Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROM_A_355679 69..77

Two general classes of concepts measured by patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are abilities and feelings. Over the past several decades, there has been a significant progress in measuring both. Nevertheless, current multi-item scales are subject to criticism related to scale length, score dimensionality, interpretability, cultural bias, and insufficient detail in measuring specific domains. To address some of these issues, the author offers an alternative perspective on how questions about abilities and feelings could be formulated. Abilities can be defined in terms of a relationship between the level of performance and the associated perception of difficulty, and represented graphically by an ability curve. For feelings, it may be useful to measure frequency and intensity jointly to determine the proportion of time in each level of intensity. The resultant frequency × intensity matrix can be presented as a bar graph. Empirical data to support the feasibility and validity of these approaches to PROM design are provided, potential advantages and limitations are discussed, and some future research avenues are suggested.
Beckmann's formula for multiclass traffic equilibrium problems

In this paper, we introduce the multiclass trac equilibrium problem which includes the trac equilibrium problem as a special case, and extend Beckmann’s formula to the case of multiclass trac equilibrium problems. By an example, we illustrate the calculation process of the multiclass trac equilibrium ow using multiclass Beckmann’s formula and show that multiclass Beckmann’s formula is a sucient condition only for the multiclass trac equilibrium ow.
The authors replied as follows:

Dunson and Chen (2004) developed an interesting Bayesian modeling approach to examining heterogeneity in censored survival analysis. They then applied the method to the analysis of a small cell lung cancer study previously examined by Gray (1994, 1995), where it had been concluded that there was evidence of institutional variation in the effect of treatment. Dunson and Chen noted that there is substantial evidence for heterogeneity over institutions in the effect of a covariate (presence or absence of bone metastases), which had not been noted by Gray, and then concluded, “Accounting for this source of variation, there is no direct evidence of institutional variation in the effect of treatment regimen. ” The test of Gray (1995) can also be applied to assess the evidence for institutional variation in treatment effects adjusting for heterogeneity in the effects of a covariate. Specifically, the score for treatment heterogeneity can be computed from the partial likelihood model stratified on the combinations of institution and bone metastases. Stratifying the model on the combinations of these factors allows arbitrary differences between the bone metastases groups within each institution. This test for treatment effect heterogeneity gives p = 0.016, while the test from the model stratified only on institution, incorporating bone metastases as a covariate with a common effect across institutions, gives p = 0.008 (the test reported in Gray, 1995, which gave p = 0.03, was from a model that was not stratified on institution). Thus, it appears there is still substantial evidence of institutional variation in the effect of treatment, even after accounting for the variation in the effect of bone metastases. To further examine this effect, the treatment effect was estimated separately in the 3 institutions identified by Gray (1994) as having the worst outcomes on the CAV-HEM treatment, in the 5 institutions with the best outcomes on CAV-HEM, and in the other 18 institutions, by fitting stratified proportional hazards models (a) stratified on institution with bone metastases as a covariate and (b) stratified on combinations of institution and bone metastases to allow for heterogeneity in the effect of bone metastases. The estimated log hazard ratios and standard errors for CAVHEM/CAV were −0.85 (0.20), 0.51 (0.20), and –0.25 (0.12) in the three institution groups for model (a) and –0.98 (0.22), 0.44 (0.22), and –0.30 (0.13) for model (b). While the estimates from empirically selected extreme groups will clearly be biased in both cases, the similarity between these two sets of analyses again suggests that the evidence for institutional variation in the effect of treatment is not greatly affected by adjusting for variation in the effect of bone metastases. The results of these simpler analyses appear inconsistent with the conclusion of Dunson and Chen (2004).
Combine Effects of Essential Oils and Packaging on Smoked Rainbow Trout Stored 4°C

In this study, the effect of essential oils (thyme and clove) and packaging treatments (vacuum and modified atmosphere) on the storage of hot smoked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets over a period of 120 days at 4°C was investigated. Fillets were subjected to microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mould), chemical analyses (pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total volatile base nitrogen) and quality testing throughout the storage period. Difference in microbiological and chemical changes between samples was found to be significant (p < 0.05) during storage period. Sensory evaluation showed significant differences between the samples, and V2 and M2 samples were assessed as the most acceptable products by the panellists. In conclusion, essential oils treatment to hot smoking had a positive effect on shelf life of rainbow trout, especially clove oil showed more positive effect when compared with thyme oil. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomically thin lateral p–n junction photodetector with large effective detection area

