Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coefficient Omega Bootstrap Confidence Intervals

The performance of the normal theory bootstrap (NTB), the percentile bootstrap (PB), and the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) for coefficient omega was assessed through a Monte Carlo simulation under conditions not previously investigated. Of particular interests were nonnormal Likert-type and binary items. The results show a clear order in performance. The NTB CI had the best performance in that it had more consistent acceptable coverage under the simulation conditions investigated. The results suggest that the NTB CI can be used for sample sizes larger than 50. The NTB CI is still a good choice for a sample size of 50 so long as there are more than 5 items. If one does not wish to make the normality assumption about coefficient omega, then the PB CI for sample sizes of 100 or more or the BCa CI for samples sizes of 150 or more are good choices.
Community-based emergency transport system in Shinyanga, Tanzania: a local innovation to avert maternal and newborns deaths for a low-resource setting

Introduction In achieving sustainable development goal 3.1, Tanzania needs substantial investment to address the persistent burden of maternal mortality. Efforts are needed to curtail the three delays which underlie most of the deaths. The government of Tanzania implemented a community-based emergency transport intervention to address the second delay through m-mama program to address these delays. This examined the cost-effectiveness of this intervention as compared to the use of a standard ambulance system alone. Materials and Methods Program data provided by the program implementers was used in this secondary data analysis. The data included costs of referral services using the Emergency Transportation System (EmTS) and comparing with the standard ambulance system. Analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel to generate data that was fed in a TreeAge Pro Healthcare 2022 model. The cost and effectiveness data were discounted at 5% to make fair comparisons of the two systems. Results A total of 989 referrals were made where, 30.1% were completed using the standard referral system using ambulance, and the majority (69.9%) were completed using the EmTS. The Emergency transport system costed USD 170.4 per completed referral compared to USD 472 per referral using ambulance system alone in the six councils of Shinyanga region where the intervention was conducted. Conclusion The introduction of m-mama emergency transportation system has proved to be cost effective compared to the use of standard ambulance system alone in Shinyanga region. Given the high burden of maternal mortality in Tanzania, this community-based program can save implementation costs and may be more sustainable should be scaled up to other regions in Tanzania. Using implementation science methods while scaling up, lessons learned in various regions may further improve the effectiveness of the EmTS.
Collective Intelligent Strategy for Improved Segmentation of COVID-19 from CT

The devastation caused by the coronavirus pandemic makes it imperative to design automated techniques for a fast and accurate detection. We propose a novel non-invasive tool, using deep learning and imaging, for delineating COVID-19 infection in lungs. The Ensembling Attention-based Multi-scaled Convolution network (EAMC), employing Leave-One-Patient-Out (LOPO) training, exhibits high sensitivity and precision in outlining infected regions along with assessment of severity. The Attention module combines contextual with local information, at multiple scales, for accurate segmentation. Ensemble learning integrates heterogeneity of decision through different base classifiers. The superiority of EAMC, even with severe class imbalance, is established through comparison with existing state-of-the-art learning models over four publicly-available COVID-19 datasets. The results are suggestive of the relevance of deep learning in providing assistive intelligence to medical practitioners, when they are overburdened with patients as in pandemics. Its clinical significance lies in its unprecedented scope in providing low-cost decision-making for patients lacking specialized healthcare at remote locations.
Wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at K-12 schools: comparison to pooled clinical testing data

Background. Wastewater measurements of SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been extensively used to supplement clinical data on COVID-19. Most examples in the literature that describe wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 RNA use samples from wastewater treatment plants and individual buildings that serve as the primary residence of community members. However, wastewater surveillance can be an attractive supplement to clinical testing in K-12 schools where individuals only spend a portion of their time but interact with others in close proximity, increasing risk of potential transmission of disease. Methods. Wastewater samples were collected from two K-12 schools in California and divided into solid and liquid fractions to be processed for detection of SARS-CoV-2. The resulting detection rate in each wastewater fraction was compared to each other and the detection rate in pooled clinical specimens. Results. Most wastewater samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA when clinical testing was positive (75% for solid samples and 100% for liquid samples). Wastewater samples continued to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA when clinical testing was negative or in absence of clinical testing (83% for both solid and liquid samples), indicating presence of infected individuals in the schools. Wastewater solids had a higher concentration of SARS-CoV-2 than wastewater liquids on an equivalent mass basis by three orders of magnitude.
It's complicated...: Exploring the missed opportunities and reasons for non-performance of assisted vaginal births in Kenya

