Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
U channel track for susceptibility measurements

A lightweight, transportable, and inexpensive magnetic susceptibility track for u channel samples is described. The track utilizes a Sapphire Instruments 3.3 cm square coil having a response function of shape similar to that of the 2G‐Enterprises u channel magnetometer, and a half‐peak width of 3 cm. The instrument has been calibrated using a u channel standard made of manganese dioxide. The software incorporates automated track control and measurement drift correction. Susceptibility measurements on this system compare favorably with the 45 mm circular Bartington loop used for u channel samples at the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France) and with data from the whole core susceptibility track aboard the Ocean Drilling Program research vessel JOIDES Resolution.
THE CONFINE OF EFFICIENT CONTRACT BETWEEN PRINCIPALS AND DISTRIBUTORS PERFECTLY CONTROL MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES: CHANNEL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE OF FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS (FMCG) INDUSTRIES IN INDO

The interest of marketing research to obtain a deep understanding of relationship marketing since 45 years ago, relatively less of the research put role strategies of marketing mix. This research reveals perspective of relationship marketing within agency theory and channel management structure of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry. The purposes of this research are to identify, describe, and obtain a deep understanding of the confine of efficient contract between principals and distributors towards marketing mix strategies. The research design of this research is qualitative method by phenomenology and constructionism approach. Data collected from two distributors companies which partnering with national and multinational company. Result concludes that environment factors, commercial term, aspects of marketing mix strategies and organizational function directly and indirectly determines relationship development. Essential content about environment, commercial term, marketing mix and organizational function are the prospectus on the policy making in the company, specifically determined legal contract agreement between principal and agent. The contract agreement essentially moves toward to strategies of marketing mix. These findings constructively have essential implication as the proposition in relationship marketing and agency theory in marketing area. Practitioner may take the advantages. This research’s advantage for practitioner is to enrich knowledge to improve their channel performance and relationship development with their partner.
Uncertainty quantification and complex analyticity of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the interface problem with random domains

The nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation (NPBE) is an elliptic partial differential equation used in applications such as protein interactions and biophysical chemistry (among many others). It describes the nonlinear electrostatic potential of charged bodies submerged in an ionic solution. The kinetic presence of the solvent molecules introduces randomness to the shape of a protein, and thus a more accurate model that incorporates these random perturbations of the domain is analyzed to compute the statistics of quantities of interest of the solution. When the parameterization of the random perturbations is high-dimensional, this calculation is intractable as it is subject to the curse of dimensionality. However, if the solution of the NPBE varies analytically with respect to the random parameters, the problem becomes amenable to techniques such as sparse grids and deep neural networks. In this paper, we show analyticity of the solution of the NPBE with respect to analytic perturbations of the domain by using the analytic implicit function theorem and the domain mapping method. Previous works have shown analyticity of solutions to linear elliptic equations but not for nonlinear problems. We further show how to derive \emph{a priori} bounds on the size of the region of analyticity. This method is applied to the trypsin molecule to demonstrate that the convergence rates of the quantity of interest are consistent with the analyticity result. Furthermore, the approach developed here is sufficiently general enough to be applied to other nonlinear problems in uncertainty quantification.
Stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in heterogeneous bimodal variably saturated formations: The effect of water saturation

The effect of water saturation on macrodispersion in bimodal, heterogeneous, variably saturated formations under steady state, gravity‐dominated flow conditions was analyzed here. The present study was motivated by the inconsistency between the results of the first‐order analysis of Russo [2002] and those of the simulations of Russo et al. [2001] . The latter results suggested that near saturation, increasing mean pressure head H (i.e., decreasing water saturation) may decrease log conductivity variance, σy2, and concurrently, may decrease macrodispersion, while the former results suggested the opposite. Results of the present first‐order analysis suggest that this inconsistency stems from the fact that σy2 derived by Russo [2002] is valid only for H = 0. The σy2 derived in the present study, valid for H ≥ 0, is a concave function of H, which exhibits a minimum at H = Hm, (Hm > 0), and may exceed its counterpart in saturated flow when H > Hc (Hc > Hm). The latter σy2 leads to a time‐dependent macrodispersion tensor whose principal components decrease with increasing H when 0 < H < Hm′ (Hm′ < Hm) and increase with increasing H when H > Hm′ and may exceed their counterparts in saturated flow when H > Hc′, (Hc′ < Hc), consistent with the results of the simulations of Russo et al. [2001] . Results of the present analysis suggest that for a formation of given statistics and for relatively small inclusions volume fraction P* when the formation is relatively wet, i.e., when 0 < H < Hc′, the macrodispersion is larger in formations in which the texture of the embedded soil is finer than that of the background soil, while the converse is true when the formation becomes less saturated, i.e., when H > Hc′. When P* is relatively large, however, the reverse situation occurs.
Comparison of irrigation pumpage with change in ground-water storage in the High Plains aquifer in Chase, Dundy, and Perkins counties, Nebraska, 1975-83

