits were stored in flexible packages flushed with either air, 100% nitrogen or 100% carbon dioxide. Compressibility tests were performed during a storage time of 13 - 15 days for bread and 7 - 15 days for biscuits. Significantly lower regression coefficients (P < 0.01) were found for white and whole wheat breads and biscuits stored in carbon dioxide modified atmosphere than for the air stored samples. No significant differences were found between regression coefficients of air and nitrogen stored bread samples. Mold growth was inhibited on breads and biscuits by carbon dioxide atmosphere during 13 - 15 days of storage, but occured between the 5th and 7th day of storage on the air packaged samples.
Cation Distributions in Octahedral and Tetrahedral Sites of the Ferrimagnetic Spinel CoFe2O4

Mossbauer spectra of CoFe2O4 show that this spinel is not completely inverse and that the degree of inversion depends on the heat treatment of the material. The magnetic moments of the slowly cooled and the quenched material are 3.4 and 3.9 μB per unit chemical formula, respectively, and the Neel temperatures are 798°K and 792°K, respectively. From the width and the shape of the absorption lines of the Mossbauer spectra several magnetic hyperfine fields have been identified with different B sites and the temperature dependences of these fields have been determined. The different hyperfine fields have been attributed to 57Fe nuclei in B sites with different ratios of iron and cobalt ions in the six nearest‐neighbor A sites.
Combustion behaviour of epoxide based nanocomposites with ammonium and phosphonium bentonites

The influence of different organobentonites on the decomposition and the combustion behaviour of an epoxy resin were examined. The epoxy resin a cationically polymerised cycloliphatic epoxy resin flexibilised with poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), with hydroxyl endgroups. The bentonite was modified with either an ammonium or a phosphonium salt. The thermal decomposition of the PTHF induced by the initiator, used for the cationic polymerisation, did neither take place for the nanocomposite based on the ammonium bentonite nor for that based on the phosphonium bentonite. This improved decomposition characteristic lead to a larger time to ignition for both kinds of nanocomposites compared to the not modified polymer, which is not the case for other polymer/clay nanocomposites described in the literature. The fire behaviour was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), a horizontal burner test and a cone calorimeter. The forcer flaming conditions in the cone calorimeter were varied using different external heat fluxes between 30 and 70 kW. m -2 . The fire behaviour of the nanocomposites was improved in comparison to the polymer, and phosphonium bentonite was superior to ammonium bentonite. The main mechanism is a barrier formation resulting in a reduction of the fire growth rate, which was more pronounced in the case of high external heat fluxes.