Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan

The seismic body wave tomography method has been improved and extended to adapt to a general velocity structure with a number of complexly shaped seismic velocity discontinuities (SVDs) and with three-dimensional variations in the velocities in the modeling space. An efficient three dimensional ray tracing algorithm which iteratively uses the pseudobending technique and Snell's law is developed. The large and sparse system of observation equations is solved by using the LSQR algorithm. This method is applied to 18,679 arrival times from 470 shallow and intermediate-depth earthquakes in order to study P and S wave tomographic images beneath northeastern Japan. In addition to first P and S wave arrivals, clear later arrivals of SP waves converted at the Moho and PS and SP waves converted at the upper boundary of the subducted Pacific plate (UBPP) are also used in the inversion. The UBPP, Conrad and Moho are taken as three SVDs, and their depth distributions obtained by previous studies are used. High-resolution P and S wave tomographic images down to a depth of 200 km have been determined. Large velocity variations amounting to 6% for P wave and 10% for S wave are revealed in the crust and upper mantle. In the crust low-velocity (low-V) zones exist beneath active volcanoes. In the upper mantle the low-V zones dip toward the west from the volcanic front. A high-velocity (high- V) zone corresponding to the subducted Pacific plate is clearly delineated. Most earthquakes in the lower plane of the double-planed deep seismic zone are found to occur in relatively high-V areas. The obtained tomographic images are also found to explain other seismological observations well.
Role of Multidrug Resistance – Associated Protein 4 in the Basolateral Efflux of Hepatically Derived Enalaprilat

Hepatic uptake and efflux transporters govern the systemic and hepatic exposure of many drugs and metabolites. Enalapril is a pharmacologically inactive prodrug of enalaprilat. Following oral administration, enalapril is converted to enalaprilat in hepatocytes and undergoes translocation into the systemic circulation to exert its pharmacologic effect by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme. Although the transport proteins governing hepatic uptake of enalapril and the biliary excretion of enalapril and enalaprilat are well established, it remains unknown how hepatically derived enalaprilat translocates across the basolateral membrane into the systemic circulation. In this study, the role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the hepatic basolateral efflux of enalaprilat was investigated using membrane vesicles. ATP-dependent uptake of enalaprilat into vesicles expressing multidrug resistance – associated protein (MRP) 4 was significantly greater ( ∼ 3.8-fold) than in control vesicles. In contrast, enalaprilat was not transported to a significant extent by MRP3, and enalapril was not transported by either MRP3 or MRP4. The functional importance of MRP4 in the basolateral excretion of derived enalaprilat was evaluated using a novel basolateral efflux protocol developed in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Under normal culture conditions, the mean intrinsic basolateral efflux clearance (CL int,basolateral ) of enalaprilat was 0.026 6 0.012 m l/min; enalaprilat CL int,basolateral was significantly reduced to 0.009 6 0.009 m l/min by pretreatment with the pan-MRP inhibitor MK-571. Results suggest that hepatically derived enalaprilat is excreted across the hepatic basolateral membrane by MRP4. Changes in MRP4-mediated basolateral efflux may alter the systemic concentrations of this active metabolite, and potentially the efficacy of enalapril.
Modulation of Ash Iron Solubility in Volcanic Eruption Plumes

Volcanic ash has been recently identified as a potential fertilizer for the surface ocean. However, the processes that allow conversion of insoluble iron into soluble iron compounds in ash are so far poorly understood. This study investigates the volcanic plume controls on ash iron solubility. A conceptual box model is developed to simulate the high, mid and low temperature chemical, physical and thermodynamic processes in eruption plumes in order to better constrain volcanic ash iron mobilization. The research takes into account the interaction of different species in a solid-liquid-gas system generated from three volcanic settings (convergent plate, divergent plate and hot spot). Among other volatiles, volcanic eruptions inject significant amounts of sulfur into the atmosphere mainly in the form of SO2 and H2S. The ratio of these species (H2S/SO2), which is usually used as the mirror for the oxidation state of the source magma, varies significantly according to the type of activity, tectonic setting etc. We consider the hot core (T>600◦C) as a box model in which 1000◦C magmatic gas and 25◦C ambient air are mixed and show that it functions as a hot oxidizing reactor for S species. Processes inside the hot core usually decrease the H2S content of the system but it can either increase or decrease SO2 depending on the initial oxidation state. Thus, the SO2 injected into the atmosphere is not essentially generated directly from the magma but it can be produced in the hot core as the result of H2S oxidation. Besides, volcanic cloud compositions do not necessarily mirror the source conditions. Considering three types of tectonic settings (convergent plate, divergent plate and hot spot) we propose that H2S emission is more likely under reduced conditions in divergent plate and hot spot volcanic settings. When adding ash to the hot core model we find that the hot core of a volcanic plume does not produce soluble iron directly but significantly controls the Fe mineralogy and oxidation state at the ash surface. We find that the final iron mineralogy at the ash surface (i.e. the ash’s oxidation front) is likely to be independent of temperature and oxygen fugacity and is closely correlated to the ratio of H2 and H2S content of the magmatic gas to the amount of entrained oxygen (Xmix). If logXmix reaches -3.5 in the hot core, most of the iron will be oxidized to Fe which is its less soluble form. Considering typical volcanic plume compositions (i.e., convergent plate, divergent plate and hot spot) with different oxidation states, we conclude that reduced conditions in divergent plate and hot spot volcanoes seem more favorable for iron fertilization because logXmix does not fall below -3.5 and >80% of the total iron remains in ferrous form. As all material eventually leaves the hot core we simulate the sulfuric acid and water condensation as well as gas-ash/aerosol interactions in 0◦C
Regularized estimation of vertical total electron content from Global Positioning System data

