Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial record of post‐eocene climate history in marie byrd land, west antarctica

ABSTRACT. Hydrovolcanic deposits, interbedded tills and recycled microfossils, together with erosion anomalies in the Marie Byrd Land (MBL) landscape, each provide a portion of the record of glaciation and deglaciation events from late Oligocene to the present. We have attempted to synthesize these data sources to provide a more complete record, and to reconcile them with climatic events recorded elsewhere in Antarctica and the deep sea. The MBL data suggest that the late Oligocene was marked by the development of an ice cap at Mount Petras, where the MBL dome was beginning to rise from a near‐sea‐level position. Furthermore, unusually advanced cirque development in the dome crest area is difficult to explain unless there was a period of effective cirque erosion in that area between c. 25 and 15 Ma BP. These inferences are consistent with evidence from the Ross Sea for an expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in mid‐Miocene (15–17 Ma BP) time. The deep sea oxygen isotope proxy record has been interpreted to show the inception of West Antarctic glaciation around 6 Ma BP. This can perhaps be reconciled with the terrestrial record if one considers (1) the observation that large volume changes in the WAIS cannot produce a ω18O signal that is significantly outside limits of error, and (2) that the landscape in West Antarctica has evolved from very low regional relief in the Oligocene, to more than 2 km of local relief in the present day, as a result of dome uplift since c. 27 Ma BP, and the growth of large volcanoes since c. 19 Ma BP.
Kyanite-staurolite ortho-amphibolite from the Chapada region, Goiás, central Brazil

Abstract This study deals with the kyanite-staurolite assemblage from a metabasite (ortho-amphibolite) in the Chapada area of the Neoproterozoic Mara Rosa volcano-sedimentary sequence of Goiás state, Brazil. It is closely associated with hydrothermally altered rocks and contains the assemblage hornblende, epidote, quartz, kyanite, staurolite, plagioclase and rutile. The staurolite from the amphibolite shows lower values of SiO2 and higher values of MgO, MnO, ZnO and Xmg than those in staurolites from the metasediments of the same area. In the Al-Na-Ca-(Fe+Mg) diagram, the amphibolite plots in the aluminous part of the diagram and the phase volume encloses the area of mafic volcanic bulk compositions. Field relations and compositions in both kyanite-staurolite amphibolite and staurolite are consistent with formation of this amphibolite as a result of metamorphism of metasomatised basalts.
Experimental Study of Surcharged Flow at Combining Sewer Junctions

The results of a laboratory investigation on surcharged flow in combining sewer junctions are presented in this paper. Experiments were conducted in a 90° model junction and the 25.8° Edworthy model junction. The study confirmed the existence of three flow regimes in sewer junctions with a steep outgoing pipe: Regime I denotes the open-channel flow through the junction chamber; Regime II flow is partially surcharged flow featured by orifice flow into the outlet pipe; and Regime III flow is fully surcharged flow with all connecting pipes running full. The transition flow from Regimes II to III was investigated, and it may be related to the inlet waves at the entrance of the outlet pipe. Criteria for the transition were provided. Theoretical analyses were conducted based on one-dimensional momentum equation. The derived equations are able to estimate the water depth in the junction chamber. Energy loss in Regime III flow was studied and predictions based on the momentum equation were evaluated.
New insights into the application of the Coulomb model in real-time

SUMMARY The Coulomb model for stress change estimation is considered one of the most powerful physics-based forecasting tools, even though its calculations are affected by uncertainties due to the large number of a priori assumptions needed. The aim of this paper is to suggest a straightforward and reliable strategy to apply the Coulomb model for real-time forecasting. This is done by avoiding all dispensable assumptions, thus reducing the corresponding uncertainties. We demonstrate that the depth at which calculations are made is a parameter of utmost importance and apply the Coulomb model to three sequences in different tectonic regimes: Umbria-Marche (normal), Landers (strike-slip), and Chi–Chi (thrust). In each case the results confirm that when applying the Coulomb model: (i) the depth of calculation plays a fundamental role; (ii) depth uncertainties are not negligible; (iii) the best forecast at a given location is obtained by selecting the maximum stress change over the whole seismogenic depth range.
Agricultural Innovations for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security in Western and Central Africa

