Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Living vs. total foraminiferal populations; their relative usefulness in paleoecology

There are differing opinions on the reliability and usefulness of total foraminiferal populations as paleoenvironmental indicators. There have been numerous investigations of seasonal changes in living foraminiferal assemblages, but few on associated total populations. We investigated both living and total assemblages over a three year period in a Nova Scotia salt marsh. The results indicate highly variable living populations and assemblages, and are in agreement with many previous studies. These variations are generally the result of climatic or micro-environmental changes. Conversely, the total assemblages did not change significantly over the same time period because the total population integrates the small seasonal and spatial variations into a definable assemblage that reliably reflects prevailing marine conditions. The paleoenvironmentalist is limited to studying only the total assemblage in fossil material; he is also usually more interested in determining the prevailing marine environment than small seasonal perturbations. Our data indicate that consideration of total associations more accurately depicts modern environments and is, therefore, more useful to most paleoenvironmental studies.
Studies on the hydrological factors in the north Kanaracoastal waters

The role of the hydrological factors in the productivity of the seas is well known. The North Kanara coast supports a rich fishery constituted by the plankton-feeder—Indian mackerel and no information is available regarding the hydrological conditions existing in this area which is a prerequisite to understand the plankton production and fisheries of this region A detailed investigation of the inshore waters of the North Kanara coast was therefore under, taken with special reference to the physical and chemical characteristics at the surface and to the meteorological factors. The work was carried out during 1954-1958 and covered a stretch of forty miles exte \ding from Karwar in the north to Kumta in the south. The area chosen for the critical study possessed an additional point of interest in that a large river—the Kali river enters the sea at Karwar.
Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediments from typical areas in the Bohai Sea

The content of heavy metals in sediments from 11 sampling sites in the intertidal zone around the Bohai Sea was examined.The average contents were 14.92 mg · kg-1 Cu,31.73 mg · kg-1 Cr,73.68 mg · kg-1 Zn,11.34 mg · kg-1 As,0.448 mg · kg-1 Cd and 21.94 mg · kg-1 Pb.Compared to typical estuaries and bays in China,the content of Cu,Cr,Zn,As is relatively low,and the content of Cd,Pb is at a moderate level.All measured heavy metals presented a similar spatial variation,that is:their contents in the sediment of Liaodong bay Bohai bayLaizhou bay.Correlation analysis indicated that Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb may have a similar input source but As may have a different source from other metals.The assessment by Geoaccumulation Index indicates that Cr,Cu,Zn,and As are at the unpolluted level,Pb at the slightly polluted level,Cd at the slightly-moderately polluted level.The pollution level of the heavy metals is:CdPbZnCuAsCr.The assessment by the Potential Ecological Risk Index indicates that the potential ecological risk of typical areas in Bohai Sea caused by heavy metals is:CdPbAsCuZnCr.The potential ecological risk of Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Pb is at the low level,and Cd is generally at the moderate risk level but it presents high or extremely high risk level in some parts of the sea.
IMPACT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND GRAIN YIELD OF WHEAT UNDER IRRIGATED CROPPING SYSTEM

Field study was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03 to investigate the effect of cropping patterns and farm yard manure, potassium and zinc on the grain yield of wheat. Trials were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, KPK Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Two factors cropping patterns and manures/fertilizers were studied in the experiment. Randomized complete block design was used with split plot arrangements and four replications having net plot size of 12 m 2 . Wheat variety Ghaznavi-98 was sown in November soon after ploughing the soil at proper moisture level suitable for wheat seed germination. Five cropping patterns were allotted to main plots and the eight combinations of FYM, K and Zn to the sub-plots. Same plots were used for next year sowing. Effects of five cropping patterns i.e., rice-wheat, maize-wheat, sunflower-wheat, sorghum-wheat and pigeon pea-wheat and three organic and in-organic fertilizers (Farmyard Manure, Potassium and Zinc) on subsequent wheat crop were observed. Highest grain yield was obtained when wheat was planted after pigeon pea. Manures/fertilizer application (Farmyard Manure, Potassium and Zinc) produced significantly higher grain yield than the control plots. The findings of the present study revealed that leguminous crops can significantly increase the yield of succeeding crops. Thus use of Farmyard Manure, Potassium and Zinc should be included in integrated crop management approaches for sustainable agriculture.
Evaluación preliminar de la calidad de la escorrentía pluvial sobre tejados para su posible aprovechamiento en zonas periurbanas de Bogotá

