Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Era of Coronavirus: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, and Barriers to Hand Hygiene Among Makerere University Students and Katanga Community Residents

Background: The Novel Coronavirus was declared as a pandemic by the WHO at the end of 2019. Proper hand hygiene was identified as one of the simplest most cost-effective Covid-19 control and prevention measures. It is therefore very important to identify gaps in the knowledge, attitude, and practices, and barriers regarding hand hygiene in the community. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a simple random sampling technique. An interviewer-guided questionnaire with questions on knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers to hand hygiene was used in data collection. Collected data were analyzed using Microsoft office excel 2016 and STATA 15 software. A 95% confidence interval was used and statistical significance was P<0.05. Results: Only 88 (24.5%) of the participants had adequate knowledge of hand hygiene. 32.8% of the university students had adequate knowledge compared to 6.3% of the Katanga residents. The majority of 336 (93.6%) participants had a good attitude towards hand hygiene. University students had a significantly better knowledge of hand hygiene while Katanga slum residents had a slightly better attitude towards hand hygiene. Only 19.6% accomplished all the seven steps of handwashing. 38.4% of the participants were still greeting by handshaking. Of the participants, 60.1% noted lack of soap as a barrier to hand hygiene and 62.9% reported having more than three barriers to hand hygiene. Participants who had been taught handwashing were more likely to have better hand hygiene knowledge and practice. Conclusion: There was an overall high proportion of participants with a low level of hand hygiene knowledge. There is a need for optimizing hand-hygiene practices through addressing the barriers and promoting public health education.
Evaluating Cognitive Maps in Large Language Models with CogEval: No Emergent Planning

Recently an influx of studies claims emergent cognitive abilities in large language models (LLMs). Yet, most rely on anecdotes, overlook contamination of training sets, or lack systematic Evaluation involving multiple tasks, control conditions, multiple iterations, and statistical robustness tests. Here we make two major contributions. First, we propose CogEval, a cognitive science-inspired protocol for the systematic evaluation of cognitive capacities in Large Language Models. The CogEval protocol can be followed for the evaluation of various abilities. Second, here we follow CogEval to systematically evaluate cognitive maps and planning ability across eight LLMs (OpenAI GPT-4, GPT-3.5-turbo-175B, davinci-003-175B, Google Bard, Cohere-xlarge-52.4B, Anthropic Claude-1-52B, LLaMA-13B, and Alpaca-7B). We base our task prompts on human experiments, which offer both established construct validity for evaluating planning, and are absent from LLM training sets. We find that, while LLMs show apparent competence in a few planning tasks with simpler structures, systematic evaluation reveals striking failure modes in planning tasks, including hallucinations of invalid trajectories and falling in loops. These findings do not support the idea of emergent out-of-the-box planning ability in LLMs. This could be because LLMs do not understand the latent relational structures underlying planning problems, known as cognitive maps, and fail at unrolling goal-directed trajectories based on the underlying structure. Implications for application and future directions are discussed
Shear wave splitting in refracted waves returned from the upper mantle transition zone beneath northern Australia

