Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRANSITIONAL FLOW IN CHANNEL JUNCTIONS

On the basis of energy and continuity equations a simple one-dimensional formulation was proposed to predict the transitional flow at an open-channel junction. An empilical relation between the junction losses, the junction angle, and the discharge ratio was suggested which agrees well with the experimental results. The results calculated by the present formulation for the depth ratio were compared with the results of earlier one-dimensional formulations and experiments. It is found that the present results coincide better with experiments than those of others.
The effect of X-ray dust scattering on a bright burst from the magnetar 1E 1547.0-5408

A bright burst, followed by an X-ray tail lasting ˜10 ks, was detected during an XMM-Newton observation of the magnetar 1E 1547.0-5408 carried out on 2009 February 3. The burst, also observed by Swift/BAT, had a spectrum well fitted by the sum of two blackbodies with temperatures of ˜4 and 10 keV and a fluence in the 0.3-150 keV energy range of ˜10-5 erg cm-2. The X-ray tail had a fluence of ˜4 × 10-8 erg cm-2. Thanks to the knowledge of the distances and relative optical depths of three dust clouds between us and 1E 1547.0-5408, we show that most of the X-rays in the tail can be explained by dust scattering of the burst emission, except for the first ˜20-30 s. We point out that other X-ray tails observed after strong magnetar bursts may contain a non-negligible contribution due to dust scattering.
Characteristics of polyester composite reinforced hybrid Hibiscus tiliaceust bark and palm fibers as harrow comb (leveler) material

In the present research preparation and characterization of polyester composite reinforced hybrid fiber Hibiscus tiliaceust bark fiber (HTBF) and palm fibers (PF). PF is obtained from palm plantation in Kekait village. HTBF has gained from the beach Krandangan, West Lombok, Indonesia. The fibers were treated with alkali by soaking it in 5% NaOH solution for 2 days Composites were made using the vacuum infusion method. The matrix used is polyester resin BTQN 157. The volume fractions between palm fibers (PF) and Hibiscus tiliaceust bark fiber (HTBF) are, 5% : 25%, 10% : 20%, 15% : 15%, and 20% : 10 %. Specimens for tensile testing using the ASTM D638-03 Type I standard and impact testing using the Izod method, specimens using the ASTM D256-03 standard, and further Observation of the specimen fracture was carried out using Canon EOS 700D Kit (EF S18-55 IS STM) camera. The results of this study indicate the addition of the volume fraction of palm fiber (PF), affects the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, impact toughness and the extent of the fracture shape of the specimen. As the volume fraction of PF increases, the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture area increases, but the impact toughness of the specimen decreases. The specimen is suitable to be used as a leveler, mainly crushing and destroying paddy fields
TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA CARBON FOOTPRINTS

We present convincing evidence of unburned carbon at photospheric velocities in new observations of five Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Nearby Supernova Factory. These SNe are identified by examining 346 spectra from 124 SNe obtained before +2.5 days relative to maximum. Detections are based on the presence of relatively strong C ii λ6580 absorption “notches” in multiple spectra of each SN, aided by automated fitting with the SYNAPPS code. Four of the five SNe in question are otherwise spectroscopically unremarkable, with ions and ejection velocities typical of SNe Ia, but spectra of the fifth exhibit high-velocity (v > 20, 000 km s−1) Si ii and Ca ii features. On the other hand, the light curve properties are preferentially grouped, strongly suggesting a connection between carbon-positivity and broadband light curve/color behavior: three of the five have relatively narrow light curves but also blue colors and a fourth may be a dust-reddened member of this family. Accounting for signal to noise and phase, we estimate that 22+10 − 6% of SNe Ia exhibit spectroscopic C ii signatures as late as −5 days with respect to maximum. We place these new objects in the context of previously recognized carbon-positive SNe Ia and consider reasonable scenarios seeking to explain a physical connection between light curve properties and the presence of photospheric carbon. We also examine the detailed evolution of the detected carbon signatures and the surrounding wavelength regions to shed light on the distribution of carbon in the ejecta. Our ability to reconstruct the C ii λ6580 feature in detail under the assumption of purely spherical symmetry casts doubt on a “carbon blobs” hypothesis, but does not rule out all asymmetric models. A low volume filling factor for carbon, combined with line-of-sight effects, seems unlikely to explain the scarcity of detected carbon in SNe Ia by itself.
Effects of objective and subjective indicators of economic inequality on subjective well‐being: Underlying mechanisms