Unnecessary Caesarean Section (CS) can have adverse effects on women and their newborn. Assisted vaginal birth/delivery (AVB/AVD) using a suction device or obstetric forceps is a potential alternative when delays or complications occur in the second stage of labour. Unlike CS, AVB using a suction device does not require regional or general anaesthesia, can often be performed by midwives, and does not scar the uterus, lowering the risk of maternal mortality and morbidity, in this and subsequent pregnancies. This study examined the justification for, and outcomes of second stage CS (SSCS) and reasons for low levels of use of AVB, in Kenya. Using a mixed methods study design, we reviewed case-notes from women having AVB and second-stage CS births, and conducted key informant interviews with healthcare providers, from 8 purposively selected hospitals in Kenya. Randomly selected SSCS and all AVB case-notes were reviewed by a panel of four experienced obstetricians, and appropriateness of the procedure assessed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using a thematic approach. Review of 67 SSCS case-notes showed 10% might have been conducted as AVBs, with a further 58% unable to be classified due to inadequate/inconsistent record keeping or excessive delay following initial CS decision. Outcomes following SSCS showed perinatal mortality rate of 89.6/1,000 births, with 11% of infants and 9% of mothers experiencing complications. Non-referred cases of AVB showed good outcomes. Twenty interviews were conducted with obstetricians, medical officers and midwives. The findings explored the experience and confidence of healthcare providers in performing AVBs, and adequacy of the training they received. Key reasons for non-performance included lack of functioning equipment, lack of trained staff or their rotation to other departments. Reasons for non-performance of AVB were complex and often multiple. Any solutions to these problems will need to address various local, regional and national issues.
Knowledge and Attitude of General People Towards Symptoms of Heart Attack and the Impact of Delay Time in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Cardiovascular disease is prevalent worldwide. The goal of this research is to evaluate the knowledge of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, population about heart attack symptoms and risk factors. Methodology: A one-year cross-sectional study was carried out. The study was conducted on 385 individuals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We used the Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index, with additional questions added, such as risk factors of heart attack and physical activity time. An anonymous self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: We collected data from 440 participants, but only 385 were included in the analysis. Males represented 41.4% of the participants. In terms of participant knowledge of heart attack symptoms, we found that chest pain or pressure was the most common (80.5%), followed by shortness of breath (77%) and weakness and fatigue (72.0%). In addition, 90.2% and 90.7% of the participants knew that smoking and obesity were risk factors for heart attacks. Furthermore, 46% of participants said they “would not be at all certain” of identifying the symptoms and indicators of a heart attack in another person and 45.7% “in themselves. ” We found that males were more likely than females to have low knowledge (RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24:2.72, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there is a lack of awareness of the heart attack warning signs and symptoms. We propose that future local campaigns focus on increasing awareness and recognition of heart attack symptoms.
Two-fluid electromagnetic instability in a self-consistent inhomogeneous plasma with saturated magnetic shear

The stability of an inhomogeneous finite-β plasma confined by a sheared magnetic field is analysed in the two-fluid slab approximation. The stationary plasma involves an electron plasma current that is self-consistently generated by magnetic shear through Ampère's law. Magnetic shear is found to be stabilizing (destabilizing) if the electron drift consistent with it is antiparallel (parallel) to the propagation direction of drift waves. Mode stability arises from competition between the Doppler shifts resulting from both the electron diamagnetic drift and the electron drift related to magnetic shear, and the wave frequency. The finite-β effects reduce the growth rate but do not stabilize the mode. In contrast with the hydromagnetic tearing instabilities, the growth rate is proportional to the electron-ion collision frequency, which is regarded as the lowest-order term in powers of the electron-ion collision frequency by Taylor's theorem.
Boys don’t cry (or kiss or dance): A computational linguistic lens into gendered actions in film

Contemporary media is full of images that reflect traditional gender notions and stereotypes, some of which may perpetuate harmful gender representations. In an effort to highlight the occurrence of these adverse portrayals, researchers have proposed machine-learning methods to identify stereotypes in the language patterns found in character dialogues. However, not all of the harmful stereotypes are communicated just through dialogue. As a complementary approach, we present a large-scale machine-learning framework that automatically identifies character’s actions from scene descriptions found in movie scripts. For this work, we collected 1.2+ million scene descriptions from 912 movie scripts, with more than 50 thousand actions and 20 thousand movie characters. Our framework allow us to study systematic gender differences in movie portrayals at a scale. We show this through a series of statistical analyses that highlight differences in gender portrayals. Our findings provide further evidence to claims from prior media studies including: (i) male characters display higher agency than female characters; (ii) female actors are more frequently the subject of gaze, and (iii) male characters are less likely to display affection. We hope that these data resources and findings help raise awareness on portrayals of character actions that reflect harmful gender stereotypes, and demonstrate novel possibilities for computational approaches in media analysis.
ILEE: Algorithms and toolbox for unguided and accurate quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal images

