Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Confidence-based Weighted Loss for Multi-label Classification with Missing Labels

The problem of multi-label classification with missing labels (MLML) is a common challenge that is prevalent in several domains, e.g. image annotation and auto-tagging. In multi-label classification, each instance may belong to multiple class labels simultaneously. Due to the nature of the dataset collection and labelling procedure, it is common to have incomplete annotations in the dataset, i.e. not all samples are labelled with all the corresponding labels. However, the incomplete data labelling hinders the training of classification models. MLML has received much attention from the research community. However, in cases where a pre-trained model is fine-tuned on an MLML dataset, there has been no straightforward approach to tackle the missing labels, specifically when there is no information about which are the missing ones. In this paper, we propose a weighted loss function to account for the confidence in each label/sample pair that can easily be incorporated to fine-tune a pre-trained model on an incomplete dataset. Our experiment results show that using the proposed loss function improves the performance of the model as the ratio of missing labels increases.
The ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe: Shortening Distances, Containment and Asymmetry of Rights—a Tentative Interpretation of the 2015–16 Events

This article analyses the recent growth in asylum applications both in and at the borders of Europe. It enriches the scholarship on the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ with an emphasis on structural transformations and geographical processes. While an increase in regional violence near Europe in 2015 played a key role in triggering displacements, we suggest three longer-term factors that may have facilitated access to European borders but led to urgent and often dangerous migratory situations for asylum seekers: the ‘shortening’ of distances, the crisis of containment policies and the geographic asymmetry of rights. On this basis, we interpret the EU policy of closing borders as an attempt to (re)create a geographic buffer separating refugees from their destinations in the context of the globalization of asylum-related issues.
Land cover associations of nesting territories of three sympatric Buteos in shortgrass prairie

Abstract Three species of Buteo hawks nest sympatrically in the southern Great Plains of the United States. Dietary overlap among them is broad and we tested the hypothesis these species partition their breeding habitat spatially. We compared land cover and topography around 224 nests of the three species breeding in shortgrass prairie in 2004 and 2005. Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) nested almost exclusively in riparian timber surrounded by prairie (95% prairie land cover around nests) and disproportionately used areas with greater topographic relief within prairie landscapes. Swainson's Hawks (B. swainsoni) commonly nested in low-relief areas dominated by small-grain production agriculture but generally used habitats in proportion to availability. Most nest sites of Ferruginous Hawks (B. regalis) were in prairie (78% prairie land cover around nests), but some were in areas that were at least partially agricultural. Ferruginous Hawks had at least two times more sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) around their nests than their two congeners. We conclude that sympatric breeding Buteos on the southern Great Plains spatially partitioned nest sites according to subtle differences in land cover and topography.
Effects of Radiotherapy Technique and Doses on Lung Cancer Patients with Brain Metastases

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FSRT and conventional radiotherapy with or without WBRT on OS and short-term outcome of lung cancer patients with brain metastases. 92 patients were involved the study. All the brain MR images were fusioned under the Pinnacle system, then they received local conventional radiotherapy (1.8- 2.0 Gy/F) or FSRT (2.5-4 Gy/F), with or without WBRT, according to the size and number of brain lesions. The OS of all patients was 2 to 33 months with the median survival 15 months. GPA (P=0.050), pathological type (P=0.012), oral targeted drugs (P=0.016), number of BM (P=0.002), radiotherapy technique (P=0.001), radiotherapy dose (P=0.031) and short-term outcome (P=0.002) were the influencing factors of OS. And local radiotherapy was better than local + WBRT than WBRT (P=0.001), FSRT significantly better than conventional radiotherapy (P=0.001). Hierarchical analysis displayed that local radiotherapy was better than local + WBRT than WBRT for those who hadn’t received targeted therapy (P=0.001). For SCLC, local + WBRT was better than WBRT (P=0.003) and for NSCLC FSRT was better than conventional radiotherapy (P=0.024. For patients with lower GPA (≤ 1.5), local radiotherapy was better than local + WBRT than WBRT (P=0.033). The CR rate of the whole group was 6.5%, with PR rate 78.3%. Logistic regression showed that FSRT was more likely to have CR and PR probability (P=0.009). For lung cancer patients with brain metastases, FSRT was superior to conventional radiotherapy, which could improve short-term outcome and extend OS. Local radiotherapy was better than local + WBRT than WBRT.
Longevity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) seeds harvested at different stages of maturity

