Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ties Matter: Complexity of Voting Manipulation Revisited

In their groundbreaking paper, Bartholdi, Tovey and Trick [1] argued that many well-known voting rules, such as Plurality, Borda, Copeland and Maximin are easy to manipulate. An important assumption made in that paper is that the manipulator's goal is to ensure that his preferred candidate is among the candidates with the maximum score, or, equivalently, that ties are broken in favor of the manipulator's preferred candidate. In this paper, we examine the role of this assumption in the easiness results of [1]. We observe that the algorithm presented in [1] extends to all rules that break ties according to a fixed ordering over the candidates. We then show that all scoring rules are easy to manipulate if the winner is selected from all tied candidates uniformly at random. This result extends to Maximin under an additional assumption on the manipulator's utility function that is inspired by the original model of [1]. In contrast, we show that manipulation becomes hard when arbitrary polynomial-time tie-breaking rules are allowed, both for the rules considered in [1], and for a large class of scoring rules.
The Eurekan Deformantion of North and Eastern North Greenland

TheLateProterozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary cover of North and eastern North Greenland. including the Late Cretaceous Kap Washington volcanics, were folded and thrust faulted in Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary time. In North Greenland, thisdeformation produced NNW-SSE to N-S shortening of several tensof kilometers and '''Ar-]9Ar datasuggest that motion on two major thrustzones hadceased by 62 Ma. Rb/Sr isotopic ages of 103 Ma, 93 Ma, 92 Maand69 Mahavebeenobtained from dykes chemically related to the Kap Washington volcanics. In eastern North Greenland. the shortening was limited to 20 % overthe 40 km section andNE-SW directed. The lackof evidence for strike-slip movement along the Trolle Land fault system of eastern North Greenland argues against a transpressional origin for the deformation of the intervening blocks. Palynological evidence from undeformed Tertiary rocks indicates that the deformation in this region had been accornplished by mid-Palaeocene time. In North and eastern North Greenland, the resultant deformation patterns andthe stress tensors calculated for fault populations areconsistently orthogonal to thecontinental margins. TheLateCretaceous-Early Tertiary deformation in North and eastern North Greenland coincided with theearlyEurekan events of theCanadian Arctic islands andthe West Spitsbergen FoldBelt of Svalbard. This deformation preceded sea floor spreading in the Arctic Ocean Basin; before the dextral relative motion between the Greenland-Svalbard blocks.
Improvement of soil moisture prediction through AMSR-E data assimilation

IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE PREDICTION THROUGH AMSR-E DATA ASSIMILATION Alok Kumar Sahoo, Ph.D. George Mason University, 2008 Dissertation Director: Dr. Menas Kafatos This dissertation is aimed at evaluating the soil moisture estimation from satellites as well as land surface models and improving it using a data assimilation technique. The entire study was conducted over the Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia for the year 2003; one of the four selected watersheds to validate the current AMSR-E satellite soil moisture data. Soil moisture data from a comprehensive in-situ observation network at this watershed were first used to study the spatial and temporal soil moisture characteristic of the watershed. There was a high degree of spatial and temporal correlation among different measurement stations which was required to validate other datasets with lower spatial and temporal frequency. Hence, those in-situ observations were treated as ground truth to validate other soil moisture datasets in this dissertation. A satellite based soil moisture product was generated from AMSR-E satellite brightness temperature data using the LSMEM radiative transfer model. This research product was found to be statistically better than the current AMSR-E soil moisture product when both the datasets were compared against the in-situ observations. Similarly, three land surface models pertaining to different model physics and parameterization were simulated to generate soil moisture over the watershed. There was quite a bit of disagreement among model soil moisture results which was also reflected in other water and energy cycle variables since they were mostly controlled by soil moisture. Noah model soil moisture was found to be better than those of other two models even though it had a constant positive bias. When the LSMEM soil moisture observations were assimilated into the Noah land surface model using the EnKF algorithm, the Noah model predictions got improved significantly. This was confirmed by calculating the improvement metric over the Noah openloop simulations. The EnKF algorithm was found to be sensitive to the model initialization and spin-up conditions. In the end, the assimilated soil moisture results were used to demonstrate two real world applications. It was found that the relationship between the winter/spring soil moisture and vegetation during growing season was different for different vegetations types. This assimilated sol moisture map was also able to show the spatial and temporal extent of the 2003 May flooding event over Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia accurately. The conclusion chapter discusses the limitations we faced during this research work and many research extensions that can be performed to this research work. This assimilated soil moisture shows lot of promise for real world applications. This product can operationally be produced at finer spatial and temporal scales which is required for any kind of real world applications.
Observations of O2:CO2 exchange ratios during ecosystem gas exchange

