Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF CREDIT RATINGS ON FIRMS’ CAPITAL STRUCTURE

In today’s financial markets, credit ratings play a significant role on the creditworthiness of firms as it represents the ability of a firm paying back debt and firm’s risk of default. The purpose of this study is to empirically evaluate the impact of credit ratings on firms leverage decisions. This paper examines firms leverage behavior with the discrete benefits of higher credit rating hypothesis presented by Kisgen (2009). The empirical tests were designed based on the Partial Adjustment Model by Flannery and Rangan (2006). Firms that have faced a downgrade are more likely to reduce their financial leverage by reducing debts and issuing equity, with conscious of the costs of doing so. While firms that been upgraded from speculative grade to investment grade do little changes in their capital structure to maintain the discrete benefits attributable to higher credit ratings. The results of this paper are persisted with CR-CS hypothesis.
Clausal embedding in Washo: Complementation vs. modification1

This paper concerns the embedding properties of two classes of verbs that are generally taken to differ with respect to factivity. Adding to this line of work, we contribute novel data from Washo, a highly endangered Hokan/isolate language spoken around Lake Tahoe in the United States, to the debate on why – and how – attitude predicates differ in the types of clauses they embed. The core of our claim is that the clausal embedding strategies of certain predicates follow from independent properties of clause types in the language, and is not tied to factivity per se. On the one hand, clausal complements of factive verbs come in the form of clausal nominalizations, whose DP-layer is responsible for encoding familiarity in a general sense (along the lines of Kastner (2015)) both in factive complements and beyond. Clauses embedded by non-factive verbs on the other hand are not selected at all, but are instead adjunct modifiers – a characteristic which follows from the fact that the attitude verbs they modify are always intransitive. This aspect of the analysis lends support to the property-analysis of ‘that’-clauses (e.g., Kratzer 2006, Moulton 2009, Elliott 2017), but only in certain instances of embedding. The proposed analysis is shown to generalize to other embedded clause types in the language in which the syntax and semantics work together to achieve different effects. The overarching goal of the paper is to rethink the relationship between factivity and clausal embedding from a more global perspective of a given language, and to elucidate the distinction between complementation and modification as available modes of embedding.
CASINO CAPITALISM? THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CRISES ON INEQUALITY, 1970 TO 2016

The ways in which countries have reacted to financial crises varies considerably. While income inequality has grown in many EU member states after the Great Recession, some countries such as the United States have experienced a significant increase in wealth inequality. A number of countries, by contrast, was able to keep these inequities at bay. We argue that the impact of financial crises on inequality differ between the type and severity of these economic shocks and that sovereign debt and exchange rate rather than banking crises increase the economic inequities. We examine the diverse income and wealth inequality effects to more than 50 financial crises across the OECD member states from 1970 to 2010. The empirical evidence supports our conjecture of different distributive effects of varying types of crises.
No. 018/2020/FIN Liquid Stock as an Acquisition Currency

We examine how stock liquidity affects acquisitions. We hypothesize that liquidity enhances acquirer stock as an acquisition currency, especially when the target is relatively less liquid. As hypothesized, more liquid firms are more likely to make acquisitions and the difference in stock liquidity between acquirer and target firms increases payment with stock, reduces acquisition premiums, and improves acquirer announcement returns in equity deals. To exploit benefits of liquidity, firms take steps to improve stock liquidity prior to stock acquisitions. Our empirical identification relies on policy initiatives that exogenously increase stock liquidity. JEL classification: G30, G34
PHASE DEPENDENT DISCREPANCY IN MURINE VAGINAL MICRO-ENVIRONMENT: A CORRELATIVE ANALYSIS OF pH, GLYCOGEN AND SERUM ESTROGEN UPON EXPOSURE TO LAPATINIB DITOSYLATE

Objective: This present investigation was designed to correlate the Hydrogen-ion concentration of vaginal fluid with glycogen content and serum estrogen level during different phases of mice reproductive cycle. These parameters were compared with the control and treated animals to set off this factor in the field of reproductive toxicological studies. Methods: Female Swiss Albino mice [6-8 w] with regular estrous cyclicity were separated out into two groups as control [only HPMC] and treated [lapatinib in HPMC] animals. The treatment was carried out consecutively for 21 d via oral gavage at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d. Estrous cycle, pH and glycogen content of vaginal fluid was monitored on daily basis. At the end of the experiment period, serum estrogen level was quantified by ELISA method. Results: Significant changes were observed in diestrus index, estrogen, and glycogen content with respect to their reproductive phases. In particular, the higher variations, seen within and between groups in estrous phase, suggest the maximum inhibitory potential exhibited by the drug used, was due to the elevated expression of its receptors [EGFR] at the time of oocyte maturation and ovulation. Conclusion: Even, a change by one pH unit may illustrate the difference between healthy and heavily infected vaginal flora. Although, the pH value of vaginal secretions is not routinely used and compared with other parameters in the toxicological studies. This present study has become the trend set for considering pH as a valuable tool in in vivo studies. Keywords: Estrous cycle, Vaginal pH, Phenol red, Glycogen, Estrogen, Correlation analysis
On the nature and expression of ethnic prejudice:

