Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A flexible device to produce a gas stream with a precisely controlled water vapour mixing ratio and isotope composition based on microdrop dispensing technology

Abstract. ​​​​​​​Here we describe a versatile device to produce a gas stream with a precisely controlled water vapour mixing ratio and stable water isotope composition based on microdrop dispensing technology. To produce a moist airstream, the microdrop dispensing technology ejects micrometre-size water droplets that completely evaporate into a stream of carrier gas heated to 60 ∘C. By precisely controlling the contribution of water standards from two dispenser heads into a carrier gas stream, the device allows one to set the air–vapour stream to any isotope ratio between two endmember waters. We show that the Allan deviation of the water vapour mixing ratio is 10 ppmv over more than 24 h and reaches 0.004 ‰ for δ18O and 0.02 ‰ for δ2H for a flow rate of 40 sccm. Tests with flow rates from 40–250 sccm show an increase of the Allan deviation with higher flow rates. Tests with mixing standard water from two dispenser heads show a linear mixing across a range of water vapour mixing ratios from 1000 to 20 000 ppmv. In addition to presenting the design and several performance characteristics of the new system, we describe two application examples. First, we utilise the device to determine the water vapour mixing ratio–isotope ratio dependency, a common artefact of water vapour isotope spectrometers. Second, we utilise the device to provide a constant background stream of moist air for fluid inclusion water isotope analysis in calcite samples from stalagmites. The observed flexibility and precision of the device underpins its usefulness and potential for a wide range of applications in atmospheric water vapour isotope measurements. Future developments could focus on reducing the number of manual interventions needed to clear dispenser heads from gas bubbles and the provision of a water vapour stream at flow rates of up to several litres per minute.
A Review: Herbal Anti-inflammatory drugs and its medicinal constituents.

: Diseases associated with inflammatory etiopathology have increased recently. Medicines used to treat such tumors relieve the disease while combating life-threatening consequences. Anti-inflammatory drugs or herbs range from conventional to wild forest plants or herbal plants. It has been studied, evaluated and proven or udertrial for its anti-inflammatory activity. Recent patents on anti-inflammatory and herbal medicine provide insight into the current state and future of this field.
The shape of curve lactation of crossbred dairy sheep affects the fitting of empirical and mechanistic models

The ability of mathematical models to represent the lactation process varies according with their mathematical structure and database characteristics. The aim of the current study was evaluated the goodness of fit of empirical and mechanistic models applied to dairy sheep lactation curves with different shapes. A total of 4,494 weekly test day records were analyzed. All lactations were individually fitted using two empirical (Wood and Wilmink) and two mechanistic (Dijkstra, and Pollott) models. The Dijkstra model showed the best performance to typical curves and Wood model to atypical curves (without peak lactation). Therefore, the selection of the mathematical model to fit sheep lactation curves must consider the specific patter of milk production.
Improved monitoring of subglacial lake activity in Greenland

Abstract. Subglacial lakes form beneath ice sheets and ice caps if water is available and if bedrock and surface topography are able to retain the water. On a regional scale, the lakes modulate the timing and rate of freshwater flow through the subglacial system to the ocean by acting as reservoirs. More than 100 hydrologically active subglacial lakes that drain and recharge periodically have been documented under the Antarctic Ice Sheet, while only approximately 20 active lakes have been identified in Greenland. Active lakes may be identified by local changes in ice topography caused by the drainage or recharge of the lake beneath the ice. The small size of the Greenlandic subglacial lakes puts additional demands on mapping capabilities to resolve the evolving surface topography in sufficient detail to record their temporal behaviour. Here, we explore the potential for using CryoSat-2 swath-processed data, together with TanDEM-X digital elevation models, to improve the monitoring capabilities of active subglacial lakes in Greenland. We focus on four subglacial lakes previously described in the literature and combine the data with ArcticDEMs to obtain improved measurements of the evolution of these four lakes. We find that with careful tuning of the swath processor and filtering of the output data, the inclusion of these data, together with the TanDEM-X data, provides important information on lake activity, documenting, for example, that the ice surface collapse basin on Flade Isblink Ice Cap was 50 % (30 m) deeper than previously recorded. We also present evidence of a new, active subglacial lake in southwestern Greenland, which is located close to an already known lake. Both lakes probably drained within 1 month in the summer of 2012, which suggests either that they are hydrologically connected or that the drainages were independently triggered by extensive surface melt. If the hydrological connection is confirmed, this would to our knowledge be the first indication of hydrologically connected subglacial lakes in Greenland.
Factors Associated with Malaria Occurrence in Narok Town Ward, Narok County, Kenya

