Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abscess Associated with Sialolith in a Parotid Duct - A Case Report

Rationale: The aim of this work is to describe the case of a large abscess associated with a sialolith in the parotid duct. Patient Concerns: Patient's concern is evident in this pathology, because infection untreated or rapidly spreading infections can be potentially life-threatening secondary to airway compromise or septicemia. Diagnosis: Clinical examination, ultrasonography of the region, and cone beam computed tomography were requested to confirm the diagnosis of a sialolith associated with a large abscess. Treatment: Antibiotic therapy with extraoral drainage was performed. After remission of the infection, the stone was located, removed, and the edges sutured. Outcomes: The patient was followed for 6 months. There was a minimal scar without any other noteworthy change. Take-away Lessons: The pathological changes involving the salivary glands are extremely important for diagnosis and treatment plan.
APPLYING MULTIVARIATE GEOSTATISTICS FOR TRANSIT RIDERSHIP MODELING AT THE BUS STOP LEVEL

: Travel demand models have been developed and refined over the years to consider a characteristic normally found in travel data: spatial autocorrelation. Another important feature of travel demand data is its multivariate nature. However, regarding the public transportation demand, there is a lack of multivariate spatial models that consider the scarce nature of travel data, which generally are expensive to collect, and also need an appropriate level of detail. Thus, the main aim of this study was to estimate the Boarding variable along a bus line from the city of São Paulo - Brazil, by means of a multivariate geostatistical modeling at the bus stop level. As specific objectives, a comparative analysis conducted by applying Universal Kriging, Ordinary Kriging and Ordinary Least Squares Regression for the same travel demand variable was proposed. From goodness-of-fit measures, the results indicated that Geostatistics is a competitive tool comparing to classical modeling, emphasizing the multivariate interpolator Universal Kriging. Therefore, three main contributions can be highlighted: (1) the methodological advance of using a multivariate geostatistical approach, at the bus stop level, on public transportation demand modeling; (2) the benefits provided by the models regarding the land use and bus network planning; and (3) resource savings of field surveys for collecting travel data.
Small Mirrors Do the Trick: A Simple, but Effective Method to Study Mirror Self-Recognition in Chimpanzees

Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is considered an indicator of self-awareness. Standardized mirror tests reveal compelling evidence for MSR in a few non-human species, including all great apes. However, substantial inter-individual variation of MSR within species resulted in an ongoing methodological controversy, questioning the appropriateness of standard MSR tests for cross-species comparisons. Lack of motivation, in particular, is discussed as one possible cause for false negative results. Here, we compare the spontaneous behavioral response of 47 zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to (i) standard body-sized, stationary mirrors and (ii) small, portable hand mirrors. We predicted that the monopolizability and maneuverability of small mirrors increase the chances of identifying MSR across a larger proportion of individuals. Chimpanzees both revealed a substantially higher frequency of general mirror-related behaviors and engaged in significantly more and longer behaviors specifically indicating MSR when provided with small mirrors compared to a large mirror. Handheld mirrors provide a more sensitive measure for MSR within and likely between primate species than the traditional large mirrors, and thereby are a potentially valuable tool for studying self-awareness across species.
Straw preservation reduced total N2O emissions from a sugarcane field

Post‐harvest biomass can be used as feedstock for energy production and alter N2O emissions from the soil, which is among the main issues determining bioethanol sustainability. To assess the effects of sugarcane straw return on gas emissions, we established a field experiment in which 0, 50, 75 or 100% (0, 5.65, 8.47 and 11.30 Mg/ha dry biomass, respectively) of the crop residues (straw) was left in the field during the first two ratoon crops. As fertilizer is applied in bands to sugarcane, we also investigated the contribution of different positions to the N2O emissions within the field. There was an interactive effect between straw and inorganic fertilizer, leading to a nonlinear effect of crop residues on the fertilizer emission factor (EF). However, straw consistently reduced N2O emissions from the field, acting mainly in the unfertilized areas in the field (P < 0.05). We observed that considering the typical EF used in the literature, the N2O‐N emissions attributed to fertilizer ranged from 0.19 to 0.79 kg/ha, while the total emissions ranged from 3.3 to 5.2 kg/ha, from the highest amount of straw to the lowest. We conclude that overall, the fertilizer EF is not as relevant as the total emissions, based on this and other studies. Consequently, management practices might be more effective in improving the GHG balance than changing inorganic fertilizer use. We conclude that keeping up to 11 Mg/ha of straw with a large C:N ratio (>100:1) on site might increase sugarcane production sustainability by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the field.
Droplet activation of moderately surface active organic aerosol predicted with six approaches to surface activity