The study sought to examine various agricultural innovations for climate change adaptation and food security in eight countries in Western and Central Africa namely Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Gambia, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Central African Republic. The countries were grouped into three clusters to facilitate comparative analysis of the data generated. Primary and secondary data were collected using questionnaire, participant observation and focus group discussions while secondary data were obtained through in-depth literature review. Descriptive statistics were mainly employed in data analysis. Results show that the most prominent adaptation measures in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Liberia were; processing of crops to reduce post-harvest losses; increased weeding; mulching; increased manure application; movement to a different farm site; use of agrochemicals; and prayers for God’s intervention. In Ghana and the Gambia, most of the farmers did not do anything but relied on God’s intervention. However, others embarked on regular weeding, construction of drainage systems and trenches, and use of agrochemicals. They also referred difficult cases to extension agents. In Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and the Central African Republic, farmers, resorted to late planting, blocking of drainage in rice fields to conserve water, multiple cropping; planting crops with different maturity periods, use of wood ash, and urban cropping. The study recommends more interaction of relevant stakeholders including farmers, extension agents, civil society actors, private sector actors and government in generating suitable agricultural innovations for climate change adaptation and food security in the regions. Above all, the study identified the need for capacity strengthening at all levels in the agricultural value chain to ensure food security even in the face of climate change. Key words: Climate change, innovation, adaptation, agriculture, food security, Africa
Towards a quantitative interpretation of global seismic tomography

We review the success of seismic tomography in delineating spatial variations in the propagation speed of seismic waves on length scales from several hundreds to many thousands of kilometers. In most interpretations these wave speed variations are thought to reflect variations in temperature. Careful consideration of shear wave, bulk sound, and, most recently, density variations is, however, producing increasingly compelling evidence for chemical heterogeneity (that is, spatial variations in bulk major element composition) having a first-order effect on the lateral variations in mass density and elasticity of the mantle. This has profound consequences for our understanding of mantle dynamics and the thermochemical evolution of our planet. We argue that the quantitative integration of constraints from seismology, mineral physics, and geodynamics, which underlies the inference of thermochemical parameters, requires careful uncertainty analyses and should move away from emphasizing visually pleasing images and single, nonunique solutions.
A rheologic model for wet crust applied to strike‐slip faults

The strength and stability of crustal faults are not adequately addressed by the widely used two-mechanism rheologic models of the crust based on Byerlee's law and power law creep. The models neglect the fluid-assisted mechanisms of deformation that are important to strength of the crust and do not describe the variation in rate dependence of friction that governs the stability of fault slip. Several distinct mechanisms of frictional slip are defined on the basis of variations in frictional behavior and microfabric of simulated fault gouge in laboratory experiments. State variable constitutive relations are used in a multiple-mechanism formulation to describe the rate and temperature dependence of three friction mechanisms in wet quartz gouge at elevated temperatures. This multimechanism description of friction is substituted for Byerlee's law in the two-mechanism models to generate a multimechanism rheologic model for the crust. The multimechanism model is used to predict the rate and temperature dependence of crustal strength and the slip rate and depth (temperature) conditions over which each mechanism dominates. Application of the model to strike-slip faults in the crust illustrates that the thickness of the actively shearing zone within faults is a critical parameter governing fault strength and stability. The model predicts that frictional strength at midcrustal depths is significantly reduced relative to Byerlee's law only for thick fault zones. The reduction in strength is due to the operation of a strain rate sensitive friction mechanism involving combined cataclasis and solution transfer. The rheologic model predicts that only very thin faults display the rate dependent characteristics necessary for initiation of seismic slip to any significant depth in the crust.
Fine-Scale Structural Control of REE Site-Preference: The Case of Amphibole

