Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On well-approximable matrices over a field of formal series

It is a well-known result in Diophantine approximation over the reals that the Lebesgue measure of the elements $x \in {\mathbb{R}}$, such that $\Vert qx \Vert < {1}/{q^v}$ for infinitely many $q \in {\mathbb{R}}$, is full for $v \leq 1$ and null otherwise, where $\Vert\cdot\Vert$ denotes the distance to nearest integer. Also, the Hausdorff dimension of the set of these numbers is known to be ${2}({v\,{+}\,1})$ for $v > 1$. Similar results are known for matrices over the reals as well as the $p$-adics. In this paper, we prove the corresponding multi-dimensional result for matrices over the field of Laurent series with coefficients from a given finite field.
CGI-Stereo: Accurate and Real-Time Stereo Matching via Context and Geometry Interaction

In this paper, we propose CGI-Stereo, a novel neural network architecture that can concurrently achieve real-time performance, competitive accuracy, and strong generalization ability. The core of our CGI-Stereo is a Context and Geometry Fusion (CGF) block which adaptively fuses context and geometry information for more effective cost aggregation and meanwhile provides feedback to feature learning to guide more effective contextual feature extraction. The proposed CGF can be easily embedded into many existing stereo matching networks, such as PSMNet, GwcNet and ACVNet. The resulting networks show a significant improvement in accuracy. Specially, the model which incorporates our CGF with ACVNet ranks $1^{st}$ on the KITTI 2012 and 2015 leaderboards among all the published methods. We further propose an informative and concise cost volume, named Attention Feature Volume (AFV), which exploits a correlation volume as attention weights to filter a feature volume. Based on CGF and AFV, the proposed CGI-Stereo outperforms all other published real-time methods on KITTI benchmarks and shows better generalization ability than other real-time methods. Code is available at https://github.com/gangweiX/CGI-Stereo.
Why do Nearest Neighbor Language Models Work?

Language models (LMs) compute the probability of a text by sequentially computing a representation of an already-seen context and using this representation to predict the next word. Currently, most LMs calculate these representations through a neural network consuming the immediate previous context. However recently, retrieval-augmented LMs have shown to improve over standard neural LMs, by accessing information retrieved from a large datastore, in addition to their standard, parametric, next-word prediction. In this paper, we set out to understand why retrieval-augmented language models, and specifically why k-nearest neighbor language models (kNN-LMs) perform better than standard parametric LMs, even when the k-nearest neighbor component retrieves examples from the same training set that the LM was originally trained on. To this end, we perform a careful analysis of the various dimensions over which kNN-LM diverges from standard LMs, and investigate these dimensions one by one. Empirically, we identify three main reasons why kNN-LM performs better than standard LMs: using a different input representation for predicting the next tokens, approximate kNN search, and the importance of softmax temperature for the kNN distribution. Further, we incorporate these insights into the model architecture or the training procedure of the standard parametric LM, improving its results without the need for an explicit retrieval component. The code is available at https://github.com/frankxu2004/knnlm-why.
Two alternative implementations of the ensemble‐transform (ET) analysis‐perturbation scheme: The ET with extended cycling intervals, and the ET without cycling

Four alternative approximate bases for the ensemble transform (ET) are obtained by extending the cycling interval to 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Another alternative basis is obtained by foregoing cycling and instead drawing randomly generated perturbations from an archive. Experiments based upon 16‐member global ensembles and a diagonal estimate of analysis‐error covariance indicate that the alternative bases are effective at reducing the discrepancy between the ET analysis‐perturbation variance and the estimated analysis‐error variance. Forecast ensembles associated with the alternative bases maintain considerably more energy in the tropics and subtropics than the forecast ensemble associated with the original basis. Forecast ensembles associated with the alternative bases also outperform the original forecast ensemble in terms of the ensemble forecast‐error covariance‐matrix eigenvalue spectrum, the relationship between ensemble variance and observed squared error and the Brier score. The performance gains facilitated by the alternative approximate bases are substantial in some instances, especially in the tropics. The randomly sampled basis is superior to the original basis in most respects. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some extensions of Girko’s limit theorems for permanents of random matrices

