Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta

This is an abbreviated version of a paper that appears in full in the Electronic supplement to Taxon. Phylogenetic definitions are provided for the names of 20 clades of vascular plants (plus 33 others in the electronic supplement). Emphasis has been placed on well-supported clades that are widely known to non-specialists and/or have a deep origin within Tracheophyta or Angiospermae. These treatments follow the draft PhyloCode and illustrate the application ofphylogenetic nomenclature in a variety of nomenclatural and phylogenetic contexts. Phylogenetic nomenclature promotes precision in distinguishing crown, apomorphy-based, and total clades, thereby improving communication about character evolution and divergence times. To make these distinctions more transparent without increasing the number of entirely different names that must be learned, the following naming conventions (which have been adopted in the most recent draft of the PhyloCode) are employed here: widely known names are applied to crown clades, and the corresponding total clade (i.e., crown plus stem) is named "Pan-X", where "X" is the name of the crown (e.g., Pan-Spermatophyta for the total clade of plants that share more recent ancestry with extant seed plants than with any other crown clade). If a name "X" that is based etymologically on an apomorphy is applied to the crown, the name "Apo-X" is applied to the clade for which this trait is synapomorphic (e.g., Apo-Spermatophyta for the clade originating from the first plant with seeds). Crown clade names can be defined by three kinds of definitions, two of which are used here: standard node-based and branch-modified node-based. The latter is particularly useful when outgroup relationships of a crown clade are better known than basal relationships within the clade. Criteria and approaches used here to choose among competing preexisting names for a clade, to select a definition type, to choose appropriate specifiers, and (in some cases) to restrict the use of a name to certain phylogenetic contexts may be widely applicable when naming other clades. The phylogenetic definitions proposed here should help focus future discussions of the PhyloCode on real definitions rather than simplified hypothetical ones.
On the origin of dwarf galaxies

A new mechanism is proposed for producing vigorous bursts of star formation in metal-poor dwarf galaxies, at the present epoch. The intergalactic medium is heated and enriched by winds from dwarf galaxies at high redshift. This gas is compressed when galaxy groups form at the present epoch, and it cools and accretes onto slowly moving dwarf ellipticals. Several observable properties of the resulting gas-rich dwarfs, including the metallicities and the spatial distribution, are described. 64 references.
On quaternionic discrete series representations, and their continuations.

Among the discrete series representations of a real reductive group G, the simplest family to study are the holomorphic discrete series. These representations exist when the Symmetrie space G/ K has a G-invariant complex structure, and are admissible when restricted to a 1-dimensional torus S in the center of K. They can be constructed äs spaces of analytic sections of certain holomorphic vector bundles on G /K. In the category of (g, K)modules, holomorphic discrete series give rise to unitarizable highest weight modules. Other interesting unitarizable modules with a highest weight can be constructed by "analytic continuation" of the holomorphic discrete series (cf. [Wl]).
Dynamic analysis of free piston Stirling engines

The dynamics of a free piston Stirling engine is investigated through non-linear analysis and numerical simulations. The thermodynamics of the engine is coupled to the dynamics via either an isothermal or nonisothermal model. The influence of a nonlinear damper load, the nonlinear pressure loss across the heat exchangers and the nonlinear spring terms on the dynamics of the engine are examined. The nonlinear analysis of the isothermal model shows that both the nonlinear load and the nonlinear loss are sufficient to ensure a stable periodic motion of the piston and displacer and the amplitude of the piston and displacer displacements can be controlled using the coefficient of the nonlinear load term. While a nonlinear spring in general is capable of producing a limit cycle solution, the amplitude of the periodic motion is either too small or too sensitive to changes in the loading. All these analytical results are verified by numerical integration. The idea of the nonlinear load is examined further by coupling the dynamic model to an electrical model for a linear alternator. Analysis of a reduced order model reveals the existence of stable periodic solutions and numerical integrations of the full model are presented to verify the analysis. The amplitude of the piston and displacer motion can be controlled through the parameters associated with the electrical load. Finally, the effect of the temperature variation due to nonisothermal behavior of the working gas on the engine dynamics is investigated by numerical integration of the nonisothermal model. The results of these integrations show that the variation in the working gas temperature does not have a significant effect on the dynamics of the engine, therefore the isothermal assumption is appropriate for a qualitative dynamic analysis
Adaptive fuzzy depth control with trajectory feedforward compensator for autonomous underwater vehicles

