Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cholinesterase Inhibitors as a Disease-Modifying Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Anticholinergic Hypothesis

In this mini-review article, we summarize our previous results and discuss whether cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) should be considered a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). First, we reiterate that the acceleration in AD progression is related to the endogenous appearance of anticholinergic activity (AA) and that one of the two possible pathways generating amyloid peptides in AD is related to acetylcholine downregulation. Second, we compare the kinetics of ACh between the mild cognitive impairment stage and normal stage according to the hypothesis of AA in AD. Third, we differentiate among ChEIs according to the classification of AD stage based on AA and also speculate that ChEIs might be useful as disease-modifying therapies.
Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine versus Labetalol for Their Effectiveness in Suppression of Haemodynamic Response during Extubation

Background: Tracheal extubation causes autonomic nervous system disturbances which causes tachycardia, hypertension which are harmful in susceptible patients.so we conducted a study between iv Dexmedetomidine and iv Labetalol to assess their effectiveness in decreasing haemodynamic disturbances during extubation. Materials and Methods:we included 100 participants of age of 18-55 yrs with ASA grading I & II and divided them into 2 groups. Group D was given injection Dexmedetomidine 0.6mcg/kg iv and Group L was given injection Labetalol 0.25mg/kg body weight. We recorded Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at baseline, 2,5,8 minutes post drug injection, at extubation and 1,3,5,8,10 and 15 minutes after extubation. Results: Group D had better decreased heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the time of extubation, and also 15 minutes post extubation in comparison to Group L. Conclusion: Injection Dexmedetomidine 0. 6µg/kg has showed a better attenuating effect on sympathoadrenal system during extubation than injection Labetalol 0.25mg/kg Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, labetalol, extubation,hemodynamics.
Opportunities and challenges of modular methods in dense urban environment

ABSTRACT When properly implemented, modular construction offers considerable opportunity to improve project performance. However, the construction industry continues to struggle to achieve higher levels of modularization. Since the characteristics and environments in dense urban areas differ to those in rural areas, strategy, pre-project planning, project execution planning, and actual execution of modular construction should also differ. However, research so far has not focused on the implementation of modular methods in urban environments. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify unique challenges and opportunities for implementing modular techniques in urban environments. To meet this goal, this paper examined the current practices, benefits, and barriers in highly dense urban areas by employing a three staged-sequential approach involving the preliminary investigation, main survey (106 responses from 39 companies), and ex-post in-depth interviews with 10 experts. The results show that (1) ‘better site operations’ was selected by practitioners as the greatest benefit, and ‘site access and on-site storage area’ was selected as the key barrier and (2) the practitioners experienced difficulties in transporting modules in urban areas. These findings offer valuable implications to modular technique implementation in urban areas around the world.
Determination and Speciation Analyses of Potentially Toxic Metals in Oil-Impacted Soils Around Mechanic Workshops for Human and Ecological Risks Assessment

Elemental composition and potential toxic metal speciation of the soils around mechanic workshops were determined to assess the contamination status of the study area. Oil-impacted and control soils were collected from the mechanic workshops and uncontaminated areas respectively within Akure, Nigeria. Lead, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As and Fe concentrations were determined using Atomic absorption spectrometry. Geo-accumulation index results indicated varying degrees of pollution, while contamination factor (CF) results indicated varying degrees of contamination and modified degree of contamination indicated an extremely high degree of contamination by the metals. Pollution load index indicated deterioration of site quality, while potential ecological risk index results indicated very high ecological risks by the metals. Speciation analysis results showed relatively low bioavailability and mobility potential with more proportion retained in the residual fraction for all the metals. The study concluded that the soil around the mechanic workshops were impacted with the analyzed potential toxic metals whose concentrations exceeded those in the control soils and their standard permissible limits.
Role of Ca 2 (cid:1) -Activated K (cid:1) Channels on Adrenergic Responses of Human Saphenous Vein

Background: We studied the participation of K (cid:1) channels on the adrenergic responses in human saphenous veins as well as the intervention of dihydropyridine-sen-sitive Ca 2 (cid:1) channels on modulation of adrenergic responses by K (cid:1) channels blockade. Methods: Saphenous vein rings were obtained from 40 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The vein rings were suspended in organ bath chambers for isometric recording of tension. Results: Iberiotoxin (10 (cid:2) 7 mol/L), an inhibitor of large conductance Ca 2 (cid:1) -activated K (cid:1) channels, and charybdotoxin (10 (cid:2) 7 mol/L), an inhibitor of both large and intermediate conductance Ca 2 (cid:1) -activated K (cid:1) channels, enhanced the contractions elicited by electrical ﬁeld stimulation and produced a leftward shift of the concentration–response curve to norepinephrine. In contrast, the inhibitor of small conductance Ca 2 (cid:1) -activated K (cid:1) channels apamin (10 (cid:2) 6 mol/L) did not modify the contractile response to electrical ﬁeld stimulation or norepinephrine. In the presence of the dihydropyridine Ca 2 (cid:1) -channel blocker nifedipine (10 (cid:2) 6 mol/L), iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin failed to enhance the contractile responses to electrical ﬁeld stimulation and norepinephrine. Conclusions: The results suggest that large conductance Ca 2 (cid:1) -activated K (cid:1) channels are activated by stimulation with norepinephrine to counteract the adren-ergic-induced contractions of human saphenous vein. Thus, inhibition of these channels increases signiﬁcantly the contraction, an effect that appears to be mediated by an increase in Ca 2 (cid:1) entry through L-type voltage-dependent Ca 2 (cid:1) channels.
A Survey of Graduate Students as End Users of Computer Technology: New Roles for Faculty

