Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who knows best? Mechanisms underlying infants’ selective social learning

The main objective of the present dissertation was to investigate the psychological mechanisms underlying selective social learning in infancy. Specifically, it was of interest to examine whether domain-specific or domain-general abilities guide infants’ selective behaviour. The aim of Study 1 was to examine whether theory of mind abilities (knowledge inference and false belief) and/or statistical learning abilities relate to 18-month-olds’ selective word learning. Results demonstrated that infants who had a superior performance on the knowledge inference task were less likely to learn a novel word from an informant who labeled objects inaccurately (i.e., who labeled a ball as a shoe). Infants’ false belief and statistical learning abilities were unrelated to their selective social learning. The goal of Study 2 was to examine whether infants’ knowledge inference and/or associative learning abilities were linked with 14-month-olds’ selective trust in an emotional congruence paradigm. Findings revealed that infants with superior knowledge inference abilities were less likely to trust an incongruent emoter, that is, an emoter who expressed an emotional reaction that did not match the situation (i.e., expressing happiness after examining an empty container). No relation was present with the associative learning task. Lastly, the objective of Study 3 was to investigate whether infants’ theory of mind abilities (knowledge inference and false belief) and/or associative learning abilities were related to 18-month-olds’ performance on a selective word learning task using a within-subjects paradigm. Consistent with the two previous studies, only infants’ knowledge inference abilities were associated with their mistrust of the unreliable informant. Taken together, the findings from the three studies demonstrate that infants use domain-specific abilities, such as their ability to infer others’ knowledge states, to selectively trust and learn from others. In other words, infants with superior knowledge inference abilities may be better able to infer whether someone is ignorant/unreliable and therefore not a good source to learn from. These results provide evidence for a rich interpretation of infants’ selective social learning.
The Thermodynamics of High Polymer Solutions. V. Phase Equilibria in the Ternary System: Polymer 1—Polymer 2—Solvent

A thermodynamic analysis of phase equilibria similar to that developed in Part IV when applied to the ternary system of two polymers and a solvent leads to an explanation of the usual incompatibility of different high polymers in solution. Unless their heat of mixing is virtually zero or negative, two high polymers are always immiscible in the absence of a solvent; the primary role of the solvent is non‐specific, merely one of diluting the polymer mixture and decreasing the heat of interaction of the polymers. The recent experiments of Dobry and Boyer‐Kawenoki show reasonable agreement with these theoretical conclusions. Osmotic pressures of mixed polymers are discussed; such measurements would permit determination of μ12, the interaction constant of the two polymers.
NETmix®, a new type of static mixer: Experimental characterization and model validation

In a previous article (Laranjeira et al.), a network model was developed to describe and predict the behavior and performance of NETmix ® , a new type of static mixer consisting of a network of interconnected chambers and channels. This work reports experimental results on a transparent prototype NETmix ® unit constructed to enable the characterization of the mixing mechanisms at the local scale. Tracer flow visualization experiments show that the mixing characteristics in the NETmix ® unit depend on the Reynolds number both for macromixing and micromixing. A critical Reynolds number for the onset of mixing was obtained where oscillating flow in the chambers is observed. Chemical reaction experiments were done using test reactions systems that exhibit mixing effects in the final product distribution and selectivity. Reaction selectivity was shown to depend on the reactants injection scheme. Theoretical predictions obtained with the network model were in agreement with experimental data for high Reynolds numbers.
Synthesis and structure of a new mononuclear copper(II) complex with 2,2ʹ-bipyridine and picrate: molecular docking, DNA-binding, and in vitro anticancer activity

A new mononuclear copper(II) complex identified as [Cu(bpy)2(pic)](pic), where bpy represents 2,2ʹ-bipyridine and pic stands for picrate (pic), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, IR and electronic spectral studies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure analysis reveals that copper(II) has a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions contribute to a 3-D supramolecular structure in the crystal. The DNA-binding properties of the copper(II) complex are investigated both theoretically and experimentally, revealing that the copper(II) complex interacts with herring sperm DNA (HS-DNA) by intercalation, and the molecular docking of the copper(II) complex with the self-complementary DNA duplex of sequence d(ACCGACGTCGGT)2 facilitates the binding events. The in vitro anticancer activities suggest that the copper(II) complex is active against selected tumor cell lines. The influence of the complexation of pic in the mononuclear copper(II) complexes on DNA-binding properties and in vitro anticancer activities is discussed. A new monocopper(II) complex was synthesized and structurally characterized. The DNA-binding properties and in vitro anticancer activities of the complex were investigated.
Particle convection in an evaporating colloidal droplet

