Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Floral Morphology in Nicotiana: Architectural and Temporal Effects on Phenotypic Integration

Flowers are phenotypically integrated units that may require a precise configuration of floral organs for proper function. Plants, however, are metameric organisms that often exhibit architectural and temporal variation in floral size and shape. Clearly, architectural and temporal effects could interrupt phenotypic integration within flowers, yet such effects have not been explicitly examined. We compared correlations among floral characters for the closely related but morphologically divergent species Nicotiana alata and Nicotiana forgetiana and their artificial F3 hybrids. Principal components analysis of 16 floral traits identified two suites of correlated characters that are maintained in both taxa and in the hybrids, regardless of architectural and temporal variation in floral characters. We interpret the maintenance of these suites as evidence of common developmental regulation of correlated characters. One suite includes measures of corolla tube, gynoecium, and androecium length, while the other includes corolla limb and corolla tube aperture characters. The correlated suites of characters are tightly integrated, independent from characters of the other factor, and they participate in a common function. As such, these character suites represent phenotypic modules that have been maintained despite evolutionary changes in morphology during the divergence of the two species.
Low productivity of Chinook salmon strongly correlates with high summer stream discharge in two Alaskan rivers in the Yukon drainage

Yukon River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations are declining for unknown reasons, creating hardship for thousands of stakeholders in subsistence and commercial fisheries. An informed response to this crisis requires understanding the major sources of variation in Chinook salmon productivity. However, simple stock–recruitment models leave much of the variation in this system’s productivity unexplained. We tested adding environmental predictors to stock–recruitment models for two Yukon drainage spawning streams in interior Alaska — the Chena and Salcha rivers. Low productivity was strongly associated with high stream discharge during the summer of freshwater residency for young-of-the-year Chinook salmon. This association was more consistent with the hypothesis that sustained high discharge negatively affects foraging conditions than with acute mortality during floods. Productivity may have also been reduced in years when incubating eggs experienced major floods or cold summers and falls.
Metabolism of lipid and carbohydrate in sea urchin spermatozoa

When the dry sperm of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, were diluted 100 times in artificial sea water at 0°C and at 20°C, they became motile and the levels of ATP and creatine phosphate decreased rapidly. The level of ADP hardly changed, and the AMP level increased after the dilution. After the dilution, the respiratory rate at 2°C was almost one fifth that of 20°C. Both phospholipid and glycogen were used for the energy sources in sea urchin sperm. The level of phospholipid was 10-fold higher than that of glycogen in the dry sperm. The phospholipid level decreased after dilution at 20°C, though the level hardly changed at 0°C, suggesting that phospholipid was hardly metabolized the lower temperature. The level of α -glycerophosphate increased at 20°C after the dilution but did not change at 0°C. The level of glycogen decreased after the dilution, regardless of the temperature. The glycolysis was also activated after the dilution. Of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the citrate concentration increased at 0°C and the malate concentration also increased at 0°C and especially strongly at 20°C.
Colletotrichum theobromicola causes defoliation, stem girdling and death of mini-cuttings of eucalyptus in Brazil

Eucalyptus plantations cover approximately 5.1 million hectares of Brazil, an area that will likely increase given the demand for natural products from planted forests. In recent years, anthracnose diseases have been frequently found on eucalyptus in Brazilian nurseries. In 2012, rooted mini-cuttings of clones of E. urophylla x E. grandis ("urograndis") exhibiting leaf spot and stem girdling symptoms were collected from nurseries in the Brazilian states of Para and Minas Gerais, and cultures of Colletotrichum were obtained from the lesions. The isolates were initially identified to species of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, according to searches of the Q-bank Fungi database with the DNA sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the β-tubulin (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions, combined with morphological characterization, allowed us to conclude that the fungus belongs to C. theobromicola. Conidial suspension sprayed on "urograndis" clone plants induced similar symptoms as those found under natural conditions. Re-isolation of the fungus from symptomatic plants fulfilled the Koch´s postulate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. theobromicola in Brazil.
Características tecnológicas de genótipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivados no cerrado

