Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultracompact H II Regions in W49N at 500 AU Scales: Shells, Winds, and the Water Maser Source

We have observed the ionized gas in the star-forming region W49N with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Very Large Array (VLA) at 13 mm and 7 mm, and with the Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association (BIMA) Array at 3.3 mm. These observations vary in resolution from 0. ″045 to 0. ″35 (500 AU to 4000 AU at a distance of 11.4 kpc). In addition, we have used the VLA to observe water maser emission towards the bright W49N:G sources over a wide velocity range from -435 to 435 km s-1. The high-resolution continuum observations reveal the morphologies in the ultracompact sources; most of the sources at 0.045'' resolution appear to have shell or ring morphologies. The 3.3 mm emission observed with the BIMA array is dominated by free-free emission in all of the compact sources. There is no evidence for any spectral breaks corresponding to the emergence of a dust component. Of the seven bright sources in W49N for which multifrequency flux densities have been measured, four are observed to have rising spectral indices, with values ranging from α = 0.3-1.1 and three are observed to be flat (Sν ∝ να). Those sources with rising spectral indices (A, B1, B2, G1, and G2) also have the broadest radio recombination lines, with ΔVFWHM > 45 km s-1 in the H66α line (De Pree, Mehringer, & Goss). High-resolution 1.3 cm continuum images made at the same time as the water maser observations have been used to align the maser positions with the high-resolution 7 mm continuum to within 0. ″05. The maser positions are closely associated with the G1/G2 sources. The outflow traced by the water masers (Gwinn, Moran & Reid) appears to be centered within 0.2'' of the G2 peak, the brightest continuum source in the region, but it remains unclear whether this source drives the outflow.
A boundary element method for the solution of finite mobility ratio immiscible displacement in a Hele‐Shaw cell

In this paper, the interaction between two immiscible fluids with a finite mobility ratio is investigated numerically within a Hele‐Shaw cell. Fingering instabilities initiated at the interface between a low‐viscosity fluid and a high‐viscosity fluid are analysed at varying capillary numbers and mobility ratios using a finite mobility ratio model.
Entrainment Rate, Cloud Fraction, and Liquid Water Path of PBL Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract The large eddy simulation technique is used to search for key factors in determining the entrainment rate, cloud fraction, and liquid water path in the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL), with the goal of developing simple schemes of calculating these important quantities in climate models. In this study an entrainment rate formula is proposed where the entrainment rate is determined by four variables—total jump of the liquid water potential temperature across the entrainment zone, surface heat flux, net radiative flux away from the top of the STBL, and liquid water path. This study also shows that buoyancy reversal, measured here as the ratio between the equivalent potential temperature jump and the total moisture jump across the cloud top, plays a major role in reducing the simulated cloud amount, both cloud fraction and liquid water path. For cases where no buoyancy reversal occurs, the simulated cloud fraction remains 100% and the liquid water path depends solely on the cloud height.
Spectroscopy and dynamics of unoccupied electronic states of the topological insulators Sb2Te3 and Sb2Te2S

Time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission (2PPE) was used to study the electronic structure and ultrafast electron dynamics of the $p$-doped topological insulator ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and its derivative ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$. Our 2PPE experiments directly reveal that the massless Dirac-cone like energy dispersion of topological surface states is realized above the Fermi energy in both materials. The observed bulk conduction bands of ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ are found to be shifted to higher energies as compared to ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$. This shift has, however, surprisingly almost no influence on the electron dynamics in the topological surface state, which proceed on a picosecond time scale.
Extinction and almost periodic solutions of a discrete Gilpin–Ayala type population model

In this paper, we consider a discrete Gilpin–Ayala type population model. Assume that the coefficients in the system are almost periodic sequences, we obtain that r of the species in the system are permanent and stabilize at a unique strictly positive almost periodic solution of the corresponding subsystem, which is globally attractive, while the remaining species are driven to extinction.
Quorum Sensing-Mediated Lipid Oxidation Further Regulating the Environmental Adaptability of Aspergillus ochraceus

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cellular strategy of communication between intra- and inter-specific microorganisms, characterized by the release of quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) that achieve coordination to adaptation to the environment. In Aspergillus, lipids carry population density-mediated stresses, and their oxidative metabolite oxylipins act as signaling to transmit information inside cells to regulate fungal development in a synchronized way. In this study, we investigated the regulation of density-dependent lipid metabolism in the toxigenic fungi Aspergillus ochraceus by the oxidative lipid metabolomics in conjunction with transcriptomics. In addition to proven hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), prostaglandins (PGs) also appear to have the properties of QSM. As a class of signaling molecule, oxylipins regulate the fungal morphology, secondary metabolism, and host infection through the G protein signaling pathway. The results of combined omics lay a foundation for further verification of oxylipin function, which is expected to elucidate the complex adaptability mechanism in Aspergillus and realize fungal utilization and damage control.
Production of biodegradable UV protection film using cellulose and lignin extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch

