Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Publicly Available Simulation of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Gas-Powered Vehicles

Volatility in energy markets has made the purchase of battery electric vehicles (BEV) or hybrid vehicles (HEVs) attractive versus internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). However, the total cost of ownership (TCO) and true environmental effects, are difficult to assess. This study provides a publicly available, user-driven simulation that estimates the consumer and environmental costs for various vehicle purchase options, supporting policymaker, producer, and consumer information requirements. It appears to be the first to provide a publicly available, user interactive simulation that compares two purchase options simultaneously. It is likely that the first paper to simulate the effects of solar recharging of electric vehicles (EV) on both cost-benefit for the consumer and environmental benefit (e.g., carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, non-methane organic gasses, particulate matter, and formaldehyde) simultaneously, demonstrating how, as an example, solar-based charging of BEVs and HEVs reduces carbon emissions over grid-based charging. Two specific scenarios are explicated, and the results of show early break-even for both BEV and Plug-in HEV (PHEV) options over ICEV (13 months, and 12 months, respectively) with CO2 emissions about ½ that of the gasoline option (including production emissions.) The results of these simulations are congruent with previous research that identified quick break-even for HEVs versus ICEV.
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activities of the Mesocarp of Raphia hookeri Fruit against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats

This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant and protective effect of Raphia hookeri (Rh) fruit extracts and powders against aluminum induced neurotoxicity in rats. Extracts and powder were prepared using fruit mesocarp. Phytochemical contents (phenolic content and flavonoid) and antioxidant in vitro activity were evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, the ability to reduce ferric ion and Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The neurocognitive dysfunction, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and activities of antioxidant in vivo indices were evaluated in the plasma, liver and brain of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced neurotoxicity in rats. The highest total phenolic (76.34 mg Eq AG/g of extract), flavonoids’ contents (13.32 mg Eq CAT/g of extract), the best DPPH scavenging activity and the ability to reduce ferric ion (Fe3+) were obtained with aqueous extract. The administration of aqueous extract (200 and 400 g/kg bw) and powder (5% and 10 %) during 28 days resulted in a significant decrease (P Treatment with aqueous extract and powder of Rh mesocarp ameliorated neurobehavioral changes by enhancing antioxidant activities, cognitive functions. Therefore Rh would protect oxidative damage and preserve neurone functions.
Efeitos do envelhecimento precoce no vigor de sementes de Chorisia speciosa St. Hil. - Bombacaceae

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of accelerated aging on the seed vigor of paineira (Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.- Bombacaceae). The aging chamber technique was used (45oC and 100% R.U.) and four replications of 50 seeds were distributed on gerbox for each aging time (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144h). After the aging periods, the seeds were submitted to germination test (27oC), electric condutivity, percentage of seedling emergence,and seedling dry matter. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test. The germination percentages after 48, 72, 96 e 120h of accelerated aging was smaller than in the control group. Viability was lost after 144h within the chamber. The decrease in germination percentage was directely related to solute leakage from seed cells. A significant decrease in seedling emergence occurred after 72h of exposure to accelerating aging. The period of 72h inside the chamber may be recommended for seed vigor evaluation, because significant differences between the control group and the aging seeds were found for percentage of germination, seedling emergence and electric conductivity.
THE AERODYNAMICS OF HOVERING INSECT FLIGHT. V. A VORTEX THEORY

A full derivation is presented for the vortex theory of hovering flight outlined in preliminary reports. The theory relates the lift produced by flapping wings to the induced velocity and power of the wake. Suitable forms of the momentum theory are combined with the vortex approach to reduce the mathematical complexity as much as possible. Vorticity is continuously shed from the wings in sympathy with changes in wing circulation. The vortex sheet shed during a half-stroke convects downwards with the induced velocity field, and should be approximately planar at the end of a half-stroke. Vorticity within the sheet will roll up into complicated vortex rings, but the rate of this process is unknown. The exact state of the sheet is not crucial to the theory, however, since the impulse and energy of the vortex sheet do not change as it rolls up, and the theory is derived on the assumption that the extent of roll-up is negligible. The force impulse required to generate the sheet is derived from the vorticity of the sheet, and the mean wing lift is equal to that impulse divided by the period of generation. This method of calculating the mean lift is suitable for unsteady aerodynamic lift mechanisms as well as the quasi-steady mechanism. The relation between the mean lift and the impulse of the resulting vortex sheet is used to develop a conceptual artifice - a pulsed actuator disc - that approximates closely the net effect of the complicated lift forces produced in hovering. T he disc periodically applies a pressure impulse over some defined area, and is a generalized form of the Froude actuator disc from propeller theory. The pulsed disc provides a convenient link between circulatory lift and the powerful momentum and vortex analyses of the wake. The induced velocity and power of the wake are derived in stages, starting with the simple Rankine-Froude theory for the wake produced by a Froude disc applying a uniform, continuous pressure to the air. The wake model is then improved by considering a ‘modified’ Froude disc exerting a continuous, but non-uniform pressure. This step provides a spatial correction factor for the Rankine-Froude theory, by taking into account variations in pressure and circulation over the disc area. Finally, the wake produced by a pulsed Froude disc is analysed, and a temporal correction factor is derived for the periodic application of spatially uniform pressures. Both correction factors are generally small, and can be treated as independent perturbations of the Rankine-Froude model. Thus the corrections can be added linearly to obtain the total correction for the general case of a pulsed actuator disc with spatial and temporal pressure variations. The theory is compared with Rayner’s vortex theory for hovering flight. Under identical test conditions, numerical results from the two theories agree to within 3%. Rayner presented approximations from his results to be used when applying his theory to hovering animals. These approximations are not consistent with my theory or with classical propeller theory, and reasons for the discrepancy are suggested.
Seasonal changes of motile polychaetes in the fouling assemblage developed on test panels submerged on a tropical coast

