Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interacting binary galaxies. III - Observations of NGC 1587/1588 and NGC 7236/7237

The catalog of isolated galaxy pairs prepared by Karachentsev has been culled for its E-E constituents, and the results are reported. Radial variations of rotation velocity and velocity dispersion are extracted from the spectroscopic data for each of the two galaxies of a given pair. Such observations are described for two Karachentsev pairs, Nos. 99 and 564. The observed disturbances in rotation velocity and luminosity distribution are discussed in terms of the gravitational interaction hypothesis. It is argued that observational evidence of tidal friction in action is evidenced by these findings. One of the highest rotation rates known for an E2 galaxy of average luminosity is found in NGC 1587, the brighter component of K99. Because this rotation is in the same sense as the binary orbital motion, the net angular momentum in this isolated binary system is large, challenging simple tidal torque theories to identify the source of the momentum. 62 references.
Generalization of Transfer Equivalence for Discrete-Time Non-Linear Systems: Comparison of Two Definitions

The problem of system reduction is studied for discrete-time non-linear single-input single-output systems described by high-order input–output (i/o) difference equations, that is, given the i/o equation, we can find a minimal representation which is equivalent to the original system with the order being as small as possible. Comparison of two definitions of reducibility is provided. The reducibility concepts addressed are both generalizations of the well-known notion of transfer equivalence to the case of non-linear control systems. Two roles of transfer equivalence are covered by these extensions. The first is that of identity of the outputs for any fixed control sequence under zero initial conditions. The second property is that of pole/zero cancellation that may occur in the transfer function of equivalent systems. The relationship between two reducibility definitions related to two equivalence notions is examined and the reducibility definition which extends pole/zero cancellation property is shown to be stronger. Finally, the computational aspects of system reduction are discussed.
The first order theory of a dense pair and a discrete group

Let $\tilde{T}$ be the theory of an expansion of $\la \bar{\mathbb{R}},+,. ,0,1,<\ra$ which is o-minimal, model complete and polynomially bounded with $\mathbb{Q}$-exponents. We introduce a theory $\mathbb{T}$ whose models are of the form $\mathbb{M}=(\tilde{M},G,A)$, where $\tilde{M},\tilde{G}\models \tilde{T}$, $\tilde{G}$ is an elementary substructure of $\tilde{M}$, $G$ is dense in $M$, and $A$ is a discrete multiplicative subgroup of $(M,.)$. We will prove that $\mathbb{T}$ is complete and hence it axiomatises $\Th((\bar{\mathbb{R}},\mathbb{R}_{alg},2^{\mathbb{Z}}))$ when $\tilde{T}$ is $\Th(\bar{\mathbb{R}})$. We will then prove that if $\mathbb{M}\models \mathbb{T}$ and $\psi(\bar{z})$ is a formula in $L(\mathbb{T})(M)$, then it has an equivalent which is a Boolean combination of the formulas of the form \[\exists \bar{x}\in G \ \ \exists \bar{y}\in A\quad \phi(\bar{x},\bar{y}, \bar{z}) \]where $\phi(\bar{x},\bar{y},\bar{z})$ is a formula in $L(\tilde{T})(M)$. Using this, we will characterise the definable sets and the types of tuples in $M$, for a model $\mathbb{M}$ of $\mathbb{T}$. This characterisation, says in particular that $(\mathbb{Z},+,.,<)$ is not interpretable in a model of $\mathbb{T}$ and in spite of having a discrete and a dense subset in our structures, they are tame regarding the fact they do not exhibit the G\"{o}del phenomenon. \par We will note that the open definable subsets of $M$ in $( \tilde{M},G,A)$ can be defined in $( \tilde{M},A)$, and towards proving that every open definable subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ in $(\bar{\mathbb{R}},\mathbb{R}_{alg},2^{\mathbb{Z}})$ is definable in $(\bar{\mathbb{R}},2^{\mathbb{Z}})$, we will prove that open definable subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n$ which are defined by \emph{special} formulas with parameters in $\mathbb{R}_{alg}$ can be defined in $(\bar{\mathbb{R}},2^{\mathbb{Z}})$. In our last chapter, we will prove that $\mathbb{T}$ has NIP (not the independence property).
Beyond completion rate: evaluating the passing ability of footballers

