Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Journal of Physiology an Update on Cholinergic Regulation of Cholecystokinin-expressing Basket Cells

Information processing and transfer within cortical circuits requires precise spatiotemporal coordination of excitatory principal cell activity by a relatively small population of inhibitory interneurons that exhibit remarkable anatomical, molecular and electrophysiological diversity. One subtype of interneuron, the cholecystokinin-expressing basket cell (CCKBC), is particularly well suited to integrate and impart emotional features of an animal's physiological state to principal cell entrainment through the inhibitory network as CCKBCs are highly susceptible to neuromodulation by local and subcortically generated signals commonly associated with 'mood' such as cannabinoids, serotonin and acetylcholine. Here we briefly review recent studies that have elucidated the cellular mechanisms underlying cholinergic regulation of CCKBCs. The mammalian neocortex and hippocampus integrate and process multiple sources of sensory and contextual information via reciprocally connected neuronal networks composed of excitatory glutamatergic principal cells and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. Such computation requires a delicate balance between excitation and inhibition in which relatively few interneurons are able to rapidly pace and synchronize large populations of principal cells to effectively coordinate central information Christian Cea-del Rio (left) was a graduate student in the University of Valparaiso, Chile–NIH graduate partnership program in Dr Chris McBain's lab at the NICHD. He is currently a post-doctoral fellow in Dr Molly Huntsman's lab at Children's Hospital, Washington DC. Ken Pelkey received his PhD from the University of Toronto. He is currently a Senior Staff Scientist in the McBain lab. Work in the McBain lab is focused on three main aspects of inhibitory interneuron function: (1) the properties and roles of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses made onto inhibitory inter-neurons and their downstream targets within the hippocampal formation; (2) the modulation of well-defined inhibitory interneuron subtypes by neuromodulators such as acetylcholine; (3) genetic approaches to examine the embryogenesis, migration and development of specific cohorts of medial-and caudal-ganglionic eminence-derived inhibitory interneurons. transfer. The precision of this coordination largely relies upon a remarkable heterogeneity within the GABAergic interneuron population that allows the inhibitory network to dynamically control principal cell excitability in both space and time (Klausberger et al. Spatially, a clear division of labour is evident between interneurons with axonal projections that preferentially target either the perisomatic or dendritic compartments of
Inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity by cadmium in excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening.

Supply of 0.1–0.5 mmol CdCl2 inhibited δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24, ALAD) activity and total chlorophylls in excised etiolated segments of maize leaves during greening. Due to cadmium supply δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) content was reduced significantly at 0.5 mmol Cd only. Also the Cd treatment decreased the protein content and accumulated significantly the Cd in the tissue. Significant correlation between Cd accumulation in the leaves and various parameters measured is observed, with the R-squared values being 0.727 with ALAD activity, 0.885 with ALA content, 0.902 with total chlorophylls and 1.00 with proteins. The % inhibition of ALAD activity by Cd was decreased in the presence of nitrogenous compounds, glutamine and NH4NO3 and the observed inhibition was 25% and 16%, respectively. More substantial reduction in % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd was observed during treatment with glutathione, a ubiquitous thiol and levulinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ALAD, with the inhibition being only 2% and 4%, respectively. Supply of some essential metal ions, such as Mg, Zn, and Mn, also reduced the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd. Inclusion of varying concentrations of ALA during assay also affected the % inhibition of enzyme activity by Cd showing an increased inhibition from 17% to 53% with increasing ALA concentration. It is suggested that Cd inhibits ALAD activity by affecting the ALA binding to the enzyme and/or disrupting thiol interaction.
Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Selected Areas of Jabi Tehenan District, West Gojjam Of Amhara Regional State, Northwestern Ethiopia

Cross sectional study was conducted in Jabi Tehenan district of West Gojjam administrative zone from October 2008 to April 2009 to determine the current prevalence rate of bovine trypanosomosis. In the parasitological survey, blood samples of 300 cattle were examined using a buffy coat technique. The PCV value of each animal was also measured using hematocrit reader. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was found to be 11.7% and it consists of 16, 10 and 9% in Regeb Kebero Meda, Weyenema Workema and around Finote Selam peasant associations, respectively. The most positive cases were due to T. congolense (54.3%) followed by T.vivax (45.7%). The mean PCV value (%) of parasitaemic and a parasitaemic animals during the study period were 20.3 ± 4.1 SD and 25.29 ± 4.67 SD with a significance difference (P<0.05). The study also demonstrated variations in prevalence among different age groups and between both sexes which were statistically insignificant. Infection rate in poor body condition animals were significantly higher than good body condition animals (P<0.05). The present prevalent study generated valuable information on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area and revealed that trypanosomosis is an important disease in the study area.
Actividades estructuradas / desestructuradas y delincuencia juvenil. Análisis de datos del ISRD-2 * Structured and unstructured activities and teenager crime. Data Analysis of ISRD-2

