Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complex organic molecules in protoplanetary disks

Context. Protoplanetary disks are vital objects in star and planet formation, possessing all the material, gas and dust, which may form a planetary system orbiting the new star. Small, simple molecules have traditionally been detected in protoplanetary disks; however, in the ALMA era, we expect the molecular inventory of protoplanetary disks to significantly increase. Aims. We investigate the synthesis of complex organic molecules (COMs) in protoplanetary disks to put constraints on the achievable chemical complexity and to predict species and transitions which may be observable with ALMA. Methods. We have coupled a 2D steady-state physical model of a protoplanetary disk around a typical T Tauri star with a large gas-grain chemical network including COMs. We compare the resulting column densities with those derived from observations and perform ray-tracing calculations to predict line spectra. We compare the synthesised line intensities with current observations and determine those COMs which may be observable in nearby objects. We also compare the predicted grain-surface abundances with those derived from cometary comae observations. Results. We find COMs are efficiently formed in the disk midplane via grain-surface chemical reactions, reaching peak grain-surface fractional abundances ~10-6–10-4 that of the H nuclei number density. COMs formed on grain surfaces are returned to the gas phase via non-thermal desorption; however, gas-phase species reach lower fractional abundances than their grain-surface equivalents, ~10-12–10-7. Including the irradiation of grain mantle material helps build further complexity in the ice through the replenishment of grain-surface radicals which take part in further grain-surface reactions. There is reasonable agreement with several line transitions of H2CO observed towards T Tauri star-disk systems. There is poor agreement with HC3N lines observed towards LkCa 15 and GO Tau and we discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies. The synthesised line intensities for CH3OH are consistent with upper limits determined towards all sources. Our models suggest CH3OH should be readily observable in nearby protoplanetary disks with ALMA; however, detection of more complex species may prove challenging, even with ALMA “Full Science” capabilities. Our grain-surface abundances are consistent with those derived from cometary comae observations providing additional evidence for the hypothesis that comets (and other planetesimals) formed via the coagulation of icy grains in the Sun’s natal disk.
An XMM–Newton view of the ‘bare’ nucleus of Fairall 9

We present the spectral results from a 130-ks observation, obtained from the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission–Newton (XMM–Newton) observatory, of the type I Seyfert galaxy Fairall 9. An X-ray hardness ratio analysis of the light curves reveals a ‘softer-when-brighter’ behaviour which is typical of radio-quiet type I Seyfert galaxies. Moreover, we analyse the high spectral resolution data of the reflection grating spectrometer and we do not find any significant evidence supporting the presence of warm absorber in the low X-ray energy part of the source’s spectrum. This means that the central nucleus of Fairall 9 is ‘clean’ and thus its X-ray spectral properties probe directly the physical conditions of the central engine. The overall X-ray spectrum in the 0.5–10 keV energy range, derived from the EPIC data, can be modelled by a relativistically blurred disc reflection model. This spectral model yields for Fairall 9 an intermediate black hole best-fitting spin parameter of ? = 0.39+0.48? 0.30.
Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Aim: This study assessed the influence of performing an additional cognitive task on center of pressure (COP) displacement in the early and advanced stages of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Methods: The study included 40 HCs and 62 patients with PD: early PD (n = 38) and advanced PD (n = 24). COP parameters were determined by static posturography during quiet standing with open eyes (ST, single task) and simultaneous performance of a cognitive task (DT, dual task). Cognitive functioning was examined with a Mini Mental State Examination, number-counting-backward test, and number of enunciated words during DT. Results: In the advanced-PD group, DT significantly reduced the sway radius (p = 0.009), area of stabilogram (p = 0.034), medio-lateral length (p = 0.027), and velocity (p = 0.033) compared to ST. In HCs, DT showed a significant increase in the sway radius (p = 0.006), total length (p = 0.039), sway velocity (p = 0.037), anterior–posterior length, and sway velocity. Both PD groups showed worse cognitive performance compared to HCs. Conclusions: Both early and advanced patients with PD showed significant delay in cognitive performance associated with executive function compared to the HCs. During additional cognitive tasks, patients with advanced stages of PD may reduce stabilographic parameters in medio-lateral direction, and this is probably an adaptive strategy to restore balance.
Exploring the Sensory Characteristics of Virginia Ciders through Descriptive Analysis and External Preference Mapping

