Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reduced network integration in default mode and executive networks is associated with social and personal optimism biases

An optimism bias refers to the belief in good things happening to oneself in the future with a higher likelihood than is justified. Social optimism biases extend this concept to groups that one identifies with. Previous literature has found that both personal and social optimism biases are linked to brain structure and task‐related brain function. Less is known about whether optimism biases are also expressed in resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC). Forty‐two participants completed questionnaires on dispositional personal optimism (which is not necessarily unjustified) and comparative optimism (i.e., whether we see our own future as being rosier than a comparison person's future) and underwent a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. They further undertook an imaginative soccer task in order to assess both their personal and social optimism bias. We tested associations of these data with RSFC within and between 13 networks, using sparse canonical correlation analyses (sCCAs). We found that the primary sCCA component was positively connected to personal and social optimism bias and negatively connected to dispositional personal pessimism. This component was associated with (a) reduced integration of the default mode network, (b) reduced integration of the central executive and salience networks, and (c) reduced segregation between the default mode network and the central executive network. Our finding that optimism biases are linked to RSFC indicates that they may be rooted in neurobiology that exists outside of concurrent tasks. This poses questions as to what the limits of the malleability of such biases may be.
Neurochemistry of response inhibition and interference in gambling disorder: a preliminary study of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and glutamate–glutamine (Glx)

Abstract Background Neurobehavioral research on the role of impulsivity in gambling disorder (GD) has produced heterogeneous findings. Impulsivity is multifaceted with different experimental tasks measuring different subprocesses, such as response inhibition and distractor interference. Little is known about the neurochemistry of inhibition and interference in GD. Methods We investigated inhibition with the stop signal task (SST) and interference with the Eriksen Flanker task, and related performance to metabolite levels in individuals with and without GD. We employed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to record glutamate–glutamine (Glx/Cr) and inhibitory, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA+/Cr) levels in the dorsal ACC (dACC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and an occipital control voxel. Results We found slower processing of complex stimuli in the Flanker task in GD (P < .001, η2 p = 0.78), and no group differences in SST performance. Levels of dACC Glx/Cr and frequency of incongruent errors were correlated positively in GD only (r = 0.92, P = .001). Larger positive correlations were found for those with GD between dACC GABA+/Cr and SST Go error response times (z = 2.83, P = .004), as well as between dACC Glx/Cr and frequency of Go errors (z = 2.23, P = .03), indicating general Glx-related error processing deficits. Both groups expressed equivalent positive correlations between posterror slowing and Glx/Cr in the right dlPFC (GD: r = 0.74, P = .02; non-GD: r = .71, P = .01). Conclusion Inhibition and interference impairments are reflected in dACC baseline metabolite levels and error processing deficits in GD.
Updating Emotional Stimuli in Heroin Abstainers’ Working Memory: An Event-Related Potential Investigation

Abstract Background It is well-documented that heroin users demonstrate aberrant emotion-processing abilities. However, the mechanism by which heroin users process emotional information after it has captured their attention and entered their working memory is unclear. Objectives A modified emotional 2-back task was used to examine whether heroin abstainers demonstrate specific bias patterns in updating emotional stimuli in their working memory. Methods In total, 26 male heroin abstainers and 29 healthy controls were asked to identify whether the current picture was the same as a picture that had appeared two trials earlier, while behavioral data and electroencephalogram data were collected. Results Contrary to predictions, the heroin abstainers and healthy controls demonstrated a similar pattern of P300 activity in response to emotional stimuli with no between-group differences in accuracy or reaction time. More specifically, the P300 amplitudes were larger for negative pictures than for positive and neutral pictures. Surprisingly, we found larger P300 amplitudes at Fz electrodes than at Cz and Pz electrodes in the control group, whereas there was no significant difference at midline electrodes in the heroin abstainers. Conclusions/Importance Although subtle differences may exist in attentional engagement toward incoming emotional stimulus between two groups, the similar P300 pattern may indicate partial preservation of emotional working memory capacity associated with adaptive emotion regulation in heroin abstainers. These results deepen our understanding of the emotion regulation impairments associated with chronic drug use.
Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This systematic review was conducted to summarize and clarify the evidence on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentrations and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk and outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 26 November 2020. All retrospective and prospective cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and randomized controlled trial studies that investigated the relation between 25(OH)D and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 severity were included. Thirty-nine studies were included in the current systematic review. In studies that were adjusted (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.53; I 2: 44.2%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.13; I 2: 33.0%) there was a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the vitamin D deficiency (VDD) group. Fifteen studies evaluated associations between VDD and composite severity. In the studies that were adjusted (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.65, 4.01; I 2 = 0.0%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 10.61; 95% CI: 2.07, 54.23; I 2 = 90.8%) there was a higher severity in the VDD group. Analysis of studies with crude OR (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.13, 6.05; I 2: 47.9%), and adjusted studies that used the Cox survival method (HR: 7.67; 95% CI: 3.92, 15.03; I 2: 0.0%) indicated a significant association of VDD with mortality, while in adjusted studies that used logistic regression, no relation was observed (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.75; I 2: 76.6%). The results of studies that examined relations between VDD and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pulmonary complications, hospitalization, and inflammation were inconsistent. In conclusion, although studies were heterogeneous in methodological and statistical approach, most of them indicated a significant relation between 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 composite severity, and mortality. With regard to infection, caution should be taken in interpreting the results, due to inherent study limitations. For ICU admission, inflammation, hospitalization, and pulmonary involvement, the evidence is currently inconsistent and insufficient.
Adherence to the tobacco-free educational institution guidelines at schools of Raipur Rani, Haryana

Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (ToFEI) guidelines are required to be followed by the schools. This cross-sectional study conducted in the year 2019 assessed the accordance with ToFEI guidelines among all the 84 schools of Raipur Rani educational block, Haryana. Investigators collected data from all the government (71) and private (13) schools during school working days. Tobacco sales within 100 yards of the school premises was covertly observed. None of the schools thoroughly complied with the tobacco-free school policy, though the compliance score for private schools (26.77 ± 19.15) was better than the government schools (13.65 ± 4.38). Only two private schools achieved the mandatory score of 50. All private schools and few government schools (42.3%) had successfully implemented the ban on tobacco sale within 100 yards of the school. None of the schools could achieve a ToFEI status in the present study. The policymakers and implementers should prioritize ToFEI agenda & support schools in achieving tobacco-free status.
Silicone encapsulation of thin-film SiO x , SiO x N y and SiC for modern electronic medical implants: a comparative long-term ageing study

Objective. Ensuring the longevity of implantable devices is critical for their clinical usefulness. This is commonly achieved by hermetically sealing the sensitive electronics in a water impermeable housing, however, this method limits miniaturisation. Alternatively, silicone encapsulation has demonstrated long-term protection of implanted thick-film electronic devices. However, much of the current conformal packaging research is focused on more rigid coatings, such as parylene, liquid crystal polymers and novel inorganic layers. Here, we consider the potential of silicone to protect implants using thin-film technology with features 33 times smaller than thick-film counterparts. Approach. Aluminium interdigitated comb structures under plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposited passivation (SiO x , SiO x N y , SiO x N y + SiC) were encapsulated in medical grade silicones, with a total of six passivation/silicone combinations. Samples were aged in phosphate-buffered saline at 67 ∘C for up to 694 days under a continuous ±5 V biphasic waveform. Periodic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements monitored for leakage currents and degradation of the metal traces. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, focused-ion-beam and scanning-electron- microscopy were employed to determine any encapsulation material changes. Main results. No silicone delamination, passivation dissolution, or metal corrosion was observed during ageing. Impedances greater than 100 GΩ were maintained between the aluminium tracks for silicone encapsulation over SiO x N y and SiC passivations. For these samples the only observed failure mode was open-circuit wire bonds. In contrast, progressive hydration of the SiO x caused its resistance to decrease by an order of magnitude. Significance. These results demonstrate silicone encapsulation offers excellent protection to thin-film conducting tracks when combined with appropriate inorganic thin films. This conclusion corresponds to previous reliability studies of silicone encapsulation in aqueous environments, but with a larger sample size. Therefore, we believe silicone encapsulation to be a realistic means of providing long-term protection for the circuits of implanted electronic medical devices.
Does the content and source credibility of health and risk messages related to nicotine vaping products have an impact on harm perception and behavioural intentions? A systematic review.

