Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bacteriological Evaluation of Bottled Water Commercially Available in Eastern Nepal

The demand for bottled water is high in these days and it has been a growing concern about the microbiological quality of such processed water. The objective of this study was to assess the heterotrophic contamination and total coliform. This cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly selected 24 different commercial brands of bottled water available in the commercial market of the eastern region of Nepal. Total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated by the membrane filtration and spread plate technique, respectively. Among 24 water sample processed, 62.5% (n=15) samples showed the heterotrophic bacterial count above the acceptable range (<50 CFU/0.1ml) and 75% (n=18) samples showed the total coliform count crossed the WHO guidelines (0 CFU/ml) and not acceptable for drinking. E. Coli was detected in 54.2% of water samples and Enterobacters aerogenes (45.8%), Enterococcus fecalis (20.8%), Pseudomonas sps (20.8%), Bacillus species (16.6%) and Staphylococcus aereus (4.2%) were also detected from different samples. Only 25% of bottled water was acceptable for drinking purpose. The presence of heterotrophs and the coliform in the bottled water is a serious concern for public health. Concerned authority should prioritize this issue and continuously monitor the quality of available bottled water manufacturers in the eastern region to provide safe drinking water to the population. Sunsari Technical College Journal 2015, 2(1):54-57
Kinematic evolution of the lower plate during intracontinental subduction: An example from the Scandinavian Caledonides

Geophysical data combined with pressure-temperature-time data form the basis for a reconstruction of the kinematic evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides collisional orogenic belt. The reconstruction suggests that the early stages of collision between Baltica and Laurentia involved intracontinental subduction of a minimum of 150 km of Baltic continental crust to a depth of at least 100 km. The subduction juxtaposed strong, Laurentian upper mantle rocks in the upper plate against weak, Baltic crustal rocks in the lower plate. Continued plate convergence, coupled with the buoyancy of the Baltic rocks, resulted in thrust imbrication of a substantial portion of the lower plate and extrusion of the crustal rocks from the subduction zone. Thrusting also resulted in incorporation of fragments of the Laurentian upper mantle into the Baltic crust. The reconstruction also suggests that direct interaction between the Laurentian and Baltic crustal rocks, and the time of greatest crustal thickness in the orogen, occurred after extrusion of the Baltic crust from the subduction zone. One implication of this suggestion is that the eclogite/coesite assemblage presently exposed at the surface in the hinterland of the Caledonides probably formed early in the collision sequence during subduction rather than during the time of greatest crustal thickness. The reconstruction also suggests that exposure of the high-pressure mineral assemblage was a two-phase process, involving extrusion from the subduction zone by thrusting during convergence and unroofing by a combination of extension on low-angle normal faults and erosion. The kinematic model derived for the Scandinavian Caledonides provides a possible scenario for the evolution of other collisional orogenic belts, containing very high-pressure mineral assemblages formed in situ in continental rocks and associated ultamafic rocks of mantle origin.
Pengaruh Peningkatan Infrastruktur Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Kota Sibolga

The problem in this research is for finding out the influence of increasing the infrastructure of road, water, electricity, telephone over the economic growth in Sibolga City and also for understanding the recent overview of the condition of infrastructure in Sibolga City. This data uses time series which the period from 1989 up to 2013 in Sibolga City. The end of the result of four independent variables (roads, water, electricity, and telephone) has a variable that is gives a positive influence which it has a significant and positive effect over the growth of economic, that is water. While the other two variables road and phone don’t have a significant effect, but it has a positive effect over the growth of economic in Sibolga City, while one more variable that electricity does not have a significant and negative effect over the economic growth in Sibolga City. Keywords: Sibolga City, Infrastructure, Economic Growth.
Community perception on impact of climate changes on water resources: a case of rural areas of Temeke district in Dar es salaam