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de estudar as caracteristicas grau de extracao, proteina bruta, numero de queda, alveografia, farinografia, volume especifico e escore de pontos dos paes obtidos de amostras de graos de genotipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) plantados no cerrado brasileiro. Amostras de graos de trigo dos genotipos Embrapa 22, Embrapa 42, Onix, Taurum e Fundacep 27, plantados no cerrado brasileiro, safra 2003/2004 foram avaliadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no laboratorio de Cereais do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentacao da Universidade de Passo Fundo, sendo os resultados experimentais analisados pelo emprego da analise de variância (Anova) e nos modelos significativos as medias comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. As cultivares de trigo foram classificadas com base na alveografia e numero de queda em melhorador, pao e brando. Nos trigos classificados como melhoradores as propriedades funcionais dos paes foram inferiores, o que define a utilizacao destas farinhas para mesclas com trigos de menor forca de gluten. No cerrado brasileiro e possivel produzir trigo classe melhorador.
The Model of Knowledge Management Based on Organizational Climate

Keeping in mind the fact that organizations in the region of Vojvodina are moving from a negotiated to market economy, this study aims to analyze how the dimensions of collaborative climate affect the various activities of knowledge management. The degree to which collaborative climate influences knowledge work is investigated on 190 participants in the region of the Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). Two standardized questionnaires were used to collect data: a knowledge management questionnaire, which included 32 questions, and a collaborative climate questionnaire of 20 questions. To test the hypothesis of the study, the technique used was descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results show that only the organizational culture as a dimension of collaborative climate contributes to the explanation of all the activities of knowledge management, except the activity of leaving knowledge, which fails to achieve a statistical relationship with any dimension of collaborative climate. This study provides useful insights for practitioners wanting to improve an organization’s performance and to increase organizational sustainability and learning. It is a useful base to expand further research in a way of better understanding the impact that collaborative climate has on the implementation of knowledge management in a transition towards a knowledge economy.
Identifying Individual Jaguars and Ocelots via Pattern‐Recognition Software: Comparing HotSpotter and Wild‐ID

Camera‐trapping is widespread in wildlife studies, especially for species with individually unique markings to which capture–recapture analytical techniques can be applied. The large volume of data such studies produce have encouraged researchers to increasingly look to computer‐assisted pattern‐ recognition software to expedite individual identifications, but little work has been done to formally assess such software for camera‐trap data. We used 2 sets of camera‐trap images—359 images of jaguars (Panthera onca) and 332 images of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) collected from camera traps deployed in 4 study sites in Orange Walk District, Belize, in 2015 and 2016—to compare the accuracy of 2 such programs, HotSpotter and Wild‐ID, and assess the effect of image quality on matching success. Overall, HotSpotter selected a correct match as its top rank 71–82% of the time, whereas the rate for Wild‐ID was 58–73%. Positive matching rates for both programs were highest for high‐quality images (85–99%) and lowest for low‐quality images (28–52%). False match rates were very low for HotSpotter (0–2%) but these were greater in Wild‐ID (6–28%). When lower ranks were also considered, both programs performed similarly (overall 22–24% nonmatches for HotSpotter, 17–26% nonmatches for Wild‐ID). We found that in both programs, images more often matched to other images of the same quality; therefore, including multiple reference images of an individual, of different qualities, improves matching success. These programs do not provide fully automatic identification of individuals and human involvement is still required to confirm matches, but we found that they are effective tools to expedite processing of camera‐trap data. We also offer usage recommendations for researchers to maximize the benefits of these tools. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
VARIABILIDAD DE INDICES BIOLOGICOS EN PINGUIPES CHILENSIS VALENCIENNES 1833 (PERCIFORMES, PINGUIPEDIDAE): ¿ESTAN REALMENTE CORRELACIONADOS?

Se ha senalado que el Indice Gonadosomatico (IGS) se relacionaria en forma inversa al Factor de Condicion (FCC) y al Indice Hepatosomatico (IHS) debido a una demanda de energia por parte del pez para procesos reproductivos. El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento de estos indices durante un ciclo anual de reproduccion en la especie Pinguipes chilensis (rollizo). En hembras (n=200) y machos (n=214) de P. chilensis capturados en el litoral de Talcahuano, se analizo el comportamiento de las curvas del IGS, FCC e IHS en forma estacional. Ademas se estudio la relacion existente entre el IGS, el FCC y el IHS mediante modelos de regresion lineal simple. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para cada una de las curvas en forma estacional. Los valores del IGS no se relacionan con el FCC (p= 0.41 en hembras y p=0.48 en machos) ni con el IHS en machos (p=0.48), pero si en hembras (r2= 0.08, p=0.00). La falta de relacion entre el IGS con el FCC y el IHS puede estar reflejando condiciones fisiologicas en los peces que les permiten soportar la maduracion y desove durante todo el ano
Enzymatic Activity of Loess Soil in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

