Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-performance Countercurrent Chromatography to Access Rhodiola rosea Influenza Virus Inhibiting Constituents

Abstract In a cytopathic effect inhibition assay, a standardized Rhodiola rosea root and rhizome extract, also known as roseroot extract (SHR-5), exerted distinct anti-influenza A virus activity against HK/68 (H3N2) (IC50 of 2.8 µg/mL) without being cytotoxic. For fast and efficient isolation and identification of the extractʼs bioactive constituents, a high-performance countercurrent chromatographic separation method was developed. It resulted in a three-stage gradient elution program using a mobile phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1 : 4 : 5 → 2 : 3 : 5 → 3 : 2 : 5) in the reversed-phase mode. The elaborated high-performance countercurrent chromatographic method allowed for fractionation of the complex roseroot extract in a single chromatographic step in a way that only one additional orthogonal isolation/purification step per fraction yielded 12 isolated constituents. They cover a broad polarity range and belong to different structural classes, namely, the phenylethanoid tyrosol and its glucoside salidroside, the cinnamyl alcohol glycosides rosavin, rosarin, and rosin as well as gallic acid, the cyanogenic glucoside lotaustralin, the monoterpene glucosides rosiridin and kenposide A, and the flavonoids tricin, tricin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and rhodiosin. The most promising anti-influenza activities were determined for rhodiosin, tricin, and tricin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside with IC50 values of 7.9, 13, and 15 µM, respectively. The herein established high-performance countercurrent chromatographic protocol enables fast and scalable access to major as well as minor roseroot constituents. This is of particular relevance for extract standardization, quality control, and further in-depth pharmacological investigations of the metabolites of this popular traditional herbal remedy.
Return Migration to the Eastern Caribbean: Comparative Experiences and Policy Implications

During the post-war period, hundreds of thousands of Caribbean peo ple migrated to countries of the advanced core economies of Europe and slightly later to the United States and Canada. In the past two decades we have witnessed increasing return flows to the Caribbean region from these countries. This article examines the current and potential impact of the return movement on the society and economy of the Eastern Caribbean islands. An empirical case study of return from Britain to Barbados and St. Kitts/Nevis presents a useful com parison of the capacity to absorb this significant social, economic and demographic change. It is instructive for policy-makers in the region who are increasingly having to incorporate return migration in devel opment planning.
Reducing Multiclass to Binary: A Unifying Approach for Margin Classifiers

We present a unifying framework for studying the solution of multiclass categorization problems by reducing them to multiple binary problems that are then solved using a margin-based binary learning algorithm. The proposed framework uniﬁes some of the most popular approaches in which each class is compared against all others, or in which all pairs of classes are compared to each other, or in which output codes with error-correcting properties are used. We propose a general method for combining the classiﬁers generated on the binary problems, and we prove a general empirical multiclass loss bound given the empirical loss of the individual binary learning algorithms. The scheme and the corresponding bounds apply to many popular classiﬁcation learning algorithms including support-vector machines, AdaBoost, regression, logistic regression and decision-tree algorithms. We also give a multiclass generalization error analysis for general output codes with AdaBoost as the binary learner. Experimental results with SVM and AdaBoost show that our scheme provides a viable alternative to the most commonly used multiclass algorithms.
Multi-Forum Non-State Actors: Navigating the Regime Complexes for Forestry and Genetic Resources

Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance: Causes, Consequences, and Responses Fariborz Zelli and Harro van Asselt This article introduces a special issue on the expanding research agenda on institutional fragmentation. The term refers to the growing diversity and challenges to coordination among private and public norms, treaties, and organizations that address a given issue area of international politics. International relations scholars increasingly address this phenomenon, framing it with alternative concepts like regime complexes or polycentricity. A considerable part of the existing debate remains focused on whether a centralized or polycentric governance architecture is preferable. Instead, as this special issue shows, domains of global environmental governance—like climate change, biological diversity, renewable energy, and forestry—are already fragmented. It is time to address new, more pertinent questions and help advance institutionalist research on this phenomenon. We introduce four major research themes for analyzing the fragmentation of different domains of global environmental governance: taking stock, causes, consequences, and responses. Fragmentation in Global Energy Governance: Explaining the Creation of IRENA
Diatom-bound 15N/14N: New support for enhanced nutrient consumption in the ice age subantarctic

