Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixed variational principles and robust finite element implementations of gradient plasticity at small strains

This work outlines a theoretical and computational framework of gradient plasticity based on a rigorous exploitation of mixed variational principles. In contrast to classical local approaches to plasticity based on locally evolving internal variables, order parameter fields are taken into account governed by additional balance‐type PDEs including micro‐structural boundary conditions. This incorporates non‐local plastic effects based on length scales, which reflect properties of the material micro‐structure. We develop a unified variational framework based on mixed saddle point principles for the evolution problem of gradient plasticity, which is outlined for the simple model problem of von Mises plasticity with gradient‐extended hardening/softening response. The mixed variational structure includes the hardening/softening variable itself as well as its dual driving force. The numerical implementation exploits the underlying variational structure, yielding a canonical symmetric structure of the monolithic problem. It results in a novel finite element (FE) design of the coupled problem incorporating a long‐range hardening/softening parameter and its dual driving force. This allows a straightforward local definition of plastic loading‐unloading driven by the long‐range fields, providing very robust FE implementations of gradient plasticity. This includes a rational method for the definition of elastic‐plastic‐boundaries in gradient plasticity along with a post‐processor that defines the plastic variables in the elastic range. We discuss alternative mixed FE designs of the coupled problem, including a local‐global solution strategy of short‐range and long‐range fields. This includes several new aspects, such as extended Q1P0‐type and Mini‐type finite elements for gradient plasticity. All methods are derived in a rigorous format from variational principles. Numerical benchmarks address advantages and disadvantages of alternative FE designs, and provide a guide for the evaluation of simple and robust schemes for variational gradient plasticity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DETECTION OF WATER ICE GRAINS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK AROUND HD 142527

Coronagraphic imaging for the Herbig Ae star, HD 142527, was performed using the Coronagraphic Imager with Adaptive Optics (CIAO) on the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope. The images were obtained in the H2O ice filter (λ = 3.08 μm) using adaptive optics (AO), and in the L′ band without AO. Combining these data with previous observational results in the H and K bands, we derived the spectra of the scattered light from the circumstellar disk around HD 142527 and detected an H2O ice absorption feature in the spectra. This result can be explained by the presence of silicate and H2O ice grains of ∼1 μm in size, according to the prediction model by Inoue et al. This grain size is consistent with previous observational study by Fukagawa et al. and Fujiwara et al. The present result demonstrates that high-resolution imaging of disk-scattered light in the ice band is useful for detecting H2O ice grain distributions in circumstellar disks.
Star Formation Rates in Interacting Starburst Galaxies

By narrowband imaging in Hα and in the adjacent red stellar continuum we have studied the rate and distribution of star formation in 43 systems of luminous and ultraluminous IR galaxies currently undergoing interaction and merging. These galaxies are amongst the most luminous at 60 μm and range in distance from ∼50 up to 100 Mpc. Here we present the Hα and the adjacent red-continuum narrowband images, and we compare the star formation rates derived from Hα with those estimated from the IR luminosity. We find clear evidence for substantial extinction and obscuration of star-forming regions in the optical. Without correction for reddening in the host galaxy or correction for [N II] contamination, the star formation rates derived for Hα are typically 0.5-1.0 dex lower than those estimated from the IR flux, and the scatter in the correlation is very large. However, an unexpected result is that when spectroscopic data are used to eliminate objects dominated by an active nucleus, to determine the galaxian extinction, and to correct the Hα flux for both reddening and for the contamination by the [N II] emission, a remarkably good correlation emerges between the star formation rates estimated from the Hα flux and those derived from the FIR continuum. In addition, a strong correlation is found between the extinction in the line-emitting region, AHα, and the rate of star formation. Our results invalidate the use of Hα imaging as a reliable indicator of star formation in starburst galaxies unless spectroscopic data are also available. This has important implications for the determination of star formation rates in high-redshift galaxies. Finally, we find no correlation between the measured star formation rates, and the interaction class, suggesting that the enhanced star formation rates triggered by the interaction continue throughout the whole of the merging sequence.
BIAS IN AN ESTIMATOR OF THE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE PARAMETER

Abstract. An estimator of the difference parameter in a class of long‐memory time series models is examined. It is shown that, in particular circumstances, the estimator can be badly biased, and tests based on it consequently seriously misleading. The source of this bias is identified, and it is shown that its magnitude can readily be predicted through straightforward analytical arguments.
A New Type of Tunnel-Effect Transistor Employing Internal Field Emission of Schottky Barrier Junction

