Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Two Synthetic Pyrethroids on the Codling Moth, Pear Psylla, and Various Mite Species in Northwest Apple and Pear Orchards

The synthetic pyrethroid permethrin sprayed at rates ranging from 2–6 g AI/100 liters gave commercial control of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) on pears. Permethrin and fenvalerate were somewhat acaricidal in their effects, particularly at high dosages (18 g AI/100 liters) but these effects were of short duration. More commonly, dramatic increases in populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch, T. mcdanieli McGregor, or Panonychus ulmi (Koch) followed use of these compounds. These synthetic pyrethroids were highly toxic to Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt), an important predator of spider mites. Rates as low as 3 g AI/100 liters also were effective on overwintering pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster adults, but higher rates (6 g AI/100 liters) were required to obtain control of summer psylla populations.
Effects of Supplementing Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L moench) Stover with Dried Poultry Dropping Based Diet on Performance of Growing Yankasa Rams

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dried Poultry dropping based diets on feed intake, live weight changes and nutrient digestibility of Yankasa rams. Thirty growing Yankasa rams aged between 9 - 12 months weighing 11.5 - 15.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design experiment. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to 5 treatments (T1-T5). T1 were rams fed with 0 % dried poultry droppings (DPD), T2 were 20 % dried poultry droppings (DPM), T3 were 40 % dried poultry droppings (DPD), T4 were 60% dried poultry droppings (DPM), T5 were 80% dried poultry droppings (DPM). Mean feed intake increased significantly (P<0.05) as the level of inclusion increases T1 (2.9 kg), T2 (14.8 kg), T3 (18.2 kg) T4 (18.3 kg) and T5 (24.0 kg). The final live weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T5 (17.8) than T1 (12.8) T2 (15.3) T3 (15.6) and T4 (16.9). Similarly in the mean average weekly gain T2 and T5 performed significantly (P<0.05) better compare to other treatments. Nutrient digestibility was generally significantly higher (P<0.05) in T5 in all the parameters measured except in Nitrogen free extract. The results of this study suggests that inclusion of dried poultry dropping up to 80% in a sorghum Stover basal diet would give satisfactory performance in growing Yankasa rams.
Identifying Effective Teachers: Lessons from Four Classroom Observation Tools

Four different classroom observation instruments—from the Service Delivery Indicators, the Stallings Observation System, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System, and the Teach classroom observation instrument—were implemented in about 100 schools across four regions of Tanzania. The research design is such that various combinations of tools were administered to various combinations of teachers, so these data can be used to explore the commonalities and differences in the behaviors and practices captured by each tool, the internal properties of the tools (for example, how stable they are across enumerators, or how various indicators relate to one another), and how variables collected by the various tools compare to each other. Analysis shows that inter-rater reliability can be low, especially for some of the subjective ratings; principal components analysis suggests that lower-level constructs do not map neatly to predetermined higher-level ones and suggest that the data have only a few dimensions. Measures collected during teacher observations are associated with student test scores, but patterns differ for teachers with lower versus higher subject content knowledge.
Physical Factors Influencing Oviposition by the Woodfrog, Rana sylvatica, in Pennsylvania

Observational and experimental studies were conducted to examine patterns of oviposition by the woodfrog, Rana sylvatica, in central Pennsylvania. In eight temporary ponds of varying surface area, observed during 1976-1980, most egg masses were deposited in large communal aggregates, containing up to 963 masses. The locations of major oviposition sites within each pond were fairly repeatable, but significant variations were noted. Air and water temperatures at breeding time, average egg diameter, pond depth at breeding sites, and number of eggs per mass were comparable to previous reports for woodfrogs. There was a repeatable 1:1 correspondence between total number of egg masses deposited and pond surface area. In general, survivorship to metamorphosis was higher in the larger ponds. Pennsylvania woodfrogs apparently gain thermal advantages for developing larvae by: a) clustering masses, b) selecting warmer sites and c) selecting intermediate depths. Temperature elevations inside experimental egg aggregates, compared with the surrounding water, were functions of the number of masses per aggregate and the relative cloud cover. Experiments supported the hypothesis that physical factors, such as black body effects and insulation, contribute to the thermal properties of woodfrog egg masses. Eggs transplanted before oviposition into relatively cool sites in four ponds (from three ponds in which the frogs had bred earlier) failed to attract significant oviposition. Accelerated development is a probable selective force favoring clustered masses, thermal selectivity for oviposition sites, and repeatability in the number of masses deposited, in temporary Pennsylvania ponds.
Effects of gap microsites and bamboo on Abies faxoniana regeneration in a subalpine forest, China

