Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Alpha Lattice Design in Rice Field Trials in Pakistan

Two rice trials were conducted from 2005 to 2006 in rice research institute, Kala Shah Kako Pakistan to evaluate the efficiency of alpha lattice design in field experiments. The average standard error of difference between genotypes mean is used to calculate relative efficiency of alpha lattice design. Both experiments clearly identified the advantages of small blocks. The average gain in efficiency was 119% with maximum 128%. Mean ranks comparison for both randomized complete block and alpha lattice design were performed. It was observed that the ranks were not constant across the experiments. The results emphasize that the traditional randomized complete block designs (RCBD) should be replaced by alpha lattice in the agricultural field experiments when number of varieties to be tested in an experiment increases to more than five or ten. In such a situation finding a homogeneous block is quite difficult in field experiments. Keywords: Rice; Alpha lattice design; RCBD; Pakistan. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1. 4773 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 91-95 (2011)
Profiling Tourism Entrepreneurs and their Enterprises along the Wild Atlantic Way

This paper discusses the profile of tourism entrepreneurs and their enterprises along the WAW (Wild Atlantic Way). Ireland had witnessed less numbers of some holidaymakers in particular the British market visiting over the past five years, resulting in a significant loss of market share from GB. This research undertook a proactive approach to investigating regional qualitative stakeholders profiles while identifying factors that impact on the management of tourism Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) to develop the International market. The research provides the industry with a snapshot of a current typology of successful tourism entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the research develops a profile of their tourism enterprises and the factors that impact on the management of these businesses in order to identify what contributes to their success. Many Irish tourism SMEs are developing an innovative approach in order to grow their tourist market. This may provide valuable insight and guidance to the tourism enterprises, local and regional authorities. The communication of these findings may facilitate multi-sector intercollaboration regarding best practice solutions with the evolving tourism industry.
Structure-property relationship in high urethane density polyurethanes

The structure–property relationship of polyurethane (PU) homopolymers synthesized by the stoichiometric combination of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and low-molecular-weight glycols with different structure is investigated by the analysis of PU elastic modulus obtained by means of high-resolution peak force atomic force microscopy. Different experimental techniques are employed to understand the role of block structure influence on hydrogen bonding distribution, crystallinity, thermal transitions, and crystal packaging within the PU. The results show that glycols with bulky side groups have more impediments to self-assemble into hydrogen-bonded and packed macromolecular structures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015
Identification of volatile flavor compounds with high aroma values from Shallow-Fried beef

Aroma extract dilution analysis of fried beef steak volatiles trapped during frying with two different cooking conditions resulted in 50 primary odor compounds with flavor dilution (FD) factors between 4 and 2048. Beef steak frying at hot plate temperatures of 280 o C for 3 min per side or of 300 o C for 1 min per side, respectively, yielded statistically significant different results determined in a sensory sequence test. Differences in flavor qualities of the meat samples obtained by the varied frying conditions became manifest by employing the sensory aroma profile analysis. The flavor extracts were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography effluent sniffing and GC/MS
Visual computing in electron crystallography

Abstract VEC is a program package for Visual computing in Electron Crystallography. The program is written mainly in C++ and Fortran and is for running under MS Windows 95, 98, NT and 2000. Apart from its user-friendly interface, sophisticated text-sensitive online helps and tutorials, VEC includes same unique crystallographic methods. They are direct-method image-processing techniques, ab-initio solution of incommensurate crystal structures and algorithms for searching one-dimensionally modulated atoms in 4-dimensional Fourier maps. Examples are given in details.
COMPOSITION DES CONSTITUANTS DES HUILES ESSENTIELLES ET VALEURS NUTRITIVES DU Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Foeniculum vulgare mill. Plant aromatic, spontaneous and widespread in Algeria is used by the population for its medicinal virtues. Our samples, coming from the Algerian west, showed that the output of 2.7 in essential oil from the flowering plant is interesting and is in conformity with those obtained by the literature. The index oh iodine and the index of ester determined according to the time and temperature follow an awaited evolution and it is interesting to note a convergence towards a common value for the second index. Thirty components are identified in essential oils of the plant by CPG and CG/SM of which fourteen are not quoted by the literature like pertaining to the plant. The contents of the principal compounds resulting from the primary metabolism and for each part of the plant (seed, stem and roots) are relatively weak and not very interesting on the nutritional level. We however note the absence of the majority of the toxic components except for the saponosides and the tannins which are in small proportions
Water Relations of Staphylococcus aureus at 30°C.