Much research found that economic inequality—the dispersion of incomes distribution among individuals in a society—affects subjective well‐being (SWB). As a meta‐analysis has shown, the association between economic inequality, commonly measured by the Gini index, and individuals' SWB is weak and not significant. Psychosocial research suggests that the situational perception, rather than objective reality, has a greater impact on individuals. Our aim was to investigate whether and how objective and subjective measures of economic inequality affect the subjective individuals' well‐being, both in its affective and cognitive components. A representative Italian sample (N = 1446, 51% women;average age = 42.42 years, SD = 12.87) answered an online survey. Multilevel regressions detected a negative and significant effect of the inequality perception on well‐being. In contrast, the Gini index showed no effect. Two psychological mechanisms explain the association between perceived inequality and well‐being: Perceived anger toward inequality and individuals' economic vulnerability. The parallel mediation models showed that the effect of perceived inequality is conveyed by cognitive (economic vulnerability) and emotional (anger) processing of inequality. Findings also highlighted the role of the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR]
Explicating the adoption of an innovation Fintech Value Chain Financing from Aarti (Middlemen) perspective in Pakistan

In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, the Fintech industry and Islamic banking were striving to fill the existing void through innovation and different business approaches. Losing trust in conventional banking, advancement of technology and internet globally, and customers craving for trustworthy and reliable financial systems are the main incentives of expansion and growth of Fintech and Islamic Finance. In view of this growth, the current study tests the adoption of the novel mechanism Fintech Value Chain Financing (FVCF) using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model among potential users, Aarti (middlemen) in the agriculture sector. A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted; 500 questionnaires were distributed following purposive sampling to collect data for analysis. Findings revealed that perceived benefits expectancy, perceived efforts expectancy, perceived credibility, anxiety, and consumer innovativeness are strong predictors of adoption of FVCF. This study is pioneer in its kind. The study’s contribution to the literature is a newly operationalized instrument for the constructs along with other variables that extend the UTAUT model and the findings provide new insights to consider the UTAUT model to segregate organization based variables. This study is beneficial for the practitioners in Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) to update the financial system by using the FVCF.
A numerical study of the stability of radiative shocks. [in accretion flows onto white dwarf stars]

Attention is given to the oscillatory instability of optically thin radiative shocks in time-dependent numerical calculations of accretion flows onto degenerate dwarfs. The present nonlinear calculations yield good quantitative agreement with the linear results obtained for oscillation frequencies, damping rates, and critical alpha-values. The fundamental mode and the first overtone in the shock radius and luminosity variations can be clearly identified, and evidence is sometimes seen for the second overtone. Time-dependent calculations are also performed which include additional physics relevant to degenerate dwarf accretion, such as electron thermal conduction, unequal electron and ion temperatures, Compton cooling, and relativistic corrections to the bremsstrahlung cooling law. All oscillatory modes are found to be damped, and hence stable, in the case of a 1-solar mass white dwarf accreting in spherical symmetry.
Impact of COVID‐19 on Children's Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomology, Daily Life, and Problem Behavior During Virtual Learning

ABSTRACT To explore the impact of COVID‐19 on daily life and problem behavior during virtual learning, we created and administered a survey to 64 school‐aged children (in 2019, M = 9.84 years; SD = 0.55 years). Results indicated significant increases in hyperactivity (t = −2.259; p = .027) and inattention (t = −2.811; p = .007) from 2019 to 2020. Decreases in sleep were associated with increases in hyperactivity (B = −0.27; p = .04); increases in time exercising were associated with smaller increases in inattention (B = −0.34, p = .01); and higher levels of parent stress, specifically related to virtual learning, were associated with increases in child inattention (B = 0.57, p = .01). Furthermore, hyperactivity predicted problem behavior during virtual learning (B = 0.31, p = .03).
Long‐term annual and spatial variation of polygyny in the white‐throated dipper (Cinclus cinclus)

Abstract Mating strategies are key components in the fitness of organisms, and notably in birds the occurrence of monogamy versus polygyny has attracted wide interest. We address this by a very comprehensive dataset (2899 breeding events spanning the years 1978–2019) of the white‐throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. Though the mating system of this species has been regarded as generally monogamous, we find that 7% of all breeding events were performed by polygynous males (approximately 15% of all pairs). The fraction of polygyny has been stable over the entire study period irrespective of population size. The assumption that polygyny is most common at low population density was not supported. Surprisingly, there was no difference between polygynous and monogamous males with regard to the quality of the territories they inhabited, ranked according to their overall frequency of use. The most common age group, first‐year breeders, dominated among monogamous males, while among polygynous males second‐year breeders were most common, followed by third and first‐year breeders. The primary females were in general older than females mated to monogamous males, also when controlled for their general frequency in the population. The majority of the two females mated to a polygynous male, bred in the vicinity of each other. The probability for a male to be involved in polygyny more than once, was significantly higher than by chance, suggesting phenotypic quality differences among males.
Probing neutron star interiors with pulsar glitches

