Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Centennial-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Analysis and Its Uncertainty

AbstractA new sea surface temperature (SST) analysis on a centennial time scale is presented. In this analysis, a daily SST field is constructed as a sum of a trend, interannual variations, and daily changes, using in situ SST and sea ice concentration observations. All SST values are accompanied with theory-based analysis errors as a measure of reliability. An improved equation is introduced to represent the ice–SST relationship, which is used to produce SST data from observed sea ice concentrations. Prior to the analysis, biases of individual SST measurement types are estimated for a homogenized long-term time series of global mean SST. Because metadata necessary for the bias correction are unavailable for many historical observational reports, the biases are determined so as to ensure consistency among existing SST and nighttime air temperature observations. The global mean SSTs with bias-corrected observations are in agreement with those of a previously published study, which adopted a different appro.
Wave Breaking on an Opposing Current

PROBLEM: Waves propagating into a tidal inlet will shoal and break because of changes in water depth, focusing by shoals, and interactions with an opposing (ebb) current. On an ebb current, waves steepen because their height increases and length decreases. The wave steepening can intensify wave breaking, causing a navigation hazard and inducing a wave-driven current and sediment transport. Most wave-breaking criteria are based on a maximum ratio of wave height to water depth. But, in regions where waves break because of steepening on an ebb current, the height-to-depth criterion may significantly underestimate wave breaking and overestimate wave height. CETN IV-9 (Smith 1997) describes the process of wave-current interaction in one dimension and gives the equations for calculating wave-height transformation on an ebb (opposing) or flood (following) current. Extending the discussion in CETN IV-9, the present CETN provides guidance on estimating wave breaking that may occur as waves transform on an opposing current. Before the method for calculating breaking is described, the governing equation, wave-action conservation, is reviewed (see also CETN IV-9), and wave shoaling on a current is discussed. CONSERVATION OF WAVE ACTION: Wave height in the presence of a current is governed by the conservation of wave action (Jonsson 1990, and others). The one-dimensional conservation of wave action equation is given by:
Permian fusulines from Sonora

Fusulines collected by Ralph W. Imlay from three measured sections in Sonora indicate a considerable thickness of Permian limestone, probably of Leonard age. One collection shows the presence of Pennsylvanian rocks also. Eight species of fusulines are illustrated, and three new species are named. These are Parajusulina imlayi, P. skinneri, and P. sonoraensis. The fusulines indicate that, during Leonard time, Sonora belonged to a faunal province distinct from central Mexico and west Texas.
Are global Phanerozoic marine diversity curves truly global? A study of the relationship between regional rock records and global Phanerozoic marine diversity

Abstract The consensus view that the amount of rock available for sampling does not significantly and systematically bias Phanerozoic marine diversity patterns has broken down. How changes in rock availability and sampling intensity affect our estimates of past biodiversity has been investigated with a variety of new approaches. A number of proxies for the amount of rock available for sampling have been used, but most of these proxies do not rely directly on evidence from large-scale geological maps (maps that cover small areas) and accompanying memoirs. Most previous map-based studies focused on single regions or relied on small-scale synoptic maps. We collected data from published geological maps and memoirs from western Europe, Australia, and Chile, which we combined with COSUNA data from the United States to generate the first multiregional data set for investigating whether the global Phanerozoic marine diversity record is a true global record, or is instead biased toward North America and Western Europe as has long been suspected. Both short and long-term trends in variation in the amount of outcrop display limited correlation among the regions studied. A series of diversification models obtained better matches to observed fossil diversity from the European and U.S. records than for the Chilean and Australian records, further supporting suspicions that the global Phanerozoic diversity curve is disproportionately influenced by European and U.S. fossil data. These results indicate that future research into Phanerozoic marine diversity patterns should not continue to apply global eustatic curves as a proxy for rock at outcrop, but should use regional data on rock occurrence.
Correlation, dispersal, and preservation of the Kawakawa Tephra and other late Quaternary tephra layers in the Southwest Pacific Ocean

