Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 Vaccine Protection among Children and Adolescents in Qatar

Abstract Background The BNT162b2 vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been authorized for use in children 5 to 11 years of age and adolescents 12 to 17 years of age but in different antigen doses. Methods We assessed the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among children and adolescents in Qatar. To compare the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the national cohort of vaccinated participants with the incidence in the national cohort of unvaccinated participants, we conducted three matched, retrospective, target-trial, cohort studies — one assessing data obtained from children 5 to 11 years of age after the B.1. 1.529 (omicron) variant became prevalent and two assessing data from adolescents 12 to 17 years of age before the emergence of the omicron variant (pre-omicron study) and after the omicron variant became prevalent. Associations were estimated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression models. Results Among children, the overall effectiveness of the 10-μg primary vaccine series against infection with the omicron variant was 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.0 to 38.6). Effectiveness was highest (49.6%; 95% CI, 28.5 to 64.5) right after receipt of the second dose but waned rapidly thereafter and was negligible after 3 months. Effectiveness was 46.3% (95% CI, 21.5 to 63.3) among children 5 to 7 years of age and 16.6% (95% CI, −4.2 to 33.2) among those 8 to 11 years of age. Among adolescents, the overall effectiveness of the 30-μg primary vaccine series against infection with the omicron variant was 30.6% (95% CI, 26.9 to 34.1), but many adolescents had been vaccinated months earlier. Effectiveness waned over time since receipt of the second dose. Effectiveness was 35.6% (95% CI, 31.2 to 39.6) among adolescents 12 to 14 years of age and 20.9% (95% CI, 13.8 to 27.4) among those 15 to 17 years of age. In the pre-omicron study, the overall effectiveness of the 30-μg primary vaccine series against SARS-CoV-2 infection among adolescents was 87.6% (95% CI, 84.0 to 90.4) and waned relatively slowly after receipt of the second dose. Conclusions Vaccination in children was associated with modest, rapidly waning protection against omicron infection. Vaccination in adolescents was associated with stronger, more durable protection, perhaps because of the larger antigen dose. (Funded by Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar and others.)
Chromophore hydrolysis and release from photoactivated rhodopsin in native membranes

Significance Vision starts when a photon isomerizes the 11-cis-retinylidene chromophore of rhodopsin to initiate phototransduction. The all-trans-retinylidene product is hydrolyzed and all-trans-retinal released, allowing rebinding of 11-cis-retinal to regenerate rhodopsin for sustained vision. Subsequently, all-trans-retinal is cleared, preventing aldehyde toxicity by reduction to all-trans-retinol. Defects in these metabolic processes could lead to severe retinopathies. Studying the biochemistry of key proteins responsible for these fundamental steps of vision in their native membrane environments has remained challenging. Using rapid quantitative chemical and analytical methods, we directly captured and quantified the kinetics and energetics of these essential biochemical processes occurring in native membranes. Our results shed light on the entire rhodopsin photocycle and chromophore regeneration and are broadly applicable to other retinylidene proteins.
Evolutions of centered Brill waves with a pseudospectral method

The pseudospectral code bamps is used to evolve axisymmetric gravitational waves. We consider a one-parameter family of Brill wave initial data, taking the seed function and strength parameter of Holz et. al. A careful comparison is made to earlier work. Our results are mostly in agreement with the literature, but we do find that some amplitudes reported elsewhere as subcritical evolve to form apparent horizons. Related to this point we find that by altering the slicing condition, the position of the peak of the Kretschmann scalar in these supercritical data can be controlled so that it appears away from the symmetry axis before the method fails, demonstrating that such behavior is at least partially a coordinate effect. We are able to tune the strength parameter to an interval of range $1-A_\star/A\simeq10^{-6}$ around the onset of apparent horizon formation. In this regime we find that large spikes appear in the Kretschmann scalar on the symmetry axis but away from the origin. From the supercritical side disjoint apparent horizons form around these spikes. On the subcritical side, down to this range, evidence of power-law scaling of the Kretschmann scalar is not conclusive, but the data can be fitted as a power-law with periodic wiggle.
Environmental legislation and capitalization of corporate environmental expenditure: Evidence from China

Although corporate environmental performance has received widespread attention and its economic consequences have been studied in the literature, little is known about the motivation of firms to choose different environmental strategies (corporate environmental expenditures). Constructing an indicator for the capitalization of corporate environmental expenditures, we explore corporate environmental strategies. This paper investigates the impact of environmental legislation on the capitalization of corporate environmental expenditures. By analyzing data on manual environmental expenditures of Chinese listed companies from 2011 to 2020, we find that implementing the new Environmental Protection Law (EPL) can enhance the capitalization of corporate environmental expenditures of high polluting firms. The effect is stronger for firms with higher external legitimacy pressures, such as those with greater public supervision and environmental enforcement. Firms with more internal resources are more likely to experience this effect, as evidenced by lower financing constraints and less managerial myopia. Further mechanistic studies suggest that implementing new EPL raises environmental media attention and perceived environmental risk among high polluting firms. This paper contributes to the environmental accounting literature by introducing a novel measure of corporate environmental strategy—the capitalization of corporate environmental expenditures. It investigates the effect of environmental regulation on the capitalization of corporate environmental expenditures to provide a reference for polluting firms’ corporate environmental strategy and the implementation of the EPL in China.
Bereavement affinities: A qualitative study of lived experiences of grief and loss