Fourteen food-poisoning strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been grown in various media of known water activity at 30°C. Aerobic growth was observed atwater activities between 0.999 and 0.86. The rate of growth and the yield of cells were both reduced substantially when the water activity was less than c. 0.94. The lower limits for growth in dried meat, dried milk, and dried soup were similar to those in liquid media. Aerobic growth proceeded at slightly lower water activities than anaerobic growth. All cells were capable of forming colonies on agar media with water activities as low as 0.92. The 14 strains proved to be a homogeneous group with similar water equirements.
Ignition and Oxidation of 50/50 Butane Isomer Blends

One of the alkanes found within gaseous fuel blends of interest to gas turbine applications is butane. There are two structural isomers of butane, normal butane and iso-butane, and the combustion characteristics of either isomer are not well known. Of particular interest to this work are mixtures of n-butane and iso-butane. A shock-tube experiment was performed to produce important ignition delay time data for these binary butane isomer mixtures which are not currently well studied, with emphasis on 50–50 blends of the two isomers. These data represent the most extensive shock-tube results to date for mixtures of n-butane and iso-butane. Ignition within the shock tube was determined from the sharp pressure rise measured at the endwall which is characteristic of such exothermic reactions. Both experimental and kinetics modeling results are presented for a wide range of stoichiometry (φ = 0.3–2.0), temperature (1056–1598 K), and pressure (1–21 atm). The results of this work serve as validation for the current chemical kinetics model. Correlations in the form of Arrhenius-type expressions are presented which agree well with both the experimental results and the kinetics modeling. The results of an ignition-delay-time sensitivity analysis are provided, and key reactions are identified. The data from this study are compared with the modeling results of 100% normal butane and 100% iso-butane. The 50/50 mixture of n-butane and iso-butane was shown to be more readily ignitable than 100% iso-butane but reacts slower than 100% n-butane only for the richer mixtures. There was little difference in ignition time between the lean mixtures.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Volatilization and sorption of dimethylsilanediol in soil

Our previous studies showed that dimethylsilanediol (DMD) was the main hydrolysis product of slicone (polydimethylsiloxane) polymer in soil. In the present study, volatilization of 14C-DMSD from soil (1 mg kg−1) was investigated in open tubes, with weekly remoistening. Losses of 14C from Londo sandy clay loam and Pipestone sand were about 3.6 and 7.7% wk−1, respectively, and were attributed mostly to volatilization. For select samples, DMSD was trapped and identified as the volatilized compound. From 12 soils of variable properties, losses ranged from 1.4 to 6.4% wk−1, with higher rates correlated with sandier textures. An estimated Kd of 0.1 L kg−1 in wet soil suggests potential mobility of DMSD, but increased bonding with soil drying means that mobility will be retarded under field conditions. Results suggest that volatilization will be a major route of loss of DMSD from soil.
Consistency of tropospheric ozone observations made by different platforms and techniques in the global databases

A large quantity of tropospheric ozone observations are conducted all over the world using different platforms and techniques for different purposes and goals. These observations are commonly used to derive seasonal cycles, interannual variations and long-term trends of ozone in the troposphere. In addition, they are used for comparison with three-dimensional chemistry-transport models to evaluate their performance and hence to test our current understanding of the tropospheric ozone variability. It is still challenging to provide robust tropospheric ozone trends throughout the world because of the great variability of ozone, its complex photochemical reactions, the rarity of long-term records, the diversity of measurement techniques and platforms, and the issues with data quality. In this work, we evaluated, with emphasis on the lower troposphere, the consistency of tropospheric ozone observations made by means of multiple platforms, including surface sites, sondes and regular aircraft, that are publicly available in the global databases, but excluding space-borne platforms. Concomitant observations were examined on an hourly basis (except for ±3 hours for sonde versus aircraft) for pairs of locations at less than 100-km distance. Generally, we found good agreement between sonde and surface observations. We also found that there was no need to apply any correction factor to ozonesonde observations except for Brewer–Mast sondes at Hohenpeissenberg. Because of a larger distance between the site pairs, the correlations found between the aircraft and surface measurements were poorer than those between sonde and surface measurements. However, a relatively simple wind segregation improved the agreement between the aircraft versus surface measurements. We found also that due to diurnal cycles, the sonde launching at a fixed local time led to positive or negative biases against the surface observations, suggesting that great attention should be paid to local time and diurnal variations when using ozonesonde in the analysis of seasonal cycles, long-term trends and interannual variations of lower tropospheric ozone. The comparison of surface data at Mt. Happo to regular aircraft data over Tokyo/Narita showed a relatively reasonable agreement, ensuring regionally representative ozone data sets in this region for trend analysis.
Macro- and microelements in eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the northern regions of Poland.

