Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlating Pressure, Fluidization Gas Velocities, andSolids Mass Flowrates in a High-PressureFluidized Bed Coal Feed System

Correlating Pressure, Fluidization Gas Velocities, and Solids Mass Flowrates in a High-Pressure Fluidized Bed Coal Feed System Jacob Tala’iletalalelei Tuia Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Master of Science The goal of this thesis was to understand what parameters would be most impactful when delivering dry, pulverized coal in a dilute-phase, with a high-pressure feed-system to a pressurized oxy-combustion (POC) reactor. Many studies have conveyed materials in densephase plugs at high-pressure or in dilute-phase flows at atmospheric pressure. Very few studies have fluidized and conveyed materials in dilute-phase flows at high pressure, as we needed to. Additionally, studies which might have been applicable based upon system -pressure and -phase delivered findings that were empirically based and therefore not specifically applicable to nonsimilar systems. 220 different tests were ran using a bench-scale apparatus consisting of a hopper, connecting conveying pipes, and a filter point (representing the future reactor). The system was pressurized to 300 psi using CO2. Dry, pulverized coal with an average diameter of 50 microns and a bulk density of 800.9 kg/m3 was fluidized and conveyed with different combinations of fluidization inlet and fluidization outlet flowrates. Each specific flowrate combination was tested 3 to 5 times. The resulting coal flowrates were recorded and analyzed to see which flowrate combination delivered 13.6 kgs coal/hr and had the least variability between tests. The fluidization inlet and outlet flowrates, coal moisture content, and system geometry were key parameters. In a 2-inch diameter hopper the fluidization inlet flowrate should be kept at 0.119 m/s or below to keep the fluidization regime within the hopper below the transition point to the bubbling fluidization regime. This was beneficial since less CO2 was needed by the system and smaller perturbations within the bed didn’t disrupt flow leaving the hopper. The fluidization outlet flowrate could still advance the fluidization regime within the hopper even if the fluidization inlet flowrate is kept at 0.119 m/s. For a 1⁄4 inch diameter the outlet should be kept at 0.005 m/s or above. Additionally, the standard deviation in the measured coal flowrate decreased dramatically when flow of gas was allowed to exit through the top of the coal column (fluidization outlet). The standard deviation was 8.2 kg/hr with the fluidization outlet closed and 3.5 kg/hr with the fluidization outlet flowing to provide 0.005 m/s in the bed above the coal outlet. Coal should have a moisture content between 3% and 6% to ensure that electrostatic interactions between coal particles is kept to a minimum. Finally, these results were found for specific hopper and fluidization inlet and outlet diameters. If these diameters are changed then some calculation must be done for these results to be applicable to systems that are not like the one described later in this thesis.
Dune Contribution to Flow Resistance in Alluvial Rivers

One of the most relevant features of alluvial rivers concerns flow resistance, which depends on many factors including, mainly grain resistance and form drag. For natural sand-bed rivers, dunes furnish the most significant contribution and this paper provides an insight on it. To achieve this aim, momentum balance equations and energy balance equations are applied to free flow in alluvial channels, assuming hydrostatic pressure distribution over the cross sections confining the control volume, which includes a reference bed form pattern. The resulting equation in terms of energy grade accounts for an empirical bed form drag coefficient resulting from the actual flow pattern and bed form geometry. The model has been validated using a large selection of field data and it seems somewhat sensitive to the dune geometry and to the Nikuradse equivalent roughness, whereas it is shows greater sensitivity to the adopted grain surface resistance formula (e.g., Manning–Strickler formula).
Clinical observation of combined sulfasalazine with retention enema of "Baiji Kusen Decoction" in treating ulcerative colitis

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of combined sulfasalazine with retention enema of"Baiji Kusen Decoction"in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Methods Fifty-eight subjects were randomized into two groups;control group with 28 cases received sulfasalazine oral therapy only and treatment group with 30 cases received combined sulfasalazine and retention enema of"Baiji Kusen Decoction". Clinical efficacy and adverse reactions in two groups were observed and compared.Results The total effective rate was 86.7%in the treatment group and 67.9%in the control group,with a statistical difference between the two groups(P0.05 ). No obvious adverse reactions were found in the two groups.Conclusion Combined sulfasalazine with retention enema of"Baiji Kusen Decoction"has positive effects on ulcerative colitis.
Adapted to Environmental Change: Life History, Diet, and Habitat Choice of Krill in Winter

