Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water isotopes as tools to document oceanic sources of precipitation

The isotopic composition of precipitation, in deuterium, oxygen 18 and oxygen 17, depends on the climatic conditions prevailing in the oceanic regions where it originates, mainly the sea surface temperature and the relative humidity of air. This dependency applies to present‐day precipitation but also to past records which are extracted, for example, from polar ice cores. In turn, coisotopic measurements of deuterium and oxygen 18 offer the possibility to retrieve information about the oceanic origin of modern precipitation as well as about past changes in sea surface temperature and relative humidity of air. This interpretation of isotopic measurements has largely relied on simple Rayleigh‐type isotopic models and is complemented by Lagrangian back trajectory analysis of moisture sources. It is now complemented by isotopic General Circulation Models (IGCM) in which the origin of precipitation can be tagged. We shortly review published results documenting this link between the oceanic sources of precipitation and their isotopic composition. We then present experiments performed with two different IGCMs, the GISS model II and the LMDZ model. We focus our study on marine water vapor and its contribution to precipitation over Antarctica and over the Andean region of South America. We show how IGCM experiments allow us to relate climatic conditions prevailing in the oceanic source of precipitation to its isotopic composition. Such experiments support, at least qualitatively, the current interpretation of ice core isotopic data in terms of changes in sea surface temperature. Additionally, we discuss recent studies clearly showing the added value of oxygen 17 measurements.
THE QUENAST PLUG: A MEGA-PORPHYROCLAST DURING THE BRABANTIAN OROGENY (SENNE VALLEY, BRABANT MASSIF)

In the fine-grained Ordovician siliciclastic deposits surrounding the Quenast plug, a variety of structural features demonstrate that the Quenast plug was emplaced prior to the Brabantian deformation event. These features include: a) a large-scale bending of the cleavage, mimicking the shape of the plug; b) a concomitant change in the orientation of the transverse fractures; c) a marked variation in cleavage intensity around the plug, with a high-strain zone along the NE-side of the plug and a low-strain zone along the NW-side of the plug; d) contractional and dilational kink bands. In combination with the ellipsoidal cross-section of the plug, these features indicate that the Quenast plug can be regarded as having acted as a mega-porphyroclast during the Brabantian deformation event. The different structural features are discussed and related to the geometry and deformation of the Quenast plug. Also the temporal and spatial relationships of the Quenast plug with respect to the Asquempont Detachment System and the Nieuwpoort-Asquempont Fault Zone are discussed. Finally, a preliminary attempt is made at estimating the shortening across the plug. Future work, concentrating on the magnetic fabric within the plug, will shed further light on the behaviour of the plug during the Brabantian deformation event. KeyW ords: Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt, cleavage, Nieuwpoort-Asquempont Fault Zone, strain, X-ray pole figure goniometry
Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere

A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the lidar range resolved optical remote sensing of the atmosphere 1st edition is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Effect of chemical and crop establishment methods on weeds and yield of rice and their residual effects on succeeding wheat crop

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Research Farm of SKUAST-J, Chatta, Jammu during the years 2006 and 2007 to study the effect of weed management and crop establishment methods on weeds and grain yield of rice as well as residual effect of treatments (applied to rice) on weeds and yield of wheat. There was severe competition between Echinochloa crusgalli and Echinochloa colona with rice and between broad leaf weeds and wheat. Phalaris minor infestation was lower during the experiment. Among weed management methods, maximum yield of rice ( 4256 kg/ha and 4393 kg/ha) during 2006 and 2007, respectively was recorded in the treatment where mechanical hoeing using conoweeder (at 15 and 30 DAT) was done during the first and second years of study . Fenoxapr op-p-ethyl (0.06 kg/ha, 20 DA T) + 1 HW at 30 DA T, metasulfuron methyl + chlorimur on ethyl (0.004 kg/ha, 20 DA T) + 1 HW at 30 DA T and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (0.06 kg/ha, 20 DAT) and metasulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl (Almix 0.004 kg/ha, 20 DAT) were the next best treatments. However, metasulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl (0.004 kg/ha) was found to be more effective against broad leaf weeds and very little to sedges, hence failed to contr ol major grassy weeds during the experiment. Among the establishment methods of rice, conventional and system of rice intensification (SRI) methods were at par with respect to grain and straw yield. The residual effect of treatments (applied to rice) was not well pronounced on weed population, weed dry matter accumulation by weeds and yield of wheat during both the years. Under wheat establishment methods, the two tillage systems did not produce significant variation with respect to total weed population, weed dry matter accumulation and grain yield. However, conventional tillage exhibited a marginal edge over zero tillage during both the years.
Antimony resistance and gene expression in Leishmania: spotlight on molecular and proteomic aspects

