Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Spectra Slope (HYSS): A Spectra Index for Quantifying and Characterizing Hydrocarbon oil on Different Substrates Using Spectra Data

Many sensors in Optical domain allow for detection of hydrocarbons in oil spills study. However, high resolution laboratory and airborne imaging spectrometers have shown potential for quantification and characterization of hydrocarbon. Available methods in literature for quantifying and characterizing hydrocarbons on these data relies mainly on shapes and positions of hydrocarbon key absorption features, mainly at 1.73 µm and 2.30 µm. Shapes formed by these absorption features are often influenced by spectral features of background substrates, thereby limiting the quality of results. Furthermore, multispectral sensors cannot resolve the shapes of key absorption features, a strong limitation for methods used in previous works. In this study, we present Hydrocarbon Spectra Slope (HYSS), a new spectra index that offers predictive quantification and characterization of common hydrocarbon oils. Slope values for the studied hydrocarbon oils enable clear discrimination for relative quantitative analysis of oil abundance classes and qualitative discrimination for common hydrocarbons on common background substrates. Data from ground-based spectrometers and Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) are resampled to AVIRIS, Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and LANDSAT 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper’s (ETM+) Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), in order to compute spectra slope values for hydrocarbon abundance /hydrocarbon-substrate characterization. Despite limitations of nonconformity of central wavelengths and/or band widths of multispectral sensors to key hydrocarbon band, statistical significance for both quantitative and qualitative analysis at 95% confidence level (P-value ˂0.01) suggests strong potential of the use of HYSS, multispectral and hyperspectral sensors as emergency response tools for hydrocarbon mapping.
Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de fibres de chanvre

Les fibres de chanvre sont aujourd’hui de plus en plus utilisees comme renfort dans des materiaux composites car elles presentent des proprietes mecaniques interessantes. Differents parametres peuvent influencer ces proprietes, les parametres lies a l’etat naturel de la fibre, ceux lies aux processus d’obtention etc. Les connaissances de ce type de renfort sont peu detaillees dans la litterature et les processus permettant de caracteriser mecaniquement ces fibres sont quasiment inexistants ou mal adaptes a la geometrie de la fibre. Dans cette etude, nous nous sommes interesses aux proprietes issues d’un essai de traction uniaxial. Un processus d’essais de traction sur des fibres unitaires ou des faisceaux de fibres de chanvre a ete developpe dans notre laboratoire. Une etude microscopique par imagerie numerique de la fibre combinee a l’essai de traction a ete mise au point. L’imagerie numerique permet de definir plus precisement la section de la fibre qui est incontournable pour definir les proprietes mecaniques des fibres. Les resultats obtenus montrent l’existence d’une forte dispersion des proprietes qui sont impactees par la nature meme des fibres. Des essais sur des faisceaux de fibres montrent que leurs proprietes sont moins interessantes que celles de fibres unitaires.
Turbulence Characteristics of New Zealand Gravel-Bed Rivers

Gravel-bed river turbulence is investigated on the basis of field measurements in New Zealand rivers. The data include instant longitudinal velocities obtained by two methods: point measurements and vertical profile measurements. In both cases, fast-response electronic Pitot tubes were used. Analysis of vertical distribution of velocity, velocity pulsation skewness and kurtosis, structure functions, spectra, turbulence scales, and energy dissipation is presented. In most cases, the investigated velocity spectra and structure functions are characterized by the existence of the inertial subrange. The frequency spectra and structure functions satisfy the Kolmogorov “−5/3” and “2/3” laws in the range of the scales from the smallest up to (2–2.5) river depths. Using theoretical considerations and the field data, relationships for the vertical distribution of relative turbulence intensity, scale, and turbulent energy dissipation are derived. A new characteristic turbulence scale representing the upper bound of .
Evaporation from heated water bodies: Predicting combined forced plus free convection

Recent measurements at the National Geothermal Test Facility at East Mesa, California, and the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina, have spurred a renewed look at evaporation from heated water bodies. Theoretical analyses are provided for each of four evaporation regimes that could be experienced at heated ponds, ranging from free convective layers to forced convective layers. Differences among regimes are highlighted by calculations appropriate for the Savannah River site where water temperatures reach 70°C and underscore the difficulty in finding a single evaporation equation to adequately cover the entire range. Consequently, a new equation is developed which combines free and forced convection in a different manner from previous equations: evaporation is computed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the respective components. The new equation and several existing equations are compared with evaporation measured at water bodies at the Savannah River and the East Mesa sites.
A new school-based play approach for young children’s wellbeing: evidence from a 14-week study

