Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences

Preface Part I. Explanation and Mechanisms: 1. Explanation 2. Mechanisms 3. Interpretation Part II. The Mind: 4. Motivations 5. Self-interest and altruism 6. Myopia and foresight 7. Beliefs 8. Emotions 9. Transmutations Part III. Action: 10. Constraints: opportunities and abilities 11. Reinforcement and selection 12. Persons and situations 13. Rational choice 14. Rationality and behavior 15. Responding to irrationality 16. Implications for textual interpretation Part IV. Interaction: 17. Unintended consequences 18. Strategic interaction 19. Games and behavior 20. Trust 21. Social norms 22. Collective belief formation 23. Collective action 24. Collective decision making 25. Institutions and constitutions Conclusion: is social science possible? Index.
International portfolio diversification: did industry and country effects change after the formation of the Euro?

For investors, it is highly relevant to know whether it is more important to diversify over countries or over industries. In this paper, 10 Eurozone countries, which adopted the Euro in 1999, have been studied. Before the formation of the Euro in 1999, country effects were dominant over industry effects within the Eurozone. Since 1999 a decrease in country effects can be observed. Not only the Eurozone countries, but also the European countries which did not adopt the Euro, experienced a structural decline in country effects. This implies an increased financial integration within the EMU. Comparing the country effects of Eurozone versus non-Eurozone countries shows that adoption of the Euro does not contribute to more integration. The study also explicitly looks at the effect of the financial crisis, starting in 2007. Contrary to my expectations, the country effects have only increased temporarily within the Eurozone since the financial crisis and rapidly retuned to its pre-crisis level. Moreover, the country effects did not exceed the industry effects after the financial crisis.
Social expectations and abilities to meet them as possible mechanisms of youth personality development.

OBJECTIVE Personality traits change from childhood through late-adolescence, however the effects of social expectations and self-regulatory efforts remain unknown. This study aims to explore mechanisms underlying personality development by assessing mean levels personality traits from childhood to late-adolescence. METHOD We used Common-Language California Child Q-Set to measure youths' (N=11,000) mean personality trait levels; social expectations for these traits as perceived by parents (N=47), teachers (N=42) and students (N=120); and self-regulatory efforts required for achieving the desired levels in these traits as perceived by parents (N=27), teachers (N=26) and students (N=54). RESULTS Expectations for youths' traits were consistent, regardless of raters' or youths' age. In our unique between-trait study design, traits' mean levels were positively associated with expectations for them, but age differences minimally tracked these expectations. Traits' required self-regulatory efforts were not associated with their developmental trends. CONCLUSIONS Results were only partially consistent with existing developmental theories of personality development.
A decrease in transcription capacity limits growth rate upon 1 translation inhibition 2

Qing Zhang1,#a, Elisa Brambilla1, Rui Li2, Hualin Shi2,3, Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino4,#b and 3 Bianca Sclavi1,#c*. 4 1. LBPA, UMR 8113 CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan, France 5 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy 6 of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 7 3. School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 8 4. LCQB, UMR 7238 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France 9 10 Current affiliations: 11 #a Current Address: CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, 12 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 13 #b Current Address: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano and 14 INFN, Italy, and IFOM, FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy 15 #c Current Address : LCQB, UMR 7238 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France 16 17
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, TRADE AND EXCHANGE ACTIVITIES

The present paper aims at analyzing differences in entrepreneurial intention between men and women in Algeria using individual factors as predictors of this intention. Based on Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior (TPB), a conceptual model was developed and tested through multi-group SEM analysis on a sample of 2,578 individuals from 14 Algerian cities. Results indicate that entrepreneurial intention is influenced by attitude driven from motivation, risk-taking and Perceived self-efficacy for both male and female. They show however that women take less risk than men and have different perception and motivation. While the empirical study was based on a large sample compared to most of the studies conducted in Algeria, the findings might not be transferable to other contexts. In our model we focus only upon three individual factors. This study does not take into consideration environmental factors that may explain other gender gaps such as (culture, institutions, etc.). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientifically founded study in Algeria. Our results are encouraging and should be validated by a cross cultural study.
Are Europeans Lazy? Or Americans Crazy?