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from skin lesions to severe visceral complications. Treatment of this infection has been extremely challenging with the concurrent emergence of drug resistance. The differential gene expression and the discrepancies in protein functions contribute to the appearance of 2 distinct phenotypes: resistant and sensitive, but the current diagnostic tools fail to differentiate between them. The identification of gene expression patterns and molecular mechanisms coupled with antimony (Sb) resistance can be leveraged to prompt diagnosis and select the most effective treatment methods. The present study attempts to use comparative expression of Sb resistance-associated genes in resistant and sensitive Leishmania , to disclose their relative abundance in clinical or in vitro selected isolates to gain an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Sb response/resistance. Data suggest that the analysis of resistance gene expression would verify the Sb resistance or susceptibility only to a certain extent; however, none of the individual expression patterns of the studied genes was diagnostic as a biomarker of Sb response of Leishmania . The findings highlighted will be useful in bridging the knowledge gap and discovering innovative diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic targets.
Association between interleukin-6 and preterm birth: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in preterm birth (PTB), Several meta-analyses investigated the association between IL-6 and PTB, but definitive conclusion has not yet been achieved. This updated meta-analysis aimed to ascertain the association between IL-6 and PTB by examining IL-6 levels in both normal birth and PTB groups. Material and methods Prospective cohort studies were retrieved in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library from their inception until 18 February 2020. The primary outcome was the association between IL-6 and PTB, and secondary outcomes were the association between IL-6 and spontaneous PTB. Results Nine studies involving 1904 patients were included. Overall, IL-6 from different sample types (maternal blood, amniotic fluid and cervicovaginal fluid) was associated with PTB (standard mean difference [SMD]: 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32 to 1.39, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the association was significant for IL-6 only in amniotic fluid (SMD: 1.87, 95%CI: 0.82 to 2.93, p < 0.001) and cervicovaginal fluid (SMD: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.09 to 0.84, p = 0.022), but not significant in maternal blood (SMD: −0.11, 95%CI: −0.57 to 0.34, p = 0.623). In addition, IL-6 was also associated with spontaneous PTB (SMD: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.18 to 2.95, p < 0.001). Conclusions Based on the available evidence, IL-6 in amniotic fluid and cervicovaginal fluid might be useful for predicting preterm birth.
ESRP1 controls biogenesis and function of a large abundant multiexon circRNA

Abstract While the majority of circRNAs are formed from infrequent back-splicing of exons from protein coding genes, some can be produced at quite high level and in a regulated manner. We describe the regulation, biogenesis and function of circDOCK1(2–27), a large, abundant circular RNA that is highly regulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and whose formation depends on the epithelial splicing regulator ESRP1. CircDOCK1(2–27) synthesis in epithelial cells represses cell motility both by diverting transcripts from DOCK1 mRNA production to circRNA formation and by direct inhibition of migration by the circRNA. HITS-CLIP analysis and CRISPR-mediated deletions indicate ESRP1 controls circDOCK1(2–27) biosynthesis by binding a GGU-containing repeat region in intron 1 and detaining its splicing until Pol II completes its 157 kb journey to exon 27. Proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) assay suggests ESRP1 may modify the RNP landscape of intron 1 in a way that disfavours communication of exon 1 with exon 2, rather than physically bridging exon 2 to exon 27. The X-ray crystal structure of RNA-bound ESRP1 qRRM2 domain reveals it binds to GGU motifs, with the guanines embedded in clamp-like aromatic pockets in the protein.
Empirical algorithms to estimate water column pH in the Southern Ocean

Empirical algorithms are developed using high‐quality GO‐SHIP hydrographic measurements of commonly measured parameters (temperature, salinity, pressure, nitrate, and oxygen) that estimate pH in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. The coefficients of determination, R2, are 0.98 for pH from nitrate (pHN) and 0.97 for pH from oxygen (pHOx) with RMS errors of 0.010 and 0.008, respectively. These algorithms are applied to Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) biogeochemical profiling floats, which include novel sensors (pH, nitrate, oxygen, fluorescence, and backscatter). These algorithms are used to estimate pH on floats with no pH sensors and to validate and adjust pH sensor data from floats with pH sensors. The adjusted float data provide, for the first time, seasonal cycles in surface pH on weekly resolution that range from 0.05 to 0.08 on weekly resolution for the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean.
Recent advances for treatment of upper gastrointestinal malignancy

Recent prospective trials for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are encouraging. This manuscript reviews selected recently published studies. Not surprisingly, immunotherapy dominates the current clinical trial landscape. However, targeted biologic therapies and standard chemotherapy remain critical to the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer while imatinib remains the backbone for advanced or metastatic GISTs. For all three cancers, surgical resection remains important when intent of treatment is potential cure.
Multi-modal representation of the size of space in the human brain