The optimized process for cellulose extraction from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) consisting of acid pretreatment (0.5% (v/v) H2SO4), alkaline extraction (15% (w/w) NaOH), and chlorine-free bleaching (10% (w/v) H2O2) yielded pulp with the highest cellulose content at 83.42%. The EFB cellulose was then etherified into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which was readily water-soluble (81.32%). The EFB CMC (2.5% (w/v)) was blended with glycerol (0.5 % (w/v)) to produce a composite film by a solution casting method. Lignin obtained from acid precipitation of the EFB black liquor was added into the film at different concentrations, and its influence on the UV-protection property was evaluated. Interestingly, the film without lignin incorporation completely blocked UV-B transmittance. The addition of lignin at all concentrations significantly improved the UV-A blocking and other physical properties, such as the surface roughness, thickness, and thermal stability, although the water vapor permeability and tensile strength were not significantly affected. The EFB CMC film supplemented with 0.2% (w/v) lignin was observed to be the optimized composition according to its total UV-A and UV-B protection capacity, highest antioxidant activity, and preferable mechanical performance.
Some New Estimates of Hermite-Hadamard, Ostrowski and Jensen-Type Inclusions for h-Convex Stochastic Process via Interval-Valued Functions

Mathematical programming and optimization problems related to fluid dynamics are heavily influenced by stochastic processes associated with integral and variational inequalities. Furthermore, symmetry and convexity are intrinsically related. Over the last few years, both have become increasingly interconnected so that we can learn from one and apply it to the other. The objective of this note is to convert ordinary stochastic processes into interval stochastic processes due to the wide range of applications in various disciplines. We have developed Hermite–Hadamard (H.H), Ostrowski-, and Jensen-type inequalities using interval h-convex stochastic processes. Our main results can be applied to a variety of new and well-known outcomes as specific situations. The results of this study are expected to stimulate future research on inequalities using fractional and fuzzy integral operators. Furthermore, we validate our main findings by providing some non-trivial examples. To demonstrate their general properties, we illustrate the connections between the examined results and those that have already been published. The results discussed in this article can be seen as improvements and refinements to results that have already been published. This is a fascinating subject that can be investigated in the future to identify equivalent inequalities for various convexity types.
Ergodic Theory and Averaging Iterations

Suppose X is a Banach space and T a continuous linear operator on X. The significance of the asymptotic convergence of T for the approximate solution of the equation (I - T)x = f by means of the Picard iterations was clearly shown in Browder's and Petryshyn's paper [1], The results of [1] have stimulated further investigation of the Picard, and more generally, averaging iterations for the solution of linear and nonlinear functional equations [2; 3; 4; 8; 9]. Kwon and Redheffer [8] analyzed the Picard iteration under the mildest possible condition on T, namely that T be continuous and linear on a normed (not necessarily complete) space X. The results of [8] (still waiting to be extended for the averaging iterations) seem to give the most complete story of the Picard iterations for the linear case. Only when T is subject to some further restrictions, such as asymptotic 4-boundedness and asymptotic A -regularity, one can agree with Dotson [4] that the iterative solution of linear functional equations is a special case of mean ergodic theory for affine operators. This thesis is rather convincingly demonstrated by results of De Figueiredo and Karlovitz [2], and Dotson [3], and most of all by Dotson's recent paper [4], in which the results of [1; 2; 3] are elegantly subsumed under the afrine mean ergodic theorem of Eberlein-Dotson.
Specific Heat of Unconventional Superconductors

PrOs4Sb12 is the first known heavy fermion superconductor containing Pr. Many experiments show results indicating unconventional superconductivity in this system. Most notably, PrOs4Sb12 exhibits two superconducting transitions. The upper transition occurs at Tc1 ≈ 1.89K and the lower transition occurs at Tc2 ≈ 1.72K. There are many features of this system that are not understood and do not have a unified consensus among researchers. Many issues remain unanswered, such as the origin of superconductivity, symmetry of the superconducting energy gap, and the nature of the two superconducting transitions. We present specific heat data for a single PrOs4Sb12 crystal. The data show two superconducting transitions. Variance in the lower superconducting transition (among various samples) suggests multiple superconducting phases. Power law dependence of the low temperature specific heat is indicative of asymmetric energy gap. Cuprates are unconventional high temperature superconductors. The theory on origin and characteristics of superconductivity in these systems is still a debated issue. Experiments indicate presence of a phase in these systems that occurs above the superconducting transition temperature which exhibits some common characteristics with the superconducting state. An important issue is the nature of this so-called “pseudogap” phase and its relationship to the superconducting state. We have developed an experimental apparatus and procedure for measuring the specific heat of a high temperature superconductor and demonstrated it by measuring the heat capacity of a YBCO high-Tc superconductor sample.
A Comparison of Dynamical and Statistical Predictions of Weekly Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Southern Hemisphere

