Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Spitzer–IRS spectroscopic atlas of early-type galaxies in the Revised Shapley–Ames Catalog

We produce an atlas of homogeneously reduced and calibrated low resolution IRS spectra of the nuclear regions of nearby early-type galaxies (i.e. Es and S0s, ETGs), in order to build a reference sample in the mid-infrared window. From the Spitzer Heritage Archive we extract ETGs in the "Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies" having an IRS SL and/or LL spectrum. We recover 91 spectra out of 363 galaxies classified as ETGs in the catalog: 56 E (E0-E6), 8 mixed E/S0+S0/E, 27 S0 (both normal and barred - SB0) plus mixed types SB0/Sa+SB0/SBa. For each galaxy, we provide the fully reduced and calibrated spectrum, the intensity of nebular and molecular emission lines as well as of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) after a template spectrum of a passively evolving ETG has been subtracted. Spectra are classified into five mid-infrared classes, ranging from AGN (class-4) and star forming nuclei (class-3), transition class-2 (with PAHs) and class-1 (no-PAHs) to passively evolving nuclei (class-0). A demographic study of mid-infrared spectra shows that Es are significantly more passive than S0s: 46^{+11}_{-10}% of Es and 20^{+11}_{-7}% of S0s have a spectrum of class-0. Emission lines are revealed in 64^{+12}_{-6}% of ETGs. The H_2-S(1) line is found with similar rate in Es (34^{+10}_{-8}%) and in S0s (51^{+15}_{-12}%). PAHs are detected in 47^{+8}_{-7}% of ETGs, but only 9^{+4}_{-3}% have PAHs ratios typical of star forming galaxies. Several indicators, such as peculiar morphologies and kinematics, dust--lane irregular shape, radio and X-ray properties, suggest that mid-infrared spectral classes are connected to phases of accretion/feedback phenomena occurring in the nuclei of ETGs.
Comparison of Surgical Resection and Percutaneous Ultrasonographic Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Initial Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Early Stage following Curative Treatment

Simple Summary The SURF trial showed that surgical resection (SR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) had equal therapeutic effects for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to elucidate therapeutic efficacy differences between SR and RFA for initial recurrent early-stage HCC. 371 patients with recurrent early-stage HCC after undergoing initial curative treatment were enrolled. Although the median albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score was better in the SR than the RFA group (−2.90 vs. −2.50, p < 0.01), there were no significant differences between them in regard to RFS (median 28.1 months, 95% CI 23.4–50.0 vs. 22.1 months, 95% CI 19.3–26.2; p = 0.34), OS (78.9 months, 95% CI 49.3—not applicable vs. 71.2 months 95% CI, 61.8–84.7; p = 0.337), or complications (8.3% vs. 9.3%; p = 1.0). This retrospective study found equal therapeutic efficacy of SR and RFA for initial recurrence of early-stage HCC after undergoing curative treatment. Abstract Background/Aim: The SURF trial showed that surgical resection (SR) and percutaneous ultrasonographic guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) had equal therapeutic effects for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, consensus regarding which treatment is appropriate for initial recurrent early-stage HCC remains lacking. This study aimed to elucidate therapeutic efficacy differences between SR and RFA for initial recurrent early-stage HCC. Materials/Methods: From 2000 to 2021, 371 patients with recurrent early-stage HCC (≤3 cm, ≤3 nodules) after undergoing initial curative treatment with SR or RFA were enrolled (median age 72 years; males 269; Child–Pugh A:B, n = 328:43; SR:RFA, n = 36:335). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Although the median albumin–bilirubin (ALBI) score was better in the SR than the RFA group (−2.90 vs. −2.50, p < 0.01), there were no significant differences between them in regard to RFS (median 28.1 months, 95% CI 23.4–50.0 vs. 22.1 months, 95% CI 19.3–26.2; p = 0.34), OS (78.9 months, 95% CI 49.3—not applicable vs. 71.2 months 95% CI, 61.8–84.7; p = 0.337), or complications (8.3% vs. 9.3%; p = 1.0). In sub-analysis for RFS and OS according to ALBI grade revealed no significant differences between the SR and RFA groups (ALBI 1/2 = 28.2/17.5 vs. 24.0/23.4 months; p = 0.881/0684 and ALBI 1/2 = 78.9/58.9 vs. 115.3/52.6 months, p = 0.651/0.578, respectively). Conclusion: This retrospective study found no significant differences in regard to RFS or OS between patients in the SR and the RFA groups for initial recurrence of early-stage HCC after undergoing curative treatment. These results showing equal therapeutic efficacy of SR and RFA confirm the findings of the SURF trial.
Are nonlinear discrete cellular automata compatible with quantum mechanics?

