Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tofacitinib Inhibits STAT Phosphorylation and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, -9 and -13 Production by C28/I2 Human Juvenile Chondrocytes

Purpose This in vitro study was designed to determine the effect of the pan-Janus kinase inhibitor, Tofacitinib, on basal and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression and MMP production by C28/I2 human chondrocytes. Methods C28/I2 chondrocytes were grown to a confluent high-density and treated either with recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6; 10–20ng/mL) or maintained in the basal state for up to 60 min. MMP gene expression was determined using RT-PCR and MMP production by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. The effect of IL-6 with or without Tofacitinib on activation of STAT proteins was determined from quantitative Western blots. Results C28/I2 chondrocytes produced STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5AB which were phosphorylated (p) following treatment with rhIL-6 for 30 min. Tofacitinib (2.5nM–100nM) decreased rhIL-6-induced activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5AB as well as decreasing the expression of MMP3 and MMP13 but not MMP9, MMP1 or MMP2. In addition, Tofacitinib (50nM) reduced the number of rhIL-6-induced MMP3-, and MMP13- antibody-positive C28/I2 chondrocytes. However, Tofacitinib did decrease the number of MMP9-antibody-positive C28/I2 chondrocytes. Conclusion Taken together, these data showed that Tofacitinib, a pan-JAK small molecule inhibitor employed for the medical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis was a potent inhibitor of rhIL-6-induced STAT phosphorylation that appeared to be coupled to the inhibition of MMP-3, -9 and -13 production by C28/I2 chondrocytes.
BREAKDOWN OF KENNICUTT–SCHMIDT LAW AT GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUD SCALES IN M33

We have mapped the northern area (30′ × 20′) of a Local Group spiral galaxy M33 in 12CO(J = 1–0) line with the 45 m telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. Along with Hα and Spitzer 24 μm data, we have investigated the relationship between the surface density of molecular gas mass and that of star formation rate (SFR) in an external galaxy (Kennicutt–Schmidt law) with the highest spatial resolution (∼80 pc) to date, which is comparable to scales of giant molecular clouds (GMCs). At positions where CO is significantly detected, the SFR surface density exhibits a wide range of over four orders of magnitude, from ΣSFR ≲ 10−10 to ∼10−6 M☉ yr−1 pc−2, whereas the values are mostly within 10–40 M☉ pc−2. The surface density of gas and that of SFR correlate well at an ∼1 kpc resolution, but the correlation becomes looser with higher resolution and breaks down at GMC scales. The scatter of the ΣSFR– relationship in the ∼80 pc resolution results from the variety of star-forming activity among GMCs, which is attributed to the various evolutionary stages of GMCs and to the drift of young clusters from their parent GMCs. This result shows that the Kennicutt–Schmidt law is valid only in scales larger than that of GMCs, when we average the spatial offset between GMCs and star-forming regions, and their various evolutionary stages.
Geometric structures in systems theory

The predominance of linear models in systems theory has tended to obscure the natural structure possessed by given nonlinear physical systems, either through linearisation, model order reduction, or choice of co-ordinates. The purpose of the paper is to motivate the reintroduction of geometric structure into systems theory. First, a brief introduction to the more common geometric structures is given, also showing their linear counterparts. It is then shown how these structures arise in systems theory by introducing the nonlinear control problems involved with mechanical manipulators, electrical networks, rotating electrical machinery and attitude control of spacecraft. The paper is concluded by considering the application of some of the geometric structures to nonlinear Hamiltonian and potential input/output systems.
Efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared to that of placebo or other interventions: a systematic review with meta-analyses