The abundance of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Europe has been on the decline in recent years, to the extent that this fish species is now considered to be threatened with extinction. Hence, the current implementation of the Eel Management Plan in Poland, whose aim is to restore w stocks of this fish. The main natural habitats of eel are the transitional waters of the Vistula and Szczecin lagoons and lakes in northern Poland. The eel is highly valued by many consumers for the taste and texture of its meat. The aim of the study was to determine differences in concentrations of macroand microelements and toxic metals in muscles of the eel as a function of each specimen’s length, mass and the origin. The results of the study also served an evaluation of the health benefits and risks to consumers of eel meat with regard to the content of macroand microelements and toxic metals. Specimens of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) were caught in 2011-2013, in five regions of Poland: the southern Baltic, inland lakes in northeast Poland, the Vistula and Szczecin lagoons, and in the Vistula River. The concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Sr, Zn and As were determined with optical emission spectrometry. The flameless atomic absorption spectrometry method was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb. The content of Hg and Se were determined with atomic absorption, those of mercury with cold vapour, and of selenium with hydride generation. The concentrations of macroand microelements in most instances, with the exception of P and Zn, were negatively correlated with the eel’s length and mass, which indicated that small fish contained more minerals than large specimens. The eel is a rich source of phosphorus, zinc, selenium and iron, and it can supply significant quantities of the daily requirements of human consumers for these minerals. The other minerals occurred in eel muscle at levels that ranged from 2 to 6% of human daily requirements. Among the toxic metals, mercury was the cause for concern, while cadmium and lead occurred at low levels in all of the specimens examined regardless of their size. The mean concentration of mercury ranged from 0.147 to 0.273 mg kg-1 dr. hab. Lucyna Polak-Juszczak, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kollątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland, e-mail: chemia@mir. gdynia.pl; or lucyna.polak-juszczak@mir.gdynia.pl
Sensory Properties of Ogiri in Nigerian Onugbu Soup Made from Two Varieties of Melon Seeds Cucumis melo and Cucumeropsis manii

The fermentation of two varieties of melon seeds Cucumis melo, Cucumeropsis manii to the condiment - ogiri using the leaves of Musa sp. , were investigated. The percent proximate compositions of the seeds were ash 2.80 and 3.13, fat 45.65 and 55.93, protein 30.45 and 24.42, carbohydrate 16.31 and 11.83, moisture 4.79 and 4.69 while crude fiber was 6.33 and 2.60 respectively. Processing melon seeds to the condiment involved boiling seeds for 3 h, dehulling and then boiling for another 1 h, cooled and fermented for 4-5 days. Fermentation increased the pH value and total free amino acids, decreased Crude Protein (CP) and total soluble sugar, in the two samples. Evaluation of organoleptic properties reveal that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in taste and overall acceptability of the Onugbu soups prepared with ogiri from Cucumeropsis manii, market sample and Cucumis melo. The onugbu soup prepared with ogiri from Cucumeropsis mannii seeds however have significantly higher mean sensory score values than the ones from Cucumis melo and the market sample.
Dielectric Properties of Calcium, Strontium, or Barium Titanate Sintered with 5 mol.% of Lithium and Calcium Fluorides

ABSTRACT Calcium, strontium, and barium titanates were previously synthesized then mixed and wet-ground with 5 mol. % of lithium and calcium fluorides. These mixtures were pressed into pellets and air-fired. The ceramics were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and dielectric measurements. Each sample is a perovskite single phase. The oxyfluoride deriving from calcium titanate exhibits a phase transition around 283 K. For strontium titanate, no phase transition is detected. On the other hand, the ceramic related to barium titanate displays a ferroelectric phase transition around 300 K and a dielectric relaxation at about 10 MHz. These oxyfluorides could be of interest for capacitor manufacturing.
Characteristics of pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) surimi at frozen temperature

An investigation lasting 36 weeks was carried out on the frozen storage ( - 20C) behavior of surimi prepared from the fish pink perch ( Nemipterus japonicus ). Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), trimethylamine (TMA), peroxide value (PV) and total plate count (TPC) values of surimi increased gradually from 3.5 ± 0.1 to 5.60 ± 0.17 mg%, 0 to 2.8 ± 0.2 mg%, 0 to 0.8 ± 0.3 meq/kg and 5.25 ¥ 10 4 to 9.58 ¥ 10 4 cfu/g, respectively, during frozen storage but were within the acceptable limit. Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), free alpha-amino nitrogen and surimi whiteness increased from 13.63 ± 0.09 to 22.35 ± 0.2 mg%, 0 to 8.55 ± 0.02 mg% and 61.83 to 63.48 degrees, respectively, with the passage of time. Moisture, crude protein, total nitrogen (TN), pH and gel strength of surimi decreased from 78.50 ± 0.14 to 76.55 ± 0.02%, 17.72 ± 0.18 to 14.57 ± 0.01%, 2.84 ± 0.02 to 2.14 ± 0.02%, 7.20 ± 0.1 to 6.05 ± 0.09, and 237 to 97.43 g ¥ cm, respectively, during frozen storage. The surimi was acceptable at the end of the 36 week storage period.
Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer in Agitated Dryer

