Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Landscape and early farming settlement dynamics in central Greece

Current hyperintensive surface survey in the Tanagra district of Boeotia, central Greece (J. L. Bintliff et al., 2002), together with a recent reanalysis of survey results from the Thespiae district (J. L. Bintliff et al., 1999), have led to a radical rethinking of how and where early farmers exploited the Greek landscape between earliest Neolithic and Early Bronze Age times. This new work is described, and its significance for the wider debates about the Greek landscape in this period is further discussed, to demonstrate that alongside widely spaced villages in earlier Neolithic times there were also small, short‐lived farms; both were associated with wetland hand cultivation. In later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age times, these locations remained, but vestigial traces discovered by hyperintensive survey methods have identified an explosion of small, short‐lived, and horizontally migrating farms across the newly cleared interfluve zones. A largely lost alluvial terrace provides a major resource for the earlier, wetland farming foci. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications by British Occupational Therapy Authors

Background: A bibliometric analysis was completed of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015 written by British occupational therapy authors that was indexed in the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-Expanded) or Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases. Methods: “Occupational therapy” and “occupational therapist” were used as keywords to search journal articles’ publication title, abstract, author details, keywords, and
A new genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia: bridging the Triassic Jurassic gap

Both the genus Shastasaurus and the family Shastasauridae have long been hard to define due to the fragmentary nature of the type specimens. Consequently, recent interpretations of the genus have been based almost entirely on Shastasaurus neoscapularis from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia. Two new specimens of this taxon, from Pink Mountain, British Columbia, demonstrate that it does not belong in the genus Shastasaurus. This paper describes the new specimens, and refers the species to Metashastasaurus gen nov. Post-cranially, the skeleton of Metashastasaurus resembles that of shastasaurids, differing primarily only in the shape of the scapula and fibula. However, the skull has a unique combination of characters, including large diamond-shaped frontals that enter the supratemporal fenestrae, and very narrow posterior extensions of the nasals, which contact the postfrontals. It also differs from the skull of Shastasaurus in the presence of both a parietal ridge and postparietal she.
Model Climatology of the Mexican Monsoon

Abstract The Mexican monsoon is a significant feature in the climate of the southwestern United States and Mexico during the summer months. Rainfall in northwestern Mexico during the months of July through September accounts for 60% to 80% of the total annual rainfall, while rainfall in Arizona for these same months accounts for over 40% of the total annual rainfall. Deep convection during the monsoon season produces frequent damaging surface winds, flash flooding, and hail and is a difficult forecast problem. Past numerical simulations frequently have been unable to reproduce the widespread, heavy rains over Mexico and the southwestern United States associated with the monsoon. The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model is used to simulate 32 successive 24-h periods during the monsoon season. Mean fields produced by the model simulations are compared against observations to validate the ability of the model to reproduce many of the observed features, includ.
The large ichthyosaur Cymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with a survey of the genus in Europe

ABSTRACT The anterior half of an ichthyosaur skeleton from the Middle Triassic Grenzbitumenzone Beds of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland, is described as Cymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov. When compared with Cymbospondylus petrinus from the Middle Triassic of Nevada, C. buchseri shows several advanced features, in part due to increased aquatic adaptation. In the skull, the postorbital region is shortened, and the orbits are slightly enlarged. The pectoral girdle and forelimb bones are wider and less constricted. The humerus is almost as wide as long, thus differing greatly from the humerus of C. petrinus. In the Middle Triassic of Europe, Cymbospondylus occurs in the southern Alps of Italy (a specimen formerly described as Shastasaurus sp.) and in the Muschelkalk Beds of northern Switzerland and Germany, in addition to Monte San Giorgio. Thus Cymbospondylus appears to have had a cosmopolitan distribution.
Holes in the nightside ionosphere of Venus

Measurements of electron density and temperature by the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe have been employed to examine the characteristics and morphology of ionospheric holes in the antisolar ionosphere of Venus. The holes apparently exist as north-south pairs which penetrate the ionosphere vertically down to altitudes as low as 160 km. Magnetic field measurements show that the holes are permeated by strong radial fields whose pressure is sufficient to balance the plasma pressure of the surrounding ionosphere. The electron temperature in the holes is substantially cooler than the surrounding ionosphere, except in the lowest density regions of the holes where the temperatures greatly exceed the ionosphere temperature. The low temperatures and the low densities of the holes are consistent with the strong radial magnetic fields which inhibit horizontal transport of plasma and thermal energy from the surrounding ionosphere. Plasma depletion processes associated with magnetotail electric fields may be important in the formation of the holes.
Field experiment in Soultz-sous-Forêts, 1993: Changes of the pattern of induced seismicity

