Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protein supply in organic broiler diets

Abstract Organic feed legislation, long-rearing periods and high requirements of sulphur-rich amino acids (AAs) complicate the composition of a well-balanced organic diet for broilers. To evaluate the effect of protein and AA composition, three different diets were fed to 180 Ross broilers, divided over 45 pens. The diets comprised a low crude protein (CP) and AA diet, a high CP diet aiming at AA levels used in conventional production and a low protein diet supplemented with lysine, methionine and threonine up to levels of the high protein diet. Chickens were immunologically challenged with an inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine; antibody titres, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios, lymphoid organ weights and digestibility coefficients were recorded. In general, bird performance improved with increasing dietary CP and AA levels. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect any of the measured immune or stress-related parameters.
Human Vibrio vulnificus infections and environmental isolates in the Netherlands

A 63-year-old man was admitted to hospital for septicaemia and severe metastatic skin infection, 24h after he had eviscerated fresh eels. V. vulnificus was isolated from his blood and wounds. The strain was indole negative, was ornithine decarboxylase positive and grew at 42°C. A strain of V. vulnificus with these characteristics was isolated in 1987 from diseased eels. The characteristics differed from those of V. vulnificus strains (biogroup 1) that have been reported from patients world-wide. V. vulnificus biogroup 1 was isolated from 3 of 11 seawater samples collected along the coast of the Netherlands, but indole negative strains of V. vulnificus were not isolated. We conclude that an indole-negative variant of V. vulnificus is pathogenic for eels and for human beings and that eels may transmit V. vulnificus to humans.
Effect of Partial Replacement of Concentrates with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) Leaves on Growth Performance of Kids Fed a Mixed Jungle Grass-based Diet

A feeding trial was conducted to study the replacement value of concentrates with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves on growth performance of kids fed a mixed jungle grass-based diet. Fifteen Sikkim local kids, about 4 months of age and body weight ranging from 5.8 to 9.2 kg, were randomly distributed into three groups of five. Kids were stall fed ad lib with mixed jungle grass collected from the nearby forest and native scrubland. The kids in group I received supplementary concentrate (Maize 35%, mustard cake 32%, rice bran 30%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%) at approximately 2% of BW. For groups II and III, 25 and 50% of the concentrate was replaced with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different among groups. Digestibility of CP decreased (p
The Impact of CRP on Avian Wildlife: A Review

We reviewed the literature to assess the impact of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) on bird populations in the central USA. The CRP replaced production agriculture fields with grassland habitat used by more than 90 species of birds. At least 42 bird species nested in CRP habitats. Bird species richness in CRP fields was similar to that in rowcrop fields, but relative abundance was 1.4 to 10.5 times higher in CRP plantings. Nest abundance was 13.5 times higher in CRP than crop fields, although nesting success of songbirds was only slightly higher in CRP fields (40% vs. 36% in crops). Limited evidence suggests that the CRP has positively affected the population growth rates of several nongame grassland bird species. Waterfowl nest densities and nesting success in CRP fields were similar to those occurring in grassland habitats managed specifically for waterfowl. The presence of CRP grassland has been postulated to have improved the quality of existing duck nest habitat by dispersing nests over a larger area. Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) populations seemingly increased substantially with CRP acres. Little evidence of positive population response by northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus L.) to the CRP is available. Overall, grassland birds known to be declining throughout North America were seemingly the most benefitted by the CRP.
Spatial distribution and community structure of phytoplankton, ciliates and zooplankton coupled to environmental factors in the Sousse saltern (Sahel of Tunisia)