Author(s): Driscoll, Ryan | Advisor(s): Mangel, Marc | Abstract: High latitude oceans are strongly seasonal ecosystems where winter conditions are marked by periods of low primary productivity. These oceans tend to have shortened food webs with relatively few species linking primary production to upper trophic levels. In the case of the Southern Ocean, a single species, Euphausia superba, is thought to be this link between trophic levels. The polar regions in both hemispheres are also among the ecosystems heavily impacted by climate change. For example, the western Antarctic Peninsula is experiencing some of the most rapidly changing climate on the planet with changes in temperature, wind, and sea ice durations and extent (Vaughn et al 2003, Stammerjohn et al 2008). Understanding how climate change will affect these ecosystems requires knowledge of trophic structure, its key species, their life history, and their plasticity to environmental variability. In this thesis, I explore the seasonal life history strategies of Antarctic euphausiids. In chapter one, I introduce the high latitude marine ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, Antarctic euphausiids, and climate change and its impact on the ecosystem in this region. In chapter two, I fill in gaps in our knowledge of the life history strategy of the highly abundant, but relatively understudied, Thysanoessa macrura, by synthesizing distribution, maturity, and diet data from summer and winter surveys in the Antarctic Peninsula region. I find that krill show knife edge maturity, can spawn in their first year, are more dispersed and offshore in winter, and are more predatory with increasing size and in winter. In the third chapter I investigate E. superba from the perspective of optimal foraging theory to examine when krill generalize or specialize to unify seasonal and regional differences in the diet and feeding behavior of E. superba under the Trophic Wave Hypothesis. I predict that krill have a more specialized yet higher mortality risk diet in summer and more of a generalist diet in winter. In chapter four, I ask whether E. superba found in benthic and mesopelagic habitats are an aberration or reflect an important part of their life history strategy. In this chapter, I use a Stochastic Dynamic Programming model (VertiKrill) to explore how food, predation, and respiration drive vertical habitat selection across a range body conditions throughout the year. I find that for both juveniles and adults, deep water habitats provide important refuges for avoiding predation and starvation in winter as well as during the transition between seasons. In chapter five I summarize the main findings of each chapter, discuss their implications, and offer future directions for this research.
Examination of analytical conditions of cerium (Ce) isotope and stable isotope ratio of Ce in geochemical standards

Copyright © 2019 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. tetravalent cation under oxic conditions. The different behavior of Ce(IV) from those of other REEs results in the addition or depletion of relative Ce abundance with neighboring REEs (La and Pr) when normalized to certain materials such as chondrite and shale. These anomalously high or low concentrations of Ce, known respectively as positive or negative Ce anomalies, has been used widely as a redox tracer of geochemical materials (Henderson, 1984; Taylor and McLennan, 1988; Lipin and McKay, 1989). However, an REE pattern and stable Ce isotopic (d142Ce) analysis of hot spring precipitates revealed that the d142Ce of Mn precipitates were approximately 0.35‰ heavier than those of the Fe precipitates which occurred more reducing condition with no associated change in the REE pattern (Nakada et al., 2016). This fact means that discussions of redox conditions based only on REE patterns or Ce anomaly have limitations and that stable Ce isotope ratios yield more quantitative information related to redox conditions than REE patterns alone. For the adaptation of such great potential as a paleoredox proxy, two improvements must be made: the sample amount and analytical precision. These bottlenecks are associated with the high oxide formation ratio of Ce in ICP interfaces during measurement. Detuning of the Examination of analytical conditions of cerium (Ce) isotope and stable isotope ratio of Ce in geochemical standards
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Tropospheric ozone from 1877 to 2016, observed levels, trends and uncertainties