We determined O2:CO2 exchange ratios of ecosystem fluxes during field campaigns in different forest ecosystems (Harvard Forest/United States, Griffin Forest/United Kingdom, Hainich/Germany). The exchange ratios of net assimilation observed in chamber experiments varied between 0.7 and 1.6, with averages of 1.1 to 1.2. A measurement of soil gas exchange yielded an exchange ratio of 0.94. On the other hand, the observed canopy air O2:CO2 ratios, derived from the concurrent variations of O2 and CO2 abundances in canopy air, were virtually indistinguishable from 1.0 over the full diurnal cycle. Simulations with a simple one‐box model imply that the combined processes of assimilation, respiration, and turbulent exchange yield canopy air O2:CO2 ratios that differ from the exchange ratios of the separate fluxes. In particular, the simulated canopy air O2:CO2 ratios (1.01 to 1.12) were clearly lower than the exchange ratios of net turbulent fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere (1.26 to 1.38). The simulated canopy air ratios were also sensitive to changes in the regional O2:CO2 ratio of air above the canopy. Offsets between the various exchange ratios could thus arise if the component ecosystem fluxes have different diurnal cycles and distinct exchange ratios. Our results indicate that measurements of O2 and CO2 abundances in canopy air may not be the appropriate method to determine O2:CO2 exchange ratios of net ecosystem fluxes.
Validation of satellite-based estimates of whitecap coverage: Approaches and initial results

Sea salt aerosols (SSAs) are actively produced within the oceanic whitecaps by the evaporation of the sea spray droplets formed when whitecap bubbles burst. Large discrepancies still exist in the estimates of the emissions and concentrations of SSAs. As the SSAs establish the baseline of a background marine atmosphere, uncertainty in predicting their emission introduces large uncertainty in the aerosol and atmospheric chemistry modules of both global circulation (GC) and chemical transport (CT) models. While the parameterizations for SSA emissions currently used in GC and CT models produce acceptable results, the need to update them with better constrained parameterizations is continuously increasing as the performance of the GC and CT models improve.
Proposed Category System for 1960-2000 Census Occupations

This paper proposes a detailed, consistent category system for occupations in the Census of Population data from 1960 to 2000. Most of the categories are based on the 1990 Census occupation definitions. We analyze employment levels, average earnings levels, and earnings variance in our occupation categories over time, compare these to similar trends for occupations defined in the occ1950 IPUMS classification, and test both classifications for consistency over time.
A New Box Turtle from the Miocene/Pliocene Boundary (Latest Hemphillian) of Oklahoma and A Refined Chronology of Box Turtle Diversification