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral disorder of unknown etiology which presents therapeutic challenges. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been studied as a potential treatment for BMS. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of ALA compared to that of placebo or other interventions in individuals with BMS. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) using ALA to treat BMS were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to February 3, 2021. The assessment of the risk of bias in the included studies was based on the Cochrane guidelines. The primary outcome evaluated was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain intensity. ALA was compared with placebo, clonazepam, gabapentin, pregabalin, ALA plus gabapentin, capsaicin, Biotène®, and laser therapy. Altogether, 137 records were scanned for inclusion/exclusion, and nine RCTs (two unclear and seven at high risk of bias) were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses, with a total of 594 patients with BMS included in this review. All studies reported an improvement in VAS pain scores ranging from -0.72 to -2.77. Meta-analysis results showed a non-significant reduction in pain intensity for ALA (P = 0.616) compared to that of placebo on a VAS of 0–10. Patients taking ALA were 1.923 times more likely to show an improvement in self-reported BMS symptoms (P = 0.031) than those in the placebo group. Clonazepam and pregabalin showed a significant VAS pain reduction of 4.08 and 4.68 (P < 0.001), respectively, compared to that with ALA. Although ALA intervention provided a non-significant improvement in the pain score and was more likely to produce a reduction in BMS symptoms, the evidence was of low quality. Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for the use of ALA for BMS treatment.
On the central symmetry of the circumstellar envelope of RS Cnc

We present a phenomenological study of CO(1−0) and CO(2−1) emission from the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star RS Cnc. It reveals departures from central symmetry that turn out to be efficient tools for the exploration of some of the properties of the CSE. We use a wind model including a bipolar flow with a typical wind velocity of ~8 km s−1 that decreases to ~2 km s−1 near the equator. This wind model is used to describe Doppler velocity spectral maps obtained by merging data collected at the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer and Pico Veleta single dish radio telescope. Parameters describing the wind morphology and kinematics are obtained, together with the radial dependence of the gas temperature in the domain of the CSE probed by the CO observations. Significant north-south central asymmetries are revealed by the analysis, which we quantify using a simple phenomenological description. The origin of such asymmetries is unclear.
Discrete Properties of Intrinsic Localized Modes Observed in the High Temperature Vibrational Spectrum of NaI

Inelastic neutron measurements of the high temperature lattice excitations in NaI show surprising features. In thermal equilibrium at 555 K an intrinsic mode, localized in three dimensions, is observed at a single frequency near the center of the spectral phonon gap, polarized along [111]. At higher temperatures mixing between the intrinsic localized mode and the zone boundary TO mode is observed. Higher energy inelastic neutron and x-ray scattering measurements on a room temperature NaI crystal indicate that the creation energy of the ground state of the intrinsic localized mode is 299 meV.
Multiscale Modeling and Coarse Graining of Polymer Dynamics: Simulations Guided by Statistical Beyond-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

We review some recent coarse-graining and multi-scale methods, but also put forward some new ideas for addressing such issues. We find that, if one is guided by nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, it is possible to design well-founded multi-scale modeling tools that can link microscopic models with macroscopic constitutive equations. Such multi-scale modeling tools benefit from recently proposed approaches for static coarse graining which are mainly built on potentials of mean force. For dynamical properties, however, coarse-grained models need to account for dissipative effects that arise due to fast degrees of freedom that are eliminated in favor of the remaining slowly varying ones. The proper definition of the set of the state variables, effectively representing the nonequilibrium states is the first key to the success of such an approach. Linking the microscopic model with a macroscopic model built on these slowly relaxing variables is the second key. We illustrate the new approach for a flowing, low-molecular polymer melt.
INFRARED EXTINCTION IN THE INNER MILKY WAY THROUGH RED CLUMP GIANTS

While the shape of the extinction curve in the infrared is considered to be set and the extinction ratios between infrared bands are usually taken to be approximately constant, a number of recent studies point to either a spatially variable behavior of the exponent of the power law or a different extinction law altogether. In this paper, we propose a method to analyze the overall behavior of the interstellar extinction by means of the red-clump population, and we apply it to those areas of the Milky Way where the presence of interstellar matter is heavily felt: areas located in 5° < l < 30° and b = 0°. We show that the extinction ratios traditionally used for the near infrared could be inappropriate for the inner Galaxy and we analyze the behavior of the extinction law from 1 μm to 8 μm.
Non-linear power spectrum including massive neutrinos: the time-RG flow approach