To clarify the effects of gap size and age, as well as microsites on Abies faxoniana recruitment in gaps with or without dwarf bamboo, the occurrences of A. faxoniana seedlings and saplings on four microsites were examined in a subalpine forest in Wanglang Natural Reserve, southwestern China. Results showed that: (1) while increased gap size had little effect on the seedling densities, it significantly reduced the sapling densities on moss-cover ground in A gaps (without bamboos) and those on moss-cover ground and decaying logs in AF gaps (with bamboos; P < 0.05). (2) Increased gap age also exerted little effect on the seedling densities while significantly reduced the sapling densities on decaying logs in AF gaps (P < 0.05). (3) Most of A. faxoniana seedlings and saplings occurred on decaying logs in AF gaps, but in A gaps A. faxoniana regeneration had no preference on microsites. Compared to gap characteristics, microsites are more important for A. faxoniana regeneration.
Genetic Population Structure of the Japanese Grass Lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides (Reptilia: Squamata), Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Variations

Abstract We investigated the genetic population structure of the Japanese grass lizard, Takydromus tachydromoides, based on polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) and DNA sequence analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The PCR-RFLP analysis of 163 specimens collected from the main islands of Japan and the adjacent islands identified a total of 25 mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes). The phylogeny of the mitotypes revealed that Osumi and Tokara Island populations were remarkably diverged from all other populations on the main islands of Japan. Furthermore, several regional groups were also recognized at the western part of Japan, namely mitotype groups in Kyushu, those in the western Honshu, and those in the central Honshu and Shikoku. In contrast, little genetic diversity was observed throughout eastern Japan. The regional genetic differentiation and recent range expansion of this species are considered to be associated with past geological events and climate changes.
Role of the rpoS gene in the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the marine environmentRôle du gène rpoS pour la survie de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium dans l'environnement marin

The survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium rpoS+ and rpoS− exposed to sunlight or incubated in the dark was studied in a seawater microcosm and a diffusion chamber. The total number of bacteria and physiologically active ones were estimated by direct counting using epifluorescence microscopy, while cultivable bacteria were enumerated by plating onto an agar culture medium. The results obtained showed that the bacteria exposed to sunlight, either in the microcosm or in the diffusion chamber, exhibited a fast decline of cultivable cells, whereas the epifluorescence enumeration revealed a conservation of physiological activity after a total loss of cultivability. In a transparent diffusion chamber, the evolution of cultivable and physiological active bacteria was characterized by a diurnal decrease and a nocturnal stabilization in the count levels, reflecting the effect of phototoxicity on the survival of Salmonella . The transformation and persistence of a physiological active state and cellular integrity in the diffusion chamber or the microcosm showed a clear dependence on the presence of the rpoS gene. Survival in the dark was also characterized by a decrease of cultivability; however, this was significantly inferior to that observed in bacteria exposed to sunlight. This loss of cultivability was accompanied by the preservation of a physiologically active state. The study of seasonal survival carried out in the transparent diffusion chamber was characterized by an enhanced survival of the rpoS+ strain in comparison with the rpoS– mutant. The highest survival rates were obtained in the autumn, thus highlighting the relevant effect of temperature and exposure to sunlight on the persistence of bacteria in seawater.
Berry quality and antioxidant properties in Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo as affected by clonal variability, mycorrhizal inoculation and temperature

