Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attentional regulation in young twins with probable stuttering, high nonfluency, and typical fluency.

PURPOSE Using a sample of 20,445 Dutch twins, this study examined the relationship between speech fluency and attentional regulation in children. A secondary objective was to identify etiological overlap between nonfluency and poor attention using fluency-discordant twin pairs. METHOD Three fluency groups were created at age 5 using a parent questionnaire: (a) probable stuttering (PS; N=826; 4.0%), highly nonfluent (HNF; N=547; 2.7%), and typically fluent (TF; N=19,072; 93%). Multiple scales assessing attention, primarily self-regulation/inhibition, were obtained from both parents when children were ages 5 and 7 and from teachers when children were age 7. RESULTS When compared with the TF controls, both the PS and HNF children received higher (i.e., more problematic) scores on parental attention ratings at both ages (p<.002). Effect sizes were moderate for both groups. Teacher and parent ratings were generally comparable. The discordant co-twin analyses suggested that nonfluency and attention were influenced by potentially overlapping genetic and shared environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS The liability to express both high nonfluency and problems with self-regulation/inhibition may arise from a common set of pathogenic mechanisms. This supports emerging models of stuttering, which propose that poor fluency may be part of a broader network of impaired self-regulatory processes.
Distributed empirical algorithms to estimate catchment scale sediment connectivity and yield in a subtropical region

The intensity of soil loss and sediment delivery, representing hydrologic and geomorphic processes within a catchment, accelerates with rapid changes in land cover and rainfall events. An underlying component of sustainable management of water resources is an understanding of spatial and temporal variability and the adverse influences of regional parameters involved in generating sediment following widespread changes in land cover. A calibrated algorithm of soil loss coupled with a sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was applied in raster data layers to improve the capability of a combined model to estimate annual variability in sediment yields related to changes in vegetation cover identified by analyses of SPOT imagery. Four catchments in Kangaroo River State forest were assessed for annual changes in sediment yields. Two catchments were selectively logged in 2007, while the two other sites remained undisturbed. Results of SDR estimates indicated that only a small proportion of total eroded sediment from hillslopes is transported to catchment outlets. Larger SDR values were estimated in regions close to catchment outlets, and the SDR reduced sharply on hillslopes further than 200–300 m from these areas. Estimated sediment yield increased by up to 30% two years after land cover change (logging) in 2009 when more storm events were recorded, despite the moderate density of vegetation cover in 2009 having almost recovered to its initial pre‐logging (2005) condition. Rainfall had the most significant influence on streamflow and sediment delivery in all catchments, with steeply sloping areas contributing large amounts of sediment during moderate and high rainfall years in 2007 and 2009. It is concluded that the current scenario of single‐tree selection logging utilized in the study area is an acceptable and environmentally sound land management strategy for preservation of soil and water resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
signalling gene pathway contributes to the association between loneliness and cardiometabolic

Increasing evidence has shown adverse effects of loneliness on cardiometabolic health. The neuromodulator and hormone oxytocin has traditionally been linked with social cognition and behaviour. However, recent implications of the oxytocin system in energy metabolism and the overrepresentation of metabolic issues in psychiatric illness suggests that oxytocin may represent a mechanism bridging mental and somatic traits. To clarify the role of the oxytocin signalling system in the link between cardiometabolic risk factors and loneliness, we calculated the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin signalling pathway gene-set (154 genes) to the polygenic architecture of loneliness and body mass index (BMI). We investigated the associations of these oxytocin signalling pathway polygenic scores with body composition measured using body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone mineral density (BMD), haematological markers, and blood pressure in a sample of just under half a million adults from the UK Biobank (BMD subsample n = 274,457; body MRI subsample n = 9,796). Our analysis revealed significant associations of the oxytocin signalling pathway polygenic score for BMI with abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue, HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, and BMD. We also found an association between the oxytocin signalling pathway polygenic score for loneliness and apolipoprotein A1, the major protein component of HDL. Altogether, these results provide additional evidence for the oxytocin signalling pathway‘s role in energy metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and bone density, and support oxytocin‘s complex pleiotropic effects. one of the strengths of the study, along with using standardized methods and the inclusion of novel body composition measures. Altogether, these results provide evidence for the involvement of the oxytocin pathway in energy metabolism, lipid homeostasis and storage, bone density, and mental states such as loneliness in humans, hinting at complex pleiotropy and interconnected effects. These findings are in line with the notion that oxytocin plays a role in both social behaviour and metabolic traits. Moreover, this research provides a starting point for further research to elucidate these mechanisms and potentially find therapeutic applications of oxytocin in a broad range of conditions characterised by social and metabolic dysfunction, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders.
On some determinations of the sign and magnitude of electric discharges in lightning flashes

