Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Corruption and State Capture: The Struggle of Anti-Corruption Activism in Hungary

Abstract The article draws on social movement theory to understand collective action against corruption in Hungary. While offering a perspective on anti-corruption activism, the article demonstrates its limits against a set of unfavourable factors. Our enquiry reveals that the political context in which anti-corruption activism develops, that is, Hungary under Viktor Orbán, critically affects its mobilising potential. Closed political opportunities prompt anti-corruption activists to adopt outsider strategies; moreover, they shape the contentious content and resonance of their discourses. Overall, our interviews with prominent anti-corruption activists reveal the limited outcomes of collective action in this field.
Light Scattering in a Turbulent Cloud: Simulations to Explore Cloud-Chamber Experiments

Radiative transfer through clouds can be impacted by variations in particle number size distribution, but also in particle spatial distribution. Due to turbulent mixing and inertial effects, spatial correlations often exist, even on scales reaching the cloud droplet separation distance. The resulting clusters and voids within the droplet field can lead to deviations from exponential extinction. Prior work has numerically investigated these departures from exponential attenuation in absorptive and scattering media; this work takes a step towards determining the feasibility of detecting departures from exponential behavior due to spatial correlation in turbulent clouds generated in a laboratory setting. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to mimic turbulent mixing clouds generated in a laboratory convection cloud chamber. Light propagation through the resulting polydisperse and spatially correlated particle fields is explored via Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations. The key finding is that both mean radiative flux and standard deviation about the mean differ when correlations exist, suggesting that an experiment using a laboratory convection cloud chamber could be designed to investigate non-exponential behavior. Total forward flux is largely unchanged (due to scattering being highly forward-dominant for the size parameters considered), allowing it to be used for conditional sampling based on optical thickness. Direct and diffuse forward flux means are modified by approximately one standard deviation. Standard deviations of diffuse forward and backward fluxes are strongly enhanced, suggesting that fluctuations in the scattered light are a more sensitive metric to consider. The results also suggest the possibility that measurements of radiative transfer could be used to infer the strength and scales of correlations in a turbulent cloud, indicating entrainment and mixing effects.
Forensic Applications of Associating Human Scalp Hair Morphology and Pigmentation Analysis at the Microscopic and Molecular Level

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)%%%%Criminal investigation and the science behind evidence analysis is an ever- growing niche, and forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) is no exception. For years the only information given to authorities regarding DNA found at a crime scene was STR analysis and matching to a comparative DNA sample from a known source. However, what happens when there is no suspect to compare DNA profiles, or the case involves a missing person where the only available piece of evidence is a biological sample found at the scene? Before FDP, not much could be done with the DNA sample and the investigation would be stalled. Now it is becoming possible to statistically predict an individual’s visual characteristics using FDP. Currently, with the use of Irisplex, HIrisplex, and HIrisplex-S, statistical analyses and predictions can be done for categorical eye, hair, and skin color by looking at specific genes and their associative SNPs, such as HERC2 and OCA2. The more that is understood about trait-determining genes and their functional significance with regards to our physical traits, the more phenotypes can be added to these prediction tools. In an effort to discover additional genes associated with human phenotypes, this study looked at thirty-two pigmentation-associated candidate genes, and eleven hair structure and morphology associated genes in owl monkey pelage samples. Although the samples were not of human origin, it is important to point out the high conservation between humans and their non-human primate relatives. The owl monkeys used in this study were helpful for tracking expression levels of genes controlling differentpigmentation and hair structure types, because each monkey had intra-individual variation in thickness and in coat color which allowed the generation of potential candidate genes for human investigation. Of the 43 total candidate genes analyzed, 36 had successful amplification, and 28 showed a significant difference in expression when comparing the different samples. The second part of this study was to compare quantitative characteristics of human hair in physical samples and two-dimensional (2D) photos. A test set of 45 individuals had 3-5 hairs from the vertex of their head plucked and analyzed, and a 2D photograph was taken of their scalp hair. The idea was to be able to make quantitative phenotypes in hair (such as hair width, amount of curl) from 2D imagery, when physical samples are not available for analysis. This is due to the fact that the majority of genotype-phenotype databases consist solely of photographic imagery, and seldom have hairs that can be microscopically prepared for analysis. Defining measurable phenotypes from 2D photos that strongly correlate with their physical counterparts allow for the generation of a more accurate phenotype for future genome wide association studies (GWAS) within and outside this laboratory that study hair thickness and hair curl. Three different quantitative phenotypes…
Using artificial neural networks to estimate snow water equivalent from snow depth