The broadband recording site at Warramunga (WRA) in the Northern Territory of Australia provides good coverage of seismic wave propagation through the upper mantle for sources in the earthquake belt through Indonesia and New Guinea. $ waves recorded on the radial ($V) and tangential (SH) components are of comparable quality because the hard-rock recording site minimizes the influence of coupling to P on the radial component. Refracted $ waves from the upper- mantle transition zone show a clear advance of $H wave arrivals compared with $V. Eleven polarization analyses of waves returned from the transition zone yield an average time shift of 2.3 s with the fast direction scattered about the transverse direction. Nine polarization measurements of waves returned from the top of the lower mantle yield an average time shift of 1.7 s, again with the fast direction near the transverse. No appreciable time differences are observed between the radial and transverse polarizations for paths refracted within the lithospheric lid. Because the observations of shear wave splitting in waves passing through the low-velocity zone, 'he transition zone, and the top of the lower mantle are not coherent in their absolute polarization, the cause cannot lie in azimuthal anisotropy at shallow depths under the WRA station. The most plausible exphnation is transverse isotropy in shear within the low-velocity zone under the unusually thick mantle "lid" under Australia. A possible contribution may come from anisotroly in -olivine at the top of the upper mantle transition zone. Transverse isotropy in the 200-kin-thick layer below the lithosphere down to the transition zone with a 1% faster shear wave speeds for horizontal polarization compared with vertical polarization will explain the splitting data. For this asthenospheric region the level of anisotropy is quite reasonable and the polarization is consistent with lateral flow. The geometry of the available paths for waves propagating within the mmltle lid inot sufficient to place constraints on the anisotropic properties of this heterogeneous a,nd low-loss region.
Hysteresis and Uncertainty in Soil Water-Retention Curve Parameters

AbstractAccurate estimates of soil hydraulic parameters representing wetting and drying paths are required for predicting hydraulic and mechanical responses in a large number of applications. A comprehensive suite of laboratory experiments was conducted to measure hysteretic soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs) representing a wide range of soil types. Results were used to quantitatively assess differences and uncertainty in three simplifications frequently adopted to estimate wetting-path SWCC parameters from more easily measured drying curves. They are the following: (1) αw=2αd, (2) nw=nd, and (3) θsw=θsd, where α, n, and θs are fitting parameters entering van Genuchten’s commonly adopted SWCC model, and the superscripts w and d indicate wetting and drying paths, respectively. The average ratio αw/αd for the data set was 2.24±1.25. Nominally cohesive soils had a lower αw/αd ratio (1.73±0.94) than nominally cohesionless soils (3.14±1.27). The average nw/nd ratio was 1.01±0.11 with no significant depen.
A Six-Phase Two-Stage Blocker-Tolerant Harmonic-Rejection Receiver

—Modern wideband receivers need to operate linearly in the presence of strong out-of-band blockers. In this paper, we introduce a blocker tolerant harmonic rejection receiver which is able to suppress blockers at the local oscillator harmonics. The suppression is achieved by applying harmonic rejection in two stages, such that the ﬁrst harmonic rejection already occurs at the ﬁrst gain stage output. The proposed receiver achieves this harmonic rejection with simple 6-phase local-oscillator (LO) clocking. The proposed design also uses simple gain coefﬁcients of (cid:6) 1 while implementing harmonic rejection in two stages compensates for the mismatch effects of each stage. In addition, near-band blocker linearity is improved by implementing a 3rd-order baseband feedback response which acts in conjunction with N-path ﬁltering. Implemented in a 28 nm FDSOI process, the receiver demonstrates 18-37 dB harmonic rejection from the ﬁrst stage and 46-53 dB of harmonic rejection in total. Further, a blocker compression point of 2.5 dBm for a third harmonic blocker and a near-band blocker compression point of -6.5 dBm is achieved.
The effects of cage type, oviposition time and egg storage period on the egg quality characteristics of laying hens

: Egg has valuable nutrients however; these nutrients may be affected by many factors. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of cage type, oviposition time and egg storage period on egg quality characteristics of laying hens. A total of 410 eggs were collected from unenriched and enriched cages in the morning and in the afternoon. After the eggs were weighed, they were stored at 21 o C and 20% relative humidity until the 30 th day of storage. It was determined that unenriched cage eggs had higher in shell breaking strength, albumen ash and pH & lipid of yolk and lower egg weight loss, yolk index & yolk color compared with enriched cage eggs. Morning eggs had the highest egg weight loss and the lowest egg weight, yolk height and yolk diameter. Dry matter & protein of albumen and dry matter & lipid of yolk were lower, while protein of yolk was higher in the morning eggs than those in the afternoon. It was observed that the storage period was important factor for egg quality characteristics. The effect of oviposition time and storage period interaction on egg quality should not be neglected. Interactions between cage type and storage period and between oviposition time and storage period were found statistically significant for some chemical composition of albumen and yolk. It is concluded that A quality egg criteria are preserved up to 14 days at an average temperature of 21°C and 20% humidity.
Molecular hydrogen in the troposphere: Global distribution and budget

Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been measured since 1989 in air samples collected using a globally distributed sampling network. Time series from 50 locations are used to better define the distribution and recent changes of H2 in the remote lower troposphere. These data show that the globally averaged H2 mixing ratio between 1991 and 1996 was about 531±6 parts per billion (ppb). Hydrogen exhibited well-defined seasonal cycles in each hemisphere, with similar seasonal maxima (530–550 ppb). However, in the Northern Hemisphere the seasonal minimum was 70 ppb deeper than in the Southern Hemisphere (∼450 and 520 ppb, respectively), resulting in ∼3% more H2 in the south than in the north. With these data we have reevaluated the global H2 budget. Methane oxidation is the largest source of H2 to the troposphere, and soil uptake accounts for much of its sink. The global annual turnover is estimated as ∼75 Tg H2 yr−1. The annual turnover, combined with a calculated tropospheric burden of 155 Tg, indicates a lifetime of ∼2 years. While our understanding of the global distribution of the sources and sinks of H2 is still incomplete, the lower annual minimum in the north may be reasonably attributed to hemispheric asymmetry in uptake by soils. The seasonal cycles in the two hemispheres show unusual similarities: the northern and the southern seasonal maxima and minima were offset by only a few months. We suggest that the seasonal cycle in the Southern Hemisphere is dominated by H2 emissions from biomass burning.
Chula Digital Collections Chula Digital Collections

Urolithiasis is one of the most common lower urinary tract diseases in dogs. Struvite is the most canine uroliths reported, and the second reported is calcium oxalate (CaOx). However, the proportion of CaOx urolithiasis tends to be increased. CaOx urolithiasis has high incidence of recurrence after the treatment and the pathogenesis of the stone formation is uncleared. Recent studies revealed that oxalate degrader bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract has important roles in CaOx stone formation but no research has been done to study the composition and the role of microbiome in the urinary tract of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis. This study has purpose to characterize the urinary bacterial population in urinary bladder of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis and to compare the difference of microbiome in urinary bladder of dogs with healthy condition and CaOx urolithiasis. Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 10 healthy female, 9 healthy male, 6 CaOx urolithiasis female, and 7 CaOx urolithiasis male dogs undergoing neutering and cystotomy procedures. Urine samples were used for urinalysis, urine culture, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing by using next generation sequencer (miseq). The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was amplified and compared for operational taxonomic units (OTU) data and relative abundance for both urine samples. We found that the urinary microbiota from CaOx urolithiasis dog had significantly higher abundance and evenness compared to the healthy dogs (p-value = 0.0035), with no significant found difference between sex. We also found significant higher amount of the microbes in
VIC+ for water‐limited conditions: A study of biological and hydrological processes and their interactions in soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum

The Three‐Layer Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC‐3L) land surface model is extended to include biological and hydrological processes important to water, energy, and carbon budgets under water‐limited climatic conditions: (1) movement of soil water from wet to dry regions through hydraulic redistribution (HR); (2) groundwater dynamics; (3) plant water storage; and (4) photosynthetic process. HR is represented with a process‐based scheme and the interaction between HR and groundwater dynamics is explicitly considered. The impact of frozen soil on HR in the cold season is also represented. Transpiration is calculated by combining an Ohm's law analogy, where flow from the soil to leaves is buffered by plant water storage, with the Penman‐Monteith method, where stomatal conductance is linked with photosynthesis. In this extended model (referred to as VIC+), water flow in plants and in the unsaturated and saturated zones, transpiration and photosynthesis are closely coupled, and multiple constraints are simultaneously applied to the transpiration process. VIC+ is evaluated with an analytical solution under simple conditions and with observed data at two AmeriFlux sites. Scenario simulations demonstrate the following results: (1) HR has significant impacts on water, energy, and carbon budgets during the dry season; (2) Rise of groundwater table, increase of root depth, HR, and plant water storage are favorable to dry‐season latent heat flux; (3) Plant water storage can weaken the intensity of upward HR; (4) Frozen soil can restrict downward HR in the wet winter and reduce the soil water reserves for the dry season.
U–Pb zircon age of the Andaman ophiolite: implications for the beginning of subduction beneath the Andaman–Sumatra arc