Li and Zhang et al. present Implicit Laplacian of Enhanced Edge (ILEE), an algorithm and toolbox for unbiased, quantitative, and cytoskeletal image analysis. ILEE solves historical challenges and improves the accuracy, stability, and robustness of cytoskeletal quantification, as well as extending the number of quantifiable cytoskeletal features.
Survival status and predictors of mortality among asphyxiated neonates admitted to the NICU of Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, Amhara region, Northeast Ethiopia

Introduction Birth asphyxia is one of the leading causes of early neonatal mortality, which causes an estimated 900,000 deaths annually. Therefore, assessing the survival status and predictors of mortality among asphyxiated neonates will be highly helpful to policymakers in designing, implementing, and evaluating programs to achieve the sustainable development goal of reducing neonatal mortality as low as 12/1,000 live births by 2030. Methods A facility-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 378 asphyxiated neonates admitted to the NICU of Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January, 2017 –December, 2019. The data were collected from eligible records by using a structured data extraction tool from March 30 –April 21, 2020. The data were cleaned manually and entered into Epi-data version 7.1. 2.0, and STATA version 16 was used for the analysis. Bivariate and Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed, and significant predictors were identified using 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05. Result A total of 378 neonates were followed for 2298 neonatal days, ranging from 1 to 28 days. The mortality incidence rate was 5.3/100 person-days-of observation (95% CI: 4.41, 6.29), and 32% (95% CI: 27.6%, 36.8%) of the study subjects died. Admission weight (AHR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.72), seizure (AHR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.27), neonates who received resuscitation (AHR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.18, 3.80), and stage of asphyxia (moderate (AHR: 3.50; 95% CI: 1.55, 8.36), and severe (AHR: 11.55; 95% CI: 4.73, 28.25)) were significant predictors of neonatal mortality among asphyxiated neonates. Conclusion The magnitude of neonatal mortality among asphyxiated neonates in the study area was high. Admission weight, seizure, resuscitation, and stage of asphyxia were significant predictors of mortality among neonates with asphyxia. Therefore, special attention should be given to asphyxiated neonates with low admission weight and those who had seizure. Additionally, the timing, quality, and effectiveness of resuscitation might need further assessment and evaluation.
Comparing level of food insecurity between households with and without home gardening practices in Zege, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia: Community based study

Background Globally, close to 1 billion people suffer from hunger and food insecurity. Evidence showed that prevalence of household food insecurity in Ethiopia is ranged from 25.5%-75.8%. Home gardening is one way to alleviate food insecurity. Hence, the study aimed to determine level of food insecurity and its associated factors between home gardening and non-home gardening household in Zegie, North west Ethiopia. Methods Community-based study was conducted from February 10th-March 10th/2020. A total of 648 samples were included. First, 2142 total households who have 6–59 months of age children in the area identified and registered. Then, households categorized in to home garden practicing (1433) and non-home garden practicing (709). The calculated sample size, 324 for each group were selected using simple random sampling technique. Results The overall prevalence of food insecurity was 38.1% (95% CI: 34.29–42.11%). Food insecurity was significantly higher in non-home gardening groups than their counter parts 45.5% (95% CI: 39.80–51.20%). Having primary education and above (AO = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.25–2.86%), wealth index; 2nd quantile (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25–0.85%), 3rd quantile (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17–0.62%) and 4th quantile (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.15–0.54%), dietary diversity (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.15–2.92%) and home garden practices (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.06–2.32%) were variables significantly associated with food insecurity. Conclusion Food insecurity in non-home garden practicing households is higher than practicing households. The local agriculture sector needs to emphasis and empowered households on home gardening practices to realize food security.
On $\Phi $-Convexity in Extremal Problems

For a class of functions $\Phi $ on an arbitrary set X, $\Phi $-convex subsets of X and functions on X are defined, the latter being least upper bounds of some functions from $\Phi $. Also the generalized Fenchel transform and $\Phi $-subgradients are determined and their properties investigated. $\Phi $-convexity and $\Phi $-subdifferentiability of lower-semicontinuous functions on metric spaces are examined with respect to special important families $\Phi $. Among related results, we present a theorem on the existence of minimizing points of nonlinear functions on Banach spaces and extensions of the notion of Holder continuity. The relevance of the theory to perturbed extremal problems is indicated.
CHEMICAL ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS OF A NEUTRON-CAPTURE ENHANCED RED GIANT IN THE BULGE PLAUT FIELD