The problem of finding the asymptotic distribution of a permanent of random matrix has been studied over the last decade by several authors. For instance, Borovskikh and Koroljuk (1992, 1994, 1996) as well as Kanewa (1992) investigated permanents of the so-called fc-dimensional projection matrices ΞTM, defined in the following way. For k > 1 let <Ji , · · · , δ k be the η-dimensional independent random vectors of iid random variables and set
The effect of streamwise vortices on the aeroacoustics of a Mach 0.9 jet

The role of the streamwise vortices on the aeroacoustics of a Mach 0.9 axisymmetric jet is investigated using two different devices to generate streamwise vortices: microjets and chevrons. The resultant acoustic field is mapped by sideline microphones and a microphone phased array. The flow-field characteristics within the first few diameters of the nozzle exit are obtained using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow-field measurements reveal that the counter-rotating streamwise vortex pairs generated by microjets are located primarily at the high-speed side of the initial shear layer. In contrast, the chevrons generate vortices of greater strength that reside mostly on the low-speed side. Although the magnitude of the chevron's axial vorticity is initially higher, it decays more rapidly with downstream distance. As a result, their influence is confined to a smaller region of the jet. The axial vorticity generated by both devices produces an increase in local entrainment and mixing, increasing the near-field turbulence levels. It is argued that the increase in high-frequency sound pressure levels (SPL) commonly observed in the far-field noise spectrum is due to the increase in the turbulence levels close to the jet exit on the high-speed side of the shear layer. The greater persistence and lower strength of the streamwise vortices generated by microjets appear to shift the cross-over frequencies to higher values and minimize the high-frequency lift in the far-field spectrum. The measured overall sound pressure level (OASPL) shows that microjet injection provides relatively uniform noise suppression for a wider range of sound radiation angles when compared to that of a chevron nozzle.
SEASONAL FLUCTUATION OF FECAL CONSISTENCY IN ZOO-HOUSED MOOSE (ALCES ALCES)

Abstract: Fecal consistency is routinely used as an indicator of gastrointestinal health and diet suitability in zoo animals. The underlying processes in ungulate fecal consistency are not often investigated. The authors assessed multiple factors on fecal consistency scores in six adult zoo moose (Alces alces) retrospectively for a 3-yr period. All animals were regularly tested for gastrointestinal parasites and received antiparasitics when noted. Neither the provision of dietary browse nor number of visitors had a significant effect. Seasonally varying intake of the staple pelleted diet was the main explanatory factor, with an additional effect from environmental temperature or season. Higher intakes and higher temperatures were linked to less well-formed feces. The authors hypothesize that during the summer hyperphagia to replete body reserves, the water re-absorption function of the large intestine apparently becomes overtaxed. Heat stress may have an additional, intake-independent effect. Although monitoring fecal consistency is a part of good health surveillance, physiologic seasonal effects, as reported here, need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the observations.
Revision of Decapoda (Glypheidea, Axiidea) from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Argentina

ABSTRACT New specimens of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous decapods from Argentina document new species and new occurrences. Pehuenchia Rusconi, 1948, originally placed within Palinura and subsequently placed within Callianassidae or Mecochiridae, is herein referred to Mecochiridae. The type species, Pehuenchia tellecheai Rusconi, 1948, is herein illustrated photographically for the first time. A second species of Pehuenchia is herein referred to a new genus, resulting in Zapalianassa, new genus, and Zapalianassa magna (Rusconi, 1948), new combination, and additional specimens of the species are illustrated. A new species of the mecochirid genus Huhatanka, Huhatanka australis, in southern Argentina extends the geographic range from the Western Interior Seaway and the geologic range from the late Early Cretaceous to the early Early Cretaceous. A species of Huhatanka described from Iran is herein moved to Meyeria, resulting in Meyeria iranica (Yazdi et al., 2010), new combination. Additional specimens of Protaxius paucisaetosus Andrada et al., 2022, extend the range of the species southward. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous decapod occurrences in Argentina are currently known from Glypheidea, Astacidea, and Axiidea.
EFFECTS OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF TRAZODONE ON BEHAVIOR AND SERUM CORTISOL LEVELS IN BLUE WILDEBEEST (CONNOCHAETES TAURINUS)

