Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Properties and morphology of segmented copoly(ether urea)s with uniform hard segments

Block copoly(ether urea)s with uniform hard blocks consisting of two urea groups possess appealing elastomeric properties. The crystal structure of a model bisurea illustrates the formation of long stacks of hydrogen-bonded urea groups. Thermal analysis of these polymers demonstrates the reversible melting of the hard blocks, causing the material to flow. The low glass transition temperature ensures excellent low-temperature flexibility. The morphology of the material consists of long stacks of associated hard blocks embedded in the soft phase. Elongation of the materials demonstrates their highly elastic behavior, with a strain at break ranging from 1000 to 2100%. During tensile testing, irreversible deformation and reorganization of the hard blocks occur, resulting in a significant amount of tensile set. These well-defined polymers proved to be superior compared to a less-defined analogue having a polydisperse hard block.
Aqueous meta-Chloronitrobenzene Degradation by Ozonation and Its Kinetics

The kinetics and degradation process of meta-Chloronitrobenzene by ozonation in aqueous solution were investigated. Compared to para-chlorobenzoic acid, the rate constant of meta-Chloronitrobenzene with O3 was 0.59 L/(mol·s), while that of the reaction with •OH was 2.07 × 109 L/(mol·s). The main intermediate products were chloronitrophenols and some carboxylic acids. Neither chlorophenols nor nitrophenols was detected. The five-day biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were determined. The ratio of the former to the latter was above 0.3 at 20 min. It was feasible to perform a continuous biotreatment step after 20 min of ozonation.
Biochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Cows' Milk Samples Collected from District Peshawar

Milk is an essential food for human beings and it also acts as a good medium for microorganism’s growth. A total of 60 cows’ raw milk samples were processed for bacteriological and biochemical analyses, collected from different locations of District Peshawar, Pakistan. Bacteriological analysis was performed for the detection of Coliforms including E.coli, and E.aerogenes. Tests were also performed for detection of Salmonella. Analysis was done on specific media, while for confirmation of bacteria, various biochemical tests were performed. Coliforms were detected in 35% milk samples in which E.coli were detected in 31.67% milk samples while E.aerogenes were detected in 26.67% milk samples. Salmonella was detected in lowest percentage with 6.67%. Biochemical tests were also performed for detection of various adulterants in theses milk samples using MAT (Milk adulteration Test) kit prepared by WTO Labs, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. Tests were performed for detection of urea, detergents, salt, starch, sugar, formalin, boric acid, carbonates, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium sulphate. Formalin was detected in highest percentage with 28.33% followed by starch which was recorded in 26.67% milk samples. The other adulterants like carbonates, sugar, salt and ammonium sulphate and boric acid were detected in 21.67%, 18.33%, 16.67% and 11.67% milk samples respectively. None of the milk sample was found positive for urea, hydrogen peroxide and detergents adulteration. It was concluded from the present study that raw cows’ milk is mostly contaminated with bacteria and adulterated with different chemicals which may lead to various health hazards.
Stagnation‐point Flow towards a Stretching Surface

An exact similarity solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is obtained. The solution represents steady axisymmetric stagnation-point flow towards a stretching surface. It is shown that the flow displays a boundary-layer structure when the stretching velocity of the surface is less than the free stream velocity. On the other hand, an inverted boundary layer is formed when the surface stretching velocity exceeds the free stream velocity. Temperature distribution in the flow is found when the surface is held at a constant temperature. It turns out that when the surface temperature exceeds the ambient temperature, heat flows from the surface to the fluid near the stagnation point but further away from the stagnation point, heat flows from the fluid to the stretching surface.
Voidage variation in packed beds at small column to particle diameter ratio