Passing the ball is one of the key skills of a football player yet the metrics commonly used to evaluate passing ability are crude and largely limited to various forms of a pass completion rate. These metrics can be misleading for two general reasons: they do not account for the difficulty of the attempted pass nor the various levels of uncertainty involved in empirical observations based on different numbers of passes per player. We address both these deficiencies by building a statistical model in which the success of a pass depends on the skill of the executing player as well as other factors including the origin and destination of the pass, the skill of his teammates and the opponents, and proxies for the defensive pressure put on the executing player as well as random chance. We fit the model by using data from the 2006–2007 season of the English Premier League provided by Opta, estimate each player's passing skill and make predictions for the next season. The model predictions considerably outperform a naive method of simply using the previous season's completion rate as a predictor of the following season's completion rate. In particular, we show how a change in the difficulty of passes attempted in both seasons explains a significant proportion of the shift in the observed performance of some players—a fact that is ignored if the raw completion rate is used to evaluate player skill.
Bayesian model discrimination for multiple strata capture‐recapture data

Extending the work of Dupuis (1995), we motivate a range of biologically plausible models for multiple-site capture-recapture and show how the original Gibbs sampling algorithm of Dupuis can be extended to obtain posterior model probabilities using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. This model selection procedure improves upon previous analyses in two distinct ways. First, Bayesian model averaging provides a robust parameter estimation technique which properly incorporates model uncertainty in the resulting intervals. Secondly, by discriminating among perhaps millions of competing models, we are able to discern fine structure within the data and thereby answer questions of primary biological importance. We demonstrate how reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods provide the only viable method for exploring model spaces of this size. We examine the lizard data discussed in Dupuis (1995) and show that most of the posterior mass is placed upon models not previously considered for these data. We discuss model discrimination and model averaging and focus upon the increased scientific understanding of the data obtained via the Bayesian model comparison procedure. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2002, Oxford University Press.
Shearing flows of a dry granular material—hypoplastic constitutive theory and numerical simulations

In the present study, the Goodman–Cowin theory is extended to incorporate plastic features to construct an elasto‐visco‐plastic constitutive model for flowing dry granular materials. A thermodynamic analysis, based on the Müller–Liu entropy principle, is performed to derive the equilibrium expressions of the constitutive variables. Non‐equilibrium responses are proposed by use of a quasi‐linear theory, in particular a hypoplastic‐type relation is introduced to model the internal friction and plastic effects. It is illustrated that the Goodman–Cowin theory can appropriately be extended to include frictional effects into the evolution equation of the volume fraction (i.e. the so‐called balance of equilibrated force) and the equilibrium expression of the Cauchy stress tensor. The implemented model is applied to investigate conventional steady isothermal granular flows with incompressible grains, namely simple plane shear, inclined gravity‐driven and vertical channel‐flows, respectively. Numerical results show that the hypoplastic effect plays a significant role in the behaviour of a flowing granular material. The obtained profiles of the velocity and the volume fraction with hypoplastic features are usually sharper and the shear‐thinning effect is more significant than that without such plastic effects. This points at the possible wide applicability of the present model in the fields of granular materials and soil mechanics. In addition, the present paper also provides a framework for a possible extension of the hypoplastic theories which can be further undertaken. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of generalized millimeter-wave transmission media with finite element and transmission line matrix methods