Although various researches have been done on water resources, the extent to which impact on climate changes on water resources in Temeke District was empirically unknown. Therefore, the study was conducted in rural areas of Temeke District with the specific objectives to: (i) find out factors that affect water resources, (ii) examine the community perception on the impacts of climate change on water resources, (iii) determine community's awareness on climate change and water resources, and (iv) determine the measures taken by communities on the impact of climate change on water resources. Data were collected in November 2007 through focus group discussion, a questionnaire-based survey, key informants interviews, documentary review and participant observation. Questionnaire-based data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Chi-square test was used to show relationship between some variables. The chi-square test results showed that there was a relationship at (p:::;0.05) between trends of crop production and perception on the impact of climate change on water resources. Index and likert scale were used to show the community perception. Findings of study revealed that 67% of the respondents were aware on the impact of climate change of water resources. Scores on index scale level of awareness of impact of climate change on water resources by sex is the same for male and female respondents; two-thirds of respondents (67%) had aware of it. The major conclusion from the study is that awareness of the respondents on the impact of climate change on water resources was high. Based on conclusion, it is recommended that human socio-economic activities and climate variability should be reduced by training communities to mitigate the impact of climate change on water resources. Government and NGOs should lay down proper policy mechanisms for promoting rural dwellers participation in water resources management in their areas.
Prognostic signi�cance of preoperative plasma �brinogen levels in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a retrospective cohort study

Background Improved prediction of prognosis for gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) has become increasingly important since the introduction of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic signi�cance of preoperative plasma �brinogen (Fib) levels in patients with primary GISTs and to analyse their correlations with clinicopathological characteristics. Methods A total of 201 previously untreated patients with primary GISTs who had undergone radical surgery at our institution between October 2004 and July 2018 were enrolled. Patient demographics, clinicopathological characteristics, preoperative plasma Fib levels and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analysed. The optimal cut-off value for Fib levels was calculated using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RFS, the primary endpoint, was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were calculated. Results Patients in the high Fib group had a shorter RFS than those in the low Fib group (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, high preoperative plasma Fib levels were detected as an independent adverse prognostic factor (P = 0.008, hazard ratio 3.136, 95% CI 1.356 ‒ 7.256). Furthermore, high preoperative plasma Fib levels also indicated a poor prognosis within the modi�ed National Institutes of Health (mNIH) high-risk subgroup (P = 0.041). In addition, preoperative plasma Fib levels showed a positive correlation with several prognostic factors and even a linear relationship with tumour size (Spearman correlation coe�cient [ r ] = 0.411, P < 0.001). Conclusions High preoperative plasma Fib levels may indicate a poor prognosis in patients with primary GISTs. As a cost-effective biomarker, preoperative assessment of plasma Fib levels may help to further risk stratify patients with mNIH high-risk GISTs and instruct the application of targeted therapy.
Stress channelling and partitioning of seismicity in the Charlevoix seismic zone, Québec, Canada

SUMMARY The Charlevoix seismic zone (CSZ) in the St Lawrence valley of Quebec is historically the most active in eastern Canada. The structurally complex region comprises rift faults formed during the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, superimposed by a 350 Ma meteorite impact structure, resulting in a circular highly fractured zone. Although seismicity is localized along two steeply dipping planar rift-parallel zones, previous work indicates that most of the large-scale rift faults bound the low magnitude background seismicity rather than generate earthquakes themselves. In order to gain insight into the mechanics of the partitioning of this seismicity, a 2-D model of the CSZ was built using the stress analysis code FLAC. The rift faults are represented by frictional discontinuities. The heavily fractured impact structure is represented by an elastic continuum of reduced modulus. Boundary displacements are used to generate a regional stress field with the major horizontal component in the direction of tectonic loading. Given a high strength, the rift faults have little effect on the stress patterns. Stress trajectories naturally flow around the crater of reduced elastic modulus, leaving the fractured area with lower stresses than the background level. However, when the rift faults have low strength, they are unable to support stress trajectories inclined to them, due to the resolved shear stress exceeding their strength. This prevents trajectories from flowing out of the rift, effectively channelling higher magnitude stresses into the region of the impact structure between the faults. Low-strength bounding faults can thus explain the localization of seismicity into linear bands, rather than distributed seismicity throughout the impact structure. It also explains how the rift faults act as boundaries to regions of low magnitude seismicity. These results indicate that the interplay between faults of varying strength and zones of differing elastic modulus can give rise to complicated stress patterns, and can explain many of the seismicity patterns observed in the CSZ. This has implications for other intraplate seismic zones, as it shows an example of how regional weak faults can modify stress conditions around local structures and drive seismicity. The results are particularly relevant for other regions located within rifted crust, such as the New Madrid seismic zone, which possibly display evidence of stress channelling.
The Innovation Breakthrough in Digital and Disruptive Era