This survey research study used an extensive questionnaire to examine the academic computing attitudes, uses, needs and preferences of a sample of over 300 graduate students in four programs of an education department in a northeastern U.S. university. The results demonstrated that, overall, students were positive about the use of computers in their graduate work and used computers frequently for various academic purposes. They had completed instruction in a range of applications and wanted much more computer-related instruction, primarily through university workshops and the integration of computer use in their courses. The study also indicated that age and graduate degree status had little effect on differences found among students on these variables and that gender had no effect. Noteworthy program effects were uncovered. Concluding comments and implications are presented regarding the changing instructional role of faculty in the growing computer climate in higher education.
Detection of $5_1-6_0 \enspace \text A^+$-methanol masers towards southern Galactic OH masers

A search for 6.668-GHz A + -methanol masers towards all Galactic star-forming regions lying in the longitude range 260° to 359° with OH masers and no known methanol masers has been completed. Forty new A-methanol masers have been detected above a 3 σ detection limit of 5 Jy. This brings the total number now detected to 143
Cell Surface Calcium‐Sensing Receptor Heterodimers: Mutant Gene Dosage Affects Ca2+ Sensing but Not G Protein Interaction

The calcium‐sensing receptor is a homodimeric class C G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) that senses extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) via a dimeric extracellular Venus flytrap (VFT) unit that activates G protein‐dependent signaling via twin Cysteine‐rich domains linked to transmembrane heptahelical (HH) bundles. It plays a key role in the regulation of human calcium and thus mineral metabolism. However, the nature of interactions between VFT units and HH bundles, and the impacts of heterozygous or homozygous inactivating mutations, which have implications for disorders of calcium metabolism are not yet clearly defined. Herein we generated CaSR‐GABAB1 and CaSR‐GABAB2 chimeras subject to GABAB‐dependent endoplasmic reticulum sorting to traffic mutant heterodimers to the cell surface. Transfected HEK‐293 cells were assessed for Ca2+o‐stimulated Ca2+i mobilization using mutations in either the VFT domains and/or HH bundle intraloop‐2 or intraloop‐3. When the same mutation was present in both VFT domains of receptor dimers, analogous to homozygous neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT), receptor function was markedly impaired. Mutant heterodimers containing one wild‐type (WT) and one mutant VFT domain, however, corresponding to heterozygous familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type‐1 (FHH‐1), supported maximal signaling with reduced Ca2+o potency. Thus two WT VFT domains were required for normal Ca2+o potency and there was a pronounced gene‐dosage effect. In contrast, a single WT HH bundle was insufficient for maximal signaling and there was no functional difference between heterodimers in which the mutation was present in one or both intraloops; ie, no gene‐dosage effect. Finally, we observed that the Ca2+o‐stimulated CaSR operated exclusively via signaling in‐trans and not via combined in‐trans and in‐cis signaling. We consider how receptor asymmetry may support the underlying mechanisms. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
The risk of variceal bleeding during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a widely performed procedure. However, the risk of variceal bleeding during ERCP has rarely been assessed. This study aims to evaluate the risk of variceal bleeding in patients with esophageal varices (EV) undergoing ERCP. Methods: From October 2010 to November 2017, the study retrospectively enrolled 75 cirrhotic patients who received elective ERCP. The patient’s risk of gastrointestinal (GI) and variceal bleeding and other procedure-related adverse events within 30 days of ERCP were evaluated. Results: Among the 75 patients, 45 patients (60.0%) had EV. Most of the patients were males (65.3%), and there were high rates of viral hepatitis B-related cirrhosis (36.0%), Child-Pugh B (49.3%), and an indication of choledocholithiasis (40.0%). Thirty-three of 45 (73.3%) patients had high-risk EV, and nine (20.0%) patients had concomitant gastric varices. There was no esophageal variceal bleeding; however, one patient had gastric variceal bleeding after ERCP. Nonvariceal significant GI bleeding occurred in three patients with EV and one without EV (p = 0.529). Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in three patients with EV and five without EV (p = 0.169). No perforation or procedure-associated mortality was noted. Conclusion: The risk of esophageal variceal bleeding within 30 days of ERCP is neglectable, except for a patient who suffered from gastric variceal bleeding. Other complications, such as nonvariceal bleeding and pancreatitis, are also no higher in patients with EV. Therefore, ERCP is generally a safe procedure for a patient with high-risk esophageal varices.
Pan‐Africanism vs. single‐origin of Homo sapiens: Putting the debate in the light of evolutionary biology

