Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative reproductive success of female moorhens using conditional strategies of brood parasitism and parental care

In a population of moorhens (GaOinula chloropus), at least 27% of netting females laid one or more eggs in a neighbor's nest Females laid parasitically under three conditions: 56% of parasitic eggs were from nesting females that preceded laying a dutch in their own nest by a parasitic laying bout, 19% were from females whose nests were depredated before clutch completion and that laid the following egg parasiticaDy, and 25% were from a small number of females without territories, "non-nesting" parasites, that each laid a series of parasitic eggs. Clutch sizes varied greatly between females, but nesting females each laid a consistent clutch size both within and between seasons for a given mate and territory. Nesting females that employed a dual strategy of brood parasitism and parental care produced extra eggs that they laid in the nests of neighbors before laying a dutch in their own nests. Two out of ten females whose dutches I experimentally removed during the laying period were successfully induced to lay their next egg in the nest of a neighbor. Nesting females that laid parasitically selected their hosts opportunistically from among the nests dosest to their territories. An experiment in which parasitic eggs were removed and hosts left to rear only their own young showed that parasites did not choose hosts that were better parents than pairs with contemporary nests that were not parasitized. Females that only laid parasiticaDy within a given season timed their parasitic laying bouts poorly and achieved no reproductive success. Parasitic young rarely fledged, and the mean seasonal reproductive success of nesting brood parasites did not differ from that of nonparasitic females. However, the variance in reproductive success of nesting brood parasites was significantly higher than that of nonparasitic females.
Connections between secondary mathematics teachers’ beliefs and their selection of tasks for English language learners

ABSTRACT The tasks teachers select impact students’ opportunities to learn mathematics and teachers’ beliefs influence their choice of tasks. Through the qualitative analysis of surveys, interviews and classroom artefacts from three secondary mathematics teachers, this study examined teachers’ selection of mathematics tasks for English language learners (ELLs). In particular, this study explored teachers’ beliefs about ELLs and the ways in which those beliefs manifested in their selection of tasks. In order to accommodate ELLs, the teachers selected tasks that were repetitive, procedure-focused and devoid of context. The teachers’ choice of tasks stemmed from their beliefs about ELLs’ mathematical and linguistic abilities. Furthermore, the teachers often referred to ELLs as a homogenous group and this generalization, coupled with beliefs about ELLs’ mathematical and linguistic abilities, was evident in their task selections. The findings suggest a need to critically examine the potential impact of seemingly benign teaching practices and the beliefs underlying them.
Challenges in Abdominal Organ Transplantation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic, abdominal organ transplantation programs are currently facing multiple challenges. Transplant candidates and recipients are considered high-risk populations for severe disease and death due to COVID-19 as a result of their numerous underlying comorbidities, advanced age and impaired immune function. Emerging reports of atypical and delayed clinical presentations in these patients generate further concerns for widespread disease transmission to medical personnel and the community. The striking similarities between COVID-19 and other outbreaks that took place over the past two decades, like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, highlight the severity of the situation and dictate that extra measures should be taken by the transplant programs to avoid adverse outcomes. Transplant organizations are currently calling for strict screening and isolation protocols to be established in all transplant programs, for both organ donors and recipients. As the situation escalates, more radical measures might be necessary, including a temporary hold on non-urgent transplantations, resulting in serious ethical dilemmas between the survival of these patients and the safety of the community. Further data about these special populations could result in more individualized guidelines for abdominal organ transplantation in the era of COVID-19.
BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF PONTEDERIA CORDATA AND POTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS IN THREE CONNECTICUT RIVERS