Randomly packed beds of equal spheres exhibit damped oscillatory voidage variation in the near wall region. Models reported in literature were found to be lacking in their ability to relate this variation to average bed porosity. The changing mean of the voidage oscillations and deviations from sinusoidal behavior were not described well either. Experimental data and a new radial bed porosity model are presented. Improved radial bed voidage and average bed voidage predictions were demonstrated. It has further been shown that multiple stable packing configurations exist within the same packing mode, which complicates modeling at a small column to particle diameter ratio.
Influence of Tillage System, Plant Spacing, and Nitrogen on Head Weight, Yield, and Nutrient Concentration of Spring Cabbage1

Spring cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) grown by no-tillage culture yielded less than conventionally tilled plants when grown under the same N treatment and spacing. No-till yields could be compensated somewhat by increasing plant population and N, but head size was generally smaller than for conventionally tilled plants. Large head size was positively correlated with high N content of wrapper leaves in 3 of 4 years, while high Ca was associated with large plants or heads in 2 of 4 years.
Cytotoxicity of settling particulate matter and sediments of the Neckar River (Germany) during a winter flood

To investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of settling particulate matter (SPM) carried by the Neckar River, a well‐studied model for a lock‐regulated river in central Europe, during a flood, acute cytotoxicity was investigated using the fibroblast‐like fish cell line RTG‐2 with the neutral red retention, the succinic acid dehydrogenase (MTT), and the lactatedehydro‐genase (LDH) release assays as well as microscopic inspection as endpoints. Genotoxicity of water, pore water, sediments, and SPM were assessed using the Ames test. Different extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction with solvents of variable polarity as well as a fluid/fluid extraction according to pH) in addition to a supplementation of biotests with S9 fractions from the liver of β‐naphthoflavone/phenobarbital‐induced rats allowed a further characterization of the biological damage. Both sediments and SPM extracts caused cytotoxic effects in RTG‐2 cells. Cytotoxicity was found to increase significantly with polarity of extracting solvents (NR50 = effective concentration for 50% cell death in the neutral red test: 80 [65], 100 [70], 180 [220], and 225 [270] mg/ml for ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and n‐hexane extracts, respectively, if measured with [without] S9 supplementation). Following extraction according to pH, cytotoxicity could be attributed mainly to neutral substances (NR50: 80 and 218 mg dry SPM/ml test medium for the neutral and the acid fractions, respectively), whereas the slightly acid and basic fractions already showed little or no cytotoxicity. Samples taken during the period of flood rise showed the highest cytotoxic activities. Cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the addition of S9 preparations. In contrast, no genotoxic activity was found in native surface waters, pore waters, and SPM.
Electron Transfer Effects in Ozone Decomposition on Supported Manganese Oxide

Manganese oxide catalysts supported on Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2, and SiO2 supports were used to study the effect of support on ozone decomposition kinetics. In-situ laser Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed oxygen desorption, surface area measurements, and extended and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS and NEXAFS) showed that the manganese oxide was highly dispersed on the surface of the supports. The EXAFS spectra suggested that the manganese active centers on all of the surfaces were surrounded by five oxygen atoms. These metal centers were found to be of a monomeric type for the Al2O3-supported catalyst and multinuclear for the other supports. The NEXAFS spectra for the catalysts showed a chemical shift to lower energy, and an intensity change in the L-edge features which followed the trend Al2O3 > ZrO2 > TiO2 > SiO2. The trends provided insights into the positive role of available empty d-states required in the reduction step of a redox reaction. The catalysts were tested for their ozon.
A review on vermicomposting of organic wastes

Generation of the huge amount of solid waste around the globe is a major ecological and technical problem. Vermicomposting may be the viable option to handle solid waste in an environmentally friendly way. This review provides a general overview of viability of vermicomposting processes as an ecofriendly approach. The integrated approach of composting and vermicomposting processes provides better results. Further, to optimize the process of vermicomposting, codigestion of organic wastes provides better opportunity for both microorganisms and earthworms to convert the organic fraction of solid waste under controlled environmental conditions. Feeding, stocking density, pH, C/N ratio, temperature, and moisture, by inference, seem to be the critical factors that influence the vermicomposting process. Furthermore, the end product of vermicomposting, the nutrient‐rich compost, could be used for biogas production. Hence, the management of solid waste and energy production can be achieved at the same time with no further costs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1050–1062, 2015
DISPERSIVE ELECTRON COOLING AT THE HEIDELBERG HEAVY ION STORAGE RING TSR