The composition and distribution of the main planktonic halophilic microorganisms were studied in 12 ponds of different salinity levels, ranging from 38 to 328, in the saltern of Sousse, Tunisia, in relation to environmental factors. Nutrient concentrations increased with decreasing salinity in the ponds. Phytoplankton, ciliate and zooplankton communities were very diverse and varied spatially in relation to salinity in the ponds and to nutrient availability. Phytoplankton were dominated by diatoms, followed by dinoflagellates, in primary ponds where salinities were <100, and by the Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae in ponds with higher salinity. Zooplankton were dominated by copepods in the ponds of lowest salinity and by the brine shrimp Artemia salina in the most saline ponds. Within the planktonic community as a whole, diatoms, Spirotrichaea and copepods (68.9%, 89.9% and 71.05%, respectively) dominated in the lower-salinity ponds whereas Chlorophyceae, heterotrichs and Artemia salina (49.19%, 50.4% and 90%, respectively) dominated in the ponds of higher salinity. Despite the considerable constraint imposed by salinity, other environmental factors such as temperature also play a role in regulating the planktonic communities.
Presence and Distribution of Hawaiian False Killer Whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Maui County Waters: A Historical Perspective

False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) usually inhabit tropical and subtropical regions in relatively deep, offshore waters around the world (Stacey et al., 1994). However, they have been sighted in shallow coastal and inland water habitats (Leatherwood et al., 1989; Acevedo-Guitierrez et al., 1997; Baird et al., 2005). In Hawai‘i, two demographically and genetically isolated populations have been identified, a large offshore population and a small insular population associated with shallow waters around the main Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian false killer whale insular stock is about to be declared an endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). This stock has become an increasing conservation concern given its small population size, estimated to be between 123 (CV = 0.72) and 170 (CV=0.21), its limited reproductive output, and evidence of its decline in number (Stacey et al., 1994, Baird et al., 2005, Reeves et al., 2009, Carretta et al., 2010). Despite increasing research effort dedicated to this population, a considerable information gap still remains. Baird et al. (2005, 2010, 2011) showed evidence of frequent inter-island movements for this species. False killer whales have been historically observed in waters between the islands of Maui, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i and Kaho‘olawe (Maui County waters) (Figure 1 and 2), but no long-term studies have been conducted in this area. We report historical sightings of false killer whales in Maui County waters from February 1995 to October 2011, excluding 2007 and 2008 (Table 1 and Figure 2). This report provides baseline information for future studies of this population. Figure 5 Depth was recorded for 308 of 376 sightings. Sightings were distributed across the study area including both shallow and deep waters (5-649 m). However, the majority of encounters occurred at depths between 50 and 75 m. One-way Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed marginal significance for false killer whales foraging in deeper water beyond 100 m. RESULTS
Floral development and anatomy of Pentadiplandra (Pentadiplandraceae): a key genus in the identification of floral morphological trends in the core Brassicales

The development and anatomy of leaves and flowers have been investigated in the monotypic species Pentadiplandra brazzeana to discuss its position relative to the core Brassicales and to clarify floral evolutionary trends within the order. Young leaves are flanked by two large stipules that shrivel at anthesis. Young flowers develop as elliptical primordia on a flattened raceme. Sepal initiation is sequential, starting with the lateral sepals and ending with three median sepals. The petals and diplostemonous androecium arise as regular whorls. Five antesepalous carpels develop into a saccate gynoecium with axile placentation. Petals develop a cushion-like basal appendage covering the extrastaminal nectary. Several ontogenetic and anatomical data of the flower support the basal position of Pentadiplandra in the evolution of the core Brassicales and for the derivation of the order from pentamerous diplostemonous ancestors. A derivation of the tetramerous Capparaceae and Brassicaceae as well as hexamerous To.
Size-selective predation of the catfish Pimelodus pintado (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) on the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)

This paper describes the size-selective predation on Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) by Pimelodus pintado (Azpelicueta, Lundberg & Loureiro, 2008) from the time it arrived at the Mirim Lagoon basin (2005). Sampling was carried out using bottom trawl in depths of 3-6 m, from January to November 2005, and from October to November 2008. Pimelodus pintado began to prey upon L. fortunei soon after its arrival (austral spring of 2005). On the spring of 2008, L. fortunei was found to be the most important food item of P. pintado. The variation in length of the mussels (0.7-3.2 cm, with a mode of 1.3 cm) indicates that the species is now fully established in the system. Our data indicates that large individuals of P. pintado incorporate more mussels in their diets than small individuals. However, regardless of their size, P. pintado individuals predate only on small (<1.4 cm) representatives of L. fortunei. This prey size corresponds to a phase when the mussel is more mobile and readily available for fish. Larger, more aggregated prey groups that are attached to hard substrates are avoided by fish predators.
A Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Spider Family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae)