In Study 1 (N = 120), pictures of violent behavior taking place within or between ethnic groups were rated under different instructions. A strong crossover effect was found: interracial violence was reported as relatively more threatening under the instruction that the study concerned anxiety, whereas violence among Whites was reported as more threatening under the instruction that the study concerned stereotyping. In a separate task participants made trait ratings based on faces of members of different ethnic groups. Black men (but not Black women) received very positive ratings. Study 2 (N = 58) replicated this finding, showing it to be unrelated to both self-reported motivation to appear unprejudiced and to prevalent naive theories on how different ethnic groups are evaluated (theory-based correction). Results are discussed in terms of correction mechanisms and self-presentation concerns.
FOURIER TRANSFORM OF THE HEAT KERNEL ON THE HEISENBERG GROUP∗†

In this paper an explicit formula is given for the Fourier transform of the ”heat” kernel on the Heisenberg group at every point of the dual space, as given in Folland. By a result of Siebert we obtain for each of the above representation a strongly continuous contraction semigroup. For these semigroups the formula of their infinitesimal generator is given. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 43A30, 60B15.
Working Papers in Responsible Banking & Finance Hometown Lending

Banks open more branches and make more lending near their Chief Executive Officers’ (CEOs) childhood hometowns. The effects are stronger among informationally opaque borrowers and among CEOs who spend more time in their childhood hometowns. Furthermore, loans originated near CEOs’ hometowns contain more soft information and have lower ex-post default rates, implying that hometown loans are more informed. Hometown lending does not affect aggregate bank outcomes, suggesting that credit is being reallocated from regions located farther away to regions proximate to bank CEOs’ hometowns. WP No 20-013 3rd Quarter 2020
Title: Do Spanish firms learn more from national or international networks?

In the present study, we compare the impact of the concentration of production, employment, export and import on the total factor productivity of Spanish firms. To this aim, we use a modified version of the Olley and Pakes method (1996) that allows us to control for possible endogeneity bias that emerges from the fact that firms may internalise the potential gains they could obtain from a localisation. At the regional level, increasing production concentration of workers of determined industry, and exports and imports in general, would increase the total factor productivity of firms located in this region. Though, some congestion economies could occur at the industry level. Small plants are the firms that benefit more from the experience of other firms in the vicinity, especially from the one of exporters. Large firms and traders would also benefit from an increase in the production and internationalisation of other firms, in particular those of the same industry.
Reproductive Activities of Rosy Finches, with Special Reference to Montana

THE Gray-crowned Rosy Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis) is found throughout the higher mountains of western North America and is one of the few species of birds which breed in the alpine (Arctic) zone. Few detailed nesting records of the species exist because most of this high, rugged country is inaccessible by road and all of it has a short summer season. However, Logan Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, offers a unique opportunity to reach this alpine habitat via a paved road. The Park's one million acres are characterized by large U-shaped glaciated valleys and high aretes and horns. Peaks run from 8,000 feet to 10,500 feet in elevation. Many glaciers and permanent snow fields occupy cirques in the higher portions of the mountains. Logan Pass was the focal point of a four-year study (1958-1961) of the breeding activities of the race L. t. tephrocotis, while I was employed as a ranger-naturalist. Unless otherwise indicated, all comments refer to this race and this area. Although this race of rosy finch inhabits an extensive range extending from the Brooks Range of northern Alaska southward through the higher mountains to northwestern Montana (A.O.U. Checklist, fifth edit., pp. 564-565, 1957), only one nest has previously been reported in the literature (Macoun and Macoun, 1909: 466) and no detailed nesting observations have been published. The present observations supplement recent studies of L. atrata by French (1959b) and earlier studies of L. t. dawsoni by Twining (1938, 1940). References made to these authors throughout the paper refer to the respective forms indicated here unless otherwise stated. The A.O. U. Check-list (1957) separates the genus Leucosticte into three species: L. atrata (Black Rosy Finch), L. australis (Brown-capped Rosy Finch), and L. tephrocotis. The last includes six races: L. t. umbrina, griseanucha, littoralis, tephrocotis, wallowa, and dawsoni. French (1959a: 21) considers all American forms of Leucosticte to be included in the species Leucosticte tephrocotis and Vaurie (1959: 623) further states that the American forms are conspecific with the Asian L. arctoa. The A.O. U. nomenclature has been adopted here since the taxonomic arrangement may not be fully resolved.
BMI does not capture the high fat mass index and low fat‐free mass index in children with cerebral palsy and proposed statistical models that improve this accuracy