Summary The storage potential of seeds harvested at weekly intervals after controlled pollination was studied in three diverse cytoplasmic male sterile pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) lines. In the first experiment in 1989, a comparison of p50 (time for viability to decline to 50% during storage) among seeds of the line DSA 105A harvested 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after pollination (DAP), and then stored at 35°C with 15% moisture content or 40°C with 13% moisture content, showed that those harvested 35 DAP had the greatest longevity. In the second experiment in 1990, a comparison of p50 within the lines 5141A and L 67A harvested 28, 35 and 42 DAP, and then stored at 40°C with 13% moisture content, showed that seeds of both lines harvested 42 DAP had the greatest longevity. In both the seasons, and in all three lines, maximum seed longevity (p50) was attained one week after physiological maturity (defined as the end of the grain filling period), which is therefore the optimum time of harvest to obtain good quality seeds for conservation.
Bryozoan frontal shields: studies on umbonulomorphs and impacts on classification

Umbonuloid frontal shields arc described in the type species of Lepraliella, Drepanophora, Frurionella, Tessaradoma, Hincksipora, Stephanopora, and Pseudolepralia. Consequences to classification include the following: the family group names Lepralielloidea and Lepralicllidae have subjective priority over Umbonuloidea and Celleporariidae, respectively; Cylindroporeh is excluded from the Tessaradomidae and included in the Gigantoporidae; Tessarudoma bifax Cheetham is included in Srnithsonius (Bifaxariidae); Hincksiporidae is confirmed as a family of Lepralielloidea; Stephanoporu, with newly discovered dimorphic orifices, comprises two species which are the basis for a new exechonellid subfamily Stephanoporinae; and a new umbonulomorph superfamily, Pseudolepralioidea, is established for Pseudolepraliu (Pseudolepraliidae). Kladapheles gen.n. , is established for an erect branching species of Lepraliellidae from New Zealand.
Taxonomic position of the smut fungus Ustilago alsines

Ustilago alsines G. P. Clinton & Zundel on Stellaria praecox A. Nelson (= Stellaria nitens Nutt.) from North America belongs to the genus Microbotryum Lev. emend. Vanky; therefore the new combination M. alsines (G. P. Clinton & Zundel) M. Pi¹tek is proposed. The species is described in detail and also illustrated. Its affinities to similar species are discussed. The geographical range of this taxon is discussed.
The p65/RelA Subunit of NF-κB Interacts with Actin-Containing Structures

Abstract Nuclear factor—kappa B (NF-κB) is a universal transcription factor that participates in induction of a wide variety of cellular genes. In nonstimulated cells, NF-κB is sequestered in the cytoplasm. However, little is known about where NF-κB is located. We have studied the effect of inducing a reorganization of the actin filament system on NF-κB distribution, using normal and E1A+cHa-ras -transformed rat fibroblasts. This paper demonstrates that the p65/RelA subunit of NF-κB interacts with actin-containing structures. Immunofluorescence reveals that p65 is concentrated in focal contacts and along stress fibers in normal fibroblasts. Restoration of actin stress fibers in transformants spread on fibronectin is followed by reallocation of p65 to focal contacts and stress fibers, as in normal cells. The p65 is accumulated at the edge of leading lamellae in transformants spread on laminin and is redistributed to cell-to-cell contacts after a prolonged cultivation. Treatment of cells with Cytochalasin D leads to redistribution of p65 into the actin-containing aggregates. Affinity chromatography on matrix-bound F-actin confirms that p65 can bind to filamentous actin. Taken together, these data indicate that distribution of p65 in the cytoplasm depends on the state of the actin cytoskeleton and suggest an additional, yet unknown, function of the NF-κB in the cytoplasm.
Effects of oxygen tension, temperature, salinity, and humidity on the survival of two intertidal gammarid amphipods

