Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bandit Learnability can be Undecidable

We pursue a general investigation into structured bandits. Speciﬁcally, for an abstract space X , we suppose a true reward function f resides in a known, but arbitrary, function class F . The algorithm may then pull a number of arms x (i.e., query for the value f ( x ) ), and thereby attempts to identify an arm ˆ x of near-maximum reward: f (ˆ x ) ≥ sup x f ( x ) − (cid:15) . While special cases of this problem are well understood in the literature, our interest is in the possibility of a fully-general theory of bandit learnability, analogous to the PAC model for classiﬁcation: that is, a theory which precisely characterizes which function classes F admit a learning algorithm guaranteed to identify a near-optimal arm within a bounded number of pulls. Our main result in this regard is an illuminating impossibility result. Namely, there exist well-deﬁned function classes F such that bandit learnability is undecidable within ZFC set theory. While such undecidability results have previously been shown for a certain abstractly-deﬁned learning problem known as EMX, this is the ﬁrst example of a natural or commonly-encountered learning problem (i.e., bandits) for which learnability can be provably undecidable. Our proof is based on establishing a (rather-sophisticated) equivalence between certain subfamilies of EMX learning problems and corresponding constructed bandit problems. Despite this general undecidability result, we also establish new general results in special cases. Speciﬁcally, we characterize the optimal query complexity in the special case of binary-valued reward functions in terms of a combinatorial complexity measure related to the teaching dimension. We also present an extension to general bounded real-valued rewards, though in this case the upper bound is not always optimal. In the process, we also establish a separation between learnability by deterministic vs randomized learners. We instantiate the new complexity measures for several important families of function classes F .
The Evaluation of Teacher Certiﬁcation Policy Represented by Its Implementation in the Border Area of Sanggau District of Indonesia

This research aimed to evaluate and study the teacher certiﬁcation program in the border area of Sanggau District, including the implementation of teacher certiﬁcation program (professional allowance), teachers’ performance and teachers’ motivation as well as its factors and inhibition. The method used in this research was evaluation research . The sampling technique employed was purpo-sivequotasamplingobtaining134teachersthathavebeencertiﬁedinSekayamandEntikongSub-Districts.Thedatawerecollectedthroughdocumentationandindi-rectcommunicationintheformofquestionnaire.Thedatawereprocessedusing analyticaldescriptivemethodandsimplelinearregression.Thisstudyfoundthat theteachercertiﬁcationprograminprimaryschoolintheborderareaofSang-gauDistricthasbeengenerallyimplementedwell;therewassigniﬁcanteffect betweentheteachers’professionalcertiﬁcation(X)onworkingmotivation(Y 1 ) with determination coefﬁcient of 0.146, which means that there was still 85.4% that was explained/ affected by other factors, and; there was signiﬁcant effect between teachers’ professional certiﬁcation (X) on the teachers’ motivation (Y 2 ) with determination coefﬁcient of 0.081 which means that there was still 91.9% was explained/ affected by other factors.
Il Mulino-Rivisteweb

This paper investigates whether there is a banking risk premium that helps explain the returns of US publicly listed firms. We assess this research question in the context of the CAPM and the Fama-French three-factor model. We use bank size to create the banking factor return (BNK) – the return on a mimicking portfolio that is long (short) big (small) banks. We find a positive premium for BNK and our analysis supports a risk-based interpretation, since the premium is priced. Our findings are notable since they point to a slight superiority of CAPM augmented by BNK over the counterpart that augments the Fama-French model with BNK.
The structural analysis of secretion in the freshwater mite Limnesia maculata (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae) supports the idea of a new form of arthropod silk

The structural characteristics of silk secretion of the freshwater mite Limnesia maculata (O.F. Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae) are described and analyzed for the �rst time based on light, atomic force and electron-microscopical approaches. The common dermal glands (14 pairs scattered over the body) produce silk mostly during the warm summer season. The process of silk secretion occupies from several hours to several days. Silk may be detected as barely recognized clouds of a �ne whitish substance. An individual silk thread is an in�nitely long uniform unbranched and non-stretchable tube, hollow or with a vesicular electron-dense residual content. In the silk bundle, threads may be freely interlaced, bent, curved or occasionally broken. The diameter of the tubes mostly lies within 0.9–1.5 µm. The width of the tube walls varies greatly from 60 to 300 nm. Chaotically interlaced �ne �brils build the tube walls. On the external surface of the tube wall, these �brils are loosely organized and frequently rising vertically, whereas on the internal side they are packed more tightly sometimes showing a mesh. The walls may reveal a layered structure or, contrary, are quite thinner with through foramens. The revealed organization of silk in the freshwater mites is found to be the simplest among that of other arthropods. The proposed role of such silk is a capture of the potential prey in the summer season. Silk in water mites signi�cantly widen the wholesome area for their life and gives them better chances in competition for potential resources.
A Systematic Review on the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Chronic Pain

