Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Particle Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer: An Introduction to SPLAT

We present our single particle mass spectrometer we call SPLAT. SPLAT was designed to make possible the detection and characterization of particles down to 100 nm, generate reproducible single particle mass spectra, and collect data at a high rate. The final instrument presented here is capable of characterizing individual particles down to 50 nm at the rate of 20 particles per second. In SPLAT mass spectra are generated by a two-step process, thet uses a pulsed infrared laser to heat the particle and a time delayed pulsed UV laser to create ions. We describe a mode of operation that makes it possible to take advantage of the gas phase ionization of the semivolatile components of the particle, while also generating mass spectral signatures of the nonvolatile fraction, thereby proividing complete particle mass spectra. We present some sample results from two field deployments of SPLAT.
Infrared Pedestrian Detection Based on Attention Mechanism

Pedestrian detection is one of the key technologies in computer vision, and plays an important role in surveillance and automatic driving. Compared with visible cameras, infrared cameras are more suitable for all-weather and all-day work. Recently, a number of methods have been proposed for infrared pedestrian detection, but cannot achieve a satisfactory performance in the case of small pedestrians. In this paper, we propose an improved RefineDet algorithm to solve the aforementioned problem. First, the aspect ratio in our method is modified to the range of an average person. Second, an attention mechanism is introduced to address the small spatial size of pedestrian. In addition, we develop a new dataset which includes small pedestrian for performance evaluation. Experiments demonstrated that our method can achieve a superior performance as compared to SSD and RefinDet methods.
DEPOSITION OF SUBMICRON PARTICLES FROM STEADY FLOWS IN A BRANCHED TUBE

Local rates of deposition of submicron particles from steady flows were measured along the inner and outer walls of the daughter branches of a symmetrical Y-shaped glass model of junction with dimension based on the data of the secondary and tertiary bronchi of an average human respiratory tract. Monodisperse polystyrene latex microspheres were used to generate the aerosol by a Collison-type atomizer. The particles were 0. 109μ in diameter and were electrically neutralized by bipolar ions. The aerosol passed through the daughter tubes at three constant inspiratory flow rates, 31.25, 62.5, and 125ml/sec, which correspond to low, normal, and stressed breathing rates of average men. At all flow rates, the deposition rates alone the inner walls were observed to have a maximum at the branch point and a second maximum at approximately two diameters distance from the branch point, while the deposition rates along the outer walls appeared to have a maximum at one diameter distance from the entrance to the daughter branch. Furthermore, the deposition rates were higher by one order of magnitude than the values calculated from the equation of convective diffusion with the assumption of a parabolic velocity profile. The data suggest that asymmetric flow profiles and secondary flows in daughter tubes have significant effects on the rates of particle deposition.
Improved phase diagram of nitrogen up to 85 kbar

A quasi‐isochoric scanning method has been used to study the phase diagram of nitrogen from 150 to 550 K and up to 85 kbar in a diamond anvil cell in order to make a comparison with previous measurements of the binary phase diagram He–N2. It has been confirmed that there is only one solid‐solid‐fluid triple point in N2 up to 85 kbar. However, both the δ–β transition line and the melting line have shifted appreciably towards lower pressures. The present experiment shows that, as a result of this, the triple point is located at 555±5 K and 80±2 kbar, which is 20% lower in pressure than previous data.
Mesoporous silica molecular sieves prepared by ionic and neutral surfactant templating : A comparison of physical properties

A series of mesoporous MCM-41 and HMS silica molecular sieves have been prepared by electrostatic and neutral assembly pathways, respectively, and their properties have been compared by a variety of physical techniques. Direct S+I- charge matching between cationic quaternary ammonium ion surfactants (S+) and the anionic silicate precursors (I-) affords long-range hexagonal structures under hydrothermal synthesis conditions (100 °C), but the long-range order is greatly reduced when the synthesis is conducted at ambient temperature. Conversely, owing to weaker assembly forces, counterion-mediated S+X-I+ and neutral S0I0 pathways (where X- is halide and S0 is a primary amine) provide calcined products with the best long-range order when the syntheses are conducted at ambient temperature. In general, MCM-41 silicas formed by electrostatic S+I- or S+X-I+ assembly exhibit greater long-range order than the HMS analogues prepared by the S0I0 assembly. However, the framework-confined pore structures, though depend.
Improving In-House Air Quality in Broiler Production Facilities Using an Electrostatic Space Charge System

