Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Artificial Neural-Network Approach for Motor Hotspot Identification Based on Electroencephalography: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background To apply transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to the motor cortex, motor hotspots are generally identified using motor evoked potentials by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The objective of this study is to validate the feasibility of a novel electroencephalography (EEG)-based motor-hotspot-identification approach using a machine learning technique as a potential alternative to TMS. Methods EEG data were measured using 63 channels from thirty subjects as they performed a simple finger tapping task. Power spectral densities of the EEG data were extracted from six frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma, and full) and were independently used to train and test an artificial neural network for motor hotspot identification. The 3D coordinate information of individual motor hotspots identified by TMS were quantitatively compared with those estimated by our EEG-based motor-hotspot-identification approach to assess its feasibility. Results The minimum mean error distance between the motor hotspot locations identified by TMS and our proposed motor-hotspot-identification approach was 0.22 ± 0.03 cm, demonstrating the proof-of-concept of our proposed EEG-based approach. A mean error distance of 1.32 ± 0.15 cm was measured when using only nine channels attached to the middle of the motor cortex, showing the possibility of practically using the proposed motor-hotspot-identification approach based on a relatively small number of EEG channels. Conclusion We demonstrated the feasibility of our novel EEG-based motor-hotspot-identification method. It is expected that our approach can be used as an alternative to TMS for motor hotspot identification. In particular, its usability would significantly increase when using a recently developed portable tES device integrated with an EEG device.
Analysis of CKM-favored quasi-two-body B → D ( R → ) K π decays in PQCD approach

LHCb Collaboration studied the resonant structure of B s → D 0 K − π + decays using the Dalitz plot analysis technique, based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 . 0fb − 1 of pp collision. The K − π + components have been analyzed in the amplitude model, where the decay amplitude is modeled to be the resonant contributions with respect to the intermediate resonances K ∗ ( 892 ) , K ∗ 0 ( 1430 ) and K ∗ 2 ( 1430 ) . Motivated by the experimental results, we investigate the CKM-favored quasi-two-body B → D 0 K π decays in the framework of the perturbative QCD (PQCD) approach. We calculate the the branching fractions by introducing the appropriate wave functions of K π pair. Our results are in agreement well the available data, and others can be tested in LHCb and Belle-II experiments. Using the narrow-width-approximation, we also extract the branching fractions of the corresponding two-body B → DR decays, which agree to the previous theoretical calculations and the experimental data within the errors. There are no C P asymmetries in these decays in the standard model, because these decays are all governed by only the tree operators.
Influence of substrate‐induced biaxial compressive stress on the optical properties of thin GaN films

The influence of biaxial stress on the optical properties of thin GaN films is studied by x‐ray diffraction and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The stress is caused by differences in the thermal expansion coefficient and lattice mismatch between the film and c‐plane sapphire substrates. In particular, the influence of various thicknesses of AlN buffer layers on the strain in GaN films is studied. GaN/AlN films were deposited by low pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition using triethylgallium and tritertbutylaluminum and ammonia. We observe a pronounced reduction of strain in the GaN films with increasing buffer thickness: An AlN buffer layer thicker than 200 nm eliminates the stress completely. Estimates of the linear coefficient for the near band gap luminescence shift due to biaxial compressive strain yield a value of 24 meV/GPa.
The role of ion and electron electrostatic turbulence in characterizing stationary particle transport in the core of tokamak plasmas

A general feature of particle transport in the core of tokamak plasmas is that when core particle sources are small, a stationary peaked density profile is provided by a balance of outward diffusion and inward convection, driven by either neoclassical or turbulent mechanisms. The turbulent contribution to the off-diagonal elements of the transport matrix is very sensitive to the type of dominant instability of the background turbulence. We present here a detailed quasi-linear gyrokinetic analysis of stationary turbulent particle transport by means of analytical and numerical calculations to show how the actual parametric dependence of the stationary normalized density gradient can strongly vary between an ion temperature gradient (ITG) dominated turbulence and a trapped electron mode dominated turbulence regime. It is also shown how the maximal achievable normalized density gradient is reached when the turbulence regime is in a mixed state. This result is interpreted as the interplay of different physical mechanisms arising from (linear) wave–particle resonances. The results presented here are addressed to interpret some of the still unresolved issues in interpreting known experimental results.
Power Linear Keller Maps of Nilpotency Index Two

Abstract Let K be a field. A polynomial map K n → K n is power linear of degree d if it is of the form X + H = (X 1 + H 1,…, X n + H n ), where is a linear form in X 1,…, X n and d > 1. In this paper it is proved that if K is a field of characteristic not dividing d and F is a power linear polynomial map of degree d with nilpotency index two, i.e., (JH)2 = 0, then there exists a linear invertible polynomial map Φ such that Φ−1 FΦ is a triangular power linear map of degree d.
Bootstrapping robust estimates of regression