The quality of financial statements is said to be good if in the report the information presented can be understood and meet the needs of its users in decision making, does not provide a distorted understanding, and also material errors, but presents reliable financial statements, so that from previous periods the financial statements can be compared clearly and accurately. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of variables in the use of information technology, human resources and internal control systems on the quality of regional financial statements. The population in this study was 9,494 government devices located in 33 Regional Apparatur Organizations of Bangkalan Regency. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique, so that a sample of 99 respondents is obtained, which will be given a questionnaire to be filled out. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regreation analysis. The results of this study prove that partially the use of information technology and internal control systems has a significant effect on the quality of regional financial statements. Meanwhile, human resources do not affect the quality of regional financial statements. The results of simultaneous analysis show that the use of information technology, human resources and internal control systems has a significant effect on the quality of regional financial statements.
Surface Air Temperature Changes over the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries in China Simulated by 20 CMIP5 Models

AbstractHistorical temperature variability over China during the twentieth century and projected changes under three emission scenarios for the twenty-first century are evaluated on the basis of a multimodel ensemble of 20 GCMs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and two observational datasets. Changes relative to phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) are assessed, and the performance of individual GCMs is also quantified. Compared with observations, GCMs have substantial cold biases over the Tibetan Plateau, especially in the cold season. The timing and location of these biases also correspond to the greatest disagreement among the individual models, indicating GCMs’ limitations in reproducing climatic features in this complex terrain. The CMIP5 multimodel ensemble shows better agreement with observations than CMIP3 in terms of the temperature biases. Both CMIP3 and CMIP5 capture the climatic warming over the twentieth century. However, the magnitude o.
Backscattered Electron Imaging of Fossils Exceptionally-Preserved as Organic Compressions

Abstract Backscattered electron imaging of fossils exceptionally-preserved as organic compressions reveals anatomical details that are not evident either under incident light or in secondary electron images. The method can be used to differentiate between anatomical features that are superimposed, lack relief, and compressed essentially to a single plane. In situ observation is possible, removing the need to liberate the fossil from the matrix by either chemical or physical means, both of which have their limitations. Fossils exceptionally preserved, at least in part, as organic compressions are characteristic of a large number of Konservat Lagerstätten, and the method has significant potential for elucidating aspects of their morphology.
The Eﬀects of Sleep Deprivation and the Consumption of Caﬀeine on High School Students’ Academic Performance in Surabaya, Indonesia

Sleep deprivation, commonly defined as sleeping less than the recommended eight or nine hours, is increasingly receiving attention as accumulating adolescents from aged 12-19 experience sleep loss (Loessl et. al., 2008). From then until now, those who have valued their work over their sleep, as they make up for their sleep loss from their weekdays to their weekends (Loessl et. al., 2008), have been affected by people’s cognitive functions. In particular, standards for academic background have risen, resulting in the inevitable academic pressure upon students, especially high school and college students, who are working their way up to universities and colleges or jobs and internships. For example, Shur-Ken Gau and Wei-Tshen Soong (1995), who strived to investigate the cause and effect of the increasingly sleep deprived high school students in Taipei, reports that students in higher grade levels have increasingly less sleep because of the joint entrance examination (JEE) they have to pass to get into college. Although people under 15 may be sleep deprived, because sleep decreases with increasing age (Loessel, 2008), this paper will focus on the data of high schoolers that are above age of 15.
Measurement of Beach Surface Moisture Using Surface Brightness

Abstract This article describes the testing and calibration of a digital video camera system used to measure surface moisture over a section of beach extending tens of metres alongshore using the brightness of the sand surface. The system consisted of two networked video cameras mounted on a mast on the foredune crest about 14 m above the beach surface and oriented obliquely alongshore in either direction. Photographs and video clips were stored on a notebook computer. Over a period of 4 weeks in May and June 2006, a series of field tests was carried out; these tests were designed to calibrate the surface brightness recorded at locations visible in the digital images against gravimetric surface moisture measured by scraping the surface at the same location. While there was a significant correlation between surface brightness and gravimetric moisture content, the strength of this relationship was improved by normalising against a white board present in the field of view of the camera. An even stronger relationship was obtained by normalising against an area of dry sand present within a portion of the photograph. Rectification of the images and application of the calibration equation permitted mapping of surface moisture variations on a timescale of hours to days. The approach appears to provide a useful means of estimating surface moisture on the beach on a scale of tens of metres and over timescales of seconds to months.
Conditionals, Support and Connexivity

