Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SWIFT observations of the Arp 147 ring galaxy system

ABSTRACT We present observations of Arp 147, a galaxy system comprising a collisionally-created ring galaxy and an early-type galaxy, using the Oxford SWIFT integral eldspectrograph (IFS) at the 200-inch Hale telescope. We derive spatially resolved kine-matics from the IFS data and use these to study the interaction between the twogalaxies. We nd the edge-to-edge expansion velocity of the ring is 225 18kms ,implying an upper limit on the timescale for the collision of 50Myrs. We also calcu-late that the angle of impact for the collision is between 33  54 , where 0 wouldimply a perpendicular collision. The ring galaxy is strongly star-forming with the starformation likely to have been triggered by the collision between the two galaxies.We also measure some key physical parameters in an integrated and spatiallyresolved manner for the ring galaxy. Using the observed B I colours and the H equivalent widths, we conclude that two stellar components (a young and an oldpopulation) are required everywhere in the ring to simultaneously match both observedquantities. We are able to constrain the age range, light and mass fractions of the youngstar formation activity in the ring, nding a modest age range, a light fraction of lessthan a third, and a negligible (<1%) mass fraction. We postulate that the reddercolours observed in the south-east corner of the ring galaxy could correspond to thenuclear bulge of the original disk galaxy from which the ring was created, consistentwith the stellar mass in the south-east quadrant being 30{50% of the total. The ringappears to have been a typical disk galaxy prior to the encounter.The ring shows electron densities consistent with typical values for star-formingHII regions. The eastern half of the ring exhibits a metallicity a factor of ˘ 2 higherthan the western half. The ionisation parameter, measured across the ring, roughlyfollows the previously observed trend with metallicity.Key words: galaxies { galaxies: individual: Arp 147{ instrumentation:spectrographs.
Dust in and around galaxies: dust in cluster environments and its impact on gas cooling

Simulating the dust content of galaxies and their surrounding gas is challenging due to the wide range of physical processes affecting the dust evolution. Here we present cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of a cluster of galaxies, $M_\text{200,crit}=6 \times 10^{14}{\, \rm M_\odot }$, including a novel dust model for the moving mesh code arepo. This model includes dust production, growth, supernova-shock-driven destruction, ion-collision-driven thermal sputtering, and high-temperature dust cooling through far-infrared reradiation of collisionally deposited electron energies. Adopting a rather low thermal sputtering rate, we find, consistent with observations, a present-day overall dust-to-gas ratio of ∼2 × 10−5, a total dust mass of ${\sim } 2\times 10^9{\, \rm M_\odot }$, and a dust mass fraction of ∼3 × 10−6. The typical thermal sputtering time-scales within ${\sim } 100\, {\rm kpc}$ are around ${\sim } 10\, {\rm Myr}$, and increase towards the outer parts of the cluster to ${\sim } 10^3\, {\rm Myr}$ at a cluster-centric distance of $1\, {\rm Mpc}$. The condensation of gas-phase metals into dust grains reduces high-temperature metal-line cooling, but also leads to additional dust infrared cooling. The additional infrared cooling changes the overall cooling rate in the outer parts of the cluster, beyond ${\sim } 1\, {\rm Mpc}$, by factors of a few. This results in noticeable changes of the entropy, temperature, and density profiles of cluster gas once dust formation is included. The emitted dust infrared emission due to dust cooling is consistent with observational constraints.
Zero-sum Generalized Schur Numbers.