From the earliest observations of ozone in the lower atmosphere in the 19th century, both measurement methods and the portion of the globe observed have evolved and changed. These methods have different uncertainties and biases, and the data records differ with respect to coverage (space and time), information content, and representativeness. In this study, various ozone measurement methods and ozone datasets are reviewed and selected for inclusion in the historical record of background ozone levels, based on relationship of the measurement technique to the modern UV absorption standard, absence of interfering pollutants, representativeness of the well-mixed boundary layer and expert judgement of their credibility. There are significant uncertainties with the 19th and early 20th-century measurements related to interference of other gases. Spectroscopic methods applied before 1960 have likely underestimated ozone by as much as 11% at the surface and by about 24% in the free troposphere, due to the use of differing ozone absorption coefficients. There is no unambiguous evidence in the measurement record back to 1896 that typical mid-latitude background surface ozone values were below about 20 nmol mol–1, but there is robust evidence for increases in the temperate and polar regions of the northern hemisphere of 30–70%, with large uncertainty, between the period of historic observations, 1896–1975, and the modern period (1990–2014). Independent historical observations from balloons and aircraft indicate similar changes in the free troposphere. Changes in the southern hemisphere are much less. Regional representativeness of the available observations remains a potential source of large errors, which are difficult to quantify. The great majority of validation and intercomparison studies of free tropospheric ozone measurement methods use ECC ozonesondes as reference. Compared to UV-absorption measurements they show a modest (~1–5% ±5%) high bias in the troposphere, but no evidence of a change with time. Umkehr, lidar, and FTIR methods all show modest low biases relative to ECCs, and so, using ECC sondes as a transfer standard, all appear to agree to within one standard deviation with the modern UV-absorption standard. Other sonde types show an increase of 5–20% in sensitivity to tropospheric ozone from 1970–1995. Biases and standard deviations of satellite retrieval comparisons are often 2–3 times larger than those of other free tropospheric measurements. The lack of information on temporal changes of bias for satellite measurements of tropospheric ozone is an area of concern for long-term trend studies.
Chloride Signature And Transport In An Urban-Agricultural Watershed

Andrew Oberhelman 80 pages Manual and high frequency observations (n = 535) of chloride (Cl), bromide (Br), nitrate (NO3-N), sodium (Na ), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) of stream and tile-drain waters were conducted in an urban-agricultural watershed (8% urban, 87% agriculture) to investigate the importance of stormflow to Cl transport and to explore potential differences in the signature of Cl originating from an urban source as compared to an agricultural source. The study was
Cayman Islands marine protected areas : their status, effects and future

6 List of Figures . 12 List of Tables . 20 Chapter 1. General Introduction . 22 1.1 Coral reefs . 23 1.2 Value of Coral Reefs . 24 1.3 Geography, geological setting and demographics of the Cayman Islands . 25 1.4 Economic and developmental history . 26 1.5 Climate . 27 1.6 Hydrology and Oceanography . 29 1.8 Coral Reef resiliency . 30 1.9 Caribbean coral reefs . 31 1.10 Coral reefs of the Cayman Islands . 32 1.10. 1 Bleaching events affecting Caymanian coral reefs . 34 1.11 Marine Protected Areas . 34 1.12 Marine Protected Areas of Cayman Islands . 36 1.13 Aims and objectives . 38 1.14 Synopsis of Thesis . 40 Chapter 2. Coral reef structure, coastal types and reef fish assemblages around the Cayman Islands . 42 Abstract . 42 Aim. 42 2.
A Prospective Neuroimaging Study of Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Patients