SUMMARY Reduction of airborne dust in enclosed animal housing has been shown to result in corresponding reductions in airborne bacteria, ammonia, and odor. The search for strategies to reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions from animal housing has led to considerable interest in the poultry industry for practical systems to reduce these air emissions. Technologies that have been shown to be effective for reducing airborne dust in animal areas include misting with an oil spray, water mists, extra ventilation, and electrostatic space charge systems. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) was designed to reduce airborne dust and ammonia emissions from a commercial broiler production house. The ESCS for this application was based on patented technology developed to reduce airborne dust and pathogens. Two commercial broiler houses with built-up litter (a control house and one outfitted with an ESCS unit) were monitored for dust and ammonia concentrations over a period of 7 flocks. Results of this study indicate the ESCS significantly reduced airborne dust by an average of 43% and reduced ammonia by an average of 13%. Power consumption of the ESCS system was less than 100 W when in operation. Commercial application of this technology within the production house has the potential to improve in-house air quality and reduce particulate emissions.
Monitoring Caffeine in Human Saliva Using a Newly Developed ELISA

Caffeine is a useful indicator to quickly assess liver function. High-throughput tests are needed for single-point caffeine measurements, with low cross-reactivity toward its major metabolite, paraxanthine. A newly developed ELISA was compared with an LC-MS/MS reference method, using 60 saliva samples from 10 individuals, before and after caffeine intake. Bland-Altman plot, Student t-test and F-test were used to compare the two methods. Proteins were precipitated using organic solvent and the caffeine recoveries compared with those obtained using sample microfiltration. The antibody, with a low cross-reactivity toward paraxanthine (0.08%), allows quantification of caffeine in saliva samples from 2.5 µg/L to 125 µg/L with high precision and the ELISA shows comparable results to those obtained by LC-MS/MS. A one-step protein precipitation using an organic solvent provides comparable results to a more costly and time-consuming microfiltration pre-treatment of samples. The new ELISA is a fit-for-purpose method to accurately and precisely determine caffeine in saliva samples.
Bending elasticity of electrically charged bilayers : coupled monolayers, neutral surfaces, and balancing stresses

We investigate in terms of Poisson-Boltzmann theory the contribution of electrostatic double layers to the bending elasticity of charged symmetric bilayers, considering in detail three special problems: first, the coupling of the monolayers by the electric field traversing a curved bilayer; second, the dependence of the elastic moduli on the position of the monolayer's neutral surface; and third, the role of the mechanical stresses balancing the electric ones.
The Typology of Pharyngealization in Arabic Dialects Focusing on a
 Rural Jordanian Variety

Pharyngealization, also known as emphasis, is phonologically a very productive process in most Arabic varieties. This study first overviews the typology of pharyngealization in Arabic dialects and then focuses on the analysis of pharyngealization (i.e., emphasis Basem Ibrahim Malawi Al-Raba'a (First Author) Assistant Professor, Department of English, KIMEP University, Kazakhstan Email: balrabaa@kimep.kz Stuart Davis (Co-Author) Professor, Department of Linguistics, Indiana University Bloomington, USA Email: davis@indiana.edu Received 14 May, 2020; Revised 29 June, 2020; Accepted 19 August, 2020 Copyright © 2020 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 The Typology of Pharyngealization in Arabic Dialects Focusing on a Rural ~ spread) in a subvariety of rural Jordanian Arabic, which differs considerably from other dialects. The preferred structure in this subvariety of Jordanian Arabic is the emphatic syllable (the domain of emphasis) which is the driving force behind the spread of emphasis from underlying emphatics to other segments. This study also offers an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of ES in this Jordanian subvariety, where EMPHATIC-σ is an undominated constraint whose hierarchical interaction with other high ranked and lower ranked constraints always favors candidates with an emphatic syllable over other candidates.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Pseudocapacitance Properties of α-MnO2 Hollow Spheres and Hollow Urchins

In this work, α-MnO2 hollow spheres and hollow urchins are synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process without using any template or organic surfactant. The effect of the reaction time on the microstructure and morphology of samples is observed systemically. Meanwhile, the forming mechanism of hollow-structured α-MnO2 is carefully investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results of nitrogen adsorption−desorption experiments and electrochemical measurements show that the product obtained by hydrothermal reaction for 6 h has large specific surface area, uniform pore-size distribution, and excellent capacitance performance, which make it have a potential application as a supercapacitor electrode material.
The Rapid Estimation of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Contents in Rice Straw by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract Rice straw can be used for biochemical conversion for energy production. The use of near infrared spectroscopy was explored to estimate the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in this study. A total of 172 samples from 17 provinces of China were collected and scanned using NIRSystem 6500 spectrophotometer. Different spectra pretreatments and regression methods were adopted to optimize the models. When evaluated on independent validations, the standard errors of validation and determination coefficient of validation were 1.49%, 1.59%, 0.65% and 0.82, 0.71, 0.78, respectively. It was concluded that near infrared spectroscopy can be used to roughly analyze the contents of cellulose and lignin, and can only distinguish high contents and low contents of hemicellulose in rice straw.
Polyynes Production in a Solvent‐Submerged Electric Arc Between Graphite Electrodes II. Analysis by Liquid Chromatography

