Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrical conductivities of pyrope-almandine garnets up to 19 GPa and 1700 °C

Abstract Electrical conductivities of polycrystalline garnets ranging in chemical composition from almandine (Fe3Al2Si3O12) to pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12) were measured at 10 GPa and 19 GPa at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1700 °C using complex impedance spectroscopy in a multianvil device. Mössbauer spectroscopy of each sample was carried out both before and after the electrical measurements to characterize the oxidation state of Fe in the almandine bearing garnets. Similar to the behavior of other ferromagnesian silicates, the substitution of Fe for Mg along this compositional join dramatically increases electrical conductivity, but this compositional effect is reduced with increasing temperature. Conductivities increase with increasing total Fe content, as the average Fe2+-Fe3+ distance decreases. At 10 GPa, activation energies for conductivity vary smoothly with composition and increase rapidly toward the pyrope end-member composition, where it reaches a value of 2.5 eV. The results are consistent with an electrical conductivity mechanism involving small polaron mobility in the Fe-bearing garnets at 10 GPa. At 19 GPa, however, there is virtually no change in the activation energy as a function of Fe-Mg substitution for the pyrope-rich garnets. These higher pressure measurements reflect a mechanism involving oxygen related point defects, as conductivities increase with pressure at constant T for each garnet, and the effect of pressure is greater for the more Mg-rich garnets. The data also allow for a more quantitative evaluation of the effect of chemical composition, specifically Fe-Mg substitution, on the electrical conductivity profile of the mantle, using a recently developed laboratory- derived model. We apply the model using these data to a portion of the transition zone between 520 and 660 km, in which we vary the garnet composition from Py100 to Py85Alm15. Although only a minor effect on bulk mantle conductivity results, we conclude that the overall garnet composition may, however, be important in characterizing the magnitude of any EC discontinuity with respect to the above-lying mantle.
Groundwater Level Effect on Redox Potential, on Cadmium Uptake and Yield of Soybean

In this greenhouse experiment, we investigated the effects of two constant groundwater levels: 10 cm groundwater level (GW-10) and 40 cm groundwater level (GW-40) and one change groundwater level, which was 40-10-40 cm (GW-40-10-40) on Cadmium (Cd) uptake and seed yield of Soybean plant in Cd contaminated soils (1.57 mg·kg-1). The experimental soil layer was made with gravel layer (14 cm), non-polluted soil (15 cm) and polluted soil (25 cm). The redox potential of every soil layer was measured from sowing to harvesting. The soil layer (10 – 40 cm) of GW-10 was always in reduction condition and that of GW-40 was always in oxidation condition. First 50 days of GW 40-10-40 were in oxidation and next 50 days in reduction and final 20 days again returned in oxidation condition. Soybean seed Cd concentration was significantly highest in GW-40-10-40 (1.16 ± 0.13 mg·kg-1) and lowest in GW-40 (0.81 ± 0.12 mg·kg-1). Cd concentration of stem was found significantly higher in GW-40 (1.7 ± 0.2 mg·kg-1) than GW-10 (0.91 ± 0.08 mg·kg-1) and GW-40-10-40 (1.28 ± 0.13 mg·kg-1). There was no significant difference in root Cd concentration among these 3 treatments. Main stem height of soybean plant and 100 seed weight of GW-40 were significantly higher than those of GW-10. The result revealed that, soil redox condition is an important factor for Cd uptake in soybean plant and seed yield of soybean. This study will help to manage the farming process more appropriately with the aim of minimizing uptake of Cd and other toxic metals in grain crops.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF FULLERENOL NANO PARTICLES ON COLON CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE RAT MODEL

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers world-wide, with highest incidence rates in western countries. In recent years, much effort has been dedicated in search for natural or pharmacological preventive agents, which would block or attenuate CRC process. In search for new pharmacological agent, the effects of fullerenol C60(OH)24 nano particles (FNP) on liver oxidative status and promotion or progression phase of colorectal carcinogenesis in dimethylhydrazine-induced rat model of CRC were investigated. Our results demonstrate that FNP effectively inhibited formation of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci, which are regarded as early histopathological lesions in the pathogenesis of CRC. FNP treatment also improved activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Since this was the first study investigating FNP effects on colon carcinogenesis further studies are needed to evaluate its protective effect also in other phases of carcinogenesis and to investigate whether its inhibitory activity was due to modulation of carcinogen-induced oxidative stress or another yet unknown anticarcinogenic activity.
Synthesis and Characterisation of a Highly Active Cu/ZnO:Al Catalyst

