Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coastal-sea-ice action on a breakwater in a microtidal inlet in Svalbard

In order to open a coal mine in Ispallen, a prospect of the company Store Norske, it will necessary to transport the coal across a tidal inlet, Sveasundet, in Svea, Svalbard. In anticipation of this challenge, Store Norske partly funded a PhD position at UNIS to study the action of the ice on a possible causeway across the inlet and, more generally, to better understand the action of sea ice on coastal structures. I designed and supervised the construction of a 50-m-long, 8-m-high and 25-m-wide breakwater in this microtidal environment—2.0 m maximum tidal range—where the seaice period lasts between 4 and 6 months. At the tip of the breakwater I installed a cabin with a weather and ground temperature station and time-lapse cameras. On the seabed I installed a tide and wave gauge. I went on the site on a weekly basis during a full ice season and documented the ice conditions both visually and quantitatively. I used a differential GPS to monitor tidal ice movements, measured ice stresses and took cores to analyse the properties of the coastal ice. To my knowledge, nowhere in the world have ice conditions ever before been documented so thoroughly throughout a whole season. Most engineering literature on sea ice is related to offshore structures. There is so little literature on coastal sea ice that several terms lack a precise definition. In this thesis coastal ice is defined as the ice in the zone that is affected by the boundary conditions at the shore. I identified and documented a variety of coastal-ice processes, most notably the formation, growth and decay of the ice foot, the tidal movement, and the break-up. The observations of the ice foot lead me to revise its definition. At the site of study, the term is essentially relevant during the formation of the sea ice cover and during the breakup. In between, it is more relevant to consider the hinge zone, which is the area where the tide cracks occur. The ice pile-ups that occurred during the break-up perpertrated little damage because that late in the season, the ice was rotten and soft. Since these were the most destructive events, the ice conditions may be characterised as mild. Measurements of the ice strength, elasticity and creep across the coastal zone revealed that the coastal ice was weaker, less stiff and crept less than the free-floating ice. From the shore to the free-floating ice, the measured value of strength ranged monotonously from about 3 to 4 MPa and the measured value of elasticity ranged monotonously from about 1 to 1.5 GPa. Measuring the stresses in metre-thick ice was challenging but the peak stresses of about 150 kPa is in the range of those found in similar studies (Frederking et al., 1986; Sayed et al., 1988; Moslet, 2001; Nikitin et al., 1992). Surprisingly, the highest stresses were measured in the direction not perpendicular but parallel to the tide cracks. More work is needed to understand the process of stress-build up.
Wine ethanol C-14 as a tracer for fossil fuel CO2 emissions in Europe: Measurements and model comparison

[1] 14C (radiocarbon) in atmospheric CO2 is the most direct tracer for the presence of fossil-fuel-derived CO2 (CO2-ff). We demonstrate the 14C measurement of wine ethanol as a way to determine the relative regional atmospheric CO2-ff concentration compared to a background site (“regional CO2-ff excess”) for specific harvest years. The carbon in wine ethanol is directly back traceable to the atmospheric CO2 that the plants assimilate. An important advantage of using wine is that the atmosphere can be monitored annually back in time. We have analyzed a total of 165 wines, mainly from harvest years 1990–1993 and 2003–2004, among which is a semicontinuous series (1973–2004) of wines from one vineyard in southwest Germany. The results show clear spatial and temporal variations in the regional CO2-ff excess values. We have compared our measured regional CO2-ff excess values of 2003 and 2004 with those simulated by the REgional MOdel (REMO). The model results show a bias of almost +3 parts per million (ppm) CO2-ff compared with those of the observations. The modeled differences between 2003 and 2004, however, which can be used as a measure for the variability in atmospheric mixing and transport processes, show good agreement with those of the observations all over Europe. Correcting for interannual variations using modeled data produces a regional CO2-ff excess signal that is potentially useful for the verification of trends in regional fossil fuel consumption. In this fashion, analyzing 14C from wine ethanol offers the possibility to observe fossil fuel emissions back in time on many places in Europe and elsewhere.
Rulers, Warriors, Traders, Clerics: The Central Sahel and the North Sea, 800-1500