Abstract. The projected increase in mean temperatures caused by climate change is expected to have detrimental impacts on berry quality. Microorganisms as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) produce numerous benefits to host plants and can help plants to cope with abiotic stresses such as high temperature. The aims of this research were to characterise the response of three clones of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo to elevated temperatures and to determine whether AMF inoculation can improve berry antioxidant properties under these conditions. The study was carried out on three fruit-bearing cuttings clones of cv. Tempranillo (CL-260, CL-1048 and CL-1089) inoculated with AMF or uninoculated and subjected to two temperature regimes (day–night: 24°C−14°C and 28°C−18°C) during berry ripening. Results showed that clonal diversity of Tempranillo resulted in different abilities to respond to elevated temperature and AMF inoculation. In CL-1048, AMF inoculation improved parameters related to phenolic maturity such as anthocyanin content and increased antioxidant activity under elevated temperature, demonstrating a protective role of AMF inoculation against warming effects on berry quality. The results therefore suggest that selection of new clones and/or the implementation of measures to promote the association of grapevines with AMF could be strategies to improve berry antioxidant properties under future warming conditions.
Effects of Photoperiod on Flowering and Polyamine Contents of Nobile-Type Dendrobium

In order to know the fl owering characteristics of the nobile-type Dendrobium as well as the changes of polyamines under different photoperiods, fl owering and contents of endogenous putrescine(Put), spermidine(Spd) and spermine(Spm) in the leaves of Dendrobium during fl owering were studied. The results were as follows, the fi rst fl owering time of Dendrobium under short-days(SD) was earlier than that under long-days(LD) by 18 days. What's more, plants had more fl ower buds, fl owers and longer fl ower diameter under SD than LD. Flowering under different photoperiods, the content of Put in the leaves among the 3 polyamines was the highest and changed in a large scale during development, while mostly the content of Put under SD was higher than that under LD. The content of Spd was next to the Put which increased with the development of the fl ower bud and maintained a higher level under SD than LD. The content of Spm was the lowest and little change could be found during the fl owering process and between different photoperiods. The results suggested that the nobile-type Dendrobium was a facultative short day plant and the fl owering of which might be related to high contents of Put and/or Spd.
Reply

We read with interest the Letter to the Editor by Kerschbaumer et al regarding our article on the primary results from the SEAM-PsA trial (1). We appreciated the comments highlighting the methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy results. Since MTX is a drug that has been long used in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) without much data from rigorous and well-controlled clinical trials, we sought to provide reliable data about MTX through SEAM-PsA.
The new bone biology: Pathologic, molecular, and clinical correlates

Bone and cartilage and their disorders are addressed under the following headings: functions of bone; normal and abnormal bone remodeling; osteopetrosis and osteoporosis; epithelial–mesenchymal interaction, condensation and differentiation; osteoblasts, markers of bone formation, osteoclasts, components of bone, and pathology of bone; chondroblasts, markers of cartilage formation, secondary cartilage, components of cartilage, and pathology of cartilage; intramembranous and endochondral bone formation; RUNX genes and cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD); osterix; histone deacetylase 4 and Runx2; Ligand to receptor activator of NFκB (RANKL), RANK, osteoprotegerin, and osteoimmunology; WNT signaling, LRP5 mutations, and β‐catenin; the role of leptin in bone remodeling; collagens, collagenopathies, and osteogenesis imperfecta; FGFs/FGFRs, FGFR3 skeletal dysplasias, craniosynostosis, and other disorders; short limb chondrodysplasias; molecular control of the growth plate in endochondral bone formation and genetic disorders of IHH and PTHR1; ANKH, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, and chondrocalcinosis; transforming growth factor β, Camurati–Engelmann disease (CED), and Marfan syndrome, types I and II; an ACVR1 mutation and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva; MSX1 and MSX2: biology, mutations, and associated disorders; G protein, activation of adenylyl cyclase, GNAS1 mutations, McCune‐Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy; FLNA and associated disorders; and morphological development of teeth and their genetic mutations. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analisis palinologico de los cambios vegetacionales durante el tardiglacial y postglacial en chiloe, chile

