Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-throughput powder diffraction on beamline I11 at Diamond

A new capability designed for high-throughput (HT) structural analysis using the synchrotron powder diffraction beamline (I11) at Diamond Light Source is reported. With a high-brightness X-ray beam, multi-analyser detectors and fast data-acquisition procedures, high-quality diffraction data can be collected at a speed of ∼15–30 min per powder pattern for good crystalline materials. Fast sample changing at a rate of a few seconds per specimen is achieved with a robotic arm and pre-loaded capillary specimens on a multi-tray carousel (200-sample capacity). Additional equipment, such as an automatic powder-loading machine and a pre-alignment jig for the sample capillaries, is available to reduce preparation time. For demonstration purposes, the first results presented here are those from standard reference powders of Si, TiO2 and TiO2/Si mixtures, obtained by analysing the data using Le Bail (instrumental calibration) and Rietveld refinements (quantitative agreement within 1%). The HT hardware was then used to study the structural phase evolution of a library of 31 La4Ni3−xFexO10 heterometallic ceramic powders in less than 1 d. The powders were generated from a single heat treatment (at 1348 K in air for 12 h) of nanoceramic oxide co-precipitate precursors, made using a newly developed HT synthesis robot. Crystallographic details (symmetry and lattice parameters) were obtained as a function of Fe concentration. The results revealed that this approach was able to produce a pure Ruddlesden–Popper-type phase with an iron content of up to x = 0.5, significantly higher than has been achieved previously using more conventional synthesis routes and thus demonstrating the power of using the HT approach.
Lightning Channels of Cloud-to-Ground Flashes Neutralizing Multiple Charge Regions Inside Winter Thunderclouds

Lightning Research Group of Osaka University (LRG-OU) has been developing and improving the VHF broadband digital interferometer (DITF) for thunderstorm observations. It enables us to locate the impulsive VHF radiation sources caused by lightning discharges with extremely high resolutions. As a result of the VHF observations during the 2007-2008 winter season in the Japan Sea coastal area, cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes that neutralize multiple charge regions inside thunderclouds are visualized by the VHF broadband DITF. The first flash is the positive CG flash that neutralizes multiple positive charge regions in a flash. The second flash is the bipolar lightning flash that neutralizes both positive and negative charge inside thunderclouds. In the case of bipolar lightning flashes, some tens millisecond after the return strokes, the subsequent negative breakdowns initiate from the proximities of the initiation points of the preceding negative stepped leaders. It was also found that the altitudes of negative charge regions are lower than 2km. The bipolar lightning flashes observed in this campaign neutralize positive charge after lowering the negative charge to the ground.
A Systematic Literature Review on Students Misconceptions in Mathematics

The misconception in mathematics education has been highlighted in various studies. However, there is still a limited literature review on students’ misconceptions in mathematics. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze articles on student misconceptions in mathematics published between 2014 and 2019. The literature search for this study was conducted using four online databases, namely ERIC, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. To ease the process, the researcher has set several inclusion and exclusion criteria before conducting the review. This study found that there is a decline in the number of articles published between 2014 to 2019 and that most studies have focused on primary school students. The study found that most of the studies conducted were aimed at determining misconceptions rather than overcoming students’ misconceptions in mathematics education. Also, the instruments and methods for obtaining data that researchers often use are through tests and interviews. Some suggestions on overcoming misconceptions in mathematics are also highlighted for further study.
Polyimides Derived from 2,2'-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl. 4. Optical Properties of Fluorinated Polyimides for Optoelectronic Components

Optical loss and refractive indices of fluorinated polyimides and copolyimides are studied for application to optoelectronic components. These polyimides and copolyimides are prepared from 2,2-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl (TFDB). The polyimide 6FDA/TFDB prepared from 6FDA and TFDB cured at 350 o C has an optical loss of 0.7 dB/cm at 0.63 μm, and this is the lowest of all polyimides cured at high temperature. Direct measurement of the optical loss of a polyimide at 1.3 μm was achieved for the first time by using a 6FDA/TFDB block with unequal length, width, and thickness. The optical loss was also low, 0.3 dB/cm
Effect of sulfur additions on the yield and elemental composition of canola and spring wheat

Abstract Growth chamber experiments of canola (Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted using three soils testing low in extractable sulfate (9–12 mg/kg). Experiments were designed to determine how the three soils compared in plant available sulfur (S) and to test the effects of various rates of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and gypsum on the elemental composition and dry matter yield of the two crops. Based upon plant response, the Queens sandy loam soil appeared to have the least amount of plant available S of the three soils. There was no yield increase associated with S applied to either crop. Canola plants in each soil responded to increased applications of S with greater S uptake and considerably lower nitrogen:sulfur (N:S) ratios. Of the three soils used, only the wheat plants grown in the Queens soil responded to S applications through increased S uptake and a lower N:S ratio. Both sources of S were equally effective in providing available S to the plants.
A high throughput screen to test the biocompatibility of water-miscible ionic liquids

