Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Eddies and Topography in the Export of Shelf Waters From the West Antarctic Peninsula Shelf

Oceanic heat strongly in ﬂ uences the glaciers and ice shelves along West Antarctica. Prior studies show that the subsurface onshore heat ﬂ ux from the Southern Ocean on the shelf occurs through deep, glacially carved channels. The mechanisms enabling the export of colder shelf waters to the open ocean, however, have not been determined. Here, we use ocean glider measurements collected near the mouth of Marguerite Trough (MT), west Antarctic Peninsula, to reveal shelf ‐ modi ﬁ ed cold waters on the slope over a deep (2,700 m) offshore topographic bank. The shelf hydrographic sections show subsurface cold features ( θ <=1.5 °C), and associated potential vorticity ﬁ elds suggest a signi ﬁ cant instability ‐ driven eddy ﬁ eld. Output from a high ‐ resolution numerical model reveals offshore export modulated by small (6 km), cold ‐ cored, cyclonic eddies preferentially generated along the slope and at the mouth of MT. While baroclinic and barotropic instabilities appear active in the surrounding open ocean, the former is suppressed along the steep shelf slopes, while the latter appears enhanced. Altimetry and model output reveal the mean slope ﬂ ow splitting to form an offshore branch over the bank, which eventually forms a large (116 km wide) persistent lee eddy, and an onshore branch in MT. The offshore ﬂ ow forms a pathway for the small cold ‐ cored eddies to move offshore, where they contribute signi ﬁ cantly to cooling over the bank, including the large lee eddy. These results suggest eddy ﬂ uxes, and topographically modulated ﬂ ows are key mechanisms for shelf water export along this shelf, just as they are for the shoreward warm water transport. past 50 years, believed to be driven by increasing ﬂ uxes of heat from the ocean. While knowledge of the mechanisms that drive this heat from the open ocean onto the continental shelves has improved, our understanding of the counterbalancing ﬂ ows of shelf waters remains limited. In this study, temperature, salinity, and velocity observations from an underwater autonomous vehicle, alongside numerical model output, are used to elucidate the pathway and mechanisms by which shelf waters are moved into the ocean interior. Small spinning vortices — known as eddies — containing shelf water are periodically generated from dynamical instabilities that derive from the horizontal shear of the ﬂ ow. These small eddies then move offshore to cool a region of elevated topography near the mouth of Marguerite Trough, a deep glacially carved canyon. Here, cold water accumulates in a larger persistent eddy; satellite observations suggest that this water may ultimately be discharged into the Southern Ocean interior. Given that the topographic conditions of the ﬁ eld site are not unique, eddies and topographic ﬂ ows are likely key mechanisms that balance the onshore ﬂ ux of ocean heat in the West Antarctic.
Collaborative Variational Deep Learning for Healthcare Recommendation

Healthcare recommender system (HRS) has shown the great potential of targeting medical experts or patients, and plays a key role in improving an individual’s health by providing insightful recommendations. The HRSs generate recommendations based on a successful and widely applied method known as collaborative filtering (CF). Despite its success, the CF suffers from data sparsity and cold-start problem, which results in the poor quality of recommendations. In particular, it is a great challenge to seeking information relevant to patients’ condition, and understanding the medical terms and relationships between them in HRSs. To address these problems, we design a novel collaborative variational deep learning model (CVDL) to exploit multi-sourced information for providing appropriate healthcare recommendations in primary care service. CVDL employs additional variational autoencoder (VAE) to learn deep latent representations for item contents (the description of primary care doctors) in latent space, instead of observation space through an inference network. Meanwhile, the CVDL extracts latent user (patient) features by incorporating user profile in a VAE neural network. Therefore, the CVDL can learn better implicit relationships between items and users from item content, user profile, and rating matrix. In addition, a Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes (SGVB) approach is proposed to calculate the maximum posterior estimates for learning model parameters. The experiments conducted on three datasets have indicated that our method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art hybrid CF methods.
Biologically‐Relevant Trends in Springtime Temperatures Across the United States

Long‐term trends in temperature—a primary driver of phenology—are typically evaluated using monthly or seasonal averages. However, accumulated warmth, rather than average temperature, cues phenological events; further, the amount of heat necessary to trigger activity is species‐specific. We evaluated trends in the timing of three heat accumulation thresholds encompassing spring‐season biological activity in the conterminous United States over a 70‐year period to document changes from a biologically relevant perspective. The Southwest, Northeast, and Northwest regions exhibit the strongest advancements. Rates of change vary among thresholds within many regions, resulting in temporal compression and lengthening within the season. Further, in the Eastern United States, the days between when a single threshold is met in the south and north are decreasing; in the West, the opposite pattern is occurring. These trends generally match long‐term observations of species' phenology, underscoring the value of this approach for documenting biologically relevant changes in temperature.
Modeling the Dispersion of Dissolved Natural Gas Condensates From the Sanchi Incident