The skill of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecast system to predict the occurrence of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Southern Hemisphere during weekly periods has been evaluated and compared to the skill of a state-of-the-art statistical model. Probabilistic skill scores have been applied to a common series of hindcasts produced with the dynamical and statistical models. The ECMWF hindcasts have higher relative operating characteristic (ROC) scores than the statistical model for the first three weeks of integrations. The dynamical model also has skill over the Indian Ocean in week 4. The ECMWF hindcasts have lower Brier skill scores than the statistical model after week 2, which is likely because this version of the ECMWF model creates about 30% more TCs than observations and therefore generates a large number of false alarms. A simple calibration has been applied to the ECMWF probabilistic forecasts that significantly improves their reliability, but at the expense of the sharpness. The calibrated dynamical model has higher Brier skill scores than the statistical model during the first three weeks, although the statistical model remains more reliable. The multimodel combination of the calibrated dynamical forecasts with the statistical forecasts helps to improve the reliability of the ECMWF forecasts. The Brier skill score of the multimodel exceeds the Brier skill scores of the individual models, but with less sharpness than the calibrated dynamical model. This result suggests that the statistical model can be useful as a benchmark for dynamical models and as a component of a multimodel combination to improve the skill of the dynamical model. Potential economic value diagrams confirm that the multimodel forecasts are useful up to week 3 over the Southern Hemisphere.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MULTIVARIATE REWARD PROCESS DEFINED ON THE UMCP WITH APPLICATION TO OPTIMAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE POLICY PROBLEMS IN MANUFACTURING

The unified multivariate counting process (UMCP), previously studied by the same authors, enables one to describe most of the existing counting processes in terms of its components, thereby providing a comprehensive view for such processes often defined separately and differently. The purpose of this paper is to study a multivariate reward process defined on the UMCP. By examining the probabilistic flow in its state space, various transform results are obtained. The asymptotic behavior, as t→∞, of the expected univariate reward process in a form of a product of components of the multivariate reward process is studied. As an application, a manufacturing system is considered, where the cumulative profit given a preventive maintenance policy is described as a univariate reward process defined on the UMCP. The optimal preventive maintenance policy is derived numerically by maximizing the cumulative profit over the time interval [0, T].
Plasma turbulence in the scrape-off layer of tokamak devices

Plasma turbulence is explored in the scrape-off layer of tokamak devices using three-dimensional global two-fluid simulations. Two transport regimes are discussed: one in which the turbulent fluctuations saturate nonlinearly due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and another in which the fluctuations saturate due to a local flattening of the plasma gradients and associated removal of the linear instability drive. Focusing on the latter regime, analytical estimates of the cross-field transport and plasma profile gradients are obtained that display Bohm-scaling diffusion properties.
Overexpression of DGAT2 Regulates the Differentiation of Bovine Preadipocytes

Simple Summary Beef with rich intramuscular fat deposits is considered to be of high quality, and triacylglycerols are a major component of intramuscular fat. The synthesis of triacylglycerols is regulated by diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). This study focused on the regulatory mechanism of DGAT2 in the differentiation of preadipocytes from Yanbian cattle and its role in lipid metabolism-related signalling pathways. Bovine preadipocytes were infected by constructing an overexpression adenovirus vector and an interfering adenovirus vector. Differentially expressed genes in bovine preadipocytes were analysed using RNA sequencing and genome databases. The results showed that during the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes, high expression of DGAT2 promoted lipid droplet formation, triglyceride content, and expression of adipogenesis genes at the messenger RNA level. Transcriptome analysis identified 208 differentially expressed genes between DGAT2-overexpressing preadipocytes and normal cells. These results indicate that DGAT2 plays an important role in the regulation of bovine fat metabolism and provides a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality marbled beef. Abstract Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are a major component of intramuscular fat. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2(DGAT2) expression determines the rate of TAG synthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DGAT2 in the differentiation of Yanbian cattle preadipocytes and lipid metabolism-related signalling pathways. Bovine preadipocytes were infected with overexpression and interfering adenovirus vectors of DGAT2. The effects on the differentiation of Yanbian cattle preadipocytes were examined using molecular and transcriptomic techniques, including differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. DGAT2 overexpression significantly increased (p < 0.05) intracellular TAG, adiponectin, and lipid droplet (LD) contents. Moreover, it upregulated (p < 0.05) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and fatty acid binding protein 4 mRNA expression. In contrast, DGAT2 knockdown reduced intracellular TAG and LD content and downregulated (p < 0.05) C/EBPβ, mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoproteinbeta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, lipin 1,1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 4, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha mRNA expression. Between DGAT2-overexpressing preadipocytes and normal cells, 208 DEGs were identified, including 106 upregulated and 102 downregulated genes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed DEGs mainly enriched in PPAR signalling and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways, cholesterol metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results demonstrated that DGAT2 regulated preadipocyte differentiation and LD and TAG accumulation by mediating the expression of adipose differentiation-, lipid metabolism-, and fatty acid synthesis-related genes.
Prevalences of Tobamovirus Contamination in Seed Lots of Tomato and Capsicum