At low electron-ion relative velocities the cooling rates due to the electron cooling force differ by a factor of 4-8[ 1]. By dispersive electron cooling, it is possible to transfer longitudinal cooling rate into horizontal cooling rate. In this scheme, a horizontal gradient in the longitudinal cooling force leads to a cooling or heating rate due to dispersive coupling. This gradient can be achieved by displacing the electron beam with respect to the ion beam, exploiting the parabolic velocity profile of the electrons because of the space charge. Operating the TSR with a somehow higher dispersion DS = 1.63 m in the interaction region, longitudinal cooling force and transverse cooling rates for low electron-ion relative velocities were measured in agreement with a simple model, taking into account the electron density and dispersion.
Polyphenolics, ascorbic acid, and soluble solids concentrations of strawberry cultivars and selections grown in a winter annual hill production system

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Fragaria ×ananassa, harvest season, antioxidant capacity ABSTRACT. The effects of cultivar, harvest date, and production year on the soluble solids and antioxidant phytochemical levels of 22 strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) genotypes grown in a winter annual hill (raised bed) production system were investigated. Fruit harvested in Jan. 2003 and 2004 were characterized by low polyphenolic content, but high concentrations of soluble solids and ascorbic acid; whereas fruit harvested in Feb. 2003 and 2004 generally had elevated polyphenolic concentrations, but lower levels of soluble solids and ascorbic acid. Annual variation in soluble solids and phytochemical composition was also observed among nine strawberry genotypes, which was likely attributable to variations in solar radiation and air temperature. ʻEarlibriteʼ was among the highest for soluble solids concentration on three of the four harvest dates, while ʻCarmineʼ was noted for its high phytochemical concentrations across harvest dates and years. The breeder selection ʻFL 99-117ʼ emerged as a promising selection in terms of producing fruit with high concentrations of soluble solids and antioxidant phytochemicals.
Controlled Flow-Through Dissolution Methodology: A High-Performance System

Measuring release rates using compendial systems, especially for sparingly soluble compounds, often produces complex results with less than desired precision and lacks relevance to key formulation or biological parameters. A flow-through approach was used by focusing on convective diffusion and controlling certain key physical-chemical factors. Results are presented for an automated multisample flow-through system that displays significant advantages over compendial (1) stirred and (2) flow-through systems. Advantages include precision, physicochemical, and in vivo relevance, along with analytical and formulation sensitivity. The convective diffusion/dissolution process was also simulated by using finite element modeling with predictions agreeing with measurements to within a few percent.
Catalytic gasification of algae in supercritical water for biofuel production and carbon capture

There has been growing concern about the way cultivating biomass for the production of agro-biofuels competes with food production. To avoid this competition biomass production for biofuels will, in the long term, have to be completely decoupled from food production. This is where microalgae have enormous potential. Here we propose a novel process based on microalgae cultivation using dilute fossil CO2 emissions and the conversion of the algal biomass through a catalytic hydrothermal process. The resulting products are methane as a clean fuel and concentrated CO2 for sequestration. The proposed gasification process mineralizes nutrient-bearing organics completely. Here we show that complete gasification of microalgae (Spirulina platensis) to a methane-rich gas is now possible in supercritical water using ruthenium catalysts. 60–70% of the heating value contained in the algal biomass would be recovered as methane. Such an efficient algae-to-methane process opens up an elegant way to tackle both climate change and dependence on fossil natural gas without competing with food production.
New insights into the extraction of uranium(VI) by an N,N-dialkylamide