Abstract Pulsar glitches are thought to be probes of the superfluid interior of neutron stars. These sudden jumps in frequency observed in many pulsars are generally assumed to be the macroscopic manifestation of superfluid vortex motion on a microscopic scale. Resolving and modelling such phenomena on the scale of a neutron star is, however, a challenging problem which still remains open, fifty years after the discovery of pulsars. In this article I will review recent theoretical progress, both on the microscopic level and on the macroscopic level, and discuss which constraints on the models can be provided by observations.
Application of Tritium Tracer Technique to Determination of Hydrogen Diffusion Coefficients and Permeation Rate near Room Temperature for Tungsten

Abstract Applying a tritium tracer technique, we have investigated hydrogen plasma driven permeation (PDP) through tungsten (W) near room temperature. The technique was confirmed to give reliable data on diffusion and permeation coefficients of pure W for gas driven permeation (GDP), and then it was applied to observe PDP in W near room temperature. It was found that PDP in earlier phase was controlled by diffusion giving reliable diffusion coefficients. Taking literature data at higher temperatures and present ones near room temperature determined from PDP into account, we have proposed new diffusion coefficients DUpper limit = (3.8±0.4)x10-7 exp ((-39.8±1.5) (kJ/mol)/RT), m2s-1. (1) The activation energy for permeation determined by PDP was similar to that by GDP. The extrapolation of the present data to higher temperature agreed well with Frauenfelder’s data, suggesting the activation energy of around 65 kJ/mol for permeation is quite reasonable. However prolonged measurements resulted in significant reduction of PDP. The cause of the reduction was attributed to the increase of reemission owing to surface cleaning and/or roughening by incidence of energetic hydrogen.
Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Optical Metafluids

nanospheres. The particles can serve as seeds for the growth of larger octahedra which can in turn be etched. The size of the gold nanospheres can therefore be adjusted as desired. We further show that in colloidal mixtures of two sphere species that strongly bind to one another, the sphere size ratio determines the size distribution of self-assembled clusters. At a critical size ratio, tetrahedral clusters assemble in high yield. We explain the experimentally observed 90% yield with a nonequilibrium “random parking” model based on irreversible binding. Simulations based on this model reveal that 100% yield of tetrahedra is possible in principle. Finally, we combine these results and present methods for the self-assembly and purification of tetrahedral plasmonic nanoclusters, the simplest building blocks for isotropic metafluids.
Analytical Core Mass Function (CMF) from Filaments: Under Which Circumstances Can Filament Fragmentation Reproduce the CMF?

Observations suggest that star formation in filamentary molecular clouds occurs in a two-step process, with the formation of filaments preceding that of prestellar cores and stars. Here, we apply the gravoturbulent fragmentation theory of Hennebelle & Chabrier to a filamentary environment, taking into account magnetic support. We discuss the induced geometrical effect on the cores, with a transition from 3D geometry at small scales to 1D at large ones. The model predicts the fragmentation behavior of a filament for a given mass per unit length (MpL) and level of magnetization. This core mass function (CMF) for individual filaments is then convolved with the distribution of filaments to obtain the final system CMF. The model yields two major results. (i) The filamentary geometry naturally induces a hierarchical fragmentation process, first into groups of cores, separated by a length equal to a few filament Jeans lengths, i.e., a few times the filament width. These groups then fragment into individual cores. (ii) Non-magnetized filaments with high MpL are found to fragment excessively, at odds with observations. This is resolved by taking into account the magnetic field (treated simply as additional pressure support). The present theory suggests two complementary modes of star formation: although small (spherical or filamentary) structures will collapse directly into prestellar cores, according to the standard Hennebelle–Chabrier theory, the large (filamentary) ones, the dominant population according to observations, will follow the aforedescribed two-step process.
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Birth at Irene-Neto Lubango Provincial Maternity- Huila /Angola