Abstract The cider industry has experienced recent growth within the USA and Virginia in particular. However, the sensory characteristics and drivers of consumer acceptance of ciders are largely uncharacterized. Therefore, this work describes the sensory profiles of commercial Virginia ciders and links these to consumer acceptance. In study 1, a descriptive analysis (DA) of 24 representative ciders from 16 producers in Virginia was conducted: six panelists defined 48 descriptive terms for ciders. In study 2, a consumer acceptance study was conducted on eight ciders from the DA with 67 subjects. For the DA study, 22 descriptors were found to be significant, and multivariate analyses identified six groups. In the consumer study, external preference mapping was conducted to identify three clusters of consumers with distinctive patterns of sensor preference. The largest cluster favored sweet ciders without off-flavors; a second, smaller cluster favored sweetness even in the presence of off-flavors; and the smallest cluster disliked sweetness in ciders and was intolerant of off-flavors. These groups’ demographic and consumption profiles are described. All ciders’ basic chemistry was within previously reported ranges and expected relationships between flavor and chemistry were observed. We were able to establish sensory profiles for Virginia ciders and to tentatively link sensory profiles and consumer acceptance. Overall, this work adds to a small-but-growing body of knowledge about ciders’ sensory properties. Producers can use the sensory profiles in comparison to other regions’ ciders to establish regional sensory profiles and the consumer preference map to understand how to capitalize on their ciders’ distinct profiles.
Spin relaxation in inhomogeneous quantum dot arrays studied by electron spin resonance

Electron states in an inhomogeneous Ge/Si quantum dot array with groups of closely spaced quantum dots were studied by the conventional continuous-wave electron spin resonance and spin-echo techniques. We have found that the existence of quantum dot groups allows increasing the spin relaxation time in the system. The created structures permit us to change the effective localization radius of electrons by an external magnetic field. With the localization radius being close to the size of a quantum dot group, we obtain a fourfold increase in the spin relaxation time T1 as compared to conventional homogeneous quantum dot arrays. This effect is attributed to an averaging of the local magnetic fields produced by 29 Si nuclear spins and a stabilization of the Sz polarization during the electron back-and-forth motion within a quantum dot group.
Fe(III) and Cu(II) Complexes of Chlorogenic Acid: Spectroscopic, Thermal, Anti-/Pro-Oxidant, and Cytotoxic Studies

Complexes of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) with copper(II) and iron(III) were synthesized in a solid state and examined by means of FT-IR, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses. The molar stoichiometric ratios of metal:ligand for the solid forms of the complexes were established as Cu(II):L = 1:2 and Fe(III):L = 2:3 (L: 5-CQA), with the possible coordination through the carboxylate group and the hydroxyl group from the catechol moiety. In an aqueous solution at pH = 7.4, the composition of the complexes was Cu(II):L = 1:1, and Fe(III):L = 1:1 and 1:2. The Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes with 5-CQA showed lower antioxidant properties, as estimated by the spectrophotometric methods with DPPH•, ABTS•+, and HO• radicals, than the ligand alone, whereas in the lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, the metal complexes revealed a higher antioxidant activity than 5-CQA. Cu(II) 5-CQA showed the highest pro-oxidant activity in the Trolox oxidation assays compared to the other studied compounds. The lipophilic parameters of the compounds were estimated using the HPLC method. 5-CQA and its complexes with Fe(III) and Cu(II) were not toxic to HaCaT cells in a tested concentration range of 0.15–1000 nM after a 24 h incubation time.
Whistler mode wave generation at the edges of a magnetic dip

