Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
G-BAND AND HARD X-RAY EMISSIONS OF THE 2006 DECEMBER 14 FLARE OBSERVED BY HINODE/SOT AND RHESSI

We report on G-band emission observed by the Solar Optical Telescope on board the Hinode satellite in association with the X1.5-class flare on 2006 December 14. The G-band enhancements originate from the footpoints of flaring coronal magnetic loops, coinciding with nonthermal hard X-ray bremsstrahlung sources observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager. At the available 2 minute cadence, the G-band and hard X-ray intensities are furthermore well correlated in time. Assuming that the G-band enhancements are continuum emission from a blackbody, we derived the total radiative losses of the white-light flare (white-light power). If the G-band enhancements additionally have a contribution from lines, the derived values are overestimates. We compare the white-light power with the power in hard X-ray producing electrons using the thick-target assumption. Independent of the cutoff energy of the accelerated electron spectrum, the white-light power and the power of accelerated electrons are roughly proportional. Using the observed upper limit of ∼30 keV for the cutoff energy, the hard X-ray producing electrons provide at least a factor of 2 more power than needed to produce the white-light emission. For electrons above 40 keV, the powers roughly match for all four of the time intervals available during the impulsive phase. Hence, the flare-accelerated electrons contain enough energy to produce the white-light flare emissions. The observed correlation in time, space, and power strongly suggests that electron acceleration and white-light production in solar flares are closely related. However, the results also call attention to the inconsistency in apparent source heights of the hard X-ray (chromosphere) and white-light (upper photosphere) sources.
Ensuring Adoption of Central Bank Digital Currencies – an Easy Task or a Gordian Knot?

Central banks have been discussing the introduction of a retail central bank digital currency (rCBDC) for some time. However, potential obstacles to its adoption by consumers and retailers remain largely unexplored in the academic and policy literature. This paper surveys the key elements involved in the adoption of any new means of payment and discusses failed and ongoing initiatives with public digital money. It concludes that ensuring the desired level of adoption of rCBDCs may impose significant constraints on central bank design choices and policy goals. In fact, in some settings, central banks may find themselves on the horns of a dilemma in seeking to balance the needs to (i) preserve the central bank’s hierarchy of policy goals, (ii) increase the chances of adoption and use of rCBDCs by consumers and retailers, and (iii) avoid any adverse economic effects.
Study of Risk Factors in Patients with Retinal Venous Occlusions

Introduction Venous obstructive disease of the retina is a common retinal vascular disorder, second only to diabetic retinopathy in incidence [1] causing significant visual morbidity affecting quality of life of patient. Incidence of CRVO is 0.8 per 1000 persons and 4.4 per 1000 persons for BRVO in general population [2] . The dramatic picture of obstructions of retinal veins was initially described as retinal apoplexy by Liebriech in 1854 [3] . Leber [4] (1877) reported the first case of BRVO and called it as hemorrhagic retinitis. It was first established as a clinical entity due to thrombosis by Julius Von Michel. Koyanagi first reported the association between BRVO and AV-Crossings. RVO most commonly affects the venous blood supply of entire retina [CRVO] or a quadrant drained by one of the branches [BRVO] less commonly superior or inferior half of retina alone is affected [HRVO] Central retinal vein obstruction [CRVO] and branch retinal vein obstruction [BRVO] differ with respect to pathophysiology, underlying systemic associations, average age of onset, clinical course and therapy [5] . CRVO most commonly occurs in the elderly usually above 50 years [6,7] . Many systemic and local factors that contribute to the thrombus formation can predispose to the development of central retinal vein occlusion, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperviscosity, hyperlipidemia, POAG, and hyperopia [8,9] . Branch retinal vein occlusions occur three times more common than central retinal vein occlusion. Men and women affected equally, usual age of onset is 60-70 years [10] . BRVO almost always occur at an arterio-venous crossing, where the artery and vein share a common adventitial sheath [5,11] . Most BRVO’s occur superotemporally, probably due to the highest concentration of arteriovenous crossings lied there [12] . Most common risk factors associated with BRVO are systemic hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, glaucoma, smoking and age related atherosclerosis7. Antiphospholipid antibodies, elevated plasma homocysteine levels and low serum folate levels have been associated with increased risk of vein occlusion [13,14,15] .
Resolution and identiﬁcation of G q /G 11 Æ and G i Æ /G o Æ proteins in brown adipose tissue: e V ect of cold acclimation