ABSTRACT Individuals with anxiety disorders were traced back to have onset before aged 5 years. Early intervention is important to target preschool and primary school children. The objective of this 14-week fieldwork was to explore how we can support young children’s well-being in schools. The following research questions were identified to investigate this topic: 1. Did a 14-week ‘build-to-play’ approach lead to reports of reduced anxiety as reported by teachers, parents, and in observation reports from the researcher among a sample of 12 children (aged 4–6 years) who experience anxiety (n = 9) or anxiety and autism (n = 3)? 2. Throughout the 14-week approach, interviews with parents (n = 12) and teachers (n = 6), what were the co-construction of strategies to reduce anxiety? Twelve case studies in two primary schools in Dublin were conducted. We proposed to bring the approach to school settings as COVID-19 has accelerated the good work that children and parents may benefit more from the non-clinical settings. The theoretical frameworks were universal design for learning and bio-ecological model to design this ‘Build-to-Play’ approach as inclusive and developmentally appropriate for young children. The key findings related to education included outcomes of a reduction in childhood anxiety, improved social communication skills and executive functioning. More importantly, a collaborative understanding of what anxiety was and how to cope with it was established. For example, for children who had any risk factors of anxiety or additional needs such as autism (n = 8), a more intensive approach than the standard 14-week was needed to have better outcomes. Conceivably, this research would make an impactful contribution as change makers to educational practice, policy and theory. Keywords: anxiety, autism, play, inclusion, education.
Implications of ophiolite palaeomagnetism for the interpretation of the geodynamics of Northern Greece

Abstract Independent studies undertaken in Northern Greece (Axios-Chalkidiki belt and Vourinos massif), mainly on ophiolites but also on granites and metasediments, have shown that despite the occurrence of widespread remagnetizations it is possible to find a consistent arrangement of palaeomagnetic directions. Application of the fold test to four sites in the Kassandra peninsula, comprising pillow lavas and overlying metaflysch deposits demonstrates that the main regional magnetic component (D = 47.7°, I = 47.7°, α95 = 8.8°) is a post-folding remagnetization. A comparison with directions found in the Sithonia granite shows that this component was probably acquired during the late-metamorphic emplacement of this granite (in the Eocene). An older component (D = 325.4°, I = 34.1°, α95 = 18°) defined at a site in the sediments of the Kassandra area is also present in the ophiolites. This direction has probably been acquired during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times. Further comparisons with the directions found in the Axios-Chalkidiki-Vourinos ophiolites and Florina granite show that the Mesozoic component is consistently found over a broad area. The Cenozoic clockwise rotation of about 45° shown by the Eocene remagnetisation has been widely described by various authors, but the Mesozoic rotation indicated by the oldest component has been less investigated. This counterclockwise rotation is in the same sense as the rotation of the African plate during the Mesozoic, but is of larger amplitude. This suggests that: (i) Northern Greece was part of the African foreland before the Alpine collision; and (ii) oceanic spreading south of the Pelagonian zone during Cretaceous times would have increased the rotational movement of the studied area with respect to Africa.
Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns

[1] We report on balloon sonde measurements of water vapor and ozone using the cryogenic frost point hygrometer and electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes made at Alajuela, Costa Rica (10.0°N, 84.2°W) during two NASA airborne campaigns: the Tropical Convective Systems and Processes (TCSP) mission in July 2005 and the Tropical Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4), July–August 2007. In both campaigns we found an upper troposphere that was frequently supersaturated but no evidence that deep convection had reached the tropopause. The balloon sondes were complemented by campaigns of 4 times daily high-resolution radiosondes from mid-June through mid-August in both years. The radiosonde data reveal vertically propagating equatorial waves that caused a large increase in the variability of temperature in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). These waves episodically produced cold point tropopauses (CPTs) above 18 km, yet in neither campaign was saturation observed above ∼380 K or 17 km. The averages of the water vapor minima below this level were 5.2 ppmv in TCSP and 4.8 ppmv in TC4, and the individual profile minima all lay at or above ∼360 K. The average minima in this 360–380 K layer provide a better estimate of the effective stratospheric entry value than the average mixing ratio at the CPT. We refer to this upper portion of the TTL as the tropopause saturation layer and consider it to be the locus of the final dehydration of nascent stratospheric air. As such, it is the local equivalent to the tape head of the water vapor tape recorder.
Efficacy and acceptability of third-wave psychotherapies in the treatment of depression: a network meta-analysis of controlled trials