Abstract: Trazodone is a dose-dependent serotonin antagonist and agonist used to treat anxiety-related conditions. Trauma has been identified as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in several nondomestic ruminant species and can be exacerbated by stress. In a recent study in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), trazodone reduced activity levels without adverse effects. Trazodone could allow for safer capture and handling in nondomestic ruminant species. The objectives of this study were to identify a dose of trazodone that decreases activity levels in captive blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and to evaluate its safety and its effects on serum cortisol levels following a routine veterinary procedure. A pilot study using ethograms identified a group fed 15 mg/kg oral dose of trazodone as effective to reduce activity levels. Over 6 h, this dose resulted in a 111% increase in time spent sleeping or resting (P = 0.0003), a 41% increase in time spent lying down (P = 0.0016), a 64% reduction in time spent moving (P= 0.005), and a 65% reduction in time spent being vigilant (P= 0.026). Systemic absorption of trazodone was identified when plasma concentrations were measured after 2 h (95 ± 48 µg/L). Serum cortisol levels during a routine venipuncture event were not significantly different following trazodone administration (P > 0.05). Mild hyporexia was the only adverse effect noted at 15 mg/kg and was absent at a 12 mg/kg dose. Trazodone appears safe and promising to decrease activity in blue wildebeest and might thus have a positive effect on nondomestic ruminant welfare and the safety of veterinary procedures.
EVALUATION OF PLASMA CARDIAC TROPONIN I IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) USING TWO CLINICAL ANALYZERS

Abstract: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is specific to myocardial tissue, highly conserved across taxa, and a reliable indicator of myocardial disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomarkers, like cTnI, may be useful for cardiac evaluation of elephants because the application of other modalities is complicated by the size of the animal. The goal of this study was to establish observed ranges for plasma cTnI in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) measured by two point-of-care analyzers. Blood was collected from captive juvenile (≤15 yr; n = 9), adult (16–50 yr; n = 42), and geriatric (>50 yr; n = 16) elephants. Following centrifugation, heparinized plasma was stored at 5°C prior to and in between analyses on iSTAT (Abbott Point of Care Inc, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA) and HUBI-QUANpro (Humiasis Co, Ltd, Anyang-si 14042, South Korea) analyzers. With the exception of two results, plasma concentrations of cTnI were below the limit of quantification (LOQ < 0.05 ng/ml) for the HUBI-QUANpro (n = 64), which prohibited comparison between the two analyzers. Observed ranges were determined for plasma cTnI concentrations reported by the iSTAT for the entire population sampled (n = 58; mean 0.011 ng/ml; SD ± 0.013 ng/ml; range 0.00–0.07 ng/ml; 95% CI 0.008–0.015 ng/ml; median 0.01 ng/ml) and with outliers excluded (n = 50; mean 0.007 ng/ml; SD ± 0.007 ng/ml; range 0.00–0.02 ng/ml; 95% CI 0.005–0.009 ng/ml; median 0.01 ng/ml). No significant differences were observed between age classes (P = 0.70) or sexes (P = 0.34). Higher cTnI concentrations were significantly correlated with increasing age (Pearson's r = 0.426; P = 0.002). Future studies are warranted to investigate the diagnostic potential of plasma cTnI in Asian elephants.
Phenotypic and Geographic Variation in Two Co-Distributed Patagonian Lizard Clades (Squamata, Liolaemini)