[1] A novel regularization technique which can combine signals from all Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites for a given instant and a given receiver is developed to estimate the vertical total electron content (VTEC) values for the 24-hour period without missing any important features in the temporal domain. The algorithm is based on the minimization of a cost function which also includes a high pass penalty filter. Optional weighting function and sliding window median filter are added to enrich the processing and smoothing of the data. The developed regularized estimation algorithm is applied to GPS data for various locations for the solar maximum week of 23–28 April 2001. The parameter set that is required by the estimation algorithm is chosen optimally using appropriate error functions. This robust and optimum parameter set can be used for all latitudes and for both quiet and disturbed days. It is observed that the estimated TEC values are in general accordance with the TEC estimates from other global ionospheric maps, especially for quiet days and midlatitudes. Owing to its 30 s time resolution, the regularized VTEC estimates from the developed algorithm are very successful in representation and tracking of sudden temporal variations of the ionosphere, especially for high latitudes and during ionospheric disturbances.
Flagellin, a TLR5 Agonist, Reduces Graft-versus-Host Disease in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients While Enhancing Antiviral Immunity

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Posttransplant immunosuppressive drugs incompletely control GVHD and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. In this study, we used flagellin, a TLR5 agonist protein (∼50 kDa) extracted from bacterial flagella, as a novel experimental treatment strategy to reduce both acute and chronic GVHD in allogeneic HSCT recipients. On the basis of the radioprotective effects of flagellin, we hypothesized that flagellin could ameliorate GVHD in lethally irradiated murine models of allogeneic HSCT. Two doses of highly purified flagellin (administered 3 h before irradiation and 24 h after HSCT) reduced GVHD and led to better survival in both H-2b → CB6F1 and H-2K → B6 allogeneic HSCT models while preserving >99% donor T cell chimerism. Flagellin treatment preserved long-term posttransplant immune reconstitution characterized by more donor thymic-derived CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and significantly enhanced antiviral immunity after murine CMV infection. The proliferation index and activation status of donor spleen-derived T cells and serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in flagellin-treated recipients were reduced significantly within 4 d posttransplant compared with those of the PBS-treated control recipients. Allogeneic transplantation of radiation chimeras previously engrafted with TLR5 knockout hematopoietic cells showed that interactions between flagellin and TLR5 expressed on both donor hematopoietic and host nonhematopoietic cells were required to reduce GVHD. Thus, the peritransplant administration of flagellin is a novel therapeutic approach to control GVHD while preserving posttransplant donor immunity.
Geophysical constraints for terrane boundaries in southern Mongolia

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is a typical accretionary orogen divided into numerous lithostratigraphic terranes. In theory, these terranes should be characterized by contrasting magnetic and gravity signatures owing to their dissimilar petrophysical properties. To test this hypothesis, the extent of tectonostratigraphic terranes in southern Mongolia was compared with the potential field data. The analysis reveals that the terrane boundaries are not systematically defined by strong gravity and magnetic gradients. The correlation of the magnetic signal with the geology reveals that the magnetic highs coincide with Late Carboniferous to Early Permian volcanic‐plutonic belts. The matched filtering shows a good continuity of signal along the boundaries of these high magnetic anomalies toward the deeper crustal levels which may indicate the presence of deeply rooted tectonomagmatic zones. The axes of high‐density bodies in the western and central parts of the study area are characterized by periodic alternations of NW‐SE trending gravity anomalies corresponding to up to 20 km wide cleavage fronts of Permo‐Triassic age. The matched filtering analysis shows good continuity of signal to the depth of these gravity highs which may indicate presence of deeply rooted high‐strain zones. The magnetic signal is interpreted to be as the result of a giant Permo‐Triassic magmatic event associated with lithosphere‐scale deformation, whereas the gravity pattern is related to the postaccretionary shortening of the CAOB between the North China and Siberia cratons.
Different Modes of Stress Transfer in a Strike-slip Fault Zone: an Example From the North Anatolian Fault System in Turkey