Drum dryers are often used for moisture reduction of granulated material and wet sludge from municipal or industry waste water. Moisture reduction and thermal treatment can be done in agitated drum dryers where convective heat transfer is helped by contact heating jacket and sometimes by heated agitators as well. For the description of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the dryer, mathematical model was created to investigate the influence of the operating parameters. The model contains volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients that are functions of contacting wet material and heated surface, contacting wet material and hot air, and contacting air and heated surface. Measurement and evaluation methods have been developed for determining the volumetric heat and mass transfer coefficients of granulated materials. Relations between the volumetric transfer coefficients were determined, with dimensionless Nu’-Re’ numbers. The mathematical model and the transfer coefficients make possible to calculate the main drum dryer parameters.
Impact of freezing and thawing processes on wheat and potato starch gel syneresis

The impact of freezing and thawing processes on gel structure, bound states, and mobility of water in wheat and potato starch gels was investigated, using laser scattering granulometer, centrifugation, SEM, DSC, and thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA). Starch gel water syneresis was qualitatively and quantitatively correlated to the freezing–thawing process. Potato microstructure was mainly impacted by freezing rates whereas wheat was influenced by both freezing and thawing rates. The observations were confirmed by SEM. Indeed, the size of cavities created by ice crystals increased with higher freezing rates for both varieties. Microstructure modifications during thawing only appeared for wheat. The hypothesis to explain the difference between these two starch gels could be based on the structural feature of starch granules that induce modifications of the gel matrix hardness depending on the granule restructuration during the heating period of the preparation of these gels.
A simplified model to calculate the higher surface energy of free‐standing nanocrystals

A simple but valid equation for the higher surface energies of metallic nanocrystals is obtained. The calculated values on surface energies of Ag and Au nanocrystals are in excellent agreement with the corresponding newest experimental values. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Vaporizer Temperature on Ambient Non-Refractory Submicron Aerosol Composition and Mass Spectra Measured by the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) are routinely operated with a constant vaporizer temperature (Tvap) of 600°C in order to facilitate quantitative detection of non-refractory submicron (NR-PM1) species. By analogy with other thermal desorption instruments, systematically varying Tvap may provide additional information regarding NR-PM1 chemical composition and relative volatility, and was explored during two ambient studies. The performance of the AMS generally and the functional integrity of the vaporizer were not negatively impacted during vaporizer temperature cycling (VTC) periods. NR-PM1 species signals change substantially as Tvap decreases with that change being consistent with previous relative volatility measurements: large decreases in lower volatility components (e.g., sulfate, organic aerosol [OA]) with little, if any, decrease in higher volatility components (e.g., nitrate, ammonium) as Tvap decreases. At Tvap < 600°C, slower evaporation was observed as a shift in particle time-of-flight distributions and an increase in “particle beam blocked” (background) concentrations. Some chemically reduced (i.e., CxHy+) OA ions at higher m/z are enhanced at lower Tvap, indicating that this method may improve the analysis of some chemically reduced OA systems. The OA spectra changes dramatically with Tvap; however, the observed trends cannot easily be interpreted to derive volatility information. Reducing Tvap increases the relative O:C and CO2+, contrary to what is expected from measured volatility. This is interpreted as continuing decomposition of low volatility species that decreases more slowly (as Tvap decreases) than does the evaporation of reduced species. The reactive vaporizer surface and the inability to reach Tvap much below 200°C of the standard AMS limit the ability of this method to study the volatility of oxidized OA species. Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE QUALITY OF PAH CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS IN A CONTAMINATED SOIL

The study of PAHs in soil requires optimized analytical methods that assess reliable concentration measurements. In this study, uncertainties in the analytical measurements of selected PAH concentrations from contaminated soil have been evaluated. Sample soil came from an old gaswork site. Chromatographic analyses were done by HPLC with a fluorescence detector and extraction procedures were optimized by studying sample load, extraction time, solvent volume and extraction solvent. PAH concentration was also studied in seven size fractions (< 0.05, 0.05–0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, 2–4 and > 4 mm) in the contaminated soil. Relative abundance of ring grouped PAH showed different distribution patterns among particle size fractions in which light and heavy PAH were enriched in coarse and fine material, respectively. A comparison was performed between data obtained with and without grinding each particle fraction before analysis, which includes an evaluation of the main uncertainty components involved in the procedure. Relative uncertainties between 10 and 20% were estimated depending on the PAH studied, when ground and low grain size were investigated; uncertainty contributions were increased according to grain size increases for samples that were not ground. This behavior depended on the volatility of PAH measured.