Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability of REE-bearing minerals in a metaluminous leucotonalite from the Eriksberg gabbro, Transscandinavian Igneous Belt, Sweden

This paper describes the accessory mineral assemblage of apatite, monazite, allanite, xenotime, zircon, and an unidentified Th-silicate in a metaluminous leucotonalite from the Eriksberg gabbro, SW Baltic Shield. The leucotonalite dykes are coarse-grained at the contacts with the gabbro and fine-grained in their central part, suggesting that the magma initially was close to or H 2 O-saturated and experienced a pressure quench. The mineral paragenesis is interpreted to indicate that the magma was initially apatite-saturated and later became saturated in anhydrous phosphates. The loss of volatiles in a pressure quench likely caused the additional crystallization of phosphate species. Zr thermometry suggests an upper estimate of emplacement temperature for the dykes at 794 °C and REE thermometry indicates that solidification of the dykes occurred at temperatures between 752 °C (8 wt % H 2 O) and 764 °C (6 wt % H 2 O). Two samples from the leucotonalite dykes plot near the cotectic line in the quartz-albite-anorthite-H 2 O CIPW-normative system at P H 2 0 = 5 kbar at a liquidus temperature of -760-770 °C. Deuteric reaction rims of apatite and allanite developed at the monazite grain-boundaries. An implication of this study is that fluid-rock interaction studies on monazite may in some cases be over-simplistic if xenotime, Th-silicate, and apatite are present as primary inclusions in monazite.
Vertical heat fluxes through the Beaufort Sea thermohaline staircase

Microstructure profiles of temperature, conductivity, and velocity shear during the Arctic Internal Wave Experiment (AIWEX) in March–April 1985 in the Beaufort Sea are used to investigate the thermodynamic processes in a diffusive thermohaline staircase. The staircase occurs between depths of about 320 and 430 m, above the core of the relatively warm, salty Atlantic water, where the mean temperature and salinity are increasing with depth. Individual isothermal layers can be tracked for at least several hours, suggesting a horizontal length scale of several hundred meters or more, assuming a typical relative velocity of 0.01 m s−1 at this time. Over the depth range 320–430 m the mean (average over several steps) density ratio 〈Rρ〉 = β〈Sz〉/α〈Tz〉 varies between 4 and 6, while the typical temperature difference between layers decreases from 0.012° to 0.004°C. The mean thickness of the layers also varies, from 1 m at 320 m depth to 2 m at 430 m. The relationship proposed by Kelley (1984), relating layer height to 〈N2〉, 〈Rρ〉, and molecular properties of the fluid, overestimates the mean layer thickness by about a factor of 2. The variability of staircase characteristics suggests that oceanic staircases may rarely, if ever, be steady state, but in general be slowly evolving from previous perturbations. Heat fluxes estimated from laboratory-based flux laws, involving Rρ and ΔT, are in the range 0.02 <FH < 0.1 W m−2, which is in agreement with the molecular heat fluxes through the maximum interfacial temperature gradients. There are no interfaces where the kinetic energy dissipation rate (averaged over 0.5 m) exceeds the lower limit for diapycnal mixing, 24. 5νN2.
Erosion Control and Environment Restoration Plan Development, Matagorda County, Texas. Phase 2. Preliminary Design

Abstract : This report documents the investigation of coastal processes and development of conceptual alternatives to reduce beach erosion at two sites in Matagorda County. Sargent Beach has experienced the greatest erosion rates on the Texas Coast, prompting study into structural methods to protect beach habitat. Additionally, the three miles of beach to the east of the Mouth of the Colorado River is a candidate for structural stabilization. The proximity of the two project areas provided an opportunity to consider processes on a regional scale in an effort to improve regional shoreline stability and further understanding of regional processes. Sargent Beach is comprised of cohesive sediment overlain by a thin veneer of sand. It is located between an ephemeral inlet to the east and a flood relief inlet to the west. The region includes two major river diversion projects, an eight mile long revetment at Sargent Beach, and many other engineering modifications influencing transport. Because of the complex site, an investigation into coastal processes was conducted to determine alternative development. Understanding of physical processes developed during this investigation was applied to develop potential solutions to reduce erosion, including beach nourishment, groins, breakwaters, and installed bypassing systems.
Family and Contextual Socioeconomic Effects Across Seasons: When Do They Matter for the Achievement Growth of Young Children?

Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for noncommercial purposes by any means, provided that the above copyright notice appears on all copies. (2007). Family and contextual socioeconomic effects across seasons: When do they matter for the achievement growth of young children? (WCER Working Madison. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies, WCER, or cooperating institutions. The skills that young children possess when they enter elementary school and the amount that they learn while in elementary school matter a great deal for subsequent academic outcomes and experiences. Differences in early-elementary learning outcomes typically become differences in high school graduation and college attendance rates, and ultimately adult status During the primary school years, seemingly small student-to-student achievement differences accrue across seasons, resulting in substantial differences as students prepare to enter high school. These differences are most pronounced between poor students and their more affluent counterparts and between minority and White students. By the time primary school students in the United States are ready to enter high school, socially disadvantaged students lag substantially behind their more advantaged counterparts in fundamental reading and mathematics skills. Among U.S. eighth graders in 2005, only 57% of students eligible for free lunch were reading at or above the basic level, whereas 81% of those not eligible for free lunch were exceeding this level (U.S. Department of Education, 2005b). For mathematics, the gap was slightly wider, with even fewer (51%) of free lunch–eligible students at or above the basic level and 79% of non-eligible students exceeding this level (U.S. Department of Education, 2005a). Similar gaps existed between White students and Hispanic students, and even wider gaps were present between White and African American students. Although the presence of these gaps is common knowledge among education researchers, their source has been the subject of several theories and considerable debate. Disagreement has extended to questions of when, where, and how these gaps emerge. The majority of theoretical perspectives on achievement gaps have led to research agendas focusing on processes taking place during the school year. Researchers have inquired into socially based disparities in school Other researchers have focused on processes taking place at times other than the school year and in places other than school. Beginning with the observation that participation in formal schooling varies decisively across seasons, seasonal researchers …
Identifying suspicious activities through DNS failure graph analysis

As a key approach to securing large networks, existing anomaly detection techniques focus primarily on network traffic data. However, the sheer volume of such data often renders detailed analysis very expensive and reduces the effectiveness of these tools. In this paper, we propose a light-weight anomaly detection approach based on unproductive DNS traffic, namely, the failed DNS queries, with a novel tool - DNS failure graphs. A DNS failure graph captures the interactions between hosts and failed domain names. We apply a graph decomposition algorithm based on the tri-nonnegative matrix factorization technique to iteratively extract coherent co-clusters (dense subgraphs) from DNS failure graphs. By analyzing the co-clusters in the daily DNS failure graphs from a 3-month DNS trace captured at a large campus network, we find these co-clusters represent a variety of anomalous activities, e.g., spamming, trojans, bots, etc. In addition, these activities often exhibit distinguishable subgraph structures. By exploring the temporal properties of the co-clusters, we show our method can identify new anomalies that likely correspond to unreported domain-flux bots.
Fertile grounds? Collective strategies and the political ecology of soil management in Uganda

