Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model theory for the higher order predicate calculus

The theory of models for elementary (often called "first order") axiom systems has grown considerably in the last years. This theory has been developed both for its own interest and as a tool for algebra. There is no corresponding development for model theory for higher order systems. One important reason for this is that much of the first order theory is based on the Godel completeness theorem or extensions of this theorem guaranteeing the existence of models for consistent sets of formulas. For consistent sets of higher order formulas there need be no models; the Henkin completeness theorem of [2 ] merely assures the existence of general models. There are, however, formulas c which we call (strongly) standard [with respect to the set of formulas H] such that if M1 is a general model [for H] and M2 is a (general) model [for H] and if M1 and M2 have the same ground class (and the higher order universes of M2 include those of M1) then either M1 is not a general model for q5 or M2 is a (general) model for q5. All elementary formulas are strongly standard; on the other hand for standard (a fortiori for strongly standard) formulas much of the elementary theory carries over. The main problem we consider is the syntactic characterization of (strongly) standard formulas('). We call two closed formulas (logically) equivalent [relative to H] if every (general) model [for H] is a general model for both or neither. From Theorem I we obtain a sufficient syntactic condition for a formula to be strongly standard. It follows from Theorems II and III that if H is any finite (or infinite) set of formulas q5 is (strongly) standard relative to H only if it is (logically) equivalent relative to H (and the union of a certain set of formulas I0,H) to a formula having the syntactic property referred to in the preceding sentence. Since logical equivalence can be defined syntactically, as was shown in [2], we have syntactic conditions which are sufficient for (relative) strong standardness. For a large class of H we obtain necessary and sufficient syntactic conditions for q5 to be strongly standard relative to H. For finite H we show that any formula standard relative to H must be equivalent relative to H
A Finite Element Analysis of Optimal Variable Thickness Sheets

A quasi-mixed finite element (FE) method for maximum stiffness of variable thickness sheets is analyzed. The displacement is approximated with nine node Lagrange quadrilateral elements, and the thickness is approximated as elementwise constant. One is guaranteed that the FE displacement solutions will converge in $\HH$, but in an example it is shown that, in general, one cannot expect any subsequence of the FE thickness solutions to converge in any $L^p (\Omega)$-norm. However, under a regularity and biaxiality assumption on the optimal stress field, uniqueness of the optimal thickness function as well as convergence in $L^p (\Omega)$ $(1\leq p<\infty)$ of FE thickness solutions are proven.
The physical principles of the quantum theory

The object of this paper is to reformulate the principles of the quantum theory as a sequence of propositions which shall be either summary statements of standard experimental procedure or hypotheses concerning the results of experiment and having an immediate physical interpretation. It is shown that the standard process in micro-physics is a generalised spectral analysis, whose properties are simply expressible in symbolic form by means of projective or “idempotent” operators (Einzeloperatoren). It appears that only two hypotheses need be made and that these relate to the existence and properties of transition probabilities. From these fundamental principles, which have a direct physical significance, it is possible to deduce the subsidiary principles which form the accepted basis of the mathematical analysis of the quantum theory and which deal with the representation of quantum states and physical quantities by vectors and linear operators respectively. In this paper the emphasis is laid on the experimental process determining a state of a system and on the associated operators rather than on the state itself or the vector representing it in the system space. Projective operators, which represent actual processes of measurement, and unitary operators, which represent actual transformations of systems of measurement, are given priority over the (statistical) operators which represent physical variables. This method of representation makes the physical meaning of the theory fundamental, instead of leaving it to be extracted from a purely mathematical system of non-commutative algebra or differential equations.
Laser wakefield acceleration of electron beams beyond 1 GeV from an ablative capillary discharge waveguide

