Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Quaternary paleoseismic history and surface rupture characteristics of the eastern Awatere strike-slip fault, New Zealand

The recurrence and magnitude of paleo- earthquakes on the eastern section of the dextral strike-slip Awatere fault (>105 km long) are determined from stratigraphic evidence in a fault trench and measurement of fault-displaced geomorphic features. We identify at least six ground-rupturing events younger than 8330–8610 yr, the youngest being a historically recorded Mw ∼ 7.5 event in A.D. 1848 that ruptured the entire eastern section. The maximum mean recurrence interval is ∼1.4 k.y. , although repeat intervals range from 605 ± 235 to 2500 ± 600 yr. The smallest fault offsets on the easternmost 27 km of the onshore part of the fault indicate a mean strike-slip displacement of 4.9 m during the 1848 event. The second-smallest offsets are approximately double the smallest displacements, suggesting that the last two events were ruptures of comparable dimensions (>105 km) and magnitude. Because the Awatere fault terminates <20 km northeast of the study area, the penultimate rupture probably extended inland, perhaps rupturing the entire eastern section. Further evidence of characteristic earthquake behavior is preserved in the fault trench, where a regular event subsidence of ∼50 cm per event is indicated. During the last two events a slip maximum of 7 ± 1 m occurred on a 5.5-km-long fault subsection consisting of adjacent restoring and releasing fault bends. These bends define a 1-km-wide side step in the fault that, although of short wavelength, apparently strongly influences the amount of coseismic slip and moment release. New data on the age of late Quaternary alluvial surfaces in the Awatere Valley, when combined with observed horizontal displacements, indicate that strike slip has accrued on the Awatere fault at a constant rate of 6 mm/yr for at least the past 20 k.y.
Dynamics of Large Polymictic Lake. II: Numerical Simulations

The internal dynamics of Clear Lake, California-a large, multibasin and polymictic lake-are examined using simulations conducted with a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model. The model is based on an accurate and efficient semi-implicit finite difference algorithm for the hydrodynamic equations, that has been previously subject to extensive verification with analytical test cases. The high level of agreement-without extensive calibration-between the model results and the observations at several locations in the lake is comparable with previously published 3D modeling results. The model results confirm the baroclinic-pumping model of circulation proposed for the Oaks Arm of Clear Lake in Part I. The simulations show that the interaction of stratification, periodic wind forcing, and Coriolis effects drive this circulation. The diurnal readjustment of the circulation from being wind driven to baroclinically driven is examined and shown to vary spatially. This transition in circulation-type has a wavelike nature, with a distinct frontal structure and converging currents at the surface. Asymmetries in the forcing and response, combined with rotational effects, impart a cyclonic residual circulation on the flow.
Estimation of Recovery Efficiency by Visual Observation of Pore Systems in Reservoir Rocks

ABSTRACT Oil-recovery efficiency can be evaluated from the results of relative-permeability tests conducted on core samples but, because of the difficulty and expense of making these tests, typically fewer than fifteen are available for an entire reservoir. There is a need to devise simpler techniques to evaluate the probable recovery efficiency of reservoir rocks in order that a very much larger sample group may be treated. The efficiency with which oil can be recovered depends on the fluid properties and on the characteristics of the pore system. The most important characteristics of the pore system are thought to be: pore-to-throat size ratio; throat-to-pore coordination number; and type and degree of nonrandom heterogeneity. On the basis of these characteristics, combined with a knowledge of total porosity, an empirical scheme is proposed which enables an approximate estimation of recovery efficiency from visual observations made from resin pore casts of carbonate reservoir rocks. A large number of samples can be examined rapidly by using this scheme, and the chances of properly evaluating the performance of a reservoir are improved. Following such an evaluation, a more representative group of samples could be selected for relative-permeability measurements.
Tests of a Perturbed Physics Ensemble Approach for Regional Climate Modeling

