Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the economic and social determinants of psychological well‐being and perceived social support in England

Summary. A fundamental focus of Government concern is to enhance well‐being. Recently, policy makers in the UK and elsewhere have recognized the importance of the community and society to the well‐being of the nation as a whole. We explore the extent to which economic and social factors influence the psychological well‐being of individuals and their perceptions of the social support that they receive, using Health Survey for England data. We employ a random‐effects ordered probit modelling approach and find that unobserved intrahousehold characteristics help to explain the variation in our dependent variables, particularly for co‐resident females. Our results indicate that individuals with acute and chronic physical illness, who are female, unemployed or inactive in the labour market and who live in poor households or areas of multiple deprivation report lower levels of psychological well‐being. Reduced perceptions of social support are associated with being male, single or post marriage, from an ethnic minority, having low educational attainment and living in a poor household, but are not statistically related to area deprivation measures. These findings may help to inform the contemporary policy debate surrounding the promotion of individual well‐being and community, through the alleviation of social exclusion.
The Brownian Movement and Stochastic Equations

The irregular movements of small particles immersed in a liquid, caused by the impacts of the molecules of the liquid, were described by Brown in 1828.1 Since 1905 the Brownian movement has been treated statistically, on the basis of the fundamental work of Einstein and Smoluchowski. Let x(t) be the x-coordinate of a particle at time t. Einstein and Smoluchowski treated x(t) as a chance variable. They found the distribution of x(t) x(O) to be Gaussian, with mean 0 and variance a I t l, where a is a positive constant which can be calculated from the physical characteristics of the moving particles and the given liquid. More exactly, such a family of chance variables {x(t) } is now described as the family of chance variables determining a temporally homogeneous differential stochastic process: the distribution of x(s + t) x(t) is Gaussian, with mean 0, variance a I t , and if t1 < < tn.
Faster electro-optical response characteristics of a carbon-nanotube-nematic suspension

The response times of rotational molecular orientation of neat and carbon-nanotube-doped nematic liquid crystals were acquired through the measurement of transient current induced by a direct-current step voltage and from optical transmission data. A model based on the dielectric displacement current was developed to describe the electric field dependence of the response and to yield a rotational viscosity that would decrease with increasing concentration of carbon nanotubes. Optical dynamic response also showed a reduced rotational viscosity, with the lightly doped cells exhibiting a faster relaxation process than that of the neat cell.
Galactic Cepheids. I. Elemental Abundances and Their Implementation for Stellar and Galactic Evolution

We have added data for 16 distant Cepheids observed with the echelle spectrograph of the Apache Point 3.5 m telescope to improve the correlations of abundance parameters with pulsation period and distance from the Galactic center (RG). While we see no important trends with pulsation period, some important ratios are closely related to the evolution of stars through the instability strip. The most interesting is the N/C ratio, which is predicted to be enhanced by a factor of 4 when an evolving supergiant cools to Teff = 4000 K and the outer convection zone reaches the depth at which CN processing has converted C to N. We find a Gaussian distribution around a value of [N/C] = 0.6, just as predicted. The ratio of about 30:1 mixed to unmixed stars can be taken as the ratio of evolutionary time spent on the blue loop to the time spent on the first crossing through the instability strip. According to stellar models, the main mixing event takes place when Teff drops below 4000 K, which is outside the red edge of the instability strip; i.e., after stars have crossed the instability strip for the first time. We have confirmed previously known correlations of [Fe/H] with RG. We find that [Fe/H] shows a gradient of −0.06 Kpc−1. The only other significant gradient is that of [Eu/Fe], which increases with RG, thereby showing an increasing ratio of SN II/SN Ia in the outer Galaxy.
A discrete analogue of the harmonic morphism and green kernel comparison theorems

We give a discrete analogue of the harmonic morphism between two Riemannian manifolds. Roughly speaking, this is a mapping between two graphs preserving local harmonic functions. We characterize harmonic morphisms in terms of horizontal conformality. Many examples including coverings, non-complete extended p-sums and collapsings are given. Introducing the horizontal and vertical Laplacians, the Green kernel estimates are obtained for the harmonic morphism. As applications, a general and sharp estimate of the Green kernel for an infinite tree is obtained.
On the motion of small spheroidal particles in a viscous liquid

Small spheroidal particles suspended in a sheared viscous liquid are sometimes observed to take up slowly preferred orientations, relative to the motion of the undisturbed liquid, which are independent of the initial conditions of release. These obsevations cannot be accounted for by the solution, obtained by Jeffery (1922), of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown in this paper that the effect of the inertia of the liquid is to alter slowly the orbit of the particle in accordance with Jeffery's hypothesis that the particle ultimately moves in such a way that the dissipation of energy is a minimum, but that this effect is orders of magnitude too small to account for any of the experimental observations. It is suggested that non-Newtonian properties of the liquid account for the observations. It is shown that the rate of orientation of a particle would then be independent of its size, and this prediction is verified experimentally. Other experimental evidence in support of this suggestion is also described. Some remarks are also made about the possible effect of collisions between the particles when more than one particle is present.
Adaptivity based on error estimation for viscoplastic softening materials