Laser wakefield acceleration of electrons well beyond 1 GeV and optical guiding of ultraintense laser pulses of peak powers up to 160 TW over a 4-cm long ablative capillary discharge plasma channel were experimentally demonstrated. Electron beams, with energies up to 1.8 GeV, were generated by using the 130 TW, 55 fs driving laser pulses. A comparison of oxygen-containing acrylic resin (C:O:H = 4:2:7) capillary and no oxygen-containing polyethylene (C:O:H = 1:0:2) capillary measurements suggests that the injection of electron into the laser wakefield is assisted by the ionization of oxygen K-shell electrons.
Jacobian Analysis of Limited-DOF Parallel Manipulators

This paper presents a methodology for the Jacobian analysis of limited degrees-of-freedom (DOF) parallel manipulators. A limited-DOF parallel manipulator is a spatial parallel manipulator which has less than six degrees-of-freedom. It is shown that a 6X6 Jacobian matrix, which provides information about both architecture and constraint singularities, can be derived by making use of the theory of reciprocal screws. The 3-UPU and 3-RPS parallel manipulators are used as examples to demonstrate the methodology.
Generalization of likelihood ratio tests under nonstandard conditions

In this paper, we analyze the statistic which is the difference in the values of an estimating function evaluated at its local maxima on two different subsets of the parameter space, assuming that the true parameter is in each subset, but possibly on the boundary. Our results extend known methods by covering a large' class of estimation problems which allow sampling from nonidentically distributed random variables. Specifically, the existence and consistency of the local maximum estimators and asymptotic properties of useful hypothesis tests are obtained under certain law of large number and central limit-type assumptions. Other models covered include those with general log-likelihoods and/or covariates. As an example, the large sample theory of two-way nested random variance components models with covariates is derived from our main results.
A five‐year variability in the modulation of the galactic cosmic radiation over epochs of low solar activity

Using cosmogenic 10Be data to study the period 1423–1980 AD, we identify a previously unrecognized 5 year modulation process that occurs during epochs of low solar activity. In this, the galactic cosmic radiation exhibits a maximum intensity near sunspot maximum, as well as the well‐known intensity maxima coincident with sunspot minimum. This demonstrates that the 5 year periodicity previously reported in the power spectra of 10Be and 14C data is not due to atmospheric processes, and allows their physical significance to be studied.
Turbulence Approximation for Inhomogeneous Flows: Part I. The Clipping Approximation

Abstract A modification of the quasi-normal theory is proposed for the study of inhomogeneous turbulent flows. In this approximation realizability conditions for third-order correlations are enforced. These conditions are based on generalized Schwarz' inequalities which limit the growth of triple correlations and the approximation consists in “clipping” these last quantities when they violate their respective inequalities. By requiring that the inequalities be satisfied, we take into account the damping effect of fourth-order correlations. The equations corresponding to this approximation are derived for the case of inhomogeneous turbulence in a Boussinesq fluid with the aid of a recently proposed hypothesis for pressure correlation terms.
Generalized stochastic differential utility and preference for information

This paper develops, in a Brownian information setting, an approach for analyzing the preference for information, a question that motivates the stochastic differential utility (SDU) due to Duffie and Epstein [Econometrica 60 (1992) 353-394]. For a class of backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) including the generalized SDU [Lazrak and Quenez Math. Oper. Res. 28 (2003) 154-180], we formulate the information neutrality property as an invariance principle when the filtration is coarser (or finer) and characterize it. We also provide concrete examples of heterogeneity in information that illustrate explicitly the nonneutrality property for some GSDUs. Our results suggest that, within the GSDUs class of intertemporal utilities, risk aversion or ambiguity aversion are inflexibly linked to the preference for information.
Measurements of Fluctuating Pressures and Forces on a Circular Cylinder in the Reynolds Number Range 104 to 2·5 × 105