Levels of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins G q Æ and G 11 Æ , which produce receptor regulation of phospholipase C, were measured immunologically in puriﬁed plasma membrane fractions of hamster brown adipose tissue (BAT). This was achieved by immunoblotting with antisera (CQ series) that identify these two polypeptides equally, following separation of the plasma membranes using SDS-PAGE in the presence of 6 M urea, i.e. conditions that can resolve G q Æ and G 11 Æ . The ratio of levels of G q Æ to G 11 Æ was 1:1. A similar approach was used for resolution and identiﬁcation of G o 1 Æ and G o 2 Æ , the latter representing the prevailing form of G o Æ proteins in this tissue. Although clearly recognized in brain microsomes, which were used as positive controls, no detected levels of G o * Æ protein were noted. Using speciﬁc anti-peptide antibodies directed against the carboxy-terminal decapeptide of G i 3 Æ , this G protein was also found to be expressed in BAT tissue. Cold acclimation resulted in reduction of the plasma membrane levels of all these G Æ proteins. Journal
Lyman alpha emitter evolution in the reionization epoch

Combining cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations with a previously developed Lyα production/transmission model and the Early Reionization Model (ERM; reionization ends at redshift z ~ 7), we obtain Lyα and UV luminosity functions (LFs) for lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) at 5.7 ≤ z ≤ 7.6. Matching model results to observations at z ~ 5.7 requires escape fractions of Lyα, f α = 0.3, and UV (non-ionizing) continuum photons, f c = 0.22, corresponding to a colour excess, E(B - V) = 0.15. We find that (i) f c increases towards higher redshifts, due the decreasing mean dust content of galaxies, (ii) the evolution of f α /f c hints at the dust content of the interstellar medium becoming progressively inhomogeneous/clumped with decreasing redshift. Using the model assumptions, clustering of sources has little effect on the Lyα LF for a cosmic hydrogen neutral fraction χHI ≤ 10 -4 , a value attained at z ≤ 6.6 in the ERM. However, during the initial reionization phases (z ≳ 7), the clustering photoionization boost becomes important. We quantify the physical properties of observed LAEs and their redshift evolution, for which we give handy analytical fitting functions. Halo (stellar) masses are in the range 10.0 20 Myr at all redshifts, while the mean stellar metallicity increases from Z = 0.12 Z ⊙ at z ~7.6 to Z = 0.22 Z ⊙ at z 5.7; both t * and Z positively correlate with stellar mass. The brightest LAEs are all characterized by large M*and intermediate ages (≈200 Myr), while objects in the faint end of the Lyα LF show large age and star formation rate spreads. With no more free parameters, the spectral energy distributions of three LAE at z ~ 5.7 observed by Lai et al. (2007) are well reproduced by an intermediate age (182-220 Myr) stellar population and the above E(B - V) value. The model uncertainties, mostly related to the simplified treatment of dust and to the possible effects related to gas outflow/infall, are discussed along with their impact on the results.
Nitrogen fertilization and of N 2 O emission in corn production in the Comarca Lagunera

