Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Care-seeking patterns amongst suspected paediatric pneumonia deaths in rural Malawi.

Background: Pneumonia remains a leading cause of paediatric deaths. To understand contextual challenges in care pathways, we explored patterns in care-seeking amongst children who died of pneumonia in Malawi. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods analysis of verbal autopsies (VA) amongst deaths in children aged 1-59 months from 10/2011 to 06/2016 in Mchinji district, Malawi. Suspected pneumonia deaths were defined as: 1. caregiver reported cough and fast breathing in the 2-weeks prior to death; or, 2. the caregiver specifically stated the child died of pneumonia; or 3. cause of death assigned as 'acute respiratory infection' using InterVA-4. Data were extracted from free-text narratives based on domains in the 'Pathways to Survival' framework, and described using proportions. Qualitative analysis used a framework approach, with pre-specified themes. Results: We analysed 171 suspected pneumonia deaths. In total, 86% of children were taken to a healthcare facility during their final illness episode, and 44% sought care more than once. Of children who went to hospital (n=119), 70% were admitted, and 25% received oxygen. Half of the children died within a healthcare setting (43% hospital, 5% health centre and 2% private clinics), 64 (37%) at home, and 22 (13%) in transit. Challenges in delayed care, transport and quality of care (including oxygen), were reported. Conclusions: Healthcare was frequently sought for children who died of suspected pneumonia, however several missed opportunities for care were seen. Sustained investment in timely appropriate care seeking, quick transportation to hospital and improved case management at all levels of the system is needed.
Efficacy of three vegetal powders against Sitophilus granarius in stored wheat and the evaluation of their effect on grain parameters

ABSTRACT Doses of 5,10,15, 20 and 25 g of three plant powders,Atractylisgummifera rhizome (AGRP), Daphne gnidium (DGP) and Thapsiagarganica (TGP), were added to 100 g of durum wheat to study their insecticidal effect and ability to preserve the agronomic characteristics of stored grains against the attacks of Sitophilus granaries durum wheat pest overa storage period of 6 months inTiaret district. Algeria. Our results showed that AGRP and DGPcaused 100% mortality, andTGP induced 90%. LD50 and LD90 values of 7.24, 8.51, 10.71 and12.88, 15.48, 26.91 g/100 g of wheat were recorded respectively with AGRP, DGP and TGP. We observed a highly significant reduction in the number of eggs laid and offspring emergence, a decrease in weight loss and grain damage, anda high germination percentage in the treated grains. The three powders represent a promising alternative against Sitophilusgranarius.
Revising Transient-Pressure Solution for Vertical Well Intersected by a Partially Penetrating Fracture with Non-Darcy Flow Effect

The principle purpose of this work is to formulate an accurate mathematical model to evaluate the transient pressure behavior of a well intercepted by a partially penetrating vertical fracture (PPVF) with non-Darcy flow effect. Fracture conductivity is taken into account by coupling the three-dimensional flow in reservoir and the two-dimensional flow within fracture; the Barree-Conway model is incorporated into the model to analyze non-Darcy flow behavior in fracture, which leads to the nonlinearity of the governing equations. A high-effective iterative algorithm using a combined technique of fracture-panel discretization and dimension transform is developed to render the nonlinear equations amenable to analytical linear treatment. On the basis of the solutions, the pressure response and its derivative type curves were generated to identify the evolution of flow regimes with time. Furthermore, the influences of fracture conductivity, penetration ratio, and non-Darcy characteristic parameters on pressure response are investigated. The results show that PPVF exhibits five typical flow regimes, and analytical solutions for each flow regime are similar to that for a fully penetrating vertical fracture (FPVF) that can be correlated with the penetration ratio and apparent conductivity. The non-Darcy flow effect is found to have more significant effect on the low and moderate conductivity, especially in early-stage flow regimes. When the penetration ratio is smaller than 0.5, the pressure behavior exhibit a more remarkable variation with penetration ratio. This study provides a better insight into understanding the influence of non-Darcy flow on flow regime identification.
Combining rules for intermolecular potential parameters. II. Rules for the Lennard‐Jones (12–6) potential and the Morse potential

A new set of combining rules for intermolecular pair potentials of simple molecules has been formulated based on an atomic distortion model for the repulsive interactions and a geometric mean relationship for the attractive interactions. The rules are shown to be satisfactory in correlating the pair interactions of noble gas atoms when the effective pair interactions are represented by simple analytical potential functions such as the Lennard‐Jones (12–6) potential and the Morse potential.
Implications for CO2 emissions and sinks changes in western China during 1995–2008 from atmospheric CO2 at Waliguan