The diversity and distribution of polychaete species under the families Nereididae, Syllidae and Eunicidae in sub-tidal fouling assemblage was studied by submerging wood as test substratum. Wooden panels were fitted onto a raft and submerged in Kudankulam coastal waters (south east coast of India) in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from May 2003 to July 2005. Panels (in replicate) were retrieved from the raft at 15-day intervals. A total of 24 polychaete species belonging to the three families were identified from the test panels. Perinereis cultrifera, Platynereis dumerilii, Syllis variegata, Syllis truncata, and Eunice australis were the dominant species observed on the test panels. The abundance of major polychaete group was varied considerably between the panel series submerged in May 2003 (post-monsoon), November 2003 (monsoon) and July 2004 (pre-monsoon). The major difference in the polychaete community structure was the low abundance of both nereidids on pre-monsoon season panels and the eunicids on monsoon and post-monsoon season panels.
Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV Elite Controllers?

In most HIV-infected persons, the natural history of untreated infection is one of sustained viremia, progressive CD4 T cell depletion with resultant morbidity and mortality. The advent of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) that controls HIV replication has altered this landscape dramatically. Yet a rare population of HIV-infected persons—elite controllers (EC)—can control HIV replication such that plasma levels of virus are “undetectable” without ART. The EC phenotype is heterogeneous, with some subjects durably controlling the virus—persistent elite controllers—and some eventually losing viral control—transient elite controllers. Overall, EC tend to have robust HIV-specific T cell responses and in some cases, mainly in transient elite controllers, elevated activation and inflammation indices that diminish with ART suggesting that endogenous defenses against this persistent pathogen come at the cost of heightened activation/inflammation. A limited data set suggests that cardiovascular disease risk as well as the occur-rence of other morbid events may be greater in the overall EC population than in treated HIV infection. ART in EC decreases activation indices but does not appear to increase circulating CD4 T cell numbers nor do we know if it alters clinical outcomes. Thus, it is difficult to recommend or discourage a decision to start ART in the EC population but the authors lean toward treatment particularly in those EC whose activation indices are high and those who are progressively losing circulating CD4 T cell numbers. Biomarkers that can reliably predict loss of virologic control and immune failure are needed.
Relationships between geographic distribution and abundance of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Selon la theorie de la recherche optimale de nourriture, l'aire d'une population s'etendrait dans son habitat marginal a mesure que s'accroit l'abondance; les changements en pourcentage de la densite locale devraient etre plus forts dans l'habitat marginal que dans l'habitat optimal quand la taille de la population change. A partir de donnees recueillies pendant des campagnes annuelles de chalutage sur le fond (1971-1992), nous avons trouve que l'abondance de plie canadienne (Hippoglossoides platessoides) dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent a varie d'un facteur de 5 pendant cette periode, mais que son aire geographique (zone contenant 95% de la population) n'a montre aucune tendance a l'expansion quand la taille de la population augmentait. La zone de densite la plus forte (contenant 50% de la population) a bien montre une legere tendance a s'etendre en fonction de la taille de la population mais, contrairement aux previsions, aucune tendance ne montrait que les changements de la densite seraient proportionnellement plus grands dans les zones marginales ou les plies etaient peu communes. Des differences legeres mais significatives (P < 0,05) dans la distribution geographique se sont produites entre les periodes de faible et de forte abondance, mais elles n'expliquaient qu'une petite proportion de la variation totale des taux de capture. Les taux moyens de capture etaient les plus hauts dans les memes regions aux deux periodes d'abondance, et aucun grand changement de la distribution ne s'est produit entre ces deux periodes. Ces resultats contredisent les donnees publiees sur la morue franche dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent.
Dairy Compost, Variety, and Stand Age Effects on Kenaf Forage Yield, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentration, and Uptake