The dextral North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) extends for well over 1000 km from the compressive tectonic domain of eastern Anatolia into the broad and diverse tectonic domain of the western Anatolian, Marmara and Aegean regions. These different tectonic regimes are characterized by a narrow deformation zone in the east and a much broader deformation zone with multiple sub-parallel fault zones in the west. The spatial and temporal distribution of large historical and modern earthquakes (Mw>5) shows two distinctive macro-seismic zones in the eastern and western parts of the NAFS. The eastern macro-seismic zone, between the towns of Erzincan and Bolu, has produced a successive linear earthquake series parallel to the fault system over the last 500 years, suggesting that stress transfer along the fault occurred in a manner of 'Static Coulomb failure stress changes' through the entire elastic crust. In contrast, the western macro-seismic zone of the NAFS, in the Marmara region, has produced successive earthquake pairs on the parallel faults, implying 'dynamic stress changes', involving large-scale flow in the aseismic lower crust and the mantle.
A Rank- Reduced Analysis of Runoff Components and Their Response Patterns to Basin Parameters in the Northern Basement Complex, Nigeria.

Hydrological studies are still scanty in northern Nigerian basins. Runoff components have been discovered to have different response patterns to basin variables, hence lumping them together may be misleading. This study attempt to study response patterns of six hydrological parameters namely: surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow, the annual hydrograph was also separated into dry season flow, wet season flow and total runoff. Thirty hydro- climatic variables generated from 30 sub basins of the upper Kaduna catchment covering a period of 11 year (1979-1989) were used in this study. Surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow were determined using a 3-component hydrograph separation procedure; and dry season, wet season and total runoff were defined climatologically. A total of 660 hydrographs were separated. Factor regression method was used to identify the most significant factors which explain each of these components. The results showed that these variables differ slightly from one flow type to the other. That paper concludes that lumping different flow types together will amount to generalization. There is need for caution in runoff and basin modelling; all these call for more studies.
Pressure in the Emergency Department A Risk Factor for Incident Cardiovascular Disease

In the emergency department (ED), high blood pressure (BP) is commonly observed but mostly used to evaluate patients’ health in the short term. We aimed to study whether ED-measured BP is associated with incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), myocardial infarction, or stroke in long term, and to estimate the number needed to screen to prevent ASCVD. In this cohort study, participants were selected from a university hospital between 2010 and 2016, with an obtained BP in the ED. The outcome information was acquired through the Swedish National Patient Register for all participants. The association was estimated with Cox-regression. Among the included 300 193 subjects, 8999 incident ASCVD events occurred during a median follow-up for 3.5 years. Both DBP and systolic blood pressure were associated with incident ASCVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke with a progressively increased risk for systolic blood pressure within hypertension grade 1 (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.06–1.24]), 2 (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.25–1.47]), and 3 (HR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.49–1.77]). The 6-year cumulative incidence of ASCVD was 12% for systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg compared with 2% for normal levels. To prevent one ASCVD event during the median follow-up, the number needed to screen was estimated to 151, whereas the number needed to treat to 71. ED-recorded BP is associated with incident ASCVD, myocardial infarction, and stroke. High-BP recordings in EDs should not be disregarded but an opportunity to detect and improve the treatment of hypertension. ED-measured BP provides an important and underused tool with great potential to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension. Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT03954119. (Hypertension. 2020;75:229-236. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14002.) • Online Data Supplement
Antihypertensive Treatment and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Persons Without Hypertension

(95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) for MI, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.77) for CHF, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) for composite CVD events, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99) for CVD mortality, and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.95) for all-cause mortality from random-effects models. The corresponding absolute risk reductions per 1000 persons were �7.7 (95% CI, �15.2 to �0.3) for stroke, �13.3 (95% CI, �28.4 to 1.7) for MI, �43.6 (95% CI, �65.2 to �22.0) for CHF events, �27.1 (95% CI, �40.3 to �13.9) for composite CVD events, �15.4 (95% CI, �32.5 to 1.7) for CVD mortality, and �13.7 (95% CI, �24.6 to �2.8) for all-cause mortality. Results did not differ according to trial characteristics or subgroups defined by clinical history. Conclusions Among patients with clinical history of CVD but without hypertension, antihypertensive treatment was associated with decreased risk of stroke, CHF, composite CVD events, and all-cause mortality. Additional randomized trial data are necessary to assess these outcomes in patients without CVD clinical recommendations.
Treatment of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthritis using Hemiarthroplasty with a Synthetic Cartilage Implant versus Arthrodesis: A Comparison of Operative and Recovery Time