This paper presents the methodology developed in order to thoroughly characterise a solvent extraction system containing high solute concentrations. The chemical system selected is N,N-(2-ethylhexyl)isobutyramide (DEHiBA) diluted in one alkane with increasing concentration of uranium(VI). Combining experiments with theoretical calculations allowed a deeper understanding of the extraction mechanism. A thermodynamic study was performed by the classical van't Hoff method and also by direct calorimetry to provide the enthalpies of extraction and specific heats. Dedicated methods like vapour pressure osmometry and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry analysis provide information about the stoichiometry of the extracted species. Spectroscopic investigations with ultraviolet–visible and Fourier transform infrared probed the uranium coordination. Finally, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, and small and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments investigated the organisation in the organic phase beyond the molecular scale. It was shown that the high concentrations of uranium extracted have no influence on the stoichiometry of the complexes and the coordination of uranium in the inner sphere. The thermodynamic properties related to the extraction process and obtained with a fine consideration of the activity coefficients showed to be the same as those found with trace concentration. However, an unexpected organisation beyond the molecular scale was observed with an important role of nitrates as bridging ligands which could explain some physico-chemical properties. This approach could be applied to other chemical systems (other N,N-dialkylamides or other cations) to identify the origin of the different affinities between ligands and the difference of selectivity between cations.
Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

The PM 10 mass concentration levels and inorganic chemical composition were determined on 12-h resolution sampling during August 2003 and March 2004, in the centre of Athens, Greece. The August 2003 campaign mean PM 10 mass concentration, obtained by Beta Attenuation at 5 m above ground in Athinas Street, was 56 μg m −3 while the corresponding value for March 2004 was 92 μg m −3 . In both campaigns the E.U. imposed daily limit of 50 μg m −3 was exceeded on several days. During the March campaign, in Athinas Street, additionally obtained DSFU-PM 10 (PM 10-2.5 +PM 2.5 ) gravimetric mass concentrations (mean: 121 μg m −3 ) in the "breathing zone", at 1.5 m above ground were significantly higher compared to the respective mean PM 10 mass concentrations obtained by the same method at 25 m above ground, in a second site (AEDA; mean: 86 μg m −3 ) also in the centre of the city. The above findings suggest that, for a realistic estimation of the exposure of citizens to particulate matter, PM 10 sampling in the "breathing zone" (1.5–3 m above ground) is necessary. Such data are presented for the first time for the centre of Athens. In both campaigns, calcium was found to be the predominant component of the coarse fraction while crust-related aluminosilicates and iron were the other major components. The above elements constitute the most important components of the fine fraction, together with the predominant sulphur. All toxic metals were found in concentrations below the established air quality limits, and most of them in lower concentrations compared to older studies. Lead in particular, appeared mostly in the fine fraction and in very low concentrations compared to studies dating more than a decade back. The predominant ions of the coarse fraction have been found to be Ca 2+ , NO 3 − , Na + and Cl − , while SO 4 2− , Ca 2+ and NH 4 + were the major ionic components of the fine fraction. In the fine particles, a low molar ratio of NH 4 + /SO 4 2− indicated an ammonium-poor ambient air, and together with inter-ionic correlations suggested that atmospheric ammonia is the major neutralizing agent of sulfate, while being insufficient to neutralize it to full extend. The formation of NH 4 NO 3 is therefore not favored and additional contribution to the neutralization of acidity has been shown to be provided by Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . In the coarse particle fraction, the predominantly abundant Ca 2+ has been found to correlate well with NO 3 − and SO 4 2− , indicating its role as important neutralizing agent in this particle size range. The proximity of the location under study to the sea explains the important concentrations of salts with marine origin like NaCl and MgCl 2 that were found in the coarse fraction, while chloride depletion in the gaseous phase was found to be limited to the fine particulate fraction. Total analyzed inorganic mass (elemental+ionic) was found to be ranging between approximately 25–33% of the total coarse particle mass and 35–42% of the total fine particle mass.
Ubiquitous magneto-mechano-electric generator