Abstract: The Andaman ophiolites form the basement of the Andaman Islands, which is a part of the outer forearc that links the Indo-Burma accretionary complex to the north with the Java–Sumatra trench–arc system to the SE. Upper mantle harzburgite and dunite are overlain by a cumulate peridotite–gabbro complex, high-level intrusive rocks and a tholeiitic volcanic series. The upper crust in the South Andaman ophiolite shows also a prominent andesite–dacite volcanic suite, suggesting arc volcanism built onto ocean crust. U–Pb zircon dating of a trondhjemitic rock from Chiriya Tapu in South Andaman Island using laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry reveals an age of crustal formation of 95 ± 2 Ma. The trondhjemites have geochemistry comparable with that of plagiogranites associated with ophiolite complexes, and εNd values around +7 further confirm that they are derived from depleted mantle melts. Basaltic pillow lava and basaltic dykes that cut the trondhjemites have mid-ocean ridge basalt-like trace-element geochemistry. The new data show that the Andaman volcanic arc was built on Cenomanian ophiolite–oceanic crust and that subduction was initiated at this time along Tethys, at least from Cyprus through Oman to the Andaman Islands.
Dinosaur Tectonics: A Structural Analysis of Theropod Undertracks with a Reconstruction of Theropod Walking Dynamics

A dinosaur trackway in the Middle Jurassic eolian Entrada Sandstone of southern Utah, U.S.A. , exposes three undertracks that we have modeled as isolated tectonic regimes showing the development of fold‐thrust ramp systems induced by the dinosaur’s feet. The faulted and folded sequence is comparable to crustal‐scale tectonics associated with plate tectonics and foreland fold‐thrust belts. A structural analysis of the dinosaur tracks shows the timing and direction of the forces exercised on the substrate by the animal’s foot during the stride. Based on the structural analysis, we establish a scenario for foot movements and weight distribution in the feet. During the end of the weight‐bearing phase of the stride, the weight of the animal was transferred to the front of the digits, creating a rotated disk below the foot that was bounded by an extensional fault at the front and a thrust ramp toward the back. As the body accelerated, the foot was forced backward. The rotated disk was forced backward along a detachment fault that was bounded by lateral ramps. The interramp segment matches the width of the dinosaur’s foot, which created an imbricate fan thrust system that extended to the far end of the undertrack. The total length of the tectonic disturbance created by the dinosaur is up to three times that of the original footprint. Early, near‐surface cementation gave the substrate the rheological properties necessary for development of the observed structures.
A controlled in‐situ investigation of the relationship between stress, velocity and induced seismicity

A p-wave velocity survey was performed after the excavation of a cylindrical, horizontal tunnel through homogenous, visibly unfractured granite. An image of the velocity structure around the tunnel indicated a distinct zone of high velocity corresponding to a zone of increased elastic stresses, where a break-out notch formed. Perpendicular to this zone, a region of decreased velocity was found associated with a region of tensile elastic stress. The stress changes are believed to have preferentially opened and closed pre-existing micro-fractures in the rock, thereby decreasing and increasing the p-wave velocity. Additional velocity decreases are also attributed to creation of new fractures. The excavation-induced microseismicity is found to be generally associated with the high-velocity region adjacent to the notch, and appears to be located along the boundary between the fractured, low-velocity and high-velocity regions.
Deactivation in anterior cingulate cortex during facial processing in young individuals with high familial risk and early development of depression: fMRI findings from the Scottish Bipolar Family Study.