Let $r$ and $k$ be positive integers with $r \mid k$. Denote by $S_{\mathrm{\mathfrak{z}}}(k;r)$ the minimum integer $n$ such that every coloring $\chi:[1,n] \rightarrow \{0,1,\dots,r-1\}$ admits a solution to $\sum_{i=1}^{k-1} x_i = x_k$ with $\sum_{i=1}^{k} \chi(x_i) \equiv 0 \,(\mathrm{mod }\,r)$. We give some formulas and lower bounds for various instances.
Weakly hyperbolic systems by symmetrization

We study hyperbolic first order systems and propose a new method proving Gevrey well posedness, constructing a symmetrizer, motivated by a special Lyapunov function for linear ODE. The proof not only gives a priori estimates straightforward so simply but also clarifies some effects coming from the spectral structures other than the multiplicities of the eigenvalues.
Normal Tori in $\sharp_n (S^2\times S^1)$

The fundamental group of M = ♯n(S 2 × S) is Fn, the free group with n generators. There is a 1-1 correspondence between the equivalence classes of Z– splittings of Fn and homotopy classes of embedded essential tori in M . We define and prove a local notion of minimal intersection of a torus with respect to a maximal sphere system in M , which generalizes Hatcher’s work [Hat95] on 2-spheres in the same manifold.
On the perception of movement vigour

It is common to get the impression that someone moves rather slowly or quickly in everyday life. In motor control, the natural pace of movement is captured by the concept of vigour, which is often quantified from the speed or duration of goal-directed actions. A common phenomenon, here referred to as the vigour law, is that preferred speed and duration idiosyncratically increase with the magnitude of the motion. According to the direct-matching hypothesis, this vigour law could thus underlie the judgement of someone else’s movement vigour. We conducted a series of three experiments (N = 80) to test whether the vigour law also exists in perception and whether it is linked to that of action. In addition to measuring participants’ vigour, we also asked them to judge the quickness of stimuli representing horizontal arm reaching movements varying through amplitudes, speeds, and durations. Results showed that speed and duration of movements perceived as neither fast nor slow (i.e., natural pace) increased with amplitude, thereby indicating that the vigour law holds when an observer judges the natural pace of others’ movements. Results also revealed that this judgement was population-based (related to the average vigour of all participants) rather than individual-based (participant’s own vigour).
REVERBERATION MAPPING OF THE INTERMEDIATE-MASS NUCLEAR BLACK HOLE IN SDSS J114008.71+030711.4

We present the results of a reverberation mapping (RM) campaign on the black hole (BH) associated with the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in SDSS J114008.71+030711.4 (hereafter GH08). This object is selected from a sample of 19 candidate intermediate-mass BHs (MBH < 106 M☉) found by Greene & Ho in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We used the Hobby–Eberly Telescope to obtain 30 spectra over a period of 178 days in an attempt to resolve the reverberation time lag (τ) between the continuum source and the broad-line region (BLR) in order to determine the radius of the BLR (RBLR) in GH08. We measure τ to be two days with an upper limit of six days. We estimate the AGN luminosity at 5100 Å to be λL5100 ≈ 1.1 × 1043 erg s−1 after deconvolution from the host galaxy. The most well-calibrated RBLR−L relation predicts a time lag that is four times larger than what we measure. Using the measured Hβ full width at half-maximum of 703 ± 110 km s−1 and an upper limit for RBLR =6 light days, we find MBH ≲ 5.8 × 105 M☉ as an upper limit to the BH virial mass in GH08, which implies super-Eddington accretion. Based on our measured MBH we propose that GH08 may be another candidate to add to the very short list of AGNs with MBH < 106 M☉ determined using RM.
BROADBAND TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE SUPER-EARTH GJ 1214b SUGGESTS A LOW MEAN MOLECULAR WEIGHT ATMOSPHERE