We report the application of an optimised synthesis protocol of a Cu/ZnO:Al catalyst. The different stages of synthesis are all well‐characterised by using various methods with regard to the (micro‐)structural, textural, solid‐state kinetic, defect and surface properties. The low amount of the Al promoter (3 %) influences but does not generally change the phase evolution known for binary Cu/ZnO catalysts. Its main function seems to be the introduction of defect sites in ZnO by doping. These sites as well as the large Cu surface area are responsible for the large N2O chemisorption capacity. Under reducing conditions, the Al promoter, just as Zn, is found enriched at the surface suggesting an active role in the strong metal–support interaction between Cu and ZnO:Al. The different stages of the synthesis are comprehensively analysed and found to be highly reproducible in the 100 g scale. The resulting catalyst is characterised by a uniform elemental distribution, small Cu particles (8 nm), a porous texture (pore size of approximately 25 nm), high specific surface area (approximately 120 m2 g−1), a high amount of defects in the Cu phase and synergetic Cu–ZnO interaction. A high and stable performance was found in methanol synthesis. We wish to establish this complex but well‐studied material as a benchmark system for Cu‐based catalysts.
Improved in situ Hf isotope ratio analysis of zircon using newly designed X skimmer cone and jet sample cone in combination with the addition of nitrogen by laser ablation multiple collector ICP-MS

The effect of three different cone combinations on the performance of laser ablation MC-ICP-MS (Neptune plus) for the in situ Hf isotope analysis of zircon were investigated. The signal sensitivities of Hf, Yb and Lu were improved by a factor of 1.4 and 2.5, respectively, with using the X skimmer cone + standard sampler cone and the X skimmer cone + Jet sample cone compared to the standard arrangement (H skimmer cone + standard sample cone). However, when using the high-sensitivity Jet sample cone, the instrumental mass fractionation for hafnium displayed a large non-linear component that could not be corrected using the normal mass fractionation laws. The magnitude of this non-linear mass fractionation was strongly related to the central gas flow rate. The in situ Hf isotope analysis of zircon standards 91500 and Mud Tank using the Jet cone displayed large deviations (410–470 ppm) at the optimum central gas flow rate for Hf, which seriously deteriorated the performance of the Jet cone. The addition of 4 ml min−1 nitrogen to the central gas flow in laser ablation MC-ICP-MS was found to not only increase the sensitivity of Hf by a factor of 2.1, but also suppress this non-linear mass fractionation. The determined Yb/Hf and Lu/Hf ratios at their corresponding optimum makeup gas flow rates for Hf intensity were found to be reduced by factors of 2 and 1.3 in the presence of nitrogen, respectively, which would benefit the accurate in situ determination of Hf isotopes in high-content Yb and Lu samples. Compared to the standard arrangement, the corresponding precision (2σ) of 176Hf/177Hf for single spot analysis of zircon standard 91500 was improved from 224 ppm to 50 ppm by using the newly designed X-skimmer cone and Jet sample cone in combination with the nitrogen addition technique. The determined 176Hf/177Hf ratios are in excellent agreement with published values in five reference zircon standards (91500, GJ-1, Mud Tank, Penglai and Plesovice). Our first Hf isotopic results from zircon standard M257 (0.281544 ± 0.000018; 2SD, n = 151) showed that it was fairly homogeneous in Hf isotopes. These results clearly demonstrate that the present analytical method has the potential to become an important tool for the pursuit of high-quality in situ Hf isotope data for zircons.
Design and Planning of Sustainable Industrial Networks: Application to a Recovery Network of Residual Products