Proceeding from land degradation and soil fertility decline in sub-Saharan African smallholder agriculture and drawing on empirical research with smallholder farmers in Tororo district in south-eastern Uganda (2010-2012), this thesis identifies local collective strategies in response to changing livelihood conditions. In an attempt to co-produce knowledge with a transformative potential, the thesis also illustrates how action research can be employed to envision, implement and evaluate a locally anchored practice to improve soil fertility, namely the use of human urine as a crop fertilizer. The research shows that effective responses to land degradation must acknowledge the multiple stressors of smallholder farming and thus go beyond current technocratic and managerial approaches. To do this, soil fertility decline is best understood as a socially, politically and agro-ecologically integrated issue. Collective action mediated by farmer groups, in which women in particular engage, can be a significant response to everyday constraints and vulnerabilities, not only for overcoming barriers that may obstruct individual coping strategies but also for enhancing farmers’ capacities to manage land sustainably. However, findings also indicate that collective action is no universal remedy; the ability to participate in and benefit from collective action is socially differentiated and numerous structural barriers limit the type of change that can be achieved through local self-organisation. In support of sustainability science and sustainability alike, the thesis makes three contributions to ways of ‘thinking and doing’ political ecology: by engaging critically with narratives on land degradation; by advancing understandings of the merits and limits of collective action in the context of rural livelihoods; and by providing insights on solutions-oriented research.
Variation of Ti‐in‐quartz in gneiss domes exposing the world's youngest ultrahigh‐pressure rocks, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea

The D'Entrecasteaux Island gneiss domes, Papua New Guinea, expose the world's youngest ultrahigh‐pressure rocks (5–8 Ma), which were exhumed nearly isothermally to the mid‐crust at rates of cm yr−1. Because quartz grains are internally distorted by deformation bands and have strongly interlobate grain boundary microstructures indicative of rapid grain‐boundary migration, we infer that Ti content in the quartz was frozen in by dynamic recrystallization that accompanied the continued deformation of the gneisses as they were exhumed through the crust toward the surface. We infer that average Ti content of an assemblage of quartz grains in a sample depends on the ratio of cooling rate to dynamic recrystallization rate. An increase in the former preserves and captures a larger fraction of relatively high‐Ti, high‐temperature grains, whereas an increase in the latter removes such relict grains and replaces them with a newer set of lower‐Ti, low‐temperature recrystallized grains. Based on this concept, we use Ti‐in‐quartz as a tool to infer domains of differing relative cooling rate across four D'Entrecasteaux Island domes. Ti concentrations in quartz grains from 89 samples of quartzofeldspathic gneiss and eclogite increase inwardly away from the dome margins (2.5–20 ppm) toward the center of the domes (20–>100 ppm). From this, we infer that the most rapidly cooled rocks were exhumed near the center of the domes. Our data reinforces structurally based arguments that the symmetric domes were emplaced vertically into the crust as diapirs, rather than laterally exhumed as a result of large‐magnitude slip on dome‐bounding detachment faults.
Distinction of Aggradational and Degradational Fluvial Regimes in Valley-Fill Alluvium, Tapia Canyon, New Mexico

Abstract An ephemeral tributary of the Rio Puerco northwest of Albuquerque, the present channel of Tapia Canyon is highly sinuous and deeply entrenched in the valley-fill alluvium. More than half of the drainage area is basalt. It produces gray or black gravel that constitutes almost all the bed-load of the stream. In contrast, the bedrock of the remaining area is almost all Cretaceous sandstone. It produces buff-colored sand that is transported principally as suspended load. The segregation of detritus in response to two source-rock types and modes of sediment transport enhances the distinction of different regimes of the past that are preserved in the entrenched channel walls. Furthermore, the geometry, distribution, and either lateral or vertical continuity of sedimentation units permit the identification of process-structure relations that distinguish episodes of aggradation and degradation. Two basic types of deposits exist. Aggradational-regime deposits consist of sets of black or gray laminae of basalt gravel that are vertically persistent, comparatively uniform in grain size, and within which the individual laminae grade laterally but abruptly into sand laminae. Degradational-regime deposits are laterally persistent, they have sharply bounded, interfingering basalt and buff-colored sand units, and they overlap like cards thickening outward in a fanned-out deck. In comparison to degradational deposits, those resulting from aggradation suggest flow that was perennial and more uniformily distributed seasonally. Under these conditions, the deposition of basalt gravel effectively stablized the locus of thalweg deposition while the bed aggraded vertically. During degradational regimes, such as that at present, deposits reflect the seasonal, flashy nature of the flow. Lateral incision predominates. At one exposure of valley-fill alluvium in Tapia Canyon, radiocarbon and archeological dates temporally bracket episodes of vertical aggradation, lateral incision, and a neck cutoff.
Characterization of rainfall generated by dripper‐type rainfall simulator using piezoelectric transducers and its impact on splash soil erosion