An Iranian tanker with 136,000 tons of natural gas condensates collided with a freighter in the East China Sea in January 2018 and, after drifting ablaze for 8 days and over 200 km, capsized on the edge of the shelf near the Kuroshio Current. Different from the crude oil, the condensates consist of hydrocarbons that have relatively high solubility in seawater. We postulate that the leakage from the remaining condensate cargo at 110 m depth may result in a bottom layer of condensate‐enriched water in the vicinity of the resting tanker. A model is constructed in this study to simulate the dispersion of contaminated water through the processes of oceanic advection, diffusion, biodegradation, and volatilization. It is found that the scope and magnitude of the dispersion are most sensitive to the biodegradation. Even though the biodegradation time scale depends on several factors that are not well quantified in this region, using any value within the estimated range from a previous study results in significant contamination in the broad area. The dispersion is particularly effective in this incident because the tanker capsized near the Kuroshio Current—a fast‐moving western boundary current. The Kuroshio acts as a fast conduit to spread the contaminant to the east coast of Japan and the interior Pacific Ocean. In addition, we identify that the TsushimaWarm Current, a perennial flow into the Japan Sea, is the second major conduit for spreading the polluted water. This study indicates that dissolved hydrocarbons are the main environmental risk for maritime spills of natural gas condensates. Plain Language Summary The spill of the natural gas condensates in the East China Sea was unprecedented and the first major maritime spill of this kind in history. Unlike the more commonly spilled crude oil, the condensates are highly volatile and become invisible within days. However, the condensates mainly consist of low molecular weight hydrocarbons that have high solubility in seawater. Once dissolved in seawater, it is removed mainly by microbiologic processes that may take months to years. It is postulated in this study that the underwater leakage from the sunken tanker may result in a bottom layer of condensate‐enriched water. In this study we formulate a model to examine how the contaminant water spread by oceanic processes. It is found that the scope and magnitude of the dispersion are most sensitive to how long the marine microorganism can consume the dissolved contamination. In this incident, the contaminant is shown to spread over a large area because of the proximity of the source to the Kuroshio Current.
Comparison of Vitamin B12 Levels in Light-Protected and Normal Tubes

Objective: Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a water soluble hematopoietic vitamin that functions in somatic cell metabolism. Vitamin B12 is commonly measured by direct chemiluminescence immunoassay methods in routine biochemistry laboratories. Serum samples to be tested for vitamin B12 are recommended to be kept protected from light. On the basis of this information, we aimed to evaluate the effect of light and waiting time till analysis on vitamin B12 tests. Methods: In total, 52 volunteers (27 women and 25 men) were included in our study. To prevent the effect of light, we prepared darkened tubes for blood collection. Simultaneously, two tubes of blood samples (one darkened and one normal) were drawn from each patient. The measurements were performed on the 0th and 12th hours using the Roche Hitachi Modular E 170 autoanalyser. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used, and p 0.05). In comparison with the baseline (0th hour), the percentage difference in darkened tubes were found to be significantly decreased on the 12th hour (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the need for the darkened tubes may be ignored when cost-effectiveness is considered. (JAREM 2015; 5: 14-6)
Drug Cost Containment

In the absence of a well implemented Drug Policy, paucities in access, affordability, efficiency, quality and effectiveness of health services and limited resources continue to handicap the functioning of the health system. Higher accessibility and quality is taken to be synonymous with higher costs. The main objective of the study was to study the impact of a drug policy on availability of essential drugs and cost containment in a tertiary care hospital from 1996 through 2007. The interventions consisted of selection of list of essential drugs and procurement through centralized pooled system in 1996–1997, followed by setting up of Drugs & Therapeutic Committee (1997). Average drug expenditure increased slightly from 3.63 per cent to 5.16 per cent while there was 6-fold rise in hospital patient attendance. Drug expenditure reduced by 47 per cent, without any compromise on key drug availability which increased to 94.6 per cent. Despite high expenditure on key drugs (75.89 per cent) mean availability was 67.48 per cent but after intervention with the same expenditure (77.68 per cent) it increased to 95.28 per cent. Number of drugs out-of-stock decreased from 27.57 per cent to 19.57 per cent of minor duration only and no stock out of vital drugs. ABC analysis revealed 3.33 drugs only in category A consuming 74 per cent budget which increased markedly to 9.63 drugs consuming 79.53 per cent budget after intervention along with reversal of previous trend of non-essential among top 10 drugs where only vital drugs represented top 10 drugs. The present study showed cost-containment accompanied by increased availability of essential drugs is possible and optimizes the value of limited government funds and thereby empower and support government in making basic medicines available to all. Managerial interventions such as limited list of essential drugs, efficient procurement, through Drugs and Therapeutic Committee (DTCs) have a vital role in improving day-to-day care of patients and can serve as an effective strategy in curtailing inappropriate drug use, reducing drug expenditures and serve to increased availability and accessibility to essential medicines thus optimizing the value of limited government funds.
Changing Places