We consider discrete and integer-valued cellular automata (CA). A particular class of which comprises “Hamiltonian CA” with equations of motion that bear similarities to Hamilton's equations, while they present discrete updating rules. The dynamics is linear, quite similar to unitary evolution described by the Schrödinger equation. This has been essential in our construction of an invertible map between such CA and continuous quantum mechanical models, which incorporate a fundamental discreteness scale. Based on Shannon's sampling theory, it leads, for example, to a one-to-one relation between quantum mechanical and CA conservation laws. The important issue of linearity of the theory is examined here by incorporating higher-order nonlinearities into the underlying action. These produce inconsistent nonlocal (in time) effects when trying to describe continuously such nonlinear CA. Therefore, in the present framework, only linear CA and local quantum mechanical dynamics are compatible.
An Overview of L1 optimal transportation on metric measure spaces

The scope of this note is to make a self-contained survey of the recent developments and achievements of the theory of L1-Optimal Transportation on metric measure spaces. Among the results proved in the recent papers [20, 21] where the author, together with A. Mondino, proved a series of sharp (and in some cases rigid) geometric and functional inequalities in the setting of metric measure spaces enjoying a weak form of Ricci curvature lower bound, we review the proof of the L\'evy-Gromov isoperimetric inequality.
Reversible switching of charge injection barriers at metal/organic-semiconductor contacts modified with structurally disordered molecular monolayers

Metal/semiconductor interfaces govern the operation of semiconductor devices through the formation of charge injection barriers that can be controlled by tuning the metal work function. However, the controlling ability is typically limited to being static. We show that a dynamic nature can be imparted to the interfaces using electrode surface modification with a structurally disordered molecular monolayer. The barrier height at the interfaces is altered significantly in a reversible way by an external electric field. As a result, a dramatic change in the carrier transport properties through the interfaces is observed, such as a reversible polarity reversion of metal/organic-semiconductor/metal diodes.
“Comets” orbiting a black hole

We use a long (300 ks), continuous Suzaku X-ray observation of the active nucleus in NGC 1365 to investigate the structure of the circumnuclear broad line region (BLR) clouds through their occultation of the X-ray source. The variations of the absorbing column density and of the covering factor indicate that the clouds surrounding the black hole are far from having a spherical geometry (as sometimes assumed), instead they have a strongly elongated and cometary shape, with a dense head (n ∼ 10 11 cm −3 ) and an expanding, dissolving tail. We infer that the cometary tails must be longer than a few times 10 13 cm and their opening angle must be smaller than a few degrees. We suggest that the cometary shape may be a common feature of BLR clouds in general, but which has been difficult to recognize observationally so far. The cometary shape may originate from shocks and hydrodynamical instabilities generated by the supersonic motion of the BLR clouds into the intracloud medium. As a consequence of the mass loss into their tail, we infer that the BLR clouds probably have a lifetime of only a few months, implying that they must be continuously replenished. We also find a large, puzzling discrepancy (two orders of magnitude) between the mass of the BLR inferred from the properties of the absorbing clouds and the mass of the BLR inferred from photoionization models; we discuss the possible solutions to this discrepancy.
Two-loop fermion self-energy and propagator in reduced QED$_{3,2}$