Surface active compounds (surfactants) found in atmospheric aerosols can decrease droplet surface tension as they adsorb to the droplet surfaces simultaneously depleting the droplet bulk. These processes may influence the activation properties of aerosols into cloud droplets and investigation of their role in cloud microphysics has been ongoing for decades. In this study, we have used six different approaches documented in the literature to represent surface activity in Köhler calculations predicting cloud droplet activation properties for particles consisting of one of three different moderately surface active 5 organics mixed with ammonium sulphate in different ratios. We find that the different models predict comparable activation properties at small organic mass fractions in the dry particles for all three moderately surface active organics tested, even with large differences in the predicted degree of bulk-to-surface partitioning of the surface active component. However, differences between the models regarding both the predicted critical diameter and supersaturation for the same dry particle size increase with the organic fraction in the particles. Comparison with available experimental data shows that assuming complete bulk10 to-surface partitioning of the organic component (total depletion of the bulk) along the full droplet growth curve does not adequately represent the activation properties of particles with high moderate surfactant mass fractions. Accounting for the surface tension depression mitigates some of the effect. Models that include the possibility for partial bulk-to-surface partitioning yield comparable results to the experimental data, even at high organic mass fractions in the particles. The study highlights the need for using thermodynamically consistent model frameworks to treat surface activity of atmospheric aerosols and for 15 firm experimental validation of model predictions across a wide range of states relevant to the atmosphere.
Costly short sales and nonlinear asset pricing ∗

We study a dynamic general equilibrium model with costly-to-short stocks and heterogeneous beliefs. The model is solved in closed-form and shows that costly short sales drive a wedge between the valuation of assets that promise identical cash ﬂows but are subject to diﬀerent lending fees. The price of an asset is given by the risk-adjusted present value of its future cash ﬂows, which include both dividends and an endogenous yield derived from lending fees. This pricing formula implies that asset returns satisfy a modiﬁed capital asset pricing model which includes a negative adjustment for lending fees and, thus, provides a theoretical foundation for the recent ﬁndings on the role of lending fees as an explanatory variable of stock returns. Empirical results are consistent with the theory proposed.
Considerations on the use of self-tests for COVID-19 in the EU/EEA

to be 75.5% (95%CI: 66.6-82.6) for the BD RADT and 80.1% (95%CI: 72.7-86.0) for the Roche RADT. Both RADTs demonstrated very high specificity >99% (BD RADT: 99.7% (95%CI: 99.2-99.9); Roche RADT: 99.1% (95%CI: 98.5-99.5)). The study by Stohr et al. identified determinants independently associated with false-negative self-testing results, including higher age, low viral load, and finding the self-testing procedure difficult. Of note, the sensitivity and specificity identified in the study did not meet the minimum performance requirements of ≥ 90% and ≥ 97% suggested by ECDC as being appropriate for SARS-CoV-2 RADTs [4]. However, the overall conclusion from Stohr et al. was that self-testing, using commercially available RADTs, proved to be feasible for testing and delivered reliable results, particularly to detect individuals with a high viral load and therefore a higher probability of infectiousness. This annex lists possible impacts of using self-tests on the public health response, if implemented in four different (sub-) population scenarios. For each scenario, the impact is described for two levels of COVID-19 prevalence (very low to low and high to very high). For setting one, prevalence of 0.1% to 1% (‘very low to low’) is compared to prevalence of 5% to 10% (‘high to very high’) . For settings two to four, prevalence of 0.1% to 5% ( ‘very low to low’ ) is compared to prevalence of 10% to 20% (‘ high to very high ’) . If the prevalence is unknown, public health authorities may consider which scenario is applicable based on the available local indicators including incidence, test positivity, rates of absenteeism, known outbreaks, and rates of hospitalisation and death.
When Is International Policy Cooperation Useful?∗

