Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biology and Pathogenicity of the Yellow Beet Cyst Nematode, a Host Race of Heterodera Trifolii On Sugar Beet in the Netherlands

In 1975, dense populations of H. trifolii were found in fields where sugar beet had been grown on sandy soils in the southern part of the Netherlands. Host range of this yellow beet cyst nematode includes Cruciferae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae and Caryophyllaceae. In tests with Leguminosae, many juveniles invaded roots but reproduction occurred on a few species only. In hatching tests, pot and field observations, H. trifolii preferred warmer temperatures and multiplied more at the optimum temperature (25°) than H. schachtii because of its parthenogenetic reproduction. In spring at suitable temperatures (over 15°), a large proportion (70%) of juveniles hatch from the cysts when no host plant is present and this can be increased to about 90% by treating cysts with picric acid or root leachate from oil-seed rape. Under suitable conditions more generations may develop in one season. In a field trial sugar beet, cabbage and broad bean were very good hosts; turnip and vetch were good; red clover and bean were bad hosts and peas were resistant as many juveniles penetrated roots but failed to reproduce. The decrease of the nematode population was about 80 % in one year when non-host crops or resistant peas were grown. In a field trial the threshold for damage was about 5 eggs per millilitre of soil for sugar beets with yield reduced by about 35% at 50 eggs per millilitre. The nematode is associated with damage in other host crops.
Interferências mútuas entre a cultura do milho, espécies forrageiras e plantas daninhas em um sistema de consórcio: III - implicações sobre as plantas daninhas

The objective of this research was to evaluate the consequences of adopting a living mulch system with forage grasses on weed infestation, dry weight and leaf area production of three weed species in corn crop. The treatments resulted from the combination between four levels of grass forage factor (Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, and absence of forage) and three levels of the factor weeds (Ipomoea grandifolia, Amaranthus hybridus, and Digitaria horizontalis). Leaf area, dry weight, and density of weeds submitted to living under the association of corn crop and grass forages were evaluated. In general, the production system involving the association of a forage grass with corn crop reduces infestation and suppresses the growth of the weeds in the system; B. decumbens was the forage which least reduced weed infestation; the species B. brizantha was the most efficient forage in reducing I. grandifolia infestation, but it did not suppress A. hybridus growth; the forage P. maximum was the species that most reduced A. hybridus growth and D. horizontalis leaf area.
La sostenibilidad de la vivienda: razones para incentivar su desarrollo en España

En el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030 (en particular en el Objetivo número 11 sobre Ciudades y Comunidades Sostenibles) se aprobó la Directiva 2018/844 UE de 30 de mayo, modificando las anteriores 2010/31 de eficiencia energética de edificios y 2012/27 de eficiencia energética, para lograr "un parque inmobiliario descarbonizado y altamente eficiente (…) para transformar los edificios existentes en edificios de consumo de energía casi nulo. con una renovación a una tasa media anual del 3% (.) aplicando las Directrices de la OMS sobre la calidad de aire interior… y apoyando medidas de fomento de financiación inteligente para edificios inteligentes de la Comisión Europea". La Directiva anuncia una mejora de la transparencia de los certificados de eficiencia energética, garantizando el establecimiento y la aplicación uniformes de todos los parámetros de cálculo necesarios, tanto por lo que respecta a la certificación como a los requisitos mínimos de eficiencia energética, y propone un sistema de control posterior automatizado y electrónico. En el marco del proyecto del Plan nacional de I+D+i CertificaRSE5, se han analizado la certificación, las eco-etiquetas y el apoyo necesario con recursos financieros públicos para impulsar el futuro del sector. Para obtener esta información, se ha optado por diseñar y aplicar una técnica de investigación cuantitativa. En concreto, se ha realizado una encuesta a los grupos de interés del sector de la edificación y rehabilitación, por su experiencia con el manejo de certificaciones y su impacto real en la sostenibilidad. Se ha invitado a los encuestados a valorar la introducción de nuevos incentivos en los impuestos aplicables al sector de construcción y rehabilitación de viviendas, ajustados al retorno en sostenibilidad que generan, con el propósito de mejorar la normativa y la comunicación de todos los agentes involucrados con la sociedad. La finalidad de esta encuesta ha sido valorar la adecuación del marco normativo y financiero a la hora de atender las necesidades existentes, por lo que se han tenido en cuenta diferentes dimensiones analíticas: la sostenibilidad en el sector, la certificación, los recursos económicos y financieros, la normativa aplicada y la comunicación con agentes del sector y con la sociedad.
Ant mosaics occur in SE Asian oil palm plantation but not rain forest and are influenced by the presence of nest-sites and non-native species