In natural language, conditionals are frequently used for giving explanations. Thus the antecedent of a conditional is typically understood as being connected to, being relevant for, or providing evidential support for the conditional’s consequent. This aspect has not been adequately mirrored by the logics that are usually offered for the reasoning with conditionals: neither in the logic of the material conditional or the strict conditional, nor in the plethora of logics for suppositional conditionals that have been produced over the past 50 years. In this paper I survey some recent attempts to come to terms with the problem of encoding evidential support or relevance in the logic of conditionals. I present models in a qualitative-modal and in a quantitative-probabilistic setting. Focussing on some particular examples, I show that no perfect match between the two kinds of settings has been achieved yet.
Clinical Determinants of Outcome and Respiratory Management in COVID-19 Me-chanically Ventilated Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A 15-Month Prospective Observational Study in a Greek Intensive Care Unit

Abstract 1.1. Background: Covid-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) and prolonged mechanical ventilation imposes a major burden on affected critically ill individuals, in light of high mortality. We aimed to identify possible risk factors for mortality among the three categories of ARDS severity according to Berlin definition and to examine the effect of time on patients’ oxygenation and respiratory mechanics. 1.2. Methods: We prospectively investigated the clinical characteristics and outcome of 196 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients with CARDS, along with oxygenation and respiratory mechanics, on ICU days 1, 3 and 7. 1.3. Results: ICU mortality accounted for 63.3%. Non-survivors were significantly older and presented higher disease severity on ICU admission and higher incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neurologic disease and immunosuppression. PaO2/
Individual-and Community-level Correlates of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy in Ghana

Background: Ghana adopted the policy on intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in 2003. Despite the government’s and other stakeholders’ efforts in Ghana, optimal uptake (three or more doses of IPTp-SP) has slightly declined since 2016. This study examined the individual-and community-level correlates of pregnant women who take optimal or none/partial doses (less than three doses) of IPTp-SP using the Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS), 2019. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the GMIS 2019 data. Our analytical sample included 1,151 women age 15–49 whose most recent birth was in the previous two years before the survey. Results: The results indicated that the overall uptake among participants was 39.0% for none/partial doses and 61.0% for optimal doses of IPTp-SP. The level of uptake differed depending on the individual rather than community-level characteristics of pregnant women. Individual-level demographic factors (religion and region of residence) and health-related factors (such as the number of antenatal (ANC) visits and scheduling of the first ANC visit) were associated with optimal IPTp-SP uptake among pregnant women in Ghana. Only the region of residence, number of ANC visits, and first ANC visit predicted IPTp-SP uptake. Conclusions: There is a need for policy, interventions, and research on malaria prevention in pregnancy to improve the decline in uptake. We recommend that the Ministry of Health, the Ghana Health Service, the National Malaria Control Program, and other stakeholders consider the factors identified in this study to improve the delivery and uptake of IPT-SP services.
Mapping the Impact of Terrain on Lightning Incidence and Multiple Ground Contacts in Cloud-to-ground Flashes

The climatological incidence of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is known to have large regional differences associated synoptic-scale variations in weather that impact the development and propagation of deep convection. At smaller spatial scales, terrain variations are known to play a significant role in the development of deep convection leading to thunderstorms. Convective clouds frequently build over the high terrain typically beginning in the late morning or early afternoon, driven by mountain-valley circulations. In addition to the enhancement of deep convection in complex terrain, there are flash-scale interactions between downward propagating leaders and terrain variations that can alter the nature and location of attachment to ground. This suggests that there may be terrain-related variations in not only the incidence (ground flash density) of CG lightning and the location of the first flash in a storm, but also in some of the physical parameters of CG lightning flashes. The work presented here focuses on demonstrating the impact of terrain on the nature of multiple ground contacts in CG flashes using data provided by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network during the period of 2006 through 2011. A method for classifying a CG stroke as creating a new ground contact or occurring in a pre-existing channel is presented first. This method employs information that can be provided by modern lightning locating systems. This tool is then used to study the spatial distribution of the average number of ground contacts per flash and the dominant spatial separation distances, in 5x5 degree regions with differing terrain variations. These data are analyzed at sub-km spatial scales using the DTED digital elevation model dataset.