Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Most Difficult Errors for Students to Resolve across Languages

Previous work has mostly investigated the top errors made by novice Java and Python learners to explore enhancing error messages, manifestation of misconceptions, or inform instructor decisions. We build on this work by analyzing anonymized data from more languages (i.e. C, C++, Java, and Python) and using an at-scale data set. We generalized errors into categories to create a language-independent set of the most frequent and most difficult-to-resolve errors.
Pill Metrics Learning with Multihead Attention

: In object recognition, especially, when new classes can easily appear during the application, few-shot learning has great importance. Metrics learning is an important elementary technique for few-shot object recognition which can be applied successfully for pill recognition. To enforce the exploitation of different object features we use multi-stream metrics learning networks for pill recognition in our article. We investigate the usage of multihead attention layers at different parts of the network. The performance is analyzed on two datasets with superior results to a state-of-the-art multi-stream pill recognition network.
Finite difference modelling of Lg blockage

SUMMARY A P-SV finite difference method is used to calculate seismic wave propagation in the crust and upper mantle. The anelastic effect is excluded from the calculation and therefore any wavefield changes can be attributed to either geometrical or structural effects. Snapshots of displacement distrihutions within, and synthetic seismograms at the free surface of different models revealed that the inclusion of a water column over an appropriate section of the crust is necessary to explain the severe Lg attenuation widely observed in many parts of the world, in particular for an oceanic propagation path. They clearly show that the effect of a water column over the crust is an important factor in blocking Lg piupagation. A propagation path of more than 100 km over an oceanic crust can completely block the transmission of Lg waves originating in a neighbouring continental crust. The energy of the Lg wavetrain is redistributed at continental margins. Most of the incoming energy is either converted to waves which propagate into the mantle or is backscattered to form waves which propagatc in the continental crust in the opposite direction. Very little energy is presented at the expected arrival times at the other side of the oceanic crust, which is consistent with the Lg-blocking phenomena. Simplified 2-D models of the North Sea Central Graben are used to simulate Lg propagation in a laterally varying continental path. The inclusion of a water column over the crust enhances the attenuation of Lg. The deeper the water column, the greater the attenuation. The undulation of sea bottom can further enhance the attenuation of Lg.
Studying the Physiochemical, Sensory and Microbiological Properties of Yoghurt Which are Fortified by Encapsulated Folic Acid

The study aimed to determine the effect of fortification with free and unencapsulated folic acid on the physical, rheological, sensory and microbiological properties of functional yoghurt by fortifying yoghurt with a concentration of 7.5 mg / 100 ml of free folic acid represented by treatment 1 and 7.5 mg / 100 ml encapsulated folic acid as Treatment 2hyd, and the control treatment in which yoghurt was made from milk not fortified with folic acid. In addition to the sensory evaluation immediately after manufacturing and when stored at 5°C for a period of 21 days, the results showed that there were no significant differences in the values of pH and total acidity. Also, Yoghurt fortified with encapsulated folic acid stimulated the growth of starter bacteria, which are beneficial to the human body. The encapsulated folic acid treatment was characterized by an improvement Sensory properties of yoghurt.
A Set of Yellow Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Germplasm with Polycotyledony

A world collection of 132 yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) accessions was characterized in a greenhouse to identify germplasm with polycotyledony and to assess the genetic segregation of tricot and tetracot seedlings in selfed S1 and S2 generations. The effort identified a set of 46 yellow mustard accessions with frequent occurrences of polycotyledony. The revealed genetic segregations seemed to suggest the development of tricot and tetracot seedlings in yellow mustard was largely controlled by a combination of genes at multiple diallelic loci. The identified tricot germplasm can be used to facilitate the genetic and/or genomic analysis of polycotyledonous germplasm for a better understanding of genetic and developmental mechanisms conditioning polycotyledony and the development of yellow mustard lines for explorable tricot breeding.
Uncertainty in Precipitation Projection under Changing Climate Conditions: A Regional Case Study

