Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The annual cycle of phytoplankton photosynthetic quantum efficiency, pigment composition and optical properties in the western English Channel

Phytoplankton photosynthetic quantum efficiency (PQE), pigments, absorption characteristics, species composition (converted to phytoplankton carbon, Cph) and other variables were measured at an offshore site in the western English Channel throughout 2001, using an opportunistic weekly sampling schedule. The variation of chlorophyll-a (Chla) and other phytoplankton pigments followed the classical seasonal cycle, driven by incident light, patterns of stratification and nutrient availability. Phytoplankton and pigment concentrations were low in the winter, rising to a peak in the spring ‘bloom’, with episodic blooms throughout the summer, an autumn bloom and a decline to the winter minimum. Surface layer Chla and total pigment (Tpig) concentrations were highly correlated for the whole year, yet it was observed that the fraction of Chla in Tpig (Chla/Tpig) was not constant and had a distinct seasonal pattern, low in winter and higher in spring, summer and autumn blooms. Chlorophyll-a/Tpig was linearly correlated with recent ambient light fluxes and maximum PQE (PQEm) throughout most of the year, though more significantly within seasonal periods. Chlorophyll-a and Tpig were both linearly correlated to Cph and the Chla/Cph ratio was significantly correlated with both Chla/Tpig and PQEm. Also the optical absorption ratios, a674/a443 and a674/a490 were significantly correlated with PQE and Chla/Tpig, indicating probable optical signatures for these two parameters. The seasonal cycle of measurements of photosynthetic quantum efficiency provided a bench-mark against which all the photosynthetically-driven seasonal changes of biological properties can be understood, in terms of incident solar radiation and nutrient availability. We conclude that phytoplankton synthesize Chla preferentially to other pigments or carbon compounds in conditions beneficial to growth. The PQEm, the ratios of Chla/Tpig, Chla/Cph and a674/a443 are greater when plants are growing actively. In periods of nutrient sufficiency, PQEm, Chla/Tpig and a674/a443 are all linear functions of the mean total photon flux for the recent few days. Photosynthetically driven changes in Chla synthesis, cause observed changes of Chla/Tpig and Chla/Cph ratios.
Quantitative control of oxytocin-induced PGF2α release by progesterone and oestradiol in ewes

The effect of oestradiol and progesterone concentrations on the uterine PGF2 alpha response to oxytocin was investigated by measuring 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 alpha (PGFM) secretion. One week after ovariectomy, 27 ewes were administered progestagen for 10 days followed by oestradiol for 2 days. Day 0 was designated as the time of the last 'oestrous' oestradiol injection. Six groups of ewes (n = 4) were then treated for 12 days with a high or low dose of progesterone (36 or 12 mg day-1) either alone or with a high or low dose of oestradiol (36 or 12 micrograms day-1) administered (in 1 ml of corn oil by i.m. injection, at intervals of 8 h) in a pattern designed to simulate a natural oestrous cycle profile. A control group (n = 3) was given corn oil alone. Ewes were treated with 1 microgram oxytocin (i.v.) on days 4, 8 and 12 of the simulated cycle and plasma was collected for assay of PGFM. An oxytocin-induced PGFM response occurred only on day 12, when the response was suppressed by high doses of progesterone and stimulated by high oestradiol doses. There was a significant effect of progesterone (P < 0.05) and a highly significant effect of oestradiol (P < 0.01) on the pattern of PGFM release in response to oxytocin. Low progesterone/high oestradiol stimulated the largest and most sustained increase in PGFM following oxytocin. There was a significant relationship between the oestradiol:progesterone ratio and the mean PGFM response on day 12 (P < 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chlorine and chlorine dioxide for control of d'Anjou pear decay.