Abstract Voluminous rhyolitic eruptions and prevailing westerly winds have dispersed late Quaternary ash from the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of the North Island, New Zealand, across the Southwest Pacific Ocean. We identify the Taupo (1850 14C years), Waimihia (3280 yr), Rerewhakaaitu (14 700 yr), and Kawakawa (22 590 yr) Tephra layers in deep ocean cores, mainly on the basis of their stratigraphic position, radiometric age, and glass shard chemistry. Approximately 25 km3 of Taupo Tephra were dispersed ENfE at least 650 km from the TVZ whereas c. 22 km3 of Waimihia Tephra and c. 14 km3 of Rerewhakaaitu Tephra travelled over 500 km to the east. In contrast, at least 400 km3 of Kawakawa Tephra occur out to 1400 km southeast of the TVZ. Such widespread dispersal is not only a function of the size of the Kawakawa eruption, but is also influenced by the strong wind regime during the last glaciation as manifest by high aeolian quartz contents of sediments encasing the tephra. More ash appears to have deposited of.
Deducing the Distribution of Terminal Electron‐Accepting Processes in Hydrologically Diverse Groundwater Systems

The distribution of microbially mediated terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs) was investigated in four hydrologically diverse groundwater systems by considering patterns of electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate) consumption, intermediate product (hydrogen (H{sub 2})) concentrations, and final product (ferrous ion, sulfide, and methane) production. In each hydrologic system a determination of predominant TEAPs could be arrived at, but the level of confidence appropriate for each determination differed. In a portion of the lacustrine aquifer of the San Joaquin Valley, for example, all three indicators (sulfate concentrations decreasing, H{sub 2} concentrations in the 1-2 nmol range, and sulfide concentrations increasing along flow paths) identified sulfate reduction as the predominant TEAP, leading to a high degree of confidence in the determination. In portions of the Floridan aquifer and a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis are indicated by production of sulfide and methane, and hydrogen concentrations in the 1-4 nmol and 5-14 nmol range, respectively. However, because electron acceptor consumption could not be documented in these systems, less confidence is warranted in the TEAP determination. In the Black Creek aquifer, no pattern of sulfate consumption and sulfide production were observed, but H{sub 2} concentrations indicated sulfate reduction as the predominant TEAP. In this case,more » where just a single line of evidence is available, the least confidence in the TEAP diagnosis is justified. Because this methodology is based on measurable water chemistry parameters and upon the physiology of microbial electron transfer processes, it provides a better description of predominant redox processes in groundwater systems than more traditional Eh-based methods. « less
Positive feedbacks between the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the global El Niño-Southern Oscillation Wave

Atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections link the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) in the Southern Ocean [White and Peterson, 1996] and the global El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wave (GEW) in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean [White and Cayan, 2000], both signals characterized by eastward phase propagation and 3- to 5-year-period variability. We extend the tropical standing mode of ENSO into the extratropics by regressing the Nino-3 sea surface temperature (SST) index against sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the globe, finding the Pacific-South America (PSA) pattern in SLP anomaly [Cai and Baines, 2001] straddling Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean. The amplitude of this PSA pattern is similar to1/3 that of the ACW in this domain and thus cannot be considered its principal driver. On the other hand, suppressing the tropical standing mode of ENSO in interannual ST (surface temperature) and SLP anomalies over the globe allows the GEW to be observed much more readily, whereupon its eastward phase propagation across the Warm Pool is found to remotely force the ACW in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean through atmospheric teleconnections [Sardeshmukh and Hoskins, 1988] which propagate along with it. Subsequently, the ACW propagates this imposed GEW signal throughout the remainder of the Southern Ocean as a coupled wave in covarying ST and SLP anomalies, whereupon entering the Indian sector 1.5 to 2.5 years later it spawns a northern branch which takes another 1.5 to 2.5 years to propagate the ACW signal equatorward into the Warm Pool south of Indonesia. There it interferes constructively with the GEW. Thus the two forms of teleconnection, one fast and directed from the tropics to the high southern latitudes via the atmosphere and the other slow and directed from the high southern latitudes to the tropics via the ocean, complete a global circuit of 3- to 5-year duration that reinforces both the ACW and GEW and influences the tropical standing mode of ENSO.
Long Road Home: Building Reconciliation and Trust in Post-War Sierra Leone