Abstract A near complete shell from the Hemphillian 4 (Miocene/Pliocene boundary) Buis Ranch local fauna of Beaver County, Oklahoma, represents a fossil box turtle. An anterior contact of neural III and neural V with costal III and costal V only, respectively, presence of a small contact between the suprapygal and eleventh peripherals, development of a thin peripheral lip for articulation with the posterior plastral lobe, placement of the vertebral III/IV sulcus on neural VII, presence of two anterior musk duct glands, a rounded posterior plastral lobe, an elongate shell outline, and a complete neural series diagnose the fossil as a new species, Terrapene parornata n. sp. A phylogenetic analysis of fossil box turtles places T. parornata along the phylogenetic stem of the extant taxon T. ornata. The holotype of ‘Terrapene longinsulae’ cannot be distinguished from Terrapene ornata and is therefore synonymized. Finally, ‘Terrapene’ corneri lacks characters of crown group Terrapene and may therefore represent a stem box turtle. The provenance of the holotype of ‘Terrapene longinsulae’ is more poorly known than previously recognized and this specimen may originate from Kansas or Nebraska and be early Miocene to late Pleistocene in age. Terrapene parornata is therefore the oldest demonstrable representative of crown group Terrapene (ca. 5.3–4.6 Ma). ‘Terrapene’ corneri from the late Barstovian of Nebraska and fragmentary material from the middle Barstovian of Nebraska by contrast are the oldest representative of the Terrapene lineage (ca. 14.5–11.5 Ma). A review of morphological characters related to shell kinesis reveals that most are highly correlated. The results of the phylogenetic analysis converge upon those of molecular data when these correlated characters are omitted from the analysis.
Sustainable forest management in poplar plantations: forest health and biodiversity criteria

in English 1 Abstract in Spanish 2in Spanish 2 List of original articles 3 Introduction 4 Aims of the study 11 Materials and Methods 12 Results 19 Discussions 23 Final conclusions in English 29 Final conclusions in Spanish 31 References 33 Original articles 46 Sustainable Forest Management in poplar plantations: forest health and biodiversity
An evaluation of coral reef fish communities in South African marine protected areas.

i Preface. ii i Acknowledgments. iv Table of contents . vi CHAPTER 1 General Introduction . 1 CHAPTER 2 Study site. 15 2.1 Study site description . 15 2.1. 2 Climate . 16 2.1. 3 Oceanography. 16 2.1. 4 Geology . 18 2.1. 5 The benthic communities . 21 2.1. 6 Marine Protected Area zonation and human reso u ce use . 22 CHAPTER 3 A baseline assessment of South African coral reef f ish communities: comparisons between reefs and between reef protection status . 25 3.
Structure and seasonal characteristics of the Gaspe Current

CTD and current meter data from the northwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed to study the structure and variability of the Gaspe Current. Since the current is buoyancy driven, its properties are strongly influenced by the seasonal variation of the freshwater discharge from the St. Lawrence estuary. From June to November, maximum speed decreases from 110 cm s−1 to 60 cm s−1. High vertical shears exist in the upper 40 m of the water column. During the same period, the width of the current decreases, and the position of the current maximum shifts from near the shore to about 14 km from the shore. These changes in the structure can be understood in terms of geostrophy and baroclinic deformation radius. In the temperature/salinity field the most prominent change from June to November is the continuing increase of surface salinity. Temperature change occurs mainly in the September-November period, when atmospheric cooling accelerates. The effect of atmospheric cooling is also reflected in the density distribution, with the result that in November currents in the upper 30 m are seaward in the entire section (from Sept-Iles to Marthe de Gaspe), while in the summer months the currents are seaward in the southern part and westward in the northern part of the section. Momentum balance of the current system is also investigated. It was found that east of Pointe-des-Monts, geostrophic balance is maintained, while west of Pointe-des-Monts the observations do not seem to be consistent with the assumption of geostrophy.
High-frequency lunar teleseismic events

A small number of seismic signals, including some of the strongest observed to date, have been identified as representing a fourth principal category of natural lunar seismic events with characteristics distinct from those produced by normal meteoroid impacts, deep moonquakes, and thermal moonquakes. These signals are much richer in high frequencies than other events observed at comparable distances, and display relatively impulsive P- and S-wave beginnings, indicating negligible seismic-wave scattering near the source. Source depths of these events may range between 0 and perhaps 300 km. These and other characteristics could represent either (1) meteoroids impacting upon outcrops of competent lunar crystal rock, (2) rare impacting objects that penetrate to competent rock below a scattering zone, or (3) shallow tectonic moonquakes.
The VOL‐CALPUFF model for atmospheric ash dispersal: 2. Application to the weak Mount Etna plume of July 2001