Background: First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ1) hemiarthroplasty using a novel synthetic cartilage implant was as effective and safe as MTPJ1 arthrodesis in a randomized clinical trial. We retrospectively evaluated operative time and recovery period for implant hemiarthroplasty (n=152) and MTPJ1 arthrodesis (n=50). Methods: Perioperative data were assessed for operative and anaesthesia times. Recovery and return to function were prospectively assessed with the Foot and
CALL FOR PAPERS Chronic Kidney Disease and Fibrosis NF- B activation mediates crystal translocation and interstitial inflammation in adenine overload nephropathy

Cristiene Okabe, Raquel Lerner Borges, Danilo Candido de Almeida, Camilla Fanelli, Grasiela Pedreira Barlette, Flavia Gomes Machado, Simone Costa Alarcon Arias, Denise Maria Avancini Costa Malheiros, Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara, Roberto Zatz, and Clarice Kazue Fujihara Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil; and Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Neural respiratory drive as a physiological biomarker to monitor change during acute exacerbations of COPD

Background Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a signiﬁcant negative impact on both patients and healthcare systems. Currently, there are no physiological biomarkers that effectively monitor clinical change or predict respiratory readmission. Acute exacerbations impose a change in the respiratory muscle load-capacity-drive relationship. It was hypothesised that lack of a fall in neural respiratory drive would identify patients at risk of treatment failure and early hospital readmission. Methods An observational study was performed at two UK teaching hospitals. Routine clinical physiological parameters and neural respiratory drive index (NRDI), calculated as the product of second intercostal space parasternal electromyography (EMG) activity normalised to the peak EMG activity during a maximum inspiratory sniff manoeuvre and respiratory rate, were recorded daily from admission to discharge. Results 30 acutely unwell patients of mean (SD) age 72 (10) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.60 (1.65) l, NRDI 455 (263) AU and median length of stay 6 days were studied. Changes in NRDI correlated with changes in Borg score (r ¼ +0.60; p < 0.001), discriminated between patients deemed to have clinically improved rather than deteriorated (mean difference 339 AU; 95% CI 234 to 444; p < 0.001) and identiﬁed those patients readmitted within 14 days (mean difference 203 AU; 95% CI 39 to 366; p ¼ 0.017). Conclusions NRDI is a feasible clinical physiological parameter in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can provide useful information on treatment response and risk of readmission. These suggest aspirates.
Spatial distribution of Antarctic shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) by underwater photography

Three species of shrimps (Notocrangon antarcticus, Chorismus antarcticus, Nematocarcinus lanceopes) were investigated in the south-eastern Weddell Sea using of underwater photography. Maximum densities of c. 100 specimens per 100 m2 were found for N. antarcticus on the continental shelf (200–600 m) and for N. lanceopes on the slope (800–1200 m). Small-scale dispersion patterns and size-frequency distributions were analyzed within dense concentrations. These direct observations indicate that the behaviour of the three species is adapted to different habitats with Chorismus distribution correlated with that of sponges and Notocrangon with base sediment.
Underwater Acoustic Channel Characterisation for Medium-range Shallow Water Communications

The ability to effectively communicate underwater has numerous applications for researchers, marine commercial operators and defence organizations. As electromagnetic waves cannot propagate over long distances in seawater, acoustics provides the most obvious choice of channel. Although acoustics has been used effectively for point-to-point communications in deep-water channels, acoustics has had limited success for horizontal transmissions in shallow water. Time-varying multi-path propagation and non-Gaussian noise are two of the major factors that limit acoustic communication performance in shallow water. Although it is known that medium-range shallow water propagation is dominated by time-varying multi-path arrivals, very few measurements of the variability of the multi-path structure are available. In this paper, we present channel measurements made in a shallow water channel (depth 15-20m) up to a range of 1km. An analysis of the temporal variability of the arrival structure is presented. Most communication systems make the assumption that the noise is additive and Gaussian. Snapping shrimp dominate the ambient noise spectrum above a few kHz in warm shallow waters. It is known that snapping shrimp noise is impulsive and highly non-Gaussian. These noise characteristics need to be taken into account when designing communication systems if robust and near-optimal performance is desired. An analysis of the ambient noise characteristics from some warm shallow water channels is also presented.