The Agar Diffusion test has been used for many years for testing antibiotic susceptibility in clinical laboratories. We wish to report that this simple, rapid test can also be applied to screen ionic liquids for toxicity to microorganisms. We screened 14 water miscible ionic liquids for toxicity for Clostridium butyricum using the test, and compared the results with EC50 values calculated from measurements of growth rates in the presence of the ionic liquids. The Agar Diffusion test could be used reliably to identify ionic liquids which were toxic to C. butyricum, with EC50 values below 0.034 M, and relatively non-toxic structures, with EC50 values above 0.063 M. Therefore, the Agar Diffusion test can be used with confidence to distinguish between toxic and biocompatible ionic liquids.
QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CANOLA AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION

Field experiments were conducted at Cereal Crops Research Institute Pirsabak Nowshera, Pakistan, for two years (2003–2004 and 2004–2005) to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) levels and their methods of application on quality parameters of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. ‘Bulbul-98’). Four levels of S (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha−1) and three levels of N (80, 120, and 160 kg ha−1) and a control treatment (with both nutrients at zero level) were applied as a sole dose at sowing, in two split applications (half each at sowing and leaf rosette stages) and three split applications (one third each at sowing, leaf rosette stage, and early flowering). Large increases in oil and protein concentrations were measured at 40 kg S ha−1 while no further significant increase was observed at 60 kg S ha−1. However, increasing level of S consistently increased glucosinolate concentrations to the highest level of 60 kg S ha−1. Nitrogen significantly increased protein concentrations up to the maximum level of 160 kg N ha−1 while glucosinolate concentrations were increased up to 120 kg N ha−1. However, oil concentrations showed negative trend to increasing level of N.
Stability of space use in Svalbard coastal female polar bears: intra-individual variability and influence of kinship

Philopatry influences animal distribution and can lead to a kinship-based spatial structure, where proximity and relatedness are tightly linked. In the Barents Sea region, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the coastal ecotype remain year-round within the Svalbard archipelago. This coastal strategy is thought to be stable across years; however, little is known about the intra-individual variability in site fidelity or the influence of kinship on space use. Using high-resolution GPS telemetry, we looked at multi-year philopatry among 17 coastal female polar bears over eight years (2011–19) and investigated whether it is linked to the females’ degree of kinship. Individuals showed a stable space use in both consecutive and non-consecutive years. Yearly individual home ranges (HRs) overlapped, on average, by 44% (range: 9–96%), and their centroids were, on average, 15 km (range: 2–63 km) apart. The space use of related females revealed a year-round strong female kin structure. Annual HRs of related females overlapped, on average, by 24% (range: 0–66%), and their centroids were, on average, 18 km (range: 2–52 km) apart. In contrast, non-related females had much larger distances between centroids (average: 160 km, range: 59–283 km). Additionally, females showed a great site fidelity in all seasons: individual seasonal HR centroids were, on average, less than 30 km (range: 1.8–172 km) apart. Bears in this region seem to exhibit a stronger site fidelity than those reported from other parts of the species range. These findings also highlight the importance of maternal learning in space use.
Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/α‐methyl‐styrene‐acrylonitrile blends prepared by melt extrusion

In this article, we have examined the physical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/α-methyl-styrene-acrylonitrile (αMSAN; 31 wt % AN concentrations) blends with different blend ratios. And, we also examined the effect of the molecular weights of PVC on the miscibility and material properties of the blends prepared by melt extrusion blending. Our results showed that the PVC/αMSAN blends have good processing properties and good miscibility over all blend ratios because of the strong interaction between PVC and αMSAN. And, the blends showed enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. In addition, high molecular weight PVC showed reasonable processability when melt blended with αMSAN, which resulted in enhanced mechanical and physical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Performance of bonded boards using lignin-based resins

Abstract Lignin was extracted from some underutilized plant materials using soda–anthraquinone and soda–anthraquinone–ethanol pulping chemicals. Soda–anthraquinone–ethanol gave higher lignin yield, ranging from 44.47% to 50.41% versus 39.40% to 47.92% of soda-anthraquinone. The isolated lignin was used as a partial substitution for phenol in preparation of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde. The free formaldehyde of the resins ranges from 0.25% to 0.67% versus 1.23% of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin used as control. The bonding effectiveness of the resin was evaluated when used as glue for board preparation. The density of the board ranges from 333.54 Kg/m3 to 363.84 Kg/m3. The result revealed that Musa sapientum-, Musa parasidiaca- and Tithonia diversifolia- soda–anthraquinone-derived resins, and soda-anthraquinone–ethanol-derived resin of M. parasidiaca and T. diversifolia had boards with better modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than the board obtained using PF resin.
LEED structure analysis of the clean and (2×1)H covered Pd(110) surface