In this paper, a general finite element method as well as a graded-mesh TLM procedure for determining the dispersion characteristics, field distribution, pseudo-impedance and losses of generalized millimeter-wave transmission media are described. These methods cover arbitrary cross-sections and account for realistic features (finite metallization thickness, substrate mounting grooves etc.) that are often neglected in theoretical analysis. Dispersion characteristics and characteristic impedances obtained for dielectrically loaded ridged wave-guides compare well with the available data. Conductor and dielectric losses are also computed for these structures. A modified finline structure called “ridged finline” is also analysed. The main advantages of this structure are its large monomode bandwidth and reduced dispersion. The cutoff frequencies of bilateral finlines in circular waveguides are also computed.
PV Frontogenesis and Upper-Tropospheric Fronts

Abstract Upper-tropospheric fronts and frontogenesis are viewed from a potental vorticity (PV) perspective. The rudiments of this approach are to regard such a front as a zone of strong PV gradient on isentropic surfaces, and to treat the accompanying frontogenesis as the process whereby this gradient is enhanced on tropopause-transcending isentropic surfaces. A case study suggests that this concept of PV frontogenesis provides a concise dynamically based definition of upper-level frontal zones, and a compact and transparent approach for diagnosing the frontogenesis. The concept provides fresh insight on the dynamics of the upper-level fronts, and has the potential to shed light on related phenomena and processes.
The errors in digital image correlation due to overmatched shape functions

In subset-based digital image correlation (DIC), a proper shape function must be chosen to approximate the underlying displacement field of the target subsets to ensure an accurate subset matching. Shape functions with varying orders of Taylor’s expansions (e.g. zero-, first- and second-order) have been proposed. However, since the actual deformation occurring in the deformed subsets cannot be known a priori in most practical measurements, problems of mismatch (undermatched or overmatched) inevitably arise, which lead to additional errors in the measurement displacements. Although systematic errors due to undermatched shape functions have been thoroughly studied, the displacement errors associated with overmatched shape functions are still not sufficiently clear to us. In this paper, the systematic and random errors caused by the use of overmatched shape functions are first examined using numerical translation tests with precisely controlled subpixel motions. The results reveal that overmatched shape functions will not introduce additional systematic error but can induce increased random error, while the latter is negligibly small when a larger subset is used. Thus, it can be made explicit that second-order shape functions, capable of depicting more complex local deformation, can be used for practical DIC applications as a default, because this effectively eliminates the possible systematic error associated with the use of first-order shape functions, while the possibly increased random errors are small enough if using a relatively larger subset. Two sets of images with inhomogeneous deformation are also used to verify the accuracy of DIC measurements using second-order shape functions.
Determination Of Attitude Using Games And Purchase Intentions In E-Commerce

This study aims to analyze the determinants of the use of games and the intention of buying in e-commerce. The data used is quantitative, with the population of Indonesian people who have played games in e-commerce. The data was collected using the nonprobability sampling method through the Google Form of 300 respondents. This study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Lisrel version 8.80. To produce a fit model, this correlated study errors based on modification indices. Thus, the study concluded that utilitarian benefits and time/effort do not affect their attitude toward gaming use, but hedonic benefits and social values do affect their attitude toward gaming use, and the attitude toward gaming use has a positive effect on the intention of buying.
Upstream energetic ions and electrons: Bow shock‐associated or magnetospheric origin?

We have analyzed 35 proton bursts observed with the Max-Planck-Institut/University of Maryland sensor system on ISEE 3 far upstream of the earth's bow shock. These upstream bursts fall into two distinctive groups: the first group is accompanied by energetic electrons (> or approx. =75 kev) and the proton spectrum extends up to energies > or approx. =300 kev and higher and bends over towards lower energies (< or approx. =30 keV). The second group, which is unaccompanied by energetic electron bursts, exhibits spectra which can be represented very well by exponentials in energy with a mean e-folding energy of approx.15 keV. We have supplemented these data with measurements obtained with an identical sensor system on ISEE 1 close to the bow shock or within the geomagnetic tail. Whenever ISEE 1 is upstream of the bow shock and ISEE 3 observes a burst of group 2, ISEE 1 observes diffuse upstream ions. When ISEE 3 observes bursts of group 1, ISEE 1 observes either no bursts, diffuse ions, or highly anisotropic distributions. It is suggested that group 1 is of magnetospheric origin, while group 2 is bow shock--associated.
He 584 Å Dayglow at Saturn: A Reassessment