The 1991-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone raised the bar of cruel@ as high as an} war in recent memoq. Infamous for mass amputations and kidnapping and recruitment of children into armed forces, Sierra Leone should face severe obstacles to reconciliation between combatants and civilians or combatants from opposing sides. But this is not the case. Sierra Leoneans are strikinglj milling to saj the) forgive and will reconcile u i th those responsible for ravaging their villages and their lives. Popular anger is hrected instead at top government officials even though their predecessors, not the). were responsible for the conuption and mismanagement that led to the rebellion. Until Sierra Leoneans see real change in governing practices, the most important fonn of national reconciliation in Sierra Leone, (re)establishing popular trust in the state, tvill be difficult to achleve. T h ~ s research explores the multiple meanings of reconciliation after mass atrocit), the roles of transitional institutions in promoting reconciliation, and barriers to deep reconciliation. Based on field research In Sierra Leone, including observations of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings. I argue that conciliatoq processes fall into two groups: those that must be evaluated on rational grounds and can be measured (described as 'coming together' or 'coming to agreement-) and those that can onlj be felt (described as 'trust,' 'healing' and 'coming to terms' with the past). Institutional efforts to promote reconciliation strive for measurable outcomes that are too often taken as proxies for deeper, sentient forms of reconciliation. With few organized processes besides the truth commission to promote dlalogue about the past. Sierra Leoneans often turn to religion or their own informal trust-building strategies to fill the gaps. Achieving sentient reconciliation requires more than addressing war-related crimes. Problematic social structures and tensions that contributed to the war must be understood so that post-war transitional processes can avoid replicating them. The Sierra Leone TRC showed that, given a mandate to investigate the broad contex? of war. truth commissions can assist reconciliation b j identiijing these social structures and tensions and thus provide essential information for effective transitional planning.
Influence of soil type and stress state on predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve

Comprehensive studies on the prediction of unsaturated shear strength were performed using three commonly used empirical procedures: Fredlund et al. approach (published in 1996), Vanapalli et al. approach (published in 1996), and Khalili and Khabbaz method (published in 1998). Shear strength data published in the literature for 15 soils were examined using these procedures. Comparisons between measured and predicted values of unsaturated shear strength are presented for different soil types. The effect of stress state on the prediction of shear strength is also discussed.
Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the zero emission commitment from CO2

<p>The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is the change in global mean temperature expected to occur following the cessation of net CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and as such is a critical parameter for calculating the remaining carbon budget. The Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP) was established to gain a better understanding of the potential magnitude and sign of ZEC, in addition to the processes that underlie this metric. Eighteen Earth system models of both full and intermediate complexity participated in ZECMIP. All models conducted an experiment where atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration increases exponentially until 1000 PgC has been emitted. Thereafter emissions are set to zero and models are configured to allow free evolution of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. The inter-model range of ZEC 50 years after emissions cease for the 1000 PgC experiment is -0.36 to 0.29 <sup>o</sup>C with a model ensemble mean of -0.06 <sup>o</sup>C, median of -0.05 <sup>o</sup>C and standard deviation of 0.19 <sup>o</sup>C. Models exhibit a wide variety of behaviours after emissions cease, with some models continuing to warm for decades to millennia and others cooling substantially. Analysis shows that both ocean carbon uptake and carbon uptake by the terrestrial biosphere are important for counteracting the warming effect from reduction in ocean heat uptake in the decades after emissions cease. </p><p>&#160;</p><p>Overall, the most likely value of ZEC on decadal time-scales is assessed to be close to zero, consistent with prior work. However substantial continued warming for decades or centuries following cessation of emission is a feature of a minority of the assessed models and thus cannot be ruled out. </p>
Early to middle Pleistocene tephrochronology of North Island, New Zealand: Implications for volcanism, tectonism, and paleoenvironments