We use the Wide-field Infrared Camera (WIRCam) on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope to observe four transits of the super-Earth planet GJ 1214b in the near-infrared. For each transit, we observe GJ 1214 in two bands nearly simultaneously by rapidly switching the WIRCam filter wheel back and forth for the duration of the observations. By combining all our J-band (∼1.25 μm) observations we find a transit depth, analogous to the planet-to-star radius ratio squared, in this band of (RPJ/R*)2 = (1.338 ± 0.013)%—a value consistent with the optical transit depth reported by Charbonneau and collaborators. However, our best-fit combined Ks-band (∼2.15 μm) transit depth is deeper: (RPKs/R*)2 = (1.438 ± 0.019)%. Formally, our Ks-band transits are deeper than the J-band transits observed simultaneously by a factor of (RPKs/RPJ)2 = 1.072 ± 0.018—a 4σ discrepancy. The most straightforward explanation for our deeper Ks-band transit depth is a spectral absorption feature from the limb of the atmosphere of the planet; for the spectral absorption feature to be this prominent, the atmosphere of GJ 1214b must have a large-scale height and a low mean molecular weight. That is, its atmosphere would have to be hydrogen/helium dominated and this planet would be better described as a mini-Neptune. However, recently published observations from 0.78 to 1.0 μm, by Bean and collaborators, show a lack of spectral features and transit depths consistent with those obtained by Charbonneau and collaborators. The most likely atmospheric composition for GJ 1214b that arises from combining all these observations is less clear; if the atmosphere of GJ 1214b is hydrogen/helium dominated, then it must have either a haze layer that is obscuring transit-depth differences at shorter wavelengths or significantly different spectral features from what current models predict. Our observations disfavor a water-world composition, but such a composition will remain a possibility for GJ 1214b until observations reconfirm our deeper Ks-band transit depth or detect features at other wavelengths.
Combination of visuo-tactile and visuo-vestibular correlations in illusory body ownership and self-motion sensations

Previous studies have shown that illusory ownership over a mannequin’s body can be induced through synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation as well as through synchronous visuo-vestibular stimulation. The current study aimed to elucidate how three-way combinations of correlated visual, tactile and vestibular signals contribute to the senses of body ownership and self-motion. Visuo-tactile temporal congruence was manipulated by touching the mannequin’s body and the participant’s unseen real body on the trunk with a small object either synchronously or asynchronously. Visuo-vestibular temporal congruence was manipulated by synchronous or asynchronous presentation of a visual motion cue (the background rotating around the mannequin in one direction) and galvanic stimulation of the vestibular nerve generating a rotation sensation (in the same direction). The illusory experiences were quantified using a questionnaire; threat-evoked skin-conductance responses (SCRs) provided complementary indirect physiological evidence for the illusion. Ratings on the illusion questionnaire statement showed significant main effects of synchronous visuo-vestibular and synchronous visuo-tactile stimulations, suggesting that both of these pairs of bimodal correlations contribute to the ownership illusion. Interestingly, visuo-tactile synchrony dominated because synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation combined with asynchronous visuo-vestibular stimulation elicited a body ownership illusion of similar strength as when both bimodal combinations were synchronous. Moreover, both visuo-tactile and visuo-vestibular synchrony were associated with enhanced self-motion perception; self-motion sensations were even triggered when visuo-tactile synchrony was combined with visuo-vestibular asynchrony, suggesting that ownership enhanced the relevance of visual information as a self-motion cue. Finally, the SCR results suggest that synchronous stimulation of either modality pair led to a stronger illusion compared to the asynchronous conditions. Collectively, the results suggest that visuo-tactile temporal correlations have a stronger influence on body ownership than visuo-vestibular correlations and that ownership boosts self-motion perception. We present a Bayesian causal inference model that can explain how visuo-vestibular and visuo-tactile information are combined in multisensory own-body perception.
Antibiotic-Specific Risk for Community-Acquired Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States from 2008 to 2020