Interaction networks within biotic communities can be dramatically altered by anthropogenic habitat modification. Ants, an important ecological group, often interact competitively to form mosaic-like patterns in disturbed plantation habitats, in which dominant species form mutually exclusive territories. However, the existence of these ant mosaics in pristine forests is contentious. Here we assess the relative strengths of ant competitive interactions in oil palm plantation and primary rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia, using null models of species co-occurrence. We use two metrics: the C-score, which measures mean degree of overall co-occurrence, and a novel metric, the Cvar-score, which measures the variance in degree of co-occurrence. We also investigate the role of nest sites by collecting ants from canopy and leaf litter microhabitats, and from epiphytic ferns, an important nest site for canopy ants. Furthermore, we assess whether non-native species, which were widespread in oil palm plantation (61 occurrences vs five in rain forest) are important in driving the formation of ant mosaics. We found no evidence for ant mosaics in any primary forest microhabitat. In oil palm plantation, segregation between species was pronounced in epiphytes, weak in the rest of the canopy and absent in leaf litter communities. Intriguingly, exclusion of non-native ant species from analyses increased the degree of negative species co-occurrence in all three microhabitats, with species segregation in the oil palm canopy becoming statistically significant. Our results suggest that invasion of plantation habitats by non-native species does not drive increased species segregation in ant communities. Rather, high degrees of species segregation might relate to changes in the importance of canopy nest sites, with colonies competing more strongly for these in plantations. In primary forests, weaker nest-site limitation and the highly complex, more vertically stratified, non-uniform canopy could lead to random co-occurrence between ant species at the scales studied here.
Cyanobacterial toxins in Canadian freshwaters: A review

Abstract Cyanobacterial toxins are a serious water quality concern in productive water bodies worldwide. Microcystins (MCs), which are hepatotoxins, are prevalent in Canadian freshwaters while the occurrence of neurotoxins anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s) and saxitoxin appears to be much less common. Concentrations of microcystin-LR (MCLR), presumed to be the most common of the more than 70 MC analogues, are highly variable in phytoplankton assemblages of lakes and greatly influenced by phytoplankton species composition. The frequency of occurrence and concentrations of MC in lakes in western Canada tend to increase with lake trophic status as well as decreasing N:P ratio. Microcystins accumulate in the aquatic food web through feeding activities of invertebrates (i.e., filter-feeding by clams and grazing by zooplankton and gastropods). Eventual trophic transfer of MC to fish, and resulting mortalities have been documented. Human health may also be at risk. Conventional water treatment may adequately remove low MC concentrations from source water, but can fail to completely remove MCs when initial concentrations are high. To address human health concerns, Health Canada established a drinking water guideline of 1.5 μg/L of MCLR. More recently, it has been suggested that β/N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a non-protein amino acid produced by many species of cyanobacteria, may cause neuro-degenerative disease, thus representing a significant emerging health issue.
Towards voluntary tax compliance: Understanding the impact of altruistic and egocentric orientation