The data of the known field experiment on water injection in the borehole were analyzed. Parameters of self-similarity of seismicity were estimated in comparison with the changes of water pressure. Changes of seismicity parameters that indicate the redistribution of the failure from lower scales to upper are revealed. The total number of earthquakes per series of the water initiation found to be depended exponentially on the water pressure and seismic activity maximum is delayed gradually relative to beginning of initiation. The growth of induced seismicity zone in time differs from diffusion model for water flow in the porous medium. Analysis carried out from laboratory data indicates that diffusion growth of the failure area may be realized in the dry specimen, without fluid. It could be assumed that both kinetic processes — water and the failure diffusion — can be significant for the development of seismicity induced by the water injection.
A morphological investigation of burnt animal bone and an evaluation of its utility in archaeology

Abstract In 1984 Shipman and colleagues proposed a series of stages by which temperature of burning could be recognized from bone colour, mineral crystal size and surface morphology using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study investigates whether the changes in colour and surface morphology recognized for large mammal bone can be observed on other vertebrate bone, and if so whether at the same temperatures. Diagenesis is also considered in terms of its effects on crystal structure, and the relevance of the temperature-induced diagnostic changes assessed for archaeological bone. The results indicate that mammal and non-mammal bones undergo a similar range of colour and morphological changes with heating, but the temperature at which each stage is reached may vary. A wider range of surface morphologies was observed on bone exposed to temperatures above 700°C than has been documented before. Similar surface modifications have been recognized on some archaeological bones, but diagenetically-induced surface erosion and recrystallization may complicate interpretation. Inspection using a low power optical microscope is a valuable precursor to SEM investigation, and may sometimes provide sufficient proof of heating.
Estimates of the Earth's inner core grain size

Estimates of the Earth's inner core grain size range from 1200 km to 5 mm. A review of the experimental data shows that the single crystal elastic anisotropy of hexagonal closest‐packed (hcp) titanium and zirconium, thought to be good analogs for high pressure hcp iron, increases continuously with temperature, from 4–5% at 4 K to about 11% at the body‐centered cubic (bcc) transition. Thus, in order to match the seismic elastic anisotropy of about 4%, the inner core cannot behave elastically as a single crystal. Several lines of evidence suggest a 5 mm grain size is unrealistically small. They include that core solidification promotes forming non‐equiaxed grains extrapolated to have a smallest dimension of hundreds of meters, that should deformation result in dynamic recrystallization the minimum steady state grain size is likely to be . 1 to 10 meters for geophysically plausible stresses, and that iron meteorites over a meter in extent have typically cooled from single crystals. By assuming the observed seismic attenuation anisotropy is due to scattering off cylindrically radial columnar grain boundaries, the shorter grain dimension is again estimated to be hundreds of meters.
Compaction of forest soils. A review

The problem of soil compaction in forestry differs from that in agriculture because of differences in the nature of the crop, in particular the weight and size of the plant members and the length of time that they persist. The roots compact the soil as they increase in size, but they also transmit the weight of the tree and forces generated by the wind onto the soil. There are important differences in management practices; in forestry modern harvesting machines apply heavy loads and, for reasons of cost, tend to be kept in operation throughout the year. As a consequence the structure of the soil suffers some damage, often manifested as compaction. Compaction arising from such sources may reduce the growth of the current trees or trees subsequently planted on the site. But it is difficult to predict the extent of such reduction, if any, because of the complex of interactions involved. Important factors concerned, namely, the soil water regime and the organic matter content, are emphasized. A conceptual model is proposed as a predictive tool. The mechanics of soil compaction, the effects of compaction on the physical properties of the soil, and techniques for the prevention and amelioration of compaction of forest soils, are discussed.
Effects of Contour Ridge Benches on Several Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics at the El Ghrifettes Site (Zaghouan, Tunisia)

The present study investigates the effects of contour ridge benches (CRBs) on several physical and chemical characteristics, such as soil depth, texture, rock fragments, organic matter, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), pH, and water content. The study site is located at an old contour ridge bench in the Tunisian Dorsal. Soil samples were collected at different relative positions of two successive CRBs and from a control plot having the same slope, land use, and soil. The results indicated that the CRB improved soil depth from 40 cm in the control plot to 90 cm near the upper side of the CRB. The highest rock fragment was found in the control plot. The soil texture had significant differences according to the sampling depth and proximity to the CRB. Although the CaCO3, total and active, depends on the sampling depth, it was slightly higher in the control plot. Considering the calcareous nature of the soil, pH and electric conductivity were not affected by relative position to the CRB. The organic matter was less than 1%, but it was improved by the CRB implementation. Finally, the water retention was increased by three-fold in the channel of the structure, compared to the control.
Oxygen-related biofacies in marine strata: an overview and update