Echinogamrnarus pirloh and E. obtusatus are 2 species of amphipod that inhablt boulder shores. Their distribution on such shores on Great Cumbrae Island, Scotland, was found to be zoned; E. obtusatus always occurring from MTL downwards and E. pirloti living between MTL and HWN (summer) or HWS (winter). Prevlous investigation of this shore established that oxygen tension, temperature, salinity and redox potential were the most variable environmental parameters of the amphipods' understone habitat and that there were cons~derable differences between upper and lower shore sites. E. pirloti was more tolerant of anoxia, high temperature and low salinity than E. obtusatus. The levels of oxygen tension and temperature that induced physiological 'stress' in the laboratory were similar to those recorded on the shore, but both species were able to survive indefinitely in the lowest salinities recorded on the beach. There was no difference in tolerance of low humidity between the 2 species, and there was similarly no difference between understone hurnidities recorded on the upper and lower shore. The 'dominant' factors determining zonation on the shore are probably tolerance of oxygen tension and high temperature.
Relationship between soil nutrient availability and plant species richness in a tropical semi-arid environment

Abstract Question: What is the relationship between soil fertility and plant species richness in the ‘fertile islands’ occurring beneath two species of legume (Cercidium praecox and Prosopis laevigata)? Location: Tehuacán-Cuicatlán region, central Mexico. Methods: Plant richness was measured in three micro-environments (below canopies of C. praecox, below canopies of P. laevigata and in areas without canopies). The concentration of soil nutrients (C, N and P), C and N in the microbiota, and processes of ecosystem functioning (net C mineralization rate and N mineralization) were measured. The relationship between soil variables and plant richness were assessed with ANCOVAs. Results: Soil nutrients and species richness increases markedly under fertility islands. There were higher concentrations of C and N in the soil, faster rates of C mineralization, and higher species richness under P. laevigata canopies. The relationship between soil fertility and species richness was always positive except for total N, ammonium and net C mineralization rate under C. praecox, and for available P under P. laevigata. Conclusions: The sign of the relationship between soil fertility and species richness varies according to the nutrient and the micro-environment. Positive relationships could result from between species complementarity and facilitation. Negative relationships could be explained by a specific limitation threshold for some soil resources (P and N for plants and C for the soil microbiota) which eliminate the possibilities of between species complementarity and facilitation above that threshold. As in all observational studies, these relationships should be considered only correlational. Nomenclature: Dávila et al. (1993)
Grain Weight Response to Different Postflowering Source:Sink Ratios in Modern High-Yielding Argentinean Wheats Differing in Spike Fruiting Efficiency

Improving wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield potential via higher grain number per unit area (GN) may reduce average grain weight and consequently the yield increment would be low. Thirty-nine high-yielding modern cultivars differing in spike fruiting efficiency (FE) (num ber of grains per gram of no-grain spike) were grown under potential conditions during two temperature-contrasting years to study the level of source limitation during grain filling and rank the main physiological determinants of poten tial grain weight ( pGW) and actual grain weight. The response of grain weight to a 100% higher source ranged from 0 to 25%, depending on cultivar and year. No general relationship was observed between p GW and FE. The stabilized grain water content, which was partially cor related with the endosperm cell number per grain ( 2 = 48%, p < 0.05), was the main variable associated to grain weight variation ( r 2 = 77%, p < 0.00001) in both temperate and warm years. Genetic improvement focused on increasing the sink strength through higher GN is still an alternative to increase yield potential in modern cultivars as no source limitation during grain fill ing was observed. The improvement of FE could be used to increase GN and yield as no general negative relationship was observed between pGW and FE.
Validation study of perfusion parameter in hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia using dynamic susceptibility magnetic resonance imaging with super-paramagnetic iron oxide: comparison with single level dynamic CT arteriography.