In Colombia, several communities with limited or precarious access to potable water services collect rain water for different domestic uses. This paper presents results of the quality analysis of runoff rainwater on roofs in Kennedy (Bogota) and Soacha (Cundinamarca) in order to evaluate their adaptability to satisfy domestic uses in these districts. Based on the results obtained, it can be conclude that the sampled water is not suitable for none of the possible domestic uses in these communities. This is due to high values of turbidity and high concentrations of Total Suspended Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and heavy metals. Nevertheless, high spatial and temporal variability was detected, as well as variability in function of the roof material. In some of the analyzed samples, the runoff water of the roofs could be adapted as an alternative for domestic uses.
Status of Asiatic Wild Cat and its habitat in Xinjiang Tarim Basin, China

The Asiatic Wild CatFelis silvestris ornataisregarded as “Least concerned” (LC) first, as “Vulnerable” (VU) and following “Endangered” (EN) and then “Critically endangered” (CR) species as finally and originally concentrative distribute in Xinjiang Tarim Basin region in northwest China. This paper provides comprehensive information on bio-morphology, habitat selectivity, environmental condition, habit, preyfeed source and every item of composition, and relationship among Wild Cat and domestic cat at presence investigated in 2004-2006 and 2011- 2013 as especial study. The paper also illustrated some dynamical statistics of wild cat’ pelt collection by national trade from three prefectures in the last 40 years. Briefing the results of indication that large scale and continuous openup land for cotton in unplanned, exploit petroleum and natural gas, misapply water and destroy desert vegetation, poaching and killing prey objectives, etc., of them long-term effects on plants functional density and qualities of the cat surviving habitat and productivity, whereas pressures of increasing human population to fragile desert ecosystem showed efficiency and desirable effects of the cat surviving.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Sovereign Default : The Role of Expectations

We study a variation of the standard model of sovereign default, as in Aguiar and Gopinath (2006) or Arellano (2008), and show that this variation is consistent with multiple interest rate equilibria. Some of those equilibria correspond to the ones identified by Calvo (1988), where default is likely because rates are high, and rates are high because default is likely. The model is used to simulate equilibrium movements in sovereign bond spreads that resemble sovereign debt crises. It is also used to discuss lending policies similar to the ones announced by the European Central Bank in 2012.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 354 the Macroeconomics of Child Labor Regulation * Matthias Doepke Ucla and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

We develop a positive theory of the adoption of child labor laws. Workers who compete with children in the labor market support the introduction of a child labor ban, unless their own working children provide a large fraction of family income. Since child labor income depends on family size, fertility decisions lock agents into specific political preferences, and multiple steady states can arise. The introduction of child labor laws can be triggered by skill-biased technological change that induces parents to choose smaller families. The model replicates features of the history of the U.K. in the nineteenth century, when regulations were introduced after a period of rising wage inequality, and coincided with rapidly declining fertility rates. Kjetil Storesletten, and seminar participants in several conferences and workshops for helpful comments. We also thank Christina Loennblad for editorial assistance. Doepke acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation (grant SES-0217051). Zilibotti acknowledges financial support from the Bank of Sweden and from the Jan Wallander's and Tom Hedelius' Research Foundation. Matthias Doepke and Fabrizio Zilibotti are, respectively, a research affiliate and a research fellow of the CEPR. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System. The aim of this paper is to develop a positive theory of child labor regulations (CLR). In the current political debate, the need to regulate child labor is often taken for granted: child labor is portrayed as an evil that ought to be eradicated for humanitarian reasons. From a historical perspective, however, this view of child labor is of a relatively recent origin. In Western countries, until the nineteenth century most children worked, and working was generally considered to be beneficial for children. Much more feared than child labor was its opposite, idleness of children, which was thought to lead to disorder, crime, and lack of preparation for a productive working life. 1 Opposition to child labor and, ultimately, child labor laws arose only after the rise of the factory system. CLR were first introduced in Britain in the nineteenth century, and have by now been put into place in all industrialized countries. However, in many developing countries child labor continues to be widespread, CLR are either lacking or weakly enforced, and public support for the introduction of stringent CLR is low. These observations raise the question of why, in some countries, …
Seasonal Dependence of the MJO-ENSO Relationship

Abstract Observations of the development of recent El Nino events suggest a pivotal role for the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Previous attempts to uncover a systematic relationship between MJO activity and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), however, have yielded conflicting results. In this study the MJO–ENSO relationship is stratified by season, and the focus is on MJO activity in the equatorial western Pacific. The results demonstrate that MJO activity in late boreal spring leads El Nino in the subsequent autumn–winter for the period 1979–2005. Spring is the season when MJO activity is least asymmetric with respect to the equator and displays the most sensitivity to SST variations at the eastern edge of the warm pool. Enhanced MJO activity in the western Pacific in spring is associated with an eastward-expanded warm pool and low-frequency westerly surface zonal wind anomalies. These sustained westerly anomalies in the western Pacific are hypothesized to project favorably onto a developing El N.
LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb ages of the Lantian and Muhuguan granitoid plutons,southern margin of the North China craton:Implications for tectonic setting