The design of every aspect of the urban landscape—from streets and sidewalks to green spaces, mass transit, and housing—fundamentally influences the health and safety of the communities who live there. It can affect people's stress levels and determine whether they walk or drive, the quality of the air they breathe, and how free they are from crime. This book provides a compelling look at the new science and art of urban planning, showing how scientists, planners, and citizens can work together to reshape city life in measurably positive ways. It demonstrates how well-designed changes to place can significantly improve the well-being of large groups of people. The book argues that there is a disconnect between those who implement place-based changes, such as planners and developers, and the urban scientists who are now able to rigorously evaluate these changes through testing and experimentation. It covers a broad range of structural interventions, such as building and housing, land and open space, transportation and street environments, and entertainment and recreation centers. Science shows we can enhance people's health and safety by changing neighborhoods block-by-block. The book explains why planners and developers need to recognize the value of scientific testing, and why scientists need to embrace the indispensable know-how of planners and developers. It reveals how these professionals, working together and with urban residents, can create place-based interventions that are simple, affordable, and scalable to entire cities.
Looking beneath the Stawell and Bendigo zones in Victoria, Australia: a view through the granite window

Abstract Information, mainly from the granitic and silicic volcanic rocks in the Stawell, Bendigo and Melbourne structural zones in the state of Victoria, shows that the sources of both the S- and I-type rocks of the Stawell and Bendigo zones (SBZ) contrast in ages and chemistry with the sources of similar granitic rocks in the Melbourne Zone, consistent with the absence of the mainly Proterozoic Selwyn Block beneath most of the SBZ. Below a mid-crustal décollement in the SBZ, the crust is evidently highly variable and possibly includes thinned Proterozoic crust. There is geochronological evidence for ca 400 and ca 370 Ma granulite-grade metamorphic events here, and, after this double bout of metamorphism, and depletion in the silicic melt component, the constituents of the entire deep crust of the SBZ would have densities similar to those of overlying, much lower-grade Cambrian metabasaltic to boninitic rocks. Thus, granitic magmas may have formed here by partial melting of a variety of rock types, probably with back-arc affinities, with ages that may extend back to the Proterozoic. Therefore, the basement of the SBZ is unlikely to consist solely of thick ocean-floor rocks, as in some current interpretations. KEY POINTS The sources of the Devonian granitic rocks of the Stawell and Bendigo zones (SBZ) contrast in ages and chemistry with those of the Melbourne Zone granites. Two Devonian granulite-facies events left the melt-depleted deep SBZ crust with densities similar to those of overlying Cambrian metabasaltic rocks. The SBZ Devonian granitic magmas probably formed by partial melting of heterogeneous Proterozoic to Cambrian arc-related crust, below the mid-crustal décollement.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: Brucellosis is responsible for considerable public health issues involving economic losses due to abortion, loss of milk production and infertility in adult males. The purpose of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia and assess the possible risk factors. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in three geographical areas of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. The study sample included 400 participants from randomly selected primary health care centres. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors for brucellosis. A 5 ml blood sample was collected from each study participant. The SPSS statistical program was utilised for data analysis. Results: The overall sero-prevalence of brucellosis in Jazan Province was 13.4 % and was higher among participants ≥ 40 years old (20 %) than those < 40 years (12 %). Prevalence was significantly higher among rural (39.3 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 29.8 – 49.7) than urban populations (4.6 %; 95 % CI, 2.7 – 7.9), in Saudis (14.5 %; 95 % CI, 11.1 – 18.8) than non-Saudis (3.0 %; 95 % CI, 7.0 – 15.3) and in males (16.4 %; 95 % CI, 12.2 – 21.6) than females (7.1 %; 95 % CI, 3.7 – 13.4). Conclusion: These results indicate the need for a vaccination program in Jazan Province and for public awareness campaign activities to combat and eradicate the disease. Keywords: Sero-prevalence, Brucellosis, Milk, Vaccination, Public awareness campaign
Predictability of the rainy season onset date in Central Highlands of Vietnam