Tax is one of the main sources of revenue for a country. Therefore, a sustainable contribution of tax revenue is crucial for a nation to prosper. Yet, the conundrum as to why taxpayers comply voluntarily, while, others resent from paying taxes is still unresolved. Hitherto, the conventional economic deterrent approach has failed to clearly explain this gap. Hence, the social psychology approach is explored in examining the taxpayers’ attitude. This study evaluates the taxpayers’ altruistic and egocentric oriented attitudes. Herein, these attitudes were examined for their corresponding relationship with taxpayers’ voluntary compliance. Survey questionnaires were distributed to the individual taxpayers of Malaysia using convenience sampling. Subsequently, 244 useable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS 3. The results revealed that the altruistic group was significantly happier and had a better attitude towards tax compliance. More importantly, altruistic orientation was significantly associated with taxpayers’ compliance. These findings highlighted the importance of imparting altruistic prosocial value within the education system and the society at large, in nurturing voluntary tax compliance.
Effect of pasture type (alfalfa vs. grass) on methane and carbon dioxide production by yearling beef heifers

The objective of this study was to determine effect of pasture type on methane and carbon dioxide production by heifers grazing alfalfa or grass pastures at three sites across western Canada. All pastures were intensively managed so that heifers had ad libitum access to new forage material each day, and pastures were back-fenced to prevent the heifers accessing previously grazed areas. As measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique, total methane production at the Brandon, MB, and Swift Current, SK, sites was unaffected by pasture type (averaging 157.4 g CH4 head-1 d-1), whereas at Lethbridge, AB, heifers grazing alfalfa produced more methane than did those on the grass pasture (162.8 vs. 113.5 g CH4 head-1 d-1; P < 0.05). Calculated with dry matter intake (DMI) estimated by alkane analysis, methane production per unit DMI was 3 9% lower from heifers consuming grass compared with alfalfa (P < 0.001). When intakes were estimated by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) m.
Anatomy of Bursa of Fabricius of Pati duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam at Different Stages of Development

Duck husbandry provides an additional source of income to the rural women of these states. Ducks are one of the excellent converters of low quality waste products into high quality animal protein in the form of egg and meat. Duck eggs have great demand in the states of Assam as it has high biological value and considered to be a delicacy food item. The Pati duck population constitutes a major indigenous duck variety in the state of Assam. The lymph nodes play an important role in defense mechanism of Pati duck by secreting IgA. Similar studies were conducted in other poultry species in other organs (Abdalla et al., 2011; AbuAli et al., 2019; Madkour et al., 2019; Rabbani et al., 2019; Udoumoh et al., 2019). Bursa of Fabricius is covered by thin serosal layer and the inner surface was made up of several mucosal folds which are projected into lumen. Similar type of work was reported in other avian species such as Long-Legged Buzzard (Ebru et al., 2015), Ostrich (Peng et al., 2012) Turkey (Gultiken et al., 2010) chicken (Bacha and Wood, 1990) Art ic le History RECEIVED in 11th January 2020 RECEIVED in revised form 17th February 2020 ACCEPTED in final form 26th February 2020 Anatomy, bursa of fabricius, pati duck, postnatal, development
Effects of High Chronic Temperatures and Diel Temperature Cycles on the Survival and Growth of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout

Abstract Tests of chronic temperature tolerance indicated that the upper limit for survival and growth of Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi was between 22°C and 24°C. Lahontan cutthroat trout experienced complete mortality within 2 d at 28°C and approximately 60% mortality over 7 d at 26°C. Fish suffered no significant mortality at temperatures of 24°C and below. No significant differences in growth of fish held at 22°C relative to fish held at cooler temperatures were found, but significant reductions in growth were observed at 24°C. When fish were subjected to fluctuating temperatures similar to field conditions, which cycle daily from 20°C to 26°C, they still grew, though not as much as fish maintained at constant 13°C or 20°C. Exposure to diel temperature fluctuations did not affect tolerance of subsequent chronic elevated temperatures.
What leads to reduced fitness in non-photochemical quenching mutants?