Future large scale structure observations are expected to be sensitive to small neutrino masses, of the order of 0.05 eV or more. However, forecasts are based on the assumption that by the time at which these datasets will be available, the non-linear spectrum in presence of neutrino mass will be predicted with an accuracy at least equal to the neutrino mass effect itself, i.e. about 3%. Motivated by these considerations, we present the computation of the non-linear power spectrum of ΛCDM models in the presence of massive neutrinos using the Renormalization Group (RG) time-flow approach, which amounts to a resummation of perturbative corrections to the matter power spectrum to all orders. We compare our results with those obtained with other methods, i.e. linear theory, one-loop perturbation theory and N-body simulations and show that the time-RG method improves the one-loop method in fitting the N-body data, especially in determining the suppression of the matter power spectrum when neutrino are massive with respect to the linear power spectrum.
Chemical differentiation in a prestellar core traces non-uniform illumination

Dense cloud cores present chemical differentiation because C- and N-bearing molecules are distributed differently, the latter being less affected by freeze-out onto dust grains. In this letter we show that two C-bearing molecules, CH 3 OH and c -C 3 H 2 , present a strikingly different (complementary) morphology while showing the same kinematics towards the prestellar core L1544. After comparing their distribution with the large-scale H 2 column density N (H 2 ) map from the Herschel satellite, we find that these two molecules trace different environmental conditions in the surrounding of L1544: the c -C 3 H 2 distribution peaks close to the southern part of the core, where the surrounding molecular cloud has an N (H 2 ) sharp edge, while CH 3 OH mainly traces the northern part of the core, where N (H 2 ) presents a shallower tail. We conclude that this is evidence of chemical differentiation driven by different amounts of illumination from the interstellar radiation field: in the south, photochemistry maintains more C atoms in the gas phase, allowing carbon-chain (such as c -C 3 H 2 ) production; in the north, C is mainly locked in CO, and methanol traces the zone where CO starts to freeze out significantly. During the process of cloud contraction, different gas and ice compositions are thus expected to mix towards the central regions of the core, where a potential solar-type system will form. An alternative view on carbon-chain chemistry in star-forming regions is also provided.
Reconstruction of the primordial power spectrum by direct inversion

We introduce a new method for reconstructing the primordial power spectrum, P(k), directly from observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). We employ Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to invert the radiation perturbation transfer function. The degeneracy of the multipole ℓ to wavenumber k linear mapping is thus reduced. This enables the inversion to be carried out at each point along a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) exploration of the combined P(k) and cosmological parameter space. We present best-fit P(k) obtained with this method along with other cosmological parameters.
Gender-Based Labour Force Participation and Wage Gap in Pakistan: Does Globalization Matter.

This study has investigated the impact of globalisation on gender-based gaps in the labor market (GBGLM) of Pakistan for the period 1982-2017. Particularly, the study has estimated the impact of trade openness(OPEN), foreign direct investment (FDI), workers’ remittance inflows(WRI) and exchange rate(ER) on gender-based labour force participation rate differential (LFPRD) and wage differential (WD). The study has applied the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Johansen’s cointegration approach on two models estimated for LFPRD and WD. The error correction models (ECM) have confirmed an error correction mechanism as reflected by negative and significant coefficients of lagged ECM terms. The study has applied all relevant diagnostic tests to ensure the validity of empirical findings. The results of the study indicated that in the long run, OPEN reduced LFPRD and WD, whereas, FDI augmented LFPRD. ER depreciation decreased LFPRD and augmented WD. WRI also augmented LFPRD and WD. The study concluded that OPEN and Real GDP are prominent factors in reducing WD and LFPRD of Pakistan, whereas, FDI and WRI augmented LFPRD. This is a very important finding in the context of the stagnant real sector of Pakistan where agriculture and industry have performed lower than rapidly growing services sector of Pakistan. Since most of the exports emanate from the real sector of Pakistan, therefore, relatively more focus on real sector as compared to financial inflows can play a crucial role in reducing GBGLM of Pakistan. The policy implication based on results is that to reduce GBGLM of Pakistan, trade liberalisation with special focus on the commodity-producing sector is right policy option in Pakistan
Borel-Laplace Transform and Asymptotic Theory: Introduction to Resurgent Analysis