In this study, different criteria to determine the rainy season onset date (RSOD) and its predictability in the Central Highlands (CH) of Vietnam are investigated. Using daily rainfall amounts from 10 meteorological stations for the period 1981–2015, four criteria to determine the RSOD were tested in order to select the one that most reasonably depicts the climatology of the RSOD over the CH. Results show that the RSOD varies strongly from year to year. In the long‐term mean, the onset starts first in southern parts of the CH and then progresses to the northern parts. The earliest onset date is around the beginning of April, and the latest in the second half of May. The average RSOD is on 28 April with a standard deviation of 14 days. Thus, the RSOD is distinct from the summer monsoon onset, namely, leading the mean summer monsoon onset by about 3 weeks in some years. In terms of remote influences, the RSOD in the CH has a high correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon, with most RSODs being later during El Niño years, while being earlier during La Niña years. The RSOD in the CH also shows high correlations with sea surface temperatures (SSTs), 850‐hPa zonal winds (U850) and mean sea level pressures (PMSL) over certain regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Building on these relationships, the RSOD can be successfully predicted using large‐scale fields of SST, U850 and PMSL as predictors in two different approaches, namely the field mean and principal component analysis. This suggests that the overall approach can also be applied in predicting the RSOD in the CH on sub‐seasonal to seasonal timescales.
Potential Anti-obesogenic Effects of Ginkgo biloba Observed in Epididymal White Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats

Exacerbated expansion of adipose tissue seen in diet-induced obesity leads to endocrine dysfunction and disturbance in adipokine secretion, with such abnormal profile positively associated with type 2 diabetes and other mild chronic inflammatory conditions. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE), a mixture of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, has been recently investigated in a variety of experimental models of endocrine dysfunction, with several potentially beneficial effects identified, including improvement in insulin sensitivity in obese rats, and reduction of weight gain in ovariectomy-induced obesity and diet-induced obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate in high fat diet-induced obese male rats the effects of GbE supplementation for 2 weeks on adipocyte volume and adipose tissue lipid accumulation. GbE supplementation was effective in reducing energy intake in obese rats compared to the saline-treated placebo group. Epididymal adipocyte volume was reduced in GbE-supplemented rats, as were epididymal [1-14C]-acetate incorporation into fatty acids, perilipin (Plin 1) and fatty acid synthase (Fasn) mRNA, and FAS protein levels. Adipocyte hypertrophy in obesity is associated with insulin resistance, and in the present study we observed a reduction in the adipocyte volume of GbE-supplemented obese rats to dimensions equivalent to adipocytes from non-obese rats. GbE supplementation significantly reduced acetate accumulation and tended to reduce [3H]-oleate incorporation, into epididymal adipose tissue, suggesting a potentially anti-obesogenic effect in longer term therapies. Further studies that investigate the effects of GbE supplementation in other experimental models are required to fully elucidate its suggested beneficial effects on mild chronic inflammatory conditions.
Mimicking Geologic Depositional Fabrics for Multiphase Flow Experiments

A novel laboratory technique is presented for generating two‐dimensional beadpacks with reproducible natural geologic sedimentary bedforms. The heterogeneous beadpacks are deposited in a 0.6 m × 0.6 m × 0.02 m glass slab chamber using a programmable two‐axis linear actuator. The method takes advantage of natural mechanical sorting processes, along with the ability to program the motion of the arm, to efficiently build cross‐beds and ripple laminae similar to those seen in natural water‐lain clastic deposits. By using a mixture of grain sizes (200 to 800 μm diameter), depositional fabrics with multiscale heterogeneity (mm to dm) are generated. Reproducibility tests show very high correlation among multiple fabric realizations produced with similar inputs. After introducing this first‐of‐a‐kind capability to produce depositionally realistic fabrics at scales larger than that of rock cores, a demonstrative study is presented that illustrates gravity unstable multiphase flow which is relevant in the context of CO2 sequestration. Preliminary results highlight the dramatic impact small scale capillary heterogeneities have on multiphase immiscible displacement and can help bridge understanding between core scale experiments and reservoir scale observations.
Moving Vehicle Detection Using Haar-like, LBP and a Machine Learning Adaboost Algorithm

Object detection and classification is one of the core functions of Intelligence Transport Systems (ITS). It is typically based on extracted features and learning algorithms. Different approaches seem to be appropriate. Researchers should compare and evaluate existing approaches to apply the most efficient. In this paper, we propose a moving vehicle-detection vision system. Two solutions are examined in terms of performance and energy-efficient. The first is a classical Adaboost approach based on the Haar-like in feature extraction whereas the second handles a Local Binary Pattern descriptor that will undergo extraction with Adaboost classifier. Comparison results are illustrated based on the GTI vehicle image dataset. The most pertinent is the Haar-like +Adaboost, leading a DR of 90.1% instead of 87.9% for the LBP+Adaboost. However, LBP+Adaboost shows a low energy consumption, which is very important in any embedded systems.