Rainfall erosivity represents the primary driver for particle detachment in splash soil erosion. Several raindrop erosivity indices have been developed in order to quantify the potential of rainfall to cause soil erosion. Different types of rainfall simulators have been used to relate rainfall characteristics to soil detachment. However, rainfall produced by different rainfall simulators has different characteristics, specifically different relationships between rainfall intensity and rainfall erosivity. For this reason, the effect of rainfall characteristics produced by a dripper‐type rainfall simulator on splash soil erosion (Ds) has been investigated. The simulated rainfall kinetic energy (KE) and drop size distribution (DSD) were measured using piezoelectric transducers, modified from the Vaisala RAINCAP® rain sensor. The soil splash was evaluated under various simulated rainfall intensities ranging from 10 to 100 mm h−1 using the splash‐cup method. The simulated rainfall intensity (I) and kinetic energy relationship (I–KE) was found to be different from natural rainfall. The simulated rainfall intensity and splash soil erosion relationship (I–Ds) also followed this same trend. The I–KE relationship was found to follow the natural rainfall trend until the rainfall intensity reached 30 mm h−1 and above this limit the KE started to decrease. This emphasizes the importance of the I–KE relationship in determining the I‐Ds relationship, which can differ from one rainfall simulator to another. Ds was found to be highly correlated with KE (r = 0·85, P < 0·001), when data produced by the rainfall intensity ranged from 10 to 100 mm h−1. However, when the threshold rainfall intensity (30 mm h−1) was considered, the correlation coefficient further improved (r = 0·89, P = 0·001). Accordingly, to improve the soil splash estimation of simulated rainfall under various rainfall intensities the I–KE characterization relationship for rainfall simulators has to be taken into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Description of Coloborhynchus spielbergi sp. nov. (Pterodactyloidea) from the Albian (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil.

A new species of pterosaur, Coloborhynchus spielbergi sp. nov. (Pterodactyloidea), from the Romualdo Member (Albian) of the Santana Formation is described. The type consists of the skull, mandible and many of the post-cranial bones. The specimen displays a high degree of co-ossification indicating that the animal was an adult and likely quite old when it died. The wingspan is reconstructed at nearly 6 m. Among the characteristic features are a large anteriorly positioned premaxillary sagittal crest and a smaller, also anteriorly positioned dentary sagittal crest, a flat anterior aspect of the skull from which two teeth project and a ventrally fused pelvis. Comments on Brazilian pterosaurs are made in connection with the classificiation of the Leiden specimen.
The coral fauna of the Pitkin Formation (Chesterian), northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas

The Upper Chesterian Pitkin Formation of the Ozark Dome region contains a large and diverse, yet highly endemic, coral fauna consisting of 10 genera of rugose corals and three of tabulate corals. Coral distribution within the formation is affected by stratigraphic, paleoecologic, and possibly paleogeographic controls. Although it is impossible at this time to fully evaluate the importance of stratigraphic controls on the coral distribution, the occurrence of two types of carbonate bioherms within the formation provides substantial paleoecologic control on the distribution of certain corals. Despite the high endemism and facies restriction, the coral fauna has proven to be biostratigraphically sensitive, correlating with middle and upper Chesterian coral zones in the Western Interior Province of North America. Among the Pitkin corals herein described are the new genera: Lesliella n. gen. (L. amplexa n. sp., type species) and Parvaxon n. gen. (P. minutum n. sp., type species). Other newly described species are: Amplexizaphrentis browni n. sp. , Barytichisma clubinei n. sp. , B. ozarkana n. sp. , and Leonardophyllum arkansanum n. sp. , which represents the first reported occurrence of the genus in strata below the Pennsylvanian boundary.
Observations of ozone transport from the free troposphere to the Los Angeles basin