Two pollen profiles from the Isla Grande de Chiloe are analysed. The history of the vegetation is reconstructed by comparing the fossil pollen assemblages with the modern vegetation types and interpreted using modern climate data. This is compared to published paleo tempera ture and precipitation curves of the last glacial-interglacial cycle. The poli en zone of Pidpid profile dated younger than 36,230 B.P. (Zone Il), is dominated by Nothofagus dombeyi type, Podocarpus nubigena, Fitzroya cupressoides and Drimys winteri. This suggests North-Patagonian-Subantarctic Rainforest and cool and wet conditions. The interval probably corresponds to one of the interstadials of the last glaciation. High levels of tundra and steppe elements before 36,230 B.P. (Zone 1) suggest a colder stadial period. The Laguna Pastahue profile (basal date 12,4 70 B.P.) represents the Late-glacial and Holocene interval. It includes the. following sequence of forest types: (i) North-Patagonian Rainforest dominated by Myrtaceae, indicative of warmer and wetter conditions relative to present (from 12,000 to 8,500 B.P.); (ll)from 8,500-5,000 B.P. (climatic optirnum), presence of Valdivian Rainforest with dominance of Caldcluvia/Eucryphia type, which would have existed under a dry and warmer climate than the present; (iii) from 5,000 B.P. onwards North-Patagonian-Subantarctic Rainforest domimted by Weinmannia, Drimys, Tepua/ia, Myrtaceae, Gramineae, Pteridophyta, followed eventually by Nothofagus indicative of colder and wetter conditions, similar to those existing at present. The most obvious floristic discontinuity (dated. 9,590 B.P.) detected in the Pastahue profile corresponds to the succession from Patagonian to Valdivian Rainforest. It is characterized by a sharp decrease in Myrtaceae, followed by the appearence and consecutive dominance of Weinmannia. The possibility that this discontinuity defines the Pleistocene-Holocene limit is discussed.
Effect of Grazing by Physa integra on Periphyton Community Structure

Experiments were conducted in a small northern Michigan lake to assess the effects of grazing by the snail Physa integra on periphyton communities. Periphyton was allowed to colonize glass microscope slides in enclosures for 26 d prior to the introduction of snails at three densities. Snails were allowed to graze for 21 d before the periphyton was collected and analyzed. Physa integra significantly reduced the biovolume, species richness, and diversity of periphyton. Diatoms were relatively more abundant and green algae relatively less abundant at low grazer densities when compared with controls and periphyton at high grazer densities. Grazers reduced the physiognomic diversity of periphyton which led to a community dominated by prostrate diatoms. Seventeen algal taxa were significantly reduced in relative abundance by grazers. Synedra and Mougeotia were the most abundant taxa of this group. Eunotia pectinalis var. minor, a prostrate chain-forming diatom, was least affected by grazing and experienced a significant increase in relative abundance in communities exposed to grazers. Oedogonium had a significantly higher relative abundance under high grazer densities than under either the control or low grazer density conditions. We conclude that Physa integra reduces algal densities, species richness, species diversity, and physiognomic complexity and leads to a community dominated by grazer-resistant taxa (Eunotia pectinalis var. minor and Oedogonium sp.).
Prozesse innerhalb hybridisierender Pilosella-Populationen: P. aurantiaca und P. officinarum in Hagen (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

Pilosella aurantiaca – tetraploid, fakultativ apomiktisch und eingebürgert – und P. officinarum – tetraploid, sexuell und einheimisch – bilden bei Hagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, einen Hybridschwarm aus tetra- und hexaploiden Pflanzen. Der Hybridschwarm wurde 1990 auf einer inzwischen brach gefallenen Wiese gefunden. Seit 20 Jahren kommt hier fast unverändert ein breites Spektrum von Hybriden vor: P. aurantiaca angenäherte Morphotypen (entsprechen P. rubra), intermediäre Morphotypen (P. stoloniflora) und verschiedene P. officinarum angenäherte Morphotypen. Diese Population wurde hinsichtlich Ploidiegrad, Genomgröße, Fortpflanzungssystem, Chloroplasten-Haplotypen und Isoenzym-Phänotypen untersucht. Der zu P. rubra korrespondierende Morphotyp ist hexaploid mit variabler Fortpflanzung. Er produziert neben apomiktischen einen erheblichen Anteil sexueller und polyha­ploider Nachkommen. Die Struktur des Genotyps und der DNA-Gehalt macht eine wiederholte Entstehung aus unreduzierten Eizellen von P. aurantiaca und reduziertem Pollen von P. officinarum (2n + n-Hybridisierung) wahrscheinlich. Die damit koexistierenden Hybriden (P. stoloniflora) sind tetraploid und sexuell. Bei P. officinarum wurden zwei Chloroplasten-Ha­plotypen gefunden, wovon einer auch bei P. aurantiaca vorkommt. Das Vorkommen eines Chloroplasten-Haplotypen bei P. officinarum, der typisch für P. aurantiaca ist, macht Rückkreuzungen wahrscheinlich. Die unterschiedlichen Genomgrößen der wahrscheinlichen Elternarten spiegeln sich in den Genomgrößen der homoploiden (tetraploiden) Hybriden wider. Eine mehrfache Rückkreuzung mit P. officinarum, wie sie durch die Morphologie wahrscheinlich gemacht wird, wird durch Genomgröße und Chloroplasten-Haplotypen gestützt.
Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and the effects of disturbance on under-boulder chitons