Abstract Ensemble simulations were performed with the regional climate model RegCM2 using ranges of plausible values for two parameters in the deep convection scheme. The timescale for release of convective instability was varied through a range of five values from 600 to 7200 s, and the maximum stable-layer depth between updraft origin and the level of free convection was varied over five values from 50 to 150 hPa, resulting in 25-member ensembles. Simulations were integrated for two 60-day periods covering extremes of regional climate for the central United States, the severe drought in late spring/early summer of 1988 and the record flood of summer 1993. The mean-square error for precipitation was dominated by the term resulting from spatial position correlation. The relative operating characteristic showed that for the flood case the ensemble had skill for 60-day excess precipitation up to one interannual standard deviation above climatology, and for the drought case the ensemble had skill to simulate.
Significant Nighttime Tornadoes in the Plains Associated with Relatively Stable Low-Level Conditions

Nighttime cyclic tornadic supercells occurred in northern Kansas on both 29 May and 11 June of 2008, the latter event resulting in two fatalities. The supercells produced significant tornadoes within environments containing unusually large near-surface CIN. The synoptic scale and mesoscale evolution of each event is examined, with an emphasis on the thermodynamic and vertical shear characteristics of the near-storm environment. It is hypothesized that anomalously strong CAPE-shear combinations in each case contributed to the generation of long-lived supercells with intense vertical pressure gradients, allowing the storms to produce tornadoes in environments characterized by a deep stable near-surface layer.
Living with uncertainty : new directions in pastoral development in Africa

Contributors vi Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 New directions in pastoral development in Africa 1 IAN SCOONES 2 Climate variability and complex ecosystem dynamics: implications for pastoral development 37 JIM ELLIS 3 New directions in range management planning in Africa 47 GREGORY PERRIER 4 Forage alternatives from range and field: pastoral forage management and improvement in the African drylands 58 WOLFGANG BAYER and ANN WATERS-BAYER 5 Livestock marketing in pastoral Africa: policies to increase competitiveness, efficiency and flexibility 79 JOHN S. HOLTZMAN and NICOLAS P. KULIBABA 6 Tracking through drought: options for destocking and restocking 95 CAMILLA TOULMIN 7 New directions in rangeland and resource tenure and policy 116 CHARLES LANE and RICHARD MOOREHEAD 8 Pastoral organizations for uncertain environments 134 DJEIDI SYLLA 9 Dynamic ecological systems and the administration of pastoral development 153 JEREMY SWIFT 10 Improving the efficiency of opportunism: new directions for pastoral development 174 STEPHEN SANDFORD References 183 Index 207
Oxybutynin: an overview of the available formulations

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common problem presented to by physicians. Standard treatment with antimuscarinic medication is directed at suppressing involuntary detrusor contractions by blocking the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors in the bladder. Oxybutynin chloride is the first of several antimuscarinic medications to be marketed for OAB. Although efficacious for treating OAB symptoms, the side effects and suboptimal dosing regimen decrease its utility. To improve patient compliance and tolerability, alternative delivery systems for oxybutynin have subsequently been developed and include a once-daily formulation and a transdermal system. The currently available formulations of oxybutynin are the subject of this review.
Discourses of Resilience in the Climate Security Debate

The language of “resilience” features prominently in contemporary climate security debates. While a basic definition of resilience is the capacity of a system to absorb recurrent disturbances so as to retain its essential structures, processes, and feedbacks, I argue that resilience is currently articulated in four distinct ways in climate security discourse. These are strategic resilience, neoliberal resilience, social resilience, and ecological resilience. Most analyses of resilience-based security discourses have hitherto been informed by Foucauldian notions of governing populations at a distance to ensure compliance with neoliberal norms. However, in the climate security field, neoliberal resilience discourses have achieved relatively little salience, while Foucauldian accounts are largely overdetermined, thus obscuring the multiple ways in which resilience is currently articulated. In this article, I identify these disparate resilience discourses through an analysis of recent US and UK government, international organization, nongovernmental organization, and academic climate security literature. I then analyze these discourses in terms of their basic discursive structure and degree of institutionalization to clarify how dominant climate security narratives construct understandings of security and insecurity in contemporary global environmental politics. While strategic articulations are currently most conspicuous, I argue that only social and ecological resilience support long-term human flourishing and ecosystem integrity.
Effects of soil tillage and weed control on weed species composition and winter wheat yield in North China

