Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NASGEM: Neural Architecture Search via Graph Embedding Method

Neural Architecture Search (NAS) automates and prospers the design of neural networks. Estimator-based NAS has been proposed recently to model the relationship between architectures and their performance to enable scalable and flexible search. However, existing estimator-based methods encode the architecture into a latent space without considering graph similarity. Ignoring graph similarity in node-based search space may induce a large inconsistency between similar graphs and their distance in the continuous encoding space, leading to inaccurate encoding representation and/or reduced representation capacity that can yield sub-optimal search results. To preserve graph correlation information in encoding, we propose NASGEM which stands for Neural Architecture Search via Graph Embedding Method. NASGEM is driven by a novel graph embedding method equipped with similarity measures to capture the graph topology information. By precisely estimating the graph distance and using an auxiliary Weisfeiler-Lehman kernel to guide the encoding, NASGEM can utilize additional structural information to get more accurate graph representation to improve the search efficiency. GEMNet, a set of networks discovered by NASGEM, consistently outperforms networks crafted by existing search methods in classification tasks, i.e., with 0.4%-3.6% higher accuracy while having 11%- 21% fewer Multiply-Accumulates. We further transfer GEMNet for COCO object detection. In both one-stage and twostage detectors, our GEMNet surpasses its manually-crafted and automatically-searched counterparts.
Multinomial Logit Bandit with Low Switching Cost

We study multinomial logit bandit with limited adaptivity, where the algorithms change their exploration actions as infrequently as possible when achieving almost optimal minimax regret. We propose two measures of adaptivity: the assortment switching cost and the more fine-grained item switching cost. We present an anytime algorithm (AT-DUCB) with $O(N \log T)$ assortment switches, almost matching the lower bound $\Omega(\frac{N \log T}{ \log \log T})$. In the fixed-horizon setting, our algorithm FH-DUCB incurs $O(N \log \log T)$ assortment switches, matching the asymptotic lower bound. We also present the ESUCB algorithm with item switching cost $O(N \log^2 T)$.
Floral Structure and Dynamics of Nectar Production in Echinacea pallida var. angustifolia (Asteraceae)

The reproductive structure of the disk florets of Echinacea pallida var. angustifolia (Asteraceae) in relation to insect pollination was investigated using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The study of this self‐incompatible species emphasized pollen production, pollen‐stigma interactions, transmitting tissue, and vasculature within the style. Nectary structure and nectar production dynamics were also examined. Produced in the fused anther tubes, the trinucleate pollen with yellow pollenkitt was plentiful per floret, yielding a pollen:ovule ratio of 24,130. Encircling the style base at the ovary summit, the floral nectary possessed modified stomata whose pores, as well as nonstomatal gaps in the epidermis, provided apoplastic pathways for nectar escape and reabsorption. Phloem alone supplied the gland interior, the sieve element–companion cell complexes reaching up to the nectary epidermis. Nectar was hexose dominant, its volume and nectar‐sugar quantity per floret peaking on the afternoon of the first day of anthesis until the morning of the second day. Nectar production only occurred in half of the florets for 3 d, rarely for 5 d. Potential honey production from fields of this species was estimated at 2.1–11.9 kg/ha.
DUSKY-FOOTED WOODRAT DEMOGRAPHY AND PRESCRIBED FIRE IN A CALIFORNIA OAK WOODLAND

Abstract We investigated the effects of prescribed understory fire and shrub density on a population of dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) live-trapped each spring and fall from October 1993 to 2001. We performed model selection with program MARK on capture–recapture data using Pollock's robust design to estimate survival and temporary emigration. Abundance increased from 1993 to a peak in 1997 and then decreased steadily from 1997 to 2001, accompanied by reduced reproduction. Survival was age- and time-dependent. Differential temporary emigration probabilities were explained by home-range size differences. Survival and abundance were higher in plots with high shrub cover vs. plots with low shrub cover. A low-medium intensity, prescribed understory fire in the fall of 1997 had no negative effect on survival or temporary emigration. The only fire-related negative demographic effect was a reduction in the number of juveniles per adult female on burned plots in the spring immediately after the fire. Prescribed understory fire in oak woodland is unlikely to alter woodrat populations significantly if patches of well-structured habitat are maintained.
Phytochemical Analysis of Some Chemical Metabolites of Colocynth Plant (Citrullus colocynths l) and its Activities as Antimicrobial and Antiplasmodial