Chronic pain (CP), a leading cause of disability, is associated with addiction, physical and psychosocial impairment and tremendous financial burden. Childhood experiences contribute to the genesis of different attachment styles. Attachment theory offers a useful framework for the conceptualization of CP, with different attachment styles impacting the experience and clinical manifestations of CP. This systematic review aims to evaluate the relationship between attachment styles and CP, to investigate which attachment styles pose the greatest risk for CP, to examine how CP is expressed in the context of different attachment styles, and to gain insight regarding the treatment approach to CP. This systematic review utilized a quantitative approach and included 29 studies relating to the relationship between attachment styles and CP. The studies yielded results indicating that an insecure attachment style is more prevalent among those suffering from CP when compared with healthy subjects. Attachment insecurity was noted to be a predisposing factor with respect to various dimensions of the CP experience. A secure attachment style served as a protective factor vis-a-vis the genesis and clinical manifestations of CP. The studies highlighted the necessity of an attachment-based, customized treatment approach for CP patients with varying attachment styles. Future research should inform healthcare providers about vulnerable populations, early intervention strategies and efficacious treatment modalities.
Is more, better? Relationships of multiple psychological well-being facets with cardiometabolic disease.

OBJECTIVE Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Assessments of psychological well-being taken at one time point are linked to reduced cardiometabolic risk, but psychological well-being may change over time and how longitudinal trajectories of psychological well-being may be related to CMD risk remains unclear. Furthermore, psychological well-being is a multidimensional construct comprised of distinct facets, but no work has examined whether sustaining high levels of multiple facets may confer additive protection. This study tested if trajectories of four psychological well-being facets would be associated with lower risk of self-reported nonfatal CMD. METHOD Participants were 4,006 adults aged ≥50 years in the English Longitudinal study of Ageing followed for 18 years at biyearly intervals. Psychological well-being facets were measured in Waves 1-5 using subscales of the Control, Autonomy, Satisfaction, and Pleasure scale. Latent class growth modeling defined trajectories of each facet. Incident CMD cases were self-reported at Waves 6-9. Cox regression models estimated likelihood of incident CMD associated with trajectories of each facet individually and additively (i.e., having persistently high levels on multiple facets over time). RESULTS After adjusting for relevant covariates, CMD risk was lower for adults with persistently high versus persistently low levels of control and autonomy. When considering potential additive effects, lower CMD risk was also related to experiencing persistently high levels of ≥2 versus 0 psychological well-being facets. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest having and sustaining multiple facets of psychological well-being is beneficial for cardiometabolic health, and that effects may be additive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Review Genetic Pathways to Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and most malignant human brain tumor. The prognosis remains very poor, with most patients dying within 1 year after diagnosis. Primary and secondary glioblastoma constitute distinct disease subtypes, affecting patients of different age and developing through different ge-netic pathways. The majority of cases ( > 90%) are primary glioblastomas that develop rapidly de novo , without clinical or histological evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion. They affect mainly the elderly and are genetically characterized by loss of heterozygosity 10q (70% of cases), EGFR amplification (36%), p16 INK4a deletion (31%), and PTEN mutations (25%). Secondary glioblastomas develop through progression from low-grade diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma and manifest in younger patients. In the pathway to secondary glioblastoma, TP53 mutations are the most frequent and earliest detectable ge-netic alteration, already present in 60% of precursor low-grade astrocytomas. The mutation pattern is characterized by frequent G:C 3 A:T mutations at CpG sites. During progression to glioblastoma, additional mutations accumulate, including loss of heterozygosity 10q25-qter ( (cid:2) 70%), which is the most frequent genetic alteration in both primary and secondary glioblas-tomas. Primary and secondary glioblastomas also differ significantly in their pattern of promoter methylation and in expression profiles at RNA and protein levels. This has significant implications, particularly for the development of novel, targeted therapies, as discussed in this review. (Am J Pathol
24 Motivation and Awards