Background and Objective(s): Studying patterns of emergency department (ED) use in children can provide insight into the appropriateness of emergency service use and the accessibility of primary care in a region. Research on ED use among general populations of children, however, may not be generalizable to children with disabilities such as cerebral palsy (CP) due to their additional healthcare needs. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the proportion of ED presentations attributable to children with CP, investigate ED presentation frequency in a CP cohort, and compare ED presentations among children with CP to those of other children. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Study Participants & Setting: A population cohort comprising individuals with CP born between 1995 and 2009 was identified from the Victorian CP Register (VCPR), a register of individuals that are born in, or move to, the Australian state of Victoria; n=1748. Materials/Methods: The VCPR was linked to Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset and data were obtained on all ED presentations for the CP cohort that took place between 2007 and 2014. Population control data were also obtained. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to compare the odds of having ≥1 ED presentation between various sub-groups, including groups stratified on Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level. Chisquared analysis was used to test for differences between CP and general population ED presentations. Results: The CP cohort had 7015 ED presentations over the seven-year period, accounting for 0.4% of the 1.69 million age-specific ED presentations during this time. Compared to children functioning at GMFCS I, those functioning at GMFCS V were five times more likely to have had ≥1 ED presentation over the study period [OR=5.1; 95% CI=3.6– 7.3]. The odds were also comparatively higher among children with epilepsy, gastrostomy tubes and intrathecal baclofen pumps. Compared to general population presentations, more ED presentations among the CP cohort were preceded by an ambulance arrival (27% vs 8%), triaged as urgent (66% vs 32%), and required subsequent hospital admission (38% vs 12%); these proportions were highest for those functioning at GMFCS IV-V. Conclusions/Significance: The marked difference between CP and general population presentations in the proportions that were urgent and required ambulance arrivals and hospital admissions was among the most important findings of the study. Tailored strategies to ensure appropriate use of services among children with CP, including seeking earlier assistance from community and primary care providers, may prevent problems escalating to the need for urgent care. Both parent and professional education about when to seek help and best management for common problems will be needed, as well as education for parents about appropriate use of emergency, including ambulance, services.
Evaluation of antiemetic effect of aqueous rhizome extract of Cynodon dactylon against all emetogenic stimuli

Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Departmnent of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisal Abad, Pakistan. Faculty of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan. The Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Germany.
Microplankton Composition and Spatial Distribution Along the West Antarctic Peninsula During the Late Summer of 2017

Microplankton is composed of organisms between 20 and 200 μm in size (greatest axial linear dimension) and is a mixture of phytoplankton and zooplankton. It is an important component of the marine pelagic ecosystem not only as primary producers but also as consumers in the microbial loop. In the present paper, the results of microplankton species abundance and their community structure during the first Turkish Antarctic Expedition (TAE-1) at late Antarctic summer were given at four coastal stations along the west Antarctic Peninsula (wAP). According to these results, a total of 37 microplankton species were observed. Diatoms were the dominant group, followed by ciliates. The highest total microplankton cell concentrations were 18370 cells l-1 and 24350 cells l-1 at P4 and P2 sampling stations, respectively. Although the most common phytoplankton and ciliate species were Odontella weissflogii and Cymatocylis affinis, respectively, diversity indexes showed that no dominance of a species could be mentioned at any station. Additionally, we observed that the southern part of the wAP is significantly different from its northernmost part in microplankton abundance/composition
Table of Contents

