Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maize yield response to crop rotation, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application in Western Ethiopia

Continuous cropping with inorganic inputs has limitations in terms of maintaining long-term soil fertility. However, crop rotation integrated with fertilizer application is one of the cheapest alternative methods for sustainable crop production. In recognition of this fact, the experiment was conducted at Bako in western Ethiopia with the objective of identifying the best precursor crops and optimum integration of farm yard manure and inorganic fertilizer in a maize based rotation sequence. Two separate trials with different precursor crops were combined with three rates of organic manure and three rates of inorganic fertilizer NP2O5. The experimental design was 3×3×3 factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design in three replications. Inclusion of precursor crops markedly increased maize yield as compared to mono crops. The highest grain yield was obtained when haricot beans and Niger seed were the precursor crops. Application of 12 t ha -1 FYM after precursor crops resulted in grain yield of 9.3 t ha -1 and a marginal rate of return 225%. However, continuous incorporation of manure after precursor crops did not significantly (P>0.05) increase the yield. Application of 89/-35 kg ha -1 NP2O5 after legume maize rotation gave a grain yield and the highest marginal rate of return (236%). Haricot bean, Niger seed followed by application of either 12 t ha -1 FYM or 89-35NP2O5 kg ha -1 is a better option for sustainable maize production than continuous mono cropping. As conclusion, haricot bean, Niger seed and Soybean can be used as precursor crops with use of either 12 t ha -1 of FYM or 89/35 kg ha -1 NP2O5.
Novel monolithic stabilized finite element method for fluid-structure interaction

Numerical simulations of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are of first interest in numerous industrial problems: aeronautics, heat treatments, aerodynamic, bioengineering. Because of the high complexity of such problems, analytical study is in general not sufficient to understand and solve them. FSI simulations are then nowadays the focus of numerous investigations, and various approaches are proposed to treat them. We propose in this thesis a novel monolithic approach to deal with the interaction between an incompressible fluid flow and rigid/ elastic material. This method consists in considering a single grid and solving one set of equations with different material properties. A distance function enables to define the position and the interface of any objects with complex shapes inside the volume and to provide heterogeneous physical properties for each subdomain. Different anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithms based on the variations of the distance function or on using error estimators are used to ensure an accurate capture of the discontinuities at the fluid-solid interface. The monolithic formulation is insured by adding an extra-stress tensor in the Navier-Stokes equations coming from the presence of the structure in the fluid. The system is then solved using a finite element Variational MultiScale (VMS) method, which consists of decomposition, for both the velocity and the pressure fields, into coarse/resolved scales and fine/unresolved scales. The distinctive feature of the proposed approach resides in the efficient enrichment of the extra constraint. In the first part of the thesis, we use the proposed approach to assess its accuracy and ability to deal with fluid-rigid interaction. The rigid body is prescribed under the constraint of imposing the nullity of the strain tensor, and its movement is achieved by solving the rigid body motion. Several test case, in 2D and 3D with simple and complex geometries are presented. Results are compared with existing ones in the literature showing good stability and accuracy on unstructured and adapted meshes. In the second, we present different routes and an extension of the approach to deal with elastic body. In this case, an additional equation is added to the previous system to solve the displacement field. And the rigidity constraint is replaced with a corresponding behaviour law of the material. The elastic deformation and motion are captured using a convected level-set method. We present several 2D numerical tests, which is considered as classical benchmarks in the literature, and discuss their results.
Monte Carlo simulation of the scatter contribution in a 3D whole-body PET

Scatter contamination is one of the main reasons for image degradation in 3D Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The knowledge about the amount of scatter and its distribution is a prerequisite for performing an accurate scatter correction. One concern is the scatter contribution from activity outside the field-of-view (FOV) and multiple scatter. We examined the scatter distribution for various phantoms using Monte Carlo simulations. The simulations were performed for a whole-body PET system (ECAT EXACT HR/sup +/, Siemens/CTI). The scanner has an axial FOV of 15.5 cm and a ring diameter of 82.7 cm. With (without) interplane septa the scatter contribution is up to 40(65)% (for a line source in a 40 cm cylinder) of the total counts. The scatter fraction varies significantly with the axial position. The results show also that for an accurate scatter correction, both activity and scatter media outside the FOV have to be taken into account. Furthermore it could be shown that there is a considerable amount of multiple scatter which has a different spatial distribution from single scatter. Therefore multiple scatter cannot be corrected by simply rescaling the single scatter component.
Management for thrip complex in grape ecosystem

