Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Directions in Judgment and Decision Making The Psychology of Good Judgment : Frequency Formats and Simple Algorithms

Mind and environment evolve in tandem&mdash;almost a platitude. Much of judgment and decision making research, however, has compared cognition to standard statistical models, rather than to how well it is adapted to its environment. The author argues two points. First, cognitive algorithms are tuned to certain information formats, most likely to those that humans have encountered during their evolutionary history. In particular, Bayesian computations are simpler when the information is in a frequency format than when it is in a probability format. The author investigates whether fre-
Evidence Favors a Static Universe Part 1

The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding. However examination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favors a static universe. This is the first part (of a three part report) which investigates the topics: Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar distributions, radio source distributions, quasar variability in time and the Butcher–Oemler effect. An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution such that the effects of expansion are cancelled. Whereas the conclusions in Part 1 would be valid for any reasonable static cosmology the analysis of the topics in Part 2 require specific characteristics of curvature cosmology, which is a tiredlight cosmology that predicts a well defined static and stable universe. A complete description of curvature cosmology is provided in Part 3.
“ It ’ s about fitting in with the organization ” : A qualitative study of employers of nurse practitioners Running title : Employers of Nurse Practitioners Corresponding

Aims and Objectives: To explore the views of employers about the value nurse practitioners (NPs) add to health services, enablers and barriers to employing NPs, and intentions to employ NPs or expand NP services in the future. Background: Research on Australian NPs has focused on NPs’ experiences or patient-related factors like waiting times. Few studies have explored NP roles from the perspective of employers. Australian NPs employed by the private sector are eligible for reimbursement by the national health insurance scheme (Medicare Australia), potentially generating revenue for employers and broadening their career opportunities. We aimed to explore private sector employers’ views on the barriers and facilitators to employing NPs and to identify factors affecting NP employability. Design: A qualitative descriptive exploratory study. Method: Employers of NPs from 23 private and non-profit health services in Western Australia were interviewed. Inductive content analysis was used to explore the data.
Firm Size, M&A Announcement Returns and the Financial Crisis

Prior academic literature has found evidence that there is a significant difference in the announcement returns between small and large acquirers. I examine a sample of 24,870 U.S.-based acquisitions between 1980 and 2017. The sample consists of transactions where a public company acquires the entire share capital of a private or public U.S. company. The equally-weighted abnormal announcement return for acquiring companies is 1.5%. The announcement return for the shareholders of large acquirers is almost three percentage points lower than the return for small acquirers. These results support the previous findings obtained by Moeller, Schlingemann, and Stulz (2004) and are robust to deal and firm characteristics. Small acquirers exceed the performance of large acquirers over the sample period; however, large acquirers seem to perform relatively better during the financial crisis.
Input, Output, and Behavioral Additionality of Innovation Subsidies

Using a Conditional Difference in Difference procedure and data for Colombia, we determine if firms that receive subsidies to innovation in the period 2010-2016 present additionality on input, output, and behavioral innovation variables. We found that there are differences among the additionalities of small and medium firms (SMEs) and big firms, and the existence of a crowding-out effect for internal R&D expenditures in SMEs. At the same time, we found additionality on R&D employment for all types of firms and the presence of experience effects introduced by subsidies, especially for SMEs. These effects are related to positive additionalities. At the same time, we cannot find additionality effects on patents and trademarks. However, we found negative additionality on sales of big companies that we relate with the way we measure this variable.
The impacts of outlining and free writing strategies on the quality of Japanese L2 academic writing

Much research has been completed that focused on the role of drafting strategies in first language (L1) writing, but its role in second language (L2) writing is missing. The present study investigated the impact of outlining and free writing strategies on L2 academic writing in terms of overall quality, as well as more specifically in terms of content, organization, and coherence. Sixty Japanese L2 Chinese speakers, studying at a major research university in western Japan, were randomly divided into outlining, free writing, and control groups. They wrote argumentative essays. Using an academic writing rubric, two raters assessed the essays. Results revealed that free writing strategy improved the coherence of the text, which follows the Interaction Hypothesis. Outlining improved not only the overall quality of L2 academic writing but also the content and organization of the text. These findings, which are in contrast with some L2 writing research, support the Overload Hypothesis.
MODELLING THE INFLUENCE OF FLOOD IRRIGATION ON WHEAT YIELDS IN CANTERBURY