Field experiments were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 winter wheat growing seasons to examine the effect of five tillage systems: zero tillage (Z), harrow tillage (H), rotary tillage (R), subsoil tillage (S), and conventional tillage (C) and two weed managements: weedy treatment (W) and weed controlled by herbcide treatment (C) on weed species composition and winter wheat grain yield. Dominant weed species included Descuminia sophia (L.) Webb ex and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Relative weed density and dry weight were greater in W+R treatment than in other treatments in 2009 and 2010. At winter wheat heading stage, weed dry weight was reduced by 88% (2009) and 61% (2010) in weed control treatments compared to weedy treatments. Maximum weed control efficiency (WCE) in weed control treatments ranged 96–98% for zero tillage, harrow tillage, and rotary tillage in 2009, and rotary tillage in 2010, compared to conventional tillage. Winter wheat grain yield in weedy treatments was 13% (2009) and 20% (2010) lower than those in weed control treatments. Winter wheat grain yield in C+S treatment was greater than in the other four weed control treatments. Winter wheat yield in C+R was highest whereas C+C had the lowest yield among the five tillage treatments. Under different soil tillage systems, the species, density, relative density, dry matter, and WCE of weeds were changed differently. Among the 5 soil tillage systems, harrow and rotary were relatively superior to other treatments for weed control. As a whole, weedy treatment had a negative effect on winter wheat grain yield, which is the indirect reason.
GULF COAST BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION: PUBLIC DEMONSTRATION AND EDUCATION, PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR THE BEACH PLANT Iva imbricata, AND RESTORATION WITH COMPOSITE PLANTINGS

of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science GULF COAST BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION: PUBLIC DEMONSTRATION AND EDUCATION, PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR THE BEACH PLANT Iva imbricata, AND RESTORATION WITH COMPOSITE PLANTINGS By Josiah Shane Raymer May 2006 Chair: Deborah Miller Major Department: Natural Resources and Environment In order to promote plant diversity and increase wildlife habitat, residents, contractors, and local officials need exposure to the benefits of using more than one plant species for dune restoration. This was accomplished through a demonstration planting, an educational kiosk, a brochure, and a website. Education of the public occurred when materials were presented at a variety of meetings, workshops, and events. Workshop participants were aware of the values of dunes but were less knowledgeable about individual plants that grow in the coastal dune system. Ninety percent of the participants gained some knowledge during the workshop. To investigate the effects of stock-plant fertility on cutting production and rooting qualities of Iva imbricata, stock-plants were planted into one gal (3.8 L) containers. Plants were fertilized were fertilized with 5.5g, 11g, 15g, and 21g of Osmocote Plus (15N: 9P2O5: 12K2O; 8-9 month formulation at 21°C [70°F], Scott Miracle-Grow, Marysville, OH 43041), applied as a topdressing, per
On the Reemergence of North Atlantic SST Anomalies

Abstract The reemergence mechanism, whereby temperature anomalies extending over the deep winter mixed layer are stored beneath the surface in summer and are reentrained into the mixed layer when it deepens again in the following autumn and winter, is studied in the North Atlantic using approximately 40 years of surface and subsurface data. Reemergence is found to be robust in the Sargasso Sea and the northeast Atlantic, regions where (i) the mixed layer is much deeper in winter than in summer, (ii) currents are relatively weak, and (iii) temperature anomalies are coherent over broad areas. The two leading empirical orthogonal functions of North Atlantic SST anomalies also exhibit strong reemergence signatures. A novel application of empirical orthogonal function analysis to temperature anomalies in the time–depth plane, which also incorporates information from all grid points, is shown to be an efficient and useful approach for detecting reemergence without dependence on specific spatial patterns or prio.
Ex-Day Returns of Stock Distributions: An Anchoring Explanation