This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of strain softening mechanical problems. Two problems arise: (1) the constitutive model has to be regular and (2) the numerical technique must be able to capture the two scales of the problem (the macroscopic geometrical representation and the microscopic behaviour in the localization bands). The Perzyna viscoplastic model is used in order to obtain a regularized softening model allowing to simulate strain localization phenomena. This model is applied to quasistatic examples. The viscous regularization of quasistatic processes is also discussed: in quasistatics, the internal length associated with the obtained band width is no longer only a function of the material parameters but also depends on the boundary value problem (geometry and loads, specially loading velocity). An adaptive computation is applied to softening viscoplastic materials showing strain localization. As the key ingredient of the adaptive strategy, a residual-type error estimator is generalized to deal with such highly non-linear material model. In several numerical examples the adaptive process is able to detect complex collapse modes that are not captured by a first, even if fine, mesh. Consequently, adaptive strategies are found to be essential to detect the collapse mechanism and to assess the optimal location of the elements in the mesh. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Multi-Treatment Adaptive Design for Multivariate Responses

ABSTRACT A general adaptive allocation design is proposed for continuous multivariate responses where the covariance matrix of the response vectors is unknown. There are K > 2 competing treatments, possible prognostic factors are considered in the allocation procedure, potential delayed responses are allowed for, and treatment-covariate interactions are incorporated. The allocation rule for any incoming patient is dependent on all the allocation-and-response-and-prognostic factor history of the previously allocated patients as well as the prognostic factor vector of the current patient. The design is a generalization of the approach suggested by Bandyopadhyay and Biswas (2001), which was presented for a much simpler scenario. The performance characteristics of the proposed design and some follow-up inference procedures are studied analytically and also numerically illustrated. An extension of the present approach to the situation where some components of the response vectors are continuous and some binary is then considered. Some further extensions of the work are briefly indicated. Recommended by Nitis Mukhopadhyay
Transverse Schottky and beam transfer function measurements in space charge affected coasting ion beams

Transverse Schottky spectra and beam transfer functions (BTFs) of coasting ion beams were measured in the heavy ion synchrotron SIS-18 in order to study the impact of space charge on the transverse beam dynamics. The particle number in the beam was varied to investigate the intensity dependence of the space-charge effect. No cooling was applied to the beams throughout the experiment. The expected deformation of the Schottky spectra and BTFs is observed. An analytic model with linear space charge is employed to describe the deformed Schottky and BTF signals. In this model, the incoherent space-charge force and the coherent forces due to impedances are treated separately. Using the model, the space-charge induced tune shift is evaluated both from the position and the form of the signals. The data are well described by the model, only in the high-intensity BTFs deviations are observed. The stability diagrams are shifted according to the space-charge parameter obtained from the BTFs. In addition, the tune shift is estimated by virtue of measured beam profiles and particle numbers. The estimated tune shift is of the same order of magnitude but smaller than the measured one. Possible explanations for deviations between the measurements, the model, and the estimation are discussed.
Linear Stationary Wave Simulations of the Time-Mean Climatological Flow

Abstract A spectral, σ-coordinate model linearized about a zonal mean flow is used to investigate the maintenance of the December–February climatological stationary waves. The model is generally run with 15 levels in the vertical and a T31 truncation. The sum of the response to orography, diabatic heating and transient eddy flux convergences specified from data gives a generally good Northern Hemisphere simulation at 200 mb with some deterioration in the lower troposphere. The same is true for the Southern Hemisphere, but only when the forcing terms from recent years are used. The response is broken down into that associated with particular orographic features, tropical and midlatitude heating and transient vorticity and heat flux convergence. All of these are shown to be significant. In particular, orography accounts for approximately 30% of the total 200 mb planetary wave response. In midlatitudes the diabatic heating maxima in the two storm tracks are important. This heating is related to latent and se.
On the force balance around dipolarization fronts within bursty bulk flows

[1] We study the force balance surrounding the arrival of dipolarization fronts within bursty bulk flows near substorm onset by comparing curvature force densities and total pressure gradient force densities ahead of and behind the fronts using three inner Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes separated along the Xgsm and the Zgsm directions. Curvature force density estimates are obtained by field line modeling utilizing the Z separation of the probes and the self-similar structure of the front over short distances. A dipolarization front is a boundary between the energetic particle population in the flow burst magnetic flux bundle and the ambient colder plasma ahead of the front. Force density imbalance is found ahead of and behind the front. Ahead of the front, decrease in tailward pressure gradient force results in earthward flow acceleration. Behind the dipolarization front, even though the radius of field line curvature increases, the curvature force density increases even further, mostly due to the increase in the magnetic field magnitude. Thus, plasma acceleration at and immediately after the dipolarization front can be explained by the resultant increased curvature force density.
Fixed points of commutative super-operators