[1] Diatom-bound 15N/14N was used to reconstruct the glacial nutrient status of the Subantarctic Zone in the Southern Ocean. Down-core records from both the Pacific and Indian sectors show δ15N of 5 to 6‰ during the Last Glacial Maximum and a decrease, coincident with the glacial termination, to values as low as 2‰. The effect of either diatom assemblage or physiological change on the diatom-bound 15N/14N is unknown and cannot yet be ruled out as a possible explanation for the observed change. However, the consistency between Indian and Pacific sector records and with other paleoceanographic data suggests that the glacial-interglacial difference in diatom-bound 15N/14N was driven by higher consumption of nitrate in the subantarctic surface during the last ice age. Such a change in nutrient consumption may have resulted from atmospheric iron fertilization and/or decreased glacial mixed layer depths associated with sea ice melting. Enhanced nutrient consumption in the glacial subantarctic would have worked to lower the concentration of CO2 in the ice age atmosphere. It also would have reduced the preformed nutrient content of the low-latitude thermocline, leading to decreases in low-latitude productivity, suboxia, and denitrification.
Geological, geochemical, and geophysical survey of the geothermal resources at Hot Springs Bay Valley, Akutan Island, Alaska

An extensive survey was conducted of the geothermal resource potential of Hot Springs Bay Valley on Akutan Island. A topographic base map was constructed, geologic mapping, geophysical and geochemical surveys were conducted, and the thermal waters and fumarolic gases were analyzed for major and minor element species and stable isotope composition. (ACR)
Overview of the southern San Andreas fault model

U42A-05, 2005. Biasi, G.P., and Weldon, R.J.II (2000). Paleoseismic date refinement and implications for seismic hazard estimation, Quaternary Geochronology Methods and Applications, American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf 4, Noller, J. S. , et al., eds., p. 517520. Biasi, G.P., Weldon R.J.II, Fumal, T.E. , and Seitz, G.G. (2002). Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, no. 7, 2761-2781. Bennett, R.A. , Friedrich, A.M., and Furlong, K.P. (2004). Codependent histories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement rates. Geology, 32, 961-964. Davis, T.L. (1983). Late Cenozoic structure and tectonic history of the western "Big Bend" of the San Andreas Fault and adjacent San Emigidio Mountains, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 123 pp. Fay, N.P., and Humphreys, E.D. (2005), Fault slip rates, effects of elastic heterogeneity on geodetic data, and the strength of the lower crust in the Salton Trough region, southern California, J. Geophys. Res. 110, B09401, doi:10.1029/2004JB003548. Fialko, Y. (2006). Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system. Nature, 441: 968-971. Fumal, T.E. , Weldon, R.J.II, Biasi, G.P., Dawson, T.E. , Seitz, G.G. , Frost, W.T. , and Schwartz, D.P. (2002a). Evidence for large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault at the Wrightwood, California, paleoseismic site: A.D. 500 to Present, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Am. 92, no. 7, 2726-2760.
Snowfall‐driven mass change on the East Antarctic ice sheet

An improved understanding of processes dominating the sensitive balance between mass loss primarily due to glacial discharge and mass gain through precipitation is essential for determining the future behavior of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea level rise. While satellite observations of Antarctica indicate that West Antarctica experiences dramatic mass loss along the Antarctic Peninsula and Pine Island Glacier, East Antarctica has remained comparably stable. In this study, we describe the causes and magnitude of recent extreme precipitation events along the East Antarctic coast that led to significant regional mass accumulations that partially compensate for some of the recent global ice mass losses that contribute to global sea level rise. The gain of almost 350 Gt from 2009 to 2011 is equivalent to a decrease in global mean sea level at a rate of 0.32 mm/yr over this three‐year period.
Numerical Simulation of Free Surface Flows Using the Roe's Flux-difference Splitting Scheme

A code is developed to simulate incompressible free surface flo ws using the Roe's flux- difference splitting scheme. An interface of two fluids is considered as a moving contact discontinuity. The continuities of pressure and normal velocity across the interface are enforced by the conservation law in the integral sense. The fluxes are computed using the Roe's flux-difference splitting scheme for two incompressible f luids. The interface can be identified based on the computed density distribution. However, no additional treatment is required along the interface during the whole computations. Complicated time evolution of the interface including topological change can be captured without any difficulties. The developed code is applied to simulate the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of two incompressible fluids in the density ratio of 7.2:1 and the broken dam problem of water-air. The present results are compared with other available results and good agre ements are achieved for the both cases. ※Keywords: Free surface(자유표면), Contact discontinuity(접촉 불연속), Rayleigh-Taylor instability(Rayleigh-Taylor 불안정성), Broken dam(댐 붕괴), Incompressible fluids(비압축성 유체)
Natural climate variability and global warming : a Holocene perspective