An emergent technique of patterning surfaces with solid particles utilizes the evaporation of colloidal droplets from a substrate. Upon complete evaporation of the liquid, the suspended particles remain adhered to the solid in a variety of patterns. Experimentally, the type of particle deposit has been correlated with the mode of liquid evaporation. It is expected that the manner in which the liquid evaporates from the droplet should significantly affect the flow of fluid inside the droplet. Therefore, the determination of the flow profiles in the droplet will aid in understanding the redistribution of particles under different experimental conditions. Using lubrication theory, this study shows that either an outward flow toward the contact line or an inward flow toward the center of the droplet can be induced, depending on the evaporative driving force. If an outward flow toward the contact line is generated inside the droplet, then a ringlike deposit remains on the substrate. Conversely, if the liquid i.
Wet spinning of chitosan and the acetylation of chitosan fibers

Chitosan fibers were made by wet spinning of its solution in 2% aqueous acetic acid. The fiber properties were affected by processing conditions, such as spin stretch ratio, coagulation bath composition, and drying conditions. The chitosan fibers were acetylated with acetic anhydride in methanol, producing regenerated chitin fibers. The acetylation process was affected by the reaction temperature, the treatment time, and the molar ratio of anhydride to amine groups. The properties of the acetylated chitosan fibers were studied in terms of thermal stability, solubility, and mechanical properties. It was found that, after acetylation, the fibers had an improved thermal stability and tensile strength. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemical Mechanisms of Aging of Aerosol Formed from the Reaction of n-Pentadecane with OH Radicals in the Presence of NOx

The effects of aging via gas-phase oxidation and heterogeneous/multiphase reactions on the composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were investigated in a series of environmental chamber experiments. SOA was formed from the reaction of n-pentadecane, a C15 intermediate volatility alkane, with OH radicals in the presence of NOx under conditions corresponding to ∼1.5 and ∼15 h of daytime oxidation, and analyzed using a suite of real-time and offline methods. Functional group analysis indicated that the average number of nitrate, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, acylperoxynitrate, and methylene groups per C15 molecule were 0.84, 1.07, 0.25, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, and 12.84 in less aged SOA and 1.25, 0.69, 0.32, 0.00, 0.33, 0.10, and 12.27 in more aged SOA, and the corresponding O/C, H/C, and N/C ratios determined by offline elemental analysis were 0.32, 2.20, and 0.062, and 0.31, 1.86, and 0.061, respectively, similar to each other and in good agreement with values calculated from functional group composition. Time-dependent SOA yields and temperature-programmed thermal desorption (TPTD) analysis showed that the more aged SOA was much less volatile and more chemically complex, and when combined with particle mass spectra indicated that the major SOA components included 1,4-hydroxynitrates, cyclic hemiacetals (CHA), cyclic hemiacetal nitrates (CHAN), and related compounds, as well as hemiacetal (HA) and acetal oligomers. The effects of aging on functional group composition were due primarily to dehydration of CHA and formation of second- and third-generation products via gas-phase OH radical reactions, whereas SOA volatility was reduced primarily by enhanced formation of HA and acetal oligomers through heterogeneous/multiphase reactions involving these multigeneration products. These results can be explained using well-established gas-phase and heterogeneous/multiphase reaction mechanisms. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
Drag and stability of objects in a yield stress fluid

The drag force exerted on objects in a yield stress fluid was measured when the velocities become infinitely slow. In these quasi-static conditions, yield stress effects are predominant. Particular care was paid to determining the yield stress and checking interface conditions when characterizing these fluids from a rheometric standpoint. Drag coefficients could then be determined for interesting objects of various shapes. The important role of fluid-object interface effects was also highlighted. On the basis of these results, a stability criterion is proposed for the object in the fluid, to estimate the yield stress needed to balance buoyancy forces.
Oxidation process of AlOx-based magnetic tunnel junctions studied by photoconductance

The oxidation process of Co/AlOx/Co magnetic tunnel junctions has been investigated by photoconductance, in addition to traditional transport measurements. The shape of the photoconductance curves is explained within the framework of a simple qualitative model, assuming an oxidation time dependent imbalance of the incident forward and reverse hot electron fluxes, as well as inelastic scattering processes in the oxide. Due to the large sensitivity of the technique, the presence of unoxidized Al beneath the barrier layer can be monitored very accurately. The disappearance of a negative contribution to the photocurrent indicates the complete oxidation of the barrier layer, which coincides with the maximum magnetoresistance. From a Fowler analysis, the barrier height is determined as a function of oxidation time. The observed disagreement of the effective barrier heights determined by this technique and those found by Simmons fits demonstrates the added value of photoconductance studies.
Properties of Soda Aluminosilicate Glasses: V, Low‐Temperature Viscosities*