In this paper we study fixed points of commutative super-operators. First, under some circumstances, we discuss the question of necessary and sufficient conditions for the set of fixed points of a super-operator to be non-trivial, then we establish a structure lemma to completely characterize this set. Using this lemma, we show that if a commutative super-operator is also a generalized Lüders operator, then its fixed points are precisely those operators intertwining the two sequences of operation elements associated with it. Specifically, the main results of Weihua and Junde (2010 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 43 395206) are special cases of our results.
Transport barrier dynamics

The properties of the internal transport barriers are developed using theory and radial transport simulations that evolve local turbulent energy density with the temperature profiles. Standard ion temperature gradient models for the nonlinear radial fluxes driven by drift wave turbulence and stabilized by flow shear are implemented in a new high resolution multiple space–time transport code. A dimensionless parameterization of the input power is introduced and shown to characterize the bifurcation to an internal transport barrier. Examples of the interaction and feedback loops of the turbulence with the transport profiles are given for transport barriers as in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [D. J. Grove et al. Nucl. Fusion 25, 1167 (1985)] and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Tokamak-60 Upgrade (JT-60U) [Ninomiya et al., Phys. Fluids B 4, 2070 (1992)]. For the JT-60U the high performance discharge E 27969, which reached an equivalent QDT of unity, is modeled with an appropriate set of turbulent.
A Statistical Analysis of Batting in Cricket

The batting average is ubiquitous in cricket. In this paper we show that the traditional batting average depends on an unrealistic parametric assumption. We propose a nonparametric approach based on runs scored for assessing batting performance. The methods have been applied to a large sample of players at various levels of cricket, examples of which are featured in this paper. The statistical methodology employed is akin to that used in reliability and survival analysis.
The estimations of magnetic field fluctuations in turbulent atmospheres

We qualitatively analyze the equations of the magnetohydrodynamics for various quadratic fluctuations of the magnetic field and the vector potential. For the stationary inhomogeneous state, we have established the exact integral relations between the magnetic field fluctuations b(r, t) and the mean magnetic field B0(r, t). We estimate α ≈ (η + β)B0 · (∇ × B0)/B 0 , where η and β are the ohmic (molecular) and turbulent diffusivities, respectively. The α – coefficient describes the enhancement of the mean magnetic field. We found that the exact Seehafer formula B0 ·〈u×b〉 = −η〈b·(∇×b)〉 is also valid for the locally stationary and homogeneous evolution of magnetic fluctuations (u is the Euler turbulent velocity). It is shown that the usual α-coefficient, more correctly the term αB0 · (∇ ×B0), presents with opposite signs in equations for B 0 and 〈b〉, i.e. the rate of increase of the total magnetic energy does not depend directly on this coefficient. We show that at the moment tb of the maximum of magnetic fluctuations, 〈b〉 ≈ B 0 . The same also holds for the locally homogeneous and stationary regime if the spectrum of the turbulence has a slow decrease in the inertial region of wave numbers. The detailed analysis of two-dimensional turbulence has shown that the Zeldovich estimate 〈b〉 ≈ β/ηB 0 is valid only at the maximum of the vector potential fluctuations. This estimate is corrected such that at tb it also gives 〈b〉 ≈ B 0 . We also give the approximate expression for the α-coefficient which takes into account the back reaction of the mean magnetic field onto the turbulence itself.
HINODE OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF A LOCAL SMALL-SCALE TURBULENT DYNAMO

Analysis of observations from the Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope spectropolarimeter (SP) yields results that are consistent with the operation of a small-scale turbulent dynamo in the upper solar convection zone. Examination of 45 Hinode data sets obtained in 2007 reveals only a very small correlation of the net polarity imbalance of the regions of the quiet Sun having very weak flux, relative to the polarity imbalance averaged over each data set. Further, there is no correlation of the average net unsigned flux of those regions of weakest flux with the average unsigned flux of each region studied. Positive correlations, especially of the net unsigned flux, should exist if the internetwork fields were to arise from dispersal of flux from active regions, so the absence of significant correlations supports the small-scale dynamo (SSD) scenario. Considering only regions of weakest flux, the net longitudinal flux increases slightly toward the limb, probably as the result of the dominance of horizontal fields higher in the photosphere. Inferred distributions of magnetic field strength as derived from inversions of Stokes profiles indicate that the magnetic energy of the quiet Sun observed at the resolution of the Hinode SP is dominated by the small fraction of field elements having kilo-Gauss strengths. Because these strong-field elements carry most of the imbalance of magnetic flux measured in each region, they likely arise primarily from dispersal of flux from active regions, rather than from an SSD.
A parallel gas-kinetic Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook method for the solution of viscous flows on two-dimensional hybrid grids

