Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geometry of abstraction in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex

The curse of dimensionality plagues models of reinforcement learning and decision-making. The process of abstraction solves this by constructing abstract variables describing features shared by different specific instances, reducing dimensionality and enabling generalization in novel situations. Here we characterized neural representations in monkeys performing a task where a hidden variable described the temporal statistics of stimulus-response-outcome mappings. Abstraction was defined operationally using the generalization performance of neural decoders across task conditions not used for training. This type of generalization requires a particular geometric format of neural representations. Neural ensembles in dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus, and in simulated neural networks, simultaneously represented multiple hidden and explicit variables in a format reflecting abstraction. Task events engaging cognitive operations modulated this format. These findings elucidate how the brain and artificial systems represent abstract variables, variables critical for generalization that in turn confers cognitive flexibility.
Providing High Quality Forages with Hydroponic Fodder System

Hydroponic fodder is an alternative technology to provide the sustainability of high-quality forage for ruminant. Hydroponic sprout contains grass juice which is essential to increase the ruminant performance because the grass juice from hydroponic can contribute to the enhancement of microbial activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvesting time toward fodder production and nutrient content of hydroponic maize fodder. This study used maize seed and hypochlorite solution for a disinfectant agent. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments. The treatments used was the difference of harvesting time, P1 = 8 days, P2 = 12 days, P3 = 16 days, P4 = 20 days, P5 = 24 days. Variables measured were % germination, growth (plant height), forage production, and nutrient content (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber). The results showed that the harvesting time is a highly significant effect (P <0.01) on plant height, forage production, and nutrient content. Based on research, hydroponic maize fodder has an advantage as a source of quality forage for livestock because it has a high protein. The crude protein contains on P1 with 12,36 %, P2 = 14,91%, P3 = 17,11%, P4 18,43% and P5 = 17,58 %. The conclusion is the 20th day of harvesting time has good quality and production as an alternative animal forage.
Phytochemical Constituents of Capsella bursa-pastoris and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity

− Phytochemical investigation of 80% MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris yielded fourteen compounds (1 14). The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods to be methyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosyl disulfide (1), 10-methylsulphinyl-decanenitrile (2), 11-methyl-sulphinylundecanenitrile (3), 1-O-(lauroyl)glycerol (4), phytene-1, 2-diol (5), (3S,5R,6S,7E)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7megastigmen-9-one (6), loliolide (7), β-sitosterol (8), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (9), 1-feruloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), pinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), luteolin (12), quercetin-3-O-βD-glucopyranoside (13), and luteolin 6-C-β-glucopyranoside (14). Although compound 1 was reported as synthetic compound, 1 was first isolated from natural source. NMR spectral data assignments of 1, 2 and 3 were reported for the first time, and compounds 1 14 were for the first time reported from this plant source. The antiinflammatory effects of 1 14 were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cells. Compounds 12 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 9.70 μM.
To study the value of hemodynamic parameters in comparison to lactate values and outcome of illness

A prospective, non-intervention study was undertaken after ethical committee approval in the Department of Surgery, Index Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Indore. Persistent higher LACTATE levels in non-survivors in major trauma and sepsis after 48 hours. And gradually decrease level in survivor. Thus, rising serum lactate levels suggest early prediction of shock and mortality. (p values less than 0.01). Rising serum lactate levels predict mortality in trauma and sepsis irrespective of age of patients. Because results are statistically insignificant (p > 0.01). Organ dysfunction suggest higher mortality in trauma and sepsis patients. Statistically significant (p
An analytical study of problems experienced by online shoppers of Ludhiana city

The present study was undertaken with an objective to assess the problems faced by selected respondents in online shopping. The study was conducted in Ludhiana city of Punjab, Five localities viz., Punjab Agricultural University Campus, Sarabha nagar, Kitchlu nagar, Bhai Randhir Singh nagar and Model town were selected purposively. From each of the selected locality, 35 households having internet connection and experience of online shopping were selected through snowball sampling technique. Thus, 175 women constituted the sample for the study. The results of the study revealed that out of 175 respondents, 50 respondents faced problem while online shopping. Their main problem was difficulty in inspecting the quality of products (Mean Score-2.58), Online stores promise more than they actually offer (MS-2.30) besides, few respondents (MS-2.04) reported the problem of receiving damaged, faulty or spurious goods. When they were further asked about the action taken in case of problem 46 per cent reported that they never registered complaint anywhere as they were not aware about where to file a complaint. But still they were satisfied with online shopping experience as it saved time, money, energy and provide variety of products, quicker services and home delivery services. A majority of respondents (85%) showed their willingness to shop online in future.
Mobile application: donate day

