Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Pharmacological Advances of Endangered Species of South India: Garcinia indica Choisy

Garcinia indica Choisy of the family Clusiaceae is a medicinally important polygamodioecious tree. It is widely distributed throughout Asia, Africa and Polynesia. In India it is found in Western Ghats of South India and North Eastern states. All the parts of the tree is being used since ancient times in food preparations and known for its medicinal importance in treating acidity, ulcer, weight loss, inflammation, etc. Hydroxy citric acid and Garcinol are two major phytochemical present in this plant responsible for its various medicinal property and contains a large number of other important phytochemicals. This review provides a summary of the recent pharmacological advances in the past six years using the various Garcinia indica plant parts extracts. This pharmacological activity includes cardio protective, antacid, anthelminthic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity, etc. Thus the review provides a background for the hyper-production and isolation of bioactive compounds from this medicinally important plant for treating various ailments. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and methanol in vivo leaf extracts of Garcinia indica C. revealed the presence of many Review Article Parasharami et al.; JSRR, 8(5): 1-10, 2015; Article no.JSRR. 14550 2 phytochemicals. When the total flavonoid content, total tannin content, total phenolic content and total phosphomolbednum reducing capacity was checked, flavanoid concentration in the methanol leaf extracts was more than 35 mg/100 ml which was much higher than the Garcinia cola seeds, Zingiber officinale stems, Gongronema latifolia leaves and Carica papaya leaves. Further studies will prove the bioactives responsible for curing different ailments. Hence, G. indica will be explored to understand the pathway, action and the compounds/bioactives responsible for different disease curing properties and its isolation and further pharmacological usage.
The Strait of Georgia: functional anatomy of a coastal sea

The physical oceanography of the Strait of Georgia, a large estuary on the coast of British Columbia, is reviewed in the light of recent observations and theoretical developments. The review focusses on a discussion of physical mechanisms rather than on a description of properties. The responses of the Strait to the dominant forcing processes, the tides, freshwater runoff, and atmospheric inputs, are described first. Interactions between these responses are then shown to give rise (or at least to influence) other phenomena such as fronts, deepwater renewal, and oceanic exchange processes. Recent observations of deep residual flows as well as theoretical efforts to explain their nature are also discussed. The present state of the understanding of dynamics is assessed against the requirements of predictive modeling; whereas high-frequency phenomena such as tides and upper layer dynamics are approaching an engineering level of predictability, low-frequency processes (water renewal, oceanic exchange, deep res.
Satellite‐based evidence for shrub and graminoid tundra expansion in northern Quebec from 1986 to 2010

Global vegetation models predict rapid poleward migration of tundra and boreal forest vegetation in response to climate warming. Local plot and air‐photo studies have documented recent changes in high‐latitude vegetation composition and structure, consistent with warming trends. To bridge these two scales of inference, we analyzed a 24‐year (1986–2010) Landsat time series in a latitudinal transect across the boreal forest‐tundra biome boundary in northern Quebec province, Canada. This region has experienced rapid warming during both winter and summer months during the last 40 years. Using a per‐pixel (30 m) trend analysis, 30% of the observable (cloud‐free) land area experienced a significant (P < 0.05) positive trend in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). However, greening trends were not evenly split among cover types. Low shrub and graminoid tundra contributed preferentially to the greening trend, while forested areas were less likely to show significant trends in NDVI. These trends reflect increasing leaf area, rather than an increase in growing season length, because Landsat data were restricted to peak‐summer conditions. The average NDVI trend (0.007 yr−1) corresponds to a leaf‐area index (LAI) increase of ~0.6 based on the regional relationship between LAI and NDVI from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer. Across the entire transect, the area‐averaged LAI increase was ~0.2 during 1986–2010. A higher area‐averaged LAI change (~0.3) within the shrub‐tundra portion of the transect represents a 20–60% relative increase in LAI during the last two decades. Our Landsat‐based analysis subdivides the overall high‐latitude greening trend into changes in peak‐summer greenness by cover type. Different responses within and among shrub, graminoid, and tree‐dominated cover types in this study indicate important fine‐scale heterogeneity in vegetation growth. Although our findings are consistent with community shifts in low‐biomass vegetation types over multi‐decadal time scales, the response in tundra and forest ecosystems to recent warming was not uniform.
The Influence of Soil Moisture On Survival and Hatch of Meloidogyne Javanica