We compute the two-loop fermion self-energy in massless reduced quantum electrodynamics (RQED) for an arbitrary gauge in the case where the photon field is three-dimensional and the fermion field two-dimensional: super-renormalizable RQED$_{3,2}$ with $N_F$ fermions. We find that the theory is infrared finite at two-loop and that finite corrections to the fermion propagator have a remarkably simple form.
The ecology of dark matter haloes -I. The rates and types of halo interactions

Interactions such as mergers and flybys play a fundamental role in shaping galaxy morphology. Using the Horizon Run 4 cosmologicalN -body simulation, we studied the frequency and type of halo interactions, and their redshift evolution as a function of the environment defined by the large-scale density, pair separation, mass ratio, and target halo mass. Most interactions happen at large-scale density contrast ’ 20, regardless of the redshift corresponding to groups and relatively dense part of filaments. However, the fraction of interacting target is maximum at ’ 1000. We provide a new empirical fitting form for the interaction rate as a function of the halo mass, large-scale density, and redshift. We also report the existence of two modes of interactions from the distributions of mass ratio and relative distance, implying two different physical origins of the interaction. Satellite targets lose their mass as they proceed deeper into the host halo. The relative importance of these two trends strongly depends on the large-scale density, target mass, and redshift.
Optimal Generator Scheduling Considering Limit of Generator Operation Through Generator Capability Curve

Abstract Optimal generator scheduling is needed to save costs in an operation power system. In other hands, the operation of the generator in optimal condition must be considering the safety of the generator itself. This study proposes an optimal generator scheduling using a new modification of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm considering the safety of the generator operation by visualized the operation of a generator through the generator capability curve. In term of scheduling, the MIW-PSO is applied with characteristics of power generator, such as smooth cost function and non-smooth cost function considering valve-point effects. The effectiveness and feasibility of the MIW-PSO were presented through four case studies and compared with previous literature in terms of power output and total operating cost. A case study is applied to show the performance of the optimal scheduling with MIW-PSO considering the safety of the generator operation by visualized the operation of a generator through the generator capability curve. The obtained results demonstrating the excellent performance of the proposed optimal scheduling both off to get optimal total cost and monitoring the safety of generator operation as well.
Ricci almost solitons on semi‐Riemannian warped products

It is shown that a gradient Ricci almost soliton on a warped product, (Bn×hFm,g,f,λ)$\big (B^n\times _h F^m, g,f,\lambda \big )$ whose potential function f depends on the fiber, is either a Ricci soliton or λ is not constant and the warped product, the base and the fiber are Einstein manifolds, which admit conformal vector fields. Assuming completeness, a classification is provided for the gradient Ricci almost solitons on warped products, whose potential functions depend on the fiber. An important decomposition property of the potential function in terms of functions which depend either on the base or on the fiber is proven. In the case of a complete gradient Ricci soliton, the potential function depends only on the base.
THE Pan-STARRS1 PHOTOMETRIC SYSTEM

The Pan-STARRS1 survey is collecting multi-epoch, multi-color observations of the sky north of declination −30° to unprecedented depths. These data are being photometrically and astrometrically calibrated and will serve as a reference for many other purposes. In this paper, we present our determination of the Pan-STARRS1 photometric system: gP1, rP1, iP1, zP1, yP1, and wP1. The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system is fundamentally based on the Hubble Space Telescope Calspec spectrophotometric observations, which in turn are fundamentally based on models of white dwarf atmospheres. We define the Pan-STARRS1 magnitude system and describe in detail our measurement of the system passbands, including both the instrumental sensitivity and atmospheric transmission functions. By-products, including transformations to other photometric systems, Galactic extinction, and stellar locus, are also provided. We close with a discussion of remaining systematic errors.
Comparative Seeds Storage Transcriptome Analysis of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, a Threatened Tree Species from Brazil

Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae), also known as a ‘gonçalo-alves’, is a tree of the American tropics, with distribution in Mexico, part of Central America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. In Brazil it is an endangered species that occurs in the Cerrado, Caatinga and in the Amazon biomes. In support of ex situ conservation, this work aimed to study two accessions with different longevity (p50) of A. fraxinifolium collected from two different geographic regions, and to evaluate the transcriptome during aging of the seeds in order to identify genes related to seed longevity. Artificial ageing was performed at a constant temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity. RNA was extracted from 100 embryonic axes exposed to control and aging conditions for 21 days. The transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes, genes involved in the photosystem, glycine rich protein (GRP) genes, and several transcription factors associated with embryo development and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Thus, these results contribute to understanding which genes play a role in seed ageing, and may serve as a basis for future functional characterization of the seed aging process in A. fraxinifolium.
Modeling the interaction of an arbitrary light field with a diffraction grating by the Monte Carlo method

A high-accuracy solution of the diffraction problem has become necessary for the treatment of certain special questions of statistical physics. This article reports the creation of a computer program that serves as an instrumental method of calculating the parameters of diffraction phenomena when complex optical systems are being theoretically investigated. The program solves the diffraction problem by a rigorous method based on Maxwell"s equations under specified boundary conditions. An arbitrary for instance, diffuse configuration of the initial light field is allowed. Reflective gratings with a linear or crossed sinusoidal profile of the surface micro relief are considered as the diffraction optical elements. The characteristics of the self-consistent total light field can be calculated when several diffraction elements are present in the system.
SPITZER ULTRA FAINT SURVEY PROGRAM (SURFS UP). I. AN OVERVIEW

Spitzer UltRa Faint SUrvey Program is a joint Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope Exploration Science program using 10 galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to study z ≳ 7 galaxies at intrinsically lower luminosities, enabled by gravitational lensing, than blank field surveys of the same exposure time. Our main goal is to measure stellar masses and ages of these galaxies, which are the most likely sources of the ionizing photons that drive reionization. Accurate knowledge of the star formation density and star formation history at this epoch is necessary to determine whether these galaxies indeed reionized the universe. Determination of the stellar masses and ages requires measuring rest-frame optical light, which only Spitzer can probe for sources at z ≳ 7, for a large enough sample of typical galaxies. Our program consists of 550 hr of Spitzer/IRAC imaging covering 10 galaxy clusters with very well-known mass distributions, making them extremely precise cosmic telescopes. We combine our data with archival observations to obtain mosaics with ∼30 hr exposure time in both 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm in the central 4′ × 4′ field and ∼15 hr in the flanking fields. This results in 3σ sensitivity limits of ∼26.6 and ∼26.2 AB magnitudes for the central field in the IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands, respectively. To illustrate the survey strategy and characteristics we introduce the sample, present the details of the data reduction and demonstrate that these data are sufficient for in-depth studies of z ≳ 7 sources (using a z = 9.5 galaxy behind MACS J1149.5+2223 as an example). For the first cluster of the survey (the Bullet Cluster) we have released all high-level data mosaics and IRAC empirical point-spread function models. In the future we plan to release these data products for the entire survey.
Beaming Effect in Fermi Blazars

Blazars show extreme observational properties that are due to the beaming effect with the jet being close to the line of sight. It was found that the observed luminosity is anticorrelated with the synchrotron peak frequency but the debeamed luminosity and the frequency is positively correlated. In this work, we revisit this correlation for a large sample of 255 blazars from the fourth Fermi catalog with available Doppler factors. Our analysis comes to the following conclusions. (1) The observed radio, X-ray, γ-ray, and synchrotron peak luminosity are all anticorrelated with the peak frequency, but the debeamed luminosity is positively correlated with the debeamed peak frequency. The anticorrelation is due to a selection effect or a beaming effect. (2) The Compton dominance parameter is correlated with both the bolometric luminosity and Doppler factor, implying that the more highly Compton-dominated sources are more luminous. (3) The bolometric luminosity can be represented by the γ-ray luminosity for Fermi blazars.
ISQ derivation ("derivation in SI units") of a formula for the electrostatic field ionization rate-constant for a hydrogenic atom in its ground electronic state