The Sign and magnitude of the electric transferred from the atmosphere to the earth in lightning flashes are of interest, not only in themselves, but also as having to be taken into account in any attempt to test whether there is a balance in the interchange of electrical charges between the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. As is well known, the evidence at present available appears to show that on the whole an excess of positive electricity passes from the atmosphere to the earth as a result of conduction by ions and convection by charged raindrops. I am not aware of the existence of any data on which more than the roughest estimate of the magnitude of lightning discharges could be based. Schuster, starting with two determinations by Pockels of the maximum current, measured by means of its magnetising effect, and taking 1/1000 second as the duration of a flash, estimates the quantity brought down by a discharge as about 10 coulombs.
Thin current sheet formation in response to the loading and the depletion of magnetic flux during the substorm growth phase

The physics of geomagnetic substorms has been under debate for a long time. Although the growth phase has received less attention than the spectacular expansion phase, the state of the magnetotail at the end of the growth phase, i.e., a thin current sheet (CS) formation is of central importance because it provides the magnetotail conditions for the expansion phase onset. This study investigates CSs evolution during the substorm growth phase. The growth phase physics considered here includes the removal of closed magnetic flux in the near‐Earth tail and the addition of magnetic flux into the tail lobes. It is found that two separate CSs evolve at distinct locations in the near‐Earth and the midtail region in response to the depletion and the loading of magnetic flux. The relative current densities in the dual‐current‐sheet configuration depends strongly on whether the depleted or the added magnetic flux dominates. The presented results suggest that substorm expansion onset may be associated only with reconnection onset in the near‐Earth CS, while midtail reconnection causes bursty bulk flows or bubbles.
Oligomerization processes limit photoactivation and recovery of the Orange Carotenoid Protein . 1 2 3

1Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, 7 France 8 2 Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 9 3Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 10 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland 11 4Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université 12 ParisSaclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 13 5 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France 14 6 Synchrotron Soleil, Beamline SWING, Saint Aubin BP 48, F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France 15 7 Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la 16 Réactivité et l'Environnement, Lille 59000, France 17 8Present address: Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, 18 France 19
Single-Column Modeling, GCM Parameterizations and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Data

Our overall goal is identical to that of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: the development of new and improved parameterizations of cloud-radiation effects and related processes, using ARM data at all three ARM sites, and the implementation and testing of these parameterizations in global and regional models. To test recently developed prognostic parameterizations based on detailed cloud microphysics, we have first compared single-column model (SCM) output with ARM observations at the Southern Great Plains (SGP), North Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Topical Western Pacific (TWP) sites. We focus on the predicted cloud amounts and on a suite of radiative quantities strongly dependent on clouds, such as downwelling surface shortwave radiation. Our results demonstrate the superiority of parameterizations based on comprehensive treatments of cloud microphysics and cloud-radiative interactions. At the SGP and NSA sites, the SCM results simulate the ARM measurements well and are demonstrably more realistic than typical parameterizations found in conventional operational forecasting models. At the TWP site, the model performance depends strongly on details of the scheme, and the results of our diagnostic tests suggest ways to develop improved parameterizations better suited to simulating cloud-radiation interactions in the tropics generally. These advances have made it possible tomore » take the next step and build on this progress, by incorporating our parameterization schemes in state-of-the-art 3D atmospheric models, and diagnosing and evaluating the results using independent data. Because the improved cloud-radiation results have been obtained largely via implementing detailed and physically comprehensive cloud microphysics, we anticipate that improved predictions of hydrologic cycle components, and hence of precipitation, may also be achievable. We are currently testing the performance of our ARM-based parameterizations in state-of-the--art global and regional models. One fruitful strategy for evaluating advances in parameterizations has turned out to be using short-range numerical weather prediction as a test-bed within which to implement and improve parameterizations for modeling and predicting climate variability. The global models we have used to date are the CAM atmospheric component of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CCSM climate model as well as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) numerical weather prediction model, thus allowing testing in both climate simulation and numerical weather prediction modes. We present detailed results of these tests, demonstrating the sensitivity of model performance to changes in parameterizations. « less
Cell type-specific endometrial transcriptome changes during initial recognition of pregnancy in the mare