Abstract The electric arc between two graphite electrodes submerged in a solvent like acetonitrile produces a complete homologous series of polyynes having the general formula H(C≡C) m H (with m an integer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …). Analysis of the crude reaction mixture with liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C‐8 column and a diode‐array detector (DAD) permits to separate all the molecular species of the mentioned homologue series and to identify each component on the basis of the peculiar electronic absorption spectrum. It is shown that all polyynes with m > 2 to m = 8 are produced in the arc, accumulated in the solvent and separated by HPLC and identified unequivocally by DAD. Thus, polyyne carbon chain having 16 carbon atoms has been produced easily at room temperature with the submerged electric arc technique. The hydrogen‐capped polyynes are the main products but also polyyne chains with adventitious end groups have been identified by the HPLC analysis. The fact that the polyynes produced are essentially hydrogen‐terminated as per the requirement of the general formula, was also demonstrated on the basis of their reactivity with a specific reagent for terminal acetylenic groups and also on the basis of the detection of the H(C≡C) m H groups by FT‐IR spectroscopy.
Dielectric and mechanical relaxation of cresolphthalein–dimethylether

From pressure–volume–temperature measurements, in combination with published dielectric spectroscopy results, we assess the volume dependence of structural relaxation in cresolphthalein–dimethylether (KDE). Structural relaxation in KDE cannot be described as either a volume activated or thermally activated process, and unlike results for some other molecular glass formers, temperature is not the dominant control variable. The inflection point of the PVT data yields a glass temperature, Tg, that corresponds to a dielectric relaxation time equal to 10 s. There is a marked variation with pressure, dTg/dP=307 K/GPa at low pressure. We also carried out dynamic mechanical measurements on KDE near Tg. The shape of the mechanical and dielectric relaxation functions, as well as both the magnitude and temperature dependence of the respective relaxation times, are the same. Such equivalence is not generally expected, and arises herein due to the rigid structure of the KDE molecule.
Some constituents of Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae) : structures of seven new lignans

The aerial parts of Austrobaileya scandens C. T. White (Austrobaileyaceae) yielded the known substances β-sitosterol, its D- glucoside, the sesquiterpene, spathulenol, and the lignan, deoxypicropodophyllin. In addition, seven new lignans, austrobailignans-1 to -7, were isolated and their structures, including absolute stereochemistry, elucidated. Two are aryltetralin lactones, two are aryltetralins, two are bis-arylpropanes, and the last is a tetrahydrofuran derivative. A triterpene acid mixture, to be investigated further, was also obtained.
Essential Oil from the Stems, Leaves and Flowers of Pluchea rosea Godfrey and Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC.

Abstract The chemical composition of the stem, leaf and flower oils from Pluchea rosea Godfrey and Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. were studied by GC and GC/MS. In P. rosea, 132 compounds were identified which constituted more than 87%, 92% and 89% of the oil composition in the stem, leaf and flower oils, respectively; while in P. purpurascens, 163 compounds were identified which constituted more than 89%, 95% and 95% of the oil composition in stems, leaves and flowers, respectively. The most prominent compounds in the oils from P. rosea were 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (33.7% in stem oil) and selin-11-en-4α-ol (43.1% and 47.8% in leaf and flower oils, respectively); while in P. purpurascens, the major compounds were β-selinene (27.6%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (21.6%) and β-bourbonene (11.7%) in the stem oil; selin-11-en-4α-ol (24.6%), caryophyllene oxide (12.6%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (8.8%) in the leaf oil, and β-selinene (26.9%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%), α-cadinol (8.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.4%) in the flower oil.
Surface Composition of Stainless Steels during Anodic Dissolution and Passivation Studied by ESCA

A molybdenum containing austenitic steel was exposed in hydrochloric acid at various potentials in the active and passive ranges of the alloys. The surface compositions were analyzed by the ESCA technique. The influence of pretreatment by ion bombardment and mechanical polishing on the passivation behavior was investigated. The passive film formed on the surface consists mainly of a mixed Fe‐Cr‐Mo oxide. The average content of Cr3+ in the oxide is about 70%. The inner layers of the oxide product consist mainly of Cr oxide. The Ni content in the oxide is low. The concentration and the chemical state of Mo is potential dependent. At low potentials in the passive range, the four‐valency state is predominant, while at high potentials Mo exists mainly in its six‐valency state. On the surface of the oxide, a layer of hydroxide is present. Chloride ions are incorporated into the passive film. The thickness of the passive film increases with the potential in the passive range from 10 to 15A. The composition of the metal phase changes during active dissolution. Thus, the alloying elements are enriched on the surface and thereby control the dissolution rate, control overpotentials, and provoke passivation of the alloy.
Calagem em latossolo amarelo distrófico da amazônia e sua influência em atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade de culturas anuais