Mobile application has gradually become a popular application software because it only requires inexpensive electronic devices such as mobile phones and tablets to operate. This paper therefore presents an Android mobile app application that allowed users to donate their items to charitable organizations in Malaysia. The study adopted quantitative research to study people’s behavior towards charitable donation and gathered opinion on the mobile donation app. The survey was conducted online with samples of 20 respondents. The paper also adopted the Rapid Application Development (RAD) approach to develop this mobile app’s system. The RAD approach enabled the development of the mobile app prototype to be completed quickly and enabled end users to test the mobile app to provide recommendations and make changes easily. The results of the system tests indicated that the mobile app achieved the goals of the study, but the respondents also responded to several improvements needed for the prototype.
Designing of input/output port based on FPGA with handshaking capability

Input/output (I/O) port is a group of interfaces that has diverse functional structures of a data processing system use to interconnect with each other. I/O port with handshaking capability is one of the powerful configurations to enable digital communication. The main intention of this project is to design prototype of an input/output port with handshaking capability using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The main reason of using the FPGA technology is it has unlimited number reprogrammed, cuts developing cost and development time. Xilinx Foundation 2.1i Series software in VHDL description was used as a development tool in this project. The VHDL codes were assimilated into a design and development atmosphere to accomplish many subtasks such as FPGA synthesis, optimization, placement, and routing. The successful design was translated, mapped, routed, and placed onto FPGA Demo Board. XC4010XLPC84 Xilinx FPGA from XC4000XL family was used as a target board. In prototype design, the FPGA pins were connected to a parallel printer port by using a coupled 25-pin DB connector, with a 36-pin Centronics connector cable. The output signals were observed and analyzed by using a logic analyzer.
Investigating Digital Library Success using the DeLone and McLean Information System Success 2.0: The Analysis of Common Factor based Structural Equation Modeling

In many years, libraries from government universities spent a vast amount of investment to subscribe to various digital resources such as online reputable publishers, journals, online databases, books, monographs, and other resources for information storage. However, prior studies reported that the utilization of digital library is remain lacking though online libraries were able successfully find the necessary information. This is confirmatory study to model and investigating the determinant of user satisfaction of a digital library system. A research model was adopted from an existing model as Delone and McLean Information system success 2.0. Data were collected using cluster sampling technique. A total of 353 usable questionnaires were used for empirical study purpose. The results showed that Information Quality is the strongest effect in contributing the user satisfaction followed by the quality factors (System Quality and Service Quality). In additions, the Preacher & Hayes approach was used for testing the indirect effect. From this approach, partial mediation was occurred in all effects. Briefly, the behavioural intentions are greatly influenced by the quality factors and Information System.
Native and invasive alien anuran species in urbanized areas in Davao City, Philippines, with preliminary study of feeding biology

This article presents the anuran species in urbanized areas, diet overlaps between native and invasive alien anuran species, and its implications on conservation and ecological health in urban environment. Visual encounter technique following the road as a transect was done to determine the diversity of anurans, and stomach content extraction was employed to analyze its diet composition. Results revealed a very low anuran diversity (Shannon-Weiner; 1.165), which is dominated by invasive alien anuran species. Jackknife 1 species richness estimator indicated that 77-100% of the anuran species in the area were already detected which includes three invasive; Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758), Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834), and two natives; Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829), Limnonectes leytensis (Boettger, 1893). Additionally, assessing the diet of 33 randomly selected anuran samples revealed that Formicidae dominated their food item. Invasive anurans also showed more diverse diet composition compared to native frogs, in which diet overlaps were observed. In conclusion, the study supports the idea that urbanization decreases anuran diversity and supports the dominance of invasive anurans which compete for food with their native and endemic counterparts. Additionally, it is important to manage invasive anurans that dominates urban ecosystem which might affect the native and endemic species in the area and possibly in nearby pristine environment.
The smallest-known neonate individual of Tylosaurus (Mosasauridae, Tylosaurinae) sheds new light on the tylosaurine rostrum and heterochrony