[1] Analysis of in situ airborne measurements from the CalNex 2010 field experiment (Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) show that ozone in the boundary layer over Southern California was increased by downward mixing of air from the free troposphere (FT). The chemical composition, origin, and transport of air upwind and over Los Angeles, California, were studied using measurements of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, reactive nitrogen species, and meteorological parameters from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3D aircraft on 18 research flights in California in May and June 2010. On six flights, multiple vertical profiles from 0.2–3.5 km above ground level were conducted throughout the Los Angeles (LA) basin and over the Pacific Ocean. Gas phase compounds measured in 32 vertical profiles are used to characterize air masses in the FT over the LA basin, with the aim of determining the source of increased ozone observed above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Four primary air mass influences were observed regularly in the FT between approximately 1 and 3.5 km altitude: upper tropospheric air, long-range transport of emissions, aged regional emissions, and marine air. The first three air mass types accounted for 89% of the FT observations. Ozone averaged 71 ppbv in air influenced by the upper troposphere, 69 ppbv in air containing emissions transported long distances, and 65 ppbv in air with aged regional emissions. Correlations between ozone and CO, and ozone and nitric acid, demonstrate entrainment of ozone from the FT into the LA PBL. Downward transport of ozone-rich air from the FT into the PBL contributes to the ozone burden at the surface in this region and makes compliance with air quality standards challenging.
Rainfall‐Induced Soil Surface Sealing: A Critical Review of Observations, Conceptual Models, and Solutions

Rainfall‐induced soil surface sealing can have severe agricultural, hydrological, and environmental effects. Seal formation is a complex phenomenon dominated by a wide variety of factors involving soil properties, rainfall characteristics, and flow conditions. It has been studied through extensive experimental investigations as well as simulation models. This study reviews some of the main issues, in terms of morphology, phenomenology, and both conceptual and empirical modeling approaches to improve our perception of the phenomenon and our ability to simulate its effects on flow processes. The effects of different factors on infiltration during seal formation and in sealed soil profiles are highlighted, including seal representation, soil and rainfall properties, and field heterogeneity. New research opportunities toward a generalized formulation of the processes involved in soil sealing and a reliable quantitative prediction of its effects on flow processes are identified. These are related mainly to the ability to quantify and predict the relationships between soil hydraulic properties and physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect the soil resistance to destruction.
TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION, AND CHARACTERS OF PRE-OLIGOCENE MEMBERS OF THE CANTHARUS GROUP OF PISANIINAE (NEOGASTROPODA: BUCCINOIDEA)

Abstract This paper presents a review of Cretaceous to Eocene genera and species of the Cantharus group of the buccinoidean neogastropod subfamily Pisaniinae, the description of two new genera and one new species, and a nonphylogenetic discussion of character evolution in this group. The new genus Ickarus is introduced for Tritonidea ickei Martin, 1914, from the Nanggulan beds (middle Eocene) of Java, Indonesia. Editharus (type species: Fusus polygonus Lamarck, 1803, middle Eocene of the Paris Basin, France) is a new genus with seven to nine species ranging from the early to late Eocene of Europe. Editharus is unusual in having a labral tooth formed at the angular junction between the adapical and abapical sectors of the outer lip. Editharus angulilabris from the Marinesian (early late Eocene) is a new species from the Paris Basin closely related to E. polygonus. The incidence and expression of several characters has sharply increased in the Cantharus group from the Paleogene to the Neogene. These characters include the presence of lirae (spiral ridges) on the inner side of the outer lip, the presence of a parietal tooth at the adapical end of the inner lip, and determinate growth (as inferred from a unique adult varix). These trends are also exhibited by other Cenozoic gastropod clades.