Abstract Snow water equivalent (SWE) is among the most important variables in the hydrological modelling of high latitude and mountainous areas. While manual snow surveys can directly provide SWE measurements, they are time consuming and costly, especially compared to automated snow depth measurements. Moreover, SWE is strongly correlated to snow depth. For this reason, several empirical equations relating snow depth to SWE have been proposed. The present study investigates the potential of artificial neural networks for estimating SWE from snow depth and commonly available data, and the proposed method is compared to existing, regression-based methods. An ensemble of multilayer perceptrons is constructed and trained using gridded meteorological variables and a data set of almost 40,000 SWE and depth measurements from the province of Quebec (eastern Canada). Overall, the proposed artificial neural network-based method reached a RMSE of 28 mm and outperforms by 17% a series of empirical equations for estimating the SWE of an independent set of measurement sites. Nevertheless, all the tested methods demonstrated limits to estimate lowest values of snow bulk density.
“This is My Girl”: How Men’s Desires Obscure Women’s Sexual Aggression Experiences in Public Drinking Settings

In this article, we use 198 interviews with young men and women to explore how they define and negotiate boundaries of unwanted sexual contact in public drinking settings. Men and women’s contrasting experiences reveal that in bars and nightclubs, sexual aggression against women is routine and typically involves physical threat. For men, however, consensual and nonaggressive contact can register as problematic when disruptive to men’s control of heterosexual interactions. Men’s aggression toward other men who disrupt their access to women is cause and consequence of women’s sexual aggression experiences being less visible. We contribute to sexual assault literature by illustrating how heterosexual power dynamics—specifically, disproportionate visibility and defense of men’s desires—shape tolerance of barroom sexual aggression, discourage bystander intervention, and set the stage for more serious forms of assault to occur and go unpunished.
Industry Tournament Incentives and Stock Price Crash Risk

Theoretical and empirical studies argue that managerial hoarding of negative firm-specific information can result in large negative stock price corrections once the accumulated information is revealed. A managerial labor market with tournament-like progression provides managers with the incentive to withhold negative information. We find that CEOs with stronger incentives to progress in the managerial labor market tournament have significantly greater stock price crash risk, consistent with a greater propensity for these executives to withhold negative firm-specific information. The empirical patterns that we document suggest a negative externality to the positive incentive effects provided by the managerial labor market.
High-Level Synthesis Design for Stencil Computations on FPGA with High Bandwidth Memory

Due to performance and energy requirements, FPGA-based accelerators have become a promising solution for high-performance computations. Meanwhile, with the help of high-level synthesis (HLS) compilers, FPGA can be programmed using common programming languages such as C, C++, or OpenCL, thereby improving design efficiency and portability. Stencil computations are significant kernels in various scientific applications. In this paper, we introduce an architecture design for implementing stencil kernels on state-of-the-art FPGA with high bandwidth memory (HBM). Traditional FPGAs are usually equipped with external memory, e.g., DDR3 or DDR4, which limits the design space exploration in the spatial domain of stencil kernels. Therefore, many previous studies mainly relied on exploiting parallelism in the temporal domain to eliminate the bandwidth limitations. In our approach, we scale-up the design performance by considering both the spatial and temporal parallelism of the stencil kernel equally. We also discuss the design portability among different HLS compilers. We use typical stencil kernels to evaluate our design on a Xilinx U280 FPGA board and compare the results with other existing studies. By adopting our method, developers can take broad parallelization strategies based on specific FPGA resources to improve performance.
The Effect of Debt to Equity Ratio and Return on Equity on Stock Return with Dividend Policy as Intervening Variables in Subsectors Property and Real Estate on Indonesia Stock Exchange

Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Return on Equity (ROE) to stock returns with dividend policy as an intervening variable on property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. This type of research is quantitative. This research population publishes all property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The data contributed to the research of 54 companies, and obtained a sample of 18 companies. Data analysis method used is path analysis (path analysis) using the multiple test. Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that: (1) Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) does not affect stock returns; (2) Return on equity (ROE) has a significant effect on stock returns; (3) Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) has a significant effect on Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR); (4) Return on equity (ROE) has a significant effect on Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR); (5) Dividend Payout ratio (DPR) can mediate the effect of Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) on stock returns; (6) Dividend payout ratio (DPR) can mediate the effect of return on equity (ROE) on stock returns.
Anti-Biofouling Strategies for Long-Term Continuous Use of Implantable Biosensors