BACKGROUND Studies have identified perturbations in facial processing in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD), but their relationship to genetic risk and early development of illness is unclear. METHODS The Scottish Bipolar Family Study is a prospective longitudinal investigation examining young individuals (age 16-25) at familial risk of mood disorder. Participants underwent functional MRI using an implicit facial processing task employing angry and neutral faces. An explicit facial expression recognition task was completed outside the scanner. Clinical outcomes obtained 2 years after the scan were used to categorise participants into controls (n = 54), high-risk individuals who had developed MDD (HR MDD; n = 30) and high-risk individuals who remained well (HR Well, n = 43). RESULTS All groups demonstrated activation patterns typically observed during facial processing, including activation of the amygdala, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus and middle frontal regions. Notably, the HR MDD group showed reduced activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus versus both the control and HR Well group for angry faces, and versus the HR Well group for neutral faces. Outside the scanner, the HR MDD group was less accurate in recognising fearful expressions than the HR Well group. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate functional abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex alongside facial emotional recognition deficits in high-risk individuals in the early stages of depression compared with both controls and at-risk individuals who remained well. These neural changes were associated with a current or future diagnosis of MDD and were not simply associated with increased familial risk.
Multiscale assessment of North American terrestrial carbon balance

Abstract. Comparisons of carbon uptake estimates from bottom-up terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) to top-down atmospheric inversions help assess how well we understand carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. Previous comparisons have shown varying levels of agreement between bottom-up and top-down approaches, but they have almost exclusively focused on large, aggregated scales (e.g., global or continental), providing limited insights into reasons for the mismatches. Here we explore how consistency, defined as the spread in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) estimates within an ensemble of TBMs or inversions, varies with at finer spatial scales ranging from 1∘×1∘ to the continent of North America. We also evaluate how well consistency informs accuracy in overall NEE estimates by filtering models based on their agreement with the variability, magnitude, and seasonality in observed atmospheric CO2 drawdowns or enhancements. We find that TBMs produce more consistent estimates of NEE for most regions and at most scales relative to inversions. Filtering models using atmospheric CO2 metrics causes ensemble spread to decrease substantially for TBMs, but not for inversions. This suggests that ensemble spread is likely not a reliable measure of the uncertainty associated with the North American carbon balance at any spatial scale. Promisingly, applying atmospheric CO2 metrics leads to a set of models with converging flux estimates across TBMs and inversions. Overall, we show that multiscale assessment of the agreement between bottom-up and top-down NEE estimates, aided by regional-scale observational constraints is a promising path towards identifying fine-scale sources of uncertainty and improving both ensemble consistency and accuracy. These findings help refine our understanding of biospheric carbon balance, particularly at scales relevant for informing regional carbon-climate feedbacks.
KETIMPANGAN EKONOMI ANTAR PROVINSI DI SUMATERA

This research is aimed to identify economic disparity of per capita GRDP at 2000 constant of 10 provinces in Sumatera over period 2005-2010. This study aims to obtain the empirical evidence on (1) influence investment to disparity of economy in Sumatera (2) influence agglomeration to disparity of economy in Sumatera and (3) influence natural resources to disparity of economy in Sumatera. It used secondary and establishment data BPS (Indonesias Bureau Statistic). The methods of analysis are Williamson indeks, OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression using panel data with method random effect Result of research indicates that, out of 10 provinces in Sumatera, there are 5 provinces have the disparity index bigger than the average of Sumatera and 5 provinces have the disparity index smallerr than the average of Sumatera. While, the result of investment has significant and negative influence to disparity of economy, aglomeration has significant and positive influence to disparity of economy, natural resources have significant and negative influence to disparity of economy