Aboveand below-ground biomass of the emergent Pontederia cordata and the floatingleaved Potamogeton epihydrus was measured during the growing season in three interconnected rivers in Connecticut, U.S.A. Maximum biomass of Pontederia, averaging 1,212 g m-2 dry weight (524 g m-2 above-ground, 688 g m-2 below-ground), occurred 100-150 days after major spring growth began. Peak biomass of Potamogeton averaged 94 g m-2 (81 g m-2 aboveground, 14 g m-2 below-ground) and was attained in 45-85 days. New growth of Pontederia in spring arose from, and was heavily subsidized by, the large biomass of living overwintered rhizomes and roots, which averaged 497 g m-2 in early June. This new growth appeared to have been produced in only one season, but in reality it contained energy fixed the current season, plus energy carried over from previous years. Net production of Pontederia calculated for only one growing season averaged 1,049 g m2. Potamogeton also perennated from rhizomes, but the biomass of these organs in spring was low, averaging 11 g m-2 in late May. Biomass of Potamogeton in summer consisted primarily of tissue produced during the current season. Rhizomes and roots comprised a much greater proportion of the plant in Pontederia than in Potamogeton. The ratio of new living below-ground/above-ground biomass of Pontederia rose from zero in spring to an average of 1.71 in autumn. For Potamogeton, the below-ground/ above-ground ratio averaged 0.37 in late spring, 0.20 in midsummer, and 0.41 in autumn. The overwintered below-ground biomass of Pontederia alive in spring was 42-79%O of the new living below-ground biomass the previous autumn. Net photosynthetic efficiency during the period between initiation of major growth in spring and attainment of peak biomass averaged 1.3% for Pontederia and 0.3% for Potamogeton. MACROPHYTES are important in the energy flow and nutrient cycles of aquatic habitats. Information on production is available for many such species in lakes, ponds, and marshes (e.g., Forsberg, 1960; Westlake, 1966; Davies, 1970; Boyd, 1970a, 1971; Rich, Wetzel and van Thuy, 1971; van der Valk and Bliss, 1971; Adams and McCracken, 1974; Jupp and Spence, 1977; Anderson, 1978; Rogers and Breen, 1980). Production in flowing water, though studied for some macrophytes (e.g., Odum, 1957; Edwards and Owens, 1960, 1962; Owens and Edwards, 1961, 1962), has received 1 Received for publication 27 February 1981; revision accepted 14 September 1981. We thank Dr. H. V. Koontz, Dr. P. H. Rich, and Dr. F. R. Trainor for their help at various stages of this work. We also thank Dr. R. S. Clymo, Dr. K. C. Ewel, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on the manuscript. The Eppley Laboratory, Inc. furnished the solar radiation data. This research was supported in part by a grant (project # A-073-CONN) from the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Inte-
Characterization of Human Colon Organoids From Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders, where epithelial defects drive, at least in part, some of the pathology. We reconstituted human intestinal epithelial organ, by using three-dimension culture of human colon organoids. Our aim was to characterize morphological and functional phenotypes of control (non-IBD) organoids, compared to inflamed organoids from IBD patients. The results generated describe the epithelial defects associated with IBD in primary organoid cultures, and evaluate the use of this model for pharmacological testing of anti-inflammatory approaches. Human colonic tissues were obtained from either surgical resections or biopsies, all harvested in non-inflammatory zones. Crypts were isolated from controls (non-IBD) and IBD patients and were cultured up to 12-days. Morphological (size, budding formation, polarization, luminal content), cell composition (proliferation, differentiation, immaturity markers expression), and functional (chemokine and tight junction protein expression) parameters were measured by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR or western-blot. The effects of inflammatory cocktail or anti-inflammatory treatments were studied in controls and IBD organoid cultures respectively. Organoid cultures from controls or IBD patients had the same cell composition after 10 to 12-days of culture, but IBD organoid cultures showed an inflammatory phenotype with decreased size and budding capacity, increased cell death, luminal debris, and inverted polarization. Tight junction proteins were also significantly decreased in IBD organoid cultures. Inflammatory cytokine cocktail reproduced this inflammatory phenotype in non-IBD organoids. Clinically used treatments (5-ASA, glucocorticoids, anti-TNF) reduced some, but not all parameters. Inflammatory phenotype is associated with IBD epithelium, and can be studied in organoid cultures. This model constitutes a reliable human pre-clinical model to investigate new strategies targeting epithelial repair.
Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins: A Family of Plant Proteins That Do More Than Inactivate Ribosomes