We offer a new anchoring explanation for the ex-day abnormal returns of stock distributions, including stock dividend distributions, splits, and reverse splits. We propose that investors tend to anchor on cum-day prices in valuating ex-distribution stocks, resulting in a positive association between ex-day returns and adjustment factors. We find that this positive return-factor relation exists for all three types of stock distributions and in both the pre- and post-decimalization periods. Furthermore, we find that this positive return-factor relation is more pronounced among events that are more subject to investors’ anchoring propensity, featured by less investor attention, greater arbitrage difficulty, greater valuation uncertainty, less investor sophistication, and higher market sentiment. Last, using brokerage account data, we show that stocks that are traded by investors with more investment experience demonstrate a weaker return-factor relation. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.
IMPACT OF INTERCONCEPTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS ON THE ENDOMETRIAL MICROBIAL FLORA

Objective— To evaluate the impact of an interconceptional antibiotic regimen on the endometrial microbial flora and histology. Study Design— Secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic metronidazole + azithromycin given to 241 women (118 on antibiotics and 123 on placebo) with a prior preterm delivery to prevent recurrent preterm delivery. Endometrial cultures and histology were obtained at randomization and 2 weeks after treatment. The prevalence of either the new acquisition or the resolution of individual microbes, categories of microbes and plasma cell endometritis were compared using Chi square or Fisher exact tests. Results— Overall, antibiotics were associated with lower acquisition and higher resolution of microbes. Of women without Gardnerella vaginalis at baseline, 14% on antibiotics vs. 34% on placebo had positive endometrial culture for the organism after treatment (p<0.05), while of those with Gardnerella at baseline, 57% vs. 33% (p<0.05) had a negative follow-up culture. Other Gram-negative rods, especially aerobes in general also manifested similar patterns. The impact on anaerobes and plasma cell endometritis was not definitive but there was a trend toward the increased resolution of the former (77% vs. 55%) and reduced acquisition of the latter (28% vs. 50%). Conclusion— The antibiotic regimen prevented acquisition and promoted resolution, but not eradication, of Gram-negative rods such as Gardnerella vaginalis and the aerobic sub-category.
Chain-Deficient IgM Structural and Functional Analysis of J

2 Previous studies have discerned two forms of polymeric mouse IgM: moderately cytolytic (complement-activating) pentamer, which contains J chain, and highly cytolytic hexamer, which lacks J chain. To investigate the relationships among polymeric structure, J chain content, and cytolytic activity, we produced IgM in J chain-deﬁcient and J chain-proﬁcient mouse hybridoma cell lines. Both hexamer and pentamer were produced in the absence as well as the presence of J chain. Hexameric IgM activated (guinea pig) complement approximately 100-fold more efﬁciently than did J chain-deﬁcient pentamer, which, in turn, was more active than J chain-containing pentamer. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that J chain-containing pentamer cannot activate complement. We also analyzed the structure of IgM-S337, in which the m -chain bears the C337S substitution. Like normal IgM, IgM-S337 was formed as a hexamer and as both J chain deﬁcient- and J chain-containing pentamers. Unlike normal IgM, IgM-S337 dissociated in SDS into various subunits. For IgM-S337 pentamer, the predominant subunits migrated as m 2 k 2 and m 4 k 4, and the subunit distribution was unaltered by J chain. However, J chain was found only in the m 2 k 2 species, suggesting that some arrangement of inter- m bonds directs incorporation of J chain. IgM-S337 hexamer also dissociated to m 2 k 2 and m 4 k 4, but also yielded several species migrating much more slowly in SDS-PAGE than wild-type m 12 k 12. To account for these forms, we propose that each m -chain can interact with three other m -chains and that some hexameric molecules contain two catenated m 6 k 6 circles.
Antiviral T Cell-Independent IgG Responses The Role of CD40-CD154 Interaction in

