Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas fluxes and NO release from a Chinese subtropical rice‐winter wheat rotation system under nitrogen fertilizer management

Although synthetic nitrogen fertilizers play an important role in increasing cereal grain yields, there have been increased concerns about their intensive utilization and environmental consequences. The overall goal of this study is to gain an insight into the integrated evaluation of greenhouse gas emission and nitric oxide (NO) release and grain yield as affected by nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical rice‐wheat rotation system. The assessment was based on four consecutive yearly measurements of the fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ecosystem respiration (CO2), and the simultaneous observation of NO emissions in nonrice seasons under three fertilization practices (i.e., the conventional farmers’ practice with common nitrogen application rate, an alternative practice with reduced nitrogen input, and no nitrogen application as a control). Clearly, these trace gas fluxes showed largely intra‐annual and interannual variations, highlighting the importance of entire year measurement for multiple years to achieve representative annual estimates. The annual mean CH4 fluxes varied from 95 kg C ha–1 (7.8 kg C t–1 grain) for the farmers’ practice to 205 kg C ha–1 (25.7 kg C t–1 grain) for the control, indicating that nitrogen fertilization inhibited CH4 emissions. Across all the years, the annual N2O emissions increased exponentially with an increasing nitrogen rate and harvested aboveground biomass. The annual N2O emission averaged 1.3–5.3 kg N ha–1(159–444 g N t–1 grain) for all treatments. The annual direct emission factors of N2O‐N tended to increase with increasing nitrogen rate and averaged 0.61% and 0.85% for the alternative and farmers’ practices, respectively. Over all nonrice seasons, the seasonal mean NO emissions ranged from 0.15 to 1.4 kg N ha–1(58–253 g N t–1 grain), and were equivalent to 0.43% to 0.54% of the applied nitrogen. Averaging across the 4 years, the annual aggregate emissions of CH4 and N2O were 7.4 t CO2‐eq ha–1(928 kg CO2‐eq t–1grain) for the control and 5.6–5.7 t CO2‐eq ha–1(468–494 kg CO2‐eq t–1grain) for the fertilized treatments. Despite the comparable greenhouse effect between the alternative and farmers’ practices, reducing the common N rate by 37% resulted in decreased NO emission and increased nitrogen use efficiency, and negligible effects on economic return from grain yields.
Exposure to loud noise and risk of vestibular schwannoma: results from the INTERPHONE international case‒control study

Exposure to loud noise and risk of vestibular schwannoma: results from the INTERPHONE international case‒control study by Deltour I, Schlehofer B, Massardier-Pilonchéry A, Schlaefer K, Armstrong B, Giles GG, Siemiatycki J, Parent M-E, Krewski D, McBride M, Johansen, Auvinen A, Salminen T, Hours M, Montestrucq L, Blettner M, Berg-Beckhoff G, Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Lagorio S, Iavarone I, Yamaguchi N, Takebayashi T, Woodward A, Cook A, Tynes T, Klaeboe L, Feychting M, Lönn S, Fleming S, Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Moissonnier M, Kesminiene A, Cardis E, Schüz J; INTERPHONE Study Group
Grain coarsening in contact metamorphic carbonates: effects of second‐phase particles, fluid flow and thermal perturbations

Under contact metamorphic conditions, carbonate rocks in the direct vicinity of the Adamello pluton reflect a temperature‐induced grain coarsening. Despite this large‐scale trend, a considerable grain size scatter occurs on the outcrop‐scale indicating local influence of second‐order effects such as thermal perturbations, fluid flow and second‐phase particles. Second‐phase particles, whose sizes range from nano‐ to the micron‐scale, induce the most pronounced data scatter resulting in grain sizes too small by up to a factor of 10, compared with theoretical grain growth in a pure system. Such values are restricted to relatively impure samples consisting of up to 10 vol.% micron‐scale second‐phase particles, or to samples containing a large number of nano‐scale particles. The obtained data set suggests that the second phases induce a temperature‐controlled reduction on calcite grain growth. The mean calcite grain size can therefore be expressed in the form D = C2 eQ*/RT(dp/fp)m*, where C2 is a constant, Q* is an activation energy, T the temperature and m* the exponent of the ratio dp/fp, i.e. of the average size of the second phases divided by their volume fraction. However, more data are needed to obtain reliable values for C2 and Q*. Besides variations in the average grain size, the presence of second‐phase particles generates crystal size distribution (CSD) shapes characterized by lognormal distributions, which differ from the Gaussian‐type distributions of the pure samples. In contrast, fluid‐enhanced grain growth does not change the shape of the CSDs, but due to enhanced transport properties, the average grain sizes increase by a factor of 2 and the variance of the distribution increases. Stable δ18O and δ13C isotope ratios in fluid‐affected zones only deviate slightly from the host rock values, suggesting low fluid/rock ratios. Grain growth modelling indicates that the fluid‐induced grain size variations can develop within several ka. As inferred from a combination of thermal and grain growth modelling, dykes with widths of up to 1 m have only a restricted influence on grain size deviations smaller than a factor of 1.1. To summarize, considerable grain size variations of up to one order of magnitude can locally result from second‐order effects. Such effects require special attention when comparing experimentally derived grain growth kinetics with field studies.
A clinical approach strategy for the diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of external cervical resorption.