Abstract The spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of 8 species of chiton found under boulders were documented at sites in the mid- and low-shore regions of an extensive boulder-field in the Long Reef Aquatic Reserve. The mean number of species and mean densities of Ischnochiton australis (Sowerby , 1840), Ischnochiton elongates (Blainville, 1825), Ischnochiton versicolor (Sowerby, 1840), Cryptoplax mystica (Iredale & Hull , 1925), Callistochiton antiquus (Reeve, 1847), Ischnochiton smaragdinus (Angus, 1894) and Acanthochiton spp. did not vary through time during the 6 month study, conducted over the autumn and winter months. However, their abundances varied at small (areas 3 m apart) and large (sites 60 m apart) spatial scales in the mid- and low-shore regions. Abundances ranged between 0 and 28 individuals 1000 cm-2 of boulder surface over the study period. Relationships between the abundances, sizes and numbers of species and the size of the boulder and/or the underlying sediments were rare, contr.
Morphologic Effects of Poliomyelitis Virus upon Motor End Plates in the Monkey.∗

Summary Coincident with and shortly following paralysis by poliomyelitis virus with following morphologic changes occur in the motor and plates: 1, disappearance of many endplates resulting in denervation at the myoneural junction; 2, ephemeral appearance of masses of inclusion of bodies, some of which are cross striated, within and near the degenerating motor end plates; 3, differential rates of motor nerve degeneration; 4, degeneration beginning in the motor and plates and proceeding in a centripetal direction in the axis-cylinders of many motor nerves.
Relationship between reproductive output and basal metabolic rate in striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis)

This study was aimed at evaluating the relationships between reproductive output and basal metabolic rate(BMR),energy budget and sustained metabolic rate(SusMR) during lactation in striped hamsters(Cricetulus barabensis) body mass,food intake,BMR,milk energy output(MEO) and body composition of the females,as well as litter size and litter mass were measured.Body mass decreased by 15.0±0.8% throughout lactation,but food intake and gross energy intake increased significantly and the maxima were 13.9±0.3 g/d and 222.1±5.3 kJ/d,respectively,which were 121% higher than during early lactation and 288% higher than in non-reproductive controls.MEO was 62.4±2.3 kJ/d during peak lactation.BMR was 49.7±1.1 kJ/d at weaning,and litter size and litter mass averaged 4.7±0.2 and 50.5±1.6 g.BMR was higher by 48% in the females during late lactation than early lactation.The correlation between BMR and the gastrointestinal tract was higher in lactating hamsters compared with controls.BMR was significantly positively related to litter size,litter mass,weight of mammary glands and MEO.It is suggested that the limitations on SusMR are set at a level of 4.47 ×BMR in first lactating hamsters.There might be a "trade-off in energy relocation" between BMR and reproductive output,i.e.the magnitude of increased BMR during late lactation was reduced by a decrease in body mass,which would be in favor of reproductive output.
Characteristics of storage reserves of triploid watermelon seeds: association of starch and mean germination time

Fatty acid profiles, starch content and germination of watermelon seeds differing in seed vigour were determined for 4 triploid and 2 diploid lines. There were major differences in the fatty acid profiles between diploids and triploids. A major increase in the relative amounts of the unsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) was found in triploids. Diploids had significantly higher starch levels than triploids. There was a high correlation between starch content and mean germination time. Conversions of seed storage reserves during early germination events may differentially affect seed vigour in triploid and diploid watermelon seeds.