Technical applications using electrostatic field ionization (ESFI) need a formula for the rate-constant K_e for the free-space ESFI of a hydrogenic atom in its ground electronic state. This formula must indicate the dependence on ionization energy I. Existing formulae were derived using atomic units. However, many scientists work with ESFI as an important technical process, but are not familiar with the Gaussian or atomic units systems. In the 1970s, the present International System of Quantities (ISQ), which includes the equations behind SI units, was designated as the main system for university teaching and the communication of scientific equations. 40 years on, ISQ derivations of ESFI rate-constant formulae are still not easily found, but are now needed. This tutorial paper gives a detailed ISQ derivation of a formula for K_e. The derivation is closely modelled on the Landau and Lifshitz (LL) approach used in their 1958 work (in atomic units) on hydrogen atom ESFI. The ISQ derivation confirms that, for hydrogenic atoms, ionization energy appears in the pre-exponential as I^(5/2), and defines a universal "field ionization constant". It also shows how the ISQ formula relates to the Gurney and Condon "attempt frequency" form for tunnelling rate-constants, and an ISQ formula is given for the motive energy in the related JWKB integral. The ISQ derivation uses a motive-energy transformation analogous to a transformation used by LL. The need for this transformation in ESFI theory raises questions as to the correctness of theoretical treatments of field electron emission from non-planar emitters, which do not make this transformation.
A weak lensing comparability study of galaxy mergers that host AGNs

We compared the total mass density proles of three dierent types of galaxies using weak gravitational lensing: (i) 29 galaxies that host quasars at z 0:32 that are in a post-starburst (PSQ) phase with high star formation indicating recent merger activity, (ii) 22 large elliptical galaxies from the SLACS sample that do not host a quasar at z 0:23, and (iii) 17 galaxies that host moderately luminous quasars at z 0:36 powered by disk instabilities, but with no intense star formation. On an initial test we found no evidence for a connection between the merger state of a galaxy and the prole of the halo, with the PSQ prole comparable to that of the other two samples and consistent with the Leauthaud et al. (2014) study of moderately luminous quasars in COSMOS. Given the compatibility of the two quasar samples, we combined these and found no evidence for any connection between black hole activity and the dark matter halo. All three mass proles remained compatible with isothermality given the present data.
The radio environment of the 21 Centimeter Array: RFI detection and mitigation

Detection and mitigation of radio frequency interference (RFI) is the first and also the key step for data processing in radio observations, especially for ongoing low frequency radio experiments towards the detection of the cosmic dawn and epoch of reionization (EoR). In this paper we demonstrate the technique and efficiency of RFI identification and mitigation for the 21 Centimeter Array (21CMA), a radio interferometer dedicated to the statistical measurement of EoR. For terrestrial, man-made RFI, we concentrate mainly on a statistical approach by identifying and then excising non-Gaussian signatures, in the sense that the extremely weak cosmic signal is actually buried under thermal and therefore Gaussian noise. We also introduce the so-called visibility correlation coefficient instead of conventional visibility, which allows a further suppression of rapidly time-varying RFI. Finally, we briefly discuss removals of the sky RFI, the leakage of sidelobes from off-field strong radio sources with time-invariant power and a featureless spectrum. It turns out that state of the art technique should allow us to detect and mitigate RFI to a satisfactory level in present low frequency interferometer observations such as those acquired with the 21CMA, and the accuracy and efficiency can be greatly improved with the employment of low-cost, high-speed computing facilities for data acquisition and processing.