Seed lots of tomato and capsicum (Solanum lycopersicon and Capsicum annuum, respectively) are required to be free of quarantine pests before their entry to Australia is permitted. Testing of samples from 118 larger seed lots in the period 2019–2021 revealed that 31 (26.3%) carried one or more of four Tobamovirus species, including tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), which is a quarantine pest for Australia. Testing of samples from a further 659 smaller seed lots showed that 123 (18.7%) carried a total of five Tobamovirus species, including ToMMV and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), which is also a quarantine pest for Australia. Estimated prevalence of contamination by tobamoviruses ranged from 0.388% to 0.004% in contaminated larger seed lots. Analyses of these data allow us to estimate probabilities of detection of contamination under different regulatory settings.
Far-Infrared Properties of Interacting Donors in Antimony -Doped Germanium

Absorption and photoconductivity of 337-mu m radiation in Sb-doped Ge with excess donor concentrations ranging from 1.2 x 10/sup 16/ to 3.6 x 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ have been investigated at liquid-He temperatures. The result suggests the existence of a "delocalized" excited state between the conduction band and the donor ground state which arises from the overlapping of donor wave functions.
Velocity and absorption of ultrasound in binary solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone and water

Ultrasonic velocity and absorption and shear viscosity measurements were made as a function of concentration and temperature for binary aqueous solutions of the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone. The polymer has a molecular weight of 360 000 and was mixed with water in several concentrations ranging from 0% to 9% by weight. The frequency used was 21 MHz and the temperature range was 20 °C to 45 °C. The velocity shows a nonlinear increase with temperature and a nearly linear increase with concentration. The α/f 2 and viscosity values increase monotonically with concentration, and these values decrease with temperature. The temperature behavior, in a general sense, for the velocity and α/f 2 of the solution is similar to that of pure water. As the concentration increases from 0% to 9%, the viscosity increases by more than two orders of magnitude, while the α/f 2 value increases by less than one order of magnitude. No strong evidence of a critical concentration was observed.
Conditions for Inception of Relativistic Runaway Discharges in Air

Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes are linked to growth of long bidirectional lightning leader system consisting of positive and stepping negative leaders. The spatial extent of streamer zones of a typical lightning leader with tip potential exceeding several tens of megavolts is on the order of 10–100 m. The photoelectric absorption of bremsstrahlung radiation generated by avalanching relativistic runaway electrons occurs efficiently on the same spatial scales. The intense multiplication of these electrons is triggered when the size of the negative leader streamer zone crosses a threshold of approximately 100 m (for sea‐level air pressure conditions) allowing self‐replication of these avalanches due to the upstream relativistic electron seeds generated by the photoelectric absorption. The model results also highlight importance of electrode effects in interpretation of X‐ray emissions from centimeter to meter long laboratory discharges, in particular, a similar feedback effect produced by generation of runaway electrons from the cathode material.
The Complex Cyto-Molecular Landscape of Thyroid Nodules in Pediatrics

Simple Summary Pediatric thyroid ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration includes the use of dedicated ultrasound guidance algorithms to improve the accuracy and increase the diagnostic yield of the procedure. The refinement of imaging criteria and risk stratification can potentially spare cytological assessment of benign nodules. Molecular testing can also be used to differentiate benign from malignant lesions and to guide their further management. The assistance of artificial intelligence tools will be helpful in this investigation. Abstract Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a commonly used diagnostic cytological procedure in pediatric patients for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, triaging them for the detection of thyroid cancer. In recent years, greater attention has been paid to thyroid FNA in this setting, including the use of updated ultrasound score algorithms to improve accuracy and yield, especially considering the theoretically higher risk of malignancy of these lesions compared with the adult population, as well as to minimize patient discomfort. Moreover, molecular genetic testing for thyroid disease is an expanding field of research that could aid in distinguishing benign from cancerous nodules and assist in determining their clinical management. Finally, artificial intelligence tools can help in this task by performing a comprehensive analysis of all the obtained data. These advancements have led to greater reliance on FNA as a first-line diagnostic tool for pediatric thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of these recent developments and their impact on the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children.