ABSTRACT Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and sinks in western China are estimated and implied from atmospheric CO2 measured at Waliguan during the period of 1995–2008. The observed CO2 data are first classified as background, elevated, and sequestration, using a modified background identification method. Comparing it with two other methods tests the applicability of the method. By using this method, approximately 17.2%±1.2% and 10.1%±0.8% of all observed data are identified as elevated and sequestered CO2, respectively, the percentages (occurrence rates) for both of which increased during 1995–2008. CO2 emissions in western China have enhanced significantly in all seasons during the past 14 yr. Annual mean growth rates of CO2 emissions in the region increased by ~8.4 Tg C yr−1 (3.9% yr−1) during 1995–2008 but accelerated after 2000 to ~12.6 TgC yr−1 (6.2% yr−1). The growth rates of CO2 emission in western China are lower than the rest of the country. The annual mean emissions in the country during 1995–1999 and 2000–2006 are thought to be approximately 5.5 and 6.5 times higher than in western China, respectively. However, the growth rates of CO2 emissions in western China are higher than global increase rates as reported by other studies. CO2 sinks in western China varied from 86.0 Tg C yr−1 in early 1995–1999 to 106.2 Tg C yr−1 in 2005–2008. The most prominent change occurs in summer, indicating enhanced sequestration of photosynthetic CO2 taken up by vegetation. The growth rates in sequestered CO2 cannot keep up with the increase of CO2 emissions in the region. If this continues, it could potentially impact on the global carbon budget.
Facing education reform: Change-related self-efficacy is linked to job insecurity via appraisal

Structural education reforms may pose a threat to teachers’ employment, leading to anxiety about the future of their jobs. This study examined the antecedents of job insecurity among Polish teachers (N = 860) who had been subjected to rapid and major structural education reform in 2017. While previous studies have focused on self-efficacy as a buffer against the negative consequences of job insecurity, here the authors hypothesize that a higher change-related self-efficacy is linked to lower job insecurity via stress appraisal. The results show that self-efficacy is more strongly linked to lower hindrance appraisal than to higher challenge appraisal. Strengthening change-related self-efficacy as a personal resource and attenuating perceptions of change as a hindrance are vital steps in minimizing job insecurity and its effects.
A framework for supporting postgraduate research writing: insights from students’ writing experiences

ABSTRACT At postgraduate level, success often depends on the ability to produce quality academic writing. To develop a framework to support postgraduate research writing, we explored the writing experiences of twenty-four postgraduate students from non-native English-speaking backgrounds. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with these participants, who were enrolled in two institutions that have international branch campuses in Malaysia. Data were then analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. It was found that students’ research experiences centre around three areas: academic writing; supervisory support; and institutional support services and tools. From these insights, we now propose a framework containing three dimensions and argue for pedagogically driven writing support; pedagogically informed supervisory support; and targeted and systematic peripheral support. As this framework is driven by the experiences and needs of postgraduate students, we believe it could lead to a more enriching learning experience and also greater student satisfaction.
An Analysis of Streamflow Trends in the Southern and Southeastern US from 1950–2015

In this article, the mean daily streamflow at 139 streamflow-gaging stations (sites) in the southern and southeastern United States are analyzed for spatial and temporal patterns. One hundred and thirty-nine individual time-series of mean daily streamflow were reduced to five aggregated time series of Z scores for clusters of sites with similar temporal variability. These aggregated time-series correlated significantly with a time-series of several climate indices for the period 1950–2015. The mean daily streamflow data were subset into six time periods—starting in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, and each ending in 2015, to determine how streamflow trends at individual sites acted over time. During the period 1950–2015, mean monthly and seasonal streamflow decreased at many sites based on results from traditional Mann–Kendall trend analyses, as well as results from a new analysis (Quantile-Kendall) that summarizes trends across the full range of streamflows. A trend departure index used to compare results from non-reference with reference sites identified that streamflow trends at 88% of the study sites have been influenced by non-climatic factors (such as land- and water-management practices) and that the majority of these sites were located in Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia. Analysis of the results found that for sites throughout the study area that were influenced primarily by climate rather than human activities, the step increase in streamflow in 1970 documented in previous studies was offset by subsequent monotonic decreases in streamflow between 1970 and 2015.
Intelligent machining methods for Ti6Al4V: A review

