Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
V-SZZ: Automatic Identification of Version Ranges Affected by CVE Vulnerabilities

Vulnerabilities publicly disclosed in the National Vulnerability Data-base (NVD) are assigned with CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) IDs and associated with specific software versions. Many organizations, including IT companies and government, heavily rely on the disclosed vulnerabilities in NVD to mitigate their security risks. Once a software is claimed as vulnerable by NVD, these organizations would examine the presence of the vulnerable versions of the software and assess the impact on themselves. However, the version information about vulnerable software in NVD is not always reliable. Nguyen et al. find that the version information of many CVE vulnerabilities is spurious and propose an approach based on the original SZZ algorithm (i.e., an approach to identify bug-introducing commits) to assess the software versions affected by CVE vulnerabilities. However, SZZ algorithms are designed for common bugs, while vulnerabilities and bugs are different. Many bugs are introduced by a recent bug-fixing commit, but vulnerabilities are usually introduced in their initial versions. Thus, the current SZZ algorithms often fail to identify the inducing commits for vulnerabilities. Therefore, in this study, we propose an approach based on an improved SZZ algorithm to refine software versions affected by CVE vulnerabilities. Our proposed SZZ algorithm leverages the line mapping algorithms to identify the earliest commit that modified the vulnerable lines, and then considers these commits to be the vulnerability-inducing commits, as opposed to the previous SZZ algorithms that assume the commits that last modified the buggy lines as the inducing commits. To evaluate our proposed approach, we manually annotate the true inducing commits and verify the vulnerable versions for 172 CVE vulnerabilities with fixing commits from two publicly available datasets with five C/C++ and 41 Java projects, respectively. We find that 99 out of 172 vulnerabilities whose version information is spurious. The experiment results show that our proposed approach can identify more vulnerabilities with the true inducing commits and correct vulnerable versions than the previous SZZ algorithms. Our approach outperforms the previous SZZ algorithms in terms of F1-score for identifying vulnerability-inducing commits on both C/C++ and Java projects (0.736 and 0.630, respectively). For refining vulnerable versions, our approach also achieves the best performance on the two datasets in terms of F1-score (0.928 and 0.952).
SnR: Constraint-Based Type Inference for Incomplete Java Code Snippets

Code snippets are prevalent on websites such as Stack Overflow and are effective in demonstrating API usages concisely. However they are usually difficult to be used directly because most code snippets not only are syntactically incomplete but also lack dependency information, and thus do not compile. For example, Java snippets usually do not have import statements or required library names; only 6.88% of Java snippets on Stack Overflow include import statements necessary for compilation. This paper proposes SnR, a precise, efficient, constraint-based technique to automatically infer the exact types used in code snippets and the libraries containing the inferred types, to compile and therefore reuse the code snippets. Initially, SnR builds a knowledge base of APIs, i.e., various facts about the available APIs, from a corpus of Java libraries. Given a code snippet with missing import statements, SnR automatically extracts typing constraints from the snippet, solves the constraints against the knowledge base, and returns a set of APIs that satisfies the constraints to be imported into the snippet. We have evaluated SnR on a benchmark of 267 code snippets from Stack Overflow. SnR significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art tool Coster. SnR correctly infers 91.0% of the import statements, which makes 73.8% of the snippets compile, compared to 36.0% of the import statements and 9.0% of the snippets by Coster.
Substrate Turnover during Prolonged Exercise in Man