Background Dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging (DSC-MRI) offers direct evaluation of neo-vascularity. Ferucarbotran does not accumulate in the interstitial space, instead remaining in the intravascular space during early phase imaging. We investigate tracer kinetic analysis with DSC-MRI with ferucarbotran and single level CT during hepatic arteriography (SL-CTHA) in assessment of hypervascular hepatocellular lesions and evaluate the usefulness of DSC-MRI with ferucarbotran. Methods Six patients having hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 3 patients having focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) were included in the study. SL-CTHA was performed with the infusion of 3 mL of contrast media at a rate of 1 mL/s and scanned at a rate of 0.8 second per rotation. DSC-MRI was acquired with the echo-planar method at 1.5T system. A total dose of 1.4 mL (0.5 mol Fe/L) of ferucarbotran was used. Ferucarbotran was injected at a rate of 2 mL/s with 40 mL of physiological saline. Imaging was obtained at a temporal resolution of 1.2 or 0.46 seconds in 5 and 4 patients, respectively. For both CT and MRI modalities, a model-free analysis method was used to derive region of interest-based perfusion parameters. Plasma flow, distribution volume (DV) of contrast agent and estimated mean transit time (EMTT) were estimated. Results A strong correlation was obtained with plasma flow (r=0.8231, P=0.0064) between DSC-MRI and SL-CTHA. No significant correlation was obtained for DV and EMTT between DSC-MRI and SL-CTHA. All perfusion parameters showed no significant difference between SL-CTHA and DSC-MRI in FNH. On the other hand, in HCC, DV and EMTT showed significant differences (P=0.046 and 0.046), and plasma flow showed no significant difference between DSC-MRI and SL-CTHA. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the possibility of quantitative analysis of liver tumor using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-based agent and highlights the potential for SPIO-based agent in more precisely assessing the perfusion characteristic of hypervascular liver tumors than by using extracellular contrast media.
Relações entre variáveis climáticas com produção e enraizamento de miniestacas de eucalipto

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of linear association among climate variables with the production and rooting of Eucalyptus minicuttings cultivated in two types of mini garden (sand bed and sub-irrigation tubes). CENIBRA data were used for minicutting rooting, number of minicuttings per ministump and climate monitoring data. The number of minicuttings produced per ministump and their rooting rate were correlated with climatic data (light, temperature and air relative humidity) . Temperature influences minicuting rooting in different ways, with the effect varying according with the clone and type of clonal mini garden. As for the number of minicuttings, temperature increase favors the production of minicuttings, regardless of the type of mini garden. Light influenced rooting and number of minicuttings positively , while air relative humidity had a negative effect, regardless of the type of mini garden evaluated. The data of this study indicates that increased light intensity and reduced air relative humidity favor minicutting rooting and the number of minicuttings produced by ministumps, as well.
MECHANISM OF SUCROSE UTILISATION BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown on different concentrations of sucrose and glucose mixtures after adapting on sucrose. The yeast cells were found to have two different mechanisms by which sucrose was utilised: hydrolysis outside the cell membrane and direct transport into the cells. The mechanism by which sucrose was utilised depended on the initial concentration of glucose in the mixture and the adaptation state of the cells. In both cases, glucose was utilised first and invertase secretion was repressed when the glucose concentration was higher than 2 gl -1 . The major important finding in our results is that, for fully sucrose-adapted cells, even in the presence of a repressive glucose concentration, the yeast cells were able to utilise sucrose, and most importantly, without first being hydrolysed to its constituent monosaccharides. Previously, it has been thought that direct transport of sucrose contributes only a small part of the process of utilisation of sucrose, but as our results indicate it can be the major mechanism of sucrose utilisation in S. cerevisiae if the cells are adapted on sucrose for long periods, glucose concentrations in the medium are high and/or invertase activities are limiting.
The Foot Musculature of the Highland Gorilla (Gorilla beringei)