: Despite malaria being a life threating but preventable disease, it is the foremost cause of disease and death in Kenya; over 25 million individuals are at risk with estimated 6.7 million new clinical cases and 4,000 deaths each year. It is approximated to cause 20% of all deaths in children under the age of five. This study was aimed at identifying factors associated with malaria occurrence in Narok Town Ward, Narok County, Kenya, so as to generate evidence to be used to enhance efforts for focused malaria control in Narok Town and similar urban areas in Kenya. The data was collected by administering structured questionnaire to household heads of the 480 randomly selected households and capturing mosquitoes in 36 randomly selected households. There were 2010 inhabitants in the 480 selected household, majority of the residents were aged 1-14 (34.1%) and 25-44 (34.6%); the proportion of females was 58.8% (1182). Pregnant females were 2.9% (58/2010). The literacy rate was 93.9%. Majority of the households (79.0%) reported having a monthly income of Kshs. 20,000 and above. About 97.92 % (470/480) of the total responders recognized that malaria was spread by mosquitos. Fever, vomiting, headache and chills were reported by majority of the respondents 99.56% (478/480) as the main symptoms of malaria. 68.33% (328/480) of respondents rated malaria as an ordinary disease
Impact of trailing edge shape on the wake and propulsive performance of pitching panels

T. Van Buren,1,* D. Floryan,1 D. Brunner,2 U. Senturk,3 and A. J. Smits1 1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey 08544, USA 2School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey (Received 4 July 2016; published 9 January 2017; corrected 23 May 2017)
Local comparisons of tropospheric ozone: Vertical soundings at 1 two neighbouring stations in Southern Bavaria 2

In this study ozone profiles of the differential-absorption lidar at Garmisch-Partenkirchen are 18 compared with those of ozone sondes of the Forschungszentrum Jülich and of the Meteorological Observatory 19 Hohenpeißenberg (German Weather Service). The lidar measurements are quality assured by the highly accurate 20 in-situ measurements at nearby the Wank (1780 m a.s.l.) and Zugspitze (2962 m a.s.l.) summits and at the Global 21 Atmosphere Watch station Schneefernerhaus (2670 m a.s.l.). The lidar results agree almost perfectly with those 22 of the monitoring stations. Side-by-side sounding of the lidar and electrochemical (ECC) sonde measurements 23 by a team of the Forschungszentrum Jülich shows just small positive offsets (≤ 3.4 ppb), almost constant within 24 the troposphere. We conclude that the recently published uncertainties of the lidar in the final configuration since 25 2012 are realistic and rather small for low to moderate ozone. Comparisons with the Hohenpeißenberg routine 26 Brewer-Mast sonde measurements are more demanding because of the distance of 38 km between both sites. 27 These comparisons cover the three years September 2000 to August 2001, 2009 and 2018. A slight negative 28 average offset (  3.64 ppb ± 7.5 ppb (full error)) of the sondes with respect to the lidar is found. Most sonde 29 measurements could be improved in the troposphere by recalibration with the station data. This would not only 30 remove the average offset, but also greatly reduce the variability of the individual offsets. The comparison for 31 2009 suggests a careful partial re-evaluation of the lidar measurements between 2007 and 2011 for altitudes 32 above 6 km where an occasional negative bias occurred.
Sensitivity of air quality indicators to emission inventories (EDGAR, EMEP, CAMS-REG) in Europe through FAIRMODE benchmarking methodology.