Stray magnetic field considered as harmful noise for the human body can be a ubiquitous energy source. We are surrounded with 50/60 Hz parasitic magnetic noise arising from power delivery infrastructure, but it cannot be readily utilized by traditional electromagnetic harvesters. Here, we introduce a novel magneto-mechano-electric (MME) generator with a colossal power density that can turn on 35 LEDs and drive a wireless sensor network under a weak magnetic field of 5–7 × 10−4 T at a low frequency of 60 Hz. The MME generator is a cantilever structured magnetoelectric (ME) laminate composite in which the 〈011〉 oriented anisotropic single crystal fiber composite (SFC) is bonded to Ni plate and Nd permanent magnet proof mass. The ME laminate composite has a strong ME coupling (αME ∼ 160 V cm−1 Oe−1) even without magnetic bias due to the intrinsic property of Ni. The MME generator is also found to exhibit a colossal output power density of 46 mW cm−3 Oe−2 under a weak magnetic field of 1.6 × 10−4 T at 60 Hz. This MME generator can be a ubiquitous power source for wireless sensor networks, low power electric devices, and wireless charging systems by harvesting tiny amounts of parasitic magnetic energy from our living environment.
Correlation-Based Imaging Algorithm for Bolt Loosening Monitoring on Realistic Aerospace Structure

In the present study, a correlation-based imaging technique called « Excitelet » is proposed to monitor bolt loosening on an aluminum lap-joint, representative of an aircraft component. The principle is based on guided wave generation and sensing using a compact micro-machined piezoceramic array and measurement of reflections induced by potential damage. The method uses a propagation model to correlate measured signals with a bank of signals and imaging is performed using a round-robin procedure (Full-Matrix Capture). This methods allows taking into account the transducer dynamics and finite dimensions, multi-modal and dispersive characteristics of the material and complex interaction between guided wave and damage. Experimental validation has been realized on an aluminum lap-joint instrumented with a compact linear piezoceramic array of 8 circular elements of 3 mm diameter each. The imaging algorithm is applied to detect the partial and complete loosening of one of the bolts. Imaging results obtained using both A0 and S0 modes at 300 kHz are presented for each loosening condition. It is demonstrated that variations in the bolt torque can be accurately detected, while the correlation level indicates the level of reflected energy, related to the loosening. An accuracy of approximately 5 mm on damage location estimation can be achieved, demonstrating the possibilities of the correlation-based imaging technique for damage monitoring of complex aerospace structures.
Competing Bond Fission and Molecular Elimination Channels in the Photodissociation of CH3NH2 at 222 nm

This paper presents the first experimental investigation under collisionless conditions of the competing photodissociation channels of methylamine excited in the first ultraviolet absorption band. Measurement of the nascent photofragments' velocity distributions and preliminary measurements of some photofragments' angular distributions evidence four significant dissociation channels at 222 nm: N-H, C-N, and C-H bond fission and H[sub 2] elimination. The data, taken on photofragments from both methylamine and methylamine-d[sub 2], elucidate the mechanism for each competing reaction. Measurement of the emission spectrum of methylamine excited at 222 nm gives complementary information, evidencing a progression in the amino wag (or inversion) and combination bands with one quantum in the methyl (umbrella) deformation or with two quanta in the amino torsion vibration. The emission spectrum reflects the forces in the Franck-Condon region which move the molecule toward a ciscoid geometry. The photofragment kinetic energy distributions measured for CH[sub 3]ND[sub 2] show that hydrogen elimination occurs via a four-center transition state to produce HD and partitions considerable energy to relative product translation. In general, the photofragment angular distributions were anisotropic, but the measured $Beta $APEQ -0.4$POM 0.4 for C-N bond fission indicates dissociation is not instantaneous on the time scale of molecular rotation. 38 refs.,more » 13 figs.« less