The ability of four models to describe the response of grain yield to flood irrigation of October sown wheat crops was evaluated. The models were: 1) The Effective Evapotranspiration model 2) The Actual Evapotranspiration model 3) The Drought Day model 4) The Phasic Actual Deficit (Jensen) model The Effective ET model is based on the concept of a potential soil moisture deficit whereas the other three models are based on estimates of an actual soil moisture deficit. The Drought Day model assumed that growth stopped when the soil moisture deficit was greater than 7511fo of the plant available water. Potential evapotranspiration, adjusted for crop cover, was calculated daily using the Penman formula. The timing of the different stages of development required for the phasic model was based on elapsed photothermal time from sowing. The Effective ET and Actual ET models both described nearly 8011fo of the variation in yields. The response of grain yield was 12 kg/ha per mm of irrigation applied when needed. The drought Day model described 7011fo of the variation in yield and showed grain yield to increase by 38 kg/ha per day of growth. The Jensen model described 8011fo of the variation in yield but the sensitivity of different developmental phases as indicated by the magnitude of the regression coefficients did not agree with more direct experimental evidence. It was concluded that non-phasic models based on estimates of effective or actual ET can adequately describe the response of wheat grain yield to flood irrigation in Canterbury. Additional
senSCOPE: Modeling radiative transfer and biochemical processes in mixed canopies combining green and senescent leaves with SCOPE

Semi-arid grasslands and other ecosystems combine green and senescent leaves featuring different biochemical and optical properties, as well as functional traits. Knowing how these properties vary is necessary to understand the functioning of these ecosystems. However, differences between green and senescent leaves are not considered in recent models representing radiative transfer, heat, water and CO2 exchange such as the Soil-Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes (SCOPE). Neglecting the contribution of senescent leaves to the optical and thermal signal of vegetation limits the possibilities to use remote sensing information for studying these ecosystems; as well as neglecting their lack of photosynthetic activity increases uncertainty in the representation of ecosystem fluxes. In this manuscript we present senSCOPE as a step towards a more realistic representation of mixed green and senescent canopies. senSCOPE is a modified version of SCOPE model that describes a canopy combining green and senescent leaves with different properties and function. The model relies on the same numerical solutions than SCOPE, but exploits the linear nature of the scattering coefficients to combine optical properties of both types of leaf. Photosynthesis and transpiration only take place in green leaves; and different green and senescent leaf temperatures are used to close the energy balance. Radiative transfer of sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) and absorptance changes induced by the xanthophyll cycle action are also simulated. senSCOPE is evaluated against SCOPE both using synthetic simulations, forward simulations based on observations in a Mediterranean tree-grass ecosystem, and inverting dataset of ground measurements of reflectance factors, SIF, thermal radiance and gross primary production on a heterogeneous and partly senescent Mediterranean grassland. Results show that senSCOPE outputs vary quite linearly with the fraction of green leaf area, whereas SCOPE does not respond linearly to the effective leaf properties, calculated as the weighted average of green and senescent leaf parameters. Inversion results and pattern-oriented model evaluation show that senSCOPE improves the estimation of some parameters, especially chlorophyll content, with respect SCOPE retrievals during the dry season. Nonetheless, inaccurate knowledge of the optical properties of senescent matter still complicates model inversion. senSCOPE brings new opportunities for the monitoring of canopies mixing green and senescent leaves, and for improving the characterization of the optical properties of senescent material.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT OF EXPATRIATE CHILDREN

The aim of the current study was to define the factorial structure of the psychological adjustment (PA) of Finnish expatriate children (EC) and to construct a model consisting of three child-level variables (age, school success, and attitude toward moving). Survey data concerning Finnish EC (N = 324) who had lived temporarily abroad were gathered from the EC’s parents. The mean age of the children was 4.8 years in the expatriation context and 8.2 years in the repatriation context. PA was examined using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). Survey data were subject to a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). A hypothesized two-factor structure (physiological and affective factors) of PA was fitted for the sample using the CFA. A SEM of PA was presented, where the child-level explanatory variables were the age of the child, school success, and attitude toward moving. The main findings were the following: First, there is a two-factor structure of Finnish EC’s PA with both physiological and affective factors. Second, a model of PA with three child-level variables (age, school success, and attitude toward moving) was constructed. The results contribute to the understanding of PA in general and EC’s PA in particular. This study increases our understanding of EC’s PA in unique and novel contexts of dual cultural transitions. This comprehension is important in an increasingly globalized world, especially in clinical and other support contexts, where professionals work for children’s mental well-being.
The Safety Leadership Paradox