ABSTRACT Many plants contain proteins that are commonly designated as ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Based on the structure of the genes and the mature proteins a novel system is proposed to unambiguously classify all RIPs in type-1, type-2, and type-3 RIPs. In addition, the concept of one- and two-chain type-1 RIPs is introduced. After an overview of the occurrence, molecular structure, and amino acid sequences of RIPs, the formation of the mature proteins from the primary translation products of the corresponding mRNAs is elaborated in detail in a section dealing with the biosynthesis, posttranslational modifications, topogenesis, and subcellular location of the different types of RIPs. Details about the three-dimensional structure of type-1 RIPs and the A and B chains of type-2 RIPs are discussed in a separate section. Based on the data given in the previous sections, the phylogenic and molecular evolution of RIPs is critically assessed and a novel model is proposed for the molecular evolution of RIPs. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of RIPs are critically discussed whereby special attention is given to some presumed novel activities, and a brief overview is given of the biological activities of the different types of RIPs on cells and whole organisms. By combining the data on the enzymatic activities and biological activities of RIPs, and the current knowledge of different plant physiological aspects of these proteins, the role of RIPs in plants is revisited. Thereby the attention is focussed on the role of RIPs in plant defense with the emphasis on protection against plant-eating organisms and viruses. Finally, there is a short discussion on the discovery of a novel class of enzymes called RALyases that use ribosomes damaged by RIPs as a substrate and may act cooperatively with RIPs. There is discussion regarding why the identification of this novel enzyme gives valuable clues to the origin and original function of RIPs and may be helpful to unravel the physiological role of modem RIPs.
Fat Oxidation Kinetics Is Related to Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics During Exercise

Purpose The present study aimed to determine whether whole-body fat oxidation and muscle deoxygenation kinetics parameters during exercise were related in individuals with different aerobic fitness levels. Methods Eleven cyclists [peak oxygen uptake (V.O2⁢p⁢e⁢a⁢k): 64.9 ± 3.9 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1] and 11 active individuals (V.O2⁢p⁢e⁢a⁢k: 49.1 ± 7.4 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) performed a maximal incremental cycling test to determine V.O2⁢p⁢e⁢a⁢k and a submaximal incremental cycling test to assess whole-body fat oxidation using indirect calorimetry and muscle deoxygenation kinetics of the vastus lateralis (VL) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A sinusoidal (SIN) model was used to characterize fat oxidation kinetics and to determine the intensity (Fatmax) eliciting maximal fat oxidation (MFO). The muscle deoxygenation response was fitted with a double linear model. The slope of the first parts of the kinetics (a1) and the breakpoint ([HHb]BP) were determined. Results MFO (p = 0.01) and absolute fat oxidation rates between 20 and 65% V.O2⁢p⁢e⁢a⁢k were higher in cyclists than in active participants (p < 0.05), while Fatmax occurred at a higher absolute exercise intensity (p = 0.01). a1 was lower in cyclists (p = 0.02) and [HHb]BP occurred at a higher absolute intensity (p < 0.001) than in active individuals. V.O2⁢p⁢e⁢a⁢k was strongly correlated with MFO, Fatmax, and [HHb]BP (r = 0.65–0.88, p ≤ 0.001). MFO and Fatmax were both correlated with [HHb]BP (r = 0.66, p = 0.01 and r = 0.68, p < 0.001, respectively) and tended to be negatively correlated with a1 (r = -0.41, p = 0.06 for both). Conclusion This study showed that whole-body fat oxidation and muscle deoxygenation kinetics were both related to aerobic fitness and that a relationship between the two kinetics exists. Individuals with greater aerobic fitness may have a delayed reliance on glycolytic metabolism at higher exercise intensities because of a longer maintained balance between O2 delivery and consumption supporting higher fat oxidation rates.
Integrated Automatic Detection, Classification and Imaging of High Frequency Oscillations With Stereoelectroencephalography