AIM To propose a clinical approach strategy on the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of external cervical tooth resorption (ECR) cases. To investigate and discuss the outcome of this approach. METHODOLOGY A clinical approach strategy on ECR was developed based on a retrospective observation study of 542 teeth. 47 teeth were excluded due to lack of clinical/radiographical information, and 182 were immediately extracted. This approach had three steps: diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation. During diagnosis, the medical, dental history and clinical/radiographical characteristics were evaluated. Depending on the resorption extent, ECR cases were categorized into four classes according to Heithersay's classification. During treatment planning, a treatment decision flowchart was prepared based on four main decisive criteria: probing feasibility, pain, location and extent of resorption (class), and existence of bonelike tissue. Three treatment options were applied: a) extraction, b) monitoring, or c) conservative treatment by external, internal, or combination of internal-external treatments. During evaluation, assessment of ECR progression, tooth survival and other factors like esthetics and periodontal attachment were performed. Descriptive statistical analysis of the outcome for up to ten years (for the overall clinical approach and for each individual treatment decision), was carried out with OriginLabs OriginPro 9 and Microsoft Excel 365. RESULTS A three-step strategy was developed on how to deal with ECR cases. Indicative examples of each treatment decision were presented and discussed. The overall survival rate of this strategy was 84.6% (3 years), 70.3% (5 years), 42.7% (8 years) and 28.6% (10 years). Higher survival rate was observed for external treatment decision than for internal. The success of each treatment decision depended on the extent of the resorption (class). The success of a treatment decision should be based on the long-term outcome, as a different evolution can be observed with time. CONCLUSIONS A clinical approach strategy was introduced on ECR pathosis. This strategy was not solely based on ECR class, as other important decisive criteria were considered. This step-wise approach, has a 70.3% survival rate with a mean of 5 years. This work will hopefully provide an incentive for a broader collaboration, to potentially establish a universally accepted ECR treatment strategy.
The organization of human postural movements: A formal basis and experimental synthesis

Abstract A scheme for understanding the organization of human postural movements is developed in the format of a position paper. The structural characteristics of the body and the geometry of muscular actions are incorporated into a three-dimensional graphical representation of human movement mechanics in the sagittal plane. A series of neural organizational hypotheses limit a theoretically infinite number of combinations of muscle contractions and associated movement trajectories for performing postural corrections: (1) Controls are organized to use the minimum number of muscles; (2) frequently performed movements are organized to require a minimum of neural decision-making. These hypotheses lead to the prediction that postural movements are composed of muscle contractile strategies derived from a limited set of distinct contractile patterns. The imposition of two mechanical constraints related to the configuration of support and to requirements for body stability with respect to gravity predict the conditions under which individual movement strategies will be deployed. A complementary organizational scheme for the senses is developed. We show that organization of postural movements into combinations of distinct strategies simplifies the interpretation of sensory inputs. The fine-tuning of movement strategies can be accomplished by breaking down the complex array of feedback information into a series of scalar quantities related to the parameters of the movement strategies. For example, the magnitude, aim, and curvature of the movement trajectory generated by an individual strategy can be adjusted independently. The second half of the report compares theoretical predictions with a series of actual experimental observations on normal subjects and patients with known sensory and motor disorders. Actual postural movements conform to theoretical predictions about the composition of individual movement strategies and the conditions under which each strategy is used. Observations on patients suggest how breakdowns in individual steps within the logical process of organization can lead to specific movement abnormalities. Discussion focuses on the areas needing further experimentation and on the implications of the proposed organizational scheme. We conclude that although our organizational scheme is not new in demonstrating the need for simplifying the neural control of movement, it is perhaps original in imposing discrete logical control upon a continuous mechanical system. The attraction of the scheme is that it provides a framework compatible with both mechanical and physiological information and amenable to experimental testing.
The 1998–2000 La Niña in the context of historically strong La Niña events