The present work describes the integration of environmental impact/damage evaluation into an optimization model for management of industrial networks. The selected methodology of environmental evaluation, the Eco-indicator 99, is based on the life cycle impact assessment. Its implementation and suitability is studied with an emphasis being placed on the strengths and limits of the methodology. The final model, derived from the application of process system engineering methodologies, is described as a mixed-integer linear program, which, once solved, is able to suggest the optimal processing and transportation routes, while optimizing a given objective function that either meets the design and environmental constraints or minimizes the eco-indicator. Whenever the impacts/damages costs are quantifiable, the calculation may also contemplate the inclusion of the environmental costs into the economic function that evaluates the network characteristic data and costs. An example based on the implementation of an.
Facile synthesis of mesoporous composite Fe/Al2O3–MCM-41: an efficient adsorbent/catalyst for swift removal of methylene blue and mixed dyes

In situ incorporation of mesoporous Al2O3 (meso-Al2O3) into the MCM-41 extraframework without blocking the pores generates an ordered, long range and high surface area mesoporous support Al2O3–MCM-41 (AM). The mesoporous support surprisingly shows high surface area as compared to pristine MCM-41. The incorporation of meso-Al2O3 into the extraframework of MCM-41 through the silanol group is evidenced by FTIR, 27Al MAS NMR and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. The result shows that Si/Al ratio 10 (AM 10) possesses improved textural properties as compared to AM 50 and AM 90. Iron is incorporated onto the surface of AM 10 in order to modify the surface property of AM 10, forming composite Fe/Al2O3–MCM-41 (Fe/AM 10). Characterization by small angle X-ray diffraction (SXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements reveals that the mesoporous support and iron incorporated support possess large BET surface area (207–1244 m2 g−1), narrow pore size (2.4–2.7 nm) and high pore volume (0.370–2.37 cm3 g−1). Among them, AM 10 shows highest surface area (1244 m2 g−1), narrow pore size (2.7 nm) and pore volume (2.37 cm3 g−1). The incorporation effect of both meso-Al2O3 and iron in the formation of Fe/AM 10 has been well established by 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy study confirms the 2+ state of iron in Fe/AM 10 and also establishes the incorporation of meso-Al2O3 and iron. Among the prepared mesoporous supports and different wt% of iron incorporated supports, it is seen that 5 Fe/AM 10 (‘5’ denotes the wt% of iron) has high adsorption as well as photo-Fenton degradation activity for MB. Moreover, 5 Fe/AM 10 is not merely a good adsorbent but also an efficient catalyst in the adsorption and photo-Fenton degradation (100%) of MB in 15 and 5 minutes, respectively. Furthermore, in the case of mixed cationic and anionic dyes (uniform mixture of methylene blue and methyl orange), MO adsorption and degradation (by photo-Fenton process) occur appreciably on the surface of MB through cationic–anionic interaction of MB and MO.
Advanced Oxidation Processes. A Kinetic Model for the Oxidation of 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane in Water by the Combination of Hydrogen Peroxide and UV Radiation

The photolysis of hydrogen peroxide is the basis of a process for the treatment of wastewaters, and for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. A kinetic model for the oxidation of organics in water by the combination of hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation is described. The model is based on literature values for a series of reactions initiated by the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide by UV radiation into hydroxyl radicals, to which is added a term for the direct photolysis of the organic. The model is tested with data on the oxidation of a compound, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), at low levels (< 500 {micro}g/l) in simulated and actual groundwater. The effect of the UV intensity, the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide, and the various inorganic salts is investigated. Nitrate and bicarbonate/carbonate have a detrimental effect on the rate of oxidation of DBCP, the former due to UV shielding and the latter due to OH radical scavenging. The rate of oxidation of DBCP is enhanced and the optimum peroxide level is lowered at low carbonate alkalinity, suggesting that presoftening of groundwater prior to oxidation of halogenated alkanes should be cost-effective.
Species-specific probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23 supplementation modulates blood biochemical profile and erythrocytic antioxidant indices in Labrador dogs