Digital manufacturing is a necessity to establishing a roadmap for the future manufacturing systems projected for the fourth industrial revolution. Intelligent features such as behavior prediction, decision-making abilities, and failure detection can be integrated into machining systems with computational methods and intelligent algorithms. This review reports on techniques for Ti6Al4V machining process modeling, among them numerical modeling with finite element method (FEM) and artificial intelligence-based models using artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL). These methods are intrinsically intelligent due to their ability to predict machining response variables. In the context of this review, digital image processing (DIP) emerges as a technique to analyze and quantify the machining response (digitization) in the real machining process, often used to validate and (or) introduce data in the modeling techniques enumerated above. The widespread use of these techniques in the future will be crucial for the development of the forthcoming machining systems as they provide data about the machining process, allow its interpretation and quantification in terms of useful information for process modelling and optimization, which will create machining systems less dependent on direct human intervention.
Global Model of Plasma Chemistry in a High Density Oxygen Discharge

the gas phase kinetics and plasma chemistry of high density oxygen discharges are studies. A self-consistent, spatially-averaged model is developed to determine positive ion, negative ion and electron densities, ground state and metastable free radical densities, and electron temperature as functions of gas pressure, microwave input power, and cylindrical source diameter and length. For an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) discharge, the reduction in radial transport due to the confining magnetic field is also modeled. The kinetic scheme includes excitation, dissociation, and ionization of neutrals due to electron impact, electron attachment and detachment, and ion-ion neutralization. In addition, ion neutralization at the reactor walls is included. Model results show that for a low neutral pressure, high plasma density discharge, oxygen molecules are almost completely dissociated to form oxygen atoms, and the dominant positive ion is O+ rather than O2+. The metastable species are not important for the pressure range studies (0.5 - 100 mTorr), and the confining magnetic field significantly affects the plasma chemistry, the total positive ion density, and the electron temperature. Comparisons are made to experimental data, and qualitative agreement between experiment and model is observed.
Diagnosis of nutrient imbalance in pomegranate by diagnosis and recommendation integrated system and compositional nutrient diagnosis

Abstract A regional survey was conducted in commercial orchards of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in order to develop diagnostic norms and for evaluation of yield limiting nutrients in low yielding orchards. The leaf nutrient status was interpreted using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND). The correlation structure among the nutrients was extracted by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The departure of DRIS indices from their CND counterparts was relatively small and a highly significant positive correlation was obtained between DRIS and CND indices. The three principal components explained 59.5% of the variation in the high yielding population and the designated PCS were (N+S+Zn+Fe‐Mn‐), (N+P+Ca+Zn‐), and (K‐S+). Pomegranate is mainly grown on marginal soils with low fertility and hence more than two or three nutrients were found to be limiting yields. However, nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) were the most common yield limiting nutrients. The DR.
How Perpetrator Identity (Sometimes) Influences Media Framing Attacks as “Terrorism” or “Mental Illness”

Do media frame attacks with Muslim perpetrators as “terrorism” and attacks with White perpetrators as the result of “mental illness”? Despite public speculation and limited academic work with relatively small subsets of cases, there have been no systematic analyses of potential biases in how media frame terrorism. We addressed this gap by examining the text of print news coverage of all terrorist attacks in the United States between 2006 and 2015. Controlling for fatalities, affiliation with a group, and existing mental illness, the odds that an article references terrorism are approximately five times greater for a Muslim versus a non-Muslim perpetrator. In contrast, the odds that an article references mental illness do not significantly differ between White and non-White perpetrators. Results partially confirm public speculation and are robust against numerous alternative explanations. Differences in media framing can influence public (mis)perceptions of violence and threats, and ultimately harm counterterrorism policy.
Mental health experiences of mothers in Jos, Nigeria: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Objectives: There is an increasing mental health disease burden in mothers with infants and young children, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. Children of distressed mothers suffer early-life exposure from the effects of maternal distress which contributes to the risk of physical and mental health problems in their childhood and beyond. This study explored mental health lived experiences of mothers in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: Purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were adopted, and a total of 40 mothers participated with 8 to 11 participants in one of the four focus group discussions. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 43 years, self-identified as mothers with each having a child between the ages of 3 and 48 months. Each focus group lasted approximately 60 minutes and was audio-recorded. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Three overarching themes emerged from the data set such as (1) experience of persisting psychological distress from the time of labour/birth; (2) cultural practices that influence feelings; and (3) anxiety due to limited knowledge about childcare, access to support and healthy food. Conclusion: Maternal mental health in Nigeria is under-researched and distressed mothers have limited knowledge about evidence-based early child development. The study recommends developing and testing culturally appropriate parenting interventions in Jos, Nigeria. This is likely to be beneficial for the mother and may also improve child health outcomes.
MOLTEN SALT SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF Bi5Ti3FeO15

ABSTRACT Molten salt synthesis (MSS) of ceramics is an alternative to sol-gel and ceramic methods. Phase purity, as well as particle shape and size, may be effectively controlled by MSS. In the present study, magnetoelectric Aurivillius phase Bi5Ti3FeO15 is obtained by MSS. Experimental setting for reaction control is described. Typical crystallites exhibit plate-like shape with noteworthy size uniformity and aspect ratio. The crystal structure of the investigated phase is analyzed by synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction. Rietveld refinement results for crystal symmetry, cell parameters and atomic positions are given. Space group is Fmm2. Cell parameters (in Å) are: a = 41.157(1), b = 5.4420(2), c = 5.4759(2).
Review of the assessment of two stocks of Antarctic minke whales (eastern Indian Ocean and western South Pacific)