The growing trend for personalized medicine calls for more reliable implantable biosensors that are capable of continuously monitoring target analytes for extended periods (i.e., >30 d). While promising biosensors for various applications are constantly being developed in the laboratories across the world, many struggle to maintain reliable functionality in complex in vivo environments over time. In this review, we explore the impact of various biotic and abiotic failure modes on the reliability of implantable biosensors. We discuss various design considerations for the development of chronically reliable implantable biosensors with a specific focus on strategies to combat biofouling, which is a fundamental challenge for many implantable devices. Briefly, we introduce the process of the foreign body response and compare the in vitro and the in vivo performances of state-of-the-art implantable biosensors. We then discuss the latest development in material science to minimize and delay biofouling including the usage of various hydrophilic, biomimetic, drug-eluting, zwitterionic, and other smart polymer materials. We also explore a number of active anti-biofouling approaches including stimuli-responsive materials and mechanical actuation. Finally, we conclude this topical review with a discussion on future research opportunities towards more reliable implantable biosensors.
A new genus and four new species of onchidiid slugs from South-East Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)

ABSTRACT The taxonomy of the Onchidiidae has remained extremely confusing for decades. As part of an on-going systematic revision of the entire family, a new genus, Melayonchis Dayrat and Goulding gen. nov., and four new species (Melayonchis eloisae Dayrat sp. nov., Melayonchis siongkiati Dayrat and Goulding sp. nov., Melayonchis annae Dayrat sp. nov., and Melayonchis aileenae Dayrat and Goulding sp. nov.) are described. Species are delineated using an integrative approach, based on morphological characters and DNA sequences. First-hand field observations and pictures of live animals are provided in order to help future species identification. All four Melayonchis species live in mangrove forests. The geographic distribution of Melayonchis ranges from the Andaman Sea to the South China Sea through the Strait of Malacca. Records are based on entirely new collections from the Andaman Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and Vietnam. The nomenclature of all existing onchidiid species- and genus-group names from that region is addressed, as well as intraspecific character variation within Melayonchis. www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:671922DB-C6C1-44A5-B2CD-A3A3127CB668
The Effects of Model Ethnicity in Charity Appeals for Local and Global Charities

ABSTRACT We investigate the effect of model ethnicity (in-group vs. out-group) in a charity appeal and how this interacts with the scope of the charity (local vs. global) on message recipients’ attitude toward and intention to donate money to the charity. We also test the mediating role of the perceived trustworthiness of the models in the appeal and ad skepticism. In a controlled experiment, we exposed Caucasian (French, n = 201) and Indian (n = 194) respondents to a group of Caucasian or Indian models for either a local or a global charity. Models of the same ethnicity as the message recipient (in-group) lead to more positive responses for a local charity, while models of a different ethnicity than the message recipient (out-group) lead to more positive responses for a global charity. As expected, these effects are mediated by the perceived model trustworthiness and ad skepticism.
Evaluation of multi‐source precipitation data in a watershed with complex topography based on distributed hydrological modeling

Hydrological simulation in areas with complex topography and pronounced climatic heterogeneity has a certain degree of uncertainty, and how precipitation data from multiple types of sources influence hydrological simulation remains unclear. Performances of precipitation datasets based on multiple interpolation methods (i.e., inverse distance weighted [IDW], cokriging, and ANUSPLIN) and satellite remote sensing datasets (i.e., tropical rainfall measuring mission multi‐satellite precipitation analysis 3B42 version7 [TRMM 3B42V7], precipitation estimation from remote sensing information using artificial neural networks–climate data record [PERSIANN‐CDR], climate predication centre morphing technique, and sian precipitation–highly resolved observational data integration towards evaluation of water resources [APHRODITE]) were obtained for comparison. Hydrological responses from these precipitation datasets were evaluated through distributed hydrological model variable infiltration capacity. The Yalong river basin (YRB), located in the Hengduan Mountains region and characterized by the significant heterogeneity of precipitation in China, was focused. Four sub‐regions (i.e., sub‐region I to IV) were divided. The results indicated that: (a) TRMM 3B42V7 and APHRODITE data were superior in detection capability from daily to annual measurement than other satellite precipitation data sets generally; (b) under the scale of gauges, TRMM 3B42V7, APHRODITE, and cokriging performed well in sub‐regions I, II, and IV, respectively. In sub‐region III, performance of the interpolation methods was better than that of TRMM 3B42V7; (c) the interpolation datasets exhibited a poor capability to simulate peak runoff. The combination dataset COM could improve the overall runoff simulation in flood periods; and (d) the interpolation method has the problem of excessive smoothness. Whatever the interpolation dataset is, hydrological simulation tends to result in smaller runoff, which was related to that the measurements from meteorological stations in mountainous valleys are not necessarily representative of the entire region. In this paper, the applicability of multi‐source precipitation data in the hydrological simulation process of YRB was comprehensively analysed, which could provide effective references for improving the accuracy of precipitation data and the applicability of hydrological simulation.
Earnings Co‐Movements and the Informativeness of Earnings