Egg sacs do not appear to possess any marked powers of water retention; even at suctions of 50 cm of water there is a marked shrinkage of the egg sac and most of the water is removed at 200 cm of water suction. In an atmosphere of relative humidity 98% (equivalent to 28 × 103 cm of water suction) the percentage of second stage larvae in eggs increased from 7 to 45% in 5 days resulting in an increased rate of hatch when the egg sacs were placed in water. The egg sac matrix is an efficient barrier to water loss for the eggs contained inside. Eggs removed from the egg sac showed a marked decline in hatch in water after exposure to 98% R.H. ; the experiment failed to demonstrate any difference in resistance to desiccation between eggs containing embryos and those containing second stage larvae. The level of the maximum hatch in glass beads decreases with decrease in size of the pores. It is suggested that eggs stop hatching when the pores empty because the egg sac shrinks thereby exerting a mechanical pressure on the egg shell and this factor plus the low hydraulic conductivity and the suction inhibit uptake of water by the egg. Swelling and distortion of the egg which are prerequisites for hatching are consequently inhibited. A hypothetical hatching curve in soil relating suction, soil moisture, crumb size and aeration is given.
Present status of verticillium wilt of olive in Andalucía (southern Spain)1

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a disease highly prevalent in newly established olive orchards in Andalucia, southern Spain. Two syndromes of the disease occur in Andalucia, namely apoplexy and slow decline. Apoplexy is characterized by quick dieback of twigs and branches while slow decline consists of rapid drying out of inflorescences together with leaf chlorosis and necrosis. Systematic disease observations carried out in two experimental orchards planted with susceptible cv. Picual indicated that natural recovery of diseased trees occurred over time. Infection and vascular colonization of olive plants by V. dahliae were studied in susceptible (Picual) and resistant (Oblonga) cultivars inoculated with a mildly virulent or a highly virulent cotton-defoliating isolate of V. dahliae. Disease symptoms developed 24–32 days after inoculation in cv. Picual, but at that time plants of cv. Oblonga remained free from symptoms. However anatomical observations and isolations indicated that systemic infections by the two isolates had occurred to a large extent in both cultivars.
Diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in the forest lower canopy in Kibale National Park, western Uganda

This study determined the species composition of the vascular epiphytes and the influence of substrates on the composition of the epiphytic species in the lower canopy of large host tree species. A single-rope technique was used to access the canopy. The lower canopy had 59 species distributed in fifteen families and 34 genera. The dominant families on the basis of species numbers were Orchidaceae (23), Aspleniaceae (ten) and Polypodiaceae (six). The collections included 21 ferns, 23 orchids, five Ficus spp. and ten species of herbaceous epiphytes. While the orchids and other herbaceous species decreased along a decreasing rainfall gradient, the epiphytic ferns did not. Most epiphytes utilized the light humus and heavy humus types of substrate. It is possible that the nutrients and moisture in the substrates contribute to the high diversity of epiphytes in the canopy crowns.
Characterization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol Uptake byRhodobacter capsulatus

Abstract The phototrophic bacteriumRhodobacter capsulatusphotoreduces 2,4-dinitrophenol to 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and releases stoichiometrically the product into the medium under anoxic conditions. 2,4-Dinitrophenol uptake requires low light intensities and takes place by an inducible transport system with an optimal pH of 7.0. In contrast, mononitrophenols uptake requires a pH range below their pKvalues. Cell growth and photoreduction of 2,4-dinitrophenol byR. capsulatusdepend on the presence of alternative nitrogen sources, the highest rate being observed in the presence of N2. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupler that inhibits energy-requiring processes and, therefore, its uptake and metabolization byR. capsulatusallow the bacterium to grow phototrophically by fixing dinitrogen. As previously reported for nitrate uptake byR. capsulatus, the addition of the inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase l -methionine- d , l -sulfoximine prevents the dinitrophenol uptake from being inhibited by ammonium. This suggests that a process regulated by the intracellular carbon/nitrogen balance would be involved in the photoanaerobic metabolization of 2,4-dinitrophenol.
X-ray Structure of Translation Initiation Factor eIF2γ

