Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fine-scale habitat selection by white-beaked and common dolphins in the Minch (Scotland, UK): evidence for interspecific competition or coexistence?

A decline in white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris had been reported in the Minch (Scotland, UK) since the 1990s, coinciding with an increasing occurrence of short-beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis. This has led to suggestions that rising seawater temperatures are causing D. delphis to out-compete and exclude L. albirostris in this region. A total of 793 km (66.3 hours) of survey data were collected in the Minch during August 2007, to examine fine-scale habitat selection by L. albirostris and D. delphis and investigate whether their ecological overlap is sufficient to result in interspecific competition and/or habitat partitioning. Ten sightings of L. albirostris (70 animals) were recorded in a relatively small spatial area in the northern Minch. In contrast, the eleven sightings of D. delphis (1486 animals) were more widely distributed. The relative abundance per 1/4 ICES rectangle ranged from 0.41 to 0.53 animals/km for L. albirostris and 0.13 to 6.68 animals/km for D. delphis. The mean group size and group body mass were higher for D. delphis than for L. albirostris indicating D. delphis as the dominant delphinid in the Minch during August. Lagenorhynchus albirostris occurred in waters significantly deeper and further from shore than D. delphis, suggesting interspecific differences in preferred habitat. Most dolphin schools were recorded as foraging/feeding. Behaviour and seabird associations indicated that the two species differed in diet and/or foraging strategy, with L. albirostris foraging sub-surface and D. delphis exhibiting surface-feeding with associated gannets Morus bassanus. This is consistent with published information on the stomach contents of Scottish animals. The results suggest that there are subtle differences in habitat selection and diet between these two species, which may enable L. albirostris and D. delphis to coexist in the Minch. Whether these differences result from niche partitioning arising from previous/ongoing interspecific competition or are the result of genuine differences in the habitat preferences of each species, remains unclear.
Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on vegetation and soils in Joshua Tree National Park

1 IMPACTS OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON VEGETATION AND SOILS AT JOSHUA TREE NATIONAL PARK EDITH B. ALLEN, LEELA E. RAO, ROBERT J. STEERS, ANDRZEJ BYTNEROWICZ, AND MARK E. FENN Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 U.S. Forest Service Fire Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92507 Email: edith.allen@ucr.edu
Legume Proteins of the Vicilin Family are More Immunogenic Than Those of the Legumin Family in Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the systemic and local immune responses to legume proteins in piglets weaned at 28 d of age. The pigs were fed a control diet (C) based on casein or diets in which 50% of crude protein (CP) was supplied by soya bean meal (SBM), pea (P), faba bean (FB), or lupin (L) seeds in experiment 1, and white chickpea (WCP) or black chickpea (BCP) seeds in experiment 2. Blood samples and intestinal secretions were collected at slaughter four weeks later and analysed for specific antibodies using ELISA and western blotting. Piglets fed the legume-containing diets had higher ( P < 0.10) plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G ELISA titres to legume proteins than did piglets fed a casein-based diet. Many protein bands in the molecular weight range of 94.0-14.4 kDa were recognized by plasma IgG and IgA antibodies. The most immunogenic bands belonged to proteins of the vicilin family and to other unidentified minor proteins. No specific IgA antibodies were detected in intestinal secretions by ELISA and western blotting.
Primary care and multimorbidity in six Latin American and Caribbean countries

ABSTRACT Objectives To describe patterns of multimorbidity in six diverse Latin American and Caribbean countries, examine its effects on primary care experiences, and assess its influence on reported overall health care assessments. Methods Cross-sectional data are from the Inter-American Development Bank's international primary care survey, conducted in 2013/2014, and represent the adult populations of Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico and Panama. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate the extent to which those with multimorbidity receive adequate and appropriate primary care, have confidence in managing their health condition, and are able to afford needed medical care. Results The prevalence of multimorbidity ranged from 17.5% in Colombia to 37.3% in Jamaica. Most of the examined conditions occur along with others, with diabetes and heart disease being the two problems most associated with other conditions. The proportions of adults with high out-of-pocket payments, problems paying their medical bills, seeing multiple doctors, and being in only fair/poor health were higher among those with greater levels of multimorbidity and poorer primary care experiences. Multimorbidity and difficulties with primary care were positively associated with trouble paying for medical care and managing one's conditions. Nonetheless, adults with multimorbidity were more likely to have received lifestyle advice and to be up to date with preventive exams. Conclusions Multimorbidity is reported frequently. Providing adequate care for the growing number of such patients is a major challenge facing most health systems, which will require considerable strengthening of primary care along with financial protection for those most in need.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF POMEGRANATE VAR. MRIDULA UNDER LOW RAINFALL ZONE