BY WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. Department of Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University T H HE musculature of the gorilla foot is fairly well known. It has received the attention of a number of investigators. Some of these workers have, however, confined their attentions to specific muscles, while others have described in detail only those muscles which differed markedly from the usual condition in man. Most striking perhaps is the lack of adequate illustrations (except in the beautifully illustrated monograph of Duvernoy). In connection with studies on Primate feet, I recently was able, through the courtesy of Dr.William K. Gregory of the American Museum of Natural History, to dissect the right foot of an adult female highland gorilla, of the species Gorilla beringci (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Compar. Anat. No. 47). This foot was obtained in East Africa by the late Carl Akeley. I believe that I am correct in affirming this to be the first description of the complete foot musculature of the highland gorilla of East Africa. Morton (i9zfi4)
Uptake and Conversion of Selenium by a Marine Bacterium

Bio-conversion of Se was examined by incubating Pseudomonas marina in seawater containing either selenite (Na2SeIVO3) or selenate (Na2SeVIO4). At the concentrations of selenite and selenate used (10−4–10−7 mol/L), the growth of P. marina was not inhibited. Under these conditions, selenite was taken up by P. marina, but selenate was not found to enter the cells. Pseudomonas marina incorporated selenite from filtered seawater into sub-cellular fractions, primarily protein (30–50%) and amino acids (44–70%). When incubated in marine broth, P. marina incorporated 75selenite primarily into protein (up to 75%), with a lesser amount into the amino acid fraction (approximately 25%). Insignificant amounts were associated with the bacterial lipid fraction. SeIV was found in the protein and amino acid fractions within 10 min of incubation in medium containing selenite. In uptake studies the level of SeIV in the incubating medium decreased markedly, corresponding presumably to SeIV entering the bacterial cells from th.
Parâmetros genéticos entre características de leite, de peso e a idade ao primeiro parto em gado mestiço leiteiro (Bos taurus x Bos indicus)

Genetic correlations between milk production (milk, fat, protein yield lactation length in 305-d lactation), live weight (average cow live weight, growth rate between 12-24 mo) and age at first calving traits were estimated in a population of Mestico Leiteiro Brasileiro (MLB) females using REML methodology and animal model. The estimates of heritability were respectively, 0.28± 0.08, 0.30±0.11, 0.28±0.09, 0.19±0.07, 0.18±0.06, 0.42±0.10 and 0.48±0.12 for those traits. Genetic correlations between milk, fat and protein yield with cow average weight were, respectively, -0.22±0.22, -0.49±0.31, -0.22±0.23, and between milk, fat and protein yield with heifer live weight gain, -0.59±0.35, -0.73±0.44, -0.62±0.37 as well. Genetic correlations between milk yield, cow average weight and heifer live weight gain with age at first calving were, respectively, 0.05±0.18, -0.05±0.18, 0.02±0.20. The high genetic correlation between milk production and lactation length (0.93±0.02) indicated that variation of the lactation length should not be removed when selecting tropical dairy cattle.
SARS‐CoV‐2 and the possible connection to ERs, ACE2, and RAGE: Focus on susceptibility factors

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic has provoked major stresses on the health‐care systems of several countries, and caused the death of more than a quarter of a million people globally, mainly in the elderly population with preexisting pathologies. Previous studies with coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) point to gender differences in infection and disease progression with increased susceptibility in male patients, indicating that estrogens may be associated with physiological protection against the coronavirus. Therefore, the objectives of this work are threefold. First, we aim to summarize the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection pathway and the roles both the virus and patient play in COVID‐19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) progression, clinical symptomatology, and mortality. Second, we detail the effect estrogen has on viral infection and host infection response, including its role in both the regulation of key viral receptor expression and the mediation of inflammatory activity. Finally, we describe how ERs (estrogen receptors) and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end‐products) play a critical role in metabolic pathways, which we envisage could maintain a close interplay with SARS‐CoV and COVID‐19 mortality rates, despite a current lack of research directly determining how. Taken together, we present the current state of the field regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 research and illuminate where research is needed to better define the role both estrogen and metabolic comorbidities have in the COVID‐19 disease state, which can be key in screening potential therapeutic options as the search for effective treatments continue.