An experiment was established to quantify the level of N 2 O emissions in the soil in response to the application of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization for corn production. The treatments were as follows: 1) control, without application of nitrogen (N); 2) application of 200 kg ha -1 of N; 3) application of 400 kg ha -1 of N. An experimental design in random blocks with three repetitions was used. The corresponding treatments with forage corn were established in July 2018. To carry out the measurements of N 2 O emissions, two PVC static chambers were placed in each experimental unit: one at the ridge (B), where the fertilizer was applied, and another at the bottom of the furrow (F). Periodic measurements were carried out and at the same time soil samples from 0 to 15 cm deep were collected to measure moisture content and inorganic N (N-NO 3- + N-NH 4+ ) and soil temperature. The content of inorganic N of the soil fluctuated on average from 28 to 59 mg kg -1 of soil and the flux of N 2 O emissions fluctuated from 22 to 60 g ha -1 day -1 . Both were closely related to the increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization, both at the ridge and at the bottom of the furrow, the R 2 fluctuated between 0.81 and 0.99. The trend was adjusted to an exponential model. Dry forage and grain production reached 17.5 and 9.6 t ha -1 , respectively, with the highest nitrogen fertilization dose. There were no significant differences ( p< 0.05) between 200 and 400 units of N ha -1 , which indicated a low utilization of N by the crop and a higher emission of N 2 O with the latter.
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Taiwanese Children with Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tooth agenesis, tooth malformation, and eruption patterns of upper canines/first premolars in Taiwanese children. A total of 132 cleft lip and cleft palate (CLCP) patients (82 boys and 50 girls) underwent alveolar bone grafting (ABG) between 2012 and 2022. The patients’ dental records and X-ray images were inspected. We examined dental anomalies, including congenital missing teeth, microdontia, and transposition from the upper canines to the upper first premolars in these CLCP patients. Additionally, we investigated the mean ABG operation age (9.27 ± 0.76 years) of our patient; 40.9% of them received pre-ABG orthodontic treatment at 8.72 ± 0.70 years. Among the 132 cleft subjects, the prevalence of tooth agenesis is 73.5% (97/132). The most frequently missing teeth are the maxillary lateral incisors (right side: 46.2%; left side: 47.0%). In this study, microdontia are found in all the upper incisors, of which the highest percentage (18.9%) is observed in the upper left lateral incisors. The prevalence of upper canine and first premolar transposition is 10.6%. The pattern of tooth agenesis and microdontia of the upper lateral incisors shows a strong correlation with the cleft sites of these CLCP patients in our study. These results may support the idea that the patterns of dental anomalies in CLCP patients are region-specific.
PGC-1α and MEF2 Regulate the Transcription of the Carnitine Transporter OCTN2 Gene in C2C12 Cells and in Mouse Skeletal Muscle

OCTN2 (SLC22A5) is a carnitine transporter whose main function is the active transport of carnitine into cells. In skeletal muscle and other organs, the regulation of the SLC22A5 gene transcription has been shown to depend on the nuclear transcription factor PPAR-α. Due to the observation that the muscle OCTN2 mRNA level is maintained in PPAR-α knock-out mice and that PGC-1α overexpression in C2C12 myoblasts increases OCTN2 mRNA expression, we suspected additional regulatory pathways for SLC22A5 gene transcription. Indeed, we detected several binding sites of the myocyte-enhancing factor MEF2 in the upstream region of the SLC22A5 gene, and MEF2C/MEF2D stimulated the activity of the OCTN2 promoter in gene reporter assays. This stimulation was increased by PGC-1α and was blunted for a SLC22A5 promoter fragment with a mutated MEF2 binding site. Further, we demonstrated the specific binding of MEF2 to the SLC22A5 gene promoter, and a supershift of the MEF2/DNA complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In immunoprecipitation experiments, we could demonstrate the interaction between PGC-1α and MEF2. In addition, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, blocked and interferon-γ stimulated the transcriptional activity of the SLC22A5 gene promoter. Finally, mice with muscle-specific overexpression of OCTN2 showed an increase in OCTN2 mRNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, we detected and characterized a second stimulatory pathway of SLC22A5 gene transcription in skeletal muscle, which involves the nuclear transcription factor MEF2 and co-stimulation by PGC-1α and which is controlled by the p38 MAPK signaling cascade.
Transversal functional connectivity and scene-1 specific processing in the human entorhinal-2 hippocampal circuitry 3 4