We examine the informativeness of earnings in the presence of earnings co‐movements. Many theoretical studies infer that the more a firm's earnings move with the market the less weight investors need to place on those earnings, thus rendering them less informative. On the other hand, managers have less opportunity to bias the earnings signal the more earnings co‐move, making them more reliable. We measure earnings co‐movement using an industry–firm pairing correlational technique. Overall our results show both the degree of co‐movement and the ordering of earnings announcements impacts on the informativeness of earnings as indicated by earnings response coefficients. Earnings responses are larger for firms that report earnings before their most highly correlated industry peer, but the responses are reduced as earnings co‐movement increases. We interpret our results to indicate that the more earnings co‐move with an industry peer the less informative earnings become, but only when the peer firm is able to obtain information at a later date.
Earthquake response analysis of tunnels at a complex saturated site

Abstract Only a seismic analysis of tunnels at a single-phase site can be performed using the commonly used finite element software owing to the lack of a dynamic two-phase element. The seismic analysis of tunnels at a saturated site is primarily based on OpenSees or self-compiled programmes, the majority of which are limited to uniform or horizontal-layered sites owing to the related issues of the inconvenience of modelling and the limited computation scale. In this study, based on ABAQUS, a finite element model for the earthquake response analysis of twin tunnels at a complex saturated site is established by calling the user-defined element, which is developed for the dynamic analysis of two-phase media. The wave propagation towards infinity is simulated by the viscous-spring boundary, the seismic wave is inputted in the form of the equivalent nodal force, and the soil nonlinearity is considered via the equivalent linear method. Differences between the earthquake responses of tunnels at a complex saturated site and a complex single-phase site as well as those between tunnels at a complex saturated site and a horizontal-layered saturated site are investigated to emphasise the effects of dynamic solid-fluid coupling and complex topography and geology.
Prevalence and pattern of burnout syndrome and associated quality of life amongst undergraduates of a tertiary institution in Northern Nigeria

Background: Previous studies show that academic burnout among undergraduates in Nigeria is prevalent and impacts negatively on their mental well-being and quality of life. Few studies have looked at the relationship between burnout, psychological morbidity and quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome among undergraduates and its relationship with psychological morbidity and quality of life. Methods: A total of 933 undergraduates from the faculties of education, law and medicine, Bayero University Kano, participated in this descriptive, cross sectional study. Study instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory-students' survey, 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire, and WHO Quality of Life Survey-Abbreviated Version. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used to analyse the data using Chi square and ANOVA and a p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically signicant. Results: This showed a burnout prevalence of 153(16.4%) for emotional exhaustion, 230(24.7%) for cynicism and 194(20.8%) for reduced academic efcacy. Burnout increased with increasing length of academic activity, increasing psychological morbidity and decreasing Quality of Life. Education students had more burnout on cynicism subscale while medical students had more burnout on academic efcacy subscale. Overall, law students were the least burnout. Conclusion: Burnout is common among undergraduates of Bayero University Kano. Families (through participatory parenting) and university authorities should put in place functional programmes to reduce the burden of burnout and more researches are needed to gain deeper understanding of burnout and its effects on students' mental health.
Video Analysis of Pedestrian Movement (VAPM) under Different Lighting Conditions—Method Exploration

When daylight hours are limited, pedestrians are dependent on appropriate outdoor lighting. Although new city lighting applications must consider both energy usage and pedestrian responses, current methods used to capture pedestrian walking behaviour during dark conditions in real settings are limited. This study reports on the development and evaluation of a video-based method that analyses pedestrians’ microscopic movements (VAPM—video analysis of pedestrian movements), including placement and speed, in an artificially lit outdoor environment. In a field study utilising between-subjects design, 62 pedestrians walked along the same path under two different lighting applications. VAPM accurately discriminated pedestrians’ microscopic movements in the two lighting applications. By incorporating methodological triangulation, VAPM successfully complemented observer-based assessments of pedestrians’ perceptions and evaluations of the two lighting applications. It is suggested that in evaluations of pedestrian responses to city lighting applications, observer-based assessments could be successfully combined with an analysis of actual pedestrian movement while walking in the lit environment. However, prior to employing a large-scale application of VAPM, the methodology needs to be further adapted for use with drones and integration into smart city lighting systems.