Abstract New calculations of the saturnian He 584 A airglow intensity, using radiative transfer models with partial frequency redistribution and inhomogeneous atmospheric models, are presented. Our reference conditions assume a helium mixing ratio, f He , of 0.033 and a He 584 A solar flux of 2 × 10 9 photons cm −2 s −1 at 1 AU, typical of the EUVAC model, with a solar line FWHM of 120 mA and an atmosphere consistent with the Voyager UVS occultation results. For these conditions we require the eddy diffusion coefficients at the homopause, K h , to be greater than 10 9 cm 2 s −1 in order to fit the Ultraviolet Spectrometer measurements of Voyager 1 and 2 He 584 A airglow measurements. These values of K h are even higher than obtained in the earlier work of Sandel et al. (1982, Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1077–1080) and Atreya (1982, Planet. Space Sci. 30, 849–854) and seem unreasonably high. This suggests that either the values of one or more of the parameters of our model are not correct or the measured UVS airglow is too bright and that there is a problem with calibration. Even so, we suggest that K h is likely to be greater than 10 8 cm 2 s −1 during the period of the Voyager encounters. Only if we increase the helium mixing ratio to the solar value and use the EUVT94 solar flux model for He 584 A is it possible to begin to reconcile K h from the He 584 A airglow and the work of Smith et al. (1983, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8667–8678).
Mothers’ experiences of engaging in blended online learning in higher education

ABSTRACT In order to realise career and personal goals, as well as financial autonomy and security, many women are pursuing higher education alongside the role of motherhood. Student-mothers face many challenges when engaging in higher education, and many fail to complete their studies. This phenomenological study applies a feminist lens to the choices, motivations and barriers experienced by student-mothers. Data from two focus groups were analysed inductively through a feminist lens to identify emerging themes.The three main themes emerging from the data were: (1) student-mothers’ considerations for engaging in blended online learning; (2) the challenges for student-mothers studying through blended online learning; and (3) self-actualisation through blended online higher education. This research makes an important contribution to the literature by illuminating the study-work-life conflict experienced by student-mothers engaging in blended online learning. The findings of this research have implications for both higher education providers and policy makers. The findings highlight the barriers and facilitators facing mothers’ return to study via blended online learning and provide key insights for addressing these. Future research would benefit from exploring these issues with a larger and more diverse sample considering the perspectives of mothers from different language, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.
Chemical abundances in the globular clusters M3, M13, and NGC 6752

The abundances of iron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen have been investigated in red giant stars in the globular clusters M3, M13, and NGC 6752. The results are based on application of spectrum synthesis and theoretical colors to observed spectra, DDO colors, and infrared CO measurements. Carbon is depleted by a factor of about 3 relative to other metals in most giants studied, with no evidence for the discontinuity along the giant branch at M/sub v/approx. =-0.7 found for more metal-poor clusters. This contrasts with the greater depletion of about a factor of 6 for the more metal-poor cluster stars, a difference which is expected if meridional mixing is responsible for the carbon depletion. The spectroscopic results for nitrogen are imprecise, but the colors suggest enhancements of a factor of 3. The iron abundances for M3 and M13 stars have been determined from published equivalent widths, yielding (Fe/H) close to -1.4 for both clusters. The uncertainties in M3 and M13 CO colors and (O I) equivalent widths make it impossible to derive accurate oxygen abundances, but the depletion of carbon is real and is not caused by an overabundance of oxygen.
The effect of teaching conceptual knowledge on students’ achievement, anxiety about, and attitude toward mathematics