We introduce a new computer-intensive method to estimate the distribution of robust regression estimates. The basic idea behind our method is to bootstrap a reweighted representation of the estimates. To obtain a bootstrap method that is asymptotically correct, we include the auxiliary scale estimate in our reweighted representation of the estimates. Our method is computationally simple because for each bootstrap sample we only have to solve a linear system of equations. The weights we use are decreasing functions of the absolute value of the residuals and hence outlying observations receive small weights. This results in a bootstrap method that is resistant to the presence of outliers in the data. The breakdown points of the quantile estimates derived with this method are higher than those obtained with the bootstrap. We illustrate our method on two datasets and we report the results of a Monte Carlo experiment on confidence intervals for the parameters of the linear model.
PARISFOG: Shedding New Light on Fog Physical Processes

Fog is a weather condition with significant socioeconomic impacts associated with increased hazards and constraints in road, maritime, and air traffic. While current numerical weather prediction models are able to forecast situations that are favorable to fog events, it is very difficult to determine the exact location and time of formation or dissipation. One-dimensional assimilation-forecast models have been implemented at a few airports and provide improved local predictions of fog events, but this approach is limited to specific locations. The occurrence, development, and dissipation of fog result from multiple processes (thermodynamical, radiative, dynamical, microphysical) that occur simultaneously, through a wide range of conditions, and that interact nonlinearly with each other. Hence, to advance our ability to forecast fog processes, we must gain a better understanding of how critical physical processes feed back on each other and improve their parametric representations in models. To provide a dataset suitable to study these processes simultaneously in continental fog, a suite of active and passive remote sensing instruments and in situ sensors was deployed at the Site Instrumental de Recherche en Teledetection Atmospherique (SIRTA; instrumented site for atmospheric remote sensing research) observatory, near Paris, France, for 6 months (winter 2006/07) to monitor profiles of wind, turbulence, microphysical, and radiative properties as well as temperature, humidity, aerosol, and fog droplet microphysics and chemical composition in the surface layer. This field experiment, called ParisFog, provides a comprehensive characterization of over 100 fog and near-fog events. The ParisFog dataset contains contrasted events of stratus-lowering fog and radiative cooling fog as well as a large number of situations considered as favorable to fog formation but where fog droplets did not materialize. The effect of hydrated aerosols on visibility, the role of aerosols' microphysical and chemical properties on supersaturation and droplet activation, and the role of turbulence and sedimentation on fog life cycles have been investigated using the ParisFog dataset. The interactions between these processes, however, remain to be explored.
Langmuir Probe Determination of Charged Particle Number Density in a Flowing Afterglow Plasma

Experimental study of the electron and ion density determined by Langmuir probe is presented. The probe data have been obtained on FALP apparatus for electron (and ion) number densities ranging from 10 12 m -3 to 10 16 m -3 , at electron temperatures equal to room temperature and also roughly ten times higher and at neutral pressures from 60 Pa to 150 Pa. The number densities of electrons for all measured probe data have been deduced from the electron current to the probe at the space potential and also by means of OML method from the electron current measured for positive probe with respect to the space potential. In the paper it is shown that in the flowing afterglow plasma the values of the electron density determined according both methods are in a good agreement and it is possible to take them as the reference number density for comparison with apparent ion densities obtained from the ion current. The number densities obtained from the ion currents in the ion accelerating region (negative probe with respect to the space potential) according to different applicable probe theories have been compared with reference value. It is found that the best agreement between the number densities evaluated from the electron current and from the ion current gives the theory of ion collection by TICHY et al. [16], which takes into account the collisions of ions with neutrals in the space charge sheath around the probe provided that the conditions correspond to the OML regime.
Simultaneous Test Procedures for Multiple Comparisons on Categorical Data

Abstract Comparisons of several populations with regard to their distributions on a qualitative attribute must often be based on sample data. An overall large sample test of homogeneity of all the populations is extended to provide multiple comparison tests on homogeneity of subsets of populations, and tests of partial homogeneity, i.e., homogeneity only on certain categories of the qualitative distributions. Grouping of populations into several homogeneous subsets can also be achieved by this procedure, and so can a similar grouping of categories. Probabilities of errors on various hypotheses and partial hypotheses are defined and computed. An alternative procedure is proposed which has some advantages.
Numerical investigation on the stability of singular driven cavity flow

By applying the singularity subtraction technique to the unsteady driven cavity problem, the stability of the impulsively started flow is investigated, without smoothing the corner singularity. A second-order spectral projection method allows localization of the critical Reynolds number for the first Hopf bifurcation in the interval [8017.6, 8018.8).
Flexible temperature sensor with high sensitivity ranging from liquid nitrogen temperature to 1200 °C