The premise of successful global policy cooperation is that there is a Pareto inefficiency, i.e. that there is scope to make some nations better off without hurting others. This paper examines when there is a case for global cooperation and when the uncooperative equilibrium is Pareto efficient by extending the first welfare theorem to a broad class of open economy settings. In contrast to the standard first welfare theorem, we incorporate the interactions between private agents in each economy with their national policymakers, and we show that neither the presence of domestic market imperfections nor lacking domestic policy instruments generate Pareto inefficiency at the global level if policymakers have sufficient external policy instruments to steer international transactions. Our theorem states that Pareto inefficiency only occurs – and hence policy cooperation is only useful – if at least one of the following three situations arises: (i) policymakers exert monopoly power, (ii) policymakers lack sufficient external policy instruments or (iii) the international market is subject to imperfections. We develop general guidelines for policy cooperation in each of these three situations and provide a rich set of examples and applications. JEL Codes: F42, F13, F33, D61
Follow the money: a closer look at US tobacco industry marketing expenditures

Introduction While much of the concern with tobacco industry marketing has focused on direct media advertising, a less explored form of marketing strategy is to discount prices. Price discounting is important because it keeps the purchase price low and can undermine the impact of tax increases. Methods We examine annual US marketing expenditures from 1975 to 2019 by the largest cigarette and smokeless tobacco companies as reported to the Federal Trade Commission. We consider three categories: direct advertising, promotional allowances and price discounting. In addition to considering trends in these expenditures, we examine how price discounting expenditures relate to changes in product prices and excise taxes. Results US direct advertising expenditures for cigarettes fell from 80% of total industry marketing expenditures in 1975 to less than 3% in 2019, while falling from 39% in 1985 to 6% in 2019 for smokeless tobacco. Price discounting expenditures for cigarettes became prominent after the Master Settlement Agreement and related tax increases in 2002. By 2019, 87% of cigarette marketing expenditures were for price discounts and 7% for promotional allowances. Smokeless marketing expenditures were similar: 72% for price promotions and 13% for promotional allowances. Price discounting increased with prices and taxes until reaching their currently high levels. Conclusions Between 1975 and 2019, direct advertising dramatically fell while price discounting and promotional expenditures increased. Local, state and federal policies are needed that apply non-tax mechanisms to increase tobacco prices and restrict industry contracts to offset industry marketing strategies. Further study is needed to better understand industry decisions about marketing expenditures.
Self-Organized Criticality of Traffic Flow

This paper shows that the kinematic wave model exhibits self-organized criticality when initialized with random initial conditions around the critical density. This has several important implications for traffic flow in the capacity state, such as: \item jam sizes obey a power law distribution with exponents 1/2, implying that both the mean and variance diverge to infinity, \item self-organization is an intrinsic property of traffic flow models in general, independently of other random perturbations, \item this critical behavior is a consequence of the flow maximization objective of traffic flow models, which can be observed on a density range around the critical density that depends on the length of the segment, \item typical measures of performance are proportional to the area under a Brownian excursion, and therefore are given by different scalings of the Airy distribution, \item traffic in the time-space diagram forms self-affine fractals where the basic unit is a triangle, in the shape of the fundamental diagram, containing 3 traffic states: voids, capacity and jams.
Supplementary material to "A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans"

Abstract. We have estimated the air–sea CO2 fluxes (fgCO2) over the global ocean from the open sea to the continental shelves. Fluxes and associated uncertainty were computed from an ensemble-based reconstruction of CO2 sea surface partial pressure (pCO2) maps trained with observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas v2020 database. The ensemble mean (which is the best estimate provided by the approach) fits independent data well and a broad agreement between the spatial distribution of model-data differences and the ensemble standard deviations (which are our model uncertainty estimate) is seen. The space-time varying uncertainty fields identify oceanic regions where improvements in data reconstruction and extensions of the observational network are needed. Poor reconstructions of pCO2 are primarily found over the coasts and/or in regions with sparse observations, while fgCO2 estimates with largest uncertainty are observed over the open Southern Ocean (44° S southward), the subpolar regions, the Indian gyre, and upwelling systems. Our estimate of the global net sink for the period 1985–2019 is 1.643 ± 0.125 PgC yr−1 including 0.150 ± 0.010 PgC yr−1 for the coastal net sink. Results suggest that the open ocean Subtropical Pacific (between 18° N–49° N) has the strongest CO2 sink (0.485 ± 0.014 PgC yr−1) among the basins of the world, followed by the open ocean sub-basins in the Southern hemisphere. The coastal Subpolar Atlantic (between 49° N–76° N) is the most significant coastal net sink, amounting to one third of the total coastal uptake; the northern Pacific continental shelves (north of 18° N) are the next contributors. The Equatorial Pacific (between 18° S–18° N) is the predominant source emitting 0.523 ± 0.016 PgC yr−1 of CO2 back to the atmosphere. Based on the mean flux density per unit area, the most intense CO2 drawdown is, however, observed over the Arctic (76° N poleward) followed by the Subpolar Atlantic and Subtropical Pacific for both open ocean and coastal sectors. The mean efflux density over the Equatorial Pacific remains the highest, but similar densities can also be found along other strong upwelling systems in the equatorial band.
Causation of Dual Agency Transactions? Buyer Choices or Broker Manipulation: Theory and Evidence