The low-temperature viscosities of two series of sodium aluminosilicate glasses were measured by the fiber elongation method. The results suggested that a modification of the Day and Rindone structural model for sodium aluminosilicate glasses was necessary. The modified model suggests that additional (AlO½)− groups form at Al/Na ratios >1.
Biological and histological effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

oxicological, biological and histological effects of the isolated entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae from the red palm weevil adult on the newly molted 2 and 4 instar larvae of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), were investigated under laboratory conditions at 27o ± 2o and 60% ± 5% R.H. Results revealed a decrease in the mean larval, pupal, and adult durations for the 2 and 4 instar larvae surviving treatment with the LC50 of 2.8x10 and 2.8x10 spore/ml for the two tested instar larvae, respectively. Treatment also caused a reduction in the pupation and adult emergence percentage. There was also a great reduction in the mean number of eggs/female and the mean number of hatched eggs; The histological changes in the mid gut tissues in 6 instar surviving treatment with LC50 of M. anisopliae as newly ecdysed 3 instar larvae was investigated. Sections in mid gut of untreated S. littoralis showed linning with columnar cells surrounded by cross longitudinal muscles fiber, the epithelial cells linning mid gut with its brush border and goblet cells. While, in mid gut of treated S. littoralis some epithelial cells which linning mid gut have lost their brush border, others were completely destructed.
Critical phosphorus concentrations in potato plant parts at two growth stages

Abstract Adequately evaluating the phosphorus (P) nutritional status of a potato crop is dependent upon sampling the appropriate plant part at a defined growth stage. To establish P critical concentration levels in various potato plant parts (leaves, stems, tubers, leaflets, and petioles) at two growth stages [20 and 50 days after plant emergence (DAE)], an experiment under Brazilian climatic and soil conditions was conducted using seven P treatment levels (0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1,280 kg P2O5 ha‐1) applied in a randomized complete block design with four replications. ‘Baraka’ potato tubers were seeded at a spacing of 0.80 x 0.30 m following agronomic cultural practices recommended for this crop. Phosphorus concentrations in all the potato plant parts were significantly affected by the P fertilizer rates applied. The highest correlation between the P concentration in the various plant parts and marketable yield and optimum profit yield was obtained for the petiole taken 20 days DAE. Critical P leve.
An X-Ray and Electron Diffraction Study of the Tetragonal Lead Tungsten Bronze Pb0.26WO3

Abstract The average structure of the tetragonal lead tungsten bronze, Pb0.26WO3, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (P4/mbmspace group,aav=12.217(1)A ,cav=3.7828(7)A andZ=10). The structure refinement based on 370 observed unique reflections (2539 totally measured reflections) withFo>4σ(Fo) converged toR=0.035 (Rw=0.031). All but one of the oxygen atoms exhibit a twofold disorder. The lead atoms are distributed over three, symmetrically independent, positions inside the pentagonal tunnels. Electron diffraction observations recognize the X-ray average structure. Furthermore, satellite spots appear on the ED patterns revealing a modulated structure, which may be described in terms of a periodic repetition of antiphase boundary planes inside a superstructure related to the average structure by a s = 2 a av andcs=2cav. The repetition distance isd=5/2asand the displacement vector is R= 1/2 aav.
Naturally occuring nitrate/nitrite in foods†

A review of the occurrence of nitrate in unprocessed foods showed that high concentrations are frequently found in vegetables. Spinach and lettuce commonly exceed 1000 parts/106 nitrate while, of the root vegetables, beets, turnips and radishes are similarly rich in nitrate. In general, the pulses contain less nitrate than leaf and root vegetables, and most fruits contain little nitrate. Fresh dairy produce is usually low in nitrate. Well waters in some agricultural areas may contain nitrate concentrations so high as to represent a hazard if used as the sole water source for infants, but municipal supplies in the UK rarely exceed 45 parts/106 although they frequently approach this. It is concluded that vegetables and water supplies make a greater contribution to the mean weekly nitrate intake than do cured meats. Nitrite concentrations are usually very low in fresh, undamaged fruits, vegetables and drinking water but adverse storage conditions can lead to (mainly microbial) reduction of nitrate. In these circumstances vegetables naturally rich in nitrate may accumulate nitrite at concentrations which can be toxic to infants.
Aqueous Potential‐pH Equilibria in Copper‐Benzotriazole Systems