Experiments have been carried out on long, smooth, circular cylinders to establish accurate data on the fluctuating pressure distributions and r.m.s. lift and drag forces in sub-critical flow (104 <R< 2·5 × 105), on an elemental slice of the cylinder. Results of parametric studies of the effects of variation of Reynolds number, aspect ratio, turbulence of the incident flow and wind tunnel blockage are presented. Many other results have been published on this topic since 1950, but wide variations exist between them; the work reported here was undertaken to produce reliable data for its own sake and to provide the basis for a study of spanwise effects.
Weighted rank statistics in factorial designs with fixed effects

Nonparametric methods for the analysis of factorial designs with two fixed factors are considered. The sample sizes may be unequal and the distribution functions are not assumed to be continuous. Nonparametric hypotheses for the main effects and for the interaction are tested by ranking procedures where the statistics are weighted according to the different sample sizes within the levels of one factor. Simulations show that the approximations by the limiting normal distribution and by the t‐ and F‐distributions are quite accurate if the samples sizes within the cells are at least 7 for all treatment combinations. Moreover, it turns out that the power for the weighted statistics is much higher than for the unweighted statistics. The application of the suggested procedures is demonstrated by the analysis of a data set from a clinical trial with ordered categorical data.
Cutoff scattering angles for random acoustic media

[1] The seismic scattering attenuation in randomly inhomogeneous media is successfully explained by a Born approximation-based theory, established by R. S. Wu and H. Sato. The key is to eliminate the contribution of forward scattering within a cutoff scattering angle (CSA) when evaluating the scattering attenuation in order to avoid overestimating attenuation at high frequencies. The value of the CSA is, however, not objectively determined in the theory, and the choice of it remains an open question. We investigate the constraint by causality on the choice of the CSA for random acoustic media with constant densities. On the basis of the Kramers-Kronig relation, we derive simple relations of the phase velocities in the high- and low-frequency limits with the CSA. We further discuss the probable values of the CSA on the basis of a thought experiment. Surprisingly, they are independent of the details of inhomogeneities.
Pure silicon - high performance: advanced optical receivers in standard silicon BiCMOS technologies

We present the state of the art of integrated silicon photodetectors and circuits by concentrating on the progress in the last decade. Especially three highlights will be presented in more detail. In this paper a vertical pin-photodiode in a 0. 6μm BiCMOS technology, consisting of an n-buried cathode, an n- epi layer, and a p+ anode will be discussed. The measured responsivities for different wavelengths are 0.33A/W @ 850nm and 0.46A/W @ 660nm, respectively. Really outstanding is the reached speed of the photodiodes. The -3dB cut-off frequencies of these 50x50μm2 diodes are up to 2.1GHz @850nm light and up to 3GHz @660nm light, depending on the reverse bias voltage. This high performance photodiode allows the competition of pure silicon optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) even with GaAs OEICs. A silicon OEIC reaches at 2.5Gb/s1 a higher sensitivity than a GaAs OEIC2. It also consumes less power and a remarkably smaller chip area. Massive parallel integration of optical receivers enables an extremely high total data rate. A new OEIC consisting of 45 parallel channels with a data rate of 3Gb/s @850nm each allows an overall data rate of 135Gb/s.
Analyzing Multitrait- Multimethod Data A Comparison of Three Approaches