Thick volcaniclastic sequences of early to middle Pleistocene age in southern North Island, New Zealand, contain rhyolitic tephra beds that record the early history of the Taupo volcanic zone (TVZ). At least 54 different tephra beds are recorded, and their chronology is defined by glass fission-track ages and paleomagnetism. The tephra beds span the interval ca. 2.0−0.6 Ma and provide an event frequency of 1/19 k.y. , significantly higher than the frequency of sheet-forming ignimbrites preserved in the TVZ at this time (≈1/100 k.y.). The distal tephra beds thus provide a record of volcanism not revealed in the proximal volcanic region and suggest a major period of explosive activity at ca. 1.79−1.60 Ma. Several important marker horizons are identified: Pakihikura tephra (1.63 Ma), Mangatewaiiti tephra (1.24 Ma), Potaka tephra (1.00 Ma), Kidnappers B tephra (1.00 Ma), and Kaukatea tephra (0.88 Ma). These tephra beds allow direct correlation between (1) marine and nonmarine facies and (2) the fore-arc and back-arc regions of New Zealand. The tephra beds provide a framework for a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the southern North Island. Volcaniclastic transport routes from the TVZ to basins in the south and southeast, and through the site of present mountain ranges, supplied material to a terrestrial lowland fore-arc area in the interval 1.64−0.7 Ma. Uplift and deformation since 0.7 Ma have disrupted paleodrainage routes, diverting them to the north and southwest.
Technology Open Access book

ligamentous abnormalities, and biomechanical and metabolic amenable to intervention; factors, metabolic diseases, intermediate. Its diagnosis is on recognition of overgrowth of bone at joint margins. with overgrowth of bone at vertebral margins, which is not a symptomatic phenomenon and spondylosis deformans. an abnormality of joints, but the severity does not necessarily produce pain. The patient and his/her need to be treated, not the x-ray.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUDLOVIAN GRAPTOLITE SAETOGRAPTUS VARIANS

The Ludlovian graptolite Saetograptus varians (Wood 1900) has been isolated from a limestone matrix. The thecal structure indicates that the species is closer to the genus Saetograptus Přibyl 1942, emend. Urbanek 1958, than to Colonograptus Přibyl 1942, emend. Urbanek 1958; but it requires that the definition of the former be amended to include Colonograptus as a junior synonym.
Headwall Influence on Scour at Culvert Outlets

This study investigates headwall influence on local scour downstream of culvert outlets. Scour holes produced by discharging jets of varying duration and magnitude through circular culverts onto a horizontal sand bed were observed and mapped. The bed material was a uniform sand with a mean grain diameter d50 = 1.86 mm and a standard deviation σ = 1.33. The culvert diameter was 102 mm (4 in.). A series of expressions are developed describing the depth, width, length, and volume of scour hole as a function of time, discharge intensity, and headwall conditions. Results are presented in equation and graphical form. A criterion is presented for the design depth of a headwall at culvert outlets.
Sustainability of Organic, Integrated and Conventional Farming Systems in Tuscany