Highest plant height (2.0 m), stem girth (43.5 cm), no. of fruits (45.1) and fruit yield (11.6 kg) per tree were recorded in T7 treatment (50% recommended dose of nitrogen at fortnight intervals) followed by T6 treatment (50% recommended dose of nitrogen at monthly intervals) in which plant height (1.9 m), stem girth (42.6 cm), No. of fruits (42.0) and fruit yield (9.4 kg) were recorded. Plant spread was recorded highest (2.4 m3) in T6 treatment followed by T7 treatment (2.2 m3) when Nitrogen fertilizers were applied through drip Irrigation. 50% recommended dose of nitrogen at fortnight intervals enhanced yield in pomegranate/tree under low rain fall zone. It also saved 50% nitrogen fertilizers cost and labour cost.
Cassava for food and energy: exploring potential benefits of processing of cassava into cassava flour and bioenergy at farmstead and community levels in rural Mozambique

As in most of sub‐Sahara Africa, rural people in Mozambique use firewood as their main source of energy. The use of firewood is associated with several health problems, and the time spent collecting it reduces time for other activities. Cassava is grown as a reserve crop in Mozambique where it is considered a ‘woman's crop’. Because the crop is drought‐tolerant and resistant to diseases, it needs little attention and hence little labor input. This paper examines how the rural people in the case of Mozambique can use their current reserve crop, cassava, to meet their energy needs and food requirements and to increase their annual income. Cassava processing chains were modeled to assess (i) the effect of introducing an anaerobic digester for the digestion of cassava peels and other material (dung, kitchen waste and maize residues) at family level (BAU (business as usual) + family digester) and (ii) the effect of introducing an ethanol plant with treatment of stillage and production of electricity (BAU + community ethanol). The results show that it is economically viable to have BAU + family digester system and BAU + community ethanol. Sensitivity analysis showed that an increase in crop yield and the local price of cassava are the most important factors to increase the economic viability of the BAU + family digester system. Sensitivity analysis of the BAU + community ethanol system showed that this system is mainly affected by the price of ethanol. Besides the economic benefits, the proposed systems have other benefits, such as efficient recycling of nutrients and pollution reduction. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Detection of Space‐Time Interactions

THE nature of epidemics has often been approached through the construction of mathematical models and comparison between them and the patterns of observed events. Not infrequently the models have proved easier to construct than the observations have been to assemble. A situation has resulted analogous to that in the field of virology, where a list of viruses with no known diseases, the 'orphan viruses', is currently accumulating while a number of diseases evidently infective in nature persistently refuse to yield their organisms. So it is also in epidemiology. On the one hand we have a series of elegant mathematical solutions to non-existent problems and on the other hand serious difficulty in deciding whether or not many diseases can be regarded as having epidemic or contagious characteristics. It is with the latter aspect that I wish to deal. Basically the question reduces to arriving at a definition of epidemicity and this turns out to be difficult. Most definitions reduce the concept to one of excessive (i.e. non-random) variability of incidence or prevalence and in so doing at least succeed in resolving the problem into two parts. First, prevalence and incidence are large number concepts and are customarily thought of as continuously variable quantities. True, the random element in their variability is recognised as a function of the number of events in a chosen unit of time and if an epidemic is plotted on a time chart the events are added discretely as spots, squares or other symbols, but in pictorial terms it is the heights of the columns which serve to guide the eye and to indicate an epidemic. An epidemic wave here is a movement transverse to the time axis. However, when events are so widely scattered that most of the time units are empty and two events seldom or never occur in the same time unit, the concept of an epidemic in these terms begins to break down. It may be possible to group time units together to restore the customary picture but this is not always a simple and arbitrary matter of presentation. If the events are sparse in relation to the 'wave-length' of the epidemic pattern we have no option but to consider epidemicity not in terms of prevalence but in terms of the lengths of the intervals between discrete events. Any useful concept of epidemicity at this level is a corpuscular one and the methodological problems in many respects analogous with those of the physicist studying low-intensity radiation. The second part of the problem arising from the customary definition of epidemicity is what to do with the geographical element of an
Pecan Cultivars Differ Greatly in Susceptibility to June Drop