The Lantian and Muhuguan granitoid plutons are located in the southern margin of the North China craton and the northwest of the East Qinling orogen,respectively.They are also situated to the west of the Daxing'anling-Taihangshan gravity lineament.Precise determination of the emplacement age of these granitoids is therefore important for understanding the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of lithospheric thinning of the North China craton and temporal and spatial distribution of the Mesozoic magmatism in the eastern and weastern Qinling areas.The Lantian pluton consists of large porphyritic monzogranite and medium-to fine-grained monzogranite,whereas the Muhuguan pluton consists of granodiorite,monzogranite and biotite-rich granite.LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Lantian and Muhuguan plutons were emplaced at(154 ± 1) Ma and(151 ± 2) Ma,respectively,demonstrating that they were the products of the Yanshanian(Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) magmatic activities.The western Qinling region,immediately to the west of the Lantian and Muhuguan plutons,hosts numerous Triassic granitoid intrusions,but no Yanshanian magmatic rocks have been recognized.By contrast,the Yanshanian intrusions are widely distributed in the southern margin of the North China craton and the eastern Qinling region,the east of the Lantian and Muhuguan plutons.The systematic differences in the emplacement ages of the intrusions in the Qinling orogen imply that the eastern and western Qinling were controlled by different tectonic settings since the Late Jurassic.It is generally accepted that the Indosinian magmatic rocks in the western Qinling are related to the collision between the Yangtze and North China plates,however,the Yanshanian magmatic rocks in the eastern Qinling are associated with the lithospheric thinning of the North China craton or the subduction of the Pacific plate toward the Eurasian continent.The Lantian and Muhuguan plutons thus likely represent the westernmost limit of the circum Pacific tectonic regime and lithospheric thinning of the North China craton.
ENERGY BALANCE WITH LANDSAT 8 SATELLITE IMAGES IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF JUAZEIRO MUNICIPALITY

Landsat 8 satellite images were used with the SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm for the energy balance quantification in irrigated crops inside the Juazeiro municipality, Northeast Brazil, involving different thermohydrological conditions of the years 2013 and 2014. Two images represented the wet conditions soon after the rainy period (May-June), while the other ones were inside the driest period (September-October). The average values for the global solar radiation (RG) ranged from 19.6 ± 0.5 to 26.2 ± 0.2 MJ m -2 day -1 while for the net radiation (Rn) this range was from 8.2 ± 0.2 to 11.9 ± 0.3 MJ m -2 day -1 . The mean latent λE and sensible H heat fluxes were, respectively, from 7.5 ± 3.3 to 10.5 ± 2.3 and -2.1 ± 2.3 to 4.0 ± 3.3 MJ m -2 day -1 . Soil heat fluxes (G) under all irrigation conditions were around 0.4 ± 0.1 MJ m -2 dia -1 . Shortly after the rainfall season, the fractions of Rn used as λE were 112 and 119% for respectively 2013 and 2014. The corresponding values for the driest period were 0.63 and 0.98. The negative H and higher λE than Rn which happened in large areas soon after the rainy period indicated horizontal heat advection from the vicinities of the irrigated crops.
FIBER MORPHOLOGY OF CALABRIAN PINE (Pinus brutia Ten.) NATURALLY GROWN IN NORTH CYPRUS

The aim of this research was determine the morphological properties of wood fiber and the chemical composition of wood of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and the suitability of these properties for pulping. Eighteen naturally grown sample were collected from north Cyprus at different altitudes. Taken discs were divided into groups twenty each ages from pith to bark. Fiber dimensions were measured and the felting rate, elasticity coefficient, rigidity coefficient, Runkel classification, Muhlstep classification and F ratio were calculated from the wood fiber morphological properties and the effects of these properties on pulp strength properties were investigated. Chemical composition has also determined. Consequently it was found that the all Calabrian pine samples from different altitudes were quite suitable for pulping. Keywords: Calabrian pine, Fiber morphology, Chemical composition
Catatonia: demographic, clinical and laboratory associations