En este articulo se muestran los resultados de una investigacion cuyo proposito ha sido comprender y determinar si existe una relacion entre la delincuencia y diversas actividades estructuradas y no estructuradas, que forman parte de la vida de los jovenes. Los datos que se procesaron en este estudio provienen de la segunda encuesta internacional de delincuencia autoinformada o International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD-2), realizada en Suiza con aproximadamente 3000 alumnos de entre 13 y 16 anos. En este contexto, la investigacion se ha centrado en las teorias de las oportunidades. El estudio ha estado orientado por la siguiente idea: el tiempo dedicado a la practica de actividades estructuradas (como aquellas realizadas con los padres, realizar los deberes escolares, leer libros, leer revistas o comics) reduce en los adolescentes el riesgo de cometer conductas delictivas, por el contrario, el hecho de participar en actividades no estructuradas (deambular de un lado a otro con los amigos ir a discotecas o a conciertos, salir de fiesta por la noche, chatear con desconocidos) aumenta la probabilidad de un comportamiento delictivo. Los resultados confirman las hipotesis que se habian formulado: las actividades estructuradas disminuyen la implicacion en la delincuencia, y las actividades desestructuradas contrariamente representan un factor de riesgo. Por estas razones, debe considerarse la posibilidad de realizar investigaciones mas especificas sobre la relacion entre el ocio y la delincuencia. Es fundamental tener en cuenta una gama mas amplia de actividades realizadas por los jovenes, si se quiere relevar el peso de esta variable sobre el comportamiento de los adolescentes.
Effect of Irrigation Water pH on Some Soil Properties and Growth of Some Pear Rootstocks Grown on Sand and Calcareous Soils

To study effect of irrigation water pH and soil type on growth of some pear rootstocks and some soil properties, two rootstocks (Pyrus communis and Pyrus betulaefolia) were grown on two soils (sand and calcareous) during successive seasons of 2010 and 2011. pH values of irrigation water were 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and pH 8.0. The experiment was performed in Horticultural Research Institute farm, Giza, Egypt. The tested soil properties were chemical analysis of soil water past extract, pH, soil texture and available nutrients (P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn). The following growth parameters were recorded plant height leaves number/plant, new current shoots number, vegetative growth dry weight, roots number, roots length, roots diameter. Obtained data showed significant effects for pH Original Research Article Ahmed and Sherif; IJPSS, 4(5): 475-493, 2015; Article no.IJPSS. 2015.047 476 irrigation water and soil type on some of studied plant growth parameters and some of tested soil measurements. Data showed the importance nature of pH source in irrigation water i.e. chemical analysis of irrigation water. Pyrus betulaefolia was more tolerant to pH value variations in irrigation water than Pyrus communis.
An Efficiency-Based Approach for Selecting Electronic Markets in Sustainable Electronic Business: A SME’s Perspective

This paper develops an efficiency-based approach for evaluating the performance of available electronic markets (e-markets) in the active pursuit of sustainable electronic business through the selection of specific e-markets for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). An efficiency-oriented evaluation model using data envelopment analysis is developed first for identifying efficient e-markets. A multicriteria decision making model is then proposed for solving the e-markets selection problem with respect to the specific characteristics of e-markets and the unique nature of SMEs in specific situations. Such a model can adequately consider the imprecision and uncertainty in the decision-making process using linguistic variables approximated by fuzzy numbers to express the subjective assessments of the decision maker when evaluating the overall performance of individual e-markets. As a result, the most appropriate e-market in a specific situation for individual SMEs can be selected for the development of a sustainable electronic business. A real-life example is given for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach for addressing the e-market selection problem in the real world.
Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry

[1] Recently, a new geochemical temperature proxy, the TEX86, was introduced. This proxy is based on the number of cyclopentane moieties in the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) of the membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota, which changes as a response to temperature. However, until now, only sediment data have been used to establish this proxy, and experimental work is missing. We performed mesocosm studies with marine Crenarchaeota incubated at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C and salinities of 27 and 35‰ to test the validity of the TEX86 proxy. Growth of marine Crenarchaeota in these mesocosms was evident from the substantial increase in the concentration of marine Crenarchaeotal membrane lipids with amounts up to 3400 ng/L. With increasing temperature, an increase in the number of cyclopentane moieties in the crenarchaeotal membrane lipids was observed. Different salinities did not show any effect on the GDGT distribution. The TEX86 showed a significant linear correlation to incubation temperature: TEX86 = 0.015 × T + 0.10 (r2 = 0.79). This equation has a similar slope to the correlation obtained from core tops but differs in the intersection (TEX86 = 0.015 × T + 0.28, r2 = 0.92). This difference is mainly determined by the smaller amount of the regioisomer of crenarchaeol in the incubation series compared to core top samples. These incubation experiments indicates that water temperature is indeed the major controlling factor for the membrane distribution of marine Crenarchaeota and confirms that the TEX86 proxy depends on a physiological response to regulate membrane fluidity.
Data-Driven Estimation of the Unsteady Flowfield Near an Actuated Airfoil

DMD Dynamic Mode Decomposition DMDSP Sparsity Promoting DMD POD Principal Orthogonal Decomposition SVD Singular Value Decomposition PIV Particle Image Velocimetry ψ(t) Vector of observables at time t Ψ, Ψ′ Matrices of data snapshots m Number of snapshot pairs in original data n Dimension of ψ A Approximate time evolution operator for ψ Ã Projected version of A into POD subspace UΣV∗ SVD of Ψ φi ith DMD eigenmode
Glucocorticoids reduce interleukin‐1β concentration and result in neuroprotective effects in rat heatstroke

1 In urethane‐anaesthetized rats, we assessed the protective effects of glucocorticoids against heatstroke‐induced arterial hypotension and ischaemic neuronal damage. 2 Heatstroke was induced by exposing the animals to an ambient temperature of 42°C. The time at which both the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the striatum decreased from their peak levels was taken as the onset of heatstroke. Control rats were exposed to a temperature of 24°C. 3 The values of MAP and CBF after heatstroke onset were all significantly lower than those in control rats. However, the neuronal damage score in the striatum and serum levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) were greater. 4 Systemic pretreatment or treatment with an exogenous glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (4 mg or 6 mg kg−1, i.v.), reduced the heatstroke‐induced arterial hypotension, serum IL‐1β levels, cerebral ischaemia and neuronal damage, and resulted in prolongation of the time to death (TTD; the interval between the onset of heat stress and cardiac arrest). 5 Following bilateral adrenalectomy, MAP, CBF and TTD values were found to be significantly lower in the adrenalectomized (ADX) rats than in the sham‐ADX rats after heat exposure. These changes were attenuated by dexamethasone. 6 The data support the argument that glucocorticoids reduce the plasma IL‐1β concentration and may provide the neuroprotective effects observed in rat heatstroke.
Design of a Continuous-Thrust Solar Polar Mission

Understanding the Sun's natural processes helps us to understand how the Earth responds to the Sun's variations and helps improve our ability to predict its behavior. A probe in polar orbit around the Sun would be able to help provide a more complete picture of the Sun by studying coronal features from various angles, by linking particle and field observation to images of the Sun, by determining the magnetic structures and convection patterns in the polar regions of the Sun, and by following the evolution of solar structures over a full solar rotation. Previous theses have tackled the transfer from Earth to Solar Polar Science Orbit by using solar sails to propel the spacecraft. An alternative is a spacecraft using solar electric propulsion. This offers the advantage of a spacecraft that is more maneuverable, less mechanically complex, and is based on proven technology. Unlike the solar sail spacecraft however, this requires the spacecraft to carry propellant onboard to perform the transfer. An almost entirely analytical implementation is constructed, featuring the use of the shape-based approach (exponential sinusoid) to model the transfer. The implementation connects multiple shapes by way of gravity assist at specified planets, and uses Edelbaum's theory to model the remaining necessary inclination change, to investigate a transfer from Earth to a solar polar orbit at 0.4 AU distance from the Sun. An optimal solution is sought using an optimization strategy consisting of a random (Monte Carlo) method to perform an initial exploration of the search space, a global (Genetic Algorithm) method, and a local (Nelder-Mead) search method to refine the optimum located by the global method. The goal is to minimize propellant mass and transfer time, while maintaining a realistic transfer that does not violate various imposed constraints (such as departure and arrival velocity). Two solar electric propulsion options are offered (one performing a swing-by at Venus and another performing a swing-by at Jupiter), and compared to a reference solar sailing design. After experimentation it was found that the model is useful for simpler transfers, but a more involving implementation (using multiple separate coasting and thrust arcs) is required to give it the means to tackle more intricate problems. In addition, a more in-depth exploration of the inclination change maneuvers would be beneficial (especially with regards to a distance constrained maneuver).
Savings policy and decisionmaking in low-income households