[1] Contrary to the impacts ascribed to strong cold El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (La Nina) during the last half of the twentieth century, the 2-year-long La Nina during 1998–2000 was accompanied by abnormally warm winter conditions over most of North America. In this study, climate anomalies associated with the 1998–2000 La Nina are compared with the composite of the previous seven strong La Nina events since 1950. Despite the presence of a moderately strong La Nina, analyses of atmospheric circulation and thermal features show that the Pacific–North American sector climate was associated with a zonally elongated ridge in the extratropical North Pacific and warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western tropical Pacific that extended into the North Pacific midlatitudes during 1998–2000 event. Relative to the composite of the previous seven strong La Ninas, anomalous Walker circulation was considerably stronger and shifted westward with the ascending branch of the cell located near 110°E during the 1998–2000 event. This was associated with stronger convection and hence positive precipitation anomalies in the western Pacific. The relationship between SSTs and 500-hPa geopotential heights over the North Pacific shows that the differences, in thermal and circulation features, between the 1998–2000 La Nina and the seven strong La Ninas bear a close resemblance to a coupled mode of extratropical ocean-atmosphere variability as revealed by singular value decomposition analysis. This non-ENSO coupled mode of variability, which relates the interannual variability in SSTs with 500-hPa heights, was prominent during the winter of 1998–2000. The processes related to this mode are different from those involved in the establishment of extratropical atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies associated with typical La Nina events.
Toledo Bend reservoir and geomorphic response in the lower Sabine River

Downstream geomorphic responses of stream channels to dams are complex, variable, and difficult to predict, apparently because the effects of local geological, hydrological, and operational details confound and complicate efforts to apply models and generalizations to individual streams. This sort of complex geomorphic response characterizes the Sabine River, along the Texas and Louisiana border, downstream of the Toledo Bend dam and reservoir. Toledo Bend controls the flow of water and essentially prevents the flux of sediment from three‐quarters of the drainage basin to the lower Sabine River. Although the channel is scoured immediately downstream of the dam, further downstream there is little evidence of major changes in sediment transport or deposition, sand supply, or channel morphology attributable to the impoundment. Channels are actively shifting, banks are eroding, and sandbars are migrating, but not in any discernibly different way than before the dam was constructed. The Sabine River continues to transport sand downstream, and alluvial floodplains continue to accrete. The relatively small geomorphic response can be attributed to several factors. While dam releases are unnaturally flashy and abrupt on a day‐to‐day basis, the long‐term pattern of releases combined with some downstream smoothing creates a flow regime in the lower basin which mimics the pre‐dam regime, at least at monthly and annual time scales. Sediment production within the lower Sabine basin is sufficient to satisfy the river's sediment transport capacity and maintain pre‐dam alluvial sedimentation regimes. Toledo Bend reservoir has a capacity: annual inflow ratio of 1.2 and impounds 74% of the Sabine drainage basin, yet there has been minimal geomorphic response in the lower river, which may seem counterintuitive. However, the complex linked geomorphic processes of discharge, sediment transport and loads, tributary inputs, and channel erosion include interactions which might increase as well as decrease sediment loads. Furthermore, if a stream is transport‐limited before impoundment, the reduced sediment supply after damming may have limited impact. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When patient empowerment encounters professional autonomy

In Sweden, as in many other European countries, government and public agencies have promoted the expansion of eHealth in recent years, arguing that this development enhanc- es patient participation, empowerment and cost efficiency. This article presents a study of the development of My medical record on the Internet, a civic service originally inspired by the home banking concept. The study illustrates how the technology is developed and inscribed with new technical norms, dictating access and use. These norms are in turn shaped by negotiations between social and legal norms as well as the values and beliefs of several different actors involved in the development process. Supported by the study, we conclude: 1) that the new technology challenges the medical professionals, thus causing resistance as the institutional boundaries are changed when patients are given digital access to their medical record; 2) that the technology changes or inscribes the law; 3) that a pilot project of this type is dependent on an enthusiast, seeing the project through until it becomes accepted on a larger scale; and 4) that increased patient participation requires improved access to information which differs from the NPM rhetoric advocating more service to customers.
MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE-MIDAZOLAM VERSUS MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE-BUTORPHANOL FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF RED KANGAROOS (OSPHRANTER RUFUS)

Abstract: The objectives of this clinical study were to compare the effectiveness and safety of medetomidine-ketamine-midazolam (MKM) versus medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (MKB) for immobilization of captive red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus). Twenty red kangaroos were randomly immobilized for routine treatments using intramuscular injection of MKM (0.065 ± 0.004, 2.2 ± 0.3, and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg, respectively) or MKB (0.070 ± 0.015, 2.3 ± 0.5, and 0.23 ± 0.05 mg/kg, respectively) (n = 10/group). Induction, immobilization, and recovery times were recorded; vital signs monitored; and quality of induction, immobilization, and recovery scored using a single-blinded design. Oxygen was not supplemented. For reversal, atipamezole at five times the medetomidine dosage was administered intramuscularly (both groups), and flumazenil (0.020 ± 0.003 mg/kg; MKM) or naltrexone (0.23 ± 0.05 mg/kg; MKB) were administered intravenously. Induction time was significantly shorter in the MKB group versus the MKM group (7:26 ± 04:22 and 11:54 ± 04:50 minutes, respectively). Induction quality in both groups was rated “excellent” and immobilization quality was “excellent” in MKM and “very good” in MKB. Heart rate was significantly lower and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly higher in the MKM versus the MKB group. However, SpO2 < 90% occurred with both protocols. Following antagonists administration, recovery time and quality were 17:40 ± 08:33 minutes and “very good” in the MKM group, and 14:28 ± 05:27 minutes and “excellent” in the MKB group, respectively. Both protocols provided smooth induction, good immobilization, and generally quick recovery. MKB is recommended for shorter induction time. Oxygen supplementation should be available with both protocols.
Compression‐induced nonplanar crack extension with application to splitting, exfoliation, and rockburst