The dairy and beef industries are looking for alternative forages with high yields that are capable of efficient manure-P recycling when soil moisture is limiting. Three varieties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) were grown under dryland conditions and harvested at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting (DAP) with yearly applications of 0, 10 (56 kg P), and 20 (112 kg P) Mg DM ha -1 of dairy manure compost. Kenaf variety India' was less productive but had as high or higher N and P concentrations than either Guatemala 4' or 'Everglades 41' during the second year of the trial. Yields tended to increase and N or P concentrations decrease with DAP, but were affected by rainfall patterns. In 1998, when rainfall was concentrated during the first 60 DAP and the last 30 DAP, the 120 DAP harvest averaged 5.28 Mg DM ha -1 yr -1 , 2.2 times the 90 DAP average. In 1999, when rainfall fell exclusively during the first 90 DAP, the 90 DAP harvest averaged 5.06 Mg DM ha -1 yr -1 , 1.6 times the 120 DAP average. Plant P concentration tended to increase and N concentration to decrease with compost application the second year. The cumulative effect of compost application increased forage DM yields as well as P and N uptake during the second year. Average P removal by kenaf in the 10 and 20 Mg compost DM ha -1 plots was 10.4 and 6.8%, respectively, of the P equivalent added by the compost. This indicates that the average forage P concentration of 2.11 g kg -1 from the plots that received compost would result in insufficient forage P uptake to avoid excessive soil P buildup with sustained yearly compost application.
Highly Linear High-Power 802.11ac/ax WLAN SiGe HBT Power Amplifiers With a Compact 2nd-Harmonic-Shorted Four-Way Transformer and a Thermally Compensating Dynamic Bias Circuit

This article presents the design of a highly linear high-power silicon–germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) 802.11ac/ax wireless local area network (WLAN) power amplifiers (PAs). The challenges associated with electrothermal effects on the dynamic operation of WLAN PAs are first discussed. We then propose the design methods that take into account the electrothermal transient effect to improve linear output power (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\mathrm {OUT}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and dynamic error vector magnitude (DEVM). A compact four-way output transformer balun is proposed to achieve efficient power combining, and a built-in 2nd-harmonic short is demonstrated by using a novel multi-layered metallization scheme. A thermally compensating dynamic bias circuit that improves the DEVM and reduces memory effects is designed with an integrated temperature sensor. Different SiGe HBT array layouts, laterally and vertically arranged, of the output stage of the PA are also investigated. With the 802.11ac MCS9 VHT80 test signals, the DEVM of a PA with a laterally arranged output stage is lower than that of its vertical counterpart. This suggests the importance of the layout on the transistor electrothermal transient effect. The PA with the laterally arranged output stage shows a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\mathrm {OUT}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 22.5/23.6/23.2 dBm (DEVM = −35 dB) with 10.0/12.2/11.2% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 5210/5530/5855 MHz under an 802.11ac MCS9 VHT80 test signal at 50% duty cycle. Good DEVM performance was measured under the test signal with various duty cycles, indicating that the proposed PA is thermally robust. The design supports the 802.11ax MCS11 VHT80 signals with 19.4-dBm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P_{\mathrm {OUT}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, satisfying a DEVM of −40 dB.
REVIEW: Wildlife camera trapping: a review and recommendations for linking surveys to ecological processes

Summary Reliable assessment of animal populations is a long-standing challenge in wildlife ecology. Technological advances have led to widespread adoption of camera traps (CTs) to survey wildlife distribution, abundance and behaviour. As for any wildlife survey method, camera trapping must contend with sources of sampling error such as imperfect detection. Early applications focused on density estimation of naturally marked species, but there is growing interest in broad-scale CT surveys of unmarked populations and communities. Nevertheless, inferences based on detection indices are controversial, and the suitability of alternatives such as occupancy estimation is debatable. We reviewed 266 CT studies published between 2008 and 2013. We recorded study objectives and methodologies, evaluating the consistency of CT protocols and sampling designs, the extent to which CT surveys considered sampling error, and the linkages between analytical assumptions and species ecology. Nearly two-thirds of studies surveyed more than one species, and a majority used response variables that ignored imperfect detection (e.g. presence–absence, relative abundance). Many studies used opportunistic sampling and did not explicitly report details of sampling design and camera deployment that could affect conclusions. Most studies estimating density used capture–recapture methods on marked species, with spatially explicit methods becoming more prominent. Few studies estimated density for unmarked species, focusing instead on occupancy modelling or measures of relative abundance. While occupancy studies estimated detectability, most did not explicitly define key components of the modelling framework (e.g. a site) or discuss potential violations of model assumptions (e.g. site closure). Studies using relative abundance relied on assumptions of equal detectability, and most did not explicitly define expected relationships between measured responses and underlying ecological processes (e.g. animal abundance and movement). Synthesis and applications. The rapid adoption of camera traps represents an exciting transition in wildlife survey methodology. We remain optimistic about the technology's promise, but call for more explicit consideration of underlying processes of animal abundance, movement and detection by cameras, including more thorough reporting of methodological details and assumptions. Such transparency will facilitate efforts to evaluate and improve the reliability of camera trap surveys, ultimately leading to stronger inferences and helping to meet modern needs for effective ecological inquiry and biodiversity monitoring.
Experimental ballistic performance determination of friction stir welded magnesium (AZ31B) targets