A new type of tunnel-effect transistor, which has nearly the same structure as conventional metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistors (MOSFET's) except for a Schottky barrier source contact and a low resistivity channel layer, has been proposed. The structure has the advantage of an easy fabrication process and is capable of submicron channel length without the short channel effect. In the proposed device the drain current is controlled by the gate bias through the tunnel injection of electrons at the Schottky barrier source contact. A 2-D device simulation has shown that this device can have a high transconductance of 138 mS/mm at a drain voltage of 2 V.
Prospects for Upcoming Accelerator‐Based Neutrino Oscillation Experiments

Since the establishment of neutrino oscillations in solar and atmospheric neutrinos and their subsequent confirmation in reactor and accelerator‐based neutrinos, the field is poised to move to the next step of precision and high sensitivity measurements of the oscillation parameters. Such measurements may elucidate the flavor and mass structure of the fermion sector, an area teeming with arbitrary parameters that currently have no explanation. The program includes the search for CP violation in neutrino mixing, which may provide evidence of leptogenesis as the source of the matter/anti‐matter asymmetry in the universe. As accelerator‐based experiments gather statistics towards precision measurements, our understanding of the underlying neutrino interaction properties will play an increasingly critical role. These proceedings focus on the near‐future prospects for accelerator‐based neutrino oscillation experiments and the implications for our understanding of neutrino interactions.
Kinetic Theory of Surface Waves in a Plasma Slab

Propagation of surface waves on the interface between a vacuum (or a dielectric) and plasmas has drawn much attention because of interest in bounded plasmas and their various technological applications [1,2]. Especially, waves propagating in plasma slabs are important because the actual plasmas in laboratory are finite and space plasmas often take slab structures. Solving Vlasov equation for a finite plasma requires a kinematic boundary condition on the distribution function on the boundary. This condition is often taken to be the specular reflection condition. The kinetic dispersion relation of semiinfinite plasmas under the specular reflection boundary condition is well-known [3], but investigations of kinetic modes of surface waves propagating in slabs are rather few. Earlier authors [4, 5] worked out slab dispersion relations under the specular reflection conditions by expanding the electric fields in Fourier cosine series and integrating the Vlasov equation along the unperturbed orbit. Here, we use the ordinary Fourier transform method by suitably extending the plasma electric field out of the plasma region. The dispersion relation thus obtained is very compact and is only slightly different from that of semi-infinite plasma. The advantage of our method over that of Refs. 4 and 5 is immediately apparent: first, we use the conventional method of finding the normal modes via the Fourier transform while the earlier authors introduced unperturbed orbits to integrate the Vlasov equation. Secondly, our dispersion relation is obtained in a closed form, but the dispersion relation in Ref. 4 is written in a Fourier cosine series which require numeri-
Theoretical (e, 2e) cross sections for ionisation of the 3s state of argon?

Triple differential cross sections for electron impact ionisation of the 3s shell of argon are examined for incident electron energies between 100 and 400 eV. Theoretical distorted-wave results are presented for different models of the scattering process and comparison is made with existing experimental data. The sensitivity of the theoretical results to atomic wavefunctions, atomic potentials and optical potentials is examined. An attempt to obtain an elementary parametrisation for the cross section is also reported.
The Limit Distribution of the Largest Interpoint Distance from a Symmetric Kotz Sample

Generalizing recent work of P. C. Matthews and A. L. Rukhin (Ann. Appl. Probab.3(1993), 454? 466), we obtain the limit law of the largest interpoint Euclidean distance for a spherically symmetric multivariate sample of the Kotz distribution. While going through the proof, some errors in the reasoning given by Matthews and Rukhin are pointed out and corrected.
Towards a Theory of Point Optimal Testing

This paper puts the case for the inclusion of point optimal tests in the econometrician's repertoire. They do not suit every testing situation but the current evidence, which is reviewed here, indicates that they can have extremely useful Small-sample power properties. As well as being most powerful at a nominated point in the alternative hypothesis parameter space, they may also have optimum power at a number of other points and indeed be uniformly most powerful when such a test exists. Point optimal tests can also be used to trace out the maxemum attainable power envelope for a given testing problem, thus providing a benchmark against which test procedures can be evaluated. In some cases, point optimal tests can be constructed from tests of simple null hypothesis against a simple alternative. For a wide range of models of interst to econometricians, this paper shows how one can check whether a point optimal test can be constructed in this way. When it cannot, one may wish to consider approximately point.
A finite speed Curzon–Ahlborn engine

Curzon and Ahlborn achieved finite power output by introducing the concept of finite rate of heat transfer in a Carnot engine. The finite power can also be achieved through a finite speed of the piston on the four branches of the Carnot cycle. The present paper combines these two approaches to study the behaviour of output power in terms of isothermal expansion ratio V*2 and the temperature differences x and y present at the hot source and cold sink branches, respectively, for the benefit of undergraduate students.
Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum logic gates using quadrupolar nuclei