Whilst there is now overwhelming evidence that greenhouse-gas pollution is becoming the dominant process responsible for global warming, it is also clear that the climate system varies quite naturally on different time-scales. Predicting the course of future climate change consequently requires an understanding of the natural variability of the climate system as well as the effects of human-induced change. This book is concerned with our current understanding of natural climate change, its variability on decadal to centennial time-scales, the extent to which climate models of different kinds simulate past variability, and the role of past climate variability in explaining changes to natural ecosystems and to human society over the later part of the Holocene. The book highlights the need to improve not only our understanding of the physical system through time but also to improve our knowledge of how people may have influenced the climate system in the past and have been influenced by it, both directly and indirectly. This ground-breaking text addresses predictable modification in the climate system in the context of global warming. Ideal for researchers and advanced students, it explores current thinking on natural climate change. Addresses the natural variability of the climate system in the context of global warming. Contributes substantially to the ongoing discussion on global warming. Integrates state of the art research and brings together modeling and data communities in a balanced way. Considers questions of climate change on different time-scales. "Natural climate variability and global warming is clearly an important book, well-focused and distinctive, with fundamental things to say about Holocene science and its interface with the practical problem of global warming. It is an authoritative, up-to-date summary and synthesis of current knowledge in this area and is attractively produced with clear, colour illustrations throughout. It is a 'must' for all university libraries and our private book collections. " The Holocene, 2009. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Effectiveness of a self-management program for employees with complaints of the arm, neck and/or shoulder

Werkgerelateerde musculoskeletale aandoeningen vormen een groot probleem en leiden vaak tot menselijk lijden, ziekteverzuim en een verminderde werkproductiviteit. Werkgerelateerde musculoskeletale aandoeningen zijn chronische musculoskeletale aandoeningen die veroorzaakt of verergerd worden door de arbeidsinhoud, (fysieke) arbeidsomstandigheden en/of werkgerela- teerde psychosociale factoren, ofschoon andere activiteiten zoals huishoudelijke taken of sport en persoonlijke factoren ook een rol kunnen spelen. Zelfmanagement wordt meer en meer gebruikt om de eigen-e! ectiviteit en het gezondheidsgedrag bij mensen met chronische aandoeningen te verbeteren.
Chronic Headache: The Only Manifestation of Cerebellar Tuberculoma

Despite of availability of highly efficacious treatment for decades, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem in developing countries, like India where tuberculosis is an endemic disease.1 Tuberculous involvement of brain is a rare presentation of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The infection usually gets access to the brain through hematogenous route. The disease commonly affects children with equal involvement of both sexes and has close association with HIV. The usual manifestation of the disease is fever, unexplained weight loss, nausea, vomiting, headache, seizures, behavioral changes, focal neurological deficit and gait difficulty. Here is a case of cerebellar tuberculoma in an 8 years old male presenting as chronic headache for one and half years.
Convergence in the temperature response of leaf respiration across biomes and plant functional types

Significance A major concern for terrestrial biosphere models is accounting for the temperature response of leaf respiration at regional/global scales. Most biosphere models incorrectly assume that respiration increases exponentially with rising temperature, with profound effects for predicted ecosystem carbon exchange. Based on a study of 231 species in 7 biomes, we find that the rise in respiration with temperature can be generalized across biomes and plant types, with temperature sensitivity declining as leaves warm. This finding indicates universally conserved controls on the temperature sensitivity of leaf metabolism. Accounting for the temperature function markedly lowers simulated respiration rates in cold biomes, which has important consequences for estimates of carbon storage in vegetation, predicted concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and future surface temperatures. Plant respiration constitutes a massive carbon flux to the atmosphere, and a major control on the evolution of the global carbon cycle. It therefore has the potential to modulate levels of climate change due to the human burning of fossil fuels. Neither current physiological nor terrestrial biosphere models adequately describe its short-term temperature response, and even minor differences in the shape of the response curve can significantly impact estimates of ecosystem carbon release and/or storage. Given this, it is critical to establish whether there are predictable patterns in the shape of the respiration–temperature response curve, and thus in the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of respiration across the globe. Analyzing measurements in a comprehensive database for 231 species spanning 7 biomes, we demonstrate that temperature-dependent increases in leaf respiration do not follow a commonly used exponential function. Instead, we find a decelerating function as leaves warm, reflecting a declining sensitivity to higher temperatures that is remarkably uniform across all biomes and plant functional types. Such convergence in the temperature sensitivity of leaf respiration suggests that there are universally applicable controls on the temperature response of plant energy metabolism, such that a single new function can predict the temperature dependence of leaf respiration for global vegetation. This simple function enables straightforward description of plant respiration in the land-surface components of coupled earth system models. Our cross-biome analyses shows significant implications for such fluxes in cold climates, generally projecting lower values compared with previous estimates.
Advanced Coats’ disease treated with intravitreal bevacizumab combined with laser vascular ablation