All the three necotinoid molecules were found significantly superior over standard check in % reduction of thrips population (94.4, 96.0, 95.7) which reflected in reduced % bunch infestation (17.2, 16.6 & 14.9), yield/acre (101.36, 90.38 & 88.86 qt) and C:B ratio (1:3.76, 1:3.34 & 1:3.11, respectively) as against standard check which recorded 84.6% pest reduction, 41.4% bunch infestation, 63.51 quintals of berry yield and C:B ratio of 1:2.09. Acephate 75% SP was found on par with neo necotinoids and azadirachitn 0.03% was found on par with standard check. Garlic chilli extract in kerosene and water spray were found significantly inferior to standard check.
Visual predation risk and spatial distributions of large Arctic copepods along gradients of sea ice and bottom depth

Changes in the community size structure of Arctic copepods toward smaller and less fat individuals or species have been linked to environmental changes. The underpinning mechanisms are, however, poorly understood. We use a two‐step hurdle regression model to analyze spatially resolved, long‐term survey data of the Barents Sea mesozooplankton community along gradients of water mass properties, sea ice, and bottom depth. We test the hypothesis that reduced visual predation, and hence increased survival in dim habitats, explains the distribution of large copepods. We expect the presence and biomass of large copepods to increase with increasing bottom depth and the occurrence of seasonal ice‐cover. The patterns and drivers that emerge from our analysis support our hypothesis: in the Barents Sea large copepods were predominantly found in deep troughs that intersect the shelf south of the polar front, or at shallower depths in seasonally ice‐covered waters northeast of Svalbard. On the banks, large copepods are largely absent whereas smaller copepods appear to survive. Top‐down control provides one plausible explanation for these distributions. Large copepods survive where sea‐ice shades the water or deep habitats permit escape from visual predators through vertical migrations. However, when upwelled onto shallow banks or flushed out from below the ice they are decimated by visual foragers. Therefore, advection and topographic blockage of vertical zooplankton distributions are key mechanisms for the efficient energy transfer and productivity in subarctic and Arctic shelf seas. New prolific foraging grounds may open up for planktivores where the ice‐edge recedes under a changing climate.
Barriers to Efficient Knowledge Transfer for a Holistic Circular Economy: Insights towards Green Job Developments and Training for Young Professionals

There is a growing interest in adopting a holistic circular economy (CE) to reach a sustainable and economically viable future, thus there is an increasing need for professionals in the field to do so efficiently. In this regard, good education and knowledge sharing are crucial. This knowledge sharing is bi-directional across generations, with everyone gaining equally from the various viewpoints and experiences. CE strategy research and education are beneficial for the implementation of sustainable development that considers economic, social, and environmental spheres. Additionally, attention is being paid to the younger generation, which is now focused on addressing climate change, as evidenced by the growth of the post-Greta Thunberg phenomena. As a result, this paper proposes a set of recommendations to improve measures for circular economy education (ECE) in order to train future CE experts who can contribute to achieving successful sustainable development. This research proposes, through a literature review and case studies analyses, that enhancing ECE can cultivate future CE specialists who can contribute to the successful pursuit of sustainable development as the demand for green jobs grows. According to our preliminary understanding, widespread ECE can be a critical tool for bringing together experienced circular professionals, students, and younger generations, in meeting their needs and advancing circular development through various forms, including specific training and reskilling of professionals required. However, we discovered a lack of consensus across the case studies on the ideal CE expert or educational modality, which is mirrored in the literature, indicating the need for greater collaboration among different disciplines and stakeholders. There also appears to be a general lack of awareness about the benefits of the CE, necessitating the collaboration between the private and public sectors in providing educational opportunities, accessible study materials, and research funding to accelerate innovation and competitiveness. Thus, institutions and businesses could play a role in standardising basic circular principles and competencies in CE as a means of providing basic guidelines that could be supplemented with specialised courses and diverse content ranging from public knowledge to more specialised professionals or students aiding the implementation of CE strategies, which reduce local disparities increasing green jobs accessibility for youth. Conclusively, this paper looks to provide recommendations for improvements in this field.
Gravito-electromagnetism- another step towards a unified theory of the origin of mass

The field equations of gravito-electromagnetism are derived from first principles and shown to lead to the phenomenon of " mass induction " which provides a bridge between quantum field theories of particle mass and the older cosmological ideas of Mach. Incorporating mass induction into the equivalence principle leads to the exponential metric derived by Puthoff (2002) and used by Yilmaz (1976) in his modification of general relativity. The analysis strengthens the case that gravito-electromagnetism is not just a weak-field, linearised approximation of general relativity, but a viable alternative gravitational theory that provides a natural theoretical basis for pseudo-static cosmologies.
Gambling lifestyles: The importance of social capital and diverse networks