In this study, a parallel implementation of gas-kinetic Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook method on two-dimensional hybrid grids is presented. Boundary layer regions in wall bounded viscous flows are discretised with quadrilateral grid cells stretched in the direction normal to the solid surface while the rest of the flow domain is discretised by triangular cells. The parallel solution algorithm on hybrid grids is based on the domain decomposition using METIS, a graph partitioning software. The flow solutions obtained in parallel significantly improve the computation time, a significant deficiency of gas-kinetic methods. Several validation test cases presented show the accuracy and robustness of the method developed.
Bethe Ansatz and supersymmetric vacua

Supersymmetric vacua of two dimensional N = 4 gauge theories with matter, softly broken by the twisted masses down to N = 2, are shown to be in one‐to‐one correspondence with the eigenstates of integrable spin chain Hamiltonians. Examples include: the Heisenberg SU (2) XXX spin chain which is mapped to the two dimensional U (N) theory with fundamental hypermultiplets, the XXZ spin chain which is mapped to the analogous three dimensional super‐Yang‐Mills theory compactified on a circle, the XYZ spin chain and eight‐vertex model which are related to the four dimensional theory compactified on T2. A consequence of our correspondence is the isomorphism of the quantum cohomology ring of various quiver varieties, such as cotangent bundles to (partial) flag varieties and the ring of quantum integrals of motion of various spin chains. The correspondence extends to any spin group, representations, boundary conditions, and inhomogeneity, it includes Sinh‐Gordon and non‐linear Schrodinger models as well as the dynam.
On-line modelling and predictive control of an industrial terpolymerization reactor

Abstract Large-scale industrial polymer reactors are typically multivariate, nonlinear, and often have significant time delays. Furthermore, key process measurements are sometimes not available at all, or they become available only after long laboratory analysis has rendered them obsolete. This paper reports on the development of a control system for such a reactor. The specific process in question is used to manufacture the polymer 'P' from three monomers 'A', 'B', and 'C, in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. Product quality measurements are available only by laboratory analysis from samples taken every two hours; however, the mole fraction of the monomers, catalyst, etc in the reactor are available every 5 minutes via chromatographic analysis. The control scheme involves a two-tier system in which the monomer, catalyst, etc, flow rates are used to regulate reactant composition in the reactor at the first tier level, every 5 minutes. At the second tier level, reactant composition target values are used .
Interplay of point defects, extended defects, and carrier localization in the efficiency droop of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes investigated using spatially resolved electroluminescence and photoluminescence

We perform both spatially resolved electroluminescence (SREL) as a function of injection current and spatially resolved photoluminescence (SRPL) as a function of excitation power on InGaN quantum well blue light-emitting diodes to investigate the underlying physics for the phenomenon of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) droop. SREL allows us to study two most commonly observed but distinctly different droop behaviors on a single device, minimizing the ambiguity trying to compare independently fabricated devices. Two representative devices are studied: one with macroscopic scale material non-uniformity, the other being macroscopically uniform, but both with microscopic scale fluctuations. We suggest that the EQE–current curve reflects the interplay of three effects: nonradiative recombination through point defects, carrier localization due to either In composition or well width fluctuation, and nonradiative recombination of the extended defects, which is common to various optoelectronic devices. By comparing SREL and SRPL, two very different excitation/detection modes, we show that individual singular sites exhibiting either particularly strong or weak emission in SRPL do not usually play any significant and direct role in the EQE droop. We introduce a two-level model that can capture the basic physical processes that dictate the EQE–current dependence and describe the whole operating range of the device from 0.01 to 100 A/cm2.
Angle-tuned Signal-resonated Optical Parametric Oscillator based on Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate

We demonstrate an angle-tuned signal-resonated optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) pumped by a diode-pumped Nd: YVO4 laser. 1499.8 - 1506.6 nm of signal wavelength is achieved at 140? by rotating a 29-? m period PPLN from 0°- 10.22°in the x-y plane while keeping the pump wave vertical to the resonator mirrors. Two pairs of the signal and idler waves of the same wavelengths can be achieved symmetrically for each pair of angles of rotation with same absolute value and opposite sign. Theoretical analyses on angle-tuned PPLN-OPO with pump wave vertical to the resonator mirrors are presented and in good agreement with our experimental results. It is also found that all interacting waves in the cavity (not inside the crystal) are always collinear for PPLN-OPO with the pump wave vertical to the resonator mirrors while phase-matching is noncollinear within the crystal.