The present investigation was conducted to study the blood biochemical profile and erythrocytic antioxidant indices in response to a canine-origin probiotic. Labrador adult female dogs (15) were distributed into 3 equal groups. Dogs in control group (CON) received a placebo MRS broth in the homemade basal diet as per the NRC requirements. In other 2 groups, dogs received either canine-origin probiotic (Lactobacillus johnsonii CPN23; cPRO) developed at our laboratory or dairy-origin probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15; dPRO) in the same basal diet. The experimental duration was 13-weeks. The probiotics supplementation was discontinued after 9-weeks to study the withdrawal effects during the next 4-weeks. Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of feeding and analyzed for various metabolites and antioxidants. The results indicated that the plasma glucose showed a reduction in both cPRO and dPRO groups vis-a-vis the CON group; however, total protein remained higher in both cPRO and dPRO as compared to CON. The total cholesterol was lower in cPRO and dPRO groups as compared to CON. The HDL/LDL ratio became wider in cPRO and dPRO groups in comparison to the CON. The erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and the levels of antioxidants including reduced glutathione, catalase and glutathione S-transferase remained unaltered by the probiotic use; however, the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was higher in cPRO. It is concluded that probiotic supplementation was effective besides having potential to augment the antioxidant status in dogs.
Natural Obsidian Glass as an External Accuracy Reference Material in Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry

Compared with solution ICP‐MS, LA‐ICP‐MS studies have thus far reported comparatively few external reference data for accuracy estimates of experiments. This is largely the result of a paucity of available reference materials of natural composition. Here, we report an evaluation of natural glass (obsidian) as an inexpensive and widely available external reference material. The homogeneity of over forty elements in six different obsidian samples was assessed by LA‐ICP‐MS. Accuracy was tested with two obsidian samples that were fully characterised by electron probe microanalysis and solution ICP‐MS. Laser ablation experiments were performed with a variety of ablation parameters (fluence, spot sizes, ablation repetition rates) and calibration approaches (natural vs. synthetic reference materials, and different internal standard elements) to determine the best practice for obsidian analysis. Furthermore, the samples were analysed using two different laser wavelengths (193 nm and 213 nm) to compare the effect of potential ablation‐related phenomena (e.g., fractionation). Our data indicate that ablation with fluences larger than 6 J cm−2 and repetition rates of 5 or 10 Hz resulted in the most accurate results. Furthermore, synthetic NIST SRM 611 and 612 glasses worked better as reference materials compared with lower SiO2 content reference materials (e.g., BHVO‐2G or GOR128‐G). The very similar SiO2 content of the NIST SRM glasses and obsidian (i.e., matrix and compositional match) seems to be the first‐order control on the ablation behaviour and, hence, the accuracy of the data. The use of different internal standard elements for the quantification of the obsidian data showed that Si and Na yielded accurate results for most elements. Nevertheless, for the analysis of samples with high SiO2 concentrations, it is recommended to use Si as the internal standard because it can be more precisely determined by electron probe microanalysis. At the scale of typical LA analyses, the six obsidian samples proved to be surprisingly homogenous. Analyses with a spot size of 80 μm resulted in relative standard deviations (% RSD) better than 8% for all but the most depleted elements (e.g., Sc, V, Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd) in these evolved glasses. The combined characteristics render obsidian a suitable, inexpensive and widely available, external quality‐control material in LA‐ICP‐MS analysis for many applications. Moreover, obsidian glass is suited for tuning purposes, and well‐characterised obsidian could even be used as a matrix‐matched reference material for a considerable number of elements in studies of samples with high SiO2 contents.
Active Control of the Anchoring of 4‘-Pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) at an Aqueous−Liquid Crystal Interface By Using a Redox-Active Ferrocenyl Surfactant

We report an experimental study that demonstrates control of the anchoring of a nematic liquid crystal (LC), 4‘-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), at an aqueous−LC interface by the reversible adsorption of a redox-active surfactant, 11-(ferrocenylundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide (FTMA). Whereas the anchoring of 5CB was found to be insensitive to the oxidation state of FTMA when using aqueous solutions of FTMA, oxidation of FTMA in aqueous mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and FTMA led to a near-planar-to-homeotropic transition in the orientation of 5CB. The change in orientation of 5CB was attributed to the competitive adsorption of CTAB (which causes homeotropic anchoring) and either FTMA or oxidized FTMA (both of which cause near-planar anchoring). Because oxidized FTMA is less surface active than FTMA, oxidation of FTMA in a mixture containing CTAB and FTMA leads to an increase in the surface concentration of CTAB. Reversible control of the anchoring of 5CB was achieved by sequential conta.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC STARCH/PLA BLENDS BY ONE STEP REACTIVE EXTRUSION

