Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in the rainfall regime along the extratropical west coast of South America (Chile): 30-43º S

The evolution of annual rainfall along the west coast of South America from 30 to 43o S (central Chile) is analyzed for the period 1900-2007. A prevailing negative trend in annual rainfall has been documented for this region in several previous studies. Here we focus on the significant changes and fluctuations occurring at the decadal time scale, exploring the links with regional atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with large-scale oscillatory modes of the ocean-atmospheric system. In particular, the relatively dry condition that prevailed from the 1950s to the early 1970s in the northern part of central Chile (30-35o S) is consistent with an intensified subtropical anticyclone in the southeast Pacific during a period characterized by a prevailing positive phase of the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The shift of the PDO toward the warm phase by the mid-1970s was followed by an increased frequency of the negative phase of the SO and associated El Nino episodes. Concurrent weakening of the subtropical anticyclone favored an increased frequency of wet years in this region. Further south the negative trend in annual rainfall that prevailed since the 1950s in the region from 37 to 43o S intensified by the end of the 20th century. Changes in the meridional sea level pressure gradient at mid-latitudes and high-latitudes in the southeast Pacific, which are partially connected to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), play a significant role in modulating the interannual rainfall variability in all central Chile, especially during the austral winter semester (April-September). Thus, an intensified (reduced) meridional pressure gradient in that region favors a southward (northward) displacement of the latitudinal band of migratory extratropical low pressure systems and associated fronts. The significant positive trend that both the AAO index and its regional counterpart in the southeast Pacific exhibit since the 1950s may partially explain the observed downward trend in annual precipitation in the southern portion of central Chile, resulting from a reduction in both the frequency of wet days and the intensity of precipitation. Most of the global and regional climate models used to assess future climate scenarios associated with an enhanced planetary greenhouse effect, also call for a reduction of rainfall in this region which is consistent with the positive trend in the AAO predicted by those models.
Three-dimensional extension of Lighthill's large-amplitude elongated-body theory of fish locomotion

The goal of this paper is to derive expressions for the pressure forces and moments acting on an elongated body swimming in a quiescent fluid. The body is modelled as an inextensible and unshearable (Kirchhoff) beam, whose cross-sections are elliptic, undergoing prescribed deformations, consisting of yaw and pitch bending. The surrounding fluid is assumed to be inviscid, and irrotational everywhere, except in a thin vortical wake. The Laplace equation and the corresponding Neumann boundary conditions are first written in terms of the body coordinates of a beam treating the body as a fixed surface. They are then simplified according to the slenderness of the body and its kinematics. Because the equations are linear, the velocity potential is sought as a sum of two terms which are linked respectively to the axial movements of the beam and to its lateral movements. The lateral component of the velocity potential is decomposed further into two sub-components, in order to exhibit explicitly the role of the two-dimensional potential flow produced by the lateral motion of the cross-section, and the role played by the curvature effects of the beam on the cross-sectional flow. The pressure, which is given by Bernoulli's equation, is integrated along the body surface, and the expressions for the resultant and the moment are derived analytically. Thereafter, the validity of the force and moment obtained analytically is checked by comparisons with Navier–Stokes simulations (using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations), and relatively good agreements are observed.
A (T,ψ)‐ψe decoupled scheme for a time‐dependent multiply‐connected eddy current problem

The aim of this paper is to develop a fully discrete (T,ψ)‐ψe finite element decoupled scheme to solve time‐dependent eddy current problems with multiply‐connected conductors. By making ‘cuts’ and setting jumps of ψe across the cuts in nonconductive domain, the uniqueness of ψe is guaranteed. Distinguished from the traditional T‐ ψ method, our decoupled scheme solves the potentials T and ψ‐ ψe separately in two different simple equation systems, which avoids solving a saddle‐point equation system and leads to a remarkable reduction in computational efforts. The energy‐norm error estimate of the fully discrete decoupled scheme is provided. Finally, the scheme is applied to solve two benchmark problems—TEAM Workshop Problems 7 and IEEJ model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OMC-1: A Cool Arching Filament in a Hot Gaseous Cavity: Geometry, Kinematics, Magnetic Vectors, and Pressure Balance