The x-ray structure of the γ-subunit of the heterotrimeric translation initiation factor eIF2 has been determined to 2.4-Å resolution. eIF2 is a GTPase that delivers the initiator Met-tRNA to the P site on the small ribosomal subunit during a rate-limiting initiation step in translation. The structure of eIF2γ closely resembles that of EF1A·GTP, consisting of an N-terminal G domain followed by two β-barrels arranged in a closed configuration with domain II packed against the G domain in the vicinity of the Switch regions. The G domain of eIF2γ has an unusual zinc ribbon motif, not previously found in other GTPases. Structure-based site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify two adjacent features on the surface of eIF2γ that bind the α-subunit and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{Met-tRNA}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{Met}}\) \end{document}, respectively. These structural, biochemical, and genetic results provide new insights into eIF2 ternary complex assembly.
Development of Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host eggs

Morphological studies of development of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma australicum Girault in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), were conducted to provide benchmarks for assessing developmental rates in both natural hosts and artificial diets. Observations of living embryos and histological sections show that embryos proceed rapidly through cleavage and blastoderm formation and show a characteristic pinching or rotation 8 h after deposition. Eggs progressively increase in volume, primarily by increasing in diameter at the widest point. At 29 rectangle 1 C the duration of the egg stage is 22-24 h, the larval stage 27 h, the prepupal stage 50-52 h, and pupa 85 h. Larvae undergo dramatic shape changes as they ingest food but do not show signs of larval moults, reinforcing observations that there is only one larval instar. Criteria for staging the embryonic and postembryonic development in natural hosts will be used for future studies aimed at developing and refining artificial diets for Trichogramma.
Effects of N, P and K on Yields of Cotton in the Sudan Gezira

SUMMARY Effects of N, P and K on yields of cotton were investigated using data obtained over an 18-year period from a factorial experiment comparing various combinations of the three nutrients. The results clearly indicated a significant and fairly consistent response of cotton to the application of fertilizer nitrogen, but the rate of increase in yield with increased N gradually diminished. The response to P was erratic and to K was negligible. The response to N did not vary with levels of P or K. Whether lack of response to P on the alkaline soils of the Gezira was due to sufficient already available in the soil, or because the added fertilizer was fixed and rendered unavailable to the plant needs further investigation. Lack of response to added K was attributed to the high content of available K already in the Gezira soil.
Temporal dynamics in epipelic, pelagic and epiphytic algal production in a clear and a turbid shallow lake

SUMMARY 1. Pelagic and epipelic microalgal production were measured over a year in a pre-defined area (depth 0.5 m) in each of two lakes, one turbid and one with clear water. Further estimates of epiphytic production within reed stands were obtained by measuring production of periphyton developed on artificial substrata. 2. Total annual production of phytoplankton and epipelon was 34% greater in the turbid lake (190 g C m−2 year−1) than in the clearwater lake (141 g C m−2 year−1). However, the ratio of total production to mean water column TP concentration was two fold greater in the clearwater lake. 3. Phytoplankton accounted for the majority of the annual production (96%) in the turbid lake, while epipelic microalgal production dominated (77%) in the clear lake. The relative contribution of epipelic algae varied over the year, however, and in the turbid lake was higher in winter (11–25%), when the water was relatively clear, than during summer (0.7–1.7%), when the water was more turbid. In the clearwater lake, the relative contribution of epipelon was high both in winter, when the water was most clear, and in mid-summer, when phytoplankton production was constrained either by nutrients or grazing. 4. Compared with pelagic and epipelic primary production, epiphytic production within a reed stand was low and did not vary significantly between the lakes. 5. The study supports the theory of a competitive and compensatory trade-off between primary producers in lakes with contrasting nutrient concentrations, resulting in relatively small differences in overall production between clear and turbid lakes when integrating over the season and over different habitats.
The role of ground beetles (Carabidae) as predators on early populations of cereal aphids in spring barley