We present chemical abundances for 27 elements ranging from oxygen to erbium in the metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −1.67) bulge red giant branch star 2MASS 18174532–3353235. The results are based on equivalent width and spectrum synthesis analyses of a high-resolution (R ∼ 30, 000) spectrum obtained with the Magellan-MIKE spectrograph. While the light (Z ≲ 30) element abundance patterns match those of similar metallicity bulge and halo stars, the strongly enhanced heavy element abundances are more similar to “r-II” halo stars (e.g., CS 22892–052) typically found at [Fe/H] ≲ − 2.5. We find that the heaviest elements (Z ⩾ 56) closely follow the scaled-solar r-process abundance pattern. We do not find evidence supporting significant s-process contributions; however, the intermediate mass elements (e.g., Y and Zr) appear to have been produced through a different process than the heaviest elements. The light and heavy element abundance patterns of 2MASS 18174532–3353235 are in good agreement with the more metal-poor r-process enhanced stars CS 22892–052 and BD +17o3248. 2MASS 18174532–3353235 also shares many chemical characteristics with the similar metallicity but comparatively α-poor Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy giant COS 82. Interestingly, the Mo and Ru abundances of 2MASS 18174532–3353235 are also strongly enhanced and follow a similar trend recently found to be common in moderately metal-poor main-sequence turn-off halo stars.
Transposed stimuli improve sensitivity to envelope‐based interaural timing information for stimuli having center frequencies of up to 10 kHz

Threshold interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) at high frequencies are larger than threshold ITDs obtained at low frequencies. Colburn and Esquissaud [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 59, S23 (1976)], hypothesized that this reflects differences in peripheral processing of the stimuli rather than in binaural mechanisms that mediate performance. Previously [L. R. Bernstein and C. Trahiotis, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 2485 (2001)] this hypothesis was supported in ITD‐discrimination experiments employing high‐frequency ‘‘transposed stimuli’’ centered at 4 kHz that were designed to provide high‐frequency channels with envelope‐based information mimicking that normally available only in low‐frequency channels. Here, we report new results using stimuli centered at 4, 6, and 10 kHz. It was found that (1) transposed stimuli can yield relatively small threshold ITDs, even at 6 and 10 kHz, (2) the data could be well accounted for in terms of a constant‐criterion change in normalized interaural correlation computed subsequent to bandpass filtering, compression, rectification, and low‐pass filtering. In addition, it was found necessary to incorporate a specific limitation to capture the inability of the auditory system to follow envelope fluctuations greater than 150 Hz. [Work supported by NIH DC 04147. ]
Magnetic and Drift Surfaces using a New Stellarator Expansion

A new stellarator expansion has been devised, wherein the depths of the helical and toroidal field modulations are comparable and the total rotational transform is finite. To accomplish this, we define λ = ρ/R ≪ 1 (R is the major radius, ρ is the minor radius) and choose p, the number of helical periods, to be of order λ−2/3. Detailed calculations of vacuum magnetic field properties have been carried out, including the magnetic surfaces, V″, shear, etc. For the particle surface calculations, the ratio of ion gyroradius to major radius of the torus, e = RL/R, is chosen to be of order λ3/2. Using the same methods as for the vacuum field calculations, analytic solutions are obtained for particle drift surfaces in stellarators with finite departures from axial symmetry. These surfaces, derived from perturbation techniques, are obtained for four particle classes that are, for the first time, precisely categorized according to trapping state. Transitions between classes are interpreted. Numerical calculation of.
Bar instabilities in Coma cluster galaxies

The radial distribution of bar versus nonbar galaxies within the Coma cluster shows that a significantly larger fraction of bar galaxies are members of the cluster core. This result can be used either to estimate the time scale for the decay of bar instabilities or to argue that galaxies in the core of Coma are confined within the core.
Linear Stability of Penetrative Convection

Abstract The linear stability of penetrative convection is investigated for three different undisturbed temperature profiles, each characterized by a stable layer on the top: case A) a two-layer profile with constant but different lapse rate in each layer, case B) a continuous and smooth mean temperature profile with the depth of the unstable layer fixed, and case C) a temperature profile determined by the conduction equation with the surface temperature undergoing a diurnal variation. The increase of the critical Rayleigh number Rc of the unstable layer with increasing stability number S of the top layer is prominent in case A, less appreciable in case B, and also less noticeable for case C. It appears that the relation between the temperature gradient in the unstable layer and that in the stable layer is more sensitive and meaningful than the relation between Rc and S for a smooth temperature profile, especially for case C in which the depth of the unstable layer is not kept constant. The results obtain.