The widely used photodetector design based on atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has a lateral metal-TMD-metal junction with a fairly small, line shape photoresponsive active area at the TMD-electrode interface. Here, we report a highly efficient photodetector with extremely large photoresponsive active area based on a lateral junction of monolayer-bilayer WSe2. Impressively, the separation of the electron–hole pairs (excitons) extends onto the whole 1L–2L WSe2 junction surface. The responsivity of the WSe2 junction photodetector is over 3200 times higher than that of a monolayer WSe2 device and leads to a highest external quantum efficiency of 256% due to the efficient carrier extraction. Unlike the TMD p–n junctions modulated by dual gates or localized doping, which require complex fabrication procedures, our study establishes a simple, controllable, and scalable method to improve the photodetection performance by maximizing the active area for current generation.
An Application of a Choice Heuristic Algorithm for Managing Land Resource Allocation Problems Involving Multiple Parties and Conflicting Interests

Competition among individuals and communities for the use of resources has made resource management activity very contentious and complex. Conflicts over the allocation of resources are forcing resource managers worldwide, particularly those in Sub‐Saharan Africa, to widen the range of interests they consider and embrace environmental factors before they make and implement resource policies. In tandem with the recent extension of GIS applications into the region therefore is the expectation that the technology would create opportunities for public participation and for resolving conflicts that result from competition for resources. However, creating a supportive environment for people in the communities to actively participate in resource policy decisions requires simple, but efficient, participatory decision support procedures that are lacking in many of today's GIS. This paper describes the application of a decision support algorithm for managing resource allocation problems involving competing interests. A case involving multiple claims to resources in the Aboma Forest Reserve located at Kofiase in Southern Ghana is used to illustrate the Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS) methodology.
Al‐substituted stable‐layered P2‐Na0.6Li0.15Al0.15Mn0.7O2 cathode for sodium ion batteries

P2‐type Mn‐based layered oxides have been considered as one of the most commercial potential cathodes for the sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) owing to the low cost, low toxicity, and abundant compositions. However, the P2‐type cathode still possesses a lot of drawbacks, such as the unfavorable phase transition and poor‐rate performance during the desosidation/sodiation process. Herein, we developed P2‐Na0.6Li0. 15Al0.15Mn0. 7O2 as a promising sodium cathode with a stable performance. The batteries with this new cathode deliver 184.9 mAh/g initial reversible capacity at 0.2 C and exhibit preferable rate properties. By investigating multiple characterizations, the Al‐substituted P2‐Na0.6Li0. 15Al0.15Mn0. 7O2 is found to be absent of phase transition in the first cycle process from the ex‐situ XRD characterization results. In addition, the surface charge transfer reactions have been also investigated. This work may shed substantial light on developing high‐rate capability and stable Mn‐based cathode materials for practical SIBs.
Gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation over subambient to elevated CO2 in a C3–C4 grassland

Atmospheric CO2 (Ca) has risen dramatically since preglacial times and is projected to double in the next century. As part of a 4‐year study, we examined leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic acclimation in C3 and C4 plants using unique chambers that maintained a continuous Ca gradient from 200 to 550 µmol mol−1 in a natural grassland. Our goals were to characterize linear, nonlinear and threshold responses to increasing Ca from past to future Ca levels. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water‐use efficiency (A/gs) and leaf N content were measured in three common species: Bothriochloa ischaemum, a C4 perennial grass, Bromus japonicus, a C3 annual grass, and Solanum dimidiatum, a C3 perennial forb. Assimilation responses to internal CO2 concentrations (A/Ci curves) and photosynthetically active radiation (A/PAR curves) were also assessed, and acclimation parameters estimated from these data. Photosynthesis increased linearly with Ca in all species (P < 0.05). S. dimidiatum and B. ischaemum had greater carboxylation rates for Rubisco and PEP carboxylase, respectively, at subambient than superambient Ca (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first published evidence of A up‐regulation at subambient Ca in the field. No species showed down‐regulation at superambient Ca. Stomatal conductance generally showed curvilinear decreases with Ca in the perennial species (P < 0.05), with steeper declines over subambient Ca than superambient, suggesting that plant water relations have already changed significantly with past Ca increases. Resource‐use efficiency (A/gs and A/leaf N) in all species increased linearly with Ca. As both C3 and C4 plants had significant responses in A, gs, A/gs and A/leaf N to Ca enrichment, future Ca increases in this grassland may not favour C3 species as much as originally thought. Non‐linear responses and acclimation to low Ca should be incorporated into mechanistic models to better predict the effects of past and present rising Ca on grassland ecosystems.
The effect of corrosion induced surface morphology changes on ultrasonically monitored corrosion rates