We have assembled data on large (Galactic shell), middle (filament), and small (protostar) scales. OMC-1 is embedded in a hot cavity. Here we have made multiconstituent (gas/dust/field) homogeneous maps of the central part of the OMC-1 filament, covering an area of 2′ × 2′. We find here that the vertical filament has a turbulent pressure about equal to the magnetic pressure; its total pressure roughly equals that in the surrounding medium. The magnetic field crosses the filament with an estimated strength of 300-350 μG in the sky plane. It could be an "externally wrapped" U-shaped magnetic field going around the filament (due to a large shock front traveling in the cavity), or else an internally generated "helical" field (of unknown origin). Near the OMC-1 map center, we map the low-velocity outflow near IRc2-source I, with a pattern of blue south-southwest gas and red north-northeast gas. Our James Clerk Maxwell Telescope data yield a plane-of-sky field of 2.4-2.6 mG across the outflow; this strength nearly equals the published Zeeman line-of-sight data. Farther out, the Zeeman data show a negative magnetic field, possibly suggesting a pole-on dipolar field.
APPLICATION OF GAUSS-MARQUARDT-LEVENBERG METHOD IN THE INVERSION OF RECEIVER FUNCTION IN CENTRAL BRAZIL

Receiver Function studies contribute to the understanding of crustal structure and its evolution by characterizing the internal physical properties of the Earth, such as seismic wave velocity and Poisson ratio. The data inversion technique enables to modeling of crustal structure, seeking a geologically consistent model that provides a quantitative analysis of the related process. The linearized inversion of Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg method was applied to the Receiver Function synthetic and real data, obtained by geophysical surveys in Central Brazil, using the Parameter Estimation (PEST) software. The Receiver Function inversion was performed varying only S wave velocity parameter. Synthetic data inversion converged and data fitting was optimal when the initial velocity models used were close to the reference model. The inversion results of Receiver Function data, obtained from nine seismographic stations, using models of crustal structure and velocity distribution based on studies of seismic refraction and Receiver Function were deemed reasonable. Crustal mean velocities are compatible with velocity estimates obtained by previous geophysical studies. The inversion method used here is promising for crustal structure investigations, while PEST software proved to be very efficient, enabling inversion control parameter configuration and monitoring of the process by statistical results.
Fundamental methods of mathematical economics

PART 1 Introduction Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathematical Economics Chapter 2: Economic Models PART 2 Static (or Equilibrium) Analysis Chapter 3: Equilibrium Analysis in Economics Chapter 4: Linear Models and Matrix Algebra Chapter 5: Linear Models and Matrix Algebra (continued) PART 3 Comparative-Static Analysis Chapter 6: Comparative Statics and the Concept of the Derivative Chapter 7: Rules of Differentiation and their use in Comparative Statics Chapter 8: Comparative-Static Analysis of General-Function Models PART 4 Optimization Problems Chapter 9: Optimization: A Special Variety of Equilibrium Analysis Chapter 10: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Chapter 11: The Case of More Than One Choice Variable Chapter 12: Optimization with Equality Constraints NEW Chapter 13: Further Topics in Optimization (includes Envelope Theorem and Duality PART 5 Dynamic Analysis Chapter 14 Economic Analysis and Integral Calculus Chapter 15 Continuous Time: First Order Differential Equations Chapter 16 Higher-Order Differential Equations Chapter 17 DiscreteTime: First Order Difference Equations Chapter 18 Higher Order Difference Equations Chapter 19 Simultaneous Differential Equations and Difference Equations NEW Chapter 20: Introduction to Optimal Control Theory
Remarks on Salkie and Reed's (1997) ‘pragmatic hypothesis’ of tense in reported speech