[1] Here the application of the VOL-CALPUFF model by Barsotti et al. to a weak plume erupted from Mount Etna in July 2001 is presented and discussed. The reconstruction of the explosive event was obtained by using high-resolution weather forecasts, produced by a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model, and volcanic source data coming from observations and analytical studies. The plume rise and atmospheric dispersal models were investigated over 5 d of eruption mostly in terms of column height, aerial ash concentration, and ground deposition. Modeling results are shown as a function of various source conditions and compared to independent observations derived from satellite images and deposit mapping. The application of VOL-CALPUFF clearly highlights the crucial role played by meteorological conditions in determining dispersal dynamics. Some of the most important effects described by the model are (1) the large wind field influence on the plume height determination and tilting, (2) the contrasting dispersal patterns of ash particles of different sizes, (3) the complex and somehow nonintuitive distribution of ash on the ground resulting in preferential directions of dispersal and quite irregular deposit patterns, and (4) the impossibility to reproduce both the column height and the deposit accumulation pattern by adopting a steady state vent mass flow rate over the investigated 4-d period due to observed temporal changes in eruption dynamics. Modeling results also suggest the need for further integration of simulation outcomes with remote sensing and field reconstructions on ash dispersal processes in future.
KAIST Tree Bank Project for Korean: Present and Future Development

In this paper, we introduce the ongoing project for building a large annotated corpus of Korean written texts undertaken by KAIST 1 since 1992. At present, the corpus consists of over 5 million word units of Korean covering 13 subject elds. The POS tagset used to annotate the corpus contains 74 tags. The tagset is designed to provide suucient recoverability even for high level linguistic processing. Current eeorts are put mostly on bracketing the corpus. The corpus is expected to be distributed through the Korean Linguistic Data Consortium before the end of 1994.
Silicic acid dynamics in the glacial sub‐Antarctic: Implications for the silicic acid leakage hypothesis

The silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) purports that changes in silicon and nitrogen depletion ratios in the glacial Antarctic created a large pool of unused silicic acid that was transported to lower latitudes in subantarctic mode water (SAMW) where it enhanced diatom productivity lowering atmospheric pCO2. However, increased opal accumulation beneath the sub‐Antarctic during glacial times implies significant consumption of silicic acid in subantarctic surface waters that may have significantly diminished or eliminated Si leakage. To test how nutrient dynamics in the sub‐Antarctic affected the Si(OH)4 content of SAMW during the last glacial period, we produced δ30Si opal records for cores from the subantarctic and subtropical zones of the Indian Ocean spanning the last 50,000 years. Comparison with diatom‐bound δ15N records shows that subantarctic surface waters were enriched in Si relative to N during the last glaciation consistent with the SALH. The record from the subtropics does not show this enrichment in Si during the last glacial period suggesting that subantarctic surface waters were mainly incorporated into SAMW rather than being transported across the Subtropical Front. Isotope mass balance calculations were used to test for Si leakage from the sub‐Antarctic. The results show that silicic acid concentration in SAMW would more than double during the last glaciation if upwelling and northward Ekman drift in the Antarctic were similar to the present‐day circulation. Calculations that assume increased stratification in the glacial Antarctic eliminate Si leakage, but they do not produce the known increase in opal burial in the glacial sub‐Antarctic. Reconciling the isotope data and opal burial records with a highly stratified Antarctic requires the addition of a large local source of silicic acid in the glacial sub‐Antarctic that is inconsistent with present‐day circulation and nutrient distributions. Including such a source in our calculations results in significant opal burial in the sub‐Antarctic, but it does not enhance Si leakage over that occurring in the Holocene. Resolving past changes in the circulation of the Southern Ocean is clearly vital to future tests of the SALH.
BMI in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disease of multicasual etiology. The risk factors include obesity, among other issues. Hence, it is extremely important to determine the effect of body weight on the severity of OSA. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the body weight expressed as body mass index (BMI), on the value of upper airways diameter and on the AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) value. The study was comprised of 41 patients diagnosed with OSA by way of polysomnography. Each patient was first examine via a lateral cephalometric image of the skull, which served to measure the upper and lower diameter of the upper airways. BMI was also calculated for each patient. Statistical analysis was carried out in accordance with Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Our work demonstrated a negative correlation between BMI and the diameter of the upper airways, and a positive correlation between BMI and AHI value. We thus put forward that the increase in body weight in patients with OSA can contribute to the severity of the disease, regardless of the fact that it may not lead to a reduction of the lumen of the upper airways.
GP-confirmed complete Achilles tendon rupture using pocket-sized ultrasound: a case report