Antibiotic exposure is a crucial risk factor for community-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (CA-CDI). However, the relative risks associated with specific antibiotics may vary over time, and the absolute risks have not been clearly established. ABSTRACT Antibiotic exposure is a crucial risk factor for community-acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (CA-CDI). However, the relative risks associated with specific antibiotics may vary over time, and the absolute risks have not been clearly established. This is a retrospective cohort study. Adults were included if they received an outpatient antibiotic prescription within the IBM MarketScan databases between 2008 and 2020. The primary exposure was an outpatient antibiotic prescription, and the receipt of doxycycline was used as the reference comparison. The primary outcome was CA-CDI, defined as the presence of an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis code for CDI within 90 days of receiving an outpatient antibiotic prescription, and subsequent treatment for CDI. There were 36,626,794 unique patients who received outpatient antibiotics, including 11,607 (0.03%) who developed CA-CDI. Relative to doxycycline, the antibiotics conferring the highest risks for CA-CDI were clindamycin (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.76 to 10.00), cefdinir (aOR, 5.86; 95% CI, 5.03 to 6.83), cefuroxime (aOR, 4.57; 95% CI, 3.87 to 5.39), and fluoroquinolones (aOR, 4.05; 95% CI, 3.58 to 4.59). Among older patients with CA-CDI risk factors, nitrofurantoin was also associated with CA-CDI (aOR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.92 to 4.84), with a smaller number needed to harm, compared to the fluoroquinolones. While clindamycin, cefuroxime, and fluoroquinolone use declined from 2008 to 2020, nitrofurantoin use increased by 40%. Clindamycin was associated with the greatest CA-CDI risk, overall. Among older patients with an elevated baseline risk for CA-CDI, multiple antibiotics, including nitrofurantoin, had strong associations with CA-CDI. These results may guide antibiotic selection and future stewardship efforts.
Prescribing the binary digits of squarefree numbers and quadratic residues

We study the equidistribution of multiplicatively defined sets, such as the squarefree integers, quadratic non-residues or primitive roots, in sets which are described in an additive way, such as sumsets or Hilbert cubes. In particular, we show that if one fixes any proportion less than $40\%$ of the digits of all numbers of a given binary bit length, then the remaining set still has the asymptotically expected number of squarefree integers. Next, we investigate the distribution of primitive roots modulo a large prime $p$, establishing a new upper bound on the largest dimension of a Hilbert cube in the set of primitive roots, improving on a previous result of the authors. Finally, we study sumsets in finite fields and asymptotically find the expected number of quadratic residues and non-residues in such sumsets, given their cardinalities are big enough. This significantly improves on a recent result by Dartyge, Mauduit and S\'ark\"ozy. Our approach introduces several new ideas, combining a variety of methods, such as bounds of exponential and character sums, geometry of numbers and additive combinatorics.
Estimate for $P_tD$ for the stochastic Burgers equation

We consider the Burgers equation on $H=L^2(0,1)$ perturbed by white noise and the corresponding transition semigroup $P_t$. We prove a new formula for $P_tD\varphi$ (where $\varphi:H\to\R$ is bounded and Borel) which depends on $\varphi$ but not on its derivative. Then we deduce some new consequences for the invariant measure $\nu$ of $P_t$ as its Fomin differentiability and an integration by parts formula which generalises the classical one for gaussian measures.
Rigorous derivation of active plate models for thin sheets of nematic elastomers

In the context of finite elasticity, we propose plate models describing the spontaneous bending of nematic elastomer thin films due to variations along the thickness of the nematic order parameters. Reduced energy functionals are deduced from a three-dimensional description of the system using rigorous dimension reduction techniques, based on the theory of Γ-convergence. The two-dimensional models are non-linear plate theories, in which deviations from a characteristic target curvature tensor cost elastic energy. Moreover, the stored energy functional cannot be minimised to zero, thus revealing the presence of residual stresses, as observed in numerical simulations. Three nematic textures are considered: splay-bend and twisted orientations of the nematic director, and a uniform director perpendicular to the mid-plane of the film, with variable degree of nematic order along the thickness. These three textures realise three very different structural models: one with only one stable spontaneously bent configuration, a bistable model with two oppositely curved configurations of minimal energy, and a shell with zero stiffness to twisting.
On the Q-linear convergence of forward-backward splitting method and uniqueness of optimal solution to Lasso