Assessing construct validity is a core task in psychology. Since Campbell and Fiske's (1959) seminal article on multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis, several different methodological approaches for the analysis of convergent and discriminant validity of MTMM data have been developed. In this article, two MTMM approaches are transferred to the general framework of confirmatory factor analysis and compared with the extended version of the correlated trait-correlated method minus one model (Nussbeck, Eid, Geiser, Courvoisier, & Lischetzke, 2009): The multilevel MTMM model (Maas, Lensvelt-Mulders, & Hox, 2009) and the three-mode model (Oort, 2009). Assessing the construct validity of a German Big Five MTMM data set these three MTMM approaches are compared with regard to convergent and discriminant validity estimates and with regard to method effects. Advantages and limitations of each methodological approach will be discussed in detail. Campbell and Fiske's (1959) seminal article on the Conver- gent and discriminant validation by the multitrait- multimethod (MTMM) matrix had an immense impact on the process of exploring construct validity of psychological measures. They proposed to inspect the MTMM matrix, a matrix of correlations between several traits that were mea- sured by several methods, to verify the construct validity of psychological measures. In Campbell and Fiske's perspec- tive the core aspects of construct validity are convergent and discriminant validity. Convergent validity can only be assumed if different methods converge in the measurement of one trait. Discriminant validity, however, should be dem- onstrated by the nonconvergence of measurements of differ- ent traits. The application of at least two different methods for the measurement of one or more traits is necessary to separate trait and method influences for each score of a psy- chological variable (= trait-method unit, TMU). However, within the Campbell and Fiske approach trait- and method-specific influences cannot be separated from unsys- tematic measurement errors. The separation of measurement error from trait- and method-specific influences can be obtained by appropriate modern methodological approaches.
Application of waveguide invariants to analysis of spectrograms from shallow water environments that vary in range and azimuth

The waveguide invariant summarizes in a single scalar parameter the dispersive propagation characteristics for a given environment. An expression is derived for the invariant in shallow water environments where the bottom bathymetry varies with range and azimuth. It then is applied to the interpretation of broadband, single‐element spectrograms collected during SWellEx‐3, a shallow water acoustics experiment off the coast of San Diego. The unusual behavior of the interference patterns seen in the spectrograms from this experiment during the transmission of a 75–150 Hz pseudo‐random noise sequence by a source towed over range‐varying bottom bathymetry is well matched by the model predictions. [Work supported by ONR, Code 321US. ]
A dual geometric characterization of Banach spaces not containing $l_{1}$.

It is shown that a Banach space E does not contain a copy of /, if and only if every bounded subset of E* is w*-deniable in (£"*, σ(£*, £**)). The notion of w*-scalarly deniable sets in dual Banach space is introduced and it is proved that a Banach space E does not contain a copy of /, if and only if every bounded set in E* is w *-scalarly dentable. Finally, a point of continuity criterion that characterizes Asplund operators and those operators that factor through Banach spaces not containing copies of /,, is given.
Automorphisms of the unimodular group

it follows that the parity of X G 3Í? Í depends only on X, and not on the manner in which X is expressed as a product of powers of S and T. Let S be the subgroup of Wt consisting of all even elements; then clearly @ is of index 2 in SDîJ. It suffices to prove that (§ = 9Î2. We prove first that 3î2C@. Since the commutator subgroup of a group is always generated by squares, it suffices to show that ^4£9J? 2 implies ^42G®. For AEWl}, this is clear. If AGWlî, set A=XJ = JY, where
Relativistic effects in superluminal jets and neutron star winds

A complete solution is given for the problem of radial motion of a test particle through the combined gravitational and radiation field of a spherical star. The star is assumed to radiate isotropically from each point of its surface. The radiative force acting on the particle is assumed not to depend on the frequency of radiation. There is no feedback from the particle motion to the background radiation field. All the effects of special and general relativity are included with no approximation. 29 refs.
Gemini's protected silver coatings: first two years in operation

The Gemini twins were the first large modern telescopes to receive protected Silver coatings on their mirrors in 2004. We report the performance evolution of these 4-layer coatings in terms of reflectivity and emissivity. We evaluate the durability of these thin films by comparison to the evolution of some samples that we have produced and exposed since 2002. Finally, we will explain our maintenance plan.
External turbulence interaction with a columnar vortex