Affiliations: 7 1 Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University 8 Magdeburg, Germany 9 2 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Magdeburg, Germany 10 3 Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, 11 Sweden 12 4 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom 13 5 Functional Architecture of Memory Department, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 14 Germany 15 6 Functional Neuroplasticity Department, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg Germany 16 7 Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg Germany 17 18
Application of Self-Adaptive Biogeography Based Optimization to Economic Load Dispatch Problems

A bio-inspired algorithm of Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) is organized by two processes; such as the process of migration and mutation. These operations work in the basic probabilistic way. It does not achieve good ability for population diversity and exploration. To improve the superiority of the solutions, the original BBO algorithm is modified. In the proposed algorithm, the migration operation of BBO is migrated with the mutation operation of differential evolution (DE) to enhance population diversity. In addition, BBO’s mutation process is tailored to Gaussian mutation to improve the potential for discovery. It is namely selfadaptive biogeography-based optimization (SABBO). The SABBO algorithm is proposed to solve the extremely challenging economic load dispatch problems in various power system networks. To validate the advantages of the proposed SABBO algorithm used to check economic dispatch problems with consideration of valve-point effects, restricted operating zones, and generator ramp rate limits. Moreover, the SABBO algorithm has been compared in the literature with existing algorithms. The suggested SABBO algorithm's suitability was tested using the standard 6-unit, 15-unit, and 40-unit frameworks.
Actively tunable angle-independent mid-infrared optical filters using GST Fabry-Perot resonators

Germanium antimony telluride (GST) properties and experimental results of mid-infrared optical filter are demonstrated. Incorporating sub-wavelength gratings of GST-Ag, Fabry-Perot resonators produce transmission peak are observed. Active tuning by, thermal excitation, of GST shifts refractive index from 3.48-4.61 while maintaining angular independence up to 60°.
Strong and stable Data communication Using Artificial Intelligence method in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Using the idea of machine learning, the authors of this study provide a novel security mechanism for an Internet of Things model that is built on a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The Black Hole Assault, also known as BHA, is among the most dangerous threats that can be found in a MANET. In this attack, the attacker node eliminates all of the data flow, which brings the efficiency of the model down. As a consequence of this, the development of a technique that is capable of shielding the system from the BHA node is required. This paper presented Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector. It is a new advanced routing protocol which provides a combination of three different methods: ABC, ANN & SVM. The innovation of the developed framework is the integration of the SVM with the ANN, which allows detecting the attackers inside the identified path by using the AODV routing algorithm. This helps to prevent attacks. In this case, the ANN learning algorithm is used to train the model, while the ABC optimization algorithm and SVM are used to pick the training examples. The purpose of ABC is to improve the path that the transfer of information takes here between origin as well as the node at which it is ultimately received. The ABC algorithm's suggestion of the most efficient path, coupled with the attributes of each node, is then input into the SVMmodel. ANN determines if the node in question is a regular node or an intruder node by examining these qualities. The numerical simulation that was carried out in MATLAB demonstrates that the research that has been presented demonstrates an advantage in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio,latency, and throughput.
Cosmological constraints on the Undulant Universe

We use the redshift Hubble parameter H(z) data derived from relative galaxy ages, distant type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) peak, and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) shift parameter data, to constrain cosmological parameters in the Undulant Universe. We marginalize the likelihood functions over h by integrating the probability density P ∝ e−χ2/2 By using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, we obtain the best fitting results and give the confidence regions in the b − Ωm0 plane. Then we compare their constraints. Our results show that the H(z) data play a similar role with the SNe Ia data in cosmological study. By presenting the independent and joint constraints, we find that the BAO and CMB data play very important roles in breaking the degeneracy compared with the H(z) and SNe Ia data alone. Combined with the BAO or CMB data, one can remarkably improve the constraints. The SNe Ia data sets constrain Ωm0 much tighter than the H(z) data sets, but the H(z) data sets constrain b much tighter than the SNe Ia data sets. All these results show that the Undulant Universe approaches the ΛCDM model. We expect more H(z) data to constrain cosmological parameters in the future.
Optimization of Traffic Congestion in Smart Cities Using Residual Convolutional Neural Network