To estimate the size of an indoor space, we must analyze the visual boundaries that limit the spatial extent and acoustic cues from reflected interior surfaces. We used fMRI to examine how the brain processes geometric size of indoor scenes when various types of sensory cues are presented individually or together. Specifically, we asked whether the size of space is represented in a modality-specific way or in an integrative way that combines multimodal cues. In a block-design study, images or sounds that depict small and large sized indoor spaces were presented. Visual stimuli were real-world pictures of empty spaces that were small or large. Auditory stimuli were sounds convolved with different reverberation. By using a multi-voxel pattern classifier, we asked whether the two sizes of space can be classified in visual, auditory, and visual-auditory combined conditions. We identified both sensory specific and multimodal representations of the size of space. To further investigate the nature of the multimodal region, we specifically examined whether it contained multimodal information in a coexistent or integrated form. We found that AG and the right IFG pars opercularis had modality-integrated representation, displaying sensitivity to the match in the spatial size information conveyed through image and sound. Background functional connectivity analysis further demonstrated that the connection between sensory specific regions and modality-integrated regions increase in the multimodal condition compared to single modality conditions. Our results suggest that the spatial size perception relies on both sensory specific and multimodal representations, as well as their interplay during multimodal perception.
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF PROTEROZOIC OROGENIC BELT IN THE NORTH MARGIN OF NORTH CHINA PLATE

There is the collision orogenic belt which was developed in late middle Proterozoic era, in north margin of North China plate. The belt extends from Langshan in Inner Mongolia to Western Liaoning province and Eastern Jilin province. Its length is over 2 000 km. A variety of metamorphic sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks were developed in this tectonic belt. This significant tectonic belt was formed by the collision between Siberia plate and North China plate in about 1.0 Ga. This tectonic event was a part of Rodinia super continent convergence event.It is clear that Siberia platform connected with North China platform during period of Rodinia supercontinent.
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION DURINGYARIOUS DEVELOPMENT STAGES ON YIELD, COMPONENTS", YIELD AND HARVEST INDEX OF DIFFERENt'WHEAT CULTIVARS

Effect of irrigation during different . development stages on grain yield, components of yield and harvest index of several new cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated during 1989/90 and 1992/93 seasons. Grain yield of irrigat~crops was 5.13 and 6.31 t ha", respectively, about 8% higher than the yield of unirrigated crops. The in,! feasein yield due to irrigation was mainly associated with an increase in total dry matter production as th~,~rvest index varied a little whitin each treatment or year. The results also emphasize the flexibility of yield. ~tnponents of wheat.
Alteration in cartilage matrix stiffness as an indicator and modulator of osteoarthritis

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degeneration and destruction, leading to joint ankylosis and disability. The major challenge in diagnosing OA at early stage is not only lack of clinical symptoms but also the insufficient histological and immunohistochemical signs. Alteration in cartilage stiffness during OA progression, especially at OA initiation, has been confirmed by growing evidences. Moreover, the stiffness of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), pericellular matrix (PCM) and chondrocytes during OA development are dynamically changed in unique and distinct fashions, revealing possibly inconsistent conclusions when detecting cartilage matrix stiffness at different locations and scales. In addition, it will be discussed regarding the mechanisms through which OA-related cartilage degenerations exhibit stiffened or softened matrix, highlighting some critical events that generally incurred to cartilage stiffness alteration, as well as some typical molecules that participated in constituting the mechanical properties of cartilage. Finally, in vitro culturing chondrocytes in various stiffness-tunable scaffolds provided a reliable method to explore the matrix stiffness-dependent modulation of chondrocyte metabolism, which offers valuable information on optimizing implant scaffolds to maximally promote cartilage repair and regeneration during OA. Overall, this review systematically and comprehensively elucidated the current progresses in the relationship between cartilage stiffness alteration and OA progression. We hope that deeper attention and understanding in this researching field will not only develop more innovative methods in OA early detection and diagnose but also provide promising ideas in OA therapy and prognosis.
Transitioning from face-to-face to distance education. Part 1: A cross-sectional study in the former Yugoslavia during COVID-19