What do we learn if we look in parallel at the past of two distinct parts of the world? Anne Haour weighs this question by considering both the central Sahel of West Africa and the European countries around the North Sea, for the period 800-1500. This is a time for which historical records are scarce, and to which archaeology is making ever-increasing contributions. It is also, and foremost, a time when the central Sahel and northern Europe alike were undergoing far-reaching changes that were to define key aspects of their identity today. New monotheistic religions were replacing the animist faiths, states and empire becoming consolidated, new trading networks being set up, new towns emerging, fortifications being erected as symbols and in defence against raiders and invaders. Do these elements of convergence mean that we can unpick much wider themes of similarity between northern Europe and Sahelian West Africa? This volume's central argument is that we can understand one area better by seeking inspiration from another. There is much talk by researchers today of the value of comparative approaches and cross-cutting studies; this book puts them to the test. Lucid and thought-provoking, this book will be of interest to scholars and students, historians and archaeologists, West Africanists and Europeanists.
Monte Carlo calculations of the atmospheric sputtering yields on Titan

Context. Sputtering serves as an important mechanism of atmospheric escape in the solar system. Aims. This study is devoted to atmospheric sputtering on Titan, with a special focus on how the N2 and CH4 sputtering yields respond to varying ion incidence energy and angle, and varying ion mass. Methods. A Monte Carlo model was constructed to track the energy degradation of incident ions and atmospheric recoils from which the sputtering yields were obtained. A large number of model runs were performed, taking into account three categories of incident ion with representative masses of 1, 16, and 28 Da, as well as two collision models both characterized by a strongly forward scattering angle distribution, but different in terms of the inclusion or exclusion of electronic excitation of ambient neutrals. Results. Our model calculations reveal substantial increases in both the N2 and CH4 sputtering yields with increasing ion incidence energy and angle, and increasing ion mass. The energy distribution of escaping molecules is described reasonably well by a power law, with an enhanced high energy tail for more energetic incident ions and less massive atmospheric recoils. The CH4-to-N2 sputtering yield ratio is found to range from 10 to 20%, increasing with increasing incidence angle and also increasing with decreasing incidence energy. An approximate treatment of ion impact chemistry is also included in our model, predicting N2 sputtering yields on Titan that are in broad agreement with previous results.
El gènere Kallymenia (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) a la Península Ibèrica i Illes Balears

Lobjectiu daquest treball ha estat lestudi del genere Kallymenia a la Peninsula Iberica i a les Illes Balears, el qual es troba representat per les especies seguents: K. reniformis (Turner) J. Agardh, K. feldmannii Codomier, K. lacerata Feldmann, K. requienii (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, K. patens (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson i K. spathulata (J. Agardh) P.G. Parkinson. En aquesta monografia es descriuen les principals caracteristiques morfologiques i vegetatives i tambe els tetrasporangis de totes les especies de la Peninsula Iberica i de les Illes Balears. Tambe es descriuen les estructures reproductores i els estadis de postfertilitzacio de totes, excepte de K. patens i K. spathulata, especies mes rares que les altres i per a les quals no hem pogut aportar aquesta informacio. Les dades sacompanyen amb una iconografia original a base de dibuixos i fotografies i amb una clau de determinacio pels taxons estudiats. Tambe es detalla la corologia de les diferents especies, el seu habitat i la seva fenologia.
Ecological status of the Pampean plain streams and rivers (Argentina)