Abstract Attending to bereaved peoples’ lived experiences offers considerable potential for better understanding how to improve support following loss. In-depth interviews (n = 36) and solicited diaries (n = 23) were conducted with bereaved adults following a death in palliative or residential aged care. A constructivist grounded theory approach guided data analysis, through which three themes were derived: making sense of the lived experience of bereavement; relationships in bereavement; and bereavement over time. The results reveal the nuances within everyday experiences of bereavement, in particular the multiplicity of affinities, present or lacking, in social support and recognition.
Estimating the cost consequence of the early use of botulinum toxin in post-stroke spasticity: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Objective To estimate the cost-consequence of treating spasticity early with botulinum toxin in the acute stroke unit. Design Secondary cost-consequence analysis, using data from a double-blind randomised-controlled trial. Setting Single-centre specialised stroke unit. Subjects and Interventions Patients with Action Research Arm Test grasp-score of <2 and who developed spasticity within six weeks of a first stroke were randomised to receive injections of: 0.9% sodium-chloride solution (placebo) or onabotulinumtoxin-A (treatment). Main measures Resource use costs were calculated for the study. Mean contracture costs for each group were calculated. The Barthel Index and Action Research Arm Test were used to generate a cost per unit of improvement. Results There were no significant differences associated with early treatment use. The mean contracture cost for the treatment group was £817 and for the control group was £2298 (mean difference = −£1481.1(95% CI −£2893.5, −£68.7) (p = 0.04). The cost per unit of improvement for the Barthel Index was −£1240 indicating that the intervention costs less and is more effective. The cost per unit of improvement for the Action Research Arm Test was −£450 indicating that the intervention costs less and is more effective. Conclusions Treating spasticity early in stroke patients at risk of contractures with botulinum toxin leads to a significant reduction in contracture costs. The cost per improvement of Barthel and Action Research Arm Test indicates that the intervention costs less and is more effective. Trial Registration data EudraCT(2010-021257-39) and ClinicalTrials.gov-Identifier:NCT01882556.
Accurate prediction of histological grading of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia using deep learning

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Risk stratification and recommendation to surgery regarding intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is currently based on consensus guidelines. Risk stratification from presurgery histology only could potentially be decisive but suffers from the low sensitivity of fine needle aspiration. In this study, we developed and validated a deep learning-based method to distinguish between IPMN with low grade dysplasia and IPMN with high grade dysplasia/invasive carcinoma from endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) images. PATIENTS AND METHODS For training our model, we acquired a total of 3355 EUS images from 43 patients who underwent pancreatectomy from March 2015 to August 2021. All patients had histologically proven IPMN. We used transfer learning to fine tune a convolutional neural network and to classify "low grade IPMN" from "high grade IPMN/invasive carcinoma". Our testset consisted of 1823 images from 27 patients, recruiting 11 patients retrospectively, 7 patients prospectively and 9 patients externally. We compared our results with the prediction of international consensus guidelines. RESULTS Our approach could classify low grade from high grade/invasive carcinoma in the test set with an accuracy of 99.6% [99.5%,99.9%]. Our deep learning model achieved superior accuracy in prediction of the histologic outcome compared to any individual guidelines, which have accuracies between 51.8% [31.9%,71.3%] and 70.3% [49.8,86.2]. CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrates that deep learning in IPMN-EUS images can predict the histological outcome with high accuracy.
Origin of Non-axisymmetric Features of Virgo Cluster Early-type Dwarf Galaxies. I. Bar Formation and Recurrent Buckling

A fraction of early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster have a disk component and even possess disk features such as bar, lens, and spiral arms. In this study, we construct 15 galaxy models that resemble VCC856, which is considered to be an infalling progenitor of disk dwarf galaxies, within observational error ranges, and use N-body simulations to study their long-term dynamical evolution in isolation as well as the formation of bar in them. We find that dwarf disk galaxies readily form bars unless they have an excessively concentrated halo or a hot disk. This suggests that infalling dwarf disk galaxies are intrinsically unstable to bar formation, even without any external perturbation, accounting for a population of barred dwarf galaxies in the outskirts of the Virgo cluster. The bars form earlier and stronger in galaxies with a lower fraction of counter-streaming motions, lower halo concentration, lower velocity anisotropy, and thinner disk. Similarly to normal disk galaxies, dwarf disk galaxies also undergo recurrent buckling instabilities. The first buckling instability tends to shorten the bar and to thicken the disk, and drives a dynamical transition in the bar pattern speed as well as mass inflow rate. In nine models, the bars regrow after the mild first buckling instability due to the efficient transfer of disk angular momentum to the halo, and are subject to recurrent buckling instabilities to turn into X-shaped bulges.
The Conceptual Framework of Quantum Field Theory