This study evaluates the sensitivity of four different emission inventories (EDGAR 5.0, EMEPG, CAMS version 15 2.2.1 and CAMS version 4.2 + condensables) on calculated air quality indices using the EMEP chemistry transport model. Emissions are reduced by 25% and 50% for different air pollutants for six cities and two regions in Europe to study the impact on particulate matter (PM) ozone (O3) formation. We performed the simulations for the year 2015 over Europe. Emission at each location for all precursors are quite consistent for EMEP and CAMS inventories (as i.e. all these 20 inventories share the same country total emissions), while EDGAR (being developed using a completely independent approach) generally show different urban scale emissions. Similar emission totals can however hide large variations in sectorial allocation. Our results stress the importance of the sectorial repartition of the emissions, given their different vertical distribution. In terms of non-linear behavior, the relationship between emission reduction and PM10 concentration change shows the largest non-linearity for NOx and in a lesser extend 25 for NH3 whereas it remains mostly linear for the other precursors (VOC, SOx and PPM). For O3, NOx emission reductions are the most efficient, likely because of the urban focus of this work and the abundance of NOx emission in this type of areas. In terms of non-linear behaviour, the relationship between emission reduction and O3 concentration change shows the largest non-linearity for NOx (concentration increase) and a quasi linear behaviour for VOC (concentration decrease). Potencies and potentials can show differences that 30 are as large between inventories (EMEPC2 vs EMEPG) than between inventory versions (EMEPC2 vs. EMEPC42C). Precursor emission ratios (e.g. VOC/NOx for ozone or NOx/NH3 for PM10) show important differences among emission inventories. This emphasizes the importance of the accuracy of emission estimates since these differences can lead to changes of chemical regimes, directly affecting the responses of O3 or PM10 concentrations to emission reductions.
Measurement report: Atmospheric Ice Nuclei at Changbai Mountain (2623 m a.s.l.) in Northeastern Asia

Atmospheric ice nucleation plays an important role in modifying the global hydrological cycle and atmospheric radiation balance. To date, few comprehensive field observations of ice nuclei have been carried out at high-altitude sites, which is close to the height of mixed-phase cloud formation. In this study, we measured the concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the immersion freezing mode at the summit of Changbai Mountain (2623 m above sea level), Northeast 15 Asia, in summer 2021. The cumulative number concentration of INPs varied from 3.8 × 10 −3 L −1 to 2.3 L −1 over the temperature range from −20.5 ℃ to −5.5 ℃. Proteinaceous-based biological materials accounted for the majority of INPs, with the proportion of biological INPs (bio-INPs) exceeding 75% across the entire freezing temperature range, with this proportion even exceeding 90% above −13.0 ℃. At freezing temperatures ranging from −11 ℃ to −8 ℃, bio-INPs were found to significantly correlate with wind speed and Ca 2+ , and weakly correlate with isoprene and its oxidation products 20 (isoprene × O 3 ), suggesting that biological aerosols may attach to soil dust surfaces and contribute to INPs. During the daytime, bio-INPs showed a positive correlation with the planetary boundary layer height, with the valley breezes from southwestern mountainous regions also influencing the concentration of INPs. Moreover, the long-distance transport of air mass from the Japan Sea and South Korea significantly contributed to the high concentrations of bio-INPs. Our study emphasizes the important role of biological sources of INPs in the high-altitude atmosphere of northeastern Asia, as well as 25 the significant contribution of long-range transport to the INPs concentrations in this region
The interaction between phonological information and pitch type at pre-attentive stage: an ERP study of lexical tones