Flexible temperature sensors have been extensively investigated due to their prospect of wide application in various flexible electronic products. However, most of the current flexible temperature sensors only work well in a narrow temperature range, with their application at high or low temperatures still being a big challenge. This work proposes a flexible thermocouple temperature sensor based on aerogel blanket substrate, the temperature-sensitive layer of which uses the screen-printing technology to prepare indium oxide and indium tin oxide. It has good temperature sensitivity, with the test sensitivity reaching 226.7 μV °C−1 . Most importantly, it can work in a wide temperature range, from extremely low temperatures down to liquid nitrogen temperature to high temperatures up to 1200 °C, which is difficult to be achieved by other existing flexible temperature sensors. This temperature sensor has huge application potential in biomedicine, aerospace and other fields.
Identifying the 3FHL Catalog. VI. Swift Observations of 3FHL Unassociated Objects with Source Classification via Machine Learning

The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi Large Area Telescope Sources (3FHL) reports the detection of 1556 objects at E > 10 GeV. However, 177 sources remain unassociated and 23 are associated with a ROSAT X-ray detection of unknown origin. Pointed X-ray observations were conducted on 30 of these unassociated and unknown sources with Swift−XRT. A bright X-ray source counterpart was detected in 21 out of 30 fields. In five of these 21 fields, we detected more than one X-ray counterpart, totaling 26 X-ray sources analyzed. Multiwavelength data was compiled for each X-ray source detected. We find that 21 out of the 26 X-ray sources detected display the multiwavelength properties of blazars, while one X-ray source displays the characteristics of a Galactic source. Using trained decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine models, we predict all 21 blazar counterpart candidates to be BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs). This is in agreement with BL Lacs being the most populous source class in the 3FHL.
The shape of submarine levees: exponential or power law?

Field observations indicate that the height of submarine levees decays with distance from the channel either exponentially or according to a power law. This investigation clarifies the flow conditions that lead to these respective shapes, via a shallow water model for the overflow currents that govern the levee formation. The model is based on a steady state balance of sediment supply by the turbidity current, and sediment deposition onto the levee, with the settling velocity and the entrainment rate appearing as parameters. It demonstrates that entrainment of ambient fluid is the determining factor for the levee shape. For negligible entrainment rates, levee shapes tend to exhibit exponential profiles, while constant rates of entrainment or detrainment result in power law shapes. Interestingly, whether a levee has an exponential or a power law shape is determined by kinematic considerations only, viz. the balance laws for sediment mass and fluid volume. We find that the respective coefficients governing the exponential or power law decay depend on the settling speeds of the sediment grains, which in turn is a function of the grain size. Two-dimensional, unsteady Navier–Stokes simulations confirm the emergence of a quasi-steady state. The depositional behaviour of this quasi-steady state is consistent with the predictions of the shallow water model, thus validating the assumptions underlying the model, and demonstrating its predictive abilities.
Analysis of Empirical Constant of Eddy Viscosity by Zero- and One-Equation Turbulence Model in Wake Simulation

In this paper, the wakes behind a square cylinder were simulated using two kinds of different turbulence models for the eddy viscosity concept such as the zero- and the one-equation model in which the former is the mixing length model and the latter is the k-equation model. For comparison between numerical and analytical solutions, we employed three skill assessments: the correlation coefficient(r) for the similarity of the wake shape, the error of maximum velocity difference(EMVD) for the accuracy of wake velocity and the ratio of drag coefficient(RDC) for the pressure distribution around the structure. On the basis of the numerical results, the feasibility of each model for wake simulation was discussed and a suitable value for the empirical constant was suggested in these turbulence models. The zero-equation model, known as the simplest turbulence model, overestimated the EMVD and its absolute mean error(AME) for r , EMVD and RDC was ranging from 20.3 % to 56.3 % for all test. But the AME by the one-equation model was ranging from 3.4 % to 19.9 %. The predicted values of the one-equation model substantially agreed with the analytical solutions at the empirical mixing length scale L+0.6b 1/2 with the AME of 3.4 %. Therefore it was concluded that the one-equation model was suitable for the wake simulation behind a square cylinder when the empirical constant for eddy viscosity would be properly chosen.
Regular-closed Functions and Hausdorff Spaces

A function f: X Y is said to be regular-closed [4] if for each regular closed set F of X, f(F) is closed in Y. It is shown that let f: X Y be a regular-closed surjection, then Y is HAUSDORFF if either f is open or X is normal.
On Hypercomplex Numbers