Raymond M. Welsh and Robert L. GarceaEva Szomolanyi-Tsuda, James D. Brien, Jill E. Dorgan,http://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/11/5877J Immunol€2000; 164:5877-5882; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/11/5877.full#ref-list-1This article cites 30 articles, 15 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
The Oyster Crassostrea? hatcheri (Ortmann, 1897), a Physical Ecosystem Engineer from the Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene of Patagonia, Southern Argentina

Abstract The oyster Crassostrea? hatcheri (Ortmann) is one of the most common fossils in Oligocene–Miocene marine rocks in Patagonia, southern Argentina. This oyster is distinguished by its large size and the great thickness of its valves. It built framework reefs in shallow-shelf environments, and its valves form large biogenic and sedimentologic concentrations exposed in many areas of Patagonia. This paper focuses on the community of boring and encrusting organisms living on the valves of C. hatcheri, in both the biogenic and sedimentologic concentrations. This community includes fungi, algae, sponges, arthropods, bryozoans, phoronids, polychaetes, brachiopods, and mollusks. The recorded diversity is comparable to that observed in Recent oyster reefs, suggesting that C. hatcheri was a physical ecosystem engineer in shallow-shelf environments during the late Oligocene–early Miocene. Primary factors in their role as facilitating organisms were, besides the size of the valves, the age of adult specimens (average = 25 years), high population densities, wide geographical range (more than 10° latitude), and long temporal range (more than 5 My), in addition to the framework of the reefs and the sedimentologic concentrations of the valves.
CHANGES IN SAAMI SOCIOECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN JOKKMOKK PARISH

National and provincial policy changes during the 1820s usurped the land and resource use rights of the Jokkmokk Saami to protect the rapidly growing settler population in northern Sweden. Ethnohistorical sources suggest that changes took place in Saami socioeconomic structures as a result of that loss of access to resources. Under pressure from the Swedish authorities, traditional communal groups such as the siida (the cooperative hunting/herding village) were replaced by independent house- holds, which competed with each other for resources. While some families became wealthy, other households lost their herds and dropped out of the nomadic society, continuing the process begun with the initial shift to pastoralism two centuries before. Historical demographic data reveal a decrease in the number of Saami households and total population at both the parish and village levels after 1830. Conversely, family size grew slightly, reflecting the need for independent and competing households to provide their own sources of labor.
Accent Stabilizes 1:2 Sensorimotor Synchronization of Rhythmic Knee Flexion-Extension Movement in Upright Stance

Numerous studies have shown the importance of metrical structure on beat perception and sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), which indicates why metrical structure has evolved as a widespread musical element. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of metrical structure with or without accented sounds and the alignment of accent with flexion or extension movements on the stability of 1:2 SMS in rhythmic knee flexion-extension movement in upright stance (flexing the knee once every two sounds). Fourteen participants completed 1:2 rhythmic knee flexion-extension movements with a metronome beat that accelerated from 2 to 8 Hz (the frequency of the movement was 1–4 Hz). Three sound-movement conditions were provided: (1) combining the flexion phase with loud (accented) sound and the extension phase with soft (non-accented) sound, (2) the reverse combination, and (3) combining both movements with loud sound. ANOVA results showed that metrical structure with accented sounds stabilizes 1:2 SMS in the range of 3.5–7.8 Hz in terms of timing accuracy, and flexing on the accented sound is more globally stable (resistant to phase transition) than flexing on the non-accented sound. Furthermore, our results showed that metrical structure with accented sounds induces larger movement amplitude in the range of 4.6–7.8 Hz than does that without accented sounds. The present study demonstrated that metrical structure with accented sounds stabilizes SMS and induces larger movement amplitude in rhythmic knee flexion-extension movement in upright stance than does SMS with sequences without accents. In addition, we demonstrated that coordinating flexion movement with accented sound is more globally stable than coordinating extension movement with accented sound. Thus, whereas previous studies have revealed that metrical structure enhances the timing accuracy of SMS, the current study revealed that metrical structure enhances the global stability of SMS.