Yield Total (kg/tree) Nuts/ Scars/ (nuts + Percent Cultivar 1993 1994 cluster cluster scars) dropped Caddo 36 b–e 29 ef 2.95 f 1.08 e 4.03 c 28 d–f Cape Fear 49 de 10 b–d 2.82 ef 0.27 a 3.10 b 9 a In Spring 1993, ‘Oconee’ pecan [ Carya illinoinessis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] (Thomp son et al., 1991) had a heavy pistillate bloo indicating a usual good crop; however, t June drop, frequently attributed to poor po nation (Smith, 1982; Sparks and Madde 1985), appeared unusually severe, resultin only 18 kg nuts per tree. This low yield seem to be an excessive drop problem that did affect other cultivars in 1993. A similar heav pistillate bloom and subsequent drop ‘Oconee’ in 1994 stimulated this study determine if ‘Oconee’ had a higher June dr than other cultivars. Sixteen cultivars were planted in a ra domized complete-block design with four re lications and single-tree plots in Spring 197 Later, 29 additional cultivars were plante upwind from the 16 cultivars. Trees in bo parts of the planting shed pollen when ‘Ocon was receptive; therefore, opportunity for po lination was optimum (Worley et al., 1992 Trees were spaced 12.2 × 12.2 m and were no crowded. Four routine Super-Tin fungicid (Griffin Corp., Valdosta, Ga.) sprays, but n insecticide, were applied by 9 June. A su threshold infestation of spittlebug appear uniformly across all cultivars. Beginning 9 June, the number of nuts a scars where nuts had dropped were counte 100 nut clusters per tree for the 11 cultiva that bore pistillate flowers in 1994. The sc count omitted the small raceme scar at
Spatial replicates as an alternative to temporal replicates for occupancy modelling when surveys are based on linear features of the landscape

1- Occupancy estimates can inform biodiversity managers about the distribution of elusive species, such as the Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus, a small semi-aquatic mammal that lives along streams. Occupancy models rely on replication within a sampling site and provide estimates of the probability of detection. However, we still do not know how occupancy and detection estimates obtained from spatial vs. temporal replications differ or the appropriateness of using one or the other when cost and logistics make one approach prohibitive. Recently, the Markovian occupancy model has been developed to analyse adjacent spatial replicates and to test for spatial dependence between them. This model has already been applied to large and highly mobile mammals using trails, but never tested for any species with linear home ranges. 2- We compared detection and occupancy estimates obtained from both temporal and spatial sampling designs that were subsequently organized into four data configurations (sites with both spatial and temporal replicates, adjacent spatial replicates only, temporal replicates only at the segment and site scales). From that, five occupancy models with different assumptions (the standard occupancy model, the standard multiscale model, the multiscale model with Markovian process for detection, the Markovian detection model and the Markovian occupancy model) were used. We also assessed which occupancy model was the most appropriate for each data configuration to determine whether it is necessary to incorporate correlation into models. 3 - We found that the estimated detection probabilities were relatively high (≥0·58) and similar when the same model was applied to each data configuration. 4 - Spatial replication weakly underestimated occupancy. But when using this design, the Markovian occupancy model was the most supported and minimized the underestimation of occupancy, highlighting a spatial dependence between adjacent replicates. 5 - Synthesis and applications. We show that a survey based on adjacent spatial replicates for a mammal living along linear features of the landscape is a good compromise between cost and occupancy estimates, while using the Markovian occupancy model to estimate detection and occupancy. Our finding may have wider applications for the monitoring of species especially when temporal replicates are difficult or unrealistic. Spatial design, for surveys based on sign detection, could thus be applied for species with linear home ranges or when surveys are constrained by linear habitats.
Organic Pepper Production Systems Using Compost and Cover Crops

ABSTRACT In a national survey and through statewide focus groups, organic farmers identified pest management and soil fertility as their most critical vegetable research needs. In response, a long- term experiment was established to compare pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth, productivity, insect populations, harvest cullage and postharvest weight loss under conventional and organic management. Treatments from the first 3 years (1998 to 2000) consisted of combinations of two synthetic fertilizer and three compost-based certified organic soil amendments. In addition to the compost treatments, effects of a cover crop of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated in the organic system from 1999 onward. Pepper growth, harvest weight and marketable fruit numbers were similar in conventional and organic production systems from 1998 to 2000 when 112 kg ha−1 N was applied through synthetic fertilizer or compost. Zone-tillage or incorporation of cover crops prior to planting resulted in pepper weights equivalent to compost treatments in 1999, but in zone-tilled plots in 2000, pepper growth was significantly reduced. Corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)] larval populations were similar in both systems, with beneficial insect populations greater in the organic system in 1999 only. The number of culled peppers due to insect or disease damage was similar in conventional and organic systems in 1998 and 1999, but greater in the synthetic fertilizer plots in 2000. Postharvest weight loss was similar in the compost (112 kg ha−1 N) and synthetic fertilizer treatments in 1999 and 2000 after three to nine weeks in 10°C storage.
Pó de basalto, desenvolvimento e nutrição do feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) e propriedades químicas de um Cambissolo Húmico