The models currently adopted to predict isovalent element partitioning assume that the composition and structure of the solid phase, rather than melt composition or temperature, exerts the greater control on trace-element mineral-liquid partition coefficients. Blundy and Wood (1994) proposed a model that relates crystal-lattice site parameters to element partitioning and allows the optimum ionic radius, ro, the site Young's modulus E of the site and the strain-compensated partition coefficient Do to be calculated. This type of analysis has been proven to be applicable to plagioclase-melt and clinopyroxene-melt (Blundy and Wood, 1994) and has been also used to discuss experimental amphibole and phlogopite partitioning results (LaTourrette et al., 1995; Brenan et al., 1995). However, owing to the complexity of both the amphibole structure and of its consequent cation-ordering patterns, which depends not only on P, T and X, but also on fR2, amphibole-melt partitioning experiments are not yet comprehensive. A study of structural control by means of singlecrystal X-ray structure refinement (SREF) performed on the same crystal on which S/LD have been measured, is presented here for the first time. In this work we investigate the role of the structural and crystal-chemical control on trace-element partitioning in amphiboles with a significant oxy component crystallised under conditions relevant to mantle processes (T and P range, fo2 close to the NNO buffer) from natural and synthetic basanitic and lamproitic melts doped with 33 trace elements. The concentration of each element has been designed to optimize counting statistics in SIMS and LAM-ICPMS analysis. The Na/(Na+K), Mg/(Mg+Fe) and Ti/ (Ti+Si) ratios of the starting material obtained from oxide mixture has been varied in order to verify their influence on trace element Amph/LiqD. In the hypothesis of ordering of Na +, K § and Rb + at the A site, R E E 3+ at the M4 site, and of Ti 4+, Zr 4+, HI 4+ at the M2 site, least-squares fitting procedures have been applied to cation partitioning between amphibole (specifically pargasite, kaersutite, richterite) and silicate melt. The values of ro derived by fitting for the M2, M4 and A sites have been compared with the results of SREF results (Fig. 1). In this figure, a good agreement between measured site dimensions and calculated ro values is observed, thus suggesting that the predictive approach can be extended to amphiboles. However, from Fig. 1 it is also apparent that the r0 values calculated by fitting R E E 3§ at the M4 site deviate from the 1:1 reference line with intercept at 1.38 A (the ionic radius ofO 2 ). Fig. 2 shows representative behaviours of Amph/ LiqDnEe in the hypothesis of ordering at the M4 site for (a) kaersutite with significant (Mg,Fe) occupancy
Rainfall Patterns and Agricultural Practices

A mechanism is proposed to account for the observed rainfall increases over forests compared to geographically similar non-forest areas. This mechanism is based on the "thermal mountain" concept advanced by Malkus and Stern in 1953. A 10 km long forest, 6°C hotter than the surrounding region, can produce a thermal mountain 1026 meters high. The height of the thermal mountain is dependent on the prevailing windspeed, the temperature difference between the forest and the surrounding area, the absolute air temperature, and the length of the forest in the direction of the prevailing wind. The extensive deforestation due to agricultural needs may have profound effects on the climate, especially rainfall patterns, of the farm lands and surrounding countryside.
Vegetation Coverage Changes and Their Response to Meteorological Variables from 2000 to 2009 in Naqu, Tibet, China