A study was performed using direct numerical simulation to examine the interaction of external turbulence with a nominally columnar, large-scale vortex at a vortex Reynolds number $\hbox{\it Re}_V \,{\equiv}\, \Gamma / \nu \,{=}\, 3000$. A multi-step procedure is used to generate initial conditions in which the external turbulence has the wrapped, nearly azimuthal form characteristic of turbulence around a large-scale vortex structure. The proper-orthogonal decomposition method is used to extract specific modes of the vortex turbulence that dominate the kinetic energy and enstrophy fields. The effect of turbulence initial intensity and length scale on the turbulence structure and its influence on the large-scale vortex are examined. It is observed that the external turbulence wraps around the large-scale vortex and advects radially inward toward the vortex core. The dominant axial length scale of the external turbulence appears to scale with the vortex core diameter, with the mode with the largest enstrophy having a wavelength of about twice the core diameter. The turbulence induces a bending wave on the vortex core with axial wavelength approximately equal to the dominant wavelength of the external turbulence. The turbulent enstrophy decays according to a power-law expression for cases with moderate initial turbulence intensity. For sufficiently strong initial turbulence intensity, the turbulence breaks up the large-scale vortex core, creating strong turbulence within the vortex core.
Dielectric Relaxation Study of a Liquid Crystal with a Sm C^* to N^* Transition Sequence

A dielectric relaxation study of a liquid crystal (CS-2005) with a phase sequence of Sm C*–N*–Iso was performed to investigate the molecular dynamics associated with the phase transitions. An extra relaxational mode in a low frequency (below 100 Hz) region was found in N* and Iso phases. The mechanism of phase transition of the liquid crystal (CS-2005) with a phase transition sequence of Sm C*–N*–Iso and the origin of the low frequency relaxational mode were investigated.
On the finite‐differences schemes for the numerical solution of two dimensional Schrödinger equation

In this study three different finite‐differences schemes are presented for numerical solution of two‐dimensional Schrödinger equation. The finite difference schemes developed for this purpose are based on the (1, 5) fully explicit scheme, and the (5, 5) Noye‐Hayman fully implicit technique, and the (3, 3) Peaceman and Rachford alternating direction implicit (ADI) formula. These schemes are second order accurate. The results of numerical experiments are presented, and CPU times needed for this problem are reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 752–758, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/num.10029.
Asymptotically optimal grouping for maximum likelihood estimation of weibull parameters

The problem of determining the asymptotically optimal group limits of a sample, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters in a 2-parameter Weibull distribution, is studied in this paper. The asymptotically optimal group limits (optimal interval length) in unequi-class iequi-class) grouped sample are (is) computed with various number of groups. The asymptotic relative efficiencies of the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are also computed for the optimally grouped sample.
Monadic Boolean algebras with an automorphism and their relation to Df 2 -algebras

In this work, we initiate an investigation of the class B T k m of monadic Boolean algebras endowed with a monadic automorphism of period k . These algebras constitute a generalization of monadic symmetric Boolean algebras. We determine the congruences on these algebras and we characterize the subdirectly irreducible algebras. This last result allows us to prove that B T k m is a discriminator variety and as a consequence, the principal congruences are characterized. Finally, we explore, in the ﬁnite case, the relationship between this class and the class Df 2 of diagonal-free two-dimensional cylindric algebras.
Three-dimensional evolution of the fast reconnection mechanism in a force-free current sheet

Extending the previous simulation model with the plane symmetry boundaries, the present paper studies the three-dimensional (3D) fast reconnection evolution in the presence of an initial sheared field by employing the axis symmetry boundary conditions. The fast reconnection evolution for the open system, where the reconnection outflow is open to free space, is not significantly influenced by the sheared field, although for the larger magnitude of the sheared field its onset time is more delayed and the fast reconnection process tends to proceed more steadily. In any case, the diffusion region remains to be localized around the X neutral line, and the fast reconnection outflow jet is accelerated to the Alfven velocity by standing slow shocks. The initial sheared field lines are swept away by the reconnection jet, and attached to the jet, a large-scale plasmoid is formed and propagates outward. In the plasmoid, the reconnected sheared field lines are accumulated near the interface between the reconnection jet and the plasmoid, and the sheared field is piled up in the form of a core. The 3D plasmoid propagation is considerably distorted in the direction of the sheared magnetic field since the plasma tends to be accelerated along the sheared field lines.