The scenario of Homo sapiens origin/s within Africa has become increasingly complex, with a pan‐African perspective currently challenging the long‐established single‐origin hypothesis. In this paper, we review the lines of evidence employed in support of each model, highlighting inferential limitations and possible terminological misunderstandings. We argue that the metapopulation scenario envisaged by pan‐African proponents well describes a mosaic diversification among late Middle Pleistocene groups. However, this does not rule out a major contribution that emerged from a single population where crucial derived features—notably, a globular braincase—appeared as the result of a punctuated, cladogenetic event. Thus, we suggest that a synthesis is possible and propose a scenario that, in our view, better reconciles with consolidated expectations in evolutionary theory. These indicate cladogenesis in allopatry as an ordinary pattern for the origin of a new species, particularly during phases of marked climatic and environmental instability.
Clinical Outcomes and Cost Associated With an Intravascular Microaxial Left Ventricular Assist Device vs Intra-aortic Balloon Pump in Patients Presenting With Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock.

Importance Intravascular microaxial left ventricular assist device (LVAD) compared with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been associated with increased risk of mortality and bleeding among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cardiogenic shock (CS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, evidence on the association of device therapy with a broader array of clinical outcomes, including data on long-term outcomes and cost, is limited. Objective To examine the association between intravascular LVAD or IABP use and clinical outcomes and cost in patients with AMI complicated by CS. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective propensity-matched cohort study used administrative claims data for commercially insured patients from 14 states across the US. Patients included in the analysis underwent PCI for AMI complicated by CS from January 1, 2015, to April 30, 2020. Data analysis was performed from April to November 2021. Exposures Use of either an intravascular LVAD or IABP. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were mortality, stroke, severe bleeding, repeat revascularization, kidney replacement therapy (KRT), and total health care costs during the index admission. Clinical outcomes and cost were also assessed at 30 days and 1 year. Results Among 3077 patients undergoing PCI for AMI complicated by CS, the mean (SD) age was 65.2 (12.5) years, and 986 (32.0%) had cardiac arrest. Among 817 propensity-matched pairs, intravascular LVAD use was associated with significantly higher in-hospital (36.2% vs 25.8%; odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% CI, 1.32-2.02), 30-day (40.1% vs 28.3%; OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.37-2.13), and 1-year mortality (58.9% vs 45.0%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.21-1.71) compared with IABP. At 30 days, intravascular LVAD use was associated with significantly higher bleeding (19.1% vs 14.5%; OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.04-1.76), KRT (12.2% vs 7.0%; OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.30-2.73), and mean cost (+$51 680; 95% CI, $31 488-$75 178). At 1 year, the association of intravascular LVAD use with bleeding (29.7% vs 24.3%; HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05-1.75), KRT (18.1% vs 10.9%; HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.35-2.83), and mean cost (+$46 609; 95% CI, $22 126-$75 461) persisted. Conclusions and Relevance In this propensity-matched analysis of patients undergoing PCI for AMI complicated by CS, intravascular LVAD use was associated with increased short-term and 1-year risk of mortality, bleeding, KRT, and cost compared with IABP. There is an urgent need for additional evidence surrounding the optimal management of patients with AMI complicated by CS.
Extracellular vesicles containing the I‐BAR protein IRSp53 are released from the cell plasma membrane in an Arp2/3 dependent manner

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric membrane vesicles produced by cells and involved in cell–cell communication. EV formation can occur in endosomal compartments whose budding depends on the ESCRT machinery (i.e., exosomes), or at the cell plasma membrane (i.e., EVs or microvesicles). How these EVs bud from the cell plasma membrane is not completely understood. Membrane curvatures of the plasma membrane toward the exterior are often generated by I‐BAR domain proteins. I‐BAR proteins are cytosolic proteins that when activated bind to the cell plasma membrane and are involved in protrusion formation including filopodia and lamellipodia. These proteins contain a conserved I‐BAR domain that senses curvature and induces negative membrane curvatures at the plasma membrane. I‐BAR proteins, such as IRSp53, also interact with actin co‐factors to favor membrane protrusions.
Gray matter volume differences between early bilinguals and monolinguals: A study of children and adults