ABSTRACT Previous studies on the processing of lexical tones have typically confounded effects due to phonological information (different meanings of words signalled by syllables with different tonal categories) with effects due to specific acoustic information (pitch type: pitch height/pitch contour). The present study is designed to dissociate these two kinds of effects and further investigate the processing of lexical tones at pre-attentive stage by mismatch negativity (MMN). We chose level tones and contour tones in Cantonese to differentiate pitch height from pitch contour, and manipulated tonal category (within-category/across-category) to distinguish phonological information from acoustic information. The results showed clear interactions between tonal category and pitch type in MMN mean amplitude and peak latency, suggesting the interaction between phonological information and pitch type in the pre-attentive processing of lexical tones. These results are discussed in light of cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying auditory processing of lexical tones.
Limited exchange between the deep Pacific and Atlantic oceans during the warm mid-Pliocene and MIS M2 “glaciation”

The mid-Pliocene (3.3-3.0 Ma) is the most recent period in Earth’s history of sustained, global warmth analogous to predicted near-future climates. Despite considerable efforts to characterize and understand the climate dynamics of the mid-Pliocene, the deep ocean and its response to this warming remains poorly understood. Here we present new mid-Pliocene Mg/Ca and 15 Δ 47 (“clumped isotope”) temperatures from the deep Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. These records cover the transition from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2 — considered the most pronounced “glacial” stage of the mid-Pliocene — to the warm KM5 interglacial. We find that a large (>4°C) temperature gradient existed between these two basins throughout that interval, with the deep North Atlantic considerably warmer and likely saltier than at present. We interpret our results to indicate that the deep Pacific and North Atlantic oceans were bathed by water masses with very different physical properties during the mid-Pliocene, 20 and that only limited deep oceanic exchange occurred between the two basins. Our results point to a fundamentally different mode of ocean circulation or mixing compared to the present, where heat and salt is distributed from the North Atlantic into the Pacific. The amplitude of cooling observed at both sites during MIS M2 suggests that changes in benthic δ 18
Citation Polarity Identification From Scientific Articles Using Deep Learning Methods

The way in which research articles are cited reflects how previous work is utilized by other researchers or stakeholders and can indicate the impact of that work on subsequent experiments. Based on human intuition, citations can be perceived as positive, negative, or neutral. While current citation indexing systems provide information on the author and publication name of the cited article, as well as the citation count, they do not indicate the polarity of the citation. This study aims to identify the polarity of citations in scientific research articles using pre-trained language models like BERT, ELECTRA, RoBERTa, Bio-RoBERTa, SPECTER, ERNIE, LongFormer, BigBird, and deep-learning methods. Most citations have a neutral polarity, resulting in imbalanced datasets for training deep-learning models. To address this issue, a class balancing technique is proposed and applied to all datasets to improve consistency and results. Pre-trained language models are used to generate optimal features, and ensemble techniques are utilized to combine all model predictions to produce the highest precision, recall, and F1-scores for all three labels.
Rapid Adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry (ROMAC) v1.0

Abstract. The Rapid Adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry (ROMAC) is a flexible and computationally efficient photochemical box model. Its unique adaptive dynamic optimization module allows for the dynamic and rapid estimation of the impact of chemical and physical processes on pollutant concentration. ROMAC outperforms traditional box models in evaluating the influence of physical processes on pollutant concentrations. Its ability to quantify the effects of chemical and physical processes on pollutant concentrations has been confirmed through chamber and field observation cases. Since the development of a variable-step and variable-order numerical solver that eliminates the need for Jacobian matrix processing, the computational efficiency of ROMAC has seen a marked improvement with only a marginal increase in error. Specifically, the computational efficiency has improved by 96 % when compared to several established box models, such as F0AM and AtChem. Moreover, the solver maintains a discrepancy of less than 0.1 % when its results are compared with those obtained from a high-precision solver in AtChem.
Hydrodynamic as a method of Analysis for RHIC data and beyond