Complaints of reduced cognitive abilities are frequent following chemotherapy. Research in the breast cancer population has revealed some patients may experience treatment-related decline in cognitive domains such as executive function, information processing speed, memory and learning, attention and concentration, and working memory. The extent and mechanism of action of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Neuroimaging research can characterize the neural underpinnings of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment; however, with few longitudinal studies, more prospective studies are needed to elucidate this important topic. The aim of this thesis was to use magnetic resonance imaging and contemporary analysis techniques to better understand the influence chemotherapy exerts on both the brain and cognition. This was achieved in two studies that measured cognitive function and brain structure and function at three time points: pre-treatment, one month post-chemotherapy, and at one-year follow-up. In the first study, the association between regions of brain structural changes and cognitive function was examined. The second study took a narrower approach and investigated the functional profile of brain activity during a working memory task. Patients had more pronounced structural and functional disruptions shortly after treatment, relative to both pre-treatment and one-year postchemotherapy intervals. Regions of structural compromise were largely associated with information processing speed. Functional disruptions occurred in a frontoparietal network. Overall, this thesis provides more evidence of the injurious role chemotherapy plays on cognition, particularly in the short term. This thesis also provides the first longitudinal neuroimaging study to illustrate a complete resolution of working memory related brain disruption one year post-treatment.
Strong ground motion characteristics of 2016 Central Italy earthquakes and implications for ground motion modeling

Author(s): Zimmaro, Paolo; Stewart, Jonathan; Scasserra, Giuseppe; Kishida, Tadahiro; Tropeano, Giuseppe | Editor(s): Silvestri, Francesco; Moraci, Nicola | Abstract: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence produced three mainshocks: (1) M6.1 24 August, (2) M5.9 26 October, and (3) M6.5 30 October. Each mainshock was followed by many aftershocks, some of which with M g 5.0. All earthquake events occurred on southeast-northwest trending normal faults. As part of reconnaissance activities of these events performed by the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association (GEER), ground motion data was processed and analyzed. After processing all data using procedures developed during the latest Next Generation Attenuation (NGA-West2) project, we analyze strong motion characteristics of all three mainshocks, two selected large aftershocks (M5.3 24 August and M4.8 26 August) and a foreshock (M5.4 26 October). Our analysis shows that stations near the hanging wall, exhibit fling-step in some cases but no obvious rupture directivity effects. We compare ground motion intensity measures (including peak ground acceleration and velocity, PGA and PGV, respectively) to Italy-specific and global ground motion models. Overall, the data exhibit fast attenuation at large distance (g100 km), which is captured by Italy-adjusted global models, but not by Italy-specific models. We also found that global models tend to over-predict ground motions at short periods. Both features were also observed from the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake data and may represent regional features. We estimate the spatial distribution of PGA for the three mainshocks by means of a Kriging analysis performed on within-event residuals using a global semi-variogram model. We found that the ground motion is most intense south-west of the Mt.Vettore - Mt.Bove normal fault. Given the importance of Italian normal fault earthquakes in worldwide ground motion databases, this data set is of global significance for studies of normal fault ground motions.
Co‐seismic deformation and post‐glacial slip rate along the Magallanes‐Fagnano fault, Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina

Across the extreme south of Patagonia, the Magallanes‐Fagnano Fault (MFF) accommodates the left‐lateral relative motion between South America and Scotia plates. In this paper, we present an updated view of the geometry of the eastern portion of the MFF outcropping in Tierra del Fuego. We subdivide the MFF in eight segments on the basis of their deformation styles, using field mapping and interpretation of high‐resolution imagery. We quantify coseismic ruptures of the strongest recorded 1949, Mw7.5 earthquake, and determine its eastern termination. We recognize several co‐seismic offsets in man‐made features showing a sinistral shift up to 6.5 m, greater than previously estimated. Using 10Be cosmogenic nuclides depth profiles, we date a cumulated offset in post‐glacial morphologies and estimate the long‐term slip rate of the eastern MFF. We quantify a 6.4 ± 0.9 mm/a left‐lateral fault slip rate, which overlaps geodetic velocity and suggests stable fault behaviour since Pleistocene.
El Género Colletes en Cuba (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Colletidae)