Part 1 Introduction - resurgent analysis in the theory of differential equations: singular points of ordinary differential equations - classification of singular points, the Borel-Laplace transform, the Euler example equations on an infinite cylinder - modification of the Borel-Laplace transform, asymptotics of functions of exponential growth, asymptotic expansions of solutions semi-classical approximations - WKB-expansions (elementary theory), exact WKB-approximation (quantum oscillator), asymptotics at infinity (the airy equation). Part 2 Borel-Laplace transform: enitre functions of exponential type - definitions, the Borel-Laplace transform, examples hyperfunctions with compact support - definitions, the Borel-Laplace transform, examples hyperfunctions of exponential growth - definitions, the Borel-Laplace transform, generalized hyperfunctions, examples microfunctions - endlessly continuable hyperfunctions, microfunctions and their Borel-Laplace transform, microlocalization, examples. Part 3 Resurgent analysis: preliminary remarks resurgent functions - definition of resurgent functions, the connection homomorphism and the Stokes phenomenon, asymptotic expansions, resurgent functions with simple singularities, generalizations of the notion of a resurgent function - resurgent representation investigation near focal points - Legendre uniformization investigation near focal points - connection homomorphism - the monodromy properties of a resurgent function, alient derivatives, alient differential equations, Stokes phenomenon and univaluedness examples - resurgent functions of the airy type, special functions of higher order, cylinder-parabolic functions. Part 4 Applications: ordinary differential equations - reduction to the Volterra equation, analytic continuation of terms of the Neumann series, convergence of the Neumann series, resurgent solutions to ordinary differential equations partial differential equations - asymptotic solutions to the Schrodinger equation, general equations with polynomial coefficients, examples the Saddle Point method - statement of the problem, one-dimensional case, multi-dimensional case. Appendix - integral transforms of ramifying analytic functions: integral transform of homogeneous functions transforms, associated with the F-transform the R-transform the delta/deltas transform.
THE ROLE OF BARS IN AGN FUELING IN DISK GALAXIES OVER THE LAST SEVEN BILLION YEARS

We present empirical constraints on the influence of stellar bars on the fueling of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) out to z = 0.84 using a sample of X-ray-selected AGNs hosted in luminous non-interacting face-on and moderately inclined disk galaxies from the Chandra COSMOS survey. Using high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging to identify bars, we find that the fraction of barred active galaxies displays a similar behavior as that of inactive spirals, declining with redshift from 71% at z ∼ 0.3 ? > , to 35% at z ∼ 0.8 ? > . With active galaxies being typically massive, we compare them against a mass-matched sample of inactive spirals and show that, while at face value the AGN bar fraction is slightly higher at all redshifts, we cannot rule out that the bar fractions of active and inactive galaxies are the same. The presence of a bar has no influence on the AGN strength, with barred and unbarred active galaxies showing equivalent X-ray luminosity distributions. From our results, we conclude that the occurrence and the efficiency of the fueling process is independent of the large scale structure of a galaxy. The role of bars, if any, may be restricted to providing the suitable conditions for black hole fueling to occur, i.e., bring a fresh supply of gas to the central 100 pc. At the high-redshift end, we find that roughly 60% of active disk galaxies are unbarred. We speculate this to be related with the known dynamical state of disks at higher redshifts—more gas-rich and prone to instabilities than local spirals—which could also lead to gas inflows without the need of bars.
THE VLA SURVEY OF THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELD–SOUTH. III. X-RAY SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF RADIO SOURCES