This study investigates different sources of uncertainty in the assessment of the climate change impacts on total monthly precipitation in the Campbell River basin, British Columbia, Canada. Four global climate models (GCMs), three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCPs) and six downscaling methods (DSMs) are used in the assessment. These sources of uncertainty are analyzed separately for two future time periods (2036 to 2065 and 2066 to 2095). An uncertainty metric is calculated based on the variation in simulated precipitation due to choice of GCMs, emission scenarios and downscaling models. The results show that the selection of a downscaling method provides the largest amount of uncertainty when compared to the choice of GCM and/or emission scenario. However, the choice of GCM provides a significant amount of uncertainty if downscaling methods are not considered. This assessment work is conducted at ten different locations in the Campbell River basin.
Low-Altitude Terrain following and Collision Avoidance in a Flight-Class Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), Autosub6000, has been shown to operate safely at altitudes as low as 3 m above rugged and complex sea floor environments. This capability is essential for future AUV missions in such environments, e.g. high-resolution surveys using colour photography or multi-beam sonar bathymetry. This was achieved through the development of an obstacle avoidance system for the AUV, incorporating relatively low-cost off-the-shelf components and simple algorithms. This paper details the specification, design, and testing at sea of Autosub6000's obstacle avoidance system. It describes how the specification of the system was influenced by the need to retrofit it into the existing control architecture, together with the pragmatic need to minimize overall complexity. The sensor used in the obstacle avoidance system is a mechanically scanned forward-looking sonar, and the control algorithm is based upon the detection of the range and elevation of the horizon relative to the AUV. The avoidance behaviour is by default to fly over obstacles but, if this is not possible, a turn-around and retry collision avoidance algorithm is invoked. Results are presented of the system's performance during recent deep-water trials of the AUV over the Casablanca Seamount region of the Atlantic Ocean.
Adverse Effects of Non-Metallic Nanoparticles in the Central Nervous System

The interest in nanoparticles (NPs) and their effects on living organisms has been continuously growing in the last decades. A special interest is focused on the effects of NPs on the central nervous system (CNS), which seems to be the most vulnerable to their adverse effects. Non-metallic NPs seem to be less toxic than metallic ones; thus, the application of non-metallic NPs in medicine and industry is growing very fast. Hence, a closer look at the impact of non-metallic NPs on neural tissue is necessary, especially in the context of the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the in vitro and in vivo neurotoxicity of non-metallic NPs, as well as the mechanisms associated with negative or positive effects of non-metallic NPs on the CNS.
Response of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] to starter nitrogen in Western Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Soil acidity and poor soil fertility are major constraints that limit soybean productivity in Western Ethiopia. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the effect of starter nitrogen on soybean growth and yield, both under inoculated and uninoculated conditions, and to identify economically feasible treatments that can maximize the productivity of soybean. Factorial combinations of two levels of inoculants (un-inoculated and inoculated), two soybean varieties (Boshe and Dhidhessa) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N ha−1) were laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that some growth and yield contributing traits of soybeans were significantly affected by the main effects of inoculant varieties and nitrogen rates. In contrary, nodule and pod numbers per plant and grain yield were significantly influenced by the interaction effect of inoculants, varieties and nitrogen rates. The highest grain yield was recorded at 20 and 40 kg ha−1. The highest net benefit (622.5 USD ha−1) and marginal rate of return (455.8%) were recorded from the application of nitrogen at 20 kg N ha −1. Thus, it can be concluded that application of starter nitrogen at 20 kg N ha−1 is recommended for soybean production in Western Ethiopia.
The Effect of Price Perception and Electronic Word of Mouth on the Purchase Intention of Spotify Premium Service in Surabaya City

This research aimed to investigate the effect of price perception and electronic word of mouth on the purchase intention of Spotify Premium services in Surabaya City. This research employed a quantitative method and involved a sample of 90 respondents, determined using Ghozali's sampling guidelines. The population for this study comprised Spotify users in Surabaya City, while the sample was selected through purposive sampling, consisting of respondents who had previously seen offers for Spotify Premium packages. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. The data analysis technique employed for this research was Partial Least Squares (PLS) with validity tests, reliability tests, and hypothesis tests. The findings of this study revealed a significant and positive effect of price perception on purchase intention. Additionally, the second research result indicated that electronic word of mouth also had a positive and significant effect on purchase intention.
Perspectives on the Sequence Stratigraphy of Continental Strata

This report is the result of a working group on continental sequence stratigraphy that was set up at the 1991 NUNA conference in Banff, Canada. To date, sequence stratigraphic concepts have been applied mainly to the marine realm, but unconformity-bounded units have long been recognized in nonmarine strata. Successful application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to continental strata requires careful consideration of controls on base level and sediment supply. As with shallow marine environments, relative sea level can be considered as the stratigraphic as well as the geomorphic base level for coastal nonmarine settings. Farther inland, stratigraphic base level, which determines accommodation space, is more complex and takes various forms, such as the graded profile for fluvial strata, groundwater tables for some eolian strata, and lake level for some intermontane sediments. Sediment supply is also generally a more complex variable for nonmarine environments than in the marine realm because of the proximity to the source area. The influence of climate and tectonism on sediment supply can clearly be seen in many continental sediments. The fact that the major controls of climate, tectonism, and eustasy are somewhat interdependent, and that a change in one parameter will most likely be reflected in others, is also more readily apparent in continental strata. Although in its infancy, sequence stratigraphic concepts have been applied to a wide variety of continental settings in attempts to explain variations in facies architecture. Of particular interest are studies that have linked fluvial architecture on coastal plains to variations in relative sea level as indicated by coeval marine strata, and studies of lacustrine environments that show marked variation in facies between highstand and lowstand deposits. The application of sequence stratigraphy to continental strata will likely result in the development of better correlation techniques and models that better predict the location and nature of fluvial and eolian reservoirs.
On the nonlinear dynamics of wave groups produced by the focusing of surface–water waves