Abstract Recent studies of contemporary basins and ancient strata have provided a basis for expanding and refining early oxygen-related marine biofacies models. New observations permit higher resolution in palaeoecological, palaeoceanographic, and basin analyses. Five oxygen-related biofacies are currently recognized. (1) Anaerobic biofacies: well-laminated strata lacking in situ macro- and microbenthic body fossils and microbioturbation; may contain well-preserved remains of nektonic vertebrates, epiplanktonic or otherwise transported invertebrates, and faecal material of planktonic and/or nektonic origin. (2) Quasi-anaerobic biofacies: laminated strata, subtly disrupted by microbioturbation, containing microbenthic body fossils but lacking in situ macrobenthic body fossils; allochthonous body fossils and recognizable planktonic faecal material may be common. (3) Exaerobic biofacies: laminated strata similar to that of anaerobic or quasianaerobic biofacies but containing in situ epibenthic macroinvertebrate body fossils. (4) Dysaerobic biofacies: bioturbated strata characterized by low-diversity assemblages of relatively small, poorly calcified macrobenthic body fossils or absence of body fossils altogether. (5) Aerobic biofacies: bioturbated strata (where physical processes do not dominate) containing diverse assemblages of relatively large, heavily calcified macrobenthic body fossils. Recognition of these biofacies facilitates the recognition of relative palaeo-oxygenation gradients along the seafloor, vertically across the sediment-water interface, and through time. Application of sensitive trace-fossil models permits even more detailed reconstructions of benthic oxygenation histories for bioturbated strata, particularly those that fall within the previously defined dysaerobic realm.
Colonizing Seascapes: Comparative Perspectives on the Development of Maritime Relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia

The lowering of global sea level during the Pleistocene by more than 100 m and subsequent inundation of coastal areas constitutes a problem in terms of general research on early maritime-oriented societies. However, post-glacial isostatic rise in glaciated regions has produced raised shorelines of Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene age, e.g., in Scandinavia, Patagonia, and North America. As these regions contain the oldest preserved coastal areas, they are imperative for the understanding of the development of maritime hunter-gatherers. The extensive Norwegian coastline appears to have been colonized in the course of the few hundred years around 9500 cal B.C. An overwhelming majority of Early Holocene sites are found in the fiord/skerry coastal landscape, indicating that marine resources were vital in the subsistence pattern of people occupying the region. The lithic tradition is clearly linked to specialized megafauna hunters in the continental plains (the Ahrensburgian complex of northwestern Europe), but the facts about and dynamics of the development of the marine subsistence pattern are unclear. This paper focuses on this problem—with comparative perspectives towards the emergence of maritime foragers in Patagonia.
Net heterotrophy and CO2 evasion from a productive calcareous reservoir: Adding complexity to the metabolism‐CO2 evasion issue

[1] The role of lacustrine systems in the global carbon cycle is a major topic in freshwater research. Most lakes release inorganic carbon to the atmosphere owing to the imbalance of net metabolism toward respiration. Most research on this topic relies on data collected in natural low-alkalinity lakes, and it therefore remains unclear what role human-made calcareous lakes play in the current paradigm. In this study, we reported inorganic carbon fluxes and net ecosystem production in a calcareous human-made reservoir in Spain using mass balances of inorganic carbon and dissolved oxygen. The inorganic carbon loadings reported are among the largest found in the literature, and the inorganic carbon pool in the reservoir depends on the net hydrological balance. The reservoir was identified as a net emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) and showed persistent net heterotrophy, although we could not find any clear dependence of CO2 emissions on the metabolic balance. The variability of inorganic carbon and the net ecosystem production were poorly correlated, suggesting that additional internal processes govern the transformation of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the water column. Considering the significant decrease in surface alkalinity occurring during the summer, carbonate precipitation may be the dominant process confounding the relationship between metabolism and inorganic carbon variability. These results indicate that the CO2 dynamics may be weakly coupled to net metabolism in calcareous systems and that net heterotrophy may occur simultaneously with eutrophic conditions and low dissolved organic carbon concentration in flushed systems such as reservoirs.
Population‐based longitudinal analyses of offer likelihood in UK medical schools: 1996–2012

The challenge of ensuring ‘fair’ selection processes confronts all medical schools around the globe. In the UK, historical analyses suggest applicants who are male, non‐White, and from less advantaged socio‐economic and school backgrounds have been less likely to be offered a place at medical school. We provide a contemporary population‐based longitudinal analysis of the likelihood of receiving an offer to read medicine in the UK stratified by key socio‐demographic characteristics.
The Murdoch Gas Field, Block 44/22a, UK Southern North Sea