This study was conducted over the period 2017–2019 in Czeslawice (central Lublin region, Poland). The aim of the present study was to compare chemical soil quality parameters (soil pH, available P and K, organic carbon, and total nitrogen content) and soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, protease) in organic and conventional farming systems. The experimental design included two crop rotations (organic and conventional) in which identical plant species were grown: sugar beet-spring barley-red clover-winter wheat-oats. The loess soil on which the experiment was conducted was characterized by the grain size distribution of silt loam, and this soil was categorized as good wheat soil complex (soil class II). The experiment was set up as a split-plot design in triplicate in plots with an area of 40 m 2 . Soil sampling was carried out using a soil auger within an area of 0.20 m 2 (from the 0 to 20 cm layer) in each plot during the autumn period. Over the 3-year study period, it was found that the organic system contributed to an increased soil content of organic carbon and total nitrogen. Moreover, a significantly higher soil pH value and a favorable narrow C/N ratio were found under the organic system (regardless of the crop species). Under the conventional system, in turn, a higher soil phosphorus and potassium content was observed. Enzymatic tests of the soil in the five-field crop rotation proved significantly higher activity of all the enzymes studied (in particular that of dehydrogenase, protease, and urease) in the organic system relative to the conventional one, regardless of the crop plant. Among the plants grown in crop rotation, sugar beet, and red clover had the most beneficial effect on the activity of the soil enzymes, followed by oats (especially under the organic system). The activity of the studied enzymes in the organic system was positively correlated (statistically significantly) with favorable soil pH, a higher content of organic C, and total N, and C/N ratio.
The Influence of Natural Variation in Population Size on Ecological and Quantitative Genetics of the Endangered Endemic Plant Hypericum cumulicola

Premise of research. Genetic variation for ecologically important traits is necessary for populations to adapt to environmental change. Many authors have called for a greater emphasis on directly measuring quantitative genetic variation in rare species, which are expected to have reduced amounts of genetic variation due to genetic drift in small populations. The extent of among-population differentiation for quantitative traits may also help to evaluate the likelihood that genetic rescue/translocation will be a successful conservation strategy. Despite these merits, relatively few studies measure quantitative genetic variation for ecologically important traits as a function of population size. Methodology. Sixteen populations of the endangered plant Hypericum cumulicola were sampled, capitalizing on previous work that has estimated relative effective population sizes and demonstrated minimal migration between populations. This context allows more direct inference about the role of drift in small populations on quantitative genetic variation, the focus of this study. Using controlled pollinations and a greenhouse common garden, quantitative genetic variation within populations and differentiation among populations were estimated for six putatively ecologically important traits. Pivotal results. There were few significant estimates of genetic variation for most traits irrespective of population size. There was a positive correlation between population size and genetic variation for anther-stigma distance, a floral trait expected to influence the degree of self-fertilization. There was also limited differentiation among populations for all traits. Conclusions. Limited genetic variation for ecologically important traits in these populations could slow or limit adaptive responses to future environmental change, possibly increasing extinction risk. The smallest populations will be particularly sensitive to environmental/habitat changes that result in reduced pollinator visitation. Limited phenotypic differentiation, combined with previous evidence of strong heterosis in crosses between small populations, suggests little risk of outbreeding depression if genetic rescue efforts become necessary to preserve this species.
Assessment of Asthma First Aid Knowledge among Pharmacy Graduates: A Questionnaire-Based Study

Objective: The purpose of present study is to assess the knowledge of pharmacy students regarding asthma first aid. Methodology: This quantitative, descriptive and questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted among pharmacy graduates of two pharmacy colleges of Mirpur, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, from December 2018 to January 2019. Asthma First Aid Knowledge Questionnaire was used because of its proved validation and reliability. Data was collected through convenient sampling method. Data was coded and statistically analyzed by using SPSS V 20. Results: A total of 126 students participated, in which most of the students were female (n=71, 56.3%) and most of the respondents were between age group of 23-27 years (n=84, 66.7%). This study demonstrated moderate first aid knowledge of asthma among pharmacy students (n=85, 67%). Gender, institute, and year of study had no significant association with overall knowledge (p value = >0.05). Only family history of asthma had significant effect on overall knowledge (p value= 0.001). Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is dire need to provide adequate knowledge of asthma first aid among the pharmacy graduates to play their role in preventing the mortality and exacerbation of morbidity associated with asthma.
A Mechanism of Resistance to Hare Browsing in Winter-Dormant European White Birch (Betula pendula)