Abstract To fully understand the effects of climate change on grassland, interannual variation of vegetation coverage and its responses to meteorological variables in Naqu Prefecture of northern Tibet were investigated. This was done based on a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset and historical meteorological data from 2000 to 2009. The NDVI dataset was downloaded from an Earth Observing System (EOS) data center. The meteorological data were retrieved from six meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration. Results show that NDVI had a significant increasing trend in the east, but no clear trend in the west. The NDVI in alpine meadows and alpine meadow steppes increased during the observation period. There were significant positive linear correlations between NDVI and water/heat conditions, and correlation between monthly mean minimum temperature (AMIT) and NDVI was the strongest. The strongest correlation between NDVI and heat conditions appeared at alpine meadows. Mean monthly wind velocity (MMWV) was negatively correlated with NDVI (p < 0.001), and the highest correlation was for alpine meadow steppes. There was a lag response of NDVI to water/heat conditions. The lag time of NDVI to precipitation and temperature was one month, but that to accumulated precipitation was two months. Résumé Pour bien comprendre les effets des changements climatiques dans les prairies, la variation interannuelle de la couverture végétale et ses réponses aux variables météorologiques dans la préfecture de Naqu, au nord du Tibet, ont été étudiées. Cela a été fait à partir d’un jeu de données NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) et de données météorologiques historiques de 2000 à 2009. Le jeu de données NDVI a été téléchargé à partir d’un centre de données EOS (Earth Observing System). Les données météorologiques ont été obtenues à partir de six stations météorologiques de l’Administration météorologique de Chine. Les résultats montrent que le NDVI avait une tendance significative à la hausse à l’est, mais aucune tendance claire à l’ouest. Le NDVI, dans les prairies alpines (alpine meadows) et les prairies herbacées alpines (alpine meadow grasslands), a augmenté au cours de la période d’observation. Il y avait d’importantes corrélations linéaires positives entre le NDVI et les conditions d’eau/de chaleur, et la corrélation entre la température minimale moyenne mensuelle (AMIT) et le NDVI était la plus forte. La corrélation la plus forte entre le NDVI et les conditions de chaleur est apparue dans les prairies herbacées alpines (alpine grasslands). La moyenne mensuelle de la vitesse du vent (MMWV) était corrélée négativement avec le NDVI (p < 0,001), et la plus forte corrélation était pour les prairies herbacées alpines (alpine meadow grasslands). Un délai a été observé dans la réponse du NDVI à des conditions d’eau/de chaleur. Le délai du NDVI avec la précipitation et la température était d’un mois, mais de deux mois pour les précipitations accumulées.
Migration patterns and trends

This is the first of two planned volumes designed to present the results of the latest research and debate on contemporary migration in Britain. They are both the product of the Working Party on Internal Migration set up in 1988 by the Institute of British Geographers. This volume consists of 14 papers by various authors, which are organized under five headings: migration differentials, migration and housing, migration and employment, migration and social change, and the study of migration. The primary focus is on movement within the United Kingdom.
Anisotropy of small strain stiffness in Ticino sand

Comprehensive tests performed in a large calibration chamber and consisting of the propagation of seismic body waves in dry Ticino silica sand are presented. By virtue of the fact that both shear and constrained compression waves have been propagated in vertical, horizontal and oblique directions, five independent constants of the cross-anisotropic elasticity model of the test have been established. The tests have also made it possible to evaluate the influence of the structural (inherent) and stress-induced anisotropy on the velocity of the propagated seismic body waves. The influence of the principal effective stresses on the velocity of these waves is also described. De nombreux essais, realises dans une grande chambre d'etalonnage et consistant en la propagation d'ondes sismiques dans des sables siliceux et sec de Ticino, sont presentes. Les ondes de cisaillement et de compression ayant W emises dans des directions verticales horizontales et obliques, les 5 constantes independantes du modele eastique .
The braincase of a primitive shark

Abstract The Devono-Carboniferous chondrichthyan Stethacanthus is best known for its striking 'spine-brush' complex. Here we provide the first detailed description of the neurocranium, using several well-preserved specimens from Bearsden, Scotland (Serpukhovian; Pendleian E1). Significant features include an otico-occipital region of about the same length as the ethmosphenoid division; short but distinct lateral otic processes; a short, broad endolymphatic fossa; a persistent otico-occipital fissure; Y-shaped basicranial canals indicating origin of the lateral aortae anterior to the occipital level; and minimal suborbital shelves limited to small, ethmoidally located outgrowths. Using placoderm, osteichthyan and acanthodian neurocrania for outgroup comparison, PAUP analysis of a matrix of 23 neurocranial characters produced the following branching sequence: (Helodus (Stethacanthus, Cobelodus (Tamiobatis (Xenacanthus (Cladodus wildungensis (Tristychius, Hybodus)))))). The location of Cladoselache in this analysis is uncertain and probably results from missing data and a morphologically restricted character set. Plesiomorphic conditions for chondrichthyan braincases are found to include the presence of a persistent otico-occipital fissure, projection of the median dorsal aorta anterior to the occipital level, and absence of suborbital shelves. These results may have important implications with regard to primitive gnathostome interrelationships, and especially the phylogenetic position of placoderms.
Model calculations of the impact of NO x from air traffic, lightning, and surface emissions, compared with measurements