Gray matter has been shown to be greater in early bilingual adults relative to monolingual adults in regions associated with language (Mechelli et al., 2004), and executive control (EC; Olulade et al., 2016). It is not known, however, if language experience‐dependent differences in gray matter volume (GMV) exist in children. Further, any such differences are likely not to be the same as those observed in early bilingual adults, as children have had relatively shorter duration of dual‐language exposure and/or less development of brain regions serving EC. We tested these predictions by comparing GMV in Spanish–English early bilingual and English monolingual children, and Spanish–English early bilingual and English monolingual adults (n = 122). Comparing only children revealed relatively more GMV in the bilinguals in bilateral frontal, right inferior frontal, and right superior parietal cortices (regions associated with EC). Bilinguals, however, had less GMV in left inferior parietal cortex (region associated with language). An ANOVA including these children with bilingual and monolingual adults revealed interactions of Language Background by Age Group. There were no regions of more GMV in bilinguals relative to monolinguals that were less pronounced in children than adults, despite the children's shorter dual‐language experience. There were relative differences between bilingual and monolingual children that were more pronounced than those in adults in left precentral gyrus and right superior parietal lobule (close to, but not directly in areas associated with EC). Together, early bilingual children manifest relative differences in GMV, and, surprisingly, these do not diverge much from those observed in studies of bilingual adults.
Trends in Endogenous Endophthalmitis in Rural and Urban Settings in the United States

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this study is to explore and compare trends in urban and rural cases of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) in the United States. Methods This study utilizes data from the 2002–2014 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database. Disease diagnoses and procedures were identified using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). Cases of EE were defined as cases of endophthalmitis in the setting of bacteremia or candidemia without a recent history of ocular trauma. The NIS Database defines urban and rural hospitals based on the hospital county’s population statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 23. Results We identified 8255 cases of EE. Of these cases, 523 (6.3%) occurred in rural areas; 7733 (93.7%) occurred in urban areas. Of the cases of EE, 7692 (93.2%) were bacterial EE, 412 (5.0%) were candida EE, and 151 (1.8%) were mixed EE. Candida EE was observed in 1.7% of rural cases and 5.2% of urban cases (p < .001). Pars plana vitrectomies were performed more often in urban hospitals than in rural hospitals (11.5% vs. 2.9%; p < .001). Conclusion Endogenous endophthalmitis remains a rare but devastating ocular infection. In this study, we have demonstrated that there are important differences in cases of EE that present to urban and rural hospitals. Future investigations into these differences in patient demographics, source/systemic infections, and hospital courses may allow clinicians and hospitals to develop a more targeted approach to treating EE based on the type of community from which the patient presents.
Diversity of Fusarium community assembly shapes mycotoxin accumulation of diseased wheat heads

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease worldwide on cultivated cereals, caused by several Fusarium species. FHB can cause not only yield reduction but also accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain contaminating the food supply. Much of the earlier research has focused on Fusarium pathogenesis, conditions required for disease development and toxin accumulation, and FHB management. However, the Fusarium community composition within the micro‐habitat of a single diseased wheat head in the field has had limited investigation. Similarly, the relationship between the Fusarium community structure and mycotoxin accumulation within diseased heads remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the Fusarium community in diseased heads sampled from different geographical sites in China. Several sites in Shandong province formed a transitional region which contained highly variable profiles of Fusarium OTUs, where a single diseased head could contain more than 10 Fusarium OTUs. Mycotoxin accumulation was independent of geographical properties, however, deoxynivalenol, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations showed a significant negative correlation with Fusarium diversity on diseased heads while a significant positive correlation between nivalenol concentration and Fusarium diversity was observed. Taken together, the Fusarium OTU diversity within diseased heads in the field significantly influences mycotoxin accumulation, providing an important point to consider in FHB disease management and mycotoxin research.
Emotional and social cognitive predictors of sexual risk indicators among adolescents in committed and noncommitted partnerships.

INTRODUCTION Little is known about the risks of casual sexual partnerships during adolescence despite many adolescents having sex within noncommitted relationships. We applied theories of adult attachment, planned behavior, and problem behavior to examine emotional and social cognitive predictors of variability in sexual risk indicators among adolescents in committed and noncommitted partnerships. METHOD Data were drawn from 801 adolescents (53.6% females; aged 14-20 years (M = 16.25)) living in a southern state in the United States. RESULTS Findings showed that healthy sex attitudes were related to knowing one's sexual partner longer; this association was stronger for females, particularly those in noncommitted sexual partnerships. Additionally, healthy sex attitudes predicted fewer sexual partners across adolescents, except for male adolescents in noncommitted sexual partnerships. Romantic attachment insecurity and constraining relationship beliefs had different associations with sexual risk indicators according to gender and relationship status. CONCLUSION Findings contribute to the current understanding of risks associated with adolescents' sexual engagement and offer insights into adolescents' casual sexual partnerships.