A new species of bee of the genus Colletes (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Colletidae) known only by a male is described from Cuba. The whole corporal pubescence is pale, contrary to the two Cuban species (C. submarginatus and C. granpiedrensis) that have it very dark, except the hairs of the scutellum, pale brown. The apical band of white hairs on metasomal terga is complete, while in C. submarginatus, C. granpiedrensis and C. montefragus (from Jamaica) is interrupted in the middle, mainly in the first terga. Like C. submarginatus have the genal area with white pubescence, which is black in C. granpiedrensis. A key to males of the three known Cuban species and checklist of the West Indian ones is provided.
The Impact of a School Gardening Program on Nutrition Attitudes, Behaviors and Interests Amongst Fourth Grade Students

This study intended to examine the impact of the gardening curriculum in an urban elementary school in Cleveland, Ohio. This yearlong gardening education program is introduced to the students in the 4th grade and incorporates a curriculum that includes gardening, nutrition, community service and experiential learning. With ample support from the community and from parents, this school provided the ideal setting to research the topic of how school gardening programs influence the students, their families and the community. The study used a series of questionnaires administered to the students in the fall of August 2013, early winter December 2013 and February 2014. The study sought to determine how students’ knowledge, behavior, attitudes and interest are influenced by this program. These administrations are to demonstrate the differences between the knowledge of nutrition before the pretest and after as well as retention of information about consuming vegetables after the curriculum. The gardening program is offered once per week and is part of the ten month curriculum. This program is offered in a greenhouse that is located onsite of the school grounds. Once per week, students leave their classrooms and walk to the greenhouse that is near the main school building. During class time, students are provided instruction for 20 minutes and for the remainder of the class period students do hands-on exercises.
Combining Ground‐ and ASTER‐Based Thermal Measurements to Constrain Fumarole Field Heat Budgets: The Case of Vulcano Fossa 2000–2019

Vulcano Fossa's fumarole field (Italy) has been active for more than a century and has become a well‐studied benchmark for fumarolic degassing, often being considered the “model” hydrothermal system. Satellite thermal monitoring is increasingly being used to monitor such systems, so we here use Vulcano to test a new method for assessing heat flux at such systems. Our methodology involves converting ground‐based vent temperature measurements to heat fluxes emitted by the fumaroles, with the diffuse heat flux obtained from satellite‐sensor (in our case Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) data. While diffuse heat losses were typically 9 MW, vent heat losses were 1 MW. The average total flux of 10 MW over the 19‐year period of study places Vulcano in the top 20 most active hydrothermal systems globally. This work highlights the value of high spatial resolution infrared satellite data in building thermal inventories for persistently active hydrothermal systems.
Insights into the desert living skin microbiome: geography, soil depth, and crust type affect biocrust microbial communities and networks in Mojave Desert, USA

Biocrusts are the living skin of drylands, comprising diverse microbial communities that are essential to desert ecosystems. Although we have extensive knowledge on biocrust ecosystem function and what drives biodiversity in lichen and moss dominated biocrusts, much less is understood about the impacts of diversity among microbial communities. Moreover, most biocrust microbial composition studies have primarily focused on bacteria. We used amplicon-based metabarcode sequencing to explore composition of both fungal and bacterial communities in biocrusts. Specifically we tested how geography, soil depth, and crust type structured biocrust microbial communities or fungal-bacterial networks. Microbial communities were surveyed from biocrust surface and subsurface soils collected from Joshua Tree National Park, Granite Mountain, Kelso Dunes, and Cima volcanic flows located within the Mojave Desert, USA. Five biocrust types were examined: Light-algal, Cyano-lichen, Green-algal lichen, Smooth moss, and Rough moss crust types. We found the primary characteristics structuring biocrust microbial diversity were 1) geography, as central and southern Mojave sites displayed different community signatures, 2) presence of plant associated fungi (plant pathogens and wood saprotrophs), indicator, and endemic species were identified at each site, 3) soil depth patterns, as surface and subsurface microbial communities were distinctly structured, and 4) the crust type, which predicted distinct microbial compositions. Network analysis showed that Cyanobacteria and Dothideomycetes (Pleosporales) were the major hubs of overall biocrust microbial community. Such hierarchical spatial organization of biocrust communities and their associated biotic networks can have pronounced impacts to ecosystem functions. Our findings provide crucial insights for dryland restoration and sustainable management.