Carabid beetles of the species Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius and Loricera pilicornis were caught in spring barley fields in 1982 and 1983. The percentages of beetles containing aphid remains were related to aphid density. A. dorsale was the most efficient predator at low aphid densities but B. lampros was more numerous and therefore most important. The other species were not significant at low aphid densities. The retention time for chitinous aphid remains in guts of B. lampros was investigated in the laboratory. Specimens of B. lampros were dissected at different intervals following ingestion of Rhopalosiphum padi. The percentage of beetles containing aphid remains declined exponentially with time (mean retention time = 27 h). B. lampros in the laboratory consumed 3 R. padi per day at 16 °C and 5 R. padi per day at 21 °C. Methods for estimation of carabid population densities (soil samples, direct quadrate counts, removal trapping) were compared. Removal trapping proved to be the most applicable method. The density of B. lampros was estimated at 60 specimens per m2. Zusammenfassung Uber die Rolle von Laufkufern (Carabidae) als Pradatoren fruher Populationen von Blattlausen auf Fruhgerste Laufkafer der Arten Bembidion lampros, Agonum dorsale, Pterostichus melanarius und Loricera pilicornis wurden 1982 und 1983 in Fruhgerstenfeldern in Nord-Seeland gefangen. Die Kafer wurden seziert, und ihr Anteil mit Blattlausresten im Darm wurde mit der Blattlausdichte verglichen. A. dorsale war der effektivste Pradator bei niedrigen Blattlausdichten, doch war B. lampros zahlreicher und deshalb von groserer Bedeutung. Die anderen Arten waren bei niedriger Blattlausdichte nicht signifikant. Die Aufenthaltsperiode der chitinosen Blattlausreste im Darm von B. lampros wurde im Laboratorium untersucht. Individuen von B. lampros wurden in verschiedenen Intervallen nach dem Verzehr von Rhopalosiphum padi seziert. Das Prozent von Kafern mit Blattlausresten sank exponential mit der Zeit (mittlere Aufenthaltsperiode = 27 h). B. lampros verzehrte im Laboratorium bei 16° 3 R. padi und bei 21°C 5 R. padi per Tag. Die Methoden zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Laufkaferpopulationen (Bodenproben, direkte Quadratzahlung, Beseitigungsfang) wurden verglichen. Der Beseitigungsfang stellte sich als die geeignetste Methode heraus. Die Dichte von B. lampros wurde auf 60 Individuen pro m2 veranschlagt.
Comparative Analysis of Color Image Watermarking Technique in RGB, YUV, and YCbCr Color Channels

Since there are a number of color spaces, it has always been a big question to choose one for watermarking. The aim of this work is to find out better color space, among the frequently used one, under the same condition. Comparative performance analysis of color image watermarking technique in color channels of RGB, YUV, YCbCrcolor spaces was studied. For this purpose, color channels were watermarked using single level discrete wavelet transform-singular value decomposition (DWT-SVD). PSNR, and SSIM were used to test the imperceptibility of watermarked images. PSNR and NCC were used to measure the similarity of extracted and original watermarks.The maximum recorded PSNR value is 62.372 for R channel of RGB color space with SSIM value equal to 0.9709. Color channels of YCbCr color space were observed to be more robust and transparent as watermark image is best recovered from YCbCr color space with NCC values in the range 0.86 to 0.877 and SSIM values in the range 0.546to 0.554 under various geometric attacks. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/njst.v15i2. 12130 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 133-140
Modelling regime shifts in the southern Benguela: a frame-based approach