Medicinal plants are the spine of long-established systems of medication accepted all the way through the world. They are worthless, barely credible and conventional source for the remedial assortment of diseases in the appearance of medicines. The aim of our current study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial activities property of Citrullus colocynthis. Phytochemical screening of Citrullus colocynthis revealed the presence of glycosides flavonoids, tannin alakloids and saponnin. The primary metabolites such as glycosides- flavonoids- tannin- alakloids and saponnin. The activities of extract metabolites as antimicrobial, antifungal and antipalsmodial have, there been tested. Two cucurbitacin compounds (E and I) were found in fruit pulp and two (B and E) were found in fruit- rind. The highest inhibition effect against the bacteria studied were exhibited by ethanolic extracts of fruit-pulp and cucurbitacin E, where as B and I cucurbitacin showed moderate effect, cucurbitacin B and I showed a marked inhibitory effect against fungi. For antiplasmodial effect, the ethanolic extracts of the fruit-pulp at concentration of 500µg/ml, was the most active giving 100% inhibition of the parasite growth. For antiplasmodial effect, the ethanolic extracts of the fruit-pulp at concentration of 500µg/ml, was the most active giving 100% inhibition of the parasite growth.
Correct identification of wood-inhabiting fungi by ITS analysis

In this study, we established ITS sequences from 20 strong wood degraders from different fungal genera and from 15 strains of the coprini which are occasionally found on wood. These sequences were used in blast searches to evaluate their species identity. ITS sequences confirmed for 25 strains previous morphological species determination. ITS sequences from Coprinopsis scobicola were determined for the first time from DNA of two different strains. Finally, eight strains were found assigned to a wrong species or assignments were uncertain. We present problems encountered in fungal identification by molecular data, such as difficulties in previous morphological identification, occurrence of contaminations or mixing-up of strains in fungal culture collections, and wrong entries in the NCBI GenBank sequence dataset. A long-term target of ITS sequencing of wood-inhabiting fungi is to establish a specific database that can be either used for blast searches or in ITS barcoding for species identification. We present first studies in ITS barcoding of coprini.
From Spectra to Localized Networks: A Reverse Engineering Approach

Understanding the localization properties of eigenvectors of complex networks is important to get insight into various structural and dynamical properties of the corresponding systems. Here, we analytically develop a scheme to construct a highly localized network for a given set of networks parameters that is the number of nodes and the number of interactions. We find that the localization behavior of the principal eigenvector (PEV) of such a network is sensitive against a single edge rewiring. We find evidences for eigenvalue crossing phenomena as a consequence of the single edge rewiring, in turn providing an origin to the sensitive behavior of the PEV localization. These insights were then used to analytically construct the highly localized network for a given set of networks parameters. The analysis provides fundamental insight into relationships between the structural and the spectral properties of networks for PEV localized networks. Further, we substantiate the existence of the eigenvalue crossing phenomenon by considering a linear-dynamical process, namely the ribonucleic acid (RNA) neutral network population dynamical model. The analysis presented here on model networks aids in understanding the steady-state behavior of a broad range of linear-dynamical processes, from epidemic spreading to biochemical dynamics associated with the adjacency matrices.
TERS YÜZ SINIF MODELİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLMİŞ ÇALIŞMALARA BİR BAKIŞ: İÇERİK ANALİZİ

Flipped classroom model is an instructional and pedagogical strategy which aims to make the time spent in the classroom productive. Learners in this model are engaged in basic level activities such as getting information at home, and they do the other high level tasks such as practice, problem solving and creativity in the classroom thanks to teacher’s guidance. In this study, the studies focusing on flipped classroom model and conducted in the period between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed through content analysis method by means of various databases. In this regard, 29 theses and 61 articles were analyzed by the researchers under 7 different categories which are theoretical dimension, sampling, discipline, research method, tools used in the implementation process, variables, and pedagogical outcomes. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the studies conducted on flipped classroom model are mainly based upon constructivist approach. These studies also basically focused more on university students and the discipline of mathematics and foreign language, and most of the studies adopted qualitative research methods. Additionally, the variables of academic achievement, student participation, and student/teacher opinions were frequently researched. Moreover, while it was found out that the model has the pedagogical outcomes of academic achievement, student participation, motivation, and self-sufficiency perception, no enough evidence could be found regarding the effects of this model on high level skills. The findings obtained from the study are expected to contribute to the studies conducted on flipped classroom model in different aspects. Keywords: Flipped classroom model, content analysis, pedagogical outcomes
Effects of timing of emergence and microhabitat conditions on the seedling performance of a coastal Mediterranean plant1