Theories about poverty, held both by social scientists and by regular folks, typically fall into one of two camps: those who regard the behaviors of the economically disadvantaged as calculated adaptations to prevailing circumstances, and those who view these behaviors as emanating from a unique “culture of poverty” that is rife with deviant values. The first view presumes that people are highly rational, hold coherent, well-informed, and justified beliefs, and pursue their goals effectively, with little systematic error and no need for help. The second view attributes to the poor a variety of psychological and attitudinal shortcomings, presumed to be endemic, that render the views of the poor misguided and ill informed, their behaviors impulsive and lacking, and their choices fallible, and that leave them in need of paternalistic guidance. Both camps are likely to capture some important elements some of the time. There are, no doubt, important circumstances in which people—the poor included—are methodical and calculating, and other circumstances in which they are fallible or misguided. But both camps fail to explain important phenomena. We propose an alternative perspective, one largely informed by recent behavioral research. According to this perspective, the behavioral patterns of the poor may be neither perfectly calculating nor especially deviant. Rather, the poor may exhibit fundamental attitudes and natural proclivities, including weaknesses and biases, that are similar to those of people from other walks of life. One important difference, however, is that in poverty the margins for error are narrow, so that behaviors shared by all often manifest themselves in the poor in more pronounced ways and can lead to worse outcomes (see Bertrand, Mullainathan, and Shafir 2004, 2006). Whereas the “rational” view assumes that the poor are doing as well as they can and ought to be left to their own devices, the “culture of poverty” perspective is motivated by the impulse to change how the poor function. In contrast, the central gist of the “behavioral” perspective is that much of the time the poor are not functioning optimally, nor are they any more in need of behavioral change than everyone else. Instead, it is the interaction of fundamental behavioral proclivities with the
Condensed Matter and Interphases

The deposition of calcium fluoride nanoparticles on single crystal chips of calcium fluoride was studied. CaF2 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation from aqueous nitrate solutions using hydrofluoric acid as a fluorinating agent at a batch system. The prepared samples were examined by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical transmission. There is an inhomogeneous coating of the substrate surface with submicron particles of about 100–150 nm in size, which are clusters of nanoparticles of 15-20 nm in size. The initial nanoparticles coherently grow on the surface of the crystal substrate. Heat treatment of the substrate-deposited layer composite at 600 °C leads to the coalescence of submicron particles and the formation of a porous layer of a complex structure.
Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches

Researchers using latent class (LC) analysis often proceed using the following three steps: (1) an LC model is built for a set of response variables, (2) subjects are assigned to LCs based on their posterior class membership probabilities, and (3) the association between the assigned class membership and external variables is investigated using simple cross-tabulations or multinomial logistic regression analysis. Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (2004) demonstrated that such a three-step approach underestimates the associations between covariates and class membership. They proposed resolving this problem by means of a specific correction method that involves modifying the third step. In this article, I extend the correction method of Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars by showing that it involves maximizing a weighted log-likelihood function for clustered data. This conceptualization makes it possible to apply the method not only with categorical but also with continuous explanatory variables, to obtain correct tests using complex sampling variance estimation methods, and to implement it in standard software for logistic regression analysis. In addition, a new maximum likelihood (ML)—based correction method is proposed, which is more direct in the sense that it does not require analyzing weighted data. This new three-step ML method can be easily implemented in software for LC analysis. The reported simulation study shows that both correction methods perform very well in the sense that their parameter estimates and their SEs can be trusted, except for situations with very poorly separated classes. The main advantage of the ML method compared with the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars approach is that it is much more efficient and almost as efficient as one-step ML estimation.
Youth programmes in remote indigenous communities: context matters

A diversity of programmes seeks to develop youth’s capacities and connection to the communities in which they live. Some focus on ameliorating a particular issue, or ‘deficit’, whilst others, such as sporting, recreation and youth groups, are more grounded in the community. This article reports findings from 60 qualitative interviews conducted with a range of stakeholders involved in a diversity of youth programmes in three remote Indigenous communities in Central Australia. ‘Youth centred–context specific’ is found to provide a positive frame for programme delivery, encouraging explicit focus on programme logic, content and processes and relational, temporal and spatial aspects of practice context to enhance youth programme planning and delivery in remote communities. Culturally safe service planning and delivery suggest locally determined processes for decision-making and community ownership, at times offering service access for all ages for culturally relevant activity engagement.