chrysosperma. J. Agric. Res. 13:331-345. 14. WALLA, J. A. , and R. W. STACK. 1978. 6. FILER, T. H. , Jr. 1967. Pathogenicity of 10. SCHOENEWEISS, D. F. 1967. Susceptibility of Blackstem of Populus cuttings. (Abstr.) Cytospora, Phomopsis and Hypomyces on weakened cottonwood stems to fungi associated Phytopathol. News 12(8):92. Populus deltoides. Phytopathology 57:978-980. with blackstem. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:933-935. 15. WATERMAN, A. M. 1954. Septoria Canker of 7. GRAY, L. E. , J. J. JOKELA, and H. B. 11. SCHREINER, E. J. 1931. Two species of Valsa Poplars in the United States. USDA Circ. 947,24 WYCOFF. 1965. Blackstem of cottonwood. causing disease in Populus. Am. J. Bot. 18:1-29. pp. Plant Dis. Rep. 49:867-868. 12. van DOESBURG, J. 1962. Use of fungicides with 16. WATERMAN, A. M. 1957. Canker and dieback 8. HUBERT, E. E. 1920. Observations on vegetative propagation. Proc. 16 Int. Hortic. of poplars caused by Dothichiza populea. For. Cytospora chrysosperma in the northwest. Congr. 4:365-371. Sci. 3:175-183. Phytopathology 10:442-447. 13. VANDERBILT, R. T. 1965. The auxin effects of 17. WILLIAMS, R. D. , and S. H. HANKS. 1976. 9. LONG, W. H. 1918. An undescribed canker of some common fungicides and other chemicals. Hardwood nurseryman's guide. USDA For. poplars and willows caused by Cytospora Plant Propagator 11(3):6-7. Serv. Agric. Handb. 473. 78 pp.
Cytoplasmic membrane of Rhizobium meliloti bacteroids. II. Functional differentiation and generation of membrane potentials

The expression of the nitrogenase enzyme system in the alfalfa symbiont Rhizobium meliloti is associated with a process of functional differentiation of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Morphological changes are complemented by an increase in cellular volume and enclosure of the bacterioids in a plant-derived peribacteroidal membrane. The average volume of bacteroids isolated in isotonic media was found to be three times that of air-grown cells and the average protein content increased by three- to four-fold. The induction of transmembrane electrical potentials was observed on oxygenation of anaerobic cells in the presence of succinate or sucrose. Membrane potentials were measured with radioactive probes in static experiments or by flow dialysis. Calcium ion enhanced bacteroid membrane potentials which were greater in magnitude (negative inside) than those of air-grown cells. Bacteroids exhibited weak proton transport activity in response to respiration and had no measurable pH gradient as determined b.
Interferon-γ-treated renal tubular epithelial cells induce allospecific tolerance

Interferon-γ-treated renal tubular epithelial cells induce allospecific tolerance. Following organ transplantation, tissue parenchymal cells commonly express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules as a result of local cytokine release, and thus acquire the capacity to present donor MHC alloantigens to alloreactive CD4 + T cells. The consequences of such a presentation are likely to be relevant in the induction of tolerance to the transplanted tissues, and this has been reported in animal models of transplantation and in humans. In this study, the consequences of antigen presentation by interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated human renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) to resting and activated CD4 + T cells were investigated. Allogeneic RTEC were unable to stimulate proliferation by peripheral blood CD45 RA + or RO + CD4 + T cells from three HLA-mismatched responders. The response to RTEC was partially reconstituted by the addition of murine L cell transfectants expressing human B7.1 (DAP.3-B7), suggesting that the failure of RTEC to stimulate a primary alloresponse was due, at least in part, to a lack of costimulation. T cell clones dependent on B7-mediated co-stimulation also did not respond to peptide presented by RTEC. Most importantly, this lack of reactivity was accompanied by the induction of nonresponsiveness. Incubation with allogeneic, DR-expressing RTEC induced allospecific hyporesponsiveness in both CD45RA + and RO + T cells. Similarly, overnight incubation with antigen-pulsed RTEC induced nonresponsiveness in the B7-dependent T cell clones. These results suggest that MHC class II expression on RTEC may contribute to the induction of an allospecific nonresponsiveness following organ transplantation.
EXTENT OF NONENZYMATIC BROWNING IN GRAPEFRUIT JUICE DURING THERMAL AND CONCENTRATION PROCESSES: KINETICS AND PREDICTION