In the light of the provocative title of this Conference, it may be a good idea to rehearse some of the relevant facts. Before plunging in to the data, it is important to recognise that these have been built up from a variety of sources which may not be wholly suited to making cross-country comparisons. They do, however, give us a flavour of the story. In Table 1, we present a measure of the total market labour input per person of working age. We also see how this divides into employment per person and hours per employed individual. Looking first at the total measure, we see huge variations across countries. Some broad groupings stand out. The Anglo-Saxon countries (excluding Ireland) have the highest labour input and Japan slots into this grouping. The Scandinavian countries (excluding Norway) are the next highest group and Switzerland fits into this group. The “Big Three” of Continental Europe, France, Germany and Italy, are right at the bottom. The Anglo-Saxon countries provide around 39% more market work than the Big Three and the Scandinavian group around 27% more. So the Scandinavians are much closer to the Anglo-Saxons than to the Big Three. This immediately suggests that looking at these matters in a “Europe versus US” framework is a hopeless strategy. Looking at the hours/employment rate breakdown, the Scandinavian countries have the highest employment rates and the Anglo-Saxon countries have the highest numbers of hours worked per year by those in work. The Big Three have low levels of both, although the Netherlands and Norway stand out as having the lowest hours worked, in the former case because of the large numbers of part-timers as analysed in the
Do Institutional Reforms Perpetuate or Mitigate Matthew Effects? Intellectual Property Rights and Access to International Alliances

: Institutional reforms can profoundly alter the competitive positions of firms. Yet there has been limited research on which firms benefit most from these reforms: are the opportunities they create seized primarily by the most prominent firms, thus perpetuating a ‘rich get richer’ dynamic, or by previously peripheral firms, thus leveling the playing field? We address this question by exploring how intellectual property rights (IPR) reforms affect firms’ access to international alliances, a valuable channel of resources for firms in emerging markets. We find a significant increase in the number of international alliances formed by firms from the reforming countries corresponding precisely with the timing of IPR law improvements. This increase is strongest for firms that were ‘peripheral’ pre-reform: those that were of low status in the global alliance network and those located outside major cities in the reforming countries. Peripheral firms also benefitted the most from IPR improvements in terms of the quality of their alliance portfolios, gaining partners of higher status, from technologically stronger countries, and from a wider diversity of countries. Our study suggests that institutions play a role in mitigating Matthew effects in global alliance networks. Acknowledgments : We thank the Strategy Science editors and reviewers for their feedback. We received constructive ideas from Matthew Bidwell, Adam Cobb, Julien Clement, Todd Gormley, Mauro Guillen, Witold Henisz, Lori Rosenkopf, Myles Shaver, Keyvan Vakili, and Todd Zenger; from participants in seminars at Baruch College, Bocconi University,
Karia and Krete : a study in social and cultural interaction

My thesis focuses on social and cultural interaction between Karia (in south western Anatolia) and Krete, over a long time span; from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. A persistent tradition existed in antiquity linking the Karians with Krete; this was mirrored in civic mythologies in Karia, as well as in cults and toponyms. My research aims to construct a new framework in which to read these traditions. The way in which a community ‘remembered’ its past was not an objective view of history; traditions were transmitted because they were considered to reflect something about a society. The persistence of a Kretan link within Karian mythologies and cults indicates that Krete was ‘good to think with’ even (or especially) during a period when Karia itself was undergoing changes (becoming, in a sense, both ‘de-Karianized’ and ‘Hellenized’). I focus on the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, from which most of our source material derives. The relevance of a shared past is considered in light of actual contacts between the two regions: diplomatic, economic, cultural and military. Against the prevailing orthodoxy, which maintains that traditions of earlier contacts, affinities and kinship between peoples from different parts of the Mediterranean were largely constructs of later periods, I take seriously the origins of such traditions and explore how the networks that linked Minoan Krete with Anatolia could have left a residuum in later conceptualisations of regional history. That I am able to do so is mainly thanks to developments in recent archaeological and linguistic research into Bronze Age western Anatolia. Such a diachronic approach throws up obvious questions of methodology: one cannot draw straight lines between the late Bronze age and the second century BC, and so must develop a way of analysing how, and in which contexts, traditions survived.
CRISPR-based tools for targeted genetic manipulation in pathogenic Sporothrix species