Objective During presurgical evaluation for focal epilepsy patients, the evidence supporting the use of high frequency oscillations (HFOs) for delineating the epileptogenic zone (EZ) increased over the past decade. This study aims to develop and validate an integrated automatic detection, classification and imaging pipeline of HFOs with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) to narrow the gap between HFOs quantitative analysis and clinical application. Methods The proposed pipeline includes stages of channel inclusion, candidate HFOs detection and automatic labeling with four trained convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers and HFOs sorting based on occurrence rate and imaging. We first evaluated the initial detector using an open simulated dataset. After that, we validated our full algorithm in a 20-patient cohort against three assumptions based on previous studies. Classified HFOs results were compared with seizure onset zone (SOZ) channels for their concordance. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) were calculated representing the prediction ability of the labeled HFOs outputs for SOZ. Results The initial detector demonstrated satisfactory performance on the simulated dataset. The four CNN classifiers converged quickly during training, and the accuracies on the validation dataset were above 95%. The localization value of HFOs was significantly improved by HFOs classification. The AUC values of the 20 testing patients increased after HFO classification, indicating a satisfactory prediction value of the proposed algorithm for EZ identification. Conclusion Our detector can provide robust HFOs analysis results revealing EZ at the individual level, which may ultimately push forward the transitioning of HFOs analysis into a meaningful part of the presurgical evaluation and surgical planning.
ULTRACYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATIONS OF ADENOSINE NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITIES IN THE HUMAN TERM PLACENTA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 5′-NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITY

The ultracytochemical localizations of adenosine nucleotidase activities were investigated in the human term placenta. The enzymes studied were as follows: 5′-nucleotidase (5′-N), Ca++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca++ ATPase), Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Mg++ ATPase) and nucleotide diphosphatase (NDPase). 5′-N activity was demonstrated using not only the lead nitrate method of Wachstein and Meisel but also the recently developed cerium and neodymium method as well.The reaction products for 5′-N activity were found on the external surface of the microvillous plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. Alpha-beta-methylene adenosine diphosphate (AOPCP), at a concentration of 2.0mM, effectively inhibited 5′-N activity. Ca++ATPase and Mg++ATPase activity were observed strongly on the microvillous membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and weakly on the basal plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. NDPase, using ADP as a substrate, was localized on the microvillous membrane.These observations suggest that the syncytiotrophoblast is active in the nucleotide metabolism and that microvillous surface of the syncytium may play an important role in regulating the feto-placental-maternal microcirculation in the human term placenta.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SIMULATION OF ITS SEASONAL HISTORY

Abstract Relationships between temperature and development rates of eggs, overwintered second-instar larvae, and all larval stages of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) fed on artificial diet were determined. Egg development was observed at eight constant temperatures between 7 and 32°C. It was fastest at 30°C, and showed relatively little variability. The rate of emergence of overwintered second-instar larvae was observed at 10 constant temperatures between 4 and 33°C. Maximum development rates occurred at 30°C. Variability in emergence rates was large, but unimodal. Development rates of the second to sixth larval instars were measured at 10 constant temperatures between 7 and 36°C, and maximum rates were observed, again, at 30°C. Variability in the development rates of the larvae was large, with no correlations between the development rates of the various larval instars. The results of computer simulations of the insect’s seasonal history are presented and discussed. Résumé Les relations entre la température et les taux de développement des oeufs, des larves hivernées ainsi que de tous les stades larvaires se nourrissant ont été déterminées pour Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), sur diète artificielle. Le développement des oeufs a été observé à huit températures constantes entre 7 et 32°C, était maximal à 30°C et a montré relativement peu de variabilité. L’émergence des larves diapausées de deuxième stade a été observée à 10 températures constantes entre 4 et 33°C, et se faisait en un minimum de temps à 30°C. La variation du taux de développement d’émergence était grande, mais unimodale. Le développement des larves des deuxième au sixième stades fut observé à 10 températures constantes entre 7 et 36°C, avec, encore, les taux les plus rapides à 30°C. La variabilité des taux de développement était élevée à tous les stades larvaires, et aucune corrélation n’a été trouvée entre les taux de développement des divers stades. Les résultats de simulations par ordinateur, de la biologie saisonnière de l’insecte sont présentés et discutés.
Natural Control of Cereal Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Entomopathogenic Fungi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Encyrtidae) on Irrigated Spring Wheat in Southwestern Idaho