Family company has a considerable role in economic growth, but a lot of problems in the family company so as to make the family company was not able to survive until the third generation. Conflict is a problem that often occurs in the family company, and a lot of things that trigger conflict as a conflict between business and family, conflict between family relationships and conflicts between the family and employees. The purpose of this study is to describe the conflict that comes from family relationships are distinguished from sources such as generational conflict, succession, gender and communication. It also discussed how the solution in case of conflict. This study uses literature study approach, which means reviewing some previous research and analysis. Generational conflict arising from the relationship between the predecessor to the successor generation, where generations of predecessors like to always be in control and take decisions in the company and does not give space to the next generation. Succession is also an issue that made the company the family can not last long, for determining the successor companies have the ability as well as a challenge. It would also be a dilemma if gender issues arise as a result of having to choose between men and women in continuing the family business. Communication can be a critical point in the relationship between the family, because of a lack of communication can effectively triggering a conflict that resulted in the company broken homes.
Abnormalities in the coordination of respiration and swallow in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Individual rhythms of suck, swallow, and respiration are disrupted in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Integration of respiration into suck‐swallow efforts is critical for establishing coordinated suckle feeding. This study quantitatively assessed the coordination of respiration and swallow in infants with and without BPD. Thirty‐four preterm infants of 26 to 33 weeks’gestational age were included: 14 participants with BPD (eight males, six females) and 20 comparison participants without BDP (10 males, 10 females). Participants were studied at postmenstrual age 32 to 40 weeks and postnatal age 2 to 12 weeks using digital recordings of pharyngeal pressure, nasal thermistor flow, and thoraco‐abdominal plethysmography. The coefficients of variation (COV; standard deviation/mean) of the swallow‐breath (SW‐BR) and breath‐breath (BR‐BR) intervals during swallow runs, the percentage of‘apneic swallows’(runs of ≥3 swallows without interposed breaths), and phase relationships of respiration and swallow were used to quantify rhythmic coordination and integration of respiration into feeding episodes. Apneic swallows were significantly increased after 35 weeks in infants with BPD (mean 13.4% [SE 2.4]) compared with non‐BDP infants (6.7% [SE 1.8];p < 0.05), as were SW‐BR phase relationships involving apnea. The BPD cohort also had significantly higher SW‐BR COV and BR‐BR COV than non‐BPD infants, indicating less rhythmic coordination of swallowing and respiration during feeding. Results emphasize the need for frequent rests and closer monitoring when feeding infants with respiratory compromise. Quantitative assessment of the underlying rhythms involved in feeding may be predictive of longer‐term feeding and neurological problems.
Conceptualisation of Employee Voice: Definitions, Typologies and Measurement

Background: Voice, as an important employee behaviour, channels ideas, concerns, and suggestions upward in the organisation and is often the only way for managers to become aware of issues and problems that, potentially, may be detrimental to the organisation’s performance. Aim: The aim of this article is to present a review on the conceptualisation of voice, with the focus on the different ways in which the concept is defined, categorised and measured. This is required as a comprehensive and contemporary operationalisation of voice and will ensure that future research is linked to the dominant body of knowledge. Setting: Literature presents employee voice behaviour in divergent ways, which applies to the definition, typologies and measurement of voice. This divergence poses a challenge for researchers and practitioners alike. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to obtain a large spectrum of definitions, categorisations and assessments of voice. These were examined for breadth of adoption, consensus in terms of elements and, in the case of assessment, the acceptability of psychometric properties of measuring instruments. Results: After reviewing a substantial number of the articles published in peer-reviewed journals between the years 1970 and 2019, the three most popular definitions of voice are presented, the three most common conceptualisations on the forms/types of voice identified, and three most-used measuring scales with acceptable validity and reliability acknowledged. The definition, typologies, and measuring instrument proposed by Maynes and Podsakoff (2014) seems to be the standard in voice research. Their theorising on all three aspects is well accepted and forms the basis for many recent studies on voice. Conclusion: Building on previous research, and considering recent publications, the comprehensive conceptualisation of voice is best described by the seminal work of Maynes and Podsakoff (2014), which integrates the extant knowledge on the topic and how it is operationalised. Managerial implications: Researchers and practitioners are now aware of most adopted and authoritative conceptualisations of employee voice behaviour, which should provide them with greater confidence to engage in discussions on the topic as well as in facilitating research in the future.
Blood chemistry, hematology, and morphology of wild harbor seal pups in Alaska

Recent declines in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) populations in Alaska have emphasized the need to obtain health index biomarkers for comparative purposes. This study was designed to compare blood chemistry and morphology reference range values between 2 harbor seal pup populations in Alaska, 1 population in continued decline within Prince William Sound, and another population in recent increase on Tugidak Island. Significant site-specific differences occurred in 5 of the 8 mean hematology values as well as in 11 plasma chemistry values. We also determined significant year-to-year variability in 8 (36%) mean plasma chemistries. These results form the largest available field-based blood reference database for harbor seal pups. They demonstrate that blood values can vary on the population scale and that health assessment or ecophysiological studies involving blood chemistry must utilize an appropriate set of reference values for valid comparisons.