ABSTRACT Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emerging fungal pathogen frequently associated with zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis by contaminated cats. Within 25 years, the disease has spread not only throughout Brazil but now to neighboring countries in Latin America. Thermo-dimorphism, melanin, glycans, adhesins, and secreted vesicles have been associated with the ability of Sporothrix species to cause disease in the mammalian host. Although certain virulence factors have been proposed as potential determinants for sporotrichosis, the scarcity of molecular tools for performing reverse genetics in Sporothrix has significantly impeded the dissection of mechanisms underlying the disease. Here, we demonstrate that PEG-mediated protoplast transformation is a powerful method for heterologous gene expression in S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. chilensis. Combined with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, this transformation protocol enabled the deletion of the putative DHN-melanin synthase gene pks1, which is a proposed virulence factor of Sporothrix species. To improve in locus integration of deletion constructs, we deleted the KU80 homolog that is critical for non-homologous end-joining DNA repair. The use of Δku80 strains from S. brasiliensis enhanced homologous-directed repair during transformation resulting in increased targeted gene deletion in combination with CRISPR/Cas9. In conclusion, our CRISPR/Cas9-based transformation protocol provides an efficient tool for targeted gene manipulation in Sporothrix species. IMPORTANCE Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a disease that requires long periods of treatment and is rapidly spreading across Latin America. The virulence of this fungus and the surge of atypical and more severe presentations of the disease raise the need for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sporotrichosis, as well as the development of better diagnostics and antifungal therapies. By developing molecular tools for accurate genetic manipulation in Sporothrix, this study addresses the paucity of reliable and reproducible tools for stable genetic engineering of Sporothrix species, which has represented a major obstacle for studying the virulence determinants and their roles in the establishment of sporotrichosis. Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis is a disease that requires long periods of treatment and is rapidly spreading across Latin America. The virulence of this fungus and the surge of atypical and more severe presentations of the disease raise the need for an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sporotrichosis, as well as the development of better diagnostics and antifungal therapies. By developing molecular tools for accurate genetic manipulation in Sporothrix, this study addresses the paucity of reliable and reproducible tools for stable genetic engineering of Sporothrix species, which has represented a major obstacle for studying the virulence determinants and their roles in the establishment of sporotrichosis.
Bacterial inactivation by high‐voltage atmospheric cold plasma: influence of process parameters and effects on cell leakage and DNA

This study investigated a range of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) process parameters for bacterial inactivation with further investigation of selected parameters on cell membrane integrity and DNA damage. The effects of high voltage levels, mode of exposure, gas mixture and treatment time against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were examined.
WIDER Working Paper 2014/047 The economics of malaria in Africa

: Malaria still claims a heavy human and economic toll, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa. Even though the causality between malaria and poverty is presumably bi-directional, malaria plays a role in the economic difficulties of the region. This article provides an analysis of the economic consequences of malaria (with an emphasis on human capital accumulation and productivity), and a discussion of policies aimed at reducing its incidence. A major initiative has been the distribution of insecticidal bed-nets at a highly subsidized price. An economic-epidemiology model is used to explain why such policy is doomed to fail in presence of a very high poverty incidence, as observed in the African region.
The Effect of Amniotic Fluid On Haıir Follicle Growth

Human amniotic fluid stem cell (hAFSC) exhibit significantly as a new treatment modality in hair loss, wound, scar and regenerative plastic surgery/dermatology. The difference of our study from previous amniotic fluid studies on the hair growth model was studied through the direct effect of human amniotic fluid (hAF). In our study, amniotic fluid was made acellular, pooled and freezed, making it more standardized in terms of its contents. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the efficacy and safety of amniotic fluid in hair loss model on rat. Using the hair loss model rats, we investigated the therapeutic potential of freezing amniotic fluid (FAF) and freezing gama irradiated amniotic fluid (FAFI). Our results showed that FAF and especially FAFI increased number of total hair follicles and accelerated number of transition to anagenic hair follicle. We observed that increased rate of arginase+1(Arg+1)/CD68 activity around the hair follicles treated with hAF. Our study suggests that FAFI may represent a safe and effective tool for increasing hair follicle and accelerating to anagen stage during hair loss model.
M IMICKING C REDIT R ATINGS BY A P ERPETUAL -D EBT S TRUCTURAL M ODEL G AIA B ARONE

In this paper, we outline the general lines of a structural model that is based on the Leland model (1994), but differs from its assumptions about the tax regime. In the revised model, which we call the Perpetual-Debt Structural Model (PDSM), stocks are equivalent to a portfolio that contains a perpetual American option to default. This paper offers a first empirical test of the model. Es-sentially, the question is: “Is the PDSM sufficiently flexible to give default probabilities consistent with those historically estimated by Moody’s? ”. As we will see, the answer is positive. The paper contains a simple firm-level application. The PDSM risk indicators have been used to define the “market rating” of Deutsche Bank.
Geomechanical Analysis and Design Considerations for Thin-Bedded Salt Caverns