With increasing density of vehicle in smart cities, the traffic gets worsen day by day, therefore it is necessary to optimize the traffic signals for smooth flow of traffic. In this paper, we develop a real-time solution on traffic signal control for the reduction of traffic congestion. The study develops a ResNet approach using Internet of Things (IoT) that controls the traffic congestion in smaller congestion area. The real-time analysis generates the traffic simulation environment in a simulator using the real time data i.e., finding number of vehicles getting congested from the images captured via IoT image acquisition module. The simulation generation using ResNet generates the control signal to real-time environment to quickly clear the congestion in that area. The experimental results with the support of simulator shows that the proposed ResNet is efficient to control the traffic congestion in smart cities.
An extensive survey of dayside diffuse aurora based on optical observations at Yellow River Station

By using 7 years optical auroral observations obtained at Yellow River Station (magnetic latitude 76.24°N) at Ny‐Alesund, Svalbard, we performed the first extensive survey for the dayside diffuse auroras (DDAs) and acquired observational results as follows. (1) The DDAs can be classified into two broad categories, i.e., unstructured and structured DDAs. The unstructured DDAs are mainly distributed in morning and afternoon, but the structured DDAs predominantly occurred around the magnetic local noon (MLN). (2) The unstructured DDAs observed in morning and afternoon present obviously different properties. The afternoon ones are much stable and seldom show pulsating property. (3) The DDAs are more easily observed under geomagnetically quiet times. (4) The structured DDAs mainly show patchy, stripy, and irregular forms and are often pulsating and drifting. The drifting directions are mostly westward (with speed ~5 km/s), but there are cases showing eastward or poleward drifting. (5) The stripy DDAs are exclusively observed near the MLN and, most importantly, their alignments are confirmed to be consistent with the direction of ionospheric convection near the MLN. (6) A new auroral form, called throat aurora, is found to be developed from the stripy DDAs. Based on the observational results and previous studies, we proposed our explanations to the DDAs. We suggest that the unstructured DDAs observed in the morning are extensions of the nightside diffuse aurora to the dayside, but that observed in the afternoon are predominantly caused by proton precipitations. The structured DDAs occurred near the MLN are caused by interactions of cold plasma structures, which are supposed to be originated from the ionospheric outflows or plasmaspheric drainage plumes, with hot electrons from the plasma sheet. We suppose that the cold plasma structures for producing the patchy DDAs are in lumpy and are more likely from the plasmaspheric drainage plumes. The cold plasma structure for producing the stripy DDAs should be in wedge like and is generated by conveying the cold plasmas from lower L‐shell toward higher L‐shell with magnetospheric convection, and that for producing the irregular DDAs is resulted from deforming the wedge‐like structure by disturbance. The throat aurora is supposed to be projection of a newly opened flux of reconnection. In addition, we also found that structured DDAs correspond to structured electron precipitations in the ionosphere, which implies that the cold plasma structures in the magnetosphere are magnetically mapped to the ionosphere and act as a duct for producing the structured DDAs. We argue that we have presented some new observational results about DDA in this paper, which will be useful for fully understanding the DDAs.
On the AC Losses in the End Conductors of Hairpin Windings

In the last years, several resources have been employed to increase torque and power density values in electrical machines, especially in those intended for transport applications. In this context, the adoption of hairpin conductors is spreading thanks to their inherently high fill factor. Their main drawback is represented by their sensitivity to high-frequency phenomena, which can have a significant impact on the Joule losses and thus on the overall efficiency.While several researches have recently focused on ways to model and reduce such high-frequency losses in the slots, i.e. within the conductors’ active sides, a few data are available on their impact in the end winding regions.This work provides an investigation on the AC losses occurring in the end conductors of a hairpin winding traction motor. The losses are determined through 3D finite element simulations for a wide frequency range, and compared against those occurring in the active part of the machine.