The kinetics of browning in grapefruit juice during thermal and concentration processes was studied. The reaction is seen to be initially slow (lag period) and later relatively rapid (post-lag period), represented by an exponential and a linear time function respectively. The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction obeys the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy, for a solids content of 11 to 62° Bx, ranges from 8 to 30 Kcal/mole in the lag period and from 15 to 24 Kcal/mole in the post-lag period. Curve-fitting techniques yielded an empirical kinetic equation correlating the rate of reaction with temperature and degree of concentration; this equation in turn yielded a mathematical prediction model, used to advantage in studying the extent of browning in grapefruit juice during commercial thermal and concentration processes.
THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF CHRYSOCHROMULINA SP. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) 1

The flagellar apparatus of an undescribed species of Chrysochromulina Lackey that bears “eyelash” scales is reconstructed. The transitional region consists of two transitional plates each with an axosome, with no stellate pattern between them. Fine osmiophilic rings lie between the flagellar membrane and the outer doublets in the transitional region. The two jagella and the haptonema are inserted in a subapical depression that is lined ventrally by a spine‐like projection formed by one of the parietal chloroplasts. The angles of insertion are similar to those of some other Chrysochromulina species in that both the haptonema and the right basal body lie at an extreme angle to the left basal body. The connectives of the apparatus consist of a striated distal band with a dorsal extension to the R1 and a ventral extension overlying the R2, a striated distal accessory band, an auxiliary connective from the right basal body to the adjacent ventral chloroplast, a well‐developed intermediate band, two striated proximal bands, and a striated proximal accessory band. Of the microtubular roots in this Chrysochromulina species, three are associated with the left side of the cell (an R1 of 8+3; a small crystalline compound root, the R1C, associated with the R1; an R2 of three micro‐tubules), and two are associated with the right basal body (an R3 of 2/2 microtubules with which the single‐stranded R4 converges to form a 2/2+1 and then a 2/3 tiered arrangement). Comparisons are drawn with other species in the genus and related genera, particularly Prymne‐sium.
Pollen morphology of the Flueggeinae (Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthoideae)

A total of 129 species from the subtribe Flueggeinae of the tribe Phyllantheae (Euphorbiaceae, Phyllanthoideae) were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, and 10 species using transmission electron microscopy, in order to evaluate the relationships between the eight constituent genera: Breynia, Flueggea, Glochidion, Margaritaria, Phyllanthus, Reverchonia, Richeriella, and Sauropus. Of these genera, Flueggea, Margaritaria and Richeriella share pollen with a prolate spheroidal meridional outline and a 3-colporate aperture system. Pollen of Reverchonia is also 3-colporate, but differs from that of the Flueggea alliance by its clearly prolate shape, tilioid ornamentation and absence of costae endopori. Breynia and Sauropus have 4–12 and 3–16-colporate pollen, respectively, with diploporate colpi. Two pollen types are recognised in Breynia, and four in Sauropus, one of which supports the recognition of Sect. Hemisauropus. Glochidion pollen is 3–6-colporate, and similar to that of Breynia in having reticulate sculpture with Y-shaped sexine structures, but it has monoporate colpi. Of the genus Phyllanthus, only species with pollen with diploporate colpi have been studied. Seven types are described. Diploporate Phyllanthus pollen can be distinguished from that of Breynia and Sauropus by its distinct colpus margins consisting of parallel muri. Colpal irregularities and endoaperture configurations in the subtribe are discussed, and pollen morphological trends are hypothesised. Placed in the successiform aperture series, the Flueggea alliance and Reverchonia form a basal group. Glochidion is considered intermediate, giving rise to the Breynia-Sauropus group. The relationship with Phyllanthus remains unclear.
Fine Sediment and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Appalachian Streams: A Field Experiment with Biomonitoring Applications