Hot interacting quantum fields can be described by Hydrodynamics. In this review the overview of using kinetic theory and holography to expand on the hydrodynamics of the system is explored. It is explained that the region of applicability is larger than what was assumed and that is due to the possibility to track the fluid for longer as the result of fluid/gravity. Finally radii of convergences for the sound and sheer mode were calculated. It was shown that they converge around , ω = i 2 in the small coupling limit for sheer viscosity and it was also shown that analytically extending from the hydrodynamics principal sheets gives the non hydrodynamics modes.
WIDER Working Paper 2023/91 Differences in inequality measurement

: Over the years, money-metric measures of inequality such as the Gini coefficient and the Palma Ratio, as frequently used in Ghana, have become useful in providing quantitative measures of welfare distribution that enable a better understanding of the extent and nature of inequality. From these measures, we know that inequality has been rising in Ghana despite high and stable growth and a decline in the poverty rate. Although rising, however, inequality is low in Ghana compared with other countries in the sub-region. In promoting the global understanding of inequality and the distribution of resources for effective policy-making and international cooperation, it is important to monitor and compare inequality across countries. The WIID project is designed to facilitate such a comparison by providing a standardized measure of inequality that is comparable across countries and over time for any given country. Focusing on Ghana, this paper aims to explore the extent to which estimates of Gini coefficients from the WIID Companion are consistent with and add to the prevailing understanding of inequality in Ghana. To this end, we review the primary source of data for the three main Gini series on Ghana (WIID Companion, Ghana Statistical Service, and PovcalNet) in order to highlight data quality issues that affect the comparability of inequality measures over time. We then compare the inequality estimates reported by the WIID Companion with the other two series, highlighting any similarities and interrogating any differences to make an informed commentary on the estimates from the WIID Companion.
Understanding snow saltation parameterizations: lessons from theory, experiments and numerical simulations

Abstract. Drifting and blowing snow are important features in polar and high mountain regions. They control the surface mass balance in windy conditions and influence sublimation of snow and ice surfaces. Despite their importance, model representations in weather and climate assessments have high uncertainties because the associated physical processes are complex and highly variable in space and time. This contribution investigates the saltation system, which is the lower boundary condition for drifting and blowing snow models. Using a combination of (previous) measurements and new physics-based modeling with large-eddy simulation (LES), we show that the prevailing parameterizations that describe the saltation system in atmospheric models are based on contradictory assumptions: while some scaling laws are typical of a saltation system dominated by aerodynamic entrainment, others represent a saltation system controlled by splash. We show that both regimes can exist, depending on the friction velocity. Contrary to sand saltation, aerodynamic entrainment of surface particles is not negligible. It is important at low wind speeds, leading to a saltation height and near-surface particle velocity which increase with the friction velocity. In a splash-dominated saltation regime at higher friction velocities, the saltation height and near-surface particle velocity become invariant with the friction velocity and closer to what is observed with sand. These findings are accompanied by a detailed description of the theoretical, experimental and numerical arguments behind snow saltation parameterizations. This work offers a comprehensive understanding of the snow saltation system and its scaling laws, useful for both modelers and experimentalists.
Automated Cytopathology of Fine Needle Aspiration for the Detection of Malignancy in Thyroid Cells

-Cytopathology of thyroid cells is an established method to detect malignancies in the thyroid. It is of advantage because an anesthesia and a diagnostic laparotomy is not necessary. There are however not yet many studies about automated cytopathology in thyroid cells. To this end, the aim of the present study was to establish an automated diagnosis of malignancy using image analysis and subsequent machine learning and Artificial intelligence. Light microscopy images of 52 patients were analyzed and the results were compared to those of pathology. The results of the automated analysis yielded a sensitivity of 0.94 and a specificity of 0.91 when compared to those of the pathologic diagnoses. The process of machine learning yielded an under curve area of 0.91 as calculated by a ROC-curve. The software used for image analysis, machine learning and classification (diagnosis) are open-source software, respectively.