Introduction In recent decades, various new psychotherapy approaches have been developed in an effort to overcome issues of non-response, referred to as “third-wave psychotherapies. ” How third-wave therapies perform in comparison to each other, to classical CBT, or other common comparators in the treatment of depression has not yet been systematically assessed. Methods We firstly determined the scope of the term “third-wave” by conducting a systematic search. The identified approaches were then used as search terms for the systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsychINFO and Web of Science from inception until 31 July 2022. We assessed randomized controlled trials comparing third-wave psychotherapies to each other, CBT, treatment as usual (TAU), medication management, active control conditions, or waitlist (WL) in adult populations with depressive disorders. The treatments included were acceptance and commitment therapy, behavioral activation, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, meta-cognitive therapy, positive psychotherapy and schema therapy. The primary outcome was depression severity (efficacy) at study endpoint, and the secondary outcome was all-cause discontinuation (acceptability). This review was registered in PROSPERO, identifier CRD42020147535. Results Of 7,971 search results, 55 trials were included in our NMA (5,827 patients). None of the third-wave therapies were more efficacious than CBT but most were superior to TAU [standardized mean differences (SMD) ranging between 0.42 (95% CI −0.37; 1.19) and 1.25 (0.48; 2.04)]. Meta-cognitive therapy (MCT) was more efficacious than three other third-wave therapy approaches. None of the third-wave treatments were more acceptable than WL or CBT. Twenty-seven percent of the trials were rated as low risk of bias. Confidence in the evidence was largely low according to GRADE. Inconsistency emerged for a small number of comparisons. Interpretations Third-wave therapies are largely efficacious and acceptable alternatives to CBT when compared to TAU, with few differences between them. The evidence so far does not point toward superiority or inferiority over CBT. Patient-level research may offer possibilities for tailoring individual psychotherapies to the needs of individual patients and future trials should make this data available. The evidence base needs to be broadened by sufficiently powered trials.
Analysis of an Internal Tide Observed on the Malin Shelf, North of Ireland

Abstract Evidence of an internal tide on the eastern side of the Rockall Trough is derived from recording current meters and thermistor chains sited at the edge and near the center of the Malin Shelf. Although the barotropic tidal currents are small (M2 is 0.13 m s−1), temperature contour plots revealed significant semidiurnal oscillations at both sites. From an analysis of the data it appears that there was a linear, predominantly mode-1, internal tide which was coherent with the barotropic tide over the spring-neap cycle and which had a mean energy of 452 J m−2 at the shelf edge. The onshore flux (estimated to be 104 W m−1) was about twice that predicted by the Baines model for subcritical slopes but, in view of the simplifications that are made, the comparison is considered reasonable. For the model to be applicable, most of the energy must be generated in the deep water of the Rockall Trough, propagating eastward over a marginally subcritical slope and onto the shelf. The energy dissipated at about 10.
Integrated active control of coronagraph and telescope for high contrast imaging

Coronagraphic space telescopes for imaging Earth-like exoplanets, such as the projected Habitable Worlds Observatory, will require extraordinary optical stability, with wavefront drift performance measured in the picometers. This paper considers how active means, using sensing and control subsystems, can control the entire coronagraphic beam train, from the telescope’s segmented primary mirror, through the coronagraph’s deformable mirrors, to stabilize the electric field in the coronagraph. Integrated telescope and coronagraph models are used to show how this can work to preserve contrast at the 10-10 level and provide important observational efficiencies. In future work, the models will also be used to identify needed performance levels for the various control system components, to help inform NASA’s technology funding priorities.
Functional clustering of time series: An insight into length scales in subglacial water flow

We analyzed water pressure measurements taken at 10‐min intervals over 49 days in an array of 16 boreholes penetrating a small mountain glacier. We sought temporal and spatial patterns that would define clusters of boreholes that behaved similarly. Because we are interested primarily in changes in pressure with time, we used functional data analysis, which involves fitting mathematical functions to the time series, in order to smooth out the otherwise noisy first derivatives in the time series. Our objective of the analysis is to identify clusters of boreholes with similar behavior, in this case similar rate of change of water pressure, to help elucidate poorly understood subglacial water flow. Though the data are collected over time, treating these time series as functional data allows for a computationally intensive but relatively simple exploratory cluster analysis. The functional cluster analysis reveals a spatially and temporally complex basal water system. We use the clustering to infer evolving regions of local connectivity in the basal water systems and additionally infer a connected englacial water system. The spatial scale of the borehole clusters is of order 50 m, while the time scale is less than 9 days, although not well constrained by our cluster sampling interval.
A cool anomaly off northern California: An investigation using IR imagery and in situ data