Background. Catatonia, a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome, has few studies of sufficient scale to clarify its epidemiology or pathophysiology. We aimed to characterise demographic associations, peripheral inflammatory markers and outcome of catatonia. Methods. Electronic healthcare records were searched for validated clinical diagnoses of catatonia. In a case – control study, demographics and inflammatory markers were compared in psychiatric inpatients with and without catatonia. In a cohort study, the two groups were compared in terms of their duration of admission and mortality. Results. We identified 1456 patients with catatonia (of whom 25.1% had two or more episodes) and 24 956 psychiatric inpatients without catatonia. Incidence was 10.6 episodes of catatonia per 100 000 person-years. Patients with and without catatonia were similar in sex, younger and more likely to be of Black ethnicity. Serum iron was reduced in patients with catatonia [11.6 v. 14.2 μ mol/L, odds ratio (OR) 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45 – 0.95), p = 0.03] and creatine kinase was raised [2545 v. 459 IU/L, OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.29 – 1.81), p < 0.001], but there was no difference in C-reactive protein or white cell count. N -Methyl- D -aspartate receptor antibodies were significantly associated with catatonia, but there were small numbers of positive results. Duration of hospitalisation was greater in the catatonia group (median: 43 v. 25 days), but there was no difference in mortality after adjustment. Conclusions. In the largest clinical study of catatonia, we found catatonia occurred in approximately 1 per 10 000 person-years. Evidence for a proinflammatory state was mixed. Catatonia was associated with prolonged inpatient admission but not with increased mortality.
Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Update on Navigation, Robotics, and Contemporary Advancements

While total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains effective for improvement of pain and function in patients with osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis, there remain areas of continued pursuit of excellence, including decreasing rates of dislocation, leg length discrepancy, implant loosening, and infection. This review article covers several bearing surfaces and articulations, computer-assisted navigation and robotic technology, and minimally invasive surgical approaches that have sought to improve such outcomes. Perhaps the most significant improvement to THA implant longevity has been the broad adoption of highly cross-linked polyethylene, with low wear rates. Similarly, navigation and robotic technology has proven to more reproducibly achieve intraoperative component positioning, which has demonstrated clinical benefit with decreased risk of dislocation in a number of studies. Given the projected increase in THA over the coming decades, continued investigation of effective incorporation of technology, soft tissue–sparing approaches, and durable implants is imperative to continued pursuit of improved outcomes in THA.
Local Labor Markets and Welfare Spells: Do Demand Conditions Matter?

This paper examines the impact of changes in labor market conditions on participation in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program in California. Transitions off welfare and transitions back onto welfare are estimated using discrete duration models that control for local labor market conditions, demographic and neighborhood characteristics, duration effects, county-fixed effects, time effects, and county- specific time trends. The results show that higher unemployment rates, lower employment growth, lower employment-to-population ratios, and lower wage growth are associated with longer welfare spells and higher recidivism rates. Hispanics, blacks, and two-parent families are the groups that are most sensitive to changes in local labor market conditions.
Soil Water Storage of Three Forest Types in Different Succession Stage in Dinghushan

Based on soil moisture data measured by hydroprobe moisture (CPN503DR),the dynamics and characteristics of soil water storage of three forest types were analysed in different succession stage in Dinghushan.Soil water storage differed greatly for different forest types,but having similar changing tendencies,i.e,decreasing with the soil depth.The soil water storage in monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest was much higher than that in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,and the storage in mixed forest was higher than that in coniferous forest.With the forests' succession,the soil water storage capability increased,and distributed randomly in the upper layers,where the root density was more intense.This indicated that the forest ecosystems had their own adaptable mechanisms to the environment.The maximum coefficients between forest soil layers were found in monsoon evergreen forest,and the minimum values in coniferous forest.The seasonal dynamics of soil water storage in Dinghushan can be divided into three stages:soil water consumption stage (from Jan. to Mar.),compensating stage (from Apr. to Sept.) and stable stage (from Oct. to Nov.).
A decadal abruption of midwinter storm tracks over North Pacific from 1951 to 2010

Abstract Based on 60-year (1951–2010) reanalysis data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and extended reconstructed sea surface temperatures, a detailed investigation was conducted to explore the midwinter storm track changes over the North Pacific. The root-mean-square (rms) of subweekly (2.5–6 days) transient of 300 hPa geopotential height field was calculated to represent the storm track. A decadal abruption occurred in 1982/1983, according to the Mann–Kendall test result. The first two Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) spatial patterns of the North Pacific storm track during P1 (1955–1982) and P2 (1983–2010) revealed opposite results: The EOF1 during P1 and the EOF2 during P2 revealed changes of intensity of the midwinter storm track in the North Pacific, whereas the EOF2 during P1 and the EOF1 during P2 exhibited a southward/northward shift of its central axis. In addition, pronounced differences in the thermal influence of the ocean on the storm track during P1 and P2 existed. A strong and sustained ENSO signal contributed to a storm track variation through the westerly jet from1955 to 1982, as the storm track was observed to strengthen and shift equatorward during El Niño events. From 1983 to 2010, an apparent sea temperature frontal zone at approximately 40°N and the associated near-surface baroclinicity resulted in the organization of a prominent mid-latitude storm track throughout the depth of the troposphere.