This paper concerns the focusing of surface–water waves whereby a large number of waves, of varying frequency and propagating in different directions, are superimposed at one point in space and time to produce a large transient wave group. A new numerical model is presented, the results of which are used to explain the non–linear evolution of a number of steep wave groups observed by Johannessen & Swan in an earlier laboratory study. The numerical model is based on a unidirectional formulation, originally outlined by Fenton & Rienecker, which has been extended to allow accurate calculations of directionally spread wavefields. Both the instantaneous water–surface elevation and the associated velocity potential are described in space using series expansions, and the solution time–marched via the nonlinear free–surface boundary conditions. Calculations confirm that the model is in good agreement with existing laboratory data. Furthermore, the very high spatial resolution provided by the model allows insights into the evolution of a wavefield that cannot be obtained from laboratory data alone. In a number of steep–wave cases, it is shown that the large deviations from linear and second–order theory, based on the initial spectrum of free waves, are caused by a local widening of the free–wave regime. This nonlinear evolution, resulting in large changes in the wave–group envelope, can occur over the time taken for a single large wave to evolve. In comparison with other nonlinear evolution effects, such as the resonant interactions previously identified by Hasselmann, these changes are very rapid. In the present cases, it is shown that the shift of energy to higher–frequency wave components, within the extended free–wave regime, is more important than the bound–wave structure associated with even the steepest wave groups. As a result, formulations that estimate the bound–wave structure, relative to an assumed stationary regime of freely propagating wave components, may be highly inaccurate. Furthermore, the present study highlights the importance of the directionality of the wavefield. In particular, it is shown that while unidirectional waves appear to remain focused as they become highly nonlinear, short–crested wave groups do not. This is believed to be due to the directional variation in the wave–group envelope, and has important practical implications in that the apparent nonlinear defocusing leads to a reduction in the maximum crest elevation with increasing directional spread. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of the present effects to the ongoing debate concerning the occurrence of freak or rogue waves.
Mississippi River flood waters that reached the Gulf Stream

Distributions of physical, biological, and chemical parameters in florida Keys coastal waters seaward of the reef track were surveyed on September 9 to 13, 1993, as part of a coordinated multidisciplinary study of surface transport processes. A band of low-salinity water was observed along the shoreward side of the florida Current over the downstream extent of the survey from Miami to Key West. Biological and chemical indicators within the band, together with its large volume, satellite imagery, and a surface drifter trajectory suggested the recent Mississippi River flood as the source.
Antithrombotic and risk of hemorrhagic complications in over-60-year-olds after mild-minimal traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT Primary objective to identify if antithombotics are risk factors for intracereral lesion in older adults with minimal-mild traumatic brain injury (m-mTBI) Research desing prospective cohort study Methods and Procedures We included 2,303 patients over 60 years arriving at our Emergency Department within 24 hours of an mTBI with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC) of 14–15. Data were gathered on clinical history, cranial CT scans, blood analyses. Outcomes and Results 91.1% had an admission GSC score of 15, and 23.6% developed intracranial complications. In bivariate analyses, statins were associated with a 1.28-fold lower risk of IC. Hemorrhagic progression was 29.76-fold higher in patients receiving anticoagulants, with no difference among anticoagulant types. Male sex, GSC of 14, alcohol consumption, and the presence of tumor were risk factors for IC. In multivariate analysis, GSC of 14, alcohol consumption, and malignancy emerged as risk factors for these complications, neurological disease and diabetes as protective factors. After exclusion of neurological disease and diabetes from the multivariate model, a GSC of 14 showed the highest predictive capacity. Conclusions Antithrombotics intake are not risks factor for intracranial injury in minimal-mild brain injury trauma. Further research is needed taking account of their fragility and comorbidities.
Student's Interests Related to Web and Mobile Technologies Study