Forest management operations may result in above-ambient inputs of fine sediments to streams with consequences for stream biota. A field experiment was conducted at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia to examine the effects of fine sediment on macroinvertebrate assemblages. Fine sediment (<2 mm) was varied between 0 and 30% in 5% increments in otherwise natural substratum mixtures in 0.03-m2 trays deployed at each of 3 sites along Elklick Run, a 4th-order stream, and allowed to colonize for 5 wk. Macroinvertebrate density (-, sign indicates response to fine sediment), biomass (-), EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) taxa richness (-), the proportion of Ephemeroptera composed of Baetidae (+), and the proportion of chironomids composed of Chironominae (-) and of Orthocladiinae (+) were the most sensitive and reliable metrics. Sediment effects on metrics were generally subtle, even when statistically significant. Ordination and the relative abundance of individual taxa indicated that assemblage structure was altered by treatment, but the shift was generally less than the variation in structure among the 3 sites. Percent organic matter and interstitial velocity were quantified, but did not appear to explain observed responses to treatment. Comparison of assemblages colonizing treatment mixtures with assemblages colonizing natural substratum indicated that most aspects of the experiment were realistic. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were also sampled in 15 local streams, which varied in fine-sediment bed loads, to determine if predictions based on the field experiment were supported at a larger spatial scale. Survey results generally agreed qualitatively with experimental results suggesting that some metrics were robust at a regional scale for physically and geologically similar streams.
Heritability for yield, leaf:stem ratio and stevioside content estimated from a landrace cultivar of Stevia rebaudiana

Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni is a herbaceous perennial native to the highlands of Paraguay. A number of compounds in the leaf tissue have a potential food use as low-calorie sweeteners. The purpose of this work was to determine if sufficient genetic variability was present in a landrace cultivar of stevia to allow selection of lines with agronomic and chemical properties suitable to local production conditions. Leaf yield, leaf:stem ratio and stevioside concentration were all found to be highly heritable. Leaf-yield levels were comparable to those in other stevia-producing areas. Stevioside concentration was higher, probably as a result of production under long days. These initial results also show that improvement of stevia through selection is possible and that it has potential for production in southwestern Ontario.Key words: Response to selection, low-calorie sweetener
Optimal foraging and gut constraints: reconciling two schools of thought

To ecologists, factors such as a forager's encounter rate with prey and its own susceptibility to predation are dominant determinants of foraging. In contrast, digestive physiologists consider foraging to be determined by factors like rates of digestion and absorption of ingested food. We reconcile these views in a model combining encounter rate, external handling, and internal handling of food in the gut. With internal food handling, two food properties become important; energy: external handling time (e/h) and energy: bulk (e/b). We show that internal handling is only one of a suite of rate limiting factors. The gut never reaches full capacity, indicating that spare capacity may be intrinsic to gut structure. Regardless of gut fullness, a food of sufficiently high e/b will always be harvested. Two isolegs in the state space of resource abundances determine diet selectivity. These isolegs, which we call the Mitchell and Pulliam isolegs, divide the state space into regions in which 1) the forager's optimal strategy is opportunism; 2) the forager is always selective on the food with the greater e/ h and partially selective on the second food; 3) the forager is always selective on the food with the greater e/h and ignores the second food. The development and analysis of the isolegs thus reconcile the heretofore disparate perspectives of the ecological and the physiological frameworks of foraging.
Effect of placenta feeding to sows on plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects on the plasma biochemical composition and growth of piglets of placenta-fed sows. The experimental animals were a total of 21 sows (L x LW) of third parity, and each sow was suckled by 11 ± 1 piglets. Sows fed without placenta were considered as the control (C), treatment 1 (T1) were placenta-fed from days 1-7 after farrowing and treatment 2 (T2) were placenta-fed from day 7 before farrowing to day 7 after farrowing. Glucose of piglets was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C and T1 on day 10. Total cholesterol of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on day 4. Fe of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4, 20 and 30. Unsaturated iron-binding capacity was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4 and 30. Immunoglobulin G of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than C on days 4 and 10. Daily gain of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than C and T2 on day 4 when daily gain was calculated. Total daily gain increased (P < 0.05) by prolongation of placenta feeding period. The results indicate that feeding placenta to sows may improve the plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets.
INCREASED SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN CORAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY RECREATIONAL SCUBA DIVING