The impact of NOx from aircraft emissions, lightning, and surface contributions on atmospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone in the North Atlantic flight corridor has been investigated with the three-dimensional global chemistry transport model TM3 by partitioning the nitrogen oxides and ozone according to source category. The results have been compared with Pollution from Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor (POLINAT 2) and Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX) airborne measurements in the North Atlantic flight corridor in 1997. Various cases have been investigated: measurements during a stagnant anticyclone and an almost cutoff low, both with expected high aircraft contributions, a southward bound flight with an expected strong flight corridor gradient and lightning contributions in the south, and a transatlantic flight with expected boundary layer pollution near the U.S. coast. The agreement between modeled results and measurements is reasonably good for NO and ozone. Also, the calculated impact of the three defined sources was consistent with the estimated exposure of the sampled air to these sources, obtained by specialized back trajectory model products. Model calculations indicate that aircraft contributes 55% to the mean NOx concentration and 10% to the O3 concentration in the North Atlantic flight corridor in October 1997, whereas lightning and surface emissions add 15% and 25% to the NOx concentration and 20% and 30% to the O3 concentration.
Tectonomagmatic Evolution of Bimodal Plutons in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: A Discussion

Figure 1. Aeromagnetic anomaly map (fig. 4 of Kadioglu et al. 2003). Kadioglu et al. (2003) say that this map is the digitized map of Hutchison et al. (1962). I have read the article by Kadioglu et al. (2003) and have several serious concerns about the geophysical section, “Magnetic Anomaly of the Agacoren Intrusive Suite. ” First, the aeromagnetic anomaly map shown in figure 4 of Kadioglu et al. (2003) and reproduced here as figure 1 cannot
The Wind magnetic cloud and events of October 18–20, 1995: Interplanetary properties and as triggers for geomagnetic activity

Late on October 18, 1995, a magnetic cloud arrived at the Wind spacecraft ≈ 175 RE upstream of the Earth. The cloud had an intense interplanetary magnetic field that varied slowly in direction, from being strongly southward to strongly northward during its ≈ 30 hours duration, and a low proton temperature throughout. From a linear force free field model the cloud was shown to have a flux rope magnetic field line geometry, an estimated diameter of about 0.27 AU, and an axis that was aligned with the Y axis(GSE) within about 25°. A corotating stream, in which large amplitude Alfven waves of about 0.5 hour period were observed, was overtaking the cloud and intensifying the fields in the rear of the cloud. The prolonged southward magnetic field observed in the early part of the cloud produced a geomagnetic storm of Kp = 7 and considerable auroral activity late on October 18. About 8 hours in front of the cloud an interplanetary shock occurred. About three-fourths the way into the cloud another apparent interplanetary shock was observed. It had an unusual propagation direction, differing by only 21° from alignment with the cloud axis. It may have been the result of the interaction with the postcloud stream, compressing the cloud, or was possibly due to an independent solar event. It is shown that the front and rear boundaries of the cloud and the upstream driven shock had surface normals in good agreement with the cloud axis in the ecliptic plane. The integrated Poynting flux into the magnetosphere, which correlated well with geomagnetic indices, jumped abruptly to a high value upon entry into the magnetic cloud, slowly decreased to zero near its middle, and again reached substantial but sporadic values in the cloud-stream interface region. This report aims to support a variety of ISTP studies ranging from the solar origins of these events to resulting magnetospheric responses.