Salkie & Reed (1997) offer a ‘pragmatic hypothesis’ of tense in reported speech which runs counter to Jespersen's & Comrie's quotative or ‘sequence of tenses’ analysis as well as to the more semantically based analysis proposed by Declerck (1990b, 1991a). In doing so they also cast doubt on the model of the English tense system which was proposed by Declerck (1991a) and has since been further refined and elaborated in a number of articles and in Declerck (1997). The present article goes into the many arguments that S&R advance, refutes them, and adduces additional evidence for D's theory and against S&R's ‘pragmatic hypothesis’.
A rescaled MSA structure factor for dilute charged colloidal dispersions

The structure of a dispersion of charged colloidal particles interacting through a screened Coulomb potential is well described at moderate to high densities by calculating the correlations in the mean spherical approximation (MSA). In this paper we extend the validity of the MSA calculation to arbitrarily low densities, using a physical rescaling argument which preserves the analytic form of the MSA solution. Our results are in excellent agreement with other numerical calculations and with experimental low-density light scattering data. The method may be viewed as a generalization of Gillan's prescription for one component plasmas to systems interacting through a Yukawa potential. An advantage of the present prescription is that it allows a smooth transition from strong to weak coupling, and it implies no functional relation between the experimentally independent parameters.
A 3DHZETRN Code in a Spherical Uniform Sphere with Monte Carlo Verification

Citation: Wilson JW, Slaba TC, Badavi FF, Reddell BD, and Bahadori AA 2014 A 3DHZETRN Code in a Spherical Uniform Sphere with Monte Carlo Verification NASA/TP-2014-218271 NASA Langley Research Center: Hampton, VA http://ntrs.nasa. gov/search.jsp? R=20140006706
Probabilistic Verification of Global and Mesoscale Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclogenesis

AbstractProbabilistic forecasts of tropical cyclogenesis have been evaluated for two samples: a near-homogeneous sample of ECMWF and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model–ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) ensemble forecasts during the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign (15 August–30 September 2010) and ECMWF ensemble forecasts during the 2010–12 Atlantic hurricane seasons. Quantitative criteria for tropical cyclone (TC) formation were first determined from model analyses based on threshold values of lower-tropospheric circulation, local thickness anomaly, and minimum sea level pressure. A binary verification was then performed for all ensemble forecasts with initial-time tropical disturbances. During the PREDICT period, the ECMWF and WRF–EnKF had similar verification statistics, with reliability diagrams of positive slope flatter than unity, and relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves that demonstrate skill. F.
Bipalium admarginatum de Beauchamp, 1933 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in Malaysia, with molecular characterisation including the mitogenome

We present here the first observation of Bipalium admarginatum de Beauchamp, 1933 since its original description 90 years ago. Three specimens were found on Perhentian Kecil Island, off Terengganu State, Malaysia and photographed in the field, and two were collected. This report thus includes the first colour photographs published for this species, from a locality close to the type-locality, Tioman Island (which is ca. 200 km south of the locality in this study, on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia). We describe the external morphology and colour pattern of the species, which correspond well to the original description, itself based only on two preserved specimens. We performed an in-depth molecular characterisation of the species, including its complete mitochondrial genome, the 18S sequence and elongation 1 alpha sequence. In addition, EF1a sequences were also retrieved for 5 additional geoplanid species. No tRNA-Thr could be detected in the mitogenome of B. admarginatum, a lack already reported in several species of geoplanids, but we found a 13 bp sequence that contains the anticodon loop and seems to be conserved among geoplanids and might thus possibly represent a non-canonical undetected tRNA. We discuss the difficulties encountered in trying to reconstruct the cluster of nuclear ribosomal genes, a problem already mentioned for other Triclads. Three phylogenies, based respectively on all mitochondrial proteins, 18S, and EF1a, were computed; the position of B. admarginatum within the Bipaliinae was confirmed in each tree, as sister-group to various bipaliine species according to the sequences available for each tree.
Stability of a Class of Non-linear Time-varying Systems†