A significant portion of residential real estate transactions are dual agency transactions, a situation where the buyer and seller are represented by the same brokerage firm. Recent studies report alarming trends in dual agency transactions with occurrences as high as 48 percent. This study attempts to disentangle the underlying factors that impacts the likelihood of a dual agency transaction, and explores whether dual agency transactions are situational or amenable to influence or manipulation by the listing broker, buyer or seller? Do listing agents influence the terms of the listing contract or persuade the principal to include prohibitive conditions or restrictions (e.g., requiring listing broker to be present at showings) that increase the likelihood of a dual agency transaction? The findings suggest that there is evidence that some listing brokers engage in debatable practices that increase the likelihood of dual agency transactions such as offering the cooperating broker a lower commission split, negotiating longer listing contracts and limiting the amount of information provided in the MLS listing to the public and/or cooperating brokers. Our findings reflect that a listing broker offering a lower commission to cooperating brokers, 2-2.5% or 2.5-3% increases the likelihood of a dual agency transaction by 54% and 43% respectively, relative to a comparable property offering a rate greater than 3% to the cooperating broker. Results also indicate that MLS listing with limited comments or photos are also more likely to be dual agency transactions. 1 Kadiyali et al, 2014.
Determining factors of a CSR strategy: The case of French socio-medical establishments

Purpose: The socio-medical sector, like many others, is developing CSR actions and strategies to answer new expectations of residents, families and stakeholders. This research aims at proposing a model to show determining factors of CSR strategies, investigating the relations between a number of variables appertaining to CSR and evaluate their strength and their impact on some aspects of the performance of socio-medical organizations. Methodology: The model rests on 18 hypotheses and uses a set of structural equations to measure the relations between the different variables. Findings: The hypotheses proposed are largely validated and the model shows the determination of a number of factors on a CSR strategy by organizations. However it appears that non-observed factors in this study also have an impact, which will be the subject of further research. Globally the study shows that CSR strategies in these socio-medical establishments are more of an ‘emergent’ type than a ‘deliberately planned’ one. Practical implications: This study can help socio-medical establishments to devise a CSR strategy and CSR actions, as very often they do not know well where to start from, where to go and how to evaluate the results. Originality/value: This study is part of a vast programme to evaluate the strategy of sociomedical establishments in terms of CSR and assist them in conceiving and implementing a CSR strategy.
International Trade and Income Distribution – Evidence from China

We explore the development of labor’s share in income and wage inequality in China since 1999 and estimate the effect of international trade on income distributions on a regional level. Two major shocks have driven Chinese exports after 1999. The first event is China’s entry into the World Trade Organization and the second one is the collapse of world trade during the worldwide financial crises. Firstly, we document on the provinces level that export activities and labor’s share of income are negatively correlated. Using changes in exports in other provinces as instrument, we show that increasing exports reduce the labor share. Secondly, we use data for prefecture-level cities and consider WTO entry and worldwide financial crises to be exogenous with respect to wage development in the individual cities. We control for individual worker characteristics using several waves of Chinese household survey data (CHIP). We find that more international trade is associated with higher wage inequality.
DOES PRISON PRIVATIZATION DISTORT JUSTICE? EVIDENCE ON TIME SERVED AND RECIDIVISM

I contribute new evidence on the impacts of private prison contracting by exploiting the entry and exit of private prisons in Mississippi between 1996 and 2004. I find that private prison inmates serve an additional 4 to 7 percent of their sentences, which equals 60 to 90 days for the average inmate. The mechanism for this delayed release appears linked to the widespread use of conduct violations in private prisons: these inmates are 15 percent more likely to receive one, and receive twice as many. Despite the additional time served, I find no evidence that private prison inmates recidivate less.