Hormiga, Gustavo. A Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Spider Family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 549, 104 pages, 442 figures, 1 table, 1994. —The spider family Pimoidae is revised at the species level. Twenty-one species, including 11 new species, are recognized in the Pimoidae. All species, including those under the junior synonym Louisfagea (Fage), are grouped in the genus Pimoa Chamberlin and Ivie. Pimoids are distributed in western North America, southern Europe, and Asia. A numerical cladistic analysis of the interrelationships of the Pimoidae was performed, focusing mainly on classical characters (such as genitalic and somatic morphology) and spinneret spigot morphology. Nine linyphiid species and the genera Tetragnatha and Zygiella were used as outgroups for assessing character polarities. Cladograms hypothesizing the interrelationships of pimoids and the sample of linyphiid taxa are provided. The monophyly of pimoids is confirmed. The Linyphiidae are hypothesized as the sister group of Pimoidae. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linneaus). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hormiga, Gustavo. A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pirnoidea (Araneoidea: Araneae) / Gustavo Hormiga. p. cm. —(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 549) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Pimoidea—Classification. I. Title. II. Series. QL1.S54 no. 549 [QL458.42. P47] 591 s-dc20 [595.4'4] 93-24455 CIP ® The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984.
Onset of Incubation and Patterns of Hatching in the American Coot

Abstract. Examining incubation behavior during laying and that behavior's consequences on patterns of hatching can help discriminate among hypotheses competing to explain the evolution of asynchronous hatching. Consequently, I documented nest attentiveness and patterns of hatching of American Coots (Fulica americana) nesting in southwestern Manitoba from 1986 to 1991. Coots gradually increased their nest attentiveness from laying of the first to the sixth egg, and attentiveness to late-season clutches peaked earlier during laying, but it was unaffected by clutch size, first vs. replacement nest, or supplemental food. Nest attentiveness during laying was effective at initiating embryo development, as evidenced by a strong positive correlation between the order of laying of eggs and order of hatching of chicks. These results are most consistent with hypotheses that nest attentiveness during laying evolved to protect eggs or maintain viability of embryos. Clutch-initiation date had the most pronounced effect on patterns of hatching, with late-laid clutches hatching sooner and more asynchronously. Very large clutches took longer to hatch, whereas renesting and supplementally fed coots hatched early-sequence eggs more quickly. Despite large clutches and pronounced asynchrony, there was no evidence that neglect of last-laid eggs delayed their hatching. Observed variation in patterns of hatching provided little support for hypotheses that asynchrony of hatching has evolved to produce a hierarchy within a brood (e.g., brood reduction, reduction of peak loads) but strongly supported hypotheses that hatching asynchrony serves to minimize risks to unincubated eggs (e.g., egg viability, nest protection, and nest failure).
Developmental stability in perch (Perca fluviatilis) in acidic aluminium-rich lakes

Fluctuating asymmetry is defined as random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry resulting from environmental or genetic disturbances (termed developmental noise) during early embryonic development. Developmental instability is defined as the inability of an organism to follow the a priori defined growth trajectory that results in perfect bilateral symmetry, owing to insufficient buffering of the disruptive effects of developmental noise during development. Fluctuating asymmetry has been proposed for use as a measure of developmental instability. In this study we tested whether fluctuating asymmetry can be an early indication of acidification stress. Samples were taken from 10 perch (Perca fluviatilis) populations exposed to varying pH levels and aluminium concentrations. We scored 13 bilateral meristic and morphometric characters to assess fluctuating asymmetry. The level of fluctuating asymmetry in the mandibular pores and one index summarizing three of the meristic characters were significantly cor.
Sensitivity of colour indices for discriminating leaf colours from digital photographs