Satellite IR imagery and in situ hydrographie data are used to understand better the mesoscale variability of the California Current system and to explore the relation of its surface and subsurface thermal structures. In August 1982, one of the cool filaments commonly seen in satellite IR images during summer off Northern California was sampled hydrographically during an OPTOMA (Ocean Prediction Through Observation, Modeling, and Analysis) cruise. Based on the cool anomaly seen in a series of IR images and the in situ hydrographie data, and based on geostrophic calculations, a jet entrained upwelled coastal water and advected it rapidly through the warmer waters offshore, providing an important cross-shore transfer process. The anomaly was about 50 km wide and extended vertically to about 40 m. The temperature patterns at the surface were well correlated with those to about 30 m; below 50 m, the surface temperature was better correlated with horizontal temperature gradients, i.e., the “thermal wind”, consistent with strong horizontal advection by the geostrophic jet. The cool anomaly was also relatively dense. Based on investigation of the T-S properties, the coastal water had been diluted through mixing with Columbia River plume water on the northern edge of the anomaly. Near the temperature front, in the shoreward sampled portion of the anomaly, and just south of the anomaly, interleaving occurred. There was also a surface saline anomaly embedded in the cool anomaly near the temperature front. The location of the temperature front in the in situ data and in the IR imagery corresponded well. The temperature front was tracked in a series of IR images over 2 weeks. The reorientation of the seaward extremity of the anomaly, from westward to northwestward, and the southwestward displacement of its southern boundary at speeds of 2 to 5 km/d were consistent with the propagation of mesoscale features evident in successive quasi-synoptic surface dynamic topography maps. The southwestward displacement was probably also related to surface Ekman transport.
Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research

Abstract. The rewetting of dry soils and the thawing of frozen soils are short-term, transitional phenomena in terms of hydrology and the thermodynamics of soil systems. The impact of these short-term phenomena on larger scale ecosystem fluxes is increasingly recognized, and a growing number of studies show that these events affect fluxes of soil gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and nitric oxide (NO). Global climate models predict that future climatic change is likely to alter the frequency and intensity of drying-rewetting events and thawing of frozen soils. These future scenarios highlight the importance of understanding how rewetting and thawing will influence dynamics of these soil gases. This study summarizes findings using a new database containing 338 studies conducted from 1956 to 2011, and highlights open research questions. The database revealed conflicting results following rewetting and thawing in various terrestrial ecosystems and among soil gases, ranging from large increases in fluxes to non-significant changes. Studies reporting lower gas fluxes before rewetting tended to find higher post-rewetting fluxes for CO2, N2O and NO; in addition, increases in N2O flux following thawing were greater in warmer climate regions. We discuss possible mechanisms and controls that regulate flux responses, and recommend that a high temporal resolution of flux measurements is critical to capture rapid changes in gas fluxes after these soil perturbations. Finally, we propose that future studies should investigate the interactions between biological (i.e., microbial community and gas production) and physical (i.e., porosity, diffusivity, dissolution) changes in soil gas fluxes, apply techniques to capture rapid changes (i.e., automated measurements), and explore synergistic experimental and modelling approaches.
The simulation of water vapor transport in East Asia using a regional air–sea coupled model

A regional air–sea coupled model (RegCM3‐POM) is used, and the ability of the model to simulate June, July, and August (JJA) moisture transport is verified. The coupled model (RegCM3‐POM) has better performances than the uncoupled model (RegCM3) in the simulation of the JJA mean water vapor characteristics from 1979 to 2002 and its interannual variations. The differences of water vapor between RegCM3‐POM and RegCM3 are mainly caused by different winds in the middle and low troposphere. The simulated circulation pattern of RegCM3‐POM is more similar to the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data than that of the uncoupled model. The simulated geopotential height and the gradient of geopotential height in the coupled model are more accurate than those in the uncoupled model. The real‐time and lead–lag relationship between geopotential height and sea surface temperature (SST) in RegCM3‐POM is consistent with that between the height of CFSR data and HadISST (Hadley Center Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data). Thus, the simulated water vapor in the lower troposphere and the vertically integrated moisture transport are more accurate in the coupled model than in RegCM3. In addition, the correlation coefficients between moisture transport and SST in RegCM3 are positive in South China Sea, corresponding to SST forcing; the correlation coefficients in RegCM3‐POM are negative, which is consistent with that between the vapor transport in CFSR data and HadISST. Thus, the air–sea coupled model represents more accurately than the uncoupled model the relationship between SST and moisture transport.