Thermodynamic data, together with equilibria involving 1-H-benzotriazole (BTAH) and cuprous benzotriazoie species (CuBTA), have been used to construct aqueous E-pH diagrams for Cu-BTAH-H 2 O and Cu-BTAH-Cl -H 2 O systems. The diagrams are the first of their kind for BTAH-containing solutions and show the domains of stability of the CuBTA salt. They are in reasonable agreement with the reported major effects of multilayer CuBTA polymer films on the corrosion inhibition of copper. Some kinetic considerations are discussed and the overall results provide a basis for understanding the combined effects of E, pH, Cl, and BTAH concentrations (activities) on corrosion inhibition of Cu.
ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF DECALEPIS HAMILTONII IN STREPTOZOTOCIN‐INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Decalepis root is consumed as ingredient in pickles and is a common ingredient in many of the ayurvedic preparation. Streptozotocin (STZ) is a potential source of oxidative stress that induces diabetes. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of Decalepis root extract (DRE) on antioxidant defence system in the body and other diabetic complications in rats. Rats were prefed with DRE (0.05 and 0.1%) and then injected with STZ (50 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p.). The results demonstrated that STZ injection lead to increased oxidation of tissue lipids apart from diabetic changes, decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes causing liver and DNA damage. In rats, which were prefed with DRE, peroxidation of lipids was prevented to a significant level (heart 19%, kidney 42% and liver 88%). DRE protected the rats against STZ induced oxidative stress, reduced the risk of oxidative stress, DNA damage and ameliorated liver damage and diabetic condition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrated that Decalepis root extract is plant-derived and nontoxic, it could be introduced in the cancer therapy regime in combination with conventional therapeutic agents, after some more detailed investigation. This extract could be used not only as food preservative (to replace for the toxic butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene currently under use) but also can be used in the preparation of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. Reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative stress is now regarded as a major factor leading to degenerative diseases such as ageing, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, diseases of the brain and nervous system and eye diseases such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration; a suitable antioxidant therapies with the extract could be one of the medicine to control these degenerative diseases. This study presents cost effective source of highly potent antioxidants that is safe and natural with antidiabetic, anti-atherosclerotic and hepatoprotective properties.
Measurements of total hydroxyl radical reactivity during CABINEX 2009 – Part 1: field measurements

Abstract. Total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity was measured at the PROPHET (Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport) forested field site in northern Michigan during the 2009 Community Atmosphere–Biosphere INteraction EXperiment (CABINEX). OH reactivity measurements were made with a turbulent-flow reactor instrument at three heights from the forest floor above (21 and 31 m) and below (6 m) the canopy at three different time periods during the CABINEX campaign. In addition to total OH reactivity measurements, collocated measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inorganic species, and ambient temperature were made at the different heights. These ancillary measurements were used to calculate the total OH reactivity, which was then compared to the measured values. Discrepancies between the measured and calculated OH reactivity, on the order of 1–24 s−1, were observed during the daytime above the canopy at the 21 and 31 m heights, as previously reported for this site. The measured OH reactivity below the canopy during the daytime was generally lower than that observed above the canopy. Closer analysis of the measurements of OH reactivity and trace gases suggests that the missing OH reactivity could come from oxidation products of VOCs. These results suggest that additional unmeasured trace gases, likely oxidation products, are needed to fully account for the OH reactivity measured during CABINEX.
Nanostructuring Titania: Control over Nanocrystal Structure, Size, Shape, and Organization

Control over crystal structure, size, shape, and organization of TiO2 nanocrystals has been achieved by means of wet chemistry. Hydrolysis and polycondensation of titanium alkoxide [Ti(OR)4] has been performed in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (Me4NOH). This base both catalyzes the reaction and provides an organic cation that stabilizes the anatase polyanionic cores formed in this medium. These anatase clusters are organized so as to favour self-assembly into intermediate nanocrystals, which, in turn, self-assemble into superlattices. This self-assembling process has been exploited for the processing of highly structured titania films. Furthermore, larger anatase TiO2 nanocrystals of different sizes and shapes have been obtained by adjusting the relative concentrations of titanium alkoxide and Me4NOH, the reaction temperature, and the pressure. HRTEM, XRD, and EXAFS have been used to characterize the various samples and to elucidate the growth of titania anatase. Our observations are in accordance with theoretically predicted condensation and growth pathways. The formation of mesoscopic structures through a self-assembling process of the multiply charged polytitanate anions in the presence of Me4N+ is also discussed.
Influence of counterion species on the dehydroxylation of Ca2+-, Mg2+-, Na+- and K+-exchanged Wyoming montmorillonite

Abstract The dehydroxylation of Ca-, K-, Mg- and Na-saturated Wyoming montmorillonite has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples saturated with either Ca2+ or Mg2+ show a predominantly diffusion-controlled reaction step, whereas Wyoming montmorillonite with Na+ and K+ in the interlayer exhibit control closer to first order. The activation energy of dehydroxylation is not significantly correlated to the type of interlayer cation present, in turn demonstrating that the role of vacancy location in the octahedral sheet is more significant a control on dehydroxylation.