Corrosion rates obtained by very frequent (daily) measurements with permanently installed ultrasonic sensors have been shown to be highly inaccurate when changes in surface morphology lead to ultrasonic signal distortion. In this paper the accuracy of ultrasonically estimated corrosion rates (mean wall thickness loss) by means of standard signal processing methods (peak to peak—P2P, first arrival—FA, cross correlation—XC) was investigated and a novel thickness extraction algorithm (adaptive cross-correlation—AXC) is presented. All of the algorithms were tested on simulated ultrasonic data that was obtained by modelling the surface geometry evolution coupled with a fast ultrasonic signal simulator based on the distributed point source method. The performance of each algorithm could then be determined by comparing the actual known mean thickness losses of the simulated surfaces to the values that each algorithm returned. The results showed that AXC is the best of the investigated processing algorithms. For spatially random thickness loss 90% of AXC estimated thickness trends were within −10 to +25% of the actual mean loss rate (e.g. 0.75–1.1 mm year−1 would be measured for a 1 mm year−1 actual mean loss rate). The other algorithms (P2P, FA, XC) exhibited error distributions that were 5–10 times larger. All algorithms performed worse in scenarios where wall loss was not distributed randomly in space (spatially correlated thickness loss occured) and where the overall rms of the surface was either growing or declining. However, on these surfaces AXC also outperformed the other algorithms and showed almost an order of magnitude improvement compared to them.
A Streamflow Forecasting Framework using Multiple Climate and Hydrological Models 1

Abstract: Water resources planning and management efficacy is subject to capturing inherent uncertainties stemming from climatic and hydrological inputs and models. Streamflow forecasts, critical in reservoir operation and water allocation decision making, fundamentally contain uncertainties arising from assumed initial conditions, model structure, and modeled processes. Accounting for these propagating uncertainties remains a formidable challenge. Recent enhancements in climate forecasting skill and hydrological modeling serve as an impetus for further pursuing models and model combinations capable of delivering improved streamflow forecasts. However, little consideration has been given to methodologies that include coupling both multiple climate and multiple hydrological models, increasing the pool of streamflow forecast ensemble members and accounting for cumulative sources of uncertainty. The framework presented here proposes integration and offline coupling of global climate models (GCMs), multiple regional climate models, and numerous water balance models to improve streamflow forecasting through generation of ensemble forecasts. For demonstration purposes, the framework is imposed on the Jaguaribe basin in northeastern Brazil for a hindcast of 1974‐1996 monthly streamflow. The ECHAM 4.5 and the NCEP/MRF9 GCMs and regional models, including dynamical and statistical models, are integrated with the ABCD and Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure water balance models. Precipitation hindcasts from the GCMs are downscaled via the regional models and fed into the water balance models, producing streamflow hindcasts. Multi‐model ensemble combination techniques include pooling, linear regression weighting, and a kernel density estimator to evaluate streamflow hindcasts; the latter technique exhibits superior skill compared with any single coupled model ensemble hindcast.
Empirical Equations for the Limiting Solids Flux of Final Clarifiers

Using the solids flux theory, two quantities (i.e., the dimensionless limiting solids flux [G = kGL/υo] and the dimensionless underflow velocity [U = FR/(Aυo)] are introduced for a final clarifier based on the Vesilind equation of sludge zone‐settling velocity (υ = υoexp[−kX], where X is the suspended solids concentration, υo and k are empirical coefficients, and GL, FR, and A are the limiting solids flux, recycle flowrate, and surface area of the settling tank, respectively). In this paper, the dimensionless limiting solids flux is shown to be a function of the dimensionless underflow velocity only and is accurately represented by empirical equations. The limiting solids flux can, thus, be easily calculated by using the empirical equations without resorting to tedious numerical procedures. Furthermore, using the dimensionless quantities (G and U), two final clarifier equations that express the relationship among suspended solids concentration, surface area of the clarifier, recycle flowrate, and wastewater flowrate are derived. Their applications to final clarifier analysis and to determining required surface area of final clarifier are illustrated.
Decomposition of Greenfall vs. Senescent Foliage in a Tropical Forest Ecosystem in Puerto Rico 1

In many forest ecosystems, green leaf deposition (greenfall) constitutes an enrichment over background levels of litterfall nutrients and may therefore influence key ecosystem processes. This study examined the litter quality and decomposition rates of green leaves compared to senescent litterfall for four dominant tree species (Dacryodes excelsa, Manilkara bidentata, Guarea guidonia, and Cecropia schreberiana) in a lower montane rain forest at El Verde Field Station, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Green leaves from the canopy and freshly senesced leaves from the forest floor were analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, and fiber and placed in litterbags in the field for up to 16 weeks. Green leaves displayed significantly higher rates of decomposition than did senescent litter among all four species. Green leaves also had significantly higher nitrogen concentrations and lower lignin to nitrogen ratios compared to senescent leaves. These results suggest that greenfall may have a major influence on decay processes and nutrient cycling in forests that experience large‐scale green foliage removal.
Distribution Characteristics of Sub-Surface Cracks in Fused Quartz Ground with Different Worn Wheels