Background: Same-sex attracted women (SSAW) have higher rates of alcohol and mental health problems than heterosexual women, but utilisation of and satisfaction with treatment is limited. Aim: This study investigated the influences on health service use for alcohol and mental health problems among SSAW. Design & setting: The G lberg-Andersen havioural mod l of alth service utilisation was used to ge erate outc e variables. Method: A convenience sample of 521 mmunity-c nnected Austr lian SSAW completed an online survey. Health service use according to s xual identity was compared using c a alysis. Binary logistic regr ssion examined ssociatio s between the independent variables with treatme utilisation. Results: Reports of alcohol treatment were very low. Only 41.1% of participants with service need had utilised mental health and alcohol treatment. Bisexual women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.76) and those with ‘other’ identities (AOR = 2.38) were more likely to use services than lesbian women. Enablers to service use were having a regular GP (AOR = 3.02); disclosure of sexuality to the GP (AOR = 2.42); lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community-connectedness (AOR = 1.11); and intimate partner violence ([IPV] AOR = 2.51). Social support was associated with a reduction in treatment use (AOR = 0.97). Significant access barriers included not feeling ready for help, and previous negative experiences related to sexual identity. Conclusion: Disclosing sexual identity to a regular, trusted GP correlated with improved utilisation of alcohol and mental health treatment for SSAW. The benefits of seeking help for alcohol use, and of accessing LGBT-inclusive GPs to do so, should be promoted to SSAW. McNair R et al. BJGP Open 2018; DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen18X101565 1 of 11 RESEARCH
NEW VIVERRINAE (CARNIVORA: MAMMALIA) FROM THE BASAL MIDDLE MIOCENE OF ARRISDRIFT, NAMIBIA

A new genus and species of viverrid of modern type, Orangic! is gariepensis, is described from the basal Middle Miocene locality of Arrisdrift in southern Namibia. It is the earliest known representative of the subfamily Viverrinae from Africa. Detailed examination of the mongoose-like carnivores of the early Miocene of Africa, hitherto all assigned to the family Viverridae, reveals that none of them are related to this group.
Core formation, wet early mantle, and H2O degassing on early Mars

Geophysical and geochemical observations strongly suggest a 'hot origin of Mars,' i.e., the early formation of both the core and the crust-mantle system either during or just after planetary accretion. To consider the behavior of H2O in the planetary interior it is specifically important to determine by what mechanism the planet is heated enough to cause melting. For Mars, the main heat source is probably accretional heating. Because Mars is small, the accretion energy needs to be effectively retained in its interior. Therefore, the three candidates of heat retention mechanism are discussed first: (1) the blanketing effect of the primordial H2-He atmosphere; (2) the blanketing effect of the impact-induced H2O-CO2 atmosphere; and (3) the higher deposition efficiency of impact energy due to larger impacts. It was concluded that (3) the is the most plausible mechanism for Mars. Then, its possible consequence on how wet the early martian mantle was is discussed.