This article presents a computed-torque controller plus adaptive fuzzy trajectory feedforward compensator suitable for the trajectory tracking control of uncertain underwater vehicle. To address the issue of unavailable normalization factor, an adaptive fuzzy trajectory feedforward compensator is proposed and assembled at the input trajectory level of the computed-torque controller rather than at the joint drive torque position. The compensator serving as a low-pass filter is implemented outside the inner control loop by adjusting the desired characteristic depth. Due to the nearly unchanged internal control algorithm, the adaptive fuzzy compensator is feasible to implement and is robust when varying the feedback gain in the inner control loop. Moreover, an adaptive dead zone fuzzy compensator is designed to reduce the effect of the dead zone on the actuators of underwater vehicles according to the unknown input dead zone characteristics. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, simulations are conducted for a desired characteristic depth, and the performance of the proposed controller has been compared with conventional controllers to illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of the proposed controller.
Location charts based on ranked set sampling for normal and non‐normal processes

Control charts, based on ranked set sampling schemes, had been proposed recently for efficient monitoring of process location. All the proposals in the literature are based on the ideal assumption of normally distributed quality characteristics. No study as of yet investigated the performance of location charts based on ranked set sampling for non‐normal processes. In this study, we investigated the location Y‾ chart based on simple random sampling (SRS) and three well‐known rank‐based schemes ie, ranked set sampling (RSS), median ranked set sampling (MRSS), and extreme ranked set sampling (ERSS), considering normal and a variety of non‐normal parent distributions. Both heavy‐tailed symmetric and skewed cases have been considered in this study. The performance of the charts is evaluated using average run length (ARL), extra quadratic loss (EQL), and relative ARL (RARL) measures. A real life example is also presented that details the monitoring of pH levels in water for an experiment conducted to study the reproduction of Mysids. The study will help quality practitioners to choose the Y‾ chart based on an efficient sampling scheme for normal and non‐normal processes.
Single-Stage LED Driver Achieves Electrolytic Capacitor-Less and Flicker-Free Operation With Unidirectional Current Compensator

AC-connected light emitting diode (LED) drivers experience imbalanced energy between input and output in a half-line cycle. To achieve the flicker-free operation, the imbalanced energy needs to be buffered, often by energy-dense electrolytic capacitors. However, electrolytic capacitors are also well-known for their short lifespan. These capacitors are the limiting factor of an LED drivers’ lifespan. High voltage film capacitors and a buck converter have been used in the proposed LED driver to buffer the imbalanced energy. When Pin > PLED, the extra energy is transferred from the ac input directly to the high voltage film capacitors. When Pin < PLED, the energy is transferred from the high voltage film capacitors to the output by the buck converter. The imbalanced energy goes through two power conversion steps in the proposed LED driver, which is one time less than other comparable electrolytic capacitor-less designs, enabling a higher efficiency to be achieved. A 28 W flyback topology based experimental prototype had been built and tested to verify the proposed design.
Metabolic Fate Is Defined by Amino Acid Nature in Gilthead Seabream Fed Different Diet Formulations

Simple Summary The maximisation of fish growth depends on amino acids’ availability in tissues at an optimum ratio since imbalances may lead to their utilisation for energy rather than growth. Amino acids may be catabolised in multiple pathways and be classified according to their metabolic fate: ketogenic and glucogenic. Ketogenic amino acids (e.g., lysine) are precursors of ketone bodies or long chain fatty acids and can be used in lipogenesis. Glucogenic amino acids (e.g., methionine) can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Some amino acids, such as tryptophan, can be ketogenic and glucogenic. This study aimed to evaluate how fish discriminate among different amino acids when they are fed different diets to attain the best utilisation of the feed. This trial was carried out in gilthead seabream juveniles fed experimental diets containing different levels of protein and/or distinct lipid levels. The metabolic fate and bioavailability of the indispensable amino acids lysine, methionine, and tryptophan were defined by their ketogenic and/or glucogenic nature rather than diet formulations. The optimisation of diets that consider the amino acids’ bioavailability will maximise protein retention in fish and is a viable solution to develop cost-effective fish diets. Abstract The sustainability of the Aquaculture industry relies on optimising diets to promote nitrogen retention and maximise fish growth. The aim of this study was to assess how different dietary formulations influence the bioavailability and metabolic fate of distinct amino acids in gilthead seabream juveniles. Amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, and methionine) were selected based on their ketogenic and/or glucogenic nature. Seabream were fed practical diets with different protein (44 and 40%) and lipid contents (21 and 18%): 44P21L, 44P18L, 40P21L, and 40P18L. After three weeks of feeding, the fish were tube-fed the correspondent diet labelled with 14C-lysine, 14C-tryptophan, or 14C-methionine. The amino acid utilisation was determined based on the evacuation, retention in gut, liver, and muscle, and the catabolism of the tracer. The metabolic fate of amino acids was mainly determined by their nature. Tryptophan was significantly more evacuated than lysine or methionine, indicating a lower availability for metabolic purposes. Methionine was more retained in muscle, indicating its higher availability. Lysine was mainly catabolised, suggesting that catabolism is preferentially ketogenic, even when this amino acid is deficient in diets. This study underpins the importance of optimising diets considering the amino acids’ bioavailability and metabolic fate to maximise protein retention in fish.
Psychometric Evaluation of Three Versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Full, Eight-Item, and Three-Item Versions) among Sexual Minority Men in Taiwan