The use of nuclei with spin >1/2 and quadrupolar splitting of the spin energy levels has certain advantages over systems of interacting spins 1/2 for building quantum logic gates. Experimental demonstration has been made using 23Na (spin 3/2) NMR in a lyotropic liquid crystal system. The pulse sequences for establishing effective pure quantum states are given, and the resulting NMR spectra are presented.
Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds: Observations Confront Theory

This paper presents a summary of all 27 available sensitive Zeeman measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds together with other relevant physical parameters. From these data input parameters to magnetic star formation theory are calculated, and predictions of theory are compared with observations. Results for this cloud sample are the following: (1) Internal motions are supersonic but approximately equal to the Alfvén speed, which suggests that supersonic motions are likely MHD waves. (2) The ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures βp ≈ 0.04, implying that magnetic fields are important in the physics of molecular clouds. (3) The mass-to-magnetic flux ratio is about twice critical, which suggests but does not require that static magnetic fields alone are insufficient to support clouds against gravity. (4) Kinetic and magnetic energies are approximately equal, which suggests that static magnetic fields and MHD waves are roughly equally important in cloud energetics. (5) Magnetic field strengths scale with gas densities as |B| ∝ ρκ with κ ≈ 0.47; this agrees with the prediction of ambipolar diffusion driven star formation, but this scaling may also be predicted simply by Alfvénic motions. The measurements of magnetic field strengths in molecular clouds make it clear that magnetic fields are a crucial component of the physics governing cloud evolution and star formation.
Regression Diagnostics for Rank-Based Methods

Abstract Residual plots and diagnostic techniques have become important tools in examining the least squares fit of a linear model. In this article we explore the properties of the residuals from a rank-based fit of the model. We present diagnostic techniques that detect outlying cases and cases that have an influential effect on the rank-based fit. We show that the residuals from this fit can be used to detect curvature not accounted for by the fitted model. Furthermore, our diagnostic techniques inherit the excellent efficiency properties of the rank-based fit over a wide class of error distributions, including asymmetric distributions. We illustrate these techniques with several examples.
Multi-objective robust control with transient specifications

Synthesis methods are proposed to guarantee upper bounds on the worst case peak values of impulse responses in the presence of plant perturbations. Solvability conditions are characterized by (nonlinear) matrix inequalities. We give an iterative algorithm to find a local solution to this nonconvex problem, based on the convex subproblems of constrained state feedback and estimation.
Boundary Integral Operators for Plate Bending in Domains with Corners

The paper studies boundary integral operators of the bi-Laplacian on piecewise smooth curves with corners and describes their mapping properties in the trace spaces of variational solutions of the biharmonic equation. We formulate a direct integral equation method for solving interior and exterior mixed boundary value problems on non-smooth plane domains, analyze the solvability of the corresponding systems of integral equations and prove their strong ellipticity.
Role of Bacteriophages for Optimized Health and Production of Poultry

Simple Summary The poultry industry has emerged as a significant contributor in meeting the requirement for animal meat. Meanwhile, there arose health issues that were dealt with from time to time with various treatment approaches, such as the use of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics that specifically fight against pathogens. It is very important to find more refined alternative therapeutics to tackle threats to the health and production of poultry. Bacteriophages have emerged as effective alternatives to antibiotics to tackle pathogens with minimized adverse effects. They can be used to target pathogens alone or pathogens in groups. The studies regarding bacteriophages in poultry production require finding a concise review of their mechanism of action: The required questions are like what are the benefits of poultry production? What are the threats associated with it? What is the role of bacteriophages in biosecurity and biosafety? And what is their impact on the economic situation? This review thus covers these aspects to come up with a better understanding of the use of bacteriophages in the poultry industry. This review is expected to open horizons to further research work on bacteriophages for poultry and to promote product development to lower the burden of antimicrobial resistance. Abstract The poultry sector is facing infections from Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria and Staphylococcus spp. , and Escherichia coli, that have developed multidrug resistance aptitude. Antibiotics cause disturbances in the balance of normal microbiota leading to dysbiosis, immunosuppression, and the development of secondary infections. Bacteriophages have been reported to lower the colonization of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry. The specificity of bacteriophages is greater than that of antibiotics and can be used as a cocktail for enhanced antibacterial activity. Specie-specific phages have been prepared, e.g., Staphylophage (used against Staphylococcus bacteria) that specifically eliminate bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophage products, e.g., BacWashTM and Ecolicide PX have been developed as antiseptics and disinfectants for effective biosecurity and biosafety measures. The success of phage therapy is influenced by time to use, the amount used, the delivery mechanism, and combination therapy with other therapeutics. It is a need of time to build a comprehensive understanding of the use of bacteriophages in poultry production. The current review thus focuses on mechanisms of bacteriophages against poultry pathogens, their applications in various therapeutics, impacts on the economy, and current challenges.
Cladding-pumped continuous-wave Raman fiber laser