On 18 May 2011, the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite observed whistler mode waves associated with a magnetic dip behind a dipolarization front structure in the bursty bulk flow braking region. For the first time, we find that whistler mode waves are generated at the edges of magnetic dip rather than at the center (also known as “minimum‐B‐pocket”). Detailed wave analysis indicates that the waves are likely lower and upper band whistler mode chorus. We examine electron pitch angle distributions at the edges of dip and compare them with those at the center and far outside the magnetic dip. Results confirm that the positive temperature anisotropy and pancake distributions at the edges of magnetic dip provide free energy source for growth of the whistler mode waves. We also interpret the whole physical process of how whistler mode waves generate in this event.
Virial expansion with Feynman diagrams

We present a field theoretic method for the calculation of the second and third virial coefficients b{sub 2} and b{sub 3} of two-species fermions interacting via a contact interaction. The method is mostly analytic. We find a closed expression for b{sub 3} in terms of the two- and three-body T matrices. We recover numerically, at unitarity, and also in the whole Bose-Einstein-condensate-BCS crossover, previous numerical results for the third virial coefficient b{sub 3}.
On a conjecture of Borevich and Shafarevich

In [5], Problem 9, page 47, Borevich and Shafarevich asked the following question: given a fixed rational prime , let Q be the field of -adic numbers and let Z be the ring of -adic integers. For a polynomial H(t1, · · · , ts) ∈ Z [t1, · · · , ts], let c(n;H) (or simply c(n) if there is no possible confusion) denote the number of zeroes of the reduction Hn(t1, · · · , ts) of H(t1, · · · , ts) in the residue ring Z / Z . Is then the Poincare series of H
On the relative ages of the α-rich and α-poor stellar populations in the Galactic halo

We study the ages of $\alpha$-rich and $\alpha$-poor stars in the halo using a sample of F and G dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). To separate stars based on [$\alpha$/Fe], we have developed a new semi-empirical spectral-index based method and applied it to the low-resolution, moderate signal-to-noise SDSS spectra. The method can be used to estimate the [$\alpha$/Fe] directly providing a new and widely applicable way to estimate [$\alpha$/Fe] from low-resolution spectra. We measured the main-sequence turnoff temperature and combined it with the metallicities and a set of isochrones to estimate the age of the $\alpha$-rich and $\alpha$-poor populations in our sample. We found all stars appear to be older than 8 Gyr confirming the idea that the Galactic halo was formed very early on. A bifurcation appears in the age-metallicity relation such that in the low metallicity regime the $\alpha$-rich and $\alpha$-poor populations are coeval while in the high metallicity regime the $\alpha$-rich population is older than the $\alpha$-poor population. Our results indicate the $\alpha$-rich halo population, which has shallow age-metallicity relation, was formed in a rapid event with high star formation, while the $\alpha$-poor stars were formed in an environment with a slower chemical evolution timescale.
Climate Stressors on Growth, Yield, and Functional Biochemistry of two Brassica Species, Kale and Mustard

Due to climate change, the attainment of global food security is facing serious challenges in meeting the growing food demand. Abiotic stresses are the foremost limiting factors for agricultural productivity. However, not much information is available on the effect of multiple abiotic stresses on the morphological and biochemical aspects of kale and mustard. Therefore, an experiment was designed to study the effects of UV-B radiation, CO2 concentration, and high temperature on the growth, yield, and biochemistry of two Brassica species, namely B. oleracea L. var. acephala Winterbor F1 (hybrid kale) and B. juncea var. Green wave O.G. (mustard greens), which were grown under optimal nutrients and soil moisture conditions in soil–plant–atmosphere–research (SPAR) units. Two levels of UV-B radiation (0 and 10 kJ m−2 d−1), two concentrations of CO2 (420 and 720 ppm), and two different temperature treatments (25/17 °C and 35/27 °C) were imposed 12 days after sowing (DAS). Several morphological and biochemical parameters were measured at harvest (40 DAS) in both species. All the traits declined considerably under individual and multi-stress conditions in both species except under elevated CO2 levels, which had a positive impact. Marketable fresh weight decreased by 64% and 58% in kale and mustard plants, respectively, growing under UV-B treatment. A slight increase in the chlorophyll content was observed in both species under the UV-B treatment alone and in combination with high temperature and elevated CO2. Understanding the impacts of high temperature, CO2, and UV-B radiation treatments on leafy vegetables, such as kale and mustard, can help to improve existing varieties to enhance resilience towards environmental stresses while simultaneously improving yield, morphology, and biochemistry in plants.
The split equality fixed point problem for demi-contractive mappings