Feedback de-excitation (FDE) is a process that protects photosystem II from damage during short periods of overexcitation. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking this mechanism have reduced fitness in environments with variable light intensities. We have assayed the physiological consequences of mutations resulting in the lack of FDE and analysed the differences between field-grown plants and plants grown under fluctuating light in the laboratory. We show that FDE is an important mechanism in short-term responses to fluctuating light. Anthocyanin and carbohydrate levels indicated that the mutant plants were stressed to a higher degree than wild-type (WT) plants. Field-grown mutants were photo-inactivated to a greater degree than WT, whereas mutant plants in the fluctuating light environment in the laboratory seemed to downregulate the photosynthetic quantum yield, thereby avoiding photo-damage but resulting in impaired growth in the case of one mutant. Finally, we provide evidence that FDE is most important under conditions when photosynthesis limits plant growth, for example during flower and seed development.
Effects of Acer platanoides invasion on understory plant communities and tree regeneration in the northern Rocky Mountains

Quantitative studies are necessary to determine whether invasive plant species displace natives and reduce local biodiversity, or if they increase local biodiversity. Here we describe the effects of invasion by Norway maple Acer platanoides on riparian plant communities and tree regeneration at two different scales (individual tree vs stand scales) in western Montana, USA, using both descriptive and experimental approaches. The three stands differed in community composition with the stand most dominated by A. platanoides invasion being more compositionally homogenous, and less species rich (-67%), species even (-40%), and diverse ( -75%) than the two other stands. This sharp decrease in community richness and diversity of the highly invaded stand, relative to the other stands, corresponded with a 28-fold increase in A. platanoides seedlings and saplings. The dramatic difference between stand 1 vs 2 and 3 suggests that A. platanoides invasion is associated with a dramatic change in community composition and local loss of species diversity; however, other unaccounted for differences between stands may be the cause. These whole-stand correlations were corroborated by community patterns under individual A. platanoides trees in a stand with intermediate levels of patchy invasion. At the scale of individual A. platanoides canopies within a matrix of native trees, diversity and richness of species beneath solitary A. platanoides trees declined as the size of the trees increased. These decreases in native community properties corresponded with an increase in the density of A. platanoides seedlings. The effect of A. platanoides at the stand scale was more dramatic than at the individual canopy scale; however, at this smaller scale we only collected data from the stand with intermediate levels of invasion and not from the stand with high levels of invasion. Transplant experiments with tree seedlings demonstrated that A. platanoides seedlings performed better when grown beneath conspecific canopies than under natives, but Populus and Pinus seedlings performed better when grown beneath Populus canopies, the dominant native. Our results indicate that A. platanoides trees suppress most native species, including the regeneration of the natural canopy dominants, but facilitate conspecifics in their understories.
Earnings Management in the Pre and Post eXtensible Business Reporting Language Period in Indonesia

This study aims to determine and analyze the impact of XBRL adoption on earnings management conducted by company management in Indonesia. Earnings management in this study is proxied by discretionary accruals. The population of this research is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research sample was selected using the purposive sampling method. The total sample of this research is 15 manufacturing companies. This research period includes the period before the adoption of XBRL (2012-2014) and the period after the adoption of XBRL (2015-2017). Hypothesis testing is done by a paired sample t-test. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that there are significant differences between the levels of earnings management in the period before and after the adoption of XBRL. These results reveal that the adoption of XBRL can limit the opportunistic behavior of management in presenting financial reporting. These results also reveal that the adoption of XBRL can improve the quality of financial reporting.
Postembryonic expression of the serotonin phenotype in Helisoma trivolvis: comparison between laboratory-reared and wild-type strains

In a laboratory-reared albino strain of the snail Helisoma trivolvis, the number of neurons expressing the serotonin phenotype increases markedly during postembryonic life. To address whether these latent changes occur selectively in the laboratory-reared strain, postembryonic expression of serotonin immunoreactivity was directly compared in laboratory-reared and wild-type specimens. The spatial pattern of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons was generally the same in the two strains. In contrast, the time course over which this pattern was generated was more prolonged in the wild types than in the laboratory-reared strain. The cerebral, left parietal, and visceral ganglia of laboratory-reared animals completed their postembryonic acquisition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons by stage P10. Acquisition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons after stage P10 occurred only in the pedal ganglia. In the wild types, addition of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons continued at least until stage P20 in all of the ganglia .
Three levels of floristical variation in the forests of Chaco, Argentina