Abstract Background The countries of the former Yugoslavia have health and education systems with the same tradition but these have changed over the years. Little is known about how family medicine teaching transitioned from face-to-face to distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives to investigate student/teacher experience in transitioning from face-to-face to distance education. Methods A cross-sectional, online survey was conducted among 21 medical schools of the former Yugoslavia between December 2021 and March 2022. Under/postgraduate teachers and students who taught/studied family medicine during the academic year 2020/2021 were invited to participate. Of 31 questions for students and 35 for teachers, all but nine open questions were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Seventeen of 21 medical schools contributed data involving 117 participants representing all countries of the former Yugoslavia. At the beginning of the pandemic, 30%, 26% and 15% of teachers, students and trainees, respectively, received formal preparation in distance education. Of these, 92% of teachers and 58% of students/trainees felt they were not adequately prepared. Synchronous teaching was the main method used, with a third using hybrid methods. All participants were least confident about online assessment. More than 75% of respondents agreed that lectures could be kept online, not patient consultations or practical skills’ classes. Conclusion Teachers used various old and new methods to provide learning opportunities despite COVID-19 constraints. Effective technology-based strategies are essential to ensure assessment integrity and enhance the learning environment. KEY MESSAGES Despite limited preparedness, teachers and students/trainees transitioned to distance education. Students/trainees believed synchronous delivery of lectures and small group work can be conducted online but not practical skills’ classes. Online assessments and practical work with patients were considered the most challenging aspects of distance education.
Evidence and Mechanisms for Embolic Stroke in Contralateral Hemispheres From Carotid Artery Sources

Background Disambiguation of embolus pathogenesis in embolic strokes is often a clinical challenge. One common source of embolic stroke is the carotid arteries, with emboli originating due to plaque buildup or perioperatively during revascularization procedures. Although it is commonly thought that thromboemboli from carotid sources travel to cerebral arteries ipsilaterally, there are existing reports of contralateral embolic events that complicate embolus source destination relationship for carotid sources. Here, we hypothesize that emboli from carotid sources can travel to contralateral hemispheres and that embolus interactions with collateral hemodynamics in the circle of Willis influence this process. Methods and Results We use a patient‐specific computational embolus‐hemodynamics interaction model developed in prior works to conduct an in silico experiment spanning 4 patient vascular models, 6 circle of Willis anastomosis variants, and 3 different thromboembolus sizes released from left and right carotid artery sites. This led to a total of 144 different experiments, estimating trajectories and distribution of approximately 1.728 million embolus samples. Across all cases considered, emboli from left and right carotid sources showed nonzero contralateral transport (P value <−0.05). Contralateral movement revealed a size dependence, with smaller emboli traveling more contralaterally. Detailed analysis of embolus dynamics revealed that collateral flow routes in the circle of Willis played a role in routing emboli, and transhemispheric movement occurred through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries in the circle of Willis. Conclusions We generated quantitative data demonstrating the complex dynamics of finite size thromboembolus particles as they interact with pulsatile arterial hemodynamics and traverse the vascular network of the circle of Willis. This leads to a nonintuitive source‐destination relationship for emboli originating from carotid artery sites, and emboli from carotid sources can potentially travel to cerebral arteries on contralateral hemispheres.
Anatomy of the auditory cortex then and now

Using neuroanatomical investigations in the macaque, Deepak Pandya and his colleagues have established the framework for auditory cortex organization, with subdivisions into core and belt areas. This has aided subsequent neurophysiological and imaging studies in monkeys and humans, and a nomenclature building on Pandya's work has also been adopted by the Human Connectome Project. The foundational work by Pandya and his colleagues is highlighted here in the context of subsequent and ongoing studies on the functional anatomy and physiology of auditory cortex in primates, including humans, and their relevance for understanding cognitive aspects of speech and language.
Actin cytoskeleton remodeling disrupts physical barriers to infection and presents entry receptors to respiratory syncytial virus

RSV is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations and a significant cause of paediatric and geriatric morbidity worldwide. Recently, we reported that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was a receptor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in airway epithelial cells and that activation of IGF1R recruited the coreceptor, nucleolin (NCL), to the cell surface. Cilia and mucus that line the airways pose a significant barrier to viral and bacterial infection. The cortical actin cytoskeleton has been shown by others to mediate RSV entry, so we studied the roles of the RSV receptors and actin remodelling during virus entry. We found that IGF1R expression and phosphorylation were associated with the ability of RSV to infect cells. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging showed that actin projections, a hallmark of macropinocytosis, formed around viral particles 30 min after infection. Consistent with prior reports we also found that virus particles were internalized into early endosome antigen-1 positive endosomes within 90 min. Inhibiting actin polymerization significantly reduced viral titre by approximately ten-fold. Inhibiting PI3 kinase and PKCζ in stratified air-liquid interface (ALI) models of the airway epithelium had similar effects on reducing the actin remodelling observed during infection and attenuating viral entry. Actin projections were associated with NCL interacting with RSV particles resting on apical cilia of the ALIs. We conclude that macropinocytosis-like actin projections protrude through normally protective cilia and mucus layers of stratified airway epithelium that helps present the IGF1R receptor and the NCL coreceptor to RSV particles waiting at the surface.