According to WHO (2018), almost 15 million babies are born every year before 37 weeks of pregnancy, the majority taking place in Sub Saharan Africa and in south Asia. Preterm birth is a common complication of pregnancy and usually bore heavy short- and long-term medical, socio-economic and financial burden to the affected children, the family, the heath system and the community as all. Angola with one of the highest fertility rates in the world, 6.2 according to the DHS 2015-2016, coupled with the fact that preterm birth is regarded as a traumatic social even for the parent and a quite expensive condition to the health system will need to stablish the main risk factors for preterm birth in order to inform strategies to prevent its occurrence. We conducted an hospital based cross sectional study to determine the prevalence and the risk factors of preterm birth at Irene Neto Maternity Hospital- Lubango-Angola. Three trained research assistants were recruited from the post labour wards and the new born unit and trained to collect data. Gestational age was calculated using a standard obstetric wheel based on menstrual dates or first trimester ultrasound (when available). A Newborn clinical assessment using the Finnstrom Score aided by a printed pictorial scoring chart was then conducted within 24 hours of birth, by a trained medical Doctor for confirmation. 17.7% of women giving birth at Lubango maternity hospital had a preterm new-born. Among the socio- demographics factors, only maternal age (p :0.021), family income(p:0.032), use of alcohol (p: 0.013) and lack ANC (p: <0.001) were associated with premature birth. Clinical factors found to increase the risk of premature birth included Antecedent of hypertension (p: 0.021), Preeclampsia (p: 0.026), Malaria (p:0.001) and multiple gestation (p: 0.01). Only antecedent of premature birth (p:0.0049), lack of antenatal care (p<0.001), malaria (p:0.009) and multiple gestation (p: 0.001) remained significant after controlling for confounders. Premature birth is still a public health problem in Angola, principally among pregnant women who do not attend ANC clinic and those with multiple gestation. Malaria infection during pregnancy as well as preeclampsia are also serious predictors of premature birth. With a prevalence of 17.7%, premature birth is a still a serious problem at lubangopediatric hospital and deserve a multisectoral well-coordinated action. ANC clinic should be actively promoted, improved and expended. Pregnant women with antecedent of premature birth should be closely monitored Preeclampsia and malaria should be prevented, searched and serious treated when present during pregnancy. We the recommend a Multicentre and large sample size, longitudinal observational analytic study for better understanding of the principal predictors at a country level.
Laryngeal complications after endotracheal intubation and prone positioning in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Laryngeal complications have been reported after endotracheal intubation and prone positioning in patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), but their association is unclear. In this study, we investigated the rate of laryngeal complications in patients with COVID‐19 compared to an alternative condition (control group).
Diffuse radio emission in the complex merging galaxy cluster Abell2069

Galaxy clusters with signs for a recent merger show in many cases extended diffuse radio features. This emission originates from relativistic electrons which suffer synchrotron losses due to the intra-cluster magnetic field. The mechanisms of the particle acceleration and the properties of the magnetic field are still poorly understood. We search for diffuse radio emission in galaxy clusters. Here, we study the complex galaxy cluster Abell 2069, for which X-ray observations indicate a recent merger. We investigate the cluster's radio continuum emission by deep Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) observations at 346 MHz and a Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observation at 322 MHz. We find an extended diffuse radio feature roughly coinciding with the main component of the cluster. We classify this emission as a radio halo and estimate its lower limit flux density to 25 +/- 9 mJy. Moreover, we find a second extended diffuse source located at the cluster's companion and estimate its flux density to 15 +/- 2 mJy. We speculate that this is a small halo or a mini-halo. If true, this cluster is the first example of a double-halo in a single galaxy cluster.
Phenomenology of dark radiation and string compactifications

In this Thesis I explore aspects of dark radiation and its role in String Phenomenology. Dark radiation is any additional hidden type of relativistic matter present in the Universe today, conventionally labelled as an "excess effective number of neutrino species", Δ N eff . It provides a powerful test of hitherto untested theoretical models based on fundamental theories such as String Theory. I begin by considering dark radiation in the LARGE Volume Scenario, a phenomenologically viable class of string compactifications. First I review how the minimal setup slightly overproduces axionic dark radiation via modulus decay. I then demonstrate that loop corrections to the main competing visible-sector decay process have a negligible effect and are unable to alleviate the tension with observations. In the following chapter I explore fibred extensions of the LARGE Volume Scenario. The predictions for Δ N eff are qualitatively different: in particular, models with a sequestered visible sector on D3 branes at a singularity are swamped by massless axions and decisively ruled out. I then consider TeV-scale supersymmetry in a model with anisotropic modulus stabilisation. If the Standard Model is realised on D7 branes wrapping the small volume cycle a hierarchy of soft terms is generated, which may have applications to natural supersymmetry. The final chapter takes a different approach and investigates the proposition that dark radiation, in the form of a Cosmic Axion Background, could explain the long-standing soft X-ray excess from galaxy clusters. I show for the Coma cluster that the morphology of the excess can be reproduced by axion-photon conversion in the intracluster magnetic field, provided the field is allowed to have more structure on smaller scales than typically assumed based on Faraday rotation data. This explanation requires an inverse axion-photon coupling M ∼ 10 11 - 10 12 GeV and a mean axion energy (E CAB ) ∼ 50 - 250 eV.