Abstract Nowadays there is an increasing demand to develop light weight defense vehicles, fighter aircrafts and warships in order to enhance their mobility and fuel economy. It can be achieved by using the light weight structures made up of Aluminum and Magnesium plates which will reduce the weight, increase the payload carrying capacity and efficiency of the vehicles. In the present work, experimental ballistic performance of Magnesium (AZ31B) Base Metal (BM), friction-stir-welded (FSW) and post-weld-heat treated (PWHT) target plates have been determined by using the 7.62 mm Armor Piercing Projectiles (APP). Prior to ballistic testing, Magnesium joints were prepared by the FSW process for various tool rotational and welding speeds. Defect-free welds with better tensile and impact properties, were obtained with tool rotational speed of 1200 rpm and the welding speed of 50 mm/min. PWHT was carried out with the annealing temperature at 250 °C for about 1 hour. Microhardness and microstructure of the FSW and PWHT joints were investigated. Highest hardness (67 HV) was obtained for fine grain structure and precipitated particles were observed for PWHT targets. Depth of Penetration of PWHT target plates was approximately 17.55% and 16.31% lower than the BM and FSW target plates respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopic observation of projectile penetrated channel showed the formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands (ASBs). Due to a larger number of ASB lines, ballistic impacted FSW surface showed more number of macro cracks compared to PWHT surface. The PWHT joints showed the absence of fragmentation failure, lesser cracks and ASB lines which increased the ballistic performance.
A Need Analysis of ESP for Physical Education Students in Indonesia

This research aims at constructing the ideal English material for Physical Education students of universities in Lampung. Currently, students at university are taught about general English and it stimulates the writers to conduct a research to reveal their need of ESP as the answer of the current issues. This research is conducted in two universities, namely Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia and Universitas Lampung. The participants are 50 students, and 10 lecturers of Physical Education study program from both respective universities. The data are in the form of qualitative data which are taken from the interview and the questionnaire to students and lecturers which cover topics needed, and teaching method. The findings reveal the Physical Education students’ need of ESP in varied range of topics. The highly desired topics are English for sport journalism, English for professional athlete/referee/coach. Furthermore, based on the perspective of lecturers, they believe that students’ speaking, and writing must be well developed in order to compete in international level as professional athlete, coach, journalist, and etc. The result of analysis concludes the importance of ESP for Physical Education’s students. Further research shall be conducted to test the effectiveness of the English topics constructed based on this current research.
Bereavement, Post-traumatic Growth, and the Role of Cognitive Processes: Study of Bereaved Parents and Spouses in Baluchistan, Pakistan

Present study investigated the relationship between bereavement and post-traumatic growth and mediating role of cognitive processes. Sample of 260 bereaved parents and spouses was drawn from the province of Baluchistan, Pakistan. Urdu versions of Core Bereavement Items scale (Burnett, Middleton, Raphael, & Martinek, 1997), Integration of Stressful Life Events Scale (Holland, Currier, Coleman, & Neimeyer, 2010), and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-SF (Cann et al., 2010) were completed by the bereaved parents and spouses individually. Pearson correlation was checked for direction and strength of relationship between the study variables. Results indicated high alpha reliability and validity for the Urdu version scales. The findings showed an inverse relationship between bereavement and post-traumatic growth. Results also revealed that cognitive processes significantly mediate between bereavement and post-traumatic growth relationship. Results showed significant group differences in bereavement experience intensity and post-traumatic experience based on gender of the bereaved and the gender of the deceased. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future researches are also presented in the discussion.
RFLP Evaluation of Nine Medicago Accessions Representing the Original Germplasm Sources for North American Alfalfa Cultivars

All alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars grown in North America originate from nine germplasm sources introduced into the USA from different geographic regions. Nine accessions representing the original germplasm sources have been developed; however, the level of genetic diversity within and among these accessions is not known. Genetic diversity of these accessions was estimated by screening DNAs from 12 individuals of each accession, along with bulked samples containing equal amounts of DNA from 4, 6, or all 12 individuals, for nuclear RFLPs revealed by hybridization to 35 cloned alfalfa sequences. One hundred and eighty restriction fragments were scored as present or absent across all individuals from all accessions, and genetic similarity estimates (GSEs) of all pair-wise comparisons were calculated from these data