Data on the natural control of cereal aphids, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Sitobion avenae (F.), by entomophthoralean fungi and hymenopterous parasitoids on furrow-irrigated spring wheat in southwestern Idaho are presented. The important fungi involved were Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudire & Hennebert) Humber and Conidiobolus spp. , including C. obscurus (Hall and Dunn) Remaudire, C. thromboides Drechsler, and C. coronatus (Constantin) Batko. During 1986–1989, M. dirhodum and S. avenae populations usually reached or exceeded economic levels. D. noxia did not enter the region until late June 1987. It was the first aphid found infesting the crop in 1988 and reached high densities that summer but was not found in 1989, perhaps because of mortality during an extremely cold winter. Fungal infection occurred ≍2,3, and 6 wk after colonization of the crop by M. dirhodum, S. avenae , and D. noxia, respectively. Epizootics occurred each summer but usually after the crop was damaged by large aphid populations. An exception occurred during 1987 when M. dirhodum and S. avenae populations were effectively suppressed by mycoses, apparently enhanced by unusually frequent rainfall during late May and June. M. dirhodum experienced much higher mortality from fungal infection than did S. avenae and D. noxia. P. neoaphidis was the dominant fungus infecting M. dirhodum and D. noxia, whereas Conidiobolus spp. were most important on S. avenae. Entomophthora chromaphidis Burger & Swain and two Zoophthora species sporadically infected cereal aphids. Parasitoids, mainly Aphidius ervi Haliday for S. avenae and M. dirhodum and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) for D. noxia, usually attacked cereal aphids earlier than the fungi but were less influential during the decline of host populations. Multiple regression and correlation analysis indicated that mycoses and parasitoids made significant contributions to the reduction of peak populations of each aphid species compared with the influence of crop maturation. Weak correlation between fungal infection and host density and climatic factors ( r2 ranging from 0.35 to 0.53) was found. Development of fungal infection seemed to be better correlated with host density than with climatic factors. Precipitation was more associated with fungal infection of S. avenae, which inhabits upper portions of the host crop, but had little effect on that of M. dirhodum and D. noxia, which inhabit more humid microenvironments. No other climatic factors were significantly correlated with fungal infection. A hypothesis is proposed that the site on a wheat plant typically occupied by an aphid species influences the development of mycoses.
Does it really matter? Understanding the impact of engagement and beliefs on immigrant ethnic minority entrepreneurship

Abstract This research considers the importance of ethnic minority immigrant entrepreneurs’ engagement within and beliefs surrounding their host country experiences, and how this impacts on entrepreneurial action. The relevance of such research is highlighted by an ever increasingly global economy and as a consequence greater emphasis has been placed on understanding the entrepreneurial behaviour of persons moving across cultural, economic and national borders. This paper is derived from a grounded theory study of narratives from ethnic minority immigrant entrepreneurs in New Zealand, and resulted in a conceptual framework which considers the impact of engagement and beliefs on actions within the entrepreneurial process. The conclusion of this study is that there is an interdependent relationship which warrants further investigation and this paper offers insights into that relationship and a framework for further empirical study.