Motivated by the recent work of Moudafi and inspired by Xu , Censor et al. , and Yang,we investigate a Krasnoselskii-type iterative algorithm for solving the split equality fixed pointproblem recently introduced by Moudafi et al. Weak and strong convergence theorems areproved for the class of demi-contractive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Our theorems extend andcomplement some recent results of Moudafi and a host of other recent important results.
Equatorial circular orbits in the Kerr de Sitter spacetimes

Equatorial motion of test particles in Kerr\char21{}de Sitter spacetimes is considered. Circular orbits are determined, their properties are discussed for both black-hole and naked-singularity spacetimes, and their relevance for thin accretion disks is established. The circular orbits constitute two families that coalesce at the so-called static radius. The orientation of the motion along the circular orbits is, in accordance with case of asymptotically flat Kerr spacetimes, defined by relating the motion to the locally nonrotating frames. The minus-family orbits are all counterrotating, while the plus-family orbits are usually corotating relative to these frames. However, the plus-family orbits become counterrotating in the vicinity of the static radius in all Kerr\char21{}de Sitter spacetimes, and they become counterrotating in the vicinity of the ring singularity in Kerr\char21{}de Sitter naked-singularity spacetimes with a low enough rotational parameter. In such spacetimes, the efficiency of the conversion of the rest energy into heat energy in the geometrically thin plus-family accretion disks can reach extremely high values exceeding the efficiency of the annihilation process. The transformation of a Kerr\char21{}de Sitter naked singularity into an extreme black hole due to accretion in the thin disks is briefly discussed for both the plus-family and minus-family disks. It is shown that such a conversion leads to an abrupt instability of the innermost parts of the plus-family accretion disks that can have strong observational consequences.
X-RAY EMISSION FROM THE SUPERGIANT SHELL IN IC 2574

The M81 group member dwarf galaxy IC 2574 hosts a supergiant shell of current and recent star formation activity surrounding a 1000 × 500 pc hole in the ambient H i gas distribution. Chandra X-ray Observatory imaging observations reveal a luminous, LX ∼ 6.5 × 1038 erg s−1 in the 0.3–8.0 keV band, point-like source within the hole but offset from its center and fainter diffuse emission extending throughout and beyond the hole. The star formation history at the location of the point source indicates a burst of star formation beginning ∼25 Myr ago and currently weakening and there is a young nearby star cluster, at least 5 Myr old, bracketing the likely age of the X-ray source at between 5 and ∼25 Myr. The source is thus likely a bright high-mass X-ray binary—either a neutron star or black hole accreting from an early B star undergoing thermal-timescale mass transfer through Roche lobe overflow. The properties of the residual diffuse X-ray emission are consistent with those expected from hot gas associated with the recent star formation activity in the region.
ALFALFA DISCOVERY OF THE NEARBY GAS-RICH DWARF GALAXY LEO P. III. AN EXTREMELY METAL DEFICIENT GALAXY