From an analysis of the low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensities we have determined the oscillatory distortion of the topmost interlayer spacings of the clean and the (2×1)H covered Pd(110) surface as well as the exact adsorption geometry in this latter structure, which is formed at T<180 K at a coverage of θH≤1.0. An R‐factor analysis was used for quantitative comparison with the experimental data. The oscillatory distortion of the clean surface— d12=−5.1±1.5%, d23=+2.9±1.5%, d34 at its bulk value of 1.37 A (with R factors RP=0.22 , RZJ=0.14 )— is found to be reduced by the H adlayer to d12=−2.2±1.5%, d23=+2.9±1.5%, and d34=bulk value. The H atoms are adsorbed on quasi‐threefold sites with equal distances of 2.0±0.1 A to the two nearest Pd neighbors in the topmost and the closest Pd atom in the second layer, leading to an effective radius of the H atom of rH=0.6±0.1 A. The long‐bridge adsorption site, (octahedral) subsurface sites, or a hydrogen induced reconstruction via a lateral displacement.
Kinetics and pH Dependence of Chromium(VI) Reduction by Iron(II)

Iron(II) is one of the most important reductants of chromium(VI), a severe, toxic contaminant of natural waters, sediments, and soils. We studied the reaction kinetics between pH 2 and pH 7.2 with UV−VIS and multicomponent fitting, a method without the interference of added reagents. The reaction rate was minimal around pH 4. A rate increase with decreasing pH below 4 is documented in the literature. However, a pH-dependent kinetic expression for environmentally relevant, higher pH conditions has not been reported yet. For pH 4.4−7.2 (solutions buffered with acetate, MES, and PIPES, initial 10−20 μM Cr(VI) and 30−60 μM Fe(II), I = 0.01 M KCl, 23 ± 3 °C), we derived the following rate law: −d[Cr(VI)]/dt = kobs(pH)[Fe(II)][Cr(VI)], with kobs = (0.34 ± 0.47) M-1 s-1 + (3.29 ± 0.66) × 109 M-2 s-1 [OH-] + (4.82 ± 1.53) × 1016 M-3 s-1 [OH-]2 (standard deviations), where Cr(VI) to Cr(V) is the rate-determining step. The equivalent expression −d[Cr(VI)]/dt = (k1[Fe2+] + k2[FeOH+] + k3[Fe(OH)20])[Cr(VI)], with k1.
Engineering the Upconversion Nanoparticle Excitation Wavelength: Cascade Sensitization of Tri‐doped Upconversion Colloidal Nanoparticles at 800 nm

Lanthanide ion (Ln 3+ )-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are able to absorb NIR photons and convert such lowenergy excitations into shorter wavelength emissions. [ 1 ] Utilizing long-lived, ladder-like energy levels of Ln 3+ , the intensity of anti-Stoke's luminescence of UCNPs is orders of magnitude more potent compared with those of conventional synthetic dyes or quantum dots (QDs). [ 2 ] Due to these unique properties, UCNPs have emerged as a new class of materials in a wide range of applications, such as biosensing, [ 3 ] chemical sensing, [ 4 ]
COVID-19 Infection of Australian Companies

This paper analyzes the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Australian companies’ share prices. We use daily new infections as a risk factor and proxy for the severity of the pandemic. Based on the loading to this risk factor and abnormal returns during the crisis we categorize firms into (i) severely infected, (ii) infected and (iii) mildly or not infected. We find large differences across firms and sectors highlighting that the virus does not affect all firms and not in the same way contrasting evidence of financial contagion and excess co-movement from past crises. The increased cross-sectional dispersion of returns in the pandemic suggests a sophisticated response of investors resulting in significant diversification benefits.
Electrochemical CO2 and CO reduction on metal-functionalized porphyrin-like graphene

Porphyrin-like metal-functionalized graphene structures have been investigated as possible catalysts for CO2 and CO reduction to methane or methanol. The late transition metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, Os) and some p (B, Al, Ga) and s (Mg) metals comprised the center of the porphyrin ring. A clear difference in catalytic properties compared to extended metal surfaces was observed owing to a different electronic nature of the active site. The preference to bind hydrogen, however, becomes a major obstacle in the reaction path. A possible solution to this problem is to reduce CO instead of CO2. Volcano plots were constructed on the basis of scaling relations of reaction intermediates, and from these plots the reaction steps with the highest overpotentials were deduced. The Rh–porphyrin-like functionalized graphene was identified as the most active catalyst for producing methanol from CO, featuring an overpotential of 0.22 V. Additionally, we have also examined the hydrogen evolution and o.
Factors influencing a healthier fast food choice intention after the provision of energy and extended nutritional information among working young adults in the City of Cape Town, South Africa