This paper argues that the inability to manage the tensions between prevailing paradigms of organization and leadership is a major contributory cause of organizational accidents. A paradox of organizational form occurs in balancing the need for operational discipline and hierarchy implicit in ‘system safety’ theory (Leveson et al., 2009) with the need for mindful sense-making and competent improvisation of the ‘High Reliability Organizing’ (‘HRO’) paradigm (Weick, 1987) that demands a shift to a more organic form. In parallel, a second paradox also exists between the current dominant leadership paradigm of leader-centric ‘command and control’, rooted in leader-follower and contingency theories, and the shift to a new ‘enabling’ paradigm of leadership as a relational phenomenon, socially-constructed within context, enabling adaptive processes and emergence of change.
Design of Wavelet-Encoded Symbol Constellations for Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing

In mobile communication systems, the signals propagate through multipath over time-varying channels, which are subject to distortion caused by fading and Doppler shifts. In order to minimize such distortions, coding techniques and transmission diversity can be employed, e.g., wavelet coding. In this work, the wavelet coding is investigated in scenarios of cognitive radio systems with dynamic spectrum access. Cognitive radio systems with dynamic spectrum access should be able to sense unoccupied frequency bands for opportunistic transmissions, as well as detect the presence of primary users when they occupy their licensed spectrum. Therefore, an essential element for the accurate operation of cognitive radio systems encoded by wavelet coding is the ability to sense the signals encoded by this technique. It is effectively demonstrated that the possibility of sensing such signals is associated with a suitable design of the signal constellation used in the modulation of the coded symbols. The constellation design of these is performed via genetic algorithms using a multiobjective optimization approach. The developed system is evaluated according to the robustness to time-varying flat fading through a bit error probability (BER) versus Eb/N0 analysis. The spectral sensing ability is also addressed employing the cyclostationary analysis. The results denote the feasibility of using wavelet coding in radio scenarios with dynamic spectrum access, with good performance in terms of BER and signal detection rates.
A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE FOR CONCEPTUAL PROCESSING IN EMOTION

The idea that there are consistent and discrim~ inable patterns for a small number of "basic" emotions (e.g., fear, anger, sad, happy, disgust) motivates a great deal of emotion research (see Tracy & Randles, 2011, for a recent review of these models). This view is also pervasive outside of the scientific arena, in education, government policy, industry, and entertainment. The logic is clear: If we could discover these emotion~specific patterns, we would unlock the mystery of human emotions, because these basic emotions are also the foundation of more complex emotions. As sci~ ence has a tendency to do, however, the empiri~ cal evidence is forcing us to pause. A more com~ plicated picture is emerging, one in which there is tremendous variability in the physiological, neural, behavioral, and subjective changes that occur during emotions like fear, anger, happi~ ness, sadness, and disgust (Barrett, 2006; Barrett et al., 2007; Lindquist, Siegel, Quigley, & Barrett, 2013; Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss~ Moreau, & Barrett, 2012; Ortony & Turner, 1990; Quigley & Barrett, 2014). Moreover, there are a great num~ ber of emotional experiences that do not fall into these categories. Perhaps, although elusive, some set of basic emotions is still the answer-the key to understanding this variability-and we should keep searching for them. But what if we could ex~ plain this variability without appealing to basic emotions? We suggest that conceptual processing
Detection of Drivers’ Anxiety Invoked by Driving Situations Using Multimodal Biosignals

It has become increasingly important to monitor drivers’ negative emotions during driving to prevent accidents. Despite drivers’ anxiety being critical for safe driving, there is a lack of systematic approaches to detect anxiety in driving situations. This study employed multimodal biosignals, including electroencephalography (EEG), photoplethysmography (PPG), electrodermal activity (EDA) and pupil size to estimate anxiety under various driving situations. Thirty-one drivers, with at least one year of driving experience, watched a set of thirty black box videos including anxiety-invoking events, and another set of thirty videos without them, while their biosignals were measured. Then, they self-reported anxiety-invoked time points in each video, from which features of each biosignal were extracted. The logistic regression (LR) method classified single biosignals to detect anxiety. Furthermore, in the order of PPG, EDA, pupil, and EEG (easiest to hardest accessibility), LR classified accumulated multimodal signals. Classification using EEG alone showed the highest accuracy of 77.01%, while other biosignals led to a classification with accuracy no higher than the chance level. This study exhibited the feasibility of utilizing biosignals to detect anxiety invoked by driving situations, demonstrating benefits of EEG over other biosignals.
Influence of Glass Silica Waste Nano Powder on the Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Alkali-Activated Mortars