level decreased continuously, while the arterial glucagon concentration had risen fivefold after 4 h of exercise. Uptake of glucose and FFA by the legs was markedly augmented during exercise, the increase in FFA uptake being a consequence of augmented arterial levels rather than increased fractional extraction. As exercise was continued beyond 40 min, the relative contribution of FFA to total oxygen metabolism rose progressively to 62%. In contrast, the contribution from glucose fell from 40% to 30% between 90 and 240 min. Leg output of alanine increased as exercise progressed. Splanchnic glucose production, which rose 100% above basal levels and remained so throughout exercise, exceeded glucose uptake by the legs for the first 40 min but thereafter failed to keep pace with peripheral glucose Dr. Felig is recipient of a Research Career Development Award (AM 70219) from the National Institutes of Health. Address reprint requests to Dr. Felig at the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06510. Received for publication 9 July 1973 and in revised form 26 November 1973. utilization. Total estimated splanchnic glucose output was 75 g in 4 h, sufficient to deplete approximately 75% of liver glycogen stores. Splanchnic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine) had increased 2to 10-fold after 4 h of exercise, and was sufficient to account for 45% of glucose release at 4 h as compared to 20-25% at rest and at 40 min of exercise. In the case of alanine and lactate, the increase in precursor uptake was a consequence of a rise in splanchnic fractional extraction. It is concluded that during prolonged exercise at a low work intensity (a) blood glucose levels fall because hepatic glucose output fails to keep up with augmented glucose utilization by the exercising legs; (b) a large portion of hepatic glycogen stores is mobilized and an increasing fraction of the splanchnic glucose output is derived from gluconeogenesis; (c) blood-borne substrates in the form of glucose and FFA account for a major part of leg muscle metabolism, the relative contribution from FFA increasing progressively; and (d) augmented secretion of glucagon may play an important role in the metabolic adaptation to prolonged exercise by its stimulatory influence on hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Cervical Lymphadenopathies at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal

Introduction: Among various imaging modalities useful in diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathies, Color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) is useful to evaluate and determine the presence of vascularity, resistance, direction, and velocity of blood flow in lymph nodes. It can determine the morphological and vascular nature of lymphadenopathies which will further help in the differentiation between benign and malignant nodes. Methods: This study was conducted on 61 patients referred to the Department of radiodiagnosis and imaging of BiratMedcical College for an ultrasound of cervical lymphadenopathy. These patients had subsequently undergone FNAC examination. Color Doppler sonographic procedures were done with an 11L linear probe with a frequency of 4.5-12MHz and CDUS evaluation of lymph nodes for Resistive Index and Peak systolic velocity were carried out and correlated with FNAC findings. Results: Among 61 lymph nodes, 52 were benign and 9 were malignant in the Color Doppler study where the final diagnosis by FNAC showed 53 benign and 8 malignant nodes. RI above the cutoff value of 0.5 had 83.3% sensitivity, 79.6% specificity, 50% PPV and 95.1% NPV. PSV above the cutoff value of 16cm/sec had 66.6% sensitivity, 95.9% specificity, 80.0% PPV and 92.2% NPV with diagnostic accuracy of 91.8%. Conclusion: Morphological features of the nodes such as shape, absence of echogenic hilum, abnormal vascular pattern, and Doppler indices cutoff values of 0.5 and 16cm/s respectively for RI and PSV were sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes.
Derivation and validation of top-down African biomass burning CO emissions and fuel consumption measures derived using geostationary FRP data and Sentinal-5P TROPOMI CO retrievals