It is shown that a criterion for the asymptotic stability-in-the-Iarge of systems containing a single time-varying non-linearity can be stated in the form of a frequency-domain inequality involving the product of a multiplier and the transfer function of the linear part. Several sub-classes of monotone increasing non-linearities are considered and it is observed that when the non-linearity has a restricted odd asymmetry and a suitably restricted rate of time-variation, the multiplier can have complex conjugate poles and zeros. The results obtained indicate that as more conditions are imposed on the non-linear function, either (1) a higher rate of time-variation can be allowed in a given sector containing the non-linearity, or (2) for a given tolerable rate of time-variation, the permissible sector for the non-linearity can be widened.
Quantification of Modeling-Induced Uncertainties in Simulation-Based Analyses

Traditional uncertainty quantification in simulation-based analyses typically focuses upon the quantification of parametric uncertainties: the uncertainties inherent to the input parameters of the simulation. This type of uncertainty often represents the inherent variability of natural systems due to incomplete information or implicit variations in the system itself. However, when simulation-based models are used to evaluate the performance of a system, an additional level of uncertainty is introduced (one often not rigorously considered in probabilistic design): modeling-induced uncertainty. This work adapts uncertainty quantification for the multiple forms of uncertainties into a single framework to quantify the uncertainty in an analysis from not only the inherent variability of the parameters but also the uncertainties induced by the modeling process itself. By using Bayesian statistics, a stochastic representation of model results can be constructed in the presence of given data. These data can then .
Unified geometric theory of gravity and supergravity

A unified geometric formulation of gravitation and supergravity is presented. The action for these theories is constructed out of the components of the curvature tensor for bundle spaces with four-dimensional Lorentz base manifold and structure groups Sp(4) for gravity and O Sp(1,4) for supergravity. The requirement of invariance under reflections, local Lorentz transformations, and general coordinate transformations uniquely determines the action and ensures the existence of local supersymmetry in supergravity.
Dispersion of single walled carbon nanotubes using poly(3‐dodecylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl)

We describe a procedure to suspend single walled carbon nanotubes with poly(3‐dodecylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) and to purify them using density gradient centrifugation with 2,4,6‐tribromotoluene or dodecyloxy‐2,4,6‐triiodobenzene as density gradient medium. In contrast to fluorene‐based polymers, (n,m) selective solubilization is not observed.
Hausdorff and packing measure functions of self-similar sets: continuity and measurability

Abstract Let N be an integer with N≥2 and let X be a compact subset of ℝd. If $\mathsf {S}=(S_{1},\ldots ,S_{N})$ is a list of contracting similarities Si:X→X, then we will write $K_{\mathsf {S}}$ for the self-similar set associated with $\mathsf {S}$, and we will write M for the family of all lists $\mathsf {S}$ satisfying the strong separation condition. In this paper we show that the maps (1)\begin{equation}\begin {array}{rcl} M &\to & \mathbb {R}\cr \mathsf {S} &\mapsto &\mathscr {H}^{\dim _{\mathsf {H}}(K_{\mathsf {S}})} (K_{\mathsf {S}}) \end {array}\label {eq1} \end{equation}and (2)\begin{equation}\begin {array}{rcl} M &\to & \mathbb {R}\cr \mathsf {S} &\mapsto & \mathscr {S}^{\dim _{\mathsf {H}}(K_{\mathsf {S}})}(K_{\mathsf {S}}) \end {array} \label {eq2} \end{equation}are continuous; here $\dim _{\mathsf {H}}$ denotes the Hausdorff dimension, ℋs denotes the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure and 𝒮s denotes the s-dimensional spherical Hausdorff measure. In fact, we prove a more general continuity result which, amongst other things, implies that the maps in (1) and (2) are continuous.
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Inner-Core Thermodynamics of an Idealized Simulated Tropical Cyclone