Purpose To evaluate the impact of intravitreal bevacizumab combined with laser vascular ablation in the management of advanced Coats’ disease presenting with exudative retinal detachment. Methods This was a retrospective review of 24 children that presented with exudative retinal detachments associated with advanced Coats’ disease. Mean patient age was 62 months (range 9–160 months). Presenting signs included retinal detachment in 24 children (100%), vascular telangiectasia in 24 children (100%), and retinal ischemia in 24 children (100%). Twenty of 24 children presented with elevated, vascular leakage in the fovea (83%). Two children presented with sub-retinal fibrosis associated with presumed long-standing retinal detachment without evidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ten patients exhibited vascular alterations in the periphery of the second eye without clinical evidence of exudation. All 24 children were treated with a large-spot-size diode laser directly to areas of abnormal telangiectatic vasculature. All 24 children received intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Results All 24 children had resolution of exudative retinal detachment, ablation of vascular telangiectasia, and anatomic improvement of the retina. No child exhibited progressive retinal detachment and no eye required enucleation. No cases of neovascular glaucoma were seen. Fellow eyes with peripheral vascular alterations showed no progression to exudative vasculopathy during the observation period. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection was not associated with endophthalmitis or systemically-observed complications. Conclusion Repetitive intravitreal bevacizumab combined with laser vascular ablation may be utilized effectively for advanced Coats’ disease presenting with exudative retinal detachment.
Response of a depleted sagebrush steppe riparian system to grazing control and woody plantings. Forest Service research paper

To find out if a depleted riparian system in the sagebrush steppe of eastern Oregon would respond quickly to improved management, five management treatments were applied for 7 years, ranging from ungrazed to heavily grazed treatments, including, in some cases, planting of woody species. While the results varied, all treatments were too limited to significantly restore the damaged areas within the 7-year span. Although some improvements were made in woody plant densities, little meaningful change occurred in the frequencies of herbaceous wetland plants, densities of small wildlife, or stream channel morphology. We concluded the restoration would take many years, possibly decades, without increased revegetation efforts and continued reductions in grazing in this riparian system damaged over 150 years.
Native Plants for Roadside Revegetation: Field Evaluations and Best Practices Identification

Establishing native vegetation communities on roadsides can be a proactive approach to sustainable roadways. Revegetation with native species is the preferred management practice on Idaho roadways. The environmental and economic benefits of increasing desirable vegetation along Idaho roadways include: improving slope stabilization, soil conservation, roadway safety while reducing erosion, roadside maintenance costs and noxious weeds in right-of-ways. Selecting appropriate plant species for revegetation is the foundation for successful roadside revegetation. This report provides practical information for improving roadway revegetation in Idaho. The overall objective was to monitor vegetation and soil attributes to determine effective means for establishing perennial native vegetation, reducing surface erosion, and preventing weed encroachment. The results provide guidance and recommendations on species selection, seeding methods and site preparation techniques. Bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue were the best performing grasses. Grass species that consistently establish where seeded but have a low canopy cover include sheep fescue, western wheatgrass, and basin wildrye. Forbs and shrub species had low establishment success rates and low percent canopy cover on roadside revegetation projects. If forbs are desired, it is recommended to use species that are known to establish well, are relatively inexpensive, and tolerant of the herbicides being applied to control weeds
Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network

Notes from the Author Prologue: 'In the Land of Ice Cream' Chapter 1: The Afghan Crucible Chapter 2: Jihad comes to Bosnia Chapter 3: The Role of the Islamic Charities Chapter 4: The Battle Begins Chapter 5: Confrontation with the Croats Chapter 6: Attention Turns Westward Chapter 7: The Final Campaign Chapter 8: A Post-Dayton Wave of Terror Chapter 9: Blowback - The North African Sleeper Cell Network Chapter 10: Post-9/11 Implications for Bosnia Epilogue: Lessons of the 'Afghano-Bosniaks'