We present the first top-down CO fire emissions inventory for Africa based on the direct relation between 10 geostationary satellite-based Fire Radiative Power (FRP) measures and satellite observations of Total Column Carbon Monoxide (TCCO). This work extends significantly the previous Fire Radiative Energy Emissions (FREM) approach that derived Total Particulate Matter (TPM) emission coefficients from FRP measures and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) observations. The use of satellite-based CO observations to derive CO emission coefficients, Ce , addresses key uncertainties in the use of AOD measures to estimate fire-generated CO emissions including; the requirement for a smoke mass extinction 15 coefficient in the AOD to TPM conversion; and the large variation in TPM emission factors which are used to convert TPM emissions to CO emissions. We use the FREM-derived CO emission coefficients to produce a Pan-African CO fire emission inventory spanning 16 years. Regional CO emissions are in close agreement with the most recent version of GFED(v4.1s), despite the two inventories using completely different satellite datasets and methodologies to derive CO emissions. Dry Matter Consumed (DMC) and DMC per unit area values are generated from our CO emission inventory – the latter using the 20 m 20 resolution Sentinal-2 FireCCISFD burnt area (BA) product for 2019. We carry out an evaluation of our FREM-based CO emissions by using them as input in the WRF-CMAQ chemical transport model and comparing simulated TCCO fields to independent Sentinal-5P TROPOMI TCCO observations. The results of this validation show FREM CO emissions to generally be in good agreement with these independent measures particularly in the case of individual fire-generated CO plumes where modelled in-plume CO was within 5% of satellite observations with a coefficient of determination of 0.80. Modelled and 25 observed CO, averaged over the full model domain, are within 4% of each other, though localised regions show an overestimation of modelled CO by up to 50%. However, when compared to other evaluations of current state-of-the-art fire emissions inventories, the FREM CO emission inventory derived in this work shows some of the best agreement with independent measures. Updates to the previously published FREM TPM emissions coefficients are also provided in the Appendix of this article, along with a satellite and ground-based validation of this FREM TPM emissions inventory. The 30 methodology and resulting CO fire inventory described in this work will form the basis of an upcoming operational LSASAF CO fire emissions product for Africa. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-193 Preprint. Discussion started: 25 April 2022 c © Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.
Insider Trading at Zagreb Stock Exchange

Abstract This paper is the first paper that systematically observes and describes all publicly available data on insider trading on the Zagreb Stock Exchange during the period of June 2010 - June 2021. To accomplish this objective both parametric and non-parametric event-study tests are conducted using the data collected from 827 notifications published on the Zagreb Stock Exchange website. After filtering the notifications for overlapping events, there were 48 insiders’ purchase events and 50 insiders’ sales events. The results indicate that insiders can earn abnormal returns on share purchases based on their insider knowledge and that the information on insider purchases can bring additional information to outside investors. However, in the case of notifications of share sales by insiders, Cumulative Average Abnormal Returns (CAARs) after the event are not statistically significant and are just slightly positive, thus bringing no abnormal returns for insiders and not conveying information to the public. This suggests that the market may perceive sales having a lower informational content, as motivation for sales may be other needs, such as liquidity.
Psychometric properties of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale ( MAAS ) in Argentine university students

The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a scale that assesses, in a global way, the capacity in a person's disposition to be attentive and aware of the experience of the present moment in daily life. The aim of the present research was to study the psychometric properties of the MAAS in Argentine university students. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, instrumental study was designed. The epistemological basis used was classical psychometrics. The non-probabilistic sample consisted of 895 Argentine adults from university population. The mean age was 26.32 ( SD = 6.946, Min = 18, Max = 48). Fifty-four percent ( n = 483) were female and 45.6 % ( n = 408) were male. Psychometric analyses reported that the scale has a unidimensional structure with adequate validity and reliability ( α = .89). The scale has adequate evidence of construct __________________________________________________________________________________________________ consistency scores, which determine that it is a valid and reliable instrument to assess mindfulness attention in a population of Argentine university students.
Nutritional value and antioxidant properties of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel., fruit from midhills of western Nepal

Fruit consumption has long been recognized for its beneficial impact on human health. Persimmon fruit (Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. ) is a popular wild edible fruit distributed in mid-hill regions of Western Nepal and is used in treatment of various ailments by local people. Although, persimmon is a popular fruit, its significant nutritive values and bioactive compounds are still unexplored in Nepal. This research on nutritional and phytochemical analysis of persimmon fruit pulp was carried out using standardized analytical methods (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC) and microplate spectrophotometry with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The results revealed that the fruit is rich in sugar (66.52±2.17 mg /g), fiber (103.95 mg/g), ash (107.44 mg/g) and total phenolic content (112±2.89 mg GAEs/g) and the mild supplier of antioxidants.
Cardiovascular responses of TO- to XSyr-old men and women to exercise training