Continuous agricultural production in the Amazon region requires correction of soil acidity and understanding of the long-term interactions of liming with chemical soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate and residual effects of lime on annual crop production and soil properties of medium-textured Oxisols in the Brazilian Amazon. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in the Northeast of Para from 2003 to 2008, one in the county of Terra Alta and the other in Tracuateua. An unlimed control and limed treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design for both experiments. Ten lime rates between 0.1 and 2 Mg ha-1 were assessed in Terra Alta and four lime rates between 1 and 4 Mg ha-1 in Tracuateua. Two varieties of each corn and cowpea in an annual rotation were evaluated in the subplots. Four corn crops (2003-2006) in rotation with three cowpea crops (2004-2006) were evaluated in Terra Alta. Maximum corn grain yields were achieved in Terra Alta with applications of 1 Mg ha-1of lime whereas maximum cowpea yields required lower lime rates. In Tracuateua, cowpea yield response to lime applied in 2003 was first observed in the 2005 harvest, with a maximum yield obtained with the residual lime rate of 1 Mg ha-1, with significant differences between varieties. Yield responses of both crops to lime were associated with increased soil Ca + Mg levels and reduced Al saturation. Trends in declining soil Ca + Mg and increasing Al saturation with time after liming were observed at both sites, but were more pronounced in Tracuateua. Corn planted in 2007 and 2008 in Tracuateua provided linear yield responses to rates of up to 4 Mg ha-1 of lime. Collective data from both sites indicated that the appropriate lime rate for corn in these soils should reduce Al saturation to less than 11 %. The importance of varietal selection with cowpea was illustrated by the difference in Al saturation tolerance, which ranged between 13 and 32 % among the varieties evaluated.
Clinical Application of Liquid Biopsy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a common type of hematological malignant tumor, composed of multiple subtypes that originate from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. A diagnosis of NHL depends on the results of a pathology examination, which requires an invasive tissue biopsy. However, due to their invasive nature, tissue biopsies have many limitations in clinical applications, especially in terms of evaluating the therapeutic response and monitoring tumor progression. To overcome these limitations of traditional tissue biopsies, a technique known as “liquid biopsies” (LBs) was proposed. LBs refer to noninvasive examinations that can provide biological tumor data for analysis. Many studies have shown that LBs can be broadly applied to the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and monitoring of NHL. This article will briefly review various LB methods that aim to improve NHL management, including the evaluation of cell-free DNA/circulating tumor DNA, microRNA, and tumor-derived exosomes extracted from peripheral blood in NHL.
DNA fluorocode: A single molecule, optical map of DNA with nanometre resolution

We present a new method for single-molecule optical DNA mapping using an exceptionally dense, yet sequence-specific coverage of DNA with a fluorescent probe. The method employs a DNA methyltransferase enzyme to direct the DNA labelling, followed by molecular combing of the DNA onto a polymer-coated surface and subsequent sub-diffraction limit localization of the fluorophores. The result is a ‘DNA fluorocode’; a simple description of the DNA sequence, with a maximum achievable resolution of less than 20 bases, which can be read and analyzed like a barcode. We demonstrate the generation of a fluorocode for genomic DNA from the lambda bacteriophage using a DNA methyltransferase, M.HhaI, to direct fluorescent labels to four-base sequences reading 5′-GCGC-3′. A consensus fluorocode that allows the study of the DNA sequence at the level of an individual labelling site can be generated from a handful of molecules.
Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins Acetylated with Monoterpenoid Acid from Albizia julibrissin

Three new triterpenoid saponins, named julibroside J16 (2), julibroside J17 (3), and julibroside J21 (4), each of which possesses an oleanane triterpenoid aglycone of acacic acid, two monoterpenoid acids, and nine sugar moieties, together with one known saponin, julibroside II (1), were isolated from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin by chromatographic methods. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic means. Saponins 1, 2, and 4 showed inhibitory activities against Bel 7402 human cancer cell line in vitro.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Stems, Leaves and Flowers of Salvia leriifolia Benth. from Iran

Abstract The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the stem, leaf and flower Salvia leriifolia Benth. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-four compounds representing 92.4 % of the stem oil of Salvia leriifolia were identified among them ß-pinene (19.0 %), germacrene D (11.0 %) and ô-cadinene (10.5 %) were the major ones. The leaf oil of the plant was characterized by higher amount of ß-pinene (31.5 %), 1,8-cineole (24.7 %) and ot-pinene (17.5 %) among the thirty components comprising 98.9 % of the total oil detected. Twenty-seven compounds representing 95.9 % of the flower oil of the plant were identified among them y-terpinene (62.2 %) and p-cymene (11.1 %) were the major ones. The stem oil of the plant consisted mainly both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, while in leaf and flower oils monoterpenes predominated over sesquiterpenes.