Agricultural researchers widely recognise the importance of sustainable agricultural production systems and the need to develop appropriate methods to measure sustainability. The principal purpose of this paper is to evaluate the financial and environmental aspects of sustainability of Organic, Integrated and Conventional Farming Systems (OFS, IFS, and CFS, respectively) at farm and more detailed spatial scales. This is achieved applying an integrated economic-environmental accounting framework to three case study farms in Tuscany including different farming systems and different spatial scales. The environmental performances of the FS were measured through the application of an Environmental Accounting Information Systems (EAIS) at field, site and farm level. The EAIS indicators were then integrated with (1) a set of financial indicators to evaluate the economic and environmental trade-offs between different FS and (2) with information on the regional and site-specific soil and climate conditions to study the impact of different pedo-climates on the environmental performances of the FS. The gross margins of steady-state OFS were found to be higher than the corresponding CFS gross margins. OFS perform better than I/CFS with respect to nitrogen losses, pesticide impact, herbaceous plant biodiversity and most of the other environmental indicators. However, on hilly soils, erosion revealed to be higher in OFS than in CFS. The pesticide and the nitrogen indicators showed, for this example, that the environmental impact due to integrated and conventional farming practices is similar. Regional pedoclimatic factors resulted to have a considerable impact on nutrient losses, soil erosion, pesticide impact and herbaceous plant biodiversity, site-specific factors on nutrient losses and soil erosion. Conclusions are drawn on the possible practical applications of the method for environmental measures in the agricultural sector.
Habitat use of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni, Lyddeker, 1911) in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

2 area size along randomly established transects. Of 171 plots 69 were in Gaysay grassland, 71 in Adelay and 31 in Dinsho woodland habitat. As related to the species use, of the habitat ground cover, incidence of browsing, vegetation height, slope, altitude, canopy openness, tree density and visibility were measured. Six vegetation types were identified and ranked for their use by T. buxtoni. The largest proportion (58%) of the Gaysay grassland habitat, was covered by grasses. In this habitat, Hypericum revolutum bush was the most used while open grassland was the least. Among the four vegetation groups that were identified in Dinsho woodland habitat, Hagenia and Juniperus and vegetable type covered the largest proportion (68%) in terms of area. In this habitat, open montane grassland vegetation was the most used by the animal; while Euphorbia and Solanum bushy vegetation were the least. Although the least used, in Adelay woodland habitat, Hagenia and Juniperus vegetation types covered the largest proportion (65%) of the area. In most obervation, levels of browsing decreased with increased in vegetation height. Greater availability of a given vegetation type did not necessarily result in higher use by the study animal. Proper conservation measures that could restore or rehabilitate the preferred habitats and vegetation types for the study animal are needed in the Park.
Models of the Geographical Diffusion of Manufacturing in Italy

This essay examines the diffusion of growth poles in Italy. This means inquiring not only into the mechanisms of the forces of convergence and divergence but also, indeed primarily, into its geographical dimension, i.e. the spatial course of development. This aspect receives little emphasis in the models developed to date. For example, core-periphery models entail a geographical polarization of growth, measurable by an index of concentration (Krugman, 1991). However, the ambit of these effects (local, regional, national) is not analyzed. In neoclassical models, moreover, the geographical aspects of growth tend to be ignored or at most treated marginally (Pellegrini, 2000). This approach does include a theory of territorial development, although often not in explicit form. On sufficiently general assumptions, in these models the free play of market forces produces an asymptotic distribution of locations of production that is homogeneous, i.e. not polarized, in space. The presence of poles of growth is thus not compatible with these models, at least in their baseline version.This essay analyzes the territorial diffusion of growth in Italy in the second half of the 1990s, taking global and local effects into account. The objective is to discriminate, on the basis of empirical tests, between various theoretical models that can explain the way in which growth spreads. Further, the essay intends to determine whether certain types of clusters of manufacturing industry, identified by the use of statistical indices, can be poles attracting development at global or at local level.The analysis focuses on manufacturing, for three main reasons: i) manufacturing is relatively footloose, not bound to a specific location of productive factors like farming or mining, and non-geographical location factors are important; ii) there is a vast literature, especially in Italy, on district and non-district manufacturing clusters, to serve as a basis of comparison; iii) it is possible to construct a sufficiently comparable and temporally extensive dataset on number of workers by industry and local labour system. The study, based on the censuses of industry, covers the period from 1951 to 1996.