We discuss the X-ray properties of the radio sources detected in a deep 1.4 and 5 GHz VLA Radio survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field–South (E-CDFS). Among the 266 radio sources detected, we find 89 sources (1/3 of the total) with X-ray counterparts in the catalog of the 1 Ms exposure of the central 0.08 deg2 or in the catalog of the 250 ks exposure of the 0.3 deg2 E-CDFS field. For 76 (85%) of these sources, we have spectroscopic or photometric redshifts, and therefore we are able to derive their intrinsic properties from X-ray spectral analysis, namely intrinsic absorption and total X-ray luminosities. We find that the population of submillijansky radio sources with X-ray counterparts is composed of a mix of roughly 1/3 star-forming galaxies and 2/3 active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The distribution of intrinsic absorption among X-ray-detected radio sources is different from that of the X-ray-selected sample. Namely, the fraction of low-absorption sources is at least 2 times larger than that of X-ray selected sources in the CDFS. This is mostly due to the larger fraction of star-forming galaxies present among the X-ray-detected radio sources. If we investigate the distribution of intrinsic absorption among sources with LX > 1042 erg s−1 in the hard 2–10 keV band (therefore in the AGN luminosity regime), we find agreement between the X-ray population with and without radio emission. In general, radio-detected X-ray AGNs are not more heavily obscured than the non-radio-detected AGN. This argues against the use of radio surveys as an efficient way to search for the missing population of strongly absorbed AGNs. For the radio sources without cataloged X-ray counterparts, we measure their average photometric properties in the X-ray bands with stacking techniques. We detect emission with very high confidence level in the soft band and marginally in the hard band. Given their redshift distribution, the average X-ray luminosity of these sources is consistent with being powered by star formation. We note that on average, the spectral shape of our radio sources is soft with HR ∼ −0.5 and constant in different bins of radio flux. This result shows that the statistics do not indicate a significant trend in the average X-ray spectral properties, but it is consistent with the radio source population being dominated by star-forming galaxies below 100 μJy, as shown by our morphological and multiwavelength analysis presented in Mainieri et al. and Padovani et al.
Multi-wavelength study of the disk around the very low-mass star Par-Lup3-4

Context. Par-Lup3-4 is a very low-mass star (spectral type M5) in the Lupus III star-forming region. It shows spectroscopic evidence of accretion and mass-loss. In the optical and near-infrared, the object is underluminous by ≈4 mag when compared to objects of similar mass in the same association. Aims. The aim of this work is to characterize the circumstellar environment of Par-Lup3-4 to better understand the origin of its underluminosity. Methods. We have analyzed high angular resolution near-IR observations and searched for extended emission from a disk and/or an envelope. We have studied the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the target from the optical to the sub-millimeter regime, and compared it to a grid of radiative transfer models of circumstellar disks. Since the target is strongly variable, we modeled two different near-infrared datasets. Results. The SED of Par-Lup3-4 resembles that of objects with edge-on disks seen in scattered light, that is, a double peaked-SED and a dip at ∼10 μm. The diffraction-limited infrared observations do not show obvious extended emission, allowing us to put an upper limit of ∼20 AU to the disk outer radius. Par-Lup3-4 is probably in a Class II (rather than a Class I) evolutionary stage, which is indicated by the lack of extended emission together with the non detection of a strong 9.8 μm silicate in absorption. This last feature is indeed seen in emission. We fitted the whole SED of Par-Lup3-4 with a single disk model. Our modeling predicts a disk inclination of 81 ◦ ± 6 ◦ , which agrees well with previous estimates, and provides a natural explanation for the under-luminosity of the target. The detection of the silicate feature in emission at such a high inclination might be related to a more complex disk structure (e.g. asymmetries, inhomogeneities) than the one assumed here. Our analysis allows us to put constraints on the disk inner radius, Rin ≤ 0.05 AU, which is very close to the dust sublimation radius, and the maximum size of the dust grains, amax ≥ 10 μm, which indicates that dust processing has already taken place in Par-Lup3-4. Some of the derived disk parameters vary depending on the modeled near-infrared data-set, which emphasizes the importance of taking variability into account when modeling the SED of young stellar objects.