The bedded salt formations located throughout the United States are layered and interspersed with non-salt materials such as anhydrite, shale, dolomite and limestone. The salt layers often contain significant impurities. GRI and DOE have initialized this research proposal in order to increase the gas storage capabilities by providing operators with improved geotechnical design and operating guidelines for thin bedded salt caverns. Terralog has summarized the geologic conditions, pressure conditions, and critical design factors that may lead to: (1) Fracture in heterogeneous materials; (2) Differential deformation and bedding plane slip; (3) Propagation of damage around single and multiple cavern; and (4) Improved design recommendations for single and multiple cavern configurations in various bedded salt environments. The existing caverns within both the Permian Basin Complex and the Michigan and Appalachian Basins are normally found between 300 m to 1,000 m (1,000 ft to 3,300 ft) depth depending on local geology and salt dissolution depth. Currently, active cavern operations are found in the Midland and Anadarko Basins within the Permian Basin Complex and in the Appalachian and Michigan Basins. The Palo Duro and Delaware Basins within the Permian Basin Complex also offer salt cavern development potential. Terralog developed a number of numerical models for caverns located in thin bedded salt. A modified creep viscoplastic model has been developed and implemented in Flac3D to simulate the response of salt at the Permian, Michigan and Appalachian Basins. The formulation of the viscoplastic salt model, which is based on an empirical creep law developed for Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Program, is combined with the Drucker-Prager model to include the formation of damage and failure. The Permian salt lab test data provided by Pfeifle et al. 1983, are used to validate the assumptions made in the material model development. For the actual cavern simulations two baseline models are developed for single and multiple caverns, respectively. Different parameters that affect damage propagation and deformation of salt cavern, such as cavern pressure, operating conditions, cavern height/diameter ratio, overburden stiffness and roof thickness are analyzed and the respective results summarized. For multiple horizontal caverns numerical models are developed to determine the cavern interaction and the minimum safe center to center distance. A step by step methodology for operators to assess critical cavern design parameters for thin bedded salt formations is also presented.
New exact solutions for the conformable space-time fractional KdV, CDG, (2+1)-dimensional CBS and (2+1)-dimensional AKNS equations

ABSTRACT In the present paper, expansion method is applied to the space-time fractional third order Korteweg-De Vries (KdV) equation, space-time fractional Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon (CDG) equation, space-time fractional (2+1)-dimensional Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff (CBS) equation and space-time fractional (2+1)-dimensional Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) equation. Here, the fractional derivatives are described in conformable sense. The obtained traveling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential and rational functions. The graphs for some of these solutions have been presented by choosing suitable values of parameters to visualize the mechanism of the given nonlinear fractional evolution equations.
Fragmentation and human disturbances in peri-urban forests: effects on vascular flora

La present tesi analitza els efectes de la fragmentacio del bosc i les pertorbacions humanes associades sobre lestructura, la composicio i lestat de conservacio dels boscos en un paisatge peri-urba mediterrani (la plana del Valles), tenint en compte factors climatics, topografics, de pertorbacio humana i paisatgistics que operen a diverses escales. Tambe es fa especial emfasi en linteres dels resultats obtinguts pel que fa a la conservacio i la gestio de la biodiversitat forestal en aquestes arees fortament humanitzades. Mes concretament, sanalitzat: - La importancia de les variables ambientals, les pertorbacions antropiques i lestructura de la clapa i del paisatge sobre el recobriment arbori de Quercus i Pinus. - La importancia dels grups de variables esmentades sobre la composicio floristica de les clapes de bosc de la plana del Valles. Tambe la resposta individual de cada especie per tal didentificar especies indicadores. - Les preferencies antropiques a lhora de gestionar i frequentar les clapes de bosc peri-urbanes en relacio a les caracteristiques estructurals daquestes. - Lefecte de la mida de la clapa de bosc, dels usos del sol adjacents, de la distancia al marge del bosc i de la interaccio daquests tres factors sobre la riquesa i la composicio floristica del sotabosc.
Changes of thermal conditions in the Polish Tatra Mountains

The purpose of the report is to determine trends in thermal conditions in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains. The study makes use of the data from the weather stations in Zakopane and on Kasprowy Wierch Mt. from the years 1951–2006, and mainly from 1966–2006. Various thermal characteristics were considered. The increase of the rate of upward trend in temperature in the Tatras at the turn of the 21 century, as well as the change of the seasonal distribution of the warming in comparison with the preceding long-term periods, have been documented. In 1966–2006, significant trends in the changes of the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures have been observed in the Tatras in summer (respectively, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.03–0.04°C per annum). Certain symptoms of increase of the thermal continentality have also been observed (increase of the annual amplitude of temperature). Besides, important features of changes in thermal conditions at the turn of the 21 century include an increase in the number of hot days, and even appearance of the very hot days at the foothills of the Tatras, increase of the number of frost days and decrease of the number of ice days in the high mountain part of the Tatras, as well as increase of accumulated heat of the growing season and an increase of daily amplitude of temperature across the entire profile of the Tatras.