Previous endometrial gene expression studies during the time of conceptus migration did not provide final conclusions on mechanisms of maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare. This called for a cell type-specific endometrial gene expression analysis in response to embryo signals to improve understanding of gene expression regulation in context of MRP. Laser capture microdissection was used to collect luminal epithelium (LE), glandular epithelium (GE), and stroma from endometrial biopsies from Day 12 of pregnancy and estrous cycle, respectively. RNA-sequencing showed greater expression differences between cell types than between pregnancy and oestrus cycle. Differences between pregnancy and oestrus cycle were mainly found in LE. Comparison with a previous RNA-seq data set for whole biopsy samples revealed a specific origin of gene expression differences. Genes specifically differentially expressed (DE) in one cell type were found, which were not detectable as DE in biopsies. Overall, this study revealed spatial information about endometrial gene expression during the phase of MRP. The conceptus induced genes involved in blood vessel development, specific spatial regulation of the immune system and growth factors, and regulation of prostaglandin synthesis, prostaglandin receptors, specifically PTGFR in the context of prevention of luteolysis. The data analysis of the current study revealed enrichment of specific functional categories and biological processes for the investigated cell types, thereby localizing regulatory processes in response to the conceptus to functional compartments of the endometrium. In the following, the results obtained for functional groups of genes potentially important for conceptus-endometrial interactions are discussed. However, although this study contains a lot of interesting new information, due to limitations in the number of biological replicates and the quality of RNA isolated from LCM samples, it is rather to see as proof-of-concept study with an explorative character. The reader should be aware that before starting more in-depth functional studies on interesting genes identified in this study, these findings should be first validated. galactoside-binding a tumor-associated immunomodulatory CD33-related
The role of a neuropsychiatry clinic in a tertiary referral teaching hospital: a 2-year study

Objectives Mental disorder is common among individuals with neurological illness. We aimed to characterise the patient population referred for psychiatry assessment at a tertiary neurology service in terms of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses and interventions provided. Methods We studied all individuals referred for psychiatry assessment at a tertiary neurology service over a 2-year period (n= 82). Results The most common neurological diagnoses among those referred were epilepsy (16%), Parkinson’s disease (15%) and multiple sclerosis (8%). The most common reasons for psychiatric assessment were low mood or anxiety (48%) and medically unexplained symptoms or apparent functional or psychogenic disease (21%). The most common diagnoses among those with mental disorder were mood disorders (62%), and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, including dissociative (conversion) disorders (28%). Psychiatric diagnosis was not related to gender, neurological diagnosis or psychiatric history. Conclusion Individuals with neurological illness demonstrate significant symptoms of a range of mental disorders. There is a need for further research into the characteristics and distribution of mental disorder in individuals with neurological illness, and for the enhancement of integrated psychiatric and neurological services to address the comorbidities demonstrated in this population.
The American College of Rheumatology preliminary core set of disease activity measures for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. The Committee on Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials.