Digital images of tree canopies have been analysed to understand how forest phenology responds to climate change. Researchers have used different colour indices to carry out quantitative analyses, but uncertainties over the performance of the various indices are hampering progress in their use. To compare the various indices under controlled conditions, we carried out experiments using a low‐cost off‐the‐shelf digital camera with a set of standard colour charts as model leaves for different stages: emerging leaves, yellowish green; newly expanded leaves, green; fully mature leaves, dark green; senescent leaves, yellow. Two models of cameras, a compact digital camera and a surveillance ‘live image’ camera were used, and photographs were taken by two cameras for each model under clear or overcast sky conditions with two colour balance settings. The indices were also compared with those derived from spectral reflectance. Colour indices based on hue distinguished leaf colour samples with only a small influence of camera models, balance setting and sky conditions, while indices based on green were strongly influenced by camera models and were relatively insensitive to leaf colours. The strength of the green channel relative to the total of digital numbers took similar values for the mature and senescent replica leaves, highlighting its poor ability to identify the change of colour in autumn. Spectral‐based hue was also sensitive to the gradation of leaf colours and showed a good correlation with the digital representation of hue regardless of camera models and balance setting. Remarkably, the primitive digital number of red, Nred, also discriminated leaf colours well, with a small influence of the factors investigated here, showing a good correlation with the reflectance of the red band, except from images taken by the surveillance cameras with auto balance. Hue was a robust index across the image set, while the green‐based indices often used to quantify canopy phenology in previous studies performed poorly. Hue was well correlated with spectral reflectance indices and worked better than all other indices to discriminate leaf colours. We recommend using hue as a colour index for tracking different stages of leaf development.
Effect of polyphenols on the perception of key aroma compounds from Sauvignon Blanc wine

Background and Aims: Sensory wine research has mainly focused on the role of volatile compounds and their contribution to the aroma profile. Wines also contain polyphenolic compounds, which are not volatile. This research begins to investigate the interactions of volatile and non-volatile wine compounds and the consequential effects on sensory perception of aroma. Methods and Results: Trained panellists of this study measured the perception of four aroma compounds (isobutyl methoxypyrazine, 3-mercaptohexanol, 3-mercaptohexanol acetate and ethyl decanoate) in wine. Panellists assessed the four compounds in combinations with three polyphenols (catechin, caffeic acid and quercetin) commonly found in white wine. The perception of isobutyl methoxypyrazine, 3-mercaptohexanol and ethyl decanoate was largely suppressed by the added polyphenols, while the perception of 3-mercaptohexanol was accentuated with the addition of caffeic acid. Of the three polyphenols, only catechin had a slight effect of accentuating the mercaptohexanol acetate perception. Conclusions: Results showed each polyphenol had a unique effect when blended with a specific aroma compound, either suppressing, accentuating or showing little effect on the perception of the aroma compounds. Significance of the Study: Understanding these interactions can assist winemakers in managing polyphenol levels to optimize selected volatile compounds to achieve desirable aroma profiles.
Variação nas medidas corporais e desenvolvimento do trato reprodutivo de novilhas de corte recriadas para o acasalamento aos 18 meses de idade