Abstract. Selective pressures vary throughout the range of a species distribution, thus favoring different phenotypes. Climate gradients in particular exert selection on the ecological and physiological performance of organisms, which often promotes morphological variation. In Patagonia, a region with harsh climatic conditions, the sister genera Phymaturus and Liolaemus include several widely co-distributed clades. One example is the Liolaemus bibronii complex and the Phymaturus patagonicus clade; these lineages differ in both morphological characteristics and life-history strategies. Co-distributed species may be similarly affected by shared environmental variables that predominate in their distributions, including patterns of morphological variation. In this study we identify and compare patterns of morphological variation in relation to geographical distribution. We used body size and head shape of species of the L. bibronii complex and the P. patagonicus clade throughout their distributions in Patagonia, and quantified the relationships between morphological variables with latitude and climatic variables. The results showed co-variation of body size and head shape between latitude and climatic variables in both clades, but these do not follow an evident pattern of morphological variation in co-distributed representatives of sister clades with different life histories and evolutionary characteristics.
DOCUMENTATION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI IN CAPTIVE TIGERS AND LIONS IN PUNJAB (2016–2018), PAKISTAN

Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi is an important hemoparasite of a variety of animal species worldwide. This parasite is a threat to the health of domestic animals as well as wild animals, particularly those managed in captivity. The current study investigated the presence of T. evansi in captive tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) and lions (Panthera leo) in Pakistan. In total, 24 blood samples from 11 tigers and 3 lions (n = 14) were collected during the course of roughly 3 yr (2016–2018). Eighteen samples were subjected to both microscopic and molecular evaluation for the presence of T. evansi; the remaining 6 samples were processed for PCR only. Of the 18 samples tested by both methods, 3 (16%) and 8 (44%) were positive by microscopy and PCR, respectively. This highlights the higher sensitivity of PCR over microscopy for detection of trypanosomes. Of the 24 total samples evaluated by PCR, 12 (50%) were positive. The three sequences obtained showed 99% identity with variant surface glycoprotein genes of the different isolates of T. evansi. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of microscopy in identifying T. evansi was 37.5, 100, 100, and 66.7%, respectively, considering PCR as the gold standard. We recommend rigorous monitoring of captive tigers and lions for hemoparasites, particularly in winter and early spring in areas with high infection rate of this parasite, preferably via PCR.
Security Misconfigurations in Open Source Kubernetes Manifests: An Empirical Study

Context: Kubernetes has emerged as the de-facto tool for automated container orchestration. Business and government organizations are increasingly adopting Kubernetes for automated software deployments. Kubernetes is being used to provision applications in a wide range of domains, such as time series forecasting, edge computing, and high-performance computing. Due to such a pervasive presence, Kubernetes-related security misconfigurations can cause large-scale security breaches. Thus, a systematic analysis of security misconfigurations in Kubernetes manifests, i.e., configuration files used for Kubernetes, can help practitioners secure their Kubernetes clusters. Objective: The goal of this paper is to help practitioners secure their Kubernetes clusters by identifying security misconfigurations that occur in Kubernetes manifests. Methodology: We conduct an empirical study with 2,039 Kubernetes manifests mined from 92 open-source software repositories to systematically characterize security misconfigurations in Kubernetes manifests. We also construct a static analysis tool called Security Linter for Kubernetes Manifests (SLI-KUBE) to quantify the frequency of the identified security misconfigurations. Results: In all, we identify 11 categories of security misconfigurations, such as absent resource limit, absent securityContext, and activation of hostIPC. Specifically, we identify 1,051 security misconfigurations in 2,039 manifests. We also observe the identified security misconfigurations affect entities that perform mesh-related load balancing, as well as provision pods and stateful applications. Furthermore, practitioners agreed to fix 60% of 10 misconfigurations reported by us. Conclusion: Our empirical study shows Kubernetes manifests to include security misconfigurations, which necessitates security-focused code reviews and application of static analysis when Kubernetes manifests are developed.
Note: Optimal allocation of resources to nodes of series systems with respect to failure‐rate ordering

Allocation of spare components in a system in order to optimize the lifetime of the system with respect to a suitable criterion is of considerable interest in reliability, engineering, industry, and defense. We consider the problem of allocation of K active spares to a series system of independent and identical components in order to optimize the failure-rate function of the system.
The relationships between young FL learners’ classroom emotions (anxiety, boredom, & enjoyment), engagement, and FL proficiency