This study investigates how teaching for conceptual understanding alongside procedural knowledge affects students’ achievement in, anxiety about, and attitude toward mathematics. Purposive sampling was used to select 200 secondary school students from Erbil-Iraq. An experimental approach was applied to evaluate the sample study. In the experimental group, conceptual teaching was the focus. In the control group, conventional teaching was used. Pre- and post-tests for an achievement test, mathematics attitude scale, and abbreviated math anxiety scale were applied to both groups to reveal the effect of conceptual knowledge on students’ achievement, attitudes, and anxiety, respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analysis the data. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference in mathematics achievement between the two groups (p<.001). Students’ attitudes toward mathematics in treatment group developed positively. Nevertheless, teaching mathematics conceptually reduced anxiety among female students more effectively than it did among male ones.
Optimization of a Green Dyeing Process Using Natural Dyes Extracted from Corchorus Olitorius Leaves

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to develop a green dyeing process using Corchorus olitorius dye extract. Corchorus olitorius leaves were used as a new dyestuff source that has never been used for cotton fabric dyeing. Dye extraction was performed using a non-conventional clean process containing ethanol in an ultrasound bath. The extracted dye was applied to cotton fabric in a bath exhaustion process. The effect of dyeing parameters on the color strength of dyed fabric was studied. A response surface methodology design was used to optimize the dyeing process. The results showed that pH, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time significantly affect the dyed fabric. The optimum dyeing parameters were found at 90°C in a bath pH of 9 for 90 min. Finally, to improve the color strength, and the color-fastness, three mordanting processes, and three different mordants were used. Results show that pre-mordanted dyed cotton fabric using aluminum potassium sulfate produces the best fastness properties.
Effect of composition and temperature on electric fatigue of La‐doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Composition and temperature of ferroelectric La‐doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics influence its electric fatigue behavior, defined as the degradation of the electrical properties under the action of an ac field applied for a long time. Compositions of rhombohedral symmetry exhibit little or no fatigue compared with those of tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry. At temperatures higher than the dielectric maximum, no fatigue effect was detected. Compositions close to phase boundaries (FE‐AFE, FE‐FE, or FE‐PE) display significant fatigue behavior. Electric fatigue arises from the pinning of domains by space charges or injected carriers or from microcracking. The former (which are charge related) is accompanied by smaller strains and is recoverable by thermal and electrical treatment, while the latter (arising from microcracking) arises from large incompatible stresses between grains and is a permanent damage. The understanding of the mechanism of electric fatigue gained in the present study provides gui.
EMC antenna calibration and the design of an open-field site

Testing electronic equipment for radiated emissions requires the accurate calibration of antennas. This in turn entails the use of a high-quality measurement site. The design of an open-field site for the calibration of antennas in the frequency range 30-1000 MHz is described. An antenna that is used as a primary standard must have a calculable antenna factor since there are uncertainties in quantifying the quality of the site and hence of setting up a known field. The design of a standard dipole antenna and the S-parameter characterization of its balun/matching network is described, followed by methods for calibrating the antenna factor of antennas.
Material property measurement using the quasi-Scholte mode—A waveguide sensor

In the food industry and other industries, rheological measurements and determination of particle sizes in suspensions and emulsions is of great importance for process and quality control. Current test cell based ultrasonic methods exist but are often inconvenient. An attractive alternative could be to insert a simple measurement “dipstick” into the fluid; this paper presents an initial study of the feasibility of using measurements of the velocity and attenuation of the quasi-Scholte mode on a plate to obtain the longitudinal velocity and attenuation of an embedding medium. The attenuation of the quasi-Scholte mode is caused by two mechanisms: shear leakage and attenuation due to the bulk longitudinal attenuation of the embedding material. In a calibration test the bulk longitudinal velocity and viscosity of glycerol were determined experimentally. Measurements agreed well with results from conventional methods and literature data. Quantitative results and an independent validation for honey, a very visc.