The study aimed to determine the factors influencing a healthier fast food choice intention after the provision of nutritional information (energy only and energy, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol) among adults aged 20 to 34 years old and employed in Cape Town. By way of a self-reported questionnaire, a survey was conducted using snowball sampling, to determine whether the provision of the nutritional information would influence the intended choice of a beef burger; which nutritional information would do so, and whether any significant factors (demographic, biographic and lifestyle characteristics, eating practices and fast food consumption) influenced the change in respondent choice intention toward a healthier fast food item. The 39 questions collected data on the respondent fast food consumption, intended beef burger choice before and after the provision of the nutritional information, and the respondent demographic, biographic and lifestyle characteristics. A little more than half (52,2%) of the 157 respondents reported that their intended beef burger choice would be influenced by the provision of nutritional information, with energy and extended nutritional information provision both found to positively support the healthier fast food choice intention among the respondents. Twelve respondent attributes were found to significantly (p < 0,05) influence the intended choice based on the nutritional information provision, with health-consciousness being the overall consolidating factor to influence the intended choice to a healthier option.
Acyl Homoserine Lactone Production of Brewery Process Surface Bacteria

The aim of this study was to find out whether the first bacterial colonizers of brewery process surfaces after washing produce acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing signalling molecules. Microbial attachment and biofilm formation was studied by mounting sterile uncoated and coated stainless steel coupons onto critical places of the filling machines in three breweries. In the present study 26 previously deposited bacterial strains, as well as approximately 2,300 colonies from 76 process surface samples, were screened using reporter bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTLR4. AHL-producing bacteria were detected both from process samples and among the previous isolates. From the process samples, up to 15% of the screened colonies produced AHL molecules. Production of long chain AHLs was more common than short chain AHLs. The identified AHL-producing isolates belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Serratia, Hafnia, Rahnella, Enterobacter and Aeromonas, which all belong to commonly found primary colonizers of brewery process surfaces. The same microbial genera producing AHL molecules were found from different breweries. Brewery filling equipment is susceptible to microbial attachment and accumulation on surfaces. In the future, inhibition of quorum sensing could be one additional way of controlling biofilm formation.
THE EFFECT OF MINIMAL MARKING FEEDBACK FOR TEACHING PARAGRAPH WRITING

Giving feedback to the students can help them to be better in their writing skill. Therefore, the teacher should give an alternative way in giving feedback to encourage students to master writing skill. There are a lot of kinds of feedback, one of them is using minimal marking feedback. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of minimal marking feedback towards students’ ability in writing descriptive text. It used quantitative method with quasi-experimental design to get the result. It was conducted in one of Junior High Schools in West Java with two classes as the samples. The process started by dividing the students into two categories, namely experimental group and control group. The group which was given treatment by minimal marking feedback in writing descriptive text was experimental one. The treatment was given in five meetings for experimental group. Meanwhile, the control group did not have that treatment for writing the descriptive text. After having the treatment for five meetings, it can be seen that there was significant improvement for those who are in experimental group. This was proven by the data calculated by IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. The result of the calculation by using T-Test showed that Sig. (2-tailed) is 0.000 which was lower than 0.05 meaning that the null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, the treatment which was given to experiment group was significantly improve students’ ability in writing descriptive text.
Extraction Methods for Phosphorus and Their Relationship with Soils Phosphorus‐Buffer Capacity Estimated by the Remaining‐Phosphorus Methodology‐A Pot Study with Maize

Abstract This work aimed to calibrate Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, Bray 1, Olsen, and ion‐exchange resin extraction methods with maize phosphorus (P) responses in a pot study with lowland and upland soils with different P‐buffer capacities and to evaluate whether the calibration can be enhanced through the knowledge of remaining P. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a factorial arrangement involving five P concentrations and four lowland or seven upland soils. The remaining P for each soil was determined, P‐buffer capacity was estimated, and the soils were grouped according to the results. Correlation coefficients showed that the remaining P is strongly dependent on clay and soil organic‐matter content, and its determination was useful to the evaluation of the extractants. The classification and grouping of soils according to their P‐buffer capacity improved the correlations between extracted P and plant response for Mehlich 1 and Bray 1 extractants. The Mehlich 3, Olsen, and resin methods presented better performances, independent of soil grouping.