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ganho de peso no periodo de recria, dos 13 aos 19 meses de idade, em algumas medidas de desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas de corte de reposicao, da raca Hereford, mantidas em pastagem nativa. O periodo experimental foi compreendido entre 15/11/2002 e 23/04/2003. Os tratamentos foram tres taxas de ganho de peso, em animais de 13 a 14 meses de idade, sendo: G600 - 20 novilhas (208+1,8kg) submetidas a um ganho diario medio (GDM) de 0,595kg dia-1; G700 - 23 novilhas (197+1,7kg) submetidas a um GDM de 0,637kg dia-1 e G800 - 24 novilhas (181+1,2kg) submetidas a um GDM de 0,723kg dia-1. Os GDM foram estabelecidos para que todos os animais atingissem 300kg (ou 65% do peso adulto) ao inicio da estacao de monta. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre o peso, a altura da garupa (AG), o perimetro toracico (PT), a relacao peso:altura (PA) e sobre o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR). Nao foram observadas diferencas (P>0,05) no incremento da AG e do PT e na PA entre os grupos experimentais. O peso vivo foi altamente correlacionado (P<0,05) com a AG, o PT e a PA ao longo de todo o periodo de recria. Os grupos G700 e G800, submetidos a maior taxa de ganho de peso, apresentaram maiores valores (P<0,05) de ETR em relacao ao G600 ao inicio da estacao de monta. A AG e a PA de novilhas de corte nao foram afetadas por ganhos de peso entre 0,600 e 0,730kg dia-1 dos 13 aos 19 meses de idade. Novilhas submetidas a mais intensas taxas de crescimento (G700 e G800) demonstraram estar mais aptas a conceberem do que novilhas recriadas numa menor taxa de crescimento (G600), considerando um mesmo peso alvo ao final do perido de recria.
Effects of Pure and Mixed-Cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Williopsis saturnus on the Volatile Profiles of Grape Wine

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are being recognised for their ability to produce wines with unique character. This study assessed the production of volatiles by co-inoculating Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Williopsis saturnus. Laboratory-scale fermentations were carried out using pure and mixed-cultures of S. cerevisiae and W. saturnus at a ratio of 1:1000. The mixed-culture fermentation was dominated by S. cerevisiae, while W. saturnus had an early growth arrest. Changes of oenological parameters and volatiles were similar in both the mixed- and the S. cerevisiae monocultures. A range of volatiles was formed with alcohols and esters constituting the majority of volatiles produced. Volatiles initially present in the grape juice, particularly (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, trans-2-hexenal and n-hexanal, were metabolized. Wines produced using mixed-cultures closely resembled those fermented by the S. cerevisiae monoculture but acquired minor flavor characteristics from the initial presence of W. saturnus. These findings suggest that the ratio of S. cerevisiae and W. saturnus is critical to the survival of the non-Saccharomyces yeast and the impact on the perceivable characteristics of the resultant quality and flavor of wines.
Supernumerary Heterochromatin does not Affect Several Morphological and Physiological Traits in the Grasshopper Eyprepocnemis Plorans

Supernumerary heterochromatin in the form of autonomous B chromosomes or A-linked supernumerary chromosome segments (SCSs) constitutes the most frequent genomic polymorphism in grasshoppers (HEWITT 1979). Most B chromosomes are considered selfish genetic elements because they show drive mechanisms that enhance their maintenance in natural populations despite the negative effects they may produce on carriers (JONES 1985; BEUKEBOOM 1994). Even though SCSs have received less attention in the literature, it is now c1ear that many show drive (LOPEZ-LEONet al. 1992a) and should also be considered selfish elements integrated in the standard genome. The maintenance of these polymorphisms depends mainly on a balance of positive (drive) and negative (harmful effects) factors that influence their frequency in natural populations. In arder to reveal their evolutionary role it is necessary to investigate these two properties (drive and effects). The grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans has both polymorphisms in natural populations from the Iberian Peninsula. The three most widespread B types (Bi, B2 and Bs) lack drive (LOPEZ-LEONet al. 1992b) and fitness effects (LOPEZ-LEONet al. 1992c; CAMACHO et al. 1997a,b), so that they are expected to go extinct unless they are either replaced by a new selfish B variant (CAMACHOet al. 1997a,b) or they have unknown beneficial effects on fitness. The SCS 10cated proximally on the smallest autosome shows a transmission ratio significantly lower iban the Mendelian one through females possessing B chromosomes (LOPEZ-LEONet al. 1991, 1994). Therefore, it is also expected to become extinct unless it is beneficial for carriers. Surprisingly, ibis polymorphism seems to show frequency stability ayer time in natural populations (LOPEZ-LEONet al. 1995), suggesting the existence of some unknown factors influencing SCS frequency. Therefore, it is important to analyse the effects of both polymorphisms on as many different traits as possible. Here, we report the