This paper analyses the floristic variation in the southern segment of the Oriental Chaco, known as the Santa Fe Forest Wedge. Floristical variation in Chaco forests is described at three levels of scale. On the coarsest scale there is a gradient of increasing floristic richness towards the north, related to a geographic temperature gradient. At an intermediate scale different types of forests are arranged according to environmental gradients correlated with topographic elevation. At a fine scale many microsites can be discerned with different micro-environments colonized differentially by species. Microsites arise as the result of site-physiographic history, development of vegetation and the interaction of both and with animals. Several dimensions of regenerationniche variation are distinguished, including canopy and soil characteristics, and propagule dispersal.
Studies on the anti-sickling effects of Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina on Hbss erythrocytes

The percentage of hemoglobin S polymerization in the presence of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina were used as the basis for ascertaining the possible anti-sickling properties of the two plant species on HbSS erythrocytes. In vitro HbS polymerization was induced by 2% sodium metabisulphite solution and comparative studies were carried out to evaluate the relative levels of HbS polymerization of the control sample with those of the two test samples, TS 1 (ethanol extract of A. indica ) and TS 2 (ethanol extract of V. amygdalina ). Spectrophotometric method was used to monitor the level of gelation of HbS for a period of twenty-two (22) minutes (l max = 700nm). The results showed that ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina activated HbS polymerization between 70.32% and 0.32% while A. indica inhibited HbS polymerization within the range of 37.28% and 1.83%. These findings suggest that A. indica has medicinal potentials for the management of sickle cell anemia disease. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2(1) 2006: 24-28
Seismic reflection data reveal the 3D structure of the newly discovered Exmouth Dyke Swarm, offshore NW Australia

Abstract. Dyke swarms are common on Earth and other planetary bodies, comprising arrays of dykes that can extend laterally for tens to thousands of kilometres. The vast extent of such dyke swarms, and their presumed rapid emplacement, means they can significantly influence a variety of planetary processes, including continental break-up, crustal extension, resource accumulation, and volcanism. Determining the mechanisms driving dyke swarm emplacement is thus critical to a range of Earth Science disciplines. However, unravelling dyke swarm emplacement mechanics relies on constraining their 3D structure, which is difficult given we typically cannot access their subsurface geometry at a sufficiently high enough resolution. Here we use high-quality seismic reflection data to identify and examine the 3D geometry of the newly discovered Exmouth Dyke Swarm, and associated structures (i.e. dyke-induced normal faults and pit craters). Dykes are expressed in our seismic reflection data as ∼335–68 m wide, vertical zones of disruption (VZD), in which stratal reflections are dimmed and/or deflected from sub-horizontal. Borehole data reveal one ∼130 m wide VZD corresponds to an ∼18 m thick, mafic dyke, highlighting that the true geometry of the inferred dykes may not be fully captured by their seismic expression. The Late Jurassic dyke swarm is located on the Gascoyne Margin, offshore NW Australia, and contains numerous dykes that extend laterally for > 170 km, potentially up to > 500 km, with spacings typically < 10 km. Although limitations in data quality and resolution restrict mapping of the dykes at depth, our data show that they likely have heights of at least 3.5 km. The mapped dykes are distributed radially across a ∼39∘ wide arc centred on the Cuvier Margin; we infer that this focal area marks the source of the dyke swarm. We demonstrate that seismic reflection data provide unique opportunities to map and quantify dyke swarms in 3D. Because of this, we can now (i) recognise dyke swarms across continental margins worldwide and incorporate them into models of basin evolution and fluid flow, (ii) test previous models and hypotheses concerning the 3D structure of dyke swarms, (iii) reveal how dyke-induced normal faults and pit craters relate to dyking, and (iv) unravel how dyking translates into surface deformation.