This study explores the usefulness of a frame-based modelling approach in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, with four frames describing observed small pelagic fish dominance patterns. We modelled the dynamics of sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus populations under the influence of the small pelagic fishery and climate variability, performed extensive sensitivity analyses and exercised the model prototype in scenarios based on realistic management objectives. Model outputs were seen to roughly parallel observed dynamics. Frame dynamics were reasonably sensitive to frame switching rules. Reduced sardine recruitment in the ‘low’ frames had a strong negative impact on stock recovery, and bycatch of juvenile sardine from the modelled anchovy fishery could also greatly impair sardine recovery. Specific tests included exploring the robustness of fisheries management strategies under highly stochastic recruitment and uncertainty around long-term environmental forcing. The respective frame of the model is suggested as a composite indicator of ecosystem state. The model approach shows promise for evaluating small pelagic fisheries management strategies in an ecosystem context incorporating long-term environmental variability.
Produção e qualidade dos frutos de cultivares e seleções de pessegueiro na Serra da Mantiqueira

This paper aimed to evaluate the production and quality attributes of peach tree cultivars and selections in Serra da Mantiqueira. An assay of competition among cultivars has been implemented in Maria da Fe county, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with seventeen cultivars and selections of peach trees: 'BRS Libra', 'Bolinha', 'Fla 88-13', 'Ouromel-2', 'Aurora-1', 'Jade', 'Aztec Gold', 'Tropical Beauty', 'Sensacao', 'Chimarrita', 'Diamante', 'Maciel', Conserva 1122, Cascata 1015, Conserva 1050, Conserva 693 and Cascata 1056. The field was planted in 2006, the spacing was 6.0x4. 0 m, and the plants were grafted in 'Okinawa' rootstock. The evaluations were taken in three crop cycles (2009, 2010 and 2011), with the phenological phases, productive aspects and fruit quality attributes being assessed. 'Bolinha', Cascata 1015, 'Ouromel-2', Conserva 1050 and 'Tropical Beauty' did not show alternate bearing. 'Ouromel-2', Conserva 1050 and 'Tropical Beauty' had the highest production, with harvest period between Oct. 13 and Nov. 16. The Ouromel-2 peach cultivar presented fruit quality attributes most suitable for the fresh market, i.e., lower acidity, good firmness and the highest soluble solid content. Conserva 1050 is a good option for industry and 'Tropical Beauty' has a double finality.
Performance of six European plum cultivars on four plum rootstocks growing in a northern climate

Abstract The performances of the plum rootstocks Marianna GF 8-1, Pixy, and Wangenheim, compared with St. Julien A as a standard, for the cultivars ‘Avalon’, ‘Edda’, ‘Excalibur’, ‘Jubileum’, ‘Reeves’, and ‘Victoria’ were assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees were planted in spring 1999; the plant material was one-year-old whips, spaced 2.0×4.5 m and formed with a central leader as free spindles. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality, and yield efficiency were evaluated for the seven subsequent years. Tree size was significantly affected by the rootstocks after seven years' growth. Wangenheim produced the smallest and St. Julien A and Pixy the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area, on average for the different cultivars. However, Pixy produced significant larger yields per tree for the cultivar ‘Reeves’ than did St. Julien A. ‘Edda’ gave the smallest yield and ‘Avalon the largest. Trees on Pixy were the most yield efficient for all cultivars with the exception of ‘Victoria’. The fruit sizes became little affected by the different rootstocks. ‘Edda’ and ‘Victoria’ produced the smallest fruits and ‘Excalibur’ and ‘Reeves’ the largest. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was on average 16.1% and did not differ between trees on the various rootstocks. The cultivar ‘Avalon’ had the highest contents of soluble solids and ‘Reeves’ the lowest. The nutrient levels in the leaves were within the optimum range by the end of the seventh season. Trees on Marianna GF 8-1 had the highest nitrogen and magnesium leaf uptake. In conclusion, St. Julien A and Pixy were the most reliable semi-vigorous rootstocks which induced high yield efficiency and with favourable influences on fruit quality to the six European plum cultivars. Pixy is a good alternative to St. Julien A, with a lower vigour in trees, more precocity, and higher yield efficiency.