Abstract The last decade has seen a proliferation of studies about emotions in FL teaching and learning. The present study examined three of the most researched and well-known FL emotions to date, namely anxiety, boredom, and enjoyment, and their relationships with learners’ engagement in English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classes and their EFL proficiency. One hundred and eleven Grade 3–4 EFL children completed a questionnaire and English tests. Various statistical analyses (correlation, hierarchical multiple regression, and path analysis) revealed that all five variables were significantly inter-correlated. Enjoyment was the strongest predictor of engagement and proficiency, followed by boredom. The path analysis indicated that the hypothetical path of emotions→engagement→proficiency did not exist; rather, only two direct relationships were found in the model: Enjoyment→engagement and enjoyment→proficiency. The findings highlight the crucial role of enjoyment for young learners in FL teaching and learning.
On a class of integral equations

where g and h are given and f is unknown. The number a may be finite or infinite. The first integral is taken in the sense of a Cauchy principal value. For h(x, t) 8O, this reduces to a well known integral equation of airfoil theory and has been treated extensively, mainly by Fourier methods, cf. [2 ]. E. Reissner [3 ] has applied this method to (1) in the case where h(x, t) is an odd polynomial in x-t and a is finite. He showed that a formal expansion of the assumed solution may be obtained in this case by solving finitely many linear equations. We may note that if X = 1 and a = 1 and
Investigation of sub-Kolmogorov inertial particle pair dynamics in turbulence using novel satellite particle simulations

Abstract Clustering (or preferential concentration) of weakly inertial particles suspended in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow is driven primarily by the smallest eddies at the so-called Kolmogorov scale. In particle-laden large-eddy simulations (LES), these small scales are not resolved by the grid and hence their effect on both the resolved flow scales and the particle motion have to be modelled. In order to predict clustering in a particle-laden LES, it is crucial that the subgrid model for the particles captures the mechanism by which the subgrid scales affect the particle motion (Ray & Collins, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 680, 2011, pp. 488–510). In this paper, we describe novel satellite particle simulations (SPS), in which we study the clustering and relative velocity statistics of inertial particles at separation distances well below the Kolmogorov length scale. SPS is designed to isolate pairwise interactions of particles, and is therefore well suited for developing two-particle models. We show that the power-law dependence of the radial distribution function (RDF), a statistical measure of clustering, is predicted by the SPS in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations (DNS) for Stokes numbers up to 3, implying that no explicit information from the inertial range is required to accurately describe particle clustering. This result further explains our successful prediction of the RDF power using the drift-diffusion model of Chun et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 536, 2005, pp. 219–251) for $\mathit{St}\leq 0. 4$ . We also consider the second-order longitudinal relative velocity structure function for the particles; we show that the SPS is able to capture its power-law exponent for $\mathit{St}\leq 0. 5$ and attribute the disagreement at larger $\mathit{St}$ to the effect of the larger scales of motion not captured by the SPS. Further, the SPS is able to capture the ‘caustic activation’ of the structure function at zero separation and predict the critical $\mathit{St}$ and rate of activation in agreement with the DNS (Salazar & Collins, J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 696, 2012, pp. 45–66). We show comparisons between filtered DNS and equivalently filtered SPS, and the findings are similar to the unfiltered case. Overall, SPS is an efficient and accurate computational tool for investigating particle pair dynamics at small separations, as well as an interesting platform for developing LES subgrid models designed to accurately reproduce particle clustering.
On mean values of the _{}-discrepancies of point distributions

It will be shown in the talk that a large number of results on uniform distributions can be given as direct corollaries of two theorems on mean values of the Lq-discrepancies. As a corollary of these two theorems it can be shown that the best possible orders of the Lq-discrepancies of point distributions can be attained on very small averaging subsets. Furthermore, with special conditions these averaging subsets may even collapse to a single point. Such specific distributions can be called as self-averaging.