We report for the first time continuous-wave Raman lasing in a cladding-pumped fiber. The double-clad germanosilicate fiber was pumped by an Er/Yb co-doped fiber laser at 1545 nm. We obtained 3.4 W of output power at 1660 nm with a slope efficiency of 67%.
Bubble-sort approach to channel routing

An efficient bubble-sort technique for solving the two-layer non-Manhattan channel-routing problem is presented. The time and space complexities of our algorithm are O(kn) and O(n), respectively, where k is the number of sorting passes required and n is the total number of two-terminal nets in a routing channel. The algorithm is easily extended to handle the cases with multiterminal nets distributed in a channel. Various tests verify the efficiency of the bubble-sort based router. Experimental results indicate that the router is time-efficient for routing. A three-layer algorithm having O(kn) time based on an identical problem formulation is proposed for solving the non-Manhattan channel routing.
Exact filtering for partially observed continuous time models

Summary. The forward–backward algorithm is an exact filtering algorithm which can efficiently calculate likelihoods, and which can be used to simulate from posterior distributions. Using a simple result which relates gamma random variables with different rates, we show how the forward–backward algorithm can be used to calculate the distribution of a sum of gamma random variables, and to simulate from their joint distribution given their sum. One application is to calculating the density of the time of a specific event in a Markov process, as this time is the sum of exponentially distributed interevent times. This enables us to apply the forward–backward algorithm to a range of new problems. We demonstrate our method on three problems: calculating likelihoods and simulating allele frequencies under a non‐neutral population genetic model, analysing a stochastic epidemic model and simulating speciation times in phylogenetics.
Electron beam treatment of exhaust gas with high NOx concentration

Simulated exhaust gases with a high NOx concentration, ranging from 200 to 1700 ppmv, were irradiated by an electron beam from an accelerator. In the first part of this study, only exhaust gases were treated. Low NOx removal efficiencies were obtained for high NOx concentrations, even with high irradiation doses applied. In the second part of study, gaseous ammonia or/and vapor ethanol were added to the exhaust gas before its inlet to the plasma reactor. These additions significantly enhanced the NOx removal efficiency. The synergistic effect of high SO2 concentration on NOx removal was observed. The combination of electron beam treatment with the introduction of the above additions and with the performance of irradiation under optimal parameters ensured high NOx removal efficiency without the application of a solid-state catalyst.
Predicting distances using a linear model: The case of varietal distinctness

Differences between plant varieties are based on phenotypic observations, which are both space and time consuming. Moreover, the phenotypic data result from the combined effects of genotype and environment. On the contrary, molecular data are easier to obtain and give a direct access to the genotype. In order to save experimental trials and to concentrate efforts on the relevant comparisons between varieties, the relationship between phenotypic and genetic distances is studied. It appears that the classical genetic distances based on molecular data are not appropriate for predicting phenotypic distances. In the linear model framework, we define a new pseudo genetic distance, which is a prediction of the phenotypic one. The distribution of this distance given the pseudo genetic distance is established. Statistical properties of the predicted distance are derived when the parameters of the model are either given or estimated. We finally apply these results to distinguishing between 144 maize lines. This case study is very satisfactory because the use of anonymous molecular markers (RFLP) leads to saving 29% of the trials with an acceptable error risk. These results need to be confirmed on other varieties and species and would certainly be improved by using genes coding for phenotypic traits.
Masses and radii for thirteen chromospherically active ellipsoidal variables

The amplitude of the ellipticity effect, the mass function, and the V sin i in ten long-period RS CVn SB1 binaries are used to compute limits on the masses of the two stars and the radius of the primary: zeta And, UV CrB, V1764 Cyg, V826 Her, V350 Lac, GX Lib, V1197 Ori, AP Psc, 33 Psc, and EE UMa. Explicit masses and radii are computed for three SB2 systems: BL CVn, V1817 Cyg, and TZ Tri. The primary in several is found to fill 95 percent or more of its Roche lobe. The two minima produced by the ellipticity effect are unequal in depth, with the effect largest when i is near 90 deg and the primary nearly fills its Roche lobe. The greatest inequality found, in UV CrB, was 0.08 mag. 31 refs.
Neural network prediction of HF ionospheric propagation loss

A generalised regression neural network is used to predict losses inherent in ionospheric radiowave propagation. Network inputs consist of sun declination, time of day, radio flux, geomagnetic A-index and X-ray flux. Simulations for a 400 km path demonstrate a 2.5 dB error between network predictions and actual measured values, representing a 46% reduction in errors compared to the linear regression method.