ABSTRACT Scholars often overlook leisure gambling perspectives and focus on more health-related mechanisms, such as compulsive gambling behaviours. Consequently, understanding gambling as leisure is under-explored, especially in an economic sociological context. We begin to address this gap by identifying whether (1) leisure gambling is stratified across gambling activities and society, (2) social capital and (3) diverse networks are essential in leisure gambling consumption. Using 12,991 respondents to the 2007–2008 Taking Part Survey, we apply latent class analysis to identify different typologies of leisure gamblers, modelling the influence of socio-cultural characteristics and network resources and diversity. We identify five leisure gambling typologies, with social capital and network diversity playing an important role in their formation. Generally, leisure gambling consumption depends on more social capital and diverse networks.
Fusion procedure for open chains

The authors have generalized Sklyanin's approach of constructing open integrable quantum spin chains to the case of PT-invariant R matrices. They formulate a fusion procedure for such chains. In particular, they show that the fused transfer matrix can be expressed in terms of products of the original transfer matrix and products of certain quantum determinants which can be explicitly evaluated. Applications of these results include constructing open integrable higher-spin chains, as well as obtaining functional equations for transfer-matrix eigenvalues, which may be solved by an analytical Bethe ansatz.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF EVANESCENT WAVES IN A SMITH-PURCELL FREE-ELECTRON LASER

We present further experimental observations of evanescent waves in a Smith-Purcell free-electron laser (FEL) with vertical conducting walls bounding the sides of the grating. Evanescent waves are the basis of oscillator operation of the Smith-Purcell FEL. They have group veloctiy anti-parallel to the electron beam and for sufficiently high current, provide feedback to bunch the electron beam.A grating with side walls supports multiple transverse modes; we have observed emission from the two lowest such modes. The observed wavelengths and wavelength shift with changing operating voltage agree with theoretical predictions.
Evaluation of polarimetric ice microphysical retrievals with OLYMPEX campaign data

Abstract. Polarimetric microphysical retrievals reveal a great potential for the evaluation of numerical models and data assimilation. However, the accuracy of ice microphysical retrievals is still poorly explored. To evaluate these retrievals and assess their accuracy, polarimetric radar measurements are spatially and temporally collocated with in situ aircraft measurements obtained during the OLYMPEX campaign (Olympic Mountain Experiment). Retrievals for ice water content (IWC), total number concentration Nt, and mean volume diameter Dm of ice particles are assessed by comparing an in situ dataset obtained by the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation II aircraft with X-band Doppler on Wheels (DOW) measurements. Sector-averaged range height indicator (RHI) scans are used to derive vertical profiles of microphysical retrievals. The comparison of these estimates with in situ data provides insights into strengths, weaknesses, and the accuracy of the different retrievals and quantifies the improvements in polarimetry-informed retrievals compared to conventional, non-polarimetric ones. In particular, the recently introduced hybrid ice water content retrieval exploiting reflectivity ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP outperforms other retrievals based on either (ZH, ZDR) or (ZH, KDP) or non-polarimetric retrievals in terms of correlations with in situ measurements and the root mean square error.
A Comparative Study of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Compromised Teeth with Different Post Systems: An In Vitro Study

This in-vitro study was conducted to compare structural reinforcement with composite resin and two different types of posts in structurally compromised teeth. Forty-eight human maxillary central incisors were instrumented and obturated. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was not compromised and was just restored with a resin composite. In the composite-reinforced group, the access cavity of the compromised teeth was restored only with composite to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). In the reinforced glass fiber post group, the compromised cervical area of the teeth was reinforced with a dual-cured composite and a glass fiber post. The reinforced metal cast post group was reinforced with a dual-cured composite and a casting post. The mean fracture load was measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square statistical analysis tests. For pair comparison, Duncan was used. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The highest fracture resistance values were for the non-compromised samples (170.12 ± 12.44), while the lowest values were for the compromised ones restored only with the resin composite (71.40 ± 17.00). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean fracture resistances of the fiber (129.36 ± 21.34) and cast (116.60 ± 22.60) post groups (P>0.05). The use of a composite resin in a root with thin walls will reinforce the compromised tooth, but the type of the post will not influence the final results.
Long-Range ACEO Phenomena in Microfluidic Channel