The recycling of millions of tons of glass bottle waste produced each year is far from optimal. In the present work, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) was substituted in fly ash-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) for the purpose of preparing glass bottle waste nano-powder (BGWNP). The AAMs mixed with BGWNP were subsequently subjected to assessment in terms of their energy consumption, economic viability, and mechanical and chemical qualities. Besides affording AAMs better mechanical qualities and making them more durable, waste recycling was also observed to diminish the emissions of carbon dioxide. A more than 6% decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, an over 16% increase in compressive strength, better durability and lower water absorption were demonstrated by AAM consisting of 5% BGWNP as a GBFS substitute. By contrast, lower strength was exhibited by AAM comprising 10% BGWNP. The conclusion reached was that the AAMs produced with BGWNP attenuated the effects of global warming and thus were environmentally advantageous. This could mean that glass waste, inadequate for reuse in glass manufacturing, could be given a second life rather than being disposed of in landfills, which is significant as concrete remains the most commonplace synthetic material throughout the world.
Factors Contributing Ecological Footprint Awareness of Turkish Pre-Service Teachers

The purpose of this research is to determine ecological footprint awareness level of pre-service teachers who are majoring in three different programs of Teacher Education Department. The study also investigated whether there is a difference in ecological footprint awareness level based on gender, parents’ education, program of study, and longest lived place of residence. “Ecological Footprint Awareness Scale” which was developed by Coskun & Sarikaya (2014) was used as a data collection tool. The scale is a 5 point Likert type instrument which is composed of five dimensions related to food, shelter and mobility, water consumption, energy consumption, and waste management. One hundred and seventy pre-service teachers who are pursuing their third year in a College of Education of a medium size University located at northeast part of Turkey participated in the study. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data by utilizing SPSS statistical package. Results of the study revealed that the pre-service teachers’ awareness on ecological footprint is at a medium level; highest levels of awareness found in energy (X=4.15) and water consumption(X=3.83) dimensions. Least level of awareness detected in food dimension (X=3.04). Results of the study showed that pre-service teachers’ awareness level differed based on gender in food dimension of the scale (t=2.116, p
MARKET LIQUIDITY AND MARKET MAKING – THE CASE OF FIXED INCOME AND LOW INTERST RATES

Market liquidity and market making – the case of fixed income and low interest rates Market liquidity has received a lot of attention lately, especially in fixed-income markets. This paper studies the determinants of market liquidity in a theoretical model for market making with inventory costs, which is extended to the case of fixed-income securities. In the model, market makers provide liquidity to the market, which they are compensated for through the difference between the prices at which they buy and sell, the bid-ask spread. This spread is an often used measure for market liquidity. It is shown that under certain conditions, environments with low short-term interest rates can be characterised by lower market liquidity through wider bid-ask spreads compared to environments with higher interest rates. When interest rates are low, capital losses on the market makers' inventory holdings are more likely than when interest rates are higher, which leads to wider bid-ask spreads.
The rotating black hole interior: Insights from gravitational collapse in 
AdS3
 spacetime

We present results from a numerical study of rotating black hole formation in 3-dimensional asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime, focusing on the structure of the black hole interior. While black holes in $AdS_3$ are of theoretical interest for a wide variety of reasons, we choose to study this system primarily as a toy model for astrophysical (4-dimensional) black holes formed from gravitational collapse. We investigate the effect of angular momentum on the geometry inside the event horizon, and see qualitative changes in the interior structure as a function of the spin parameter. For low spins, we find that a central spacelike curvature singularity forms, connecting to a singular, null Cauchy horizon. For spins above a threshold consistent with the linear analysis of Dias, Reall and Santos, curvature on the Cauchy horizon remains bounded, signaling a violation of the strong cosmic censorship conjecture. Further increasing the spin leads to a decrease in the relative size of the spacelike branch of the singularity, which vanishes completely above a second threshold. In these high-spin cases, the interior evolution is bounded by a regular Cauchy horizon, which extends all the way inward to a regular, timelike origin. We further explore the geodesic focusing ("gravitational shock-wave") effect predicted to occur along the outgoing branch of the inner horizon, first described by Marolf and Ori. Remarkably, we observe the effect at late times in all of the black holes we form, even those in which the inner apparent horizon collapses to zero radius early in their evolution.
Causal Feature Discovery through Strategic Modification

We consider an online regression setting in which individuals adapt to the regression model: arriving individuals may access the model throughout the process, and invest strategically in modifying their own features so as to improve their assigned score. We find that this strategic manipulation may help a learner recover the causal variables, in settings where an agent can invest in improving impactful features that also improve his true label. We show that even simple behavior on the learner's part (i.e., periodically updating her model based on the observed data so far, via least-square regression) allows her to simultaneously i) accurately recover which features have an impact on an agent's true label, provided they have been invested in significantly, and ii) incentivize agents to invest in these impactful features, rather than in features that have no effect on their true label.