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilizacao de pos de basaltos como fonte de nutrientes para a cultura do feijao, associados ou nao ao esterco bovino, e seu efeito sobre as propriedades quimicas do solo, a nutricao da planta e a produtividade desta cultura. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Lages, SC, num Cambissolo Humico, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados dois basaltos, provenientes de Ponte Alta, e de Sao Jose do Cerrito, SC. O pH da area foi corrigido para 5,2 e a necessidade de P e K foi suprida pela adicao de fontes naturais (granito-K; apatita-P), exceto nas parcelas do tratamento com NPK, onde estes nutrientes foram aplicados na forma soluvel. Os tratamentos constaram de calagem para pH 5,2, NPK, esterco bovino (EB) 3 Mg ha-1, Basalto Batalhao (BBT) e Ponte Alta (BPA), nas doses de 2,5, 5 e 10 Mg ha-1 e estas mesmas doses associadas a adicao de esterco bovino (3 Mg ha-1, base seca). Os materiais foram aplicados sobre a parcela e incorporados com enxada rotativa. Utilizou-se feijao preto, cultivar Uirapuru, como cultura teste. Alem do rendimento de graos, realizou-se analise foliar de macro e micronutrientes e apos um ano da implantacao do experimento determinaram-se os valores de P, K, Ca, Mg, de pH, H + Al e M.O. do solo. No rendimento de graos, o melhor tratamento foi o BPA na dose de 10 Mg ha-1 + EB, o qual diferiu apenas do tratamento BPA 2,5 Mg ha-1. O pH aumentou de 4,7 para valores que variaram entre 5,1 a 5,6, porem sem diferencas entre os tratamentos, evidenciando apenas o efeito do calcario na correcao parcial da acidez. Os valores da Ca e Mg no solo aumentaram. O P apresentou valores altos, porem deve ser interpretado com cautela, visto que foi aplicado fosfato natural e o extrator acido utilizado (Mehlich 1) tende a superestimar os teores de P disponivel. Na planta, tanto os macro quanto os micronutrientes avaliados ficaram dentro da faixa de suficiencia para a cultura do feijao. Os elementos Ca, Mg e Zn nao apresentaram diferencas estatisticas entre os tratamentos, tanto no solo como na planta. Nao foi evidenciado efeito positivo da aplicacao do po de basalto sobre a producao de graos de feijao, possivelmente devido a falta de chuvas e ao curto periodo para liberacao dos nutrientes, por se tratar de uma rocha que apresenta dissolucao lenta dos minerais.
Teaching Balanced Patient Care Using Principles of Reductionism and Holism: The Example of Chronic Low Back Pain

This chapter explores how integrating holistic and reductionistic approaches to care may better optimize value based care. First, we define the terms ‘Holistic,’ ‘Reductionistic’ and ‘Integrative’. Then we explore their scope in the arenas of teaching and patient care, with the advantages, disadvantages and pitfalls of each approach. We review how these styles are embedded in and interact with the cultures of medicine and western societies at large. As an example of a balanced care approach, we focus on the example of chronic low back pain (CLBP), an increas-ingly common and expensive medical problem. We present practical examples of teaching and practicing these different styles, Holism and Reductionism, illustrating when each may be appropriate to optimize value of patient care. Study questions are included. A list of further readings and resources is included for the interested reader.
Influence of Several Growth Regulators and Amino Acids on in vitro Organogenesis of Torenia fournieri Lind.

The effects of several growth regulators and amino acids on in vitro organogenesis of Torenia fournieri Lind. were determined using internodal segments. Treatment with 2,4-D1 resulted in nodular callus formation, while NAA and IAA induced roots constantly but much less frequently shoot buds. Individually BA, zeatin, and 4-PU induced bud formation, but these shoot buds did not develop further. Formation of buds by cytokinin was influenced by a simultaneous application of NAA or 2,4-D, but not of IAA, its degree being reduced when BA was simultaneously applied with NAA or 2,4-D. When zeatin or kinetin was added with NAA, numerous roots were induced. The effects of various L-amino acids on in vitro organogenesis were also investigated using the defined medium in which KN03 was a principal source of nitrogen. The formation of buds was considerably stimulated by alanine and asparagine, and slightly by glutamic acid in the medium containing both NAA and BA, in which bud formation was easily induced. On the other hand, all amino acids except for glutamic acid and aspartic acid inhibited root formation in this medium. Root formation was greatly stimulated by proline, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, and slightly by arginine and tryptophan in the medium containing NAA but no BA. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid also enhanced bud formation in this medium.
Current and Future Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol: Practice and Commercial Aspects with Regard to Regulatory Policy Issues

Constraints about the use of chemical insecticides have limited the availability of control measures against soil-borne insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis provide an environmentally safe and economically reasonable alternative. Their life cycle and current production, storage and formulation technology are described. An overview of their safety, use in integrated pest management and current market potential (US$10 million in 1994) is also given. The costs of research and development efforts and the scale-up of production technologies are discussed in relation to the current and future market potential. Large-scale, outdoor application will require additional scientific and technical progress in the areas of production, storage, formulation and application. Besides public funding, the current niche markets will need to provide the financial basis for further development, provided that regulatory conditions will not limit the exploitation of the nematodes'.