The Pampean biogeographic area extends along a vast territory of South America. The presem study forms part of a regional research program to investigate the physical-chemical and biological features of Pampean plain streams and rivers located between 34° 51 '-37" 59' S and 57° 21 '-59° 08' W, with a humid-temperate dimate. Brooks, streams and rivers can originate in shallow depressions of the plain and few streams have their sources on the hills that occupy only a small area. The loess mud o r day sediments are rich in organic detritus. Running waters have a slow current du e to the low slope (l o-') an d variable turbidity. The headwaters laek riparian vegetation and the Pampean grasslands represem the characteristic bioma of the region, being composed of a gramineous grasses steppe. Agriculture and cattle farming are the main activities in most parts of the area but urbanization has promoted industria! activity especially in the low basins. The aim of this paper was to relate physical, chemical and biological features to establish a preliminary ecological status in streams and rivers of the Pampean plain.
Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation of Steel Quenching

The objective of design of quenching is to estimate the results of quenching, concerning mostly with the estimation of microstructure and mechanical properties. For the simulation of specimen cooling which is thermodynamical problem, it is necessary to establish the appropriate algorithm which describes cooling process, and to accept appropriate input data. Microstructure composition and hardness will be defined by kinetic equations of prior microstructure decomposition, based on time of cooling from 800 to 500 °C, which is relevant to microstructure transformation. Semiempirical methods are derived from kinetic equations of microstructure transformation to predict microstructure composition of quenched steel. To determine hardness of high hardenability steels the modified Jominy test (JMC®-test) results can be used.
Branch and bound computation of exact p-values

UNLABELLED P-value computation is often used in bioinformatics to quantify the surprise, or significance, associated with a given observation. An implementation is provided that computes the exact p-value associated with any observed sample, against a null multinomial distribution, using the likelihood-ratio statistic. The efficient branch and bound code, far exceeding the full enumeration implemented by commercial packages, is especially useful with small sample, sparse data and rare events, common scenarios in bioinformatics, where approximations are often inaccurate and inappropriate. This code base can also be adapted to compute exact p-values of other statistics in diverse sampling scenarios. AVAILABILITY Freely available at http://www.soe. ucsc.edu/~jill/src/.
F eb 2 01 6 On κ-reducibility of pseudovarieties of the form V ∗

This paper deals with the reducibility property of semidirect products of the form V ∗D relatively to graph equation systems, where D denotes the pseudovariety of definite semigroups. We show that, if the pseudovarietyV is reducible with respect to the canonical signature κ consisting of the multiplication and the (ω − 1)-power, then V ∗ D is also reducible with respect to κ.
Lateral Resistance of Piles at the Crest of Slopes in Sand

LATERAL RESISTANCE OF PILES AT THE CREST OF SLOPES IN SAND Artak D. Mirzoyan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Master of Science Pile foundations near the crest of a slope are ofte n required to resist lateral loads. This is particularly important for piles at the abu tments of bridges. However, limited full-scale test data are available to indicate how the lateral resistance of a pile would be affected when it is located near the crest of a slo pe. To investigate the effect of a slope on lateral pile resistance, three full scale latera l lo d tests were conducted on an instrumented steel pipe pile. For the first test, the pile was laterally loaded in horizontal ground. For the second test the pile was at the cre st of a 30 degree slope and in the third test the pile was placed three diameters behind the crest of the 30 degree slope. The soil around the pile consisted of clean sand compacted t o about 95% of the modified Proctor maximum unit weight for all three tests. Laborator y and in-situ direct shear tests indicated that the friction angle of the sand was a pproximately 39 degrees. The pile was instrumented with strain gages at approximately 1.5 ft intervals along its length so that the bending moment versus depth profile could be de t rmined. Pile head load, deflection, and rotation were also measured. Based on the resu lts, the presence of the slope decreased the ultimate lateral resistance of the pi le-so l system by approximately 25% and 10% for tests two and three, respectively. The presence of the slope also resulted in an increase in the maximum bending moment of approx imately 40% and 30% for tests two and three, respectively. Analyses using LPILE matched the lateral resistance for the pile in horizontal ground, but significantly overes timated the decrease in resistance due to the sloping ground. A mathematical model was develo ped to predict the ultimate strength of a pile located some distance from the crest of a cohesionless sloping profile. Parametric test results using the model were within 2.6 % of the measured results of tests two and three.
Experimental rock mechanics