An evaluation of the relation between pumpage and change in storage was conducted for most of a three-county area in southwestern Nebraska from 1975 through 1983. Initial comparison of the 1975-83 pumpage with change in storage in the study area indicated that the 1,042,300 acre-feet of change in storage was only about 30 percent of the 3,425,000 acre-feet of pumpage. An evaluation of the data used to calculate pumpage and change in storage indicated that there was a relatively large potential for error in estimates of specific yield. As a result, minimum and maximum values of specific yield were estimated and used to recalculate change in storage. Estimates also were derived for the minimum and maximum amounts of recharge that could occur as a result of cultivation practices. The minimum and maximum estimates for specific yield and for recharge from cultivation practices were used to compute a range of values for the potential amount of additional recharge that occurred as a result of irrigation. The minimum and maximum amounts of recharge that could be caused by irrigation in the study area were 953,200 acre-feet (28 percent of pumpage) and 2,611,200 acre-feet (76 percent of pumpage), respectively. These values indicate that a substantial percentage of the water pumped from the aquifer is resupplied to storage in the aquifer as a result of a combination of irrigation returnflow and enhanced recharge from precipitation that results from cultivation and irrigation practices. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Geological Survey began a study of the High Plains aquifer (fig. 1) in 1978 as part of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program. The purposes of the High Plains RASA were to provide hydrologic information needed to evaluate the effects of continued ground-water development, and to develop computer models to predict aquifer response to changes in ground-water development. During the study, the volume of ground water pumped (pumpage) and the change in the volume of water stored in the aquifer (change in storage) were determined for the period from predevelopment through 1980 (Heimes and Luckey, 1982, and Gutentag and others, 1984). A comparison of the values determined from predevelopment through 1980 indicated that the estimated change in volume in storage amounted to only about 37 percent of the volume pumped. The large difference between pumpage and change in storage indicated that additional study was required to define the factors affecting the water budget for irrigated areas of the High Plains.
Identifying factors associated with fast visual field progression in patients with ocular hypertension based on unsupervised machine learning

Purpose: To identify ocular hypertension (OHT) subtypes with different trends of visual field (VF) progression based on unsupervised machine learning and to discover factors associated with fast VF progression. Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Participants: A total of 3133 eyes of 1568 ocular hypertension treatment study (OHTS) participants with at least five follow-up VF tests were included in the study. Methods: We used a latent class mixed model (LCMM) to identify OHT subtypes using standard automated perimetry (SAP) mean deviation (MD) trajectories. We characterized the subtypes based on demographic, clinical, ocular, and VF factors at the baseline. We then identified factors driving fast VF progression using generalized estimating equation (GEE) and justified findings qualitatively and quantitatively. Main Outcome Measure: Rates of SAP mean deviation (MD) change. Results: The LCMM model discovered four clusters (subtypes) of eyes with different trajectories of MD worsening. The number of eyes in clusters were 794 (25%), 1675 (54%), 531 (17%) and 133 (4%). We labeled the clusters as Improvers, Stables, Slow progressors, and Fast progressors based on their mean of MD decline, which were 0.08, −0.06, −0.21, and −0.45 dB/year, respectively. Eyes with fast VF progression had higher baseline age, intraocular pressure (IOP), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and refractive error (RE), but lower central corneal thickness (CCT). Fast progression was associated with calcium channel blockers, being male, heart disease history, diabetes history, African American race, stroke history, and migraine headaches. Conclusion: Unsupervised clustering can objectively identify OHT subtypes including those with fast VF worsening without human expert intervention. Fast VF progression was associated with higher history of stroke, heart disease, diabetes, and history of more using calcium channel blockers. Fast progressors were more from African American race and males and had higher incidence of glaucoma conversion. Subtyping can provide guidance for adjusting treatment plans to slow vision loss and improve quality of life of patients with a faster progression course.
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 modulates neuroinfl ammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

1Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada 2Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 3Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and 4Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada 5Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands 6Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417613151 Tehran, Iran 7Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477
Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challenges

Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with scenarios where full model access is available, as in the case of open-source models, such closed-off language models present specific challenges for evaluating, benchmarking, and testing them. This paper has two goals: on the one hand, we delineate how the aforementioned challenges act as impediments to the accessibility, replicability, reliability, and trustworthiness of LMaaS. We systematically examine the issues that arise from a lack of information about language models for each of these four aspects. We conduct a detailed analysis of existing solutions and put forth a number of considered recommendations, and highlight the directions for future advancements. On the other hand, it serves as a comprehensive resource for existing knowledge on current, major LMaaS, offering a synthesized overview of the licences and capabilities their interfaces offer.
On the Challenges of Fully Incremental Neural Dependency Parsing

Since the popularization of BiLSTMs and Transformer-based bidirectional encoders, state-of-the-art syntactic parsers have lacked incrementality, requiring access to the whole sentence and deviating from human language processing. This paper explores whether fully incremental dependency parsing with modern architectures can be competitive. We build parsers combining strictly left-to-right neural encoders with fully incremental sequence-labeling and transition-based decoders. The results show that fully incremental parsing with modern architectures considerably lags behind bidirectional parsing, noting the challenges of psycholinguistically plausible parsing.
Robust Blockwise Random Pivoting: Fast and Accurate Adaptive Interpolative Decomposition

The interpolative decomposition (ID) aims to construct a low-rank approximation formed by a basis consisting of row/column skeletons in the original matrix and a corresponding interpolation matrix. This work explores fast and accurate ID algorithms from five essential perspectives for empirical performance: (a) skeleton complexity that measures the minimum possible ID rank for a given low-rank approximation error, (b) asymptotic complexity in FLOPs, (c) parallelizability of the computational bottleneck as matrix-matrix multiplications, (d) error-revealing property that enables automatic rank detection for given error tolerances without prior knowledge of target ranks, (e) ID-revealing property that ensures efficient construction of the optimal interpolation matrix after selecting the skeletons. While a broad spectrum of algorithms have been developed to optimize parts of the aforementioned perspectives, practical ID algorithms proficient in all perspectives remain absent. To fill in the gap, we introduce robust blockwise random pivoting (RBRP) that is parallelizable, error-revealing, and exact-ID-revealing, with comparable skeleton and asymptotic complexities to the best existing ID algorithms in practice. Through extensive numerical experiments on various synthetic and natural datasets, we empirically demonstrate the appealing performance of RBRP from the five perspectives above, as well as the robustness of RBRP to adversarial inputs.
Nonstationary Laguerre-Gaussian states vs Landau ones: choose your fighter

Although the widely used stationary Landau states describe electrons with a definite orbital angular momentum (OAM) in a magnetic field, it is the lesser known nonstationary Laguerre-Gaussian (NSLG) states that appropriately characterize vortex electrons after their transfer from free space to the field. The reason is boundary conditions lead to oscillations of the r.m.s. radius (the transverse coherence length) of the electron packet that has entered a solenoid. We comprehensively investigate properties of the NSLG states and establish their connections with the Landau states. For instance, we show that the transverse coherence length of an electron in the field usually oscillates around a value greatly exceeding the Landau state coherence length. We also discuss sensitivity of the NSLG states to a small misalignment between the propagation axis of a free electron and the field direction, which is inevitable in a real experiment. It is shown that for any state-of-the-art parameters, the corrections to the observables are negligible, and the electron OAM stays robust to a small tilt of the propagation axis. Finally, we draw analogies between a quantum wave packet and a classical beam of many particles in phase space, calculating the mean emittance of the NSLG states, which acts as a measure of their quantum nature.
Retrograde P‐T‐t path for the Voltri Massif eclogites (Ligurian Alps, Italy): some tectonic implications

The retrograde P-T trajectory of the eclogitic Fe-Ti-gabbros from the Ligurian Alps is constrained by the appearance of mineral parageneses post-dating the Na-clinopyroxene + garnet eclogitic assemblage and indicating the following sequence of metamorphic events: (1) amphibolitic stage— edenite/katophorite + plagioclase (An33–43) + oxides in symplectitic aggregates; (2) glaucophanic stage— a porphyroblastic glaucophanic amphibole has overgrown the symplectite, winchite also occurs as thin rims around glaucophane and both amphiboles are, sometimes, armoured by atoll garnets; (3) albite-amphibolite stage—barroisite/katophorite + albite + epidote + oxides ± chlorite overprint the glaucophanic stage minerals; (4) greenschist stage—represented by actinolite + albite + epidote + oxide paragenesis. The metamorphic evolution is complex and the decompression path, on a P–T diagram, is significantly different from those defined in the literature for the Voltri eclogites. The main features inferred from the P–T path are the following: (1) the pressure climax does not match the thermal climax, the maximum temperature conditions are in fact achieved during the early stage of uplift; (2) a decrease in temperature, suggested by the appearance of glaucophane after the amphibolitic symplectite; (3) successive uplift, probably accompanied by an increase in temperature. The complexity of the P-T path drawn for the Voltri eclogites can be explained with a mechanism of successive underthrusts propagating from the innermost to the outermost sector of the Ligurian Alps.
Multiband strong-coupling superconductors with spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry

We study superconducting three-band systems within strong-coupling Eliashberg theory. In particular, we search for phase-frustrated superconducting systems with spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking (TRSB) states. The emergence of TRSB states in multiband systems has so far been studied using microscopic weak-coupling BCS theory or more phenomenological effective field theories such as multi-component Ginzburg-Landau theories. For systems with three disjoint Fermi surfaces whose electrons experience interactions mediated by phonons, we present a microscopic analysis showing that TRSB states also exist within a strong-coupling microscopic theory. The systems we consider have sizable electron-phonon couplings, putting them into the strong-coupling regime. They are thus a fitting description for strong-coupling materials such as some of the iron pnictides. Moreover, as the TRSB states are challenging to find numerically, we calculate the free energy of multiband systems within strong-coupling theory and make explicit use of it to pin down the TRSB states' elusive nature. Since Eliashberg theory is well incorporated with first-principles calculations, our strong-coupling approach might help facilitate a more efficient search for candidate materials that can exhibit TRSB.
Cloud‐to‐ground lightning downwind of the 2002 Hayman forest fire in Colorado

The Hayman forest fire occurred near Denver, burning ∼138,000 acres during 8 June–2 July 2002. It produced aerosol that filled the troposphere over Colorado, allowing an investigation of the effects of increased aerosol concentration on cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning polarity. Compared to climatological values over eastern Colorado, the 2002 fire period showed enhancements in satellite‐derived aerosol optical depth (AOD; up to 0.4 units greater), and the percentage of +CG lightning more than doubled in the domain average. However, spatial patterns were different in the fire's vicinity, with increases in AOD but not in +CGs. Denver soundings during the fire were compared to climatology, and showed environmental differences that are associated with increased +CG percentage, in particular higher cloud base and reduced warm‐cloud depth. Thus, our findings provide only mixed support for the idea that smoke aerosols impact CG polarity, and suggest a possible link between drought conditions and increased +CG percentage.
A 39-Year Survey of Cloud Changes from Land Stations Worldwide 1971-2009

An archive of land-based, surface-observed cloud reports has been updated and now spans 39 years from 1971 through 2009. Cloud-type information at weather stations is available in individual reports or in long-term, seasonal, and monthly averages. A shift to a new data source and the automation of cloud reporting in some countries has reduced the number of available stations; however this dataset still represents most of the global land area. Global average trends of cloud cover suggest a small decline in total cloud cover, on the order of -0.4 % per Decade. Declining clouds in middle latitudes at high and middle levels appear responsible for this trend. An analysis of zonal cloud cover changes suggests poleward shifts of the jet streams in both hemispheres. The observed displacement agrees with other studies. Changes seen in cloud types associated with the Indian monsoon are consistent with previous work suggesting that increased pollution (black carbon) may be affecting monsoonal precipitation, causing drought in North India. A similar analysis over northern China does not show an obvious aerosol connection. Past reports claiming a shift from stratiform to cumuliform cloud types over Russia were apparently partially based on spurious data. A tradeoff of stratiform and cumuliform cloud cover is still observed, but muted, over much of northern Eurasia.
Design and installation of a novel automatic erosion monitoring system

Process inference in geomorphology is hindered by a lack of information on the true temporal distribution of contemporary erosional and depositional activity. To tackle this problem a low-cost, automatic monitoring system based on the photo-electronic erosion pin (PEEP) sensor has been developed. The PEEP is essentially an array of photosensitive cells enclosed within a transparent tube and connected by cable to a datalogger. When inserted into an eroding landform, subsequent retreat of the face exposes more photosensitive cells to light which increases PEEP voltage output. Deposition decreases sensor outputs. The logged signals thus reveal the magnitude, timing and frequency of erosion and deposition events with much greater precision than has hitherto been possible. Measurement principles, electronic and physical design, calibration, field installation, problems and prospects and pilot results from a river bank erosion site are discussed. The PEEP system appears to have great potential for disentangling competing hypotheses in geomorphological process studies, and in building and testing erosion and sediment transport models of high temporal resolution.