OBJECTIVE To develop a set of disease activity measures for use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical trials, as well as to recommend specific methods for assessing each outcome measure. This is not intended to be a restrictive list, but rather, a core set of measures that should be included in all trials. METHODS We evaluated disease activity measures commonly used in RA trials, to determine which measures best met each of 5 types of validity: construct, face, content, criterion, and discriminant. The evaluation consisted of an initial structured review of the literature on the validity of measures, with an analysis of data obtained from clinical trials to fill in gaps in this literature. A committee of experts in clinical trials, health services research, and biostatistics reviewed the validity data. A nominal group process method was used to reach consensus on a core set of disease activity measures. This set was then reviewed and finalized at an international conference on outcome measures for RA clinical trials. The committee also selected specific ways to assess each outcome. RESULTS The core set of disease activity measures consists of a tender joint count, swollen joint count, patient's assessment of pain, patient's and physician's global assessments of disease activity, patient's assessment of physical function, and laboratory evaluation of 1 acute-phase reactant. Together, these measures sample the broad range of improvement in RA (have content validity), and all are at least moderately sensitive to change (have discriminant validity). Many of them predict other important long-term outcomes in RA, including physical disability, radiographic damage, and death. Other disease activity measures frequently used in clinical trials were not chosen for any one of several reasons, including insensitivity to change or duplication of information provided by one of the core measures (e.g., tender joint score and tender joint count). The committee also proposes specific ways of measuring each outcome. CONCLUSION We propose a core set of outcome measures for RA clinical trials. We hope this will decrease the number of outcomes assessed and standardize outcomes assessments. Further, we hope that these measures will be found useful in long-term studies.
The Optimal Growth of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Abstract It is argued from SST observations for the period 1950–90 that the tropical Indo-Pacific ocean-atmosphere system may be described as a stable linear dynamical system driven by spatially coherent Gaussian white noise. Evidence is presented that the predictable component of SST anomaly growth is associated with the constructive interference of several damped normal modes after an optimal initial structure is set up by the white noise forcing. In particular, El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) growth is associated with an interplay of at least three damped normal modes, with periods longer than two years and decay times of 4 to 8 months, rather than the manifestation of a single unstable mode whose growth is arrested by nonlinearities. Interestingly, the relevant modes are not the three least damped modes of the system. Rather, mode selection, and the establishment of the optimal initial structure from which growth occurs, are controlled by the stochastic forcing. Experiments conducted with an empir.
Simultaneous observations of convective gravity waves from a ground‐based airglow imager and the AIRS satellite experiment

We report the first joint observations of convectively generated gravity waves (GWs) using an OH airglow imager in Colorado and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the Aqua satellite. Convective GWs, appearing as concentric rings, are observed over the western Great Plain regions of North America in the evening of 3 June 2008 in the airglow images. Inspecting both weather radars and AIRS radiances at 8.1 µm, strong convective clouds are found near the center of the concentric rings. The AIRS data at 4.3 µm show semicircular GWs with horizontal wavelengths of 60–80 km at 0900 UT, whereas the airglow imager observed circular GWs with horizontal wavelengths of ~44 km and airglow emission perturbation of ~6% at the same geographic location at 0910 UT. Large‐scale GWs (horizontal wavelengths greater than 100 km) emanating northwestward can be seen in both AIRS data and airglow images at different times. The imager observed small‐scale ripples associated with unstable concentric GWs in the mesopause in the early evening. Given that the brightness temperature perturbation of the GWs in the AIRS data is about 0.16 K and assuming that the GWs propagate without dissipation from the stratosphere to the upper mesosphere, the expected airglow emission perturbation caused by the GWs would be 4%–17%. Ray tracing simulations are performed to demonstrate that the GWs seen in AIRS and in the imager were likely excited by the same convective system.
Incidence of skin cancers in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with ocal tar. A 25-year follow-up study.

Coal tar ointments have been used for many years in the treatment of chronic eczematoid dermatitis. The possible carcinogenic effect of coal tar ointment and ultraviolet light (Goeckerman regimen), considered individually or in combination, has been of concern to physicians. A 25-year follow-up study was completed on 426 patients with atopic dermatitis and neurodermatitis who were hospitalized and treated with coal tar ointments and ultraviolet light at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 through 1954. These results were compared with those from a similar study that examined patients with psoriasis who also were treated with coal tar ointments and ultraviolet light. The results of this study suggest that the incidence of skin cancer is not significantly increased above the expected incidence for selected populations of the United States. This study offers reassurance about the relatively small risk of skin cancer developing in patients with atopic dermatitis and neurodermatitis treated with coal tar ointments and ultraviolet light (Goeckerman regimen).
Learning Local Descriptors by Optimizing the Keypoint-Correspondence Criterion: Applications to Face Matching, Learning From Unlabeled Videos and 3D-Shape Retrieval

Current best local descriptors are learned on a large data set of matching and non-matching keypoint pairs. However, data of this kind are not always available, since the detailed keypoint correspondences can be hard to establish. On the other hand, we can often obtain labels for pairs of keypoint bags. For example, keypoint bags extracted from two images of the same object under different views form a matching pair, and keypoint bags extracted from images of different objects form a non-matching pair. On average, matching pairs should contain more corresponding keypoints than non-matching pairs. We describe an end-to-end differentiable architecture that enables the learning of local keypoint descriptors from such weakly labeled data. In addition, we discuss how to improve the method by incorporating the procedure of mining hard negatives. We also show how our approach can be used to learn convolutional features from unlabeled video signals and 3D models.