The most dramatic changes in natural environments caused by human recreation are often during the initial use of a site, when the most susceptible and fragile species are disturbed. Approaches to managing the effects of recreational activities often assume that site impacts accumulate under sustained patterns of use and that the rate of accumulation is predictably related to the amount of initial use that individual sites receive. We investigated the patterns of impact caused by the experimental opening of two new scuba diving sites in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Changes in the abundance and condition of corals at the dive sites and two undived (control) sites were monitored for 5 mo before the sites were opened and for a further 13 mo after regular dive visits began. Sampling was stratified at increasing distances (0, 40, and 80 m) away from the point of entry to each site to determine spatial patterns of impact. Despite regular use of the sites by dive charters, impacts occurred as repeated discrete pulses in coral damage that were spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Increases in the density of broken branching corals were typically short-term and occurred asynchronously within a single stratum or dive site. Our results show that repeated use of coral reef dive sites does not necessarily lead to cumulative deterioration in their condition. The heterogeneous patterns of impact that we detected appear to be associated with variability in diver behavior and to the relatively rapid growth of broken coral branches. To limit damage in these popular environments, management actions that identify and mitigate the causes of damaging behavior are likely to be more pragmatic and efficient than setting numerical limits to site use.
Corn Yield Response to Varied Producer Controlled Factors and Weather in High Yield Environments

(.) The objectives of these experiments were to determine what combination of the producer controlled variables (e.g., N, P, and K fertilization, plant density, row spacing, hybrid, and timing of N application) would give maximum yields under the prevailing climatic conditions in the western Corn Belt. Eight field experiments were conducted in eastern and central Iowa from 1982 through 1984 (.)
Dose de inoculante turfoso para soja em plantio direto

Inoculation in the soybean crop is a practice widely adopted all over the world. Despite of this fact, so far researchers have not come to a agreement regarding the amount of peat inoculant to be used under the no-tillage cultivation system. While in Parana State the recommended amount is of 500g of inoculant for 50kg of seeds, in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States this recommendation is of 200g, what brings into evidence the need to intensify research in this particular area. This study was carried out in the 1994/95 cropping season, in an area cultivated under the no-tillage system for five years, in Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, aiming at evaluating the effect of the peat inoculant dose on soybean under no-tillage. The treatments used were: check without inoculation, inoculant dosis of 250, 500, 750 and 1000g for 50kg of seeds and a treatment with 200kg of N/ha, applied in parcels, without inoculation. There was no difference between the check plots without inoculation and inoculant dosis for number and weight of nodules, dry matter of the plant shoots, dry matter of the roots, plant height and N content in the leaf. The treatment with mineral nitrogen showed a smaller number and weight of nodules and higher production of dry matter of the plant shoots, but this last parameter did not differ from the treatments: check without inoculation, 250 and 500g of inoculant. With mineral N application, plant height was significantly higher than the check and the inoculant dosis treatments. There was no positive effect of the inoculant on grain yield. These results led us to conclude that there is no need to use inoculant in areas after five years under the no-tillage cultivation system.
Internal skeletal structures of the Cenozoic genera Gondwanaria, Lipmanella, and Lithomelissa (Plagiacanthidae, Nassellaria) and their taxonomy

Internal skeletal structure of Nassellaria, Radiolaria forms during the early stages of ontogeny and is used as one of the main criteria of suprageneric classification. Its detailed knowledge represents also the structural basis of taxonomy of some genera. In order to use it properly a new descriptive terminology of the internal skeletal structure is developed for some large-cephalis bearing nassellarians. Eight Cenozoic to recent nassellarians assigned to three genera, Gondwanaria, Lipmanella and Lithomelissa including four new species, are described using this new terminology. Furthermore, on the basis of initial skeletal structure, the author clarifies the suprageneric taxonomy of genera, Gondwanaria Petrushevskaya and Lipmanella Loeblich and Tappan.