We present KPNO 4 m and LBT/MODS spectroscopic observations of an H ii region in the nearby dwarf irregular galaxy Leo P discovered recently in the Arecibo ALFALFA survey. In both observations, we are able to accurately measure the temperature sensitive [O iii] λ4363 line and determine a “direct” oxygen abundance of 12 + log(O/H) = 7.17 ± 0.04. Thus, Leo P is an extremely metal deficient (XMD) galaxy, and, indeed, one of the most metal deficient star-forming galaxies ever observed. For its estimated luminosity, Leo P is consistent with the relationship between luminosity and oxygen abundance seen in nearby dwarf galaxies. Leo P shows normal α element abundance ratios (Ne/O, S/O, and Ar/O) when compared to other XMD galaxies, but elevated N/O, consistent with the “delayed release” hypothesis for N/O abundances. We derive a helium mass fraction of 0.2509, which compares well with the WMAP + BBN prediction of 0.2483 ± 0.0002 for the primordial helium abundance. We suggest that surveys of very low mass galaxies compete well with emission line galaxy surveys for finding XMD galaxies. It is possible that XMD galaxies may be divided into two classes: the relatively rare XMD emission line galaxies which are associated with starbursts triggered by infall of low-metallicity gas and the more common, relatively quiescent XMD galaxies like Leo P, with very low chemical abundances due to their intrinsically small masses.
Promotion of Melanoma Cell Proliferation by Cyclic Straining through Regulatory Morphogenesis

The genotype and phenotype of acral melanoma are obviously different from UV-radiation-induced melanoma. Based on the clinical data, mechanical stimulation is believed to be a potential cause of acral melanoma. In this case, it is desirable to clarify the role of mechanical stimulation in the progression of acral melanoma. However, the pathological process of cyclic straining that stimulates acral melanoma is still unclear. In this study, the influence of cyclic straining on melanoma cell proliferation was analyzed by using a specifically designed cell culture system. In the results, cyclic straining could promote melanoma cell proliferation but was inefficient after the disruption of cytoskeleton organization. Therefore, the mechanotransduction mechanism of promoted proliferation was explored. Both myosin and actin polymerization were demonstrated to be related to cyclic straining and further influenced the morphogenesis of melanoma cells. Additionally, the activation of mechanosensing transcription factor YAP was related to regulatory morphogenesis. Furthermore, expression levels of melanoma-involved genes were regulated by cyclic straining and, finally, accelerated DNA synthesis. The results of this study will provide supplementary information for the understanding of acral melanoma.
Arming Teachers as a Response to School Violence: Using a Risk Assessment Model to Understand Student Perceptions

ABSTRACT Arming teachers remains a divisive issue in the United States. Since one goal of this policy is to improve perceptions of safety, it is important to understand how arming teachers impacts students. Using survey data from six Midwestern school districts, we apply Ferraro’s risk assessment model to explore how individual and school conditions impact feelings of safety if teachers carry guns in school. We find perceived risk of victimization decreases feelings of safety if teachers are armed, which is driven by self-reported and vicarious victimization. Self-reported delinquency, in contrast, is directly related to feeling safer if teachers are armed. We conclude that arming teachers may mitigate efforts to help students feel safe in school by increasing fear among those with victimization experiences.
Autonomic changes in Huntington’s disease correlate with altered central autonomic network connectivity

Abstract Autonomic dysfunction has been described in patients with Huntington’s disease, but it is unclear if these changes in autonomic tone are related to the central autonomic network. We performed a pilot study to investigate the relationship between the integrity of the central autonomic network and peripheral manifestiations of autonomic dysfunction in premanifest Huntington’s disease. We recruited male participants with pre-motor-manifest Huntington’s disease and a comparison group consisting of healthy, male participants of approximately the same age. As this was a pilot study, only males were included to reduce confounding. Participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study to quantify functional connectivity within the central autonomic network, as well as a resting 3-lead ECG to measure heart rate variability with a particular focus on the parasympathetic time-domain measures of root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats. The pre-motor-manifest Huntington’s disease participants had significantly decreased root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats values compared with the healthy comparison group. The pre-motor-manifest Huntington’s disease group had significantly lower functional connectivity within the central autonomic network, which was positively correlated with root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats. Patients with pre-motor-manifest Huntington’s disease have reduced functional connectivity within the central autonomic network, which is significantly associated with observed changes in autonomic function.