In this paper, by using tools of second-order variational analysis, we study the popular forward-backward splitting method with Beck-Teboulle's line-search for solving convex optimization problem where the objective function can be split into the sum of a differentiable function and a possible nonsmooth function. We first establish that this method exhibits global convergence to an optimal solution of the problem (if it exists) without the usual assumption that the gradient of the differentiable function involved is globally Lipschitz continuous. We also obtain the $o(k^{-1})$ complexity for the functional value sequence when this usual assumption is weaken from global Lipschitz continuity to local Lipschitz continuity, improving the existing $\mathcal{O}(k^{-1})$ complexity result. We then derive the local and global Q-linear convergence of the method in terms of both the function value sequence and the iterative sequence, under a general metric subregularity assumption which is automatically satisfied for convex piecewise-linear-quadratic optimization problems. In particular, we provide verifiable sufficient conditions for metric subregularity assumptions, and so, local and global Q-linear convergence of the proposed method for broad structured optimization problems arise in machine learning and signal processing including Poisson linear inverse problem, the partly smooth optimization problems, as well as the $\ell_1$-regularized optimization problems. Our results complement the current literature by providing $Q$-linear convergence result to the forward-backward splitting method under weaker assumptions. Moreover, via this approach, we obtain several full characterizations for the uniqueness of optimal solution to Lasso problem, which covers some recent results in this direction.
Exposure to BA.4/5 S protein drives neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 in vaccine-experienced humans and mice

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages show pronounced viral escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 variant infection owing to over 30 amino acid alterations within the spike (S) glycoprotein. Breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals with Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 is associated with distinct patterns of cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). In continuation of our previous work, we characterized the effect of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 S glycoprotein exposure on the neutralizing antibody response upon breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals and upon variant-adapted booster vaccination in mice. We found that immune sera from triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals with subsequent breakthrough infection during the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave showed cross-neutralizing activity against previous Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2. 12.1, and BA.4/BA.5 itself. Administration of a prototypic BA.4/BA.5-adapted mRNA booster vaccine to mice following SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain-based primary immunization is associated with broader cross-neutralizing activity than a BA.1-adapted booster. While the Omicron BA-1-adapted mRNA vaccine in a bivalent format (wild-type + BA.1) broadens cross-neutralizing activity relative to the BA.1 monovalent booster, cross-neutralization of BA.2 and descendants is more effective in mice boosted with a bivalent wild-type + BA.4/BA.5 vaccine. In naïve mice primary immunization with the bivalent wild-type + Omicron BA.4/BA.5 vaccine induces strong cross-neutralizing activity against Omicron VOCs and previous variants. These findings suggest that when administered as boosters, mono- and bivalent Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted vaccines enhance neutralization breadth, and that the bivalent version also has the potential to confer protection to individuals with no pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Lattès maps and the interior of the bifurcation locus

We study the phenomenon of robust bifurcations in the space of holomorphic maps of \begin{document}$ \mathbb{P}^2(\mathbb{C}) $\end{document} . We prove that any Lattes example of sufficiently high degree belongs to the closure of the interior of the bifurcation locus. In particular, every Lattes map has an iterate with this property. To show this, we design a method creating robust intersections between the limit set of a particular type of iterated functions system in \begin{document}$ \mathbb{C}^2 $\end{document} with a well-oriented complex curve. Then we show that any Lattes map of sufficiently high degree can be perturbed so that the perturbed map exhibits this geometry.
On the s-injectivity of the x-ray transform on manifolds with hyperbolic trapped set

For smooth, compact connected manifolds with strictly convex boundary, no conjugate points, and a hyperbolic trapped set, we prove an equivalence principle concerning the injectivity of the x-ray transform Im on symmetric solenoidal tensors and the surjectivity of an operator on the set of solenoidal tensors. This allows us to establish the injectivity of the x-ray transform on solenoidal tensors of any order in the case of a surface satisfying these assumptions.