Uniaxial compression of plates of brittle materials containing pre-existing planar cracks oriented at certain angles with respect to the direction of overall compression has revealed that the relative frictional sliding of the faces of the pre-existing cracks may produce, at their tips, tension cracks which deviate at sharp angles from the sliding plane. These tension cracks then continue to grow in a stable manner with increasing axial compression, curving toward an orientation parallel to the direction of axial compression. Within the framework of linear fracture mechanics, the out-of-plane extension of a pre-existing straight crack, induced by overall far-field compression, is analyzed, and various parameters which characterize the growth process are quantified. It is shown analytically that, for a wide range of pre-existing crack orientations, the out-of-plane crack extension initiates at an angle close to 70° from the direction of the pre-existing crack; the exact value of this angle, of course, depends on the friction factor and the orientation of the pre-existing crack. It is found that the growth process is stable initially, but the rate of increase of the length of the extended portion with respect to the increasing axial compression dramatically increases after a certain extension length is attained, and in fact, this length becomes unbounded if a small lateral tension also exists. Various limiting cases are examined and the corresponding analytical estimates are compared with the numerical results, arriving at good correlations. A series of qualitative experiments is performed on thin plates of Columbia Resin CR 39, arriving at excellent agreement with the analytical results. In light of the analysis, the phenomena of axial splitting, exfoliation (or sheet fracture), and rockburst are examined, and it is suggested that they may all be the results of the out-of-plane (tensile) extension of pre-existing cracks, induced by large overall far-field compressions. This assertion is then supported by a series of experiments which show that the relative frictional sliding of the faces of one or even an array of pre-existing cracks does not result in coplanar (sliding mode) crack growth, but rather leads to the formation of tension cracks which grow in the direction of maximum compression. Moreover, a pre-existing crack close to a free boundary grows in a similar manner under compression parallel to the boundary, and shows no tendency to move toward the free surface. Possible lateral buckling which may result, and which may cause further unstable crack extension, is illustrated experimentally, and discussed in an effort to shed light on the phenomena of rockburst and surface spalling.
Biogeochemistry of Carbon in the Amazonian Floodplains over a 2000-km Reach: Insights from a Process-Based Model

Abstract The influence of Amazonian floodplains on the hydrological, sedimentary, and biogeochemical river budget was investigated over a 2000-km reach. A process-based model relying on the closure of chemical fluxes and isotopic signals was implemented. On average for the whole studied reach, the overall fluxes of carbon associated with mineralization and aquatic photosynthesis were estimated to 35.7 and 15.3 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Almost 57% of the carbon sequestrated by photosynthesis comes from aerial sources (flooded forest); the remaining 43% resulted from aquatic sources (varzea grasses and phytoplankton). The process rates substantially fluctuate over the annual cycle, depending particularly on the extension of flooded area and on the river–floodplain connectivity. As the river level declines, the drastic decrease of turbidity and the lower supply of carbon substrates promote autotrophy to the detriment of heterotrophy, leading to substantial changes of pH and gaseous equilibria in the river wat.
Ambulatory Apnea Monitoring in Heart Failure Proceed With Caution*

C linicians evaluating patients with heart failure will observe that some individuals will develop, in the course of their examination, central apnea (CA) with a waxing and waning pattern of breathing. Thus, in contrast to obstructive apnea, an exclusively sleep-related event, CA with CheyneStokes respiration (CSR) also can emerge during wakefulness, signaling in general low cardiac output (1), high filling pressures with impaired left atrial phasic function (2), and an ominous prognosis (3–5). Over the last 5 decades, cardiologists have become increasingly comfortable acquiring and interpreting ambulatory recordings of heart rate and blood pressure. With greater recent recognition of the prevalence and clinical import of central sleep apnea as a comorbidity contributing to cardiovascular events and with an increasing number of proposed treatment options (4), the development and deployment of methods to record breathing patterns over 24 h could be viewed as a logical addition to our investigative repertoire.