In the presence of dicumyl peroxide, the compatibility of thermoplastic dry starch (DTPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends, using maleic anhydride (MA) as compatibilizer, was investigated. The plasticization of starch and its compatibilizing modification with PLA was accomplished in a single-screw extruder by one-step reactive extrusion. In the presence of MA, the plasticization of starch in DTPS/PLA blends could be improved and homogeneous DTPS/PLA blends could be achieved as observed using scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of compatibilized DTPS/PLA blends was about 40.5 MPa higher than that of the original composites. Differential thermal analysis indicated that the glass transition temperature of DTPS and PLA became closer in the presence of MA than the blend without any additions, which suggested the compatibility between DTPS and PLA was improved. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that MA improved the interaction between DTPS and PLA. At the same time, the blend became more thermally stable as shown by thermogravimetric analysis results. A novel decomposition peak at about 450 °C was detected in the compatibilized blend, which was higher than those observed for DTPS and PLA. Finally, a rheological study suggested that MA could improve the fluidity of DTPS/PLA blends. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of stiffness on the dynamics of macromolecules in a melt

Analytical expressions are derived for the incoherent and coherent dynamic structure factor of macromolecules in a melt. In particular, the influence of chain stiffness on these quantities is investigated. For scattering vectors q πp/2 the incoherent dynamic structure factor is shown to be a universal function of only the combination q8/3tp1/3, reflecting the strong influence of the local chain stiffness on dynamical properties at small length scales. Moreover, the q dependence of both the full width at half maximum of the Fourier transformed incoherent dynamic structure factor and the initial decay rate of the coherent dynamic structure factor are calculated. The comparison of the theoretical results with quasielastic neutron scattering experiments of different polymers exhibits good agreement.
Modeling Botrytis Cinerea Spores Growth in Carbon Dioxide Enriched Atmospheres

This study simulates the conditions in which Botrytis may appear in a modified atmosphere packed horticulture product, such as strawberry, so as to elaborate a predictive model that could allow us to estimate the shelf-life of a contaminated food product in such atmosphere conditions (0 to 40% CO 2 ). The estimated shelf-lives obtained at 18 °C were 92, 164, and 236 h in storage atmospheres of 0, 10, and 20% CO 2 , respectively, very close to observed values; no growth was observed above 30% CO 2 . The elaborated predictive model allows us to: (a) control development of this fungi if the food product is maintained in an atmosphere containing more than 20% CO 2 and (b) predict the time taken for potential colonies to become visible (3 mm dia) and, thus, cause immediate rejection by consumers.
Adsorption of Arsenic from Aqueous Solutions by Iron Oxide Coated Sand Fabricated with Acid Mine Drainage

To investigate the potential use of iron oxides originating from acid mine drainage (AMD), iron oxide coated sand (IOCS) was prepared from AMD and used to test arsenic adsorption. Batch tests were conducted to study the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of arsenic using IOCS. The maximum adsorption capacities of the IOCS for As(III) and As(V) were 56.6 μg g−1 and 99.0 μg g−1, respectively, at pH 7. Based on these results, IOCS fabricated from AMD had high arsenic adsorption capacities and can reuse the iron oxide in AMD to effectively remove arsenic in water purification systems.
Study on the health effects of air pollution in Beijing

The air quality in Beijing and associated health effects have been of some concern to the world for many years. Chinese researchers have undertaken a series of studies related to health effects. Evidence suggests that the air quality has improved vastly in recent years. The annual levels of ambient SO2, NO2 and PM10 were 36, 49 and 122 mcg/m3 in 2008, respectively, showing a 43.8%, 30.9% and 26.1% reduction in the 2001 levels. A 10 µg/m3 decrease in ambient SO2 and PM10 has resulted in the daily cardiovascular death rate being reduced by 0.71% (0.13%∼1.31%) and 0.35% (0.13%∼0.57%). This implies that the measures implemented to control air pollution have been successful. The health of Beijing’s urban residents has benefited.