Money is necessary to survive. Moreover, income is taken to be an indicator of success. Payforperformance has been widely used to incentivize employees to put in more effort at work. Economic theory has been built on the idea that monetary incentives are primordial instruments to induce people to work. Accordingly, the focus has for a long time exclusively been on extrinsic motivation, while intrinsic motivation has either been totally disregarded, attributed to a “dogooder” ideology, or at best taken to be an irrelevant constant. With the advent of economic psychology and behavioral economics (for a review of each respectively, see Kirchler and Holzl, 2017, and Thaler, 2016), it has increasingly been understood that for many activities – most importantly in the voluntary sector, but also in normal economic areas – intrinsic motivation is crucial. Even more significantly, it has been understood that intrinsic motivation may be undermined by extrinsic interventions. In particular, this “crowdingout effect” (Frey, 1994), as it is called in economics, applies when monetary payments are used for activities partly or mainly based on intrinsic motivation. As a consequence, instruments beyond monetary compensation, enhancing rather than destroying intrinsic motivation, have received increasing interest by economists. As individuals are known to crave recognition by their peers and a wider public, awards present a suitable instrument to raise intrinsic motivation: awards specifically honor persons for performing above and beyond the call of duty. Our chapter presents a survey of the analyses undertaken in economics with respect to human motivation and awards. We focus on empirical work in the form of experiments as well as econometric analyses in the field. The first part is devoted to motivational crowding effects, and the second part focuses on awards.
DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION AND CONTINUED FRACTIONS IN POWER SERIES FIELDS

1.1. The Fields of Power Series F(q) or F(K). Let p be a prime number and q = p, where s is a positive integer. We consider the finite field Fq with q elements. Then we introduce with an indeterminate T , the ring of polynomials Fq[T ] and the field of rational functions Fq(T ). We also consider the absolute value defined on Fq(T ) by |P/Q| = |T | P−deg Q for P,Q ∈ Fq[T ], where |T | is a fixed real number greater than 1. By completing Fq(T ) with this absolute value, we obtain a field, denoted by F(q), which is the field of formal power series in 1/T with coefficients in Fq. Thus, if α is a non-zero element of F(q), we have
Studying Normal and Oblique Perforation of Steel Plates with SPH Simulations

Axisymmetric and three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) models are developed to simulate normal and oblique perforation of 12 mm-thick Weldox 460 E steel plates. In the models, a particle-to-particle contact algorithm including friction effect is employed to model interactions between projectile and target plate. A constitutive model coupling viscoplasticity and ductile damage is implemented to describe material behaviors of target plate. Both axisymmetric and three-dimensional SPH models are validated by existing experimental results. By using axisymmetric models, effects of projectile structure on normal perforation are systematically studied. Two factors of projectile structure, nose shape and aspect ratio, are considered. Residual velocities, ballistic limits and failure modes are obtained for different projectile nose shapes and aspect ratios. Effects of nose shape and aspect ratio on ballistic limits predicted by SPH simulations are compared with those obtained by an analytical equation. By using three-dimensional models, oblique perforation is simulated. Effects of oblique angle on impact processes are analyzed. Intervals of critical oblique angle of ricochet are obtained for different impact velocities and caliber-radius-head values of ogival projectile. The results obtained in this work can provide reference for the design of protective structures with steels and similar materials. The SPH with contact algorithm including friction effect is proved to be a very effective method for ballistic impact simulation.
Network Coding as Enabler for Achieving URLLC Under TCP and UDP Environments: A Survey

In an era of rapidly evolving technology, the pursuit of higher data rates, extremely low latency, and robust reliability is becoming increasingly crucial. Applications such as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) demand that transmitted messages meet stringent time constraints. Traditional ARQ-based schemes struggle to achieve the required performance in the presence of feedback delays or feedback losses. Unlike conventional ARQ approaches, which acknowledge only original packets, Network coding (NC) can acknowledge multiple degrees of freedom (DOF), making the feedback mechanism a pivotal factor for reliability-delay tradeoffs. On the other hand, UDP protocol operates blindly without feedback acknowledgments (ACKs). Thus, the selection of code to provide ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLCs) over lossy channels without feedback ACKs is tedious. However, network coding inherent robustness against packet erasure positions it as a promising candidate for reliable communication without feedback ACKs. In this survey, we delve into cutting-edge opportunistic network coding schemes that can deliver high data rates and low latency, even in the face of feedback limitations such as feedback delays, feedback losses, or complete feedback absence. We focus on how network coding-based approaches maintain effective communication over lossy networks, regardless of these feedback limitations. In the context of UDP environments (i.e., blind coding), we present the interplay of some essential elements that must be integrated into network coding to enable reliable transmission without feedback ACKs. While drawing support from secondary sources, our primary objective is to stimulate readers’ interest in further exploration of network coding for URLLC in mission-critical (IIoT) applications.
Flow Characteristics of a Pipe Diffuser for Centrifugal Compressors