Abstract The Murdoch Field was discovered in 1984 when gas was tested from the Murdoch Sandstone of the Westphalian B, Carboniferous in well 44/22-1. The field lies along an elongate NW-SE trending faulted ridge, clearly evident at Top Base Permian structural level. Six exploration and appraisal wells were drilled on the structure prior to commencing a joint development in 1992 with the adjacent Caister Field. The reservoir unit, the Murdoch Sandstone, is interpreted as a low sinuosity fluvial complex of lower Westphalian B age. It is around 120' thick and was deposited by a large NE-SW flowing braided river system in which channels stacked and amalgamated to form the sand package. Production commenced at the beginning of October 1993 making it the first Carboniferous development in the UK North Sea. The maximum deliverabihty of the field is currently about 180MMSCFD from six of the eight producers. Developed with a not-normally-manned platform facility, the gas is delivered to the Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal. Heterogeneity in reservoir quality combined with complex structural compartmentalization are the key control mechanisms on gas production in the Murdoch Field.
Water Distribution in Very High Velocity Water Jets in Air

This technical note presents the results of an experimental study on the distribution of water in very high velocity water jets in air. Three jets with diameters of 2, 2.5, and 3 mm with velocities in the range of 85–155 m/s were studied. These jets were found to have an inner region that contained most of the water with an outer region in which fine mist was carried by the induced air stream. In between, there was a transition region that might be termed the coarse mist region. In this study, the velocity of the air stream in the central and outer regions was measured with a pitot tube. These measurements were found to merge with the laser Doppler anemometer observations made earlier in the inner and central regions. The water concentration on the axis of the jet decreased rapidly with the axial distance, falling to about 2% at a distance equal to 200d, where d is the jet diameter at the nozzle. As the jet travels away from the nozzle, the relative momentum flux carried by the water phase in the jet cont.
Observation of upper tropospheric sulfur dioxide‐ and acetone‐pollution: Potential implications for hydroxyl radicaland aerosol formation

Aircraft‐based measurements of sulfur dioxide, acetone, carbon dioxide, and condensation nuclei (CN) were made over the north‐eastern Atlantic at upper tropospheric altitudes, around 9000 m. On October 14, 1993, strong SO2‐ and acetone‐pollution (both up to 3 ppbv) were observed, which were accompanied by a CO2‐enhancement of up to 6 ppmv, and large CN‐concentrations of up to about 1500 cm−3 (for radii ≥ 6 nm). CN, excess CO2, and to a lesser degree also acetone, were positively correlated with SO2. Air mass trajectory analyses indicate, that most of the air masses encountered by our aircraft originated from the polluted planetary boundary layer of the North‐Eastern U. S. approximately 4–5 days prior to our measurements, and that polluted boundary layer air experienced fast vertical transport to the upper troposphere as well as horizontal transport across the Atlantic. From our data we conclude, that in the polluted air mass around 9000 m altitude HOx‐formation, photochemical SO2‐conversion to gaseous H2SO4, and eventually also CN‐formation by homogeneous bimolecular (H2SO4‐H2O) nucleation may have taken place with enhanced efficiency.
Evidence from correlated Ir/Os and Cu/S for late-stage Os mobility in peridotite xenoliths: Implications for Re-Os systematics

Combined Ir, Os, Cu, and S concentrations from 18 eastern Australian peridotite xenoliths demonstrate systematic variations in Os concentrations with S loss and require a late-stage process capable of fractionating Os from the geochemically similar Ir. This effect accounts for the greater variability and lower mean Os concentrations observed in peridotite xenoliths as compared with massif peridotites and abyssal peridotites. Late-stage mobility of Os in xenoliths has important implications for interpreting Os isotopic data, and strong correlations between Cu/S and Ir/Os may provide a method for screening Re-Os data to provide more reliable Os isotopic model ages. The ability of cryptic secondary processes to fractionate some platinum-group elements (PGEs), in this case Ir and Os, must be taken into account before attributing fractionated PGE patterns in xenoliths to primary mantle processes.
The particle size characteristics of fine-grained channel deposits in the River Exe Basin, Devon, UK

Deposition and storage of fine-grained ( 95% 62·5 μm sized particles. Spatial variation in the effective particle size and aggregation parameters was of secondary importance relative to temporal variation. The effective particle size distribution of the FGBS was consistently coarser and more aggregated than the associated suspended sediment and there was evidence of aggregate break-up in samples of resuspended bed sediment. The implications of these findings for sediment transport modelling are considered. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.