Microfluidic devices are increasingly utilized in numerous industries, including that of medicine, for their abilities to pump and mix fluid at a microscale. Within these devices, microchannels paired with microelectrodes enable the mixing and transportation of ionized fluid. The ionization process charges the microchannel and manipulates the fluid with an electric field. Although complex in operation at the microscale, microchannels within microfluidic devices are easy to produce and economical. This paper uses simulations to convey helpful insights into the analysis of electrokinetic microfluidic device phenomena. The simulations in this paper use the Navier–Stokes and Poisson Nernst–Planck equations solved using COMSOL to determine the maximum attainable fluid velocity with an electric potential applied to the microchannel and the most suitable frequency or voltage to use for transporting the fluid. Alternating current electroosmosis (ACEO) directs and provides velocity to the ionized fluid. ACEO can also mix the fluid at low frequencies for the purpose of dispersing particles. DC electroosmosis (DCEO) applies voltage along the microchannel to create an electric field that ionizes fluid within the microchannel, making it a cost-effective method for transporting fluid. This paper explores a method for an alternate efficient utilization of microfluidic devices for efficient mixing and transportation of ionized fluid and analyzes the electrokinetic phenomena through simulations using the Navier–Stokes and Poisson Nernst–Planck equations. The results provide insights into the parameters at play for transporting the fluid using alternating current electroosmosis (ACEO) and DC electroosmosis (DCEO).
Distinct Effects of Seed Coat and Flower Colors on Metabolite Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Safflower Seeds

Safflower is an important oilseed crop cultivated primarily for its seeds, which have pharmaceutical properties. Color is an important agronomical trait that appears to be a prior parameter for evaluating the internal quality of plant seeds. This study employs 197 safflower accessions seeds to analyze how their seed coat and flower colors affect their total oil content, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content (TPC), N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) contents, and [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)] radical scavenging activities. Significant variations were observed in the targeted metabolite contents and antioxidant properties among genotypes. Notably, the linoleic acid content, total unsaturated fatty acid content, the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acid to total saturated fatty acid, CS, FS, ABTS, and DPPH scavenging capacities varied significantly based on seed coat color, with white-seeded genotypes having the highest average values of these parameters. Moreover, the linoleic acid content differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the genotypes with varying flower colors, with white-flowered accessions having the highest average content. Furthermore, genotypes K185105 (No. 75) and K175278 (No. 146) were identified as promising genetic resources with health benefits. Overall, these findings reveal that seed coat and flower colors distinctly affect metabolite contents and antioxidant properties in safflower seeds.
Coupling of Water‐Carbon Interactions During Snowmelt in an Arctic Finland Catchment

Snowmelt spring floods regulate carbon transport from land to streams. However, these coupled processes are rarely documented through high‐resolution measurements focused on water‐carbon interactions. We collated a state‐of‐the‐art high‐frequency data set throughout a snowmelt and early post snowmelt period, alongside regular samples of stream water, precipitation, and snowmelt isotopes (δ18O). Our study was conducted during the 2019 snowmelt and initial post snowmelt season in a subarctic, peatland influenced headwater catchment in Pallas, Northern Finland. We measured high‐frequency dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and in‐stream carbon dioxide (pCO2). We identified a change in hydrological processes as the snowmelt season progressed and the post snowmelt season began. We found (a) Overland flow dominated stream DOC dynamics in early snowmelt, while increased catchment connectivity opened new distal pathways in the later snowmelt period; (b) CO2 processes were initially driven by rapid bursts of CO2 from the meltwaters in snowmelt, followed by dilution and source limitation emerging post snowmelt as deep soil pathways replaced the snowpack as the main source of CO2; (c) stream carbon concentration shifted from being relatively balanced between CO2 and DOC during the early snowmelt period to being increasingly DOC dominated as snowmelt progressed due to changes in DOC and CO2 source supply. The study highlights the importance of using high‐frequency measurements combined with high‐frequency data analyses to identify changes in the processes driving water‐carbon interactions. The degree to which water‐carbon interactions respond to the continuation of Arctic water cycle amplification is central to delineating the evolving complexity of the future Arctic.
The Metamorphosis. The impact of a young family member’s problematic substance use on family life: a meta-ethnography

ABSTRACT Purpose This meta-ethnography seeks to provide insight into the impact that a young family member’s problematic substance use has on family life. Background Problematic substance use (PSU) usually emerges in adolescence or young adulthood. Living with a family member with PSU is highly stressful. An understanding is needed of families’ experiences and their needs for adapted help and support, hence we have explored the impact of a young family member’s PSU on family life. Methods Systematic literature searches for qualitative research that explores the impact of PSU on family life and family relationships were conducted and the seven stages of meta-ethnography were used. Results Fifteen articles were included. The Metamorphosis was established as an overarching metaphor. Five main themes accompany this metaphor: stranger in the family; injuring chaos; no trust any more; family lock-up; and helpless societies. Conclusion The Metamorphosis reflects the all-embracing change experienced by families. Family members have felt powerless and helpless; often they wish to stay involved but do not know how. PSU at a young age can develop into lifelong chronic health challenges. Family-oriented help must be readily available in this phase as parents and siblings become deeply involved. Family involvement is seldom incorporated into routine treatment practices; such incorporation is therefore needed.