Part 1: Deformation and Fracture of Rocks 1. Precise Measurements of Fracture Strength of Rocks under Uniform Compressive Stress 2. Deformation and Failure or Rocks under Confining Pressure 3. Deformation and Fracture of Rocks under Triaxal Compression: The Effect of the Intermediate Principle Part 2: Acoustic Emission 4. Acoustic Emission Activity 5. Source Location of Acoustic Emission 6. Magnitude-Frequency Relation of Acoustic Emission Events 7. Acoustic Emission under Cyclic Loading Part 3: Rock Friction 8. Design of a New Apparatus for Friction Experiments 9. Laboratory Experimental Results 10. Stick-Slip Events in the Natural Field and Some Features in the Occurrence of Recent Great Earthquakes
Social Preferences, Beliefs, and the Dynamics of Free Riding in Public Good Experiments

We provide a test of the role of social preferences and beliefs in voluntary cooperation and its decline. We elicit individuals' cooperation preferences in one experiment and use them - as well as subjects' elicited beliefs - to explain contributions to a public good played repeatedly. We find substantial heterogeneity in people's preferences. With simulation methods based on this data, we show that the decline of cooperation can be driven by the fact that most people have a preference to contribute less than others, rather than by their changing beliefs of others' contribution over time. Universal free riding is very likely despite the fact that most people are not selfish.
Social Preferences, Beliefs, and the Dynamics of Free Riding in Public Goods Experiments

One lingering puzzle is why voluntary contributions to public goods decline over time in experimental and real-world settings. We show that the decline of cooperation is driven by individual preferences for imperfect conditional cooperation. Many people's desire to contribute less than others, rather than changing beliefs of what others will contribute over time or people's heterogeneity in preferences makes voluntary cooperation fragile. Universal free riding thus eventually emerges, despite the fact that most people are not selfish. (D12, D 83, H41, Z13)
Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

We appreciate the comments by Schindhelm et al. (1) regarding our recent article reporting the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a type 2 diabetic population (2). In that study, we found that NAFLD is extremely common in type 2 diabetes and is associated with a higher frequency of manifest CVD. The prevalence of NAFLD was 69.5% among participants, and NAFLD was the most common cause (81.5%) of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound. In contrast, the frequency of hepatic steatosis likely due to other nonalcoholic …
Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives

Literacy and Development is a collection of case studies of literacy projects around the world. The contributors present their in-depth studies of everyday uses and meanings of literacy and of the literacy programmes that have been developed to enhance them. Arguing that ethnographic research can and should inform literacy policy in developing countries, the book extends current theory and itself contributes to policy making and programme building. A large cross-section of society is covered, with chapters on Women's literacy in Pakistan, Ghana, and Rural Mali, literacy in village Iran, and an 'Older Peoples' Literacy Project. This international collection includes case studies from: Peru, Pakistan, India, South Africa, Bangladesh, Mali, Nepal, Iran, Eritrea, Ghana.
Intra‐uterine migration of ova in the sow

I n connection with a study of prenatal growth, to be published elsewhere, examiliation was made of 469 pregnant uteri from sows with unimpaired ovaries. In 199 cases the number of fetuses in one liorii was greater than the aumtier of corpora lutea in the corresponding ovary. This is 42.43 per cent of the total number of cases. Clearly, these are cases of migration of the ova as reported by Corner ('21) and others. There are just two possible ways that this can take place. One is across through the peritoneal cavity. That this is possible in rabbits, at least, was shown experimentally by Leopold ('SO), who removed one ovary and the opposite horn of the uterus and then bred the operated animal. Cter ine pregnancy ensued. The other, seemingly more easy, route is do~v11 the Fallopian tube to the hoi-ii of tlie uterus, through its tortuous length to the bifurcation, and back into the opposite horn, where development takes place. Asdell ( '24) has sho~vii, by semispaying and ligation of the corimponding horn, that such intra-uterine migration is impossible in the rabbit. The bipartite uterus prevents any migration as so011 a s uterine seals form in tlie cervices. No sucli anatomic limitation is present in swine. Corner ('15) formerly held
Summer Habitat Use by Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and Peary Caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) in the Canadian High Arctic