HAGBERG, JAMES M. , JAMES E. GRAVES, MARIAN LIMACHER, DEIDRA R. WOODS, SCOTT H. LEGGETT, CARMEN CONONIE, JOSEPH J. GRUBER, AND MICHAEL L. POLLOCK. Cardiovascular responses of 7th to 79-yr-oZd men and ulamen to exercise training. J. Appl. Physiol. 66(6): 2589-2594, 1989.This study determined the effects of endurance or resistance exercise training on maximal 02 consumption (v02 max) and the cardiovascular responses to exercise of 70to 79-yr-old men and women. Healthy untrained subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 12) or to an endurance (n = 16) or resistance training group (n = 19). Training consisted of three sessions per week for 26 wk. Resistance training consisted of one set of 8-12 repetitions on 10 Nautilus machines. Endurance training consisted of 40 min at 5O-70% VOW max and at 75 85% ~OZ max for the first and last 13 wk of training, respectively. The endurance training group increased its Vozrnax by 16% during the first 13 wk of training and by a total of 22% after 26 wk of training; this group also increased its maximal 02 pulse, systolic blood pressure, and ventilation, and decreased its heart rate and perceived exertion during submaximal exercise. The resistance training group did not elicit significant changes in VO zrnax or in other maximal or submaximal cardiovascular responses despite eliciting 9 and 18% increases in lower and upper body strength, respectively. Thus healthy men and women in their 70s can respond to prolonged endurance exercise training with adaptations similar to those of younger individuals. Resistance training in older individuals has no effect on cardiovascular responses to submaximal or maximal treadmill exercise.
Characterization and antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected Nigerian traditional fermented foods

For production and preservation of traditional fermented foods, the genera, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics and the antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected Nigerian traditional fermented foods. Changes in pH and titratable acidity (TA) of the samples were investigated for a period of four days (96 h). Eleven tentative LAB from fermented maize and cassava (Ogi and Fufu, respectively) were isolated and characterized. The spoilage organisms from fish were aseptically identified and the antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method against three isolated food spoilage organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene and Bacillus cereus). The isolates were selected and further identified as Lactobacillus amylolyticus strain L6, Lactobacillus plantarum strain ci-4w and Lactobacillus sakei strain MLS1 by the aide of genotypic characteristics (16S rRNA gene sequences). These strains were screened for their EPS producing activity, resistance to low pH and bile salts as well as bacteriocin activity. These strains can be used as starter culture or protective cultures to improve the hygiene, quality and increased safety of the food products by inhibiting the food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms.
Does Seclusion Alter Amygdala Activity and Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity Leading to Emotional Dysregulation in Children? A Case for Ending Seclusion and Restraint In Public Schools

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION SECLUSION AS A DISCIPLINARY POLICY IN SCHOOLS 7 DEFINING SECLUSION AND RESTRAINT 7 THE LARGE DEBATE: ARE SECLUSION AND RESTRAINT HARM REDUCTION OR HARM ITSELF? 9 WHY PUBLIC SCHOOLS STILL USE SECLUSION TO DISCIPLINE 12 WHAT IS A SECLUSION ROOM? 14 DATA DOES NOT PAINT THE FULL PICTURE 15 PURPOSE OF STUDY 16 CHAPTER 2: POTENTIAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SECLUSION 16 SECLUSION MAY INDUCE A TOXIC STRESS RESPONSE WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR NEURAL FUNCTION 17 NORMAL NEURODEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD’S BRAIN 20 THE BRAIN’S EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CRITICAL PERIODS 23 POTENTIAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES OF SECLUSION INFORM BEHAVIOR 30 CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED EXPERIMENT 32 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 32 METHODS 38 PARTICIPANTS 38 MATERIALS 39 CLINICAL MEASURES 39 PROCEDURE 42 RESULTS 46 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 46 BEHAVIORAL DATA ANALYSIS 55 FMRI ANALYSIS 55 SUMMARY OF DATA ANALYSIS 60 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION 61 INDEX 71
Localization of Radiolabeled Streptavidin in Tumor