The pipe diffuser, an efficient kind of radial bladed diffuser, is widely used in centrifugal compressors for gas turbine engines. This paper investigates flow characteristics of a pipe diffuser for centrifugal compressors by solving three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The results show that the pipe diffuser is adaptable to high Mach number incoming flows, and its unique leading edge could uniform the flow distortion. Numerical analysis indicates that the choke in pipe diffuser occurs suddenly, which leads to the dramatically steep performance curves near choke condition. Besides, it is found that the first half flow passage is particularly important to the pipe diffuser performance as it influences the choking behavior, the static pressure distribution, and the matching, so more attention should be paid to this region when designing or optimizing a pipe diffuser. Two counter-rotating vortices generated in the diffuser inlet region are captured by numerical simulation, and they can exist in the downstream of the diffuser passage. More detailed analysis show that these two vortices dominate the flow structure in the whole diffuser passage by shifting flow to certain positions and forming high-momentum flow cells and wake flow cells. The leading edge formed by the intersection of adjacent diffuser passages significantly affects this pair of vortices. In addition, these two vortices also affect the flow separation in pipe diffuser flow passages, they suppress separation near the front wall and back wall while facilitate separation at center locations. Therefore, it is recommended to design the leading edge of the pipe diffuser carefully to control the vortices and obtain a better flow field.
The Effect of Planting Distances and Foliar Fertilization with Zinc on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Soybean Crop

To investigate the impact of planting distance and zinc foliar fertilization on soybean growth, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Hamidiyah research station of the College of Agriculture at the University of Anbar. The experiment was set up in a Split Plot R.C. B.D with three replicates. Four concentrations of zinc (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Zn l−1), allocated to the main plots, whereas the planting distances (7, 14, 21, and 28 cm) between plants were allocated to the sub-plots which gave plant densities of 190,000, 95555, 63333 and 47777 plants ha−1, respectively. The planting distances between plants significantly affected the vegetative growth characteristics, as the distance of 7 cm (high density) was outperformed in plant height (116.11 cm) and the height of the first pod from the soil surface (29.25 cm). While the distance of 28 cm (low density) recorded the highest average for number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (53.66 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content of leaves (5.29 mg g−1 fresh weight), and the dry weight of the plant (410 g plant−1). With regards to plant development, a 75 mg L−1 zinc solution was the most effective. Plant height (106.78 cm), number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (5836 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content (5.06 mg gm−1 fresh weight), first height Pod from the surface of the earth (30.46 cm), and dry weight were the best averages (455.8 g plant−1). The plant’s height and the height of the first pod above the surface of the soil interacted significantly with a concentration of 75 mg L−1 at a distance of 7 cm, while the highest mean for the plant’s number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and dry weight was found at a distance of 28 cm under the same conditions.
Effects of Foliar and Soil Applications of Silicic Acid (Silicon 0.8%) on the Growth and Yield of Tomato under Greenhouse Conditions

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Iraq. Experiments have been conducted to compare the effects of foliar and soil surface (drench) applications of silicic acid on tomato under greenhouse conditions. The experiment consisted of treatments with or without silicic acid (AB Yellow) treatments with different concentrations to evaluate the efficacy on growth, yield, and quality parameters of tomato. The results showed that foliar applied and soil drenching of silicic acid in different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 ml/L) significantly increased yield and quality attributes compared to control. Silicic acid, applied as foliar spray or as soil drench, as 2 ml/L increased growth and yield significantly.
Effect of Adding Selenium Vitamin E to Feed Containing Acetic Acid on Milk Production and its Fat Content in Awassi Ewes

The study was conducted in the animal barn of the Agricultural Research Department/ Nineveh Research Department / Ministry of Agriculture during the period of 1/3-15/4/ 2022, using 18 Awassi ewes in the last stage of milk production (after weaning). The ages of the ewes ranged between 3-4 years and their average weight (46.80 ± 1.33 kg) The ewes were divided into three groups. The first group considered control (T1) and was fed on the standard ration without addition, the second group (T2) was fed on the standard ration with the addition of 10 glacial acetic acid (99.85%) food grade for each ewe, the acid was added to the feed after diluting it with tab water in a ratio of (1:1), while the third group (T3) was fed on the standard ration and acid with the addition of 0.4 gram of selenium-vitamin E. Results were showed no effect of additives in body weight while, the response was clear in enhancing milk production significantly with selenium vitamin E addition. Milk components as percentage and yield were close between T1 and T2 with except solid non-fat that decreased (p≤0.05) in T2 8.76% as compared T1 9.18%. on other hand all milk components significantly higher in T3 as compared t1 and T2. Serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL were higher (p≤0.05) in T3 as compared T1.