ABSTRACT We here report on the smallest-known, neonate-sized Tylosaurus specimen, FHSM VP-14845, recovered from the lower Santonian portion of the Niobrara Chalk exposed in Kansas, U.S.A. Lacking any associated adult-sized material, FHSM VP-14845 comprises fragmentary and associated cranial bones, here considered to represent a single neonatal individual with an estimated skull length of 30 cm. Despite its small size, a suite of cranial characters diagnoses FHSM VP-14845 as a species of Tylosaurus, including the elongate basisphenoid morphology. At the same time, FHSM VP-14845 unexpectedly lacks a conical predental rostrum on the premaxilla, generally regarded as diagnostic of this genus. Further, the first and the second premaxillary teeth are closely spaced, with the second set positioned posterolateral to the first, contributing to the overall shortness of the dentigerous premaxilla. Because a conical predental rostrum is already present in ontogenetically young specimens of T. nepaeolicus and T. proriger with respective skull lengths of approximately 40 and 60 cm, formation of such a rostrum must have taken place very early in postnatal ontogeny. Our recognition of a neonate-sized Tylosaurus specimen without an elongate predental rostrum of the premaxilla suggests hypermorphosis as a likely heterochronic process behind the evolution of this iconic tylosaurine feature.
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils on Candida Genus Clinical Isolates

Aims. The purpose of the work was to study the qualitative composition of the concomitant opportunistic pathogenic microbiota in the patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis; analyze the sensitivity of the isolates to essential oils and antibiotics. Methods. For antibiotic susceptibility and antimicrobial activity testing was used disc diffusion method. The analysis of essential oils was carried out by Gas Chromatography method. Results. The study showed that microscopic Candida genus fungi were the dominating representative of the satellite microbiota isolated from the sputum – they were plated in 70% cases. Most of the strains, even antibiotic-resistant ones, were ascertained to be susceptible to the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. The essential oils of Hyssopus officinalis L . and Rossmarinus officinalis L . were shown to be characterized by moderate antibacterial activity. The sensitivity to Mentha piperita L. and Savlia officinalis L . was strain-specific. The essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. showed no antimycotic activity. Conclusion. By the level of antimycotic activity, the essential oils may be classified in a descending line beginning with Thymus vulgaris L. showing the most expressed antimicrobial activity, down to Hyssopus officinalis L . , Rossmarinus officinalis L . , Mentha piperita L. , and Salvia officinalis L . The essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. showed no antimicrobial activity. The obtained results have proved the actuality of further studies of the impact of essential oils upon microorganisms, including those with multiple resistances to medical antibacterial preparations. The microbial sensitivity test showed that 13 out of the 19 isolates were nystatin-sensitive; 3 isolates were low sensitive, 3 resistant. All isolates were resistant or low-sensitive to fluconazole and itraconazole; 90% strains were voriconazole-resistant. Only one of the 19 Candida strains was low sensitive to Fluconazole; all the rest were resistant to it: zones of growth retardation varied from 7.00±0.55 to 18.50±0.60 mm. As for Voriconazole, one strain proved sensitive; 2 low-sensitive; the others were resistant to that antibiotic material: maximum zone of growth retardation equaled to 15.00±0.40 mm. No zones of growth retardation were identified in 14 isolates against Itroconazole; only 4 strains showed zones of growth retardation within 8.00±0.40 to 14.00± ±0.40 mm. No zones of growth retardation were identified in 9 isolates against Clotrimazole; however zones of growth retardation for Clotrimazole other 10 isoletes varied from 10.00±0.40 to 18.75±0.50 mm. The sensitivity of the isolates to Miconazole was somewhat higher: four strains had a sensitivity zone of 20 and more mm, and only one strain was absolutely insensitive to the material. Eight strains were shown not to express sensitivity to Ketonazole; three strains were sensitive to the material. One isolate isolated from a patient with the recurrent disease was established to be resistant to all antibiotics tested; one was not sensitive or low-sensitive.
Vertical and horizontal mobility and their financial effects among male and female German university graduates

Through profound higher education reforms in the last twenty years, German higher education has become more vertically stratified by introducing a two-tier system of degrees. This paper analyses the labour market returns to these degrees within a human capital framework and based on data from a longitudinal graduate survey. In the estimation of random-effects panel regressions, attention is paid to entry wages, wage growth and cumulative income over the years after graduation, as well as to alternative ways of human capital acquisition (such as work experience) and differences between fields of study. Results show that master’s graduates overall have no significant advantage at labour market entry, but do enjoy steeper wage growth. Taking up a doctoral position – especially in engineering and in math and sciences – has a strong negative effect on wages. When this is accounted for, master’s graduates also have higher entry wages. However, the later labour market entry of master’s graduates also results in marked disadvantages in cumulated incomes when graduates of the same age are compared. After several years on the labour market, this gap slowly begins to close. At least financially, a master’s degree therefore also has to be seen as an investment that will possibly only pay off in the very long run. *This is a manuscript of an article submitted to the Journal for Labour Market Research. Coauthors are Susanne Falk and Maike Reimer Author’s share: 75 percent: preparing data; empirical analyses; writing sections 3, 4, and 5
The elements of the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere

<p>Deep convection plays an important role in driving the large-scale circulation and the complex interaction between moist convection and the large-scale circulation regulates the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere. <span>&#160;</span></p><p>The convectional thoughts of the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere are that the horizontal temperature in the free troposphere is homogeneous, which is referred to as weak temperature gradient (WTG), while the vertical structure follows a moist-adiabatic lapse rate. However, it is not known how accurate WTG holds and which moist- adiabatic process the tropical atmosphere indeed experiences. This study centers around the horizontal and vertical structure of the tropical atmosphere and uses the global storm resolving simulations (GSRMs) from ICON at 2.5 km to investigate them</p><p>The virtual effect or the vapor buoyancy effect arises from that the molecular weight of water vapor is much smaller than that of dry air. With the same pressure and temperature, this virtual effect makes moist air lighter than dry air. As the horizontal buoyancy differences are eliminated by convection gravity waves, virtual temperature, a temperature variable including the moisture conditions, is expected to be homogeneous. Then, to obtain a homogeneous virtual temperature horizontally, the absolute temperature has to change to accommodate the horizontal moisture difference. The model results show that virtual temperature is relatively homogeneous at mid- and lower troposphere. Therefore, the virtual effect plays a very important role in the horizontal temperature structure, making the absolute temperature colder in moist regions and warmer in dry regions. However, in the upper troposphere, both the absolute temperature and the virtual temperature are not homogeneous, and vary as a function of moisture, indicating a weakening influence of convection gravity waves there. </p><p>We use saturation equivalent potential temperature (theta-es) to explore the vertical structure of the tropical atmosphere. Theta-es&#160;is expected to be conserved above the lifting condensation level (LCL) if calculated following the exact moist-adiabatic process that tropical atmosphere undergoes. The pseudo-adiabat and the reversible-adiabat with the effect of condensate loading are compared. To minimize the horizontal differences in theta-es&#160;due to moisture, we also define theta-es&#160;to account for the virtual effect and the condensate loading effect. The model results suggest that the actual moist-adiabatic process that tropical atmosphere experiences is between the pseudo-adiabat and the reversible-adiabat with the effect of condensate loading assuming air parcels originating from 972 hPa. <span>&#160;</span></p><p>The above results are broadly consistent with the results from ERA5 reanalysis. </p>
Bacterial Analysis of Different Types of Milk (Pasteurized, Unpasteurized and Raw Milk) Consumed in Kathmandu Valley

Objectives: The presence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is the major public health concern resulting in food borne illness. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial quality of three different types of milk consumed in Kathmandu Valley with respect to the acceptable standard guideline and measure the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates.Methods: A total of 66 samples (16 pasteurized, 25 unpasteurized and 25 raw milk) were collected from various sites of Kathmandu Valley. Those samples were subjected for total plate count and total coliform count by pour plate method. Furthermore, identification was made for the presence of E. coli and S. aureus with biochemical tests.Results: The mean total plate count (TPC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 1.2X106 cfu/ml, 2.3 X 107 cfu/ml and 2.0 X 107 cfu/ml respectively. And, the mean total coliform count (TCC) of pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk was 2.9 X 104cfu/ml, 6.3 X 105 cfu/ml and 1.6 X 105 cfu/ ml respectively. Coliforms were detected in 50%, 84% and 56% of the pasteurized, unpasteurized and raw milk sample respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 18.8% and 12.5% of pasteurized, 40% and 16% of unpasteurized and 20% and 24% of the raw milk samples respectively. Among total E. coli isolates (n=18), 16.7% were susceptible to ampicillin whereas 100% isolates were susceptible to other tested antibiotics. Similarly, 33.3% and 66.7% of the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to penicillin and cefoxitin respectively, whereas all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics.Conclusion: The mean value of TPC and TCC of pasteurized and raw milk exceed the standard guideline by FDA. Higher total plate count and presence of coliforms (also E. coli) and S. aureus in this study necessitates the close monitoring of the pasteurization process and post pasteurization process (packaging, transportation, storage etc.).