TO THE EDITOR: In a January 1998 article Zhang et al. (I ) compared the biodistribution of radiolabeled biotin administered to mice bearing a human colon xenograft with that of radiolabeled Streptavidin injected either intravenously or intraperitoneally to mice bearing the same tumor model but pretargeted with unlabeled biotinylated monoclonal antibody directed against the colon cancer. As with virtually all experiments performed with radiolabeled Streptavidin and pretargeting with antibody, a very important control was left out; that is, the distribution of radiolabeled Streptavidin in nonpretargeted tumor-bearing mice. Zhang et al. state that such data is available. It would be most helpful to publish it in concert with the rest of the data. Of particular importance is the determination of the ratio of tumor to normal tissues after administration of Streptavidin alone. Our experi ments suggest that radiolabeled Streptavidin demonstrates high localization in breast tumors not pretargeted with monoclonal antibody (2.3), and it would be most interesting to determine whether this is unique for breast tumors or also true for other tumors such as colon cancer.
Adaptive Hybrid Indexes

While index structures are crucial components in high-performance query processing systems, they occupy a large fraction of the available memory. Recently-proposed compact indexes reduce this space overhead and thus speed up queries by allowing the database to keep larger working sets in memory. These compact indexes, however, are slower than performance-optimized in-memory indexes because they adopt encodings that trade performance for memory efficiency. Applying different encodings within a single index might allow optimizing both dimensions at the same time - however, it is not clear which encodings should be applied to which index parts at build-time. To take advantage of multiple encodings in one index structure, we present a new framework forming the basis of workload-adaptive hybrid indexes which moves encoding decisions to run-time instead. By sampling incoming queries adaptively, it tracks accesses to index parts and keeps fine-grained statistics which are used for space- and performance-optimized encoding migrations. We evaluated our framework using B+-trees and tries, and examine the adaptation process and space/performance trade-off for real-world and synthetic workloads. For skewed workloads, our framework can reduce the space by up to 82% while retaining more than 90% of the original performance.
Comparing Happiness Determinants for Urban Residents A Partial Least Squares Regression Model

: Research on happiness determinants began in the 1970s in such fields as psychology and economics. While they tended to focus on individual variables, they have recently expanded to the built environment. Regarding the built environment, transportation systems—as opposed to land use—were mostly studied in relation to the transient happiness of satisfaction from one trip rather than overall happiness based on life satisfaction. By controlling for well-researched happiness determinants (i.e., the individual’s psychological and economic variables), this study sought to explore how the built environment, especially transportation system variables, affect overall happiness. To this aim, we used a partial least squares regression model with a total of 61 research variables and tested it using data from a 2018 Seoul survey (n = 5,515 household heads). Through using the 2018 data, we could evaluate the environment for cyclists and pedestrians, and taxi, subway, and bus users. Based on the analytical results, this study concludes that to promote happiness, the government would do well to implement marketing/branding strategies to heighten the identity of, and attachment for, the city (i.e., to increase the pride its citizens feel in calling it their home), and to improve transportation infrastructure for better mobility and accessibility (of motorized—rather than nonmotorized—transportation, particularly taxis and buses). Between nonmotorized transport methods, the pedestrian environment is more important in urban centers than in residential neighborhoods, and the cycling environment is largely considered less significant. These overall happiness-related findings on transportation systems stand in contrast to those from studies on transient happiness from a single trip.
Prescribing High-intensity Interval Exercise by RPE in Individuals with Type 2 2 Diabetes : Metabolic and Hemodynamic Responses 3 4 RUNNING TITLE : High-intensity Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes

9 AFFILIATIONS: 1. São Paulo State University  UNESP, School of Sciences, Physical 10 Education Department, Exercise and Chronic Disease Research Laboratory, Bauru, Brazil; 2. 11 Family Healthcare Center Tomás Rojas, Los Lagos, Chile; 2. Universidad de Los Lagos, 12 Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Osorno, Chile; 3. University of São Paulo, School of 13 Medicine, Heart Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 14