Abstract Seedling emergence is a critical stage in the life cycle of annual plants, especially in arid and semiarid Mediterranean ecosystems characterized by high environmental unpredictability. We examined whether the timing of seedling emergence is related to plant survival and fitness for Anchusa littorea (Boraginaceae), an annual plant growing in a Mediterranean coastal sand dune ecosystem of southwest Sardinia (Italy). Seedling emergence, survival, and fruit set was monitored during 4 y (2008–2011) in 25 plots distributed in 2 contrasting microhabitats. Emergence concentrated in late winter (February–March), with few plants emerging thereafter. Early emergence time increased plant life length and fitness. Microhabitat conditions did not influence seedling emergence, although higher survival and fitness occurred in more favourable habitats. Our study enabled us to characterize the patterns of recruitment in A. littorea by analyzing the most critical stages in its life cycle.
How Does Topology of Neural Architectures Impact Gradient Propagation and Model Performance

In this paper, we address two fundamental questions in neural architecture design research: (i) How does an architecture topology impact the gradient flow during training? (ii) Can certain topological characteristics of deep networks indicate a priori (i.e., without training) which models, with a different number of parameters/FLOPS/layers, achieve a similar accuracy? To this end, we formulate the problem of deep learning architecture design from a network science perspective and introduce a new metric called NN-Mass to quantify how effectively information flows through a given architecture. We demonstrate that our proposed NN-Mass is more effective than the number of parameters to characterize the gradient flow properties, and to identify models with similar accuracy, despite having significantly different size/compute requirements. Detailed experiments on both synthetic and real datasets (e.g., MNIST and CIFAR-10/100) provide extensive empirical evidence for our insights. Finally, we exploit our new metric to design efficient architectures directly, and achieve up to 3x fewer parameters and FLOPS, while losing minimal accuracy (96.82% vs. 97%) over large CNNs on CIFAR-10.
Quantifying Densities of Snowshoe Hares in Maine Using Pellet Plots

Abstract Population densities are costly and logistically infeasible to measure directly across the broad geographic ranges of many wildlife species. For snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), a keystone species in northern boreal forest, indirect approaches for estimating population densities based on fecal pellet densities have been developed for boreal forest in northwestern Canada and in conifer-dominated montane forest in Idaho. Previous authors cautioned against applying these estimates across the geographic range of hares without further testing, but no published relationships for estimating densities from pellet counts are available for the mixed conifer–deciduous forests of the southeastern portion of the hare's range in North America. Thus, we estimated pellet and hare densities in 12 forested stands, 4 sampled twice during 1981–1983 and 8 sampled once during 2000–2002. Mark–recapture estimated densities of snowshoe hares from eastern and western Maine during 1981–1983 were linearly related to pellet densities to 15,000 pellets/ha/month (1.5 hares/ha) (Adj. r2 = 0.87, n = 8, P < 0.001) and accurately predicted densities of hares (x̄ = 7 % greater) estimates than actually observed at higher pellet densities sampled in northern Maine during 2000–2002.
Evaluation of Adversarial Training on Different Types of Neural Networks in Deep Learning-based IDSs

Network security applications, including Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) of deep neural networks (DNN), are increasing rapidly to make detection task of anomaly activities more accurate and robust. With the rapid increase of using DNN and the volume of data traveling through systems, different growing types of adversarial attacks to defeat DNN create a severe challenge. In this paper, we focus on investigating the effectiveness of different evasion attacks and how to train a resilience deep learning-based IDS using different Neural networks, e.g., Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). We use the min-max formulation to formulate the problem of training robust intrusion detection systems against adversarial samples using two benchmark datasets. Our experiments on different deep learning algorithms and different benchmark datasets demonstrate that defense using adversarial training based min-max formulation increases the robustness of the network under the assumption of our threat model and five state-of-the-art adversarial attacks.
The Caloplaca holocarpa group in the Nordic countries, except Iceland

Abstract The Caloplaca holocarpa group in the Nordic countries, except Iceland, is defined genetically using the nrlTS DNA gene. The members are analysed with regard to morphology, anatomy, ecology, and chemistry. The results show that C. holocarpa seems to be a very small group, but there are many morphologically similar species outside the group. Within the group several species have been confused, but it is shown that C. holocarpa, C. pyracea, and C. vitellinula are separate taxa. Caloplaca cerinella also belongs to the group whereas C. cerinelloides does not, but is included in the treatment because of its similarity to the former species. Caloplaca lithophila H. Magn. is a synonym of either C. holocarpa or C. vitellinula, most probably of the latter. Many specimens determined to C. holocarpa belong to Caloplaca oasis, but this species is shown to have much more variable morphology and wider ecology and distribution than previously understood. Caloplaca oasis has also been confused with C. polycarpa, which is similar, but morphologically and genetically distinct, even though related. Neither of the two species belong to the C. holocarpa group, but are related to the C. citrina group, not to the C. velana group as usually believed. Other species from northern and central Europe similar to C. holocarpa belong in other groups. The treated species are described and illustrated in colour. Distribution maps are given for the study area. A key to species in northern Europe similar to C. holocarpa is also provided.
Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria

An in sacco (nylon bag) technique was used to estimate the degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein, and to estimate the effective rumen degradability of protein (ERDP), for 3 irrigated clover herbages. Pasture characteristics (nutritive values and leaf:stem ratios) were also described, and relationships to ERDP established. The nutritive value characteristics and degradabilities of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were also compared for various regrowth periods (of 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks). Nutritive value characteristics of clover herbages varied from 9.9 to 11.9 MJ/kg DM for metabolisable energy, 153 to 304 g/kg DM for crude protein, and 209 to 377 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre. The leaf:stem ratio correlated well with the crude protein content of the clovers, with herbages consisting of more leaf generally having superior crude protein content (R 2 = 0.64, P < 0.001). The effective rumen degradability of protein for clover herbages ranged from 60 g/kg DM for mature (12 week regrowth) subterranean clover to 195 g/kg DM for vegetative (3 weeks regrowth) Persian clover. For clover herbages with a 3-week regrowth period, after initial cutting to 5 cm, and at ruminal outflow rates of 0.08/h, the effective rumen degradability of protein varied from 136 to 195 g/kg DM. A positive relationship between crude protein and ERDP (R 2 = 0.82) suggested that ERDP could be estimated for clover herbages that have been previously assessed for crude protein content, obviating the need for in sacco studies. Calculated degradabilities were lower for all clovers when higher ruminal outflow rates were assumed. Using the metabolisable protein system, metabolisable protein supply and metabolisable protein in excess of animal requirements were calculated. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were also estimated for cows consuming white clover of varying regrowth periods in both early and late lactation. It was concluded that metabolisable protein supply is unlikely to limit production in these examples. At regrowth periods of 3 weeks, metabolisable protein contributions from microbial and dietary sources were similar, and twice that required by the animal. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were substantial and amounted to 6-23% of nitrogen intake. In the experiments reported here, if all of the energy required to excrete excess protein (as urea) could instead be used for the production of milk, cows may have produced 0.5-2.0 kg more milk per day. Such losses could potentially be reduced if the protein content and/or degradabilities of clover herbages were reduced, and/or energy rich supplements were offered. Additional keywords: protein, clovers, in sacco, dairy cows, degradability, energy cost. AR 3 D. C. he D. C. he Pr eg y cl a
Bar Classification Based on the Potential Map

We introduce a new approach to classify barred galaxies that utilizes the transverse-to-radial force ratio map (ratio map, hereafter) in a different manner from previous studies. When we display the ratio map in polar coordinates, barred galaxies appear as four aligned, horizontal thick slabs. This characteristic feature enables us to successfully classify barred and nonbarred galaxies with an accuracy of 87%. It yields a bar fraction of 53%, including both SBs and SABs, when applied to 884 nearby (z < 0.01) spiral galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey/DR7. It also provides the bar strength and length measurements, in particular, separated from the spiral arms. They show good correlations with the measures estimated from ellipse fitting and Fourier analysis. However, we find different tendencies of the bar strength measurements in terms of the Hubble sequence: as the Hubble sequence increases (toward late types), the bar strength and bar ellipticity increase, whereas the dipole Fourier amplitude decreases. We show that the bulge affects the estimation of the bar strength differently, depending on the classification methods. The bulge causes the bar length to be overestimated in all three methods. Meanwhile, we find that barred galaxies show two types of radial profiles of the angle-averaged force ratio: one has a maximum peak (type M) and the other a plateau (type P). Comparison with numerical simulations suggests that type-M bars are more mature than type-P bars in terms of evolutionary stage.
Neutron Star Mergers as the Main Source of r-process: Natal Kicks and Inside-out Evolution to the Rescue

Binary neutron star mergers (BNSMs) are currently the most promising source of r-process thanks to the detection of GW170817. The estimated occurring frequency and the amount of mass ejected per merger indicate that BNSMs by themselves can account for all the r-process enrichment in the Galaxy. However, the decreasing trend of [Eu/Fe] versus [Fe/H] of disk stars for [Fe/H] ≳ −1 in the solar neighborhood is inconsistent with the flat trend expected from BNSMs with a standard delay time distribution (DTD) ∝ t−1. This has led to the suggestion that either additional sources or modification to the DTD of BNSMs is required to match the observations. We investigate the effects of natal kicks received during the birth of neutron star binaries on the chemical evolution of r-process element Eu in the Milky Way by combining the results from the galactic dynamics code galpy with a one-zone Galactic chemical evolution model omega. We show that when key inputs from simulations of the inside-out disk evolution are combined with natal kicks, BNSMs can naturally reproduce the observed decreasing trend of [Eu/Fe] with [Fe/H] in the solar neighborhood without the need for modification to the DTD or additional r-process sources.