We explore in this paper the interests and challenges of students regarding web and mobile technologies. Our study is based on a survey among undergraduate students, students that attend a Web Programming course. In particular, we study the challenges students have in following a successful career in web or mobile development and we have found that the most important one is the large effort required for keeping up to date with the fast changing web and mobile technologies. Overall, the attitude of the surveyed undergraduate students towards web development and mobile development is rather positive, as more than 60% of them said that they are interested in a career in web or mobile development. We also found out that most of them prefer working on back-end web technologies. As for the specific web technologies students are interested on, they are highly varied. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the interests and challenges of students regarding web and mobile technologies, which can guide the development of effective teaching and learning approaches in this area.
A Study of the Relationship between University Students’ Food Neophobia and Their Tendencies towards Orthorexia Nervosa

Food neophobia, known as an avoidance of the consumption of unknown foods, can negatively impact nutritional quality. In orthorexia nervosa, there is an excessive mental effort to consume healthy food. Individuals exhibiting symptoms of food neophobia and orthorexia nervosa may experience food restrictions. This study aimed to assess food neophobia levels and orthorexia nervosa tendencies among university students, investigate the potential association between the two constructs, and explore the effect of the demographic characteristics of the participants on the variables. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of 609 students enrolled at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University. The data were collected through Google Forms using a sociodemographic information form, the Food Neophobia Scale, and the ORTO-11 scale. Ethics committee approval and institutional permission were obtained for the study. Of the students participating in the survey, 71.9% were female, 14.6% were classified as neophobic, and 47.1% had orthorexia nervosa symptoms. The mean scores from the Food Neophobia Scale (39.41 ± 9.23) and the ORTO-11 scale (27.43 ± 5.35) were in the normal range. Food neophobia was significantly higher among those who did not consume alcohol. Orthorexia nervosa symptoms were significantly more common among married people. In the correlation analysis, no significant relationship was found between age, food neophobia, and orthorexia nervosa. It can be said that food neophobia in this study is similar to in other studies conducted on university students. In addition, about half of the participants had symptoms of orthorexia nervosa. This result is higher compared to other studies conducted with university students. The findings of this study indicate that the participants care about the healthfulness of food.
The Impact on Corporate Financial Performance Vs Market Performance: Why Does This Matter in CSR Practices Disclosure?

CSR practices disclosure in public listed companies in Malaysia was made compulsory recently. Consequently, its contribution to the firm performance based on financial and market indicators has often been questioned. This study explores using partial least square – structural equation modelling, the predictive accuracy and relevancy of CSR practices disclosure on corporate financial performance given by ROA and market performance given by Tobin’s Q. Using a sample size of200 randomly selected public listed firms in Malaysia, the effect of CSR practices on corporate financial performance based on an accounting and market measures was determined. Findings of this study showed that CSR practices have a significant and positive impact on ROA and Tobin’s Q. Reput ation mediates the relationship between CSR practices and ROA but not with Tobin’s Q. CSR practices and reputation could explain 52.9% of variance in ROA but only 6.3% of variance in Tobin’s Q. CSR practices have a large effect size on reputation and ROA b ut negligible effect size on Tobin’s Q. Thus, these findings imply that CSR practices can relate significantly to accounting-based but not market-based financial performance. Further studies to explore internal and external factors such as third-party assurance, industry type and other environmental factors as well as extending the timeline might provide more insights to understand how CSR practices can influence financial performance.
Reassessment of the north-western border zone of the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen, South Greenland

As part of ongoing research into the plate tectonic setting of the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen led by the Geological Survey of Greenland and Denmark, four geologists from Denmark and the U.K. re-examined parts of the north-western border zone in July–August 1997. The field work was generously supported by the Danish Natural Science Research Council and the Carlsberg Foundation. One team studied the Proterozoic (Ketilidian) sedimentary and volcanic rocks and the regional structure, working from six inland camps along the variably deformed Archaean–Proterozoic unconformity between Midternaes and Qoornoq and on Arsuk O (Fig. 1). A second team investigated the plutonic and kinematic evolution of the Kobberminebugt area at the northwestern margin of the Julianehab batholith (Fig. 1); the latter forms the central part of the Ketilidian orogen (Chadwick & Garde 1996). In addition, samples of volcanic and granitic rocks were collected for geochemical studies and dating of depositional and tectonic events. The first systematic study of the Ketilidian orogen took place in the 1960s and was largely concentrated in its western and southern parts (Allaart 1976). Essential new data from the central and eastern parts of the orogen were acquired during the Survey’s SUPRASYD project (1992–1996; e.g. Garde & Schonwandt 1994, 1995; Garde et al. 1997; Stendal et al. 1997), which was initiated with the aim of assessing the potential for mineral resources in supracrustal sequences (Nielsen et al. 1993). In the course of the SUPRASYD project a new plate-tectonic model for the entire orogen was also published (Chadwick & Garde 1996), in which the orogen is viewed as the result of oblique convergence Reassessment of the north-western border zone of the Palaeoproterozoic Ketilidian orogen, South Greenland