The UCLA Loneliness Scale, with different short versions, is widely used to assess levels of loneliness. However, whether the scale is valid in assessing loneliness among sexual-minority men is unknown. Additionally, it is unclear whether the 8-item and 3-item short versions are comparable to the full 20-item version. The present study compared the validity of the three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (i.e., 20-item, 8-item, and 3-item versions) among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. The participants comprised 400 gay and bisexual men in Taiwan who completed a cross-sectional online survey, which included the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate factorial validity. Convergent validity was examined between the three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the CES-D and STAI. Known-group validity was investigated with participants’ sexual orientation and educational levels. The unidimensional construct was supported in all three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale tested in the present study. Convergent validity was supported as the level of loneliness was correlated with the level of depression and anxiety for all three versions. There were no significant differences between gay and bisexual men, although significant differences were found across different educational levels. The study confirmed that all three versions of the UCLA Loneliness Scale were comparable with satisfactory reliability and validity in Taiwanese sexual-minority men.
A flag representation of projection functions

Abstract The kth projection function υk(K, ·) of a convex body K ⊂ ℝd, d ≥ 3, is a function on the Grassmannian G(d, k) which measures the k-dimensional volume of the projection of K onto members of G(d, k). For k = 1 and k = d − 1, simple formulas for the projection functions exist. In particular, υd-1(K, ·) can be written as a spherical integral with respect to the surface area measure of K. Here, we generalize this result and prove two integral representations for υk(K, ·), k = 1,. , d − 1, over flag manifolds. Whereas the first representation generalizes a result of Ambartzumian (1987), but uses a flag measure which is not continuous in K, the second representation is related to a recent flag formula for mixed volumes by Hug, Rataj and Weil (2013) and depends continuously on K.
Effect of pore structures in nickel‐based porous transport layers for high‐performance and durable anion‐exchange membrane water electrolysis

Investigation of the anode porous transport layer (PTL) is crucial for the commercialization of anion‐exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). Recently, nickel foam (Ni‐foam) has been employed as an alternative to the conventional titanium‐based PTL (Ti‐felt) and strategies to improve its performance and durability have been developed. However, few studies have investigated the effect of pore structures in Ni‐foam and the applications of other Ni‐based PTLs have not been reported. In this study, two Ni‐based PTLs with different pore structures, Ni‐foam and nickel felt (Ni‐felt), were applied and investigated to attain a suitable microstructure in the PTL. The AEMWEs with the optimized Ni‐foam and Ni‐felt showed superior performance and durability than that with the conventional Ti‐felt. In particular, the application of Ni‐foam as an anode PTL resulted in higher performance than that of Ni‐felt, which is attributed to the reduced mass transfer resistance caused by the interconnected pore structure. The Ni‐foam PTL optimized in this study can be an efficient alternative to the conventional Ti‐felt PTL because it can facilitate the enhanced AEMWE performance and durability.
Long-term impacts of L1 language skills on L2 anxiety: The mediating role of language aptitude and L2 achievement

Although researchers have found strong relationships between first language (L1) skills and second language (L2) anxiety, less is known about how L1 skills in primary school impact L2 anxiety years after L1 has been acquired. Previous research lacked evidence for the mediating role of L2 aptitude and L2 achievement in the relationship. This study applies structural equation modelling to examine pathways by which L1 skills are associated with L2 anxiety via the mediators. Sixty-five students were administered L1 skill measures from 1st–5th grades, then followed over 10 years when completing L2 courses in high school. We examined the model across six different ages and found the effect of L1 skills on L2 anxiety was indirect through L2 aptitude and L2 achievement, indicating the impact is better understood through the mediators. The effect of L2 achievement on L2 anxiety is direct, and large in magnitude. Results remained stable across different ages and invariant across gender.
Runge-Kutta type methods for differential-algebraic equations in mechanics

Differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) consist of mixed systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) coupled with linear or nonlinear equations. Such systems may be viewed as ODEs with integral curves lying in a manifold. DAEs appear frequently in applications such as classical mechanics and electrical circuits. This thesis concentrates on systems of index 2, originally index 3, and mixed index 2 and 3. Fast and efficient numerical solvers for DAEs are highly desirable for finding solutions. We focus primarily on the class of Gauss-Lobatto SPARK methods. However, we also introduce an extension to methods proposed by Murua for solving index 2 systems to systems of mixed index 2 and 3. An analysis of these methods is also presented in this thesis. We examine the existence and uniqueness of the proposed numerical solutions, the influence of perturbations, and the local error and global convergence of the methods. When applied to index 2 DAEs, SPARKmethods are shown to be equivalent to a class of collocation type methods. When applied to originally index 3 and mixed index 2 and 3 DAEs, they are equivalent to a class of discontinuous collocation methods. Using these equivalences, (s, s)–Gauss-Lobatto SPARK methods can be shown to be superconvergent of order 2s. Symplectic SPARK methods applied to Hamiltonian systems with holonomic constraints preserve well the total energy of the system. This follows from a backward error analysis approach. SPARK methods and our proposed EMPRK methods are shown to be Lagrange-d’Alembert integrators. This thesis also presents some numerical results for Gauss-Lobatto SPARK and EMPRK methods. A few problems from mechanics are considered. 2 Abstract Approved: Thesis Supervisor Title and Department
Evaluation of sky spectra and sky models in daylighting simulations

Sky models in daylight simulations represent the luminance variation across the sky-dome for different locations, dates, times and weather conditions, but skies are typically modelled as colourless. Recent studies explore techniques for incorporating the spectral content of daylighting in simulations. This paper provides an evaluation of the existing spectral sky models in lighting simulation software. The comparisons are made between the available mathematical sky models and naturally occurring skies that were recorded using high dynamic range photography and spectrophotometric measurements. The results show that recently developed sky models present progress compared to colourless sky models, but further research is needed to accurately simulate daylight spectra.
Identification and Characterization Roles of Phytoene Synthase (PSY) Genes in Watermelon Development

Phytoene synthase (PSY) plays an essential role in carotenoid biosynthesis. In this study, three ClPSY genes were identified through the watermelon genome, and their full-length cDNA sequences were cloned. The deduced proteins of the three ClPSY genes were ranged from 355 to 421 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the ClPSYs are highly conserved with bottle gourd compared to other cucurbit crops PSY proteins. Variation in ClPSY1 expression in watermelon with different flesh colors was observed; ClPSY1 was most highly expressed in fruit flesh and associated with the flesh color formation. ClPSY1 expression was much lower in the white-fleshed variety than the colored fruits. Gene expression analysis of ClPSY genes in root, stem, leaf, flower, ovary and flesh of watermelon plants showed that the levels of ClPSY2 transcripts found in leaves was higher than other tissues; ClPSY3 was dominantly expressed in roots. Functional complementation assays of the three ClPSY genes suggested that all of them could encode functional enzymes to synthesize the phytoene from Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate (GGPP). Some of the homologous genes clustered together in the phylogenetic tree and located in the synteny chromosome region seemed to have similar expression profiles among different cucurbit crops. The findings provide a foundation for watermelon flesh color breeding with regard to carotenoid synthesis and also provide an insight for the further research of watermelon flesh color formation.
How Does Social Comparison Influence Chinese Adolescents’ Flourishing through Short Videos?

Flourishing indicates one’s emotional status and functioning level and is essential for adolescents’ further development. Adolescents’ social media use has been rising, with various potential effects on their development. Therefore, in this study, we shifted the emphasis from a traditional deficit-based approach to a strength-based approach by exploring how social comparison and social media usage influence Chinese adolescents’ flourishing. Altogether, 786 Chinese adolescents aged 12–19 years completed a self-report questionnaire. The results indicate that (1) both social media social comparison of ability (SCA) and social media social comparison of opinion (SCO) have no significant effect on Chinese adolescents’ flourishing; (2) integration into social routine has a positive indirect effect on the relationship between social media social comparison and flourishing; and (3) social integration and emotional connection negatively affect the relationship between social media social comparison and flourishing. These findings highlight the interaction between social media social comparison and social media usage. Furthermore, the results of this study clarify that the potentially harmful effect of social media usage on adolescents’ flourishing is not determined by the frequency or time spent on using social media, but how much adolescents are connected to or invested in social media.