An in-depth assessment of an eastern Indian stock (I-stock) and a western South Pacific stock (P-stock) of Antarctic minke whales distributed between 35°E and 145°W was carried out by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC/SC) from 2001 to 2014 using data mainly collected from 1985 to 2004. This paper is a synthesis and summary of the outcomes of that assessment, although research on this species has been ongoing since 2014. The assessment integrates information from a wide range of topics including systematics, survey methods, direct catches, population structure, abundance, spatial distribution, biological information, population dynamics, species interactions, pollutants and interactions with marine debris. At least two stocks (I-stock and P-stock) are found between 35°E–145°W, with a soft boundary between 100°E and 165°E. Two sets of agreed circumpolar estimates of abundance from IWC assessment cruises (termed ‘CPII’ – 1985/86–1990/91, and ‘CPIII’ – 1991/92–2003/04) were obtained; a null hypothesis of no change in overall abundance between CPII and CPIII was not rejected. The results of a Statistical Catch-at-Age Analysis (SCAA) applied to the two stocks revealed that (1) abundance increased from 1930 until the mid-1970s, anddeclined over the period from the mid-1970s until the late-1980s and (2) trends in abundance over the most recent 20 years were relatively flat for the I-stock but decreasing for the P-stock. Although the primary focus at the start of this assessment was to try to understand abundance trends during the 1985–2004 period, it expanded to increasing knowledge on the life history of this species. The assessment also advanced many aspects of analytical methods.
High-Pressure Effects on Organic Liquids. II. Infrared Spectra and P—V—T Relationships of Rotational Isomers of Some Halogenated Ethanes

Infrared spectra were obtained of single crystals of various rotamers of a series of halogenated ethanes. The spectrum of the trans rotamer of 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane is reported for the first time. P—V—T relationships of rotamers are more complex than was expected, with both polymorphism and solid—solid phase transitions involved.A new technique for measuring compressibilities at high pressure is described. This technique is used to demonstrate a solidification at constant volume and a solid—liquid equilibrium over a considerable range of pressure.
Enumeration of sulfur-oxidizing populations in Saskatchewan agricultural soils

Heterotrophic and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing populations in 35 Saskatchewan agricultural soils were enumerated. These populations included heterotrophs that produce thiosulfate and or sulfate during elemental sulfur (S°) oxidation, heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers, and autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers. Populations of Thiobacillus thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans were not detected in any of the soils tested. Heterotrophs that oxidized S° to thiosulfate as the major oxyanion were the most abundant oxidizers enumerated (107–108 cells g−1) and were found in all soils. Autotrophic thiosulfate-oxidizers were detected in 10 of the soils surveyed. Heterotrophic S° and thiosulfate-oxidizing populations exhibited positive trends with soil pH, total-S, hydriodic reducible-S, and clay content, whereas populations of autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers were negatively correlated with these factors and positively related to sand content and increasing C:S ratios. In soils containing autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers.
Lemon and Schinus polygama essential oils enhance male mating success of Anastrepha fraterculus

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly pest control method that relies on the introduction of sterility into the pest population by the release of sterile males. Many Tephritidae fruit fly pests are currently being controlled with SIT. Sterile insect technique efficacy can be increased if the sexual success of mass‐reared sterile males is enhanced. Phytochemicals influence the sexual behaviour of many species of phytophagous insects. Here, we evaluated the possibility of using essential oils to enhance male sexual success of the highly polyphagous fruit fly pest Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), also known as the South American fruit fly. In laboratory tests, we determined the effect of exposing males to volatiles from seven essential oils [Baccharis spartioides (Hook. & Arn) Cabrera (Asteraceae), Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera, Schinus areira (L.) (Anacardiaceae), Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) (Zingiberaceae), Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. , Citrus paradisi Macfad. , and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)] and two monoterpenes (limonene and citral) that are present at high proportions in some of the oils we evaluated. One exposed and one non‐exposed (control) male were placed in a mating arena with one virgin female. We recorded the type of male chosen as mating partner, copula start time, and copula duration. Laboratory males exposed to the volatiles of C. limon and S. polygama essential oils achieved more matings than non‐exposed males. The rest of the oils had no effect on male mating success. In addition, limonene‐exposed males obtained significantly more matings than non‐exposed males, and citral induced a detrimental effect. Exposure to the volatiles of the various essential oils and monoterpenes did not impact on copula start time and copula duration. We discuss the role of essential‐oil volatiles on A. fraterculus males’ sexual behaviour and its implications for SIT.