PART I: ORIGINS 1. From the Arrow of Time to the First Quantum Field 2. Gestation and Birth of Interacting Field Theory- From Dirac to Shelter Island PART II: DYNAMICS 3. The Physical Ingredients of Quantum Field Theory - Dynamics, Symmetries, Scales 4. Quantum Mechanical Preliminaries 5. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 6. Aspects of Locality - Clustering, Microcausality, and Analyticity 7. Construction of Local Covariant Fields 8. The Classical Limit of Quantum Fields 9. Interacting Fields- General Aspects 10. Interacting Fields- Perturbative Aspects 11. Interacting Fields - Nonperturbative Aspects PART III: SYMMETRIES 12. Continuous Space-time Symmetry - Why we need Lagrangians in Field Theory 13. Discrete Space-time Symmetries 14. Global Symmetries in Field Theory 15. Local Symmetries in Field Theory PART IV: SCALES 16. Scale Sensitivity of Field Theory Amplitudes and Effective Field Theories 17. Perturbatively Renormalizable Field Theories 18. Short-distance Structure of Quantum Field Theory 19. Long-distance Structure of Quantum Field Theory
Crohn's disease related strictures in cross‐sectional imaging: More than meets the eye?

Abstract Strictures in Crohn's disease (CD) are a hallmark of long‐standing intestinal damage, brought about by inflammatory and non‐inflammatory pathways. Understanding the complex pathophysiology related to inflammatory infiltrates, extracellular matrix deposition, as well as muscular hyperplasia is crucial to produce high‐quality scoring indices for assessing CD strictures. In addition, cross‐sectional imaging modalities are the primary tool for diagnosis and follow‐up of strictures, especially with the initiation of anti‐fibrotic therapy clinical trials. This in turn requires such modalities to both diagnose strictures with high accuracy, as well as be able to delineate the impact of each histomorphologic component on the individual stricture. We discuss the current knowledge on cross‐sectional imaging modalities used for stricturing CD, with an emphasis on histomorphologic correlates, novel imaging parameters which may improve segregation between inflammatory, muscular, and fibrotic stricture components, as well as a future outlook on the role of artificial intelligence in this field of gastroenterology.
Quasar variability: correlations with amplitude

The relation between quasar variability and parameters such as luminosity and redshift has been a matter of hot debate over the last few years with many papers on the subject. Any correlations which can be es- tablished will have a profound eect on models of quasar structure and evolution. The sample of quasars with red- shifts in ESO/SERC eld 287 contains over 600 quasars in the range 0 <z <3:5 and is now large enough to bin in luminosity and redshift, and give denitive mea- sures of the correlations. We nd no signicant correla- tion between amplitude and redshift, except perhaps at very low redshift, but an inverse correlation between am- plitude and luminosity. This is examined in the context of various models for quasar variability.
The H i morphology and stellar properties of strongly barred galaxies: support for bar quenching in massive spirals

Galactic bars are able to affect the evolution of galaxies by redistributing their gas, possibly contributing to the cessation of star formation. Several recent works point to ‘bar quenching’ playing an important role in massive disc galaxies. We construct a sample of six gas-rich and strongly barred disc galaxies with resolved H i observations. This sample of galaxies, which we call H i-rich barred galaxies, was identified with the help of Galaxy Zoo to find galaxies hosting a strong bar, and the Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-band Feed Array blind H i survey to identify galaxies with a high H i content. The combination of strong bar and high gas fraction is rare, so this set of six galaxies is the largest sample of its type with resolved H i observations. We measure the gas fractions, H i morphology and kinematics, and use archival optical data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to reveal star formation histories and bar properties. The galaxies with the lowest gas fractions (still very high for their mass) show clear H i holes, dynamically advanced bars, and low star formation rates, while those with the highest gas fractions show little impact from their bar on the H i morphology, and are still actively star-forming. These galaxies support a picture in which the movement of gas by bars can lead to star formation quenching. How these unusual galaxies came to be is an open question.
The Nature of Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks

We carry out a series of local, shearing-box simulations of the outer regions of protoplanetary disks, where ambipolar diffusion is important due to low ionization levels, to better characterize the nature of turbulence and angular momentum transport in these disks. These simulations are divided into two groups, one with far-ultraviolet (FUV) ionization included, and one without FUV. In both cases, we explore a large range in diffusivity values. We find that in the simulations without FUV, the properties of the turbulence are similar to the unstratified simulations of Bai & Stone; for a given diffusivity, the magnetorotational instability (MRI) can still be present so long as the magnetic field is sufficiently weak. Furthermore, the dynamics of the midplane in these simulations are primarily controlled by the MRI. In the FUV simulations on the other hand, the MRI-active FUV layers transport strong toroidal magnetic flux to the midplane, which shuts off the MRI. Instead, angular momentum transport at the midplane is dominated by laminar magnetic fields, resulting in lower levels of turbulent Maxwell stress compared to the no-FUV simulations. Finally, we perform a temporal correlation analysis on the FUV simulations, confirming our result that the dynamics in the midplane region is strongly controlled by the FUV-ionized layers.
Linking global top-down views to first-person views in the brain

Significance The ability to link between a first-person experience and a global map is an important cognitive function. To investigate the underlying computations needed to complete this task, we used variational autoencoders to reconstruct the top-down images from a robot’s camera view, and vice versa. We observed that place-specific coding is more prevalent when linking a top-down view to a first-person view, and head direction selectivity is more prevalent in the other direction. In both cases, the system recovers from perturbations by population coding and instantaneous remapping. This modeling brings a fundamentally different approach to understanding transformations between perspectives and suggests testable predictions in the nervous system.
Effect of maternal and infant selenium status on child growth in a birth cohort from Dhaka, Bangladesh

Deficiency of selenium, an essential trace element, has been implicated in adverse birth outcomes and the growth of infants and young children. We used data from a randomized controlled trial to examine associations between selenium biomarkers in whole blood (WBSe), serum and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) in maternal delivery and venous cord (VC) blood, and birth weight, and adverse birth outcomes. Furthermore, we examined associations between selenium biomarkers and infant growth outcomes (age adjusted length, weight, head circumference and weight-for-length z-scores) at birth, one, and two years of age using linear regression. WB and serum selenium in delivery and VC specimens were negatively associated with birth weight (adjusted beta, 95% CI: WBSe delivery: -26.6 (-44.3, -8.9); WBSe VC: -19.6 (-33.0, -6.1)); however, delivery SEPP1 levels (adjusted beta;: -37.5 (-73.0, -2.0)) and VC blood (adjusted beta, 82.3 (30.0, 134.7)) showed inconsistent associations across biomarkers. We found small to moderate associations between infant growth and WBSe VC (LAZ beta, 95% CI, at birth: -0.05 (-0.1, -0.01)); 12-months (beta, -0.05 (-0.08, -0.007)). WAZ also showed weak negative associations with delivery WBSe (at birth: -0.07 (-0.1, -0.02); 12-months: -0.05 (-0.1, -0.005)) and in WBSe VC (beta; at birth: -0.05 (-0.08, -0.02); 12-months: -0.05 (-0.09, -0.004)). Mechanisms connected to redox biology and its antioxidant effects have been causally associated with the protective properties of selenium. Given the fine balance between nutritional and toxic properties of selenium, it is possible that WB and serum selenium may negatively impact growth outcomes, both in utero and postpartum.
A direct imaging search for substellar and planetary mass companions around white dwarfs

Even though the radial velocity technique has detected almost all of the 269 extrasolar planets discovered to date, this method does not directly observe the light from the planet. The ability to directly detect this light would allow spectra of extrasolar planets to be obtained, providing information about their formation and evolution through the investigation of their composition and structure. To date, none of the extrasolar planets found using the radial velocity technique have been directly imaged, as these faint companions are too close to their bright parent stars. White dwarfs are intrinsically faint objects and can be up to 10, 000 times less luminous than their main sequence progenitors, substantially increasing the probability of directly imaging an extrasolar planet in orbit around them. The Degenerate Objects around Degenerate Objects (DODO) survey aims to obtain a direct image of an extrasolar planet in a wide orbit around a white dwarf. By acquiring J band images of 26 equatorial and northern hemisphere white dwarfs a year or two apart, common proper motion companions to the white dwarfs can be identified. The discovery of such a system could supply new information on the frequency and mass distribution of extrasolar planets around intermediate mass main sequence stars and confirm whether these companions can survive the final stages of stellar evolution. In addition, the direct detection of an extrasolar planet in orbit around a white dwarf would allow the spectroscopic investigation of planets much older than any previously found. Using the 24 white dwarfs in the DODO survey within ∼ 20 pc, the frequency of substellar companions with effective temperatures & 500 K and projected physical separations from the white dwarf between 60− 200 AU is estimated to be . 5%. For the same range of projected physical separations, the frequency of substellar companions with masses & 10 MJup is estimated to be . 9%.