AIMS To systematically review the literature on (1) whether and how various risk messages about nicotine vaping products (NVPs) alter harm perception and behavioural intentions of smokers and non-smokers and (2) how trust in sources of NVP risk communication affects message reception and behavioural intentions. METHODS Seven electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for articles published up to April 2020. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies on message effects and cross-sectional studies on source credibility were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Evidence Project Risk of Bias Tool were employed to assess the quality of observational and intervention studies, respectively. For each outcome variable, we indicated whether there was an effect (as a 'yes or 'no') and employed effect direction plots to display information on the direction of effects. RESULTS Nicotine addiction messages resulted in greater health and addiction risk perceptions, relative risk messages comparing the health risks of NVPs to cigarette smoking increased the perception that NVPs are less harmful than combustible cigarettes, and a nicotine fact sheet corrected misperceptions of nicotine and NVPs. Smokers' intention to purchase, try or switch to NVPs was higher when exposed to a relative risk message and lower when exposed to nicotine addiction warnings. Trust in NVP risk information from public health agencies was associated with lower odds of: i) NVP use and ii) perceiving NVPs as less harmful, whereas those who trusted information from NVP companies were more likely to perceive NVPs as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Relative risk messages may help improve the accuracy of harm perceptions of nicotine vaping products and increase smokers' intentions to quit smoking and/or to switch to vaping, although the literature is nascent.
Twelve‐year tillage and crop rotation effects on yields and soil chemical properties in northeast Iowa

Abstract Long‐term tillage and crop management studies may be useful for determining crop production practices that are conducive to securing a sustainable agriculture. Objectives of this field study were to evaluate the combined effects of crop rotation and tillage practices on yield and changes in soil chemical properties after 12 years of research on the Clyde‐Kenyon‐Floyd soil association in northeastern Iowa. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and a corn‐soybean [Glycine max L. (Herr.)] rotation were grown using moldboard plowing, chisel plowing, ridge‐tillage, or no‐tillage methods. Tillage and crop rotation effects on soil pH, Bray P1, 1M NH4OAc exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, total C, and total N in the top 200 mm were evaluated. Profile NO3‐N concentrations were also measured in spring and autumn of 1988. Crop yields and N use efficiencies were used to assess sustainability. Bray P1 levels increased, but exchangeable K decreased for all cropping and tillage methods. Nutrient stratification was evident for.
Secondary mould metabolites. Part 47. Isolation and structure elucidation of clavilactones A–C, new metabolites from the fungus Clitocybe clavipes

Clavilactones A–C (1, 4 and 5) have been isolated from cultures of the Basidiomycetous fungus Clitocybe clavipes. Their structures and relative configurations have been deduced from 1H and 13C NMR studies, chemical reactions and single-crystal X-ray analysis of the dimethyl ether derivative 3. 1H–1H coupling constants, NOE data and molecular modelling calculations all suggest that the molecules have little conformational mobility and the conformation adopted in solution by clavilactone A 1 and dimethyl ether derivative 3 is essentially identical with that of 3 in the solid state. Clavilactones A–C exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activity and inhibit the growth germination of Lepidium sativum. A possible biogenetic origin of clavilactone A 1 is discussed.
Identification of Prognostic RBPs in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma often occurs in children and adolescents and causes poor prognosis. The role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in malignant tumors has been elucidated in recent years. Our study aims to identify key RBPs in osteosarcoma that could be prognostic factors and treatment targets. GSE33382 dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. RBPs extraction and differential expression analysis was performed. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to explore the biological function of differential expression RBPs. Moreover, we constructed Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and obtained key modules. Key RBPs were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis and multiple stepwise Cox regression analysis combined with the clinical information from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database. Risk score model was generated and validated by GSE16091 dataset. A total of 38 differential expression RBPs was identified. Go and KEGG results indicated these RBPs were significantly involved in ribosome biogenesis and mRNA surveillance pathway. COX regression analysis showed DDX24, DDX21, WARS and IGF2BP2 could be prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. Spearman’s correlation analysis suggested that WARS might be important in osteosarcoma immune infiltration. In conclusion, DDX24, DDX21, WARS and IGF2BP2 might play key role in osteosarcoma, which could be therapuetic targets for osteosarcoma treatment.
The Role of the IL-4 Signaling Pathway in Traumatic Nerve Injuries

Following traumatic peripheral nerve injury, adequate restoration of function remains an elusive clinical goal. Recent research highlights the complex role that the immune system plays in both nerve injury and regeneration. Pro-regenerative processes in wounded soft tissues appear to be significantly mediated by cytokines of the type 2 immune response, notably interleukin (IL)-4. While IL-4 signaling has been firmly established as a critical element in general tissue regeneration during wound healing, it has also emerged as a critical process in nerve injury and regeneration. In this context of peripheral nerve injury, endogenous IL-4 signaling has recently been confirmed to influence more than leukocytes, but including also neurons, axons, and Schwann cells. Given the role IL-4 plays in nerve injury and regeneration, exogenous IL-4 and/or compounds targeting this signaling pathway have shown encouraging preliminary results to treat nerve injury or other neuropathy in rodent models. In particular, the exogenous stimulation of the IL-4 signaling pathway appears to promote postinjury neuron survival, axonal regeneration, remyelination, and thereby improved functional recovery. These preclinical data strongly suggest that targeting IL-4 signaling pathways is a promising translational therapy to augment treatment approaches of traumatic nerve injury. However, a better understanding of the type 2 immune response and associated signaling networks functioning within the nerve injury microenvironment is still needed to fully develop this promising therapeutic avenue.
Late in-the-bag intraocular lens dislocation