The palatability of the birch Betula pendula to the snowshoe hare Lepus timidus differed considerably depending on geographical origin and family. The seedlings of Betula platyphylla were more resistant than any tested seed lot of B. pendula. The preference of hares for birch seed lots and individual seedlings was strongly and negatively correlated with the number of resin droplets on the surface of the bark. There were no indications of a trade-off between growth and defense; on the contrary, the tallest seedlings were also the most resistant. Nor did our material provide any support for the hypothesis of a carbon-nutrient balance; we found no significant decrease in resistance after fertilization of seedlings.
Early Rehabilitation for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: More Benefits Than Risks

To the Editor: A s of April 4, 2020, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread to 181 countries or regions. An epidemiological analysis of 72,314 confirmed cases in China shows that although the proportion of critically ill is low, the actual number is large. One recent study reported that of the 52 COVID-19 patients whowere critically ill, 61.5% died within 28 days and 71% required mechanical ventilation. Apart from treating a large number of critically ill people, impairment of body function in survivors has also posed a big challenge to the clinicians, the patient’s families, and the society. In recent years, the concept of early rehabilitation has been widely accepted by clinicians in critical care around the world. It is recognized that early rehabilitation in the critically ill patients, including those requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, is feasible, safe, effective, and beneficial. Early rehabilitation plays an important role in the prevention of complications, promotes weaning from mechanical ventilation, maintains and improves system function, improves prognosis, quality of life, and facilitates the return to daily activities and work. Therefore, early rehabilitation has become an indispensable part of multidisciplinary management of the critically ill patients. Coronavirus disease is spreading rapidly across the globe. Because COVID-19 is a new disease, scientists are racing to determine the nature of the virus and how it affects the human body. Two recent reports reveal the pathological characteristics of patients with COVID-19. The pathology suggests that a patient experiencing COVID-19 may benefit from early intervention by a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. The first pathology report on the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), analyzing its impact on a patient’s lungs, liver, and heart by studying the autopsy samples. The samples were taken from lung, liver,
TEACHING WRITING SKILLS IN UNIVERSITY LARGE CLASSES IN PAKISTAN: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

This study aims to investigate the concept of a large class, challenges and issues faced by the teachers while teaching writing skills courses in large classes along with the strategies they use in order to cater to the problems. Therefore, in-depth interviews with nine private and public sector university teachers were conducted. The thematic analysis of the data revealed that a large class, in the Pakistani context, consists of 30 to 35 students and teachers particularly face the problems in assessment, giving feedback, ensuring individual attention, maintaining discipline, and controlling noise factor, etc. The assessment and feedback issues can be catered to by using peer assessment and peer feedback as they are viable strategies to deal with the large writing classes. In order to reduce the noise factor, some related activities can be practised to ensure maximum involvement of learners and ultimately, it reduces the disruptive noise. Identification of students in terms of their behaviour and seriousness towards learning paves the way for choosing appropriate teaching techniques which in turn helps to manage large writing classes having mixed ability students to achieve objectives of the course.
Transition-metal-free mono- or dinitration of protected anilines

Abstract An amide-assisted arene nitration is presented, and both mono- and dinitration of protected anilines could be effected by using NaNO2 and NaNO3 as the mono- and bisnitrating agents, respectively. This divergent synthesis is transition-metal- and acid-free, and features a broad substrate scope, low cost, and ortho–para selectivity. Graphical Abstract
The Relationship of Cells to Organisms in Plants: Problem and Implications of an Organismal Perspective

Two principal theories have been advanced to explain the origin of multicellularity in higher organisms, the cell theory and the organismal theory. A brief review of the evidence indicates that plants express the organismal concept of multicellularity, i.e., they consist of a unified protoplast that is chambered into cells rather than being the product of cell aggregation. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the mode of "multicellular" construction in plants is altogether different from that in animals. Instead of having complete protoplast separation at telophase, protoplast delimitation in plants is by internal wall insertion. It is because of these differences in cell delimitation that cell theory concepts rely on qualitative homology criteria rather than positional criteria. However, in plants positional criteria are of greater significance in judgments of cell and organism relationships. The aim of this article is to examine the implications of the organismal concept of plant multicellularity for a variety of structural phenomena, including root contraction, cuticular differentiation, ring cell development, and embryo sac divergence. From these analyses I conclude that the procrustean and artificial nature of past interpretations have resulted from either the misapplication of homology criteria or the attempt to force plant histogenesis into animal cell models that are inappropriate. Not only do these analyses support the validity of the organismal model for plant multicellularity but they also provide a holistic framework in which to carry out future studies of plant morphogenesis.