Pago Algebra . 79 A + B 79 A^B 80 AB 80 Complex 79 Composition series . 83 Difference algebra 82 Difference series . 83 Direct product 99 Direct sum . 84 Idempotent . 90 Identical equation . 101 Index 87 Integral sub-algebra . 84 Invariant. 81 Matric algebra . 98 Modular sub-algebra . 112 Modulus 84 Nilpotent 87 Order 79 Potent Algebra 89 Primitive . 91 Principal idempotent element. 92 Quadrate algebra . -. • . 98 Reduced equation . 101
Genome-Wide Association Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms including 33,943 individuals from the general population

While 1-2% of individuals meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), many more (~15-40%) experience subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) during their life. To characterize the genetic underpinnings of OCS and its genetic relationship to OCD, we conducted the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of parent- or self-reported OCS to date (N = 33,943 with complete phenotypic and genome-wide data), combining the results from seven large-scale population-based cohorts from Sweden, the Netherlands, England, and Canada (including six twin cohorts and one cohort of unrelated individuals). We found no genome-wide significant associations on the SNP or gene-level, but a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on the OCD GWAS previously published by the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium (PGC-OCD) was significantly associated with OCS (Pfixed = 3.06 x10-5). Also, one curated gene set (Mootha Gluconeogenesis) reached Bonferroni-corrected significance (Ngenes = 28, Beta = 0.79, SE = 0.16, Pbon = 0.008). Expression of genes in this set is high at sites of insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Dysregulated insulin signaling in the etiology of OCS has been suggested by a previous study describing a genetic overlap of OCS with insulin signaling-related traits in children and adolescents. We report a SNP heritability of 4.1% (P = 0.0044) in the meta-analyzed GWAS, and heritability estimates based on the twin cohorts of 33% - 43%. Genetic correlation analysis showed that OCS were most strongly associated with OCD (rG = 0.72, p = 0.0007) among all tested psychiatric disorders (N = 11). Of all 97 tested phenotypes, 24 showed a significant genetic correlation with OCS, and 66 traits showed concordant directions of effect with OCS and OCD. OCS have a significant polygenic contribution and share genetic risk with diagnosed OCD, supporting the hypothesis that OCD represents the extreme end of widely distributed OCS in the population.
Computational study of fenestration and parallel grafts used in TEVAR of aortic arch aneurysms

To explore the differences between fenestration technique and parallel grafts technique of thoracic endovascular aortic repair, and evaluate the risk of complications after interventional treatment of aortic arch aneurysms. A three‐dimensional aortic model was established from the follow‐up imaging data of patient who reconstructed the superior arch vessel by the chimney technique, which was called the chimney model. Based on the chimney model, the geometric of the reconstructed vessel was modified by virtual surgery, and the normal model, fenestration model and periscope model were established. The blood flow waveforms measured by 2D phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging were processed as the boundary conditions of the ascending aorta inlet and the superior arch vessels outlets of the normal model. The pressure waveform of descending aorta was obtained using three‐element Windkessel model, and specific pressure boundary conditions were imposed at reconstructed branches for the postoperative models. Through computational fluid dynamics simulations, the hemodynamic parameters of each model were obtained. The reconstructed vessel flow rate of the periscope model and the fenestration model are 33% and 50% of that of the normal model, respectively. The pressure difference between the inner and outer walls of the fenestration stent and periscope stent is 3.15 times and 7.56 times that of the chimney stent. The velocity in the fenestration stent and periscope stent is uneven. The high relative residence time is concentrated in the region around the branch stents, which is prone to thrombosis. The “gutter” part of the chimney model may become larger due to the effect of the stent‐graft DF, increasing the risk of endoleak. For patients with incomplete circle of Willis, the periscope technique to reconstruct the supra‐arch vessels may affect blood perfusion. It is recommended to use balloon‐expandable stent for fenestration stent and periscope stent, and self‐expanding stent for chimney stent. For patients with aortic arch aneurysms, the fenestration technique may be superior to the parallel grafts technique.
Putative neurochemical and cell type contributions to hemodynamic activity in the rodent caudate putamen

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used by researchers to noninvasively monitor brain-wide activity. The traditional assumption of a uniform relationship between neuronal and hemodynamic activity throughout the brain has been increasingly challenged. This relationship is now believed to be impacted by heterogeneously distributed cell types and neurochemical signaling. To date, most cell-type- and neurotransmitter-specific influences on hemodynamics have been examined within the cortex and hippocampus of rodent models, where glutamatergic signaling is prominent. However, neurochemical influences on hemodynamics are relatively unknown in largely GABAergic brain regions such as the rodent caudate putamen (CPu). Given the extensive contribution of CPu function and dysfunction to behavior, and the increasing focus on this region in fMRI studies, improved understanding of CPu hemodynamics could have broad impacts. Here we discuss existing findings on neurochemical contributions to hemodynamics as they may relate to the CPu with special consideration for how these contributions could originate from various cell types and circuits. We hope this review can help inform the direction of future studies as well as interpretation of fMRI findings in the CPu.