AbstractA suite of idealized simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs) with weak to strong vertical wind shear (VWS) imposed during the mature stage was employed to examine the effects of VWS on the inner-core thermodynamics and intensity change of TCs using a three-dimensional full-physics numerical model as well as a budget analysis of moist entropy. For sheared TCs with shear-induced convective asymmetries, VWS tends to reduce moist entropy within the midlevel eyewall and the boundary layer (BL) but supply moist entropy outside the eyewall above the BL. Such changes in moist entropy reduce the radial gradient of moist entropy across the eyewall, resulting in weakening of the TC. Budget analysis showed that the intense eddy fluxes are mainly responsible for the reduction and/or increase in entropy in the sheared TCs. The entropy reduction within the midlevel eyewall is a result of both the radial eddy flux and the vertical eddy flux. These eddy fluxes are effective at introducing low-entropy air into the m.
SURFACE FRICTION IN A HURRICANE

Abstract In an extension of earlier work by Johnson, it is found that the apparent friction of the wind over Lake Okee-chobee, Fla. , in the 1949 hurricane is related to the speed by Fs=0.022V2 and Fn=0.020V2. Fs and Fn are the frictional accelerations in mi. hr. −2 tangential and normal to the wind, and V is the anemometer-level wind speed in m.p.h. Frictional accelerations over land are about three times the over-water values at the same wind speed. At a given storm radius the land and water tangential frictional accelerations are nearly equal.
An Analysis of Near-Surface Winds, Air Temperature, and Cyclone Activity in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, from 1993 to 2009

Abstract In September 2009, the first unmanned aerial vehicles were flown over Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, to collect information regarding air–sea interactions. Prior to the field season, wind and temperature data from a local automatic weather station (AWS) were collected from 1993 to 2007 and compared with an August–October 2006–08 satellite cyclone analysis to place the September 2009 observations into a broader context. AWS wind data revealed a strong tendency toward downslope flow in the region regardless of season, as the majority (55%) of winds were from the west to northwesterly directions. Most winds observed at the site were less than 20 m s−1, but 83% of the stronger winds were associated with downslope flow. Of 15 strong wind events (greater than 20 m s−1 for more than 10 h) evaluated during the cyclone analysis period, 100% occurred in the presence of a cyclone in the adjacent Ross Sea. Winter experienced the greatest number of strong wind events (68%), and summer had the least (4%). Most te.
Principal Coordinates Analysis of Yield Stability Performances of Grain Yield in Durum Wheat Genotypes

Twenty genotypes of durum wheat were evaluated in five different test locations over three growing seasons and analyzed for stability of yield performance. The combined analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant genotype × environment (GE) interaction for grain yield. The GE interaction was examined using multivariate analysis technique as principal coordinate analysis (PCOA). According to grand means of test environments and total mean yield (2504 kg ha-1), test environments are grouped to low (seven environments) and high (eight environments) mean yield. Considering scatter point diagrams, plot of minimum spanning tree and values of centroid distances, genotypes G13 with 2592 kg ha-1 (mean rank=2), and G15 with 2575 kg ha-1 (mean rank=7), were identified for unfavorable or poor environmental conditions while genotypes G9 with 2566 kg ha-1 (mean rank=8), and G14 with 2694 kg ha-1 (mean rank=1), were identified for favorable environments.
Logic of Statistical Inference

Preface 1. Long run frequencies 2. The chance set-up 3. Support 4. The long run 5. The law of likelihood 6. Statistical tests 7. Theories of testing 8. Random sampling 9. The fiducial argument 10. Estimation 11. Point estimation 12. Bayes' theory 13. The subjective theory.
Analytical Model of Ablation Using Bimodal Velocity Distribution Function in Knudsen Layer

An analytical model of the Knudsen layer at ablative surfaces has been developed that takes into account the temperature gradient in the bulk gas and rebound of gas particles by the ablative wall back into the gas region. This model uses a bimodal velocity distribution function, which preserves the laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy within the Knudsen layer and converges to the Chapman–Enskog velocity distribution function at the outer boundary of the Knudsen layer. The region of validity of this model and effects of the temperature gradient, diffusive reflection, and specular reflection on the Knudsen layer properties are calculated. Nomenclature a = index for the outer boundary of the Knudsen layer b = index for the inner boundary of the Knudsen layer (for the wall) B �,B u,B �, B u,B � ,B u = calculated constants C1 = normalized flux of particles