Summer d ai ly activity and movement patterns end habttut selectivity by Peary caribou (Ranqiier taranclus pcc/[yi) anel m us k ox cn (Ovibos moschalus) were studiecl at two s ites in Cenadas High Arche. Caribou sh cw ed a qr e ater mobihty and broaeler selectton of h abf tat than muskoxen. Muskoxen red more th an thcy rested in contrast to the qr eater amount of time sperrt resling th an feeding by carib ou , The sedqc-producinq hydric-meaclow vegetation type was highly selecled for by muskoxen at both s tudy are as : carib ou s e lected against th e h y dri c-mcadcw type and preferred th e polar clesert end mes ic-meedow types. Caribou displayed a greater variety in plant species s e lec tion than muskoxen, favouring willow (Soli» arcticcn, grasses, forbs, and the flowers of vesculer plants. Muskoxen fed extensivelyon sedges in the hvdrtc-meadow. It is suggested the abunclance end distribution of sedqe-prcducmq meadcws me y control the regional abundance and d is tr ibution of muskoxen. Winter climate is probably the u ltimate factor controlling densities of muskoxen anel canbou in the High Aretic.
Evolutionary Patterns of Trilobites Across the End Ordovician Mass Extinction

The end Ordovician mass extinction is the second largest extinction event in the history or life and it is classically interpreted as being caused by a sudden and unstable icehouse during otherwise greenhouse conditions. The extinction occurred in two pulses, with a brief rise of a recovery fauna (Hirnantia fauna) between pulses. The extinction patterns of trilobites are studied in this thesis in order to better understand selectivity of the extinction event, as well to understand the effect of the extinction of the evolution of various trilobite groups. To study these patterns two phylogenetic analyses of sphaerexochines and ceraurids were generated and the overall data was combined with two older analyses of homalonotids and deiphonines from my Masters Thesis. Speciation and extinction rates were estimated in the deiphonines and sphaerexochines (two closely related cheirurid clades) to understand the different patterns of extinction and survivorship in greater detail. Then, utilizing the phylogenetic analyses, the end Ordovician is reinterpreted as a large scale analog of Vrba’s Relay Model, referred to herein as the Cladal Turnover Model. iii
Effects of juvenile hormone and ecdysone on the timing of vitellogenin appearance in hemolymph of queen and worker pupae of Apis mellifera

Abstract The caste-specific regulation of vitellogenin synthesis in the honeybee represents a problem with many yet unresolved details. We carried out experiments to determine when levels of vitellogenin are first detected in hemolymph of female castes of Apis mellifera, and whether juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids modulate this process. Vitellogenin levels were measured in hemolymph using immunological techniques. We show that in both castes the appearance of vitellogenin in the hemolymph occurs during the pupal period, but the timing was different in the queen and worker. Vitellogenin appears in queens during an early phase of cuticle pigmentation approximately 60h before eclosion, while in workers the appearance of vitellogenin is more delayed, initiating in the pharate adult stage, approximately 10h before eclosion. The timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes coincides with a slight increase in endogenous levels of juvenile hormone that occurs at the end of pupal development. The correlation between these events was corroborated by topical application of juvenile hormone. Exogenous juvenile hormone advanced the timing of vitellogenin appearance in both castes, but caste-specific differences in timing were maintained. Injection of actinomycin D prevented the response to juvenile hormone. In contrast, queen and worker pupae that were treated with ecdysone showed a delay in the appearance of vitellogenin. These data suggest that queens and workers share a common control mechanism for the timing of vitellogenin synthesis, involving an increase in juvenile hormone titers in the presence of low levels of ecdysteroids.