The crack distribution characteristics in grinding damage have a significant impact on subsequent polishing efficiency and part strength. Grinding tests were carried out on fused quartz using grinding wheels with different wear states. The results showed that the cracks produced by sharp abrasive grits were mainly near chevron cracks and had no preferred direction. However, the blunt abrasive grits produced near partial cone cracks had a preferred direction. At a depth of 96.7 μm from the surface, the amount of cracks in the range of 50°~90° with an inclination angle between the crack and the cutting direction could reach 88.9%. The statistical results showed that the depth and total length of cracks produced by sharp grits were larger than those produced by blunt grits (the maximum crack depth difference was about 40 μm). Therefore, it was concluded that sharp abrasive grits were not conducive to damage control. The findings of this research enhance our understanding of the formation mechanism of grinding damage.
Private Investment to Rejuvenate Growth

Private investment in sub-Saharan Africa is low compared with other countries with similar levels of economic development. The low level of private investment is constraining the region’s efforts to improve social outcomes by holding back labor productivity and the resulting gains in real wages and households’ income. In general, there appears to be a negative association between investment and poverty rates (Figure 3.1). The benefits from increasing investment are well recognized in the region. For example, many countries have engaged in major public investment programs to close large infrastructure gaps with a view to catalyzing private investment. But such a strategy can only be sustained for a limited amount of time, particularly if the private sector growth response is weak. With debt levels high and rising in many countries in the region, there is an increased focus on other options. Countries are participating in external investment initiatives such as the Group of Twenty’s (G20) Compact with Africa, which coordinates efforts to facilitate private investment and increase the provision of infrastructure, and China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to help the region better integrate into global value chains. These initiatives aim to spur private and public investment by improving the business environment and by increasing the availability of financing. These efforts could improve the availability and allocation of resources for investment, and thus have the potential to raise medium-term growth prospects and living standards.
Codenames as a Game of Co-occurrence Counting

Codenames is a popular board game, in which knowledge and cooperation between players play an important role. The task of a player playing as a spymaster is to find words (clues) that a teammate finds related to as many of some given words as possible, but not to other specified words. This is a hard challenge even with today’s advanced language technology methods.In our study, we create spymaster agents using four types of relatedness measures that require only a raw text corpus to produce. These include newly introduced ones based on co-occurrences, which outperform FastText cosine similarity on gold standard relatedness data. To generate clues in Codenames, we combine relatedness measures with four different scoring functions, for two languages, English and Hungarian. For testing, we collect decisions of human guesser players in an online game, and our configurations outperform previous agents among methods using raw corpora only.
Health-Nutrients and Origin Awareness: Implications for Regional Wine Market-Segmentation Strategies Using a Latent Analysis

A healthy-nutrient wine has been recently developed by Apulian wineries (southern Italy), using autochthonous wine grapes cultivars, selected strains and specific processes of production. As such, this research elicits Italian wine consumers’ preferences towards this innovative Apulian wine with regard to additional labelling information associated with health-nutrients and the origin of grapes on the bottle of wine. For this purpose, a social survey based on the choice experiment approach is considered. The results reveal a heterogeneity of preferences among respondents for which the origin of wine grapes cultivars is the most appreciated (an average Willingness-to-Pay of EUR 6.57), thereby inducing an increase in their function utility, while the health-nutrients attribute is relatively less appreciated (an average Willingness-to-Pay of EUR 3.95). Furthermore, four class consumers’ cluster profile have been identified in respect to their: (i) behavior and propensity to wine consumption and purchase, (ii) health-claims importance on the wine bottle label, (iii) socio-economic characteristics and (iv) health conditions. This paper has marketing and public implications and contributes to an understanding of how additional information on the label of a wine bottle may affect the market-segmentation, influence wine consumers’ utility, protect their health and increase their level of awareness to wine ingredients labelling.
Microsoft Word-64262667-file00

Taconic Biosciences GmbH, Neurather Ring 1, 51063 Köln, Germany (N.S., A.R.); University Medicine of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany (S.O., D.B); Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom (Y.K., L.A.M., D.L., C.H., C.R.W) This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. DMD Fast Forward. Published on August 11, 2015 as DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115. 065656