This review evaluates the incidence, patient characteristics, predisposing conditions, surgical treatment, and expected treatment outcomes for late in-the-bag IOL dislocation. A comprehensive discussion of existing literature is given. This review aimed to evaluate the cumulative incidence, patient characteristics, predisposing conditions, and treatment outcomes for late in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation. Literature searches in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, and Cochrane Library Central database identified 1 randomized clinical trial, 1 prospective case series, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 36 retrospective studies of this condition, which showed that the cumulative incidence was 0.5% to 3%, it occurred on average 6 to 12 years after cataract surgery, and mean patient age was 65 to 85 years. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, myopia, and previous vitreoretinal surgery were the most common predisposing conditions. Studies indicated that IOL repositioning and IOL exchange provided similar visual outcomes and were equally safe. The long-term visual outcome seemed satisfactory. However, the quality of evidence regarding treatment was in general quite low. More studies of late in-the-bag IOL dislocation are needed, and in particular, different surgical techniques should be included in high-quality clinical trials.
Right inferior frontal gyrus implements motor inhibitory control via beta-band oscillations in humans

Motor inhibitory control implemented as response inhibition is an essential cognitive function required to dynamically adapt to rapidly changing environments. Despite over a decade of research on the neural mechanisms of response inhibition, it remains unclear, how exactly response inhibition is initiated and implemented. Using a multimodal MEG/fMRI approach in 59 subjects, our results reliably reveal that response inhibition is initiated by the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) as a form of attention-independent top-down control that involves the modulation of beta-band activity. Furthermore, stopping performance was predicted by beta-band power, and beta-band connectivity was directed from rIFG to pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), indicating rIFG’s dominance over pre-SMA. Thus, these results strongly support the hypothesis that rIFG initiates stopping, implemented by beta-band oscillations with potential to open up new ways of spatially localized oscillation-based interventions.
A comparison of MyPKFiT and WAPPS‐Hemo as dosing tools for optimizing prophylaxis in patients with severe haemophilia A treated with Octocog alfa

MyPKFiT and the Web‐Accessible Population Pharmacokinetic service—Hemophilia (WAPPS‐Hemo) are web‐based population‐based applications developed for helping physicians individualize and optimize replacement therapy. Although MyPKFiT is intended for Octocog alfa and Rurioctocog alfa pegol use only, the WAPPS‐Hemo is applicable to all factor VIII concentrates.
Comprehensive Molecular Profiling of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is characterized by the EWSR1–WT1 t(11;22) (p13:q12) translocation. Few additional putative drivers have been identified, and research has suffered from a lack of model systems. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from 68 matched tumor-normal samples, whole-genome sequencing data from 10 samples, transcriptomic and affymetrix array data, and a bank of DSRCT patient-derived xenograft (PDX) are presented. EWSR1–WT1 fusions were noted to be simple, balanced events. Recurrent mutations were uncommon, but were noted in TERT (3%), ARID1A (6%), HRAS (5%), and TP53 (3%), and recurrent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 11p, 11q, and 16q was identified in 18%, 22%, and 34% of samples, respectively. Comparison of tumor-normal matched versus unmatched analysis suggests overcalling of somatic mutations in prior publications of DSRCT NGS data. Alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were identified in 5 of 68 (7%) of tumor samples, whereas differential overexpression of FGFR4 was confirmed orthogonally using 2 platforms. PDX models harbored the pathognomic EWSR1–WT1 fusion and were highly representative of corresponding tumors. Our analyses confirm DSRCT as a genomically quiet cancer defined by the balanced translocation, t(11;22)(p13:q12), characterized by a paucity of secondary mutations but a significant number of copy number alterations. Against this genomically quiet background, recurrent activating alterations of FGFR4 stood out, and suggest that this receptor tyrosine kinase, also noted to be highly expressed in DSRCT, should be further investigated. Future studies of DSRCT biology and preclinical therapeutic strategies should benefit from the PDX models characterized in this study. Implications: These data describe the general quiescence of the desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) genome, present the first available bank of DSRCT model systems, and nominate FGFR4 as a key receptor tyrosine kinase in DSRCT, based on high expression, recurrent amplification, and recurrent activating mutations.