Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Activity of digestive enzymes in chicken's small intestine and caeca: Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate content

Fil: Ciminari, Maria E. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Laboratorio de Biologia "Profesor Enrique Cavides Codelia"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas; Argentina
Population and land degradation

In this paper, we argue that there exist no significant direct links between human populations and their environments and that the intervening processes create the context within which land degradation occurs. We examine some of the intermediate mechanisms through which mounting demographic pressure leads to soil erosion and the depletion of soil fertility. The focus of attention is on set of variables defined in this paper as the structure of landholding (size of holdings, fragmentation/ dispersion, fragility, tenure, etc.). How demographically-induced changes in the structure of land-holding affect land management strategies (investments and land use) is key to understanding land degradation. Traditional perspectives on population and agricultural intensification, such as those developed by Malthus and Boserup, are incomplete at best. This is because they fail to fully incorporate the intermediate linkages both to and from the changing structure of landholding. As a result, avenues for policy research and intervention have been limited. On the population side, the answer has been to control growth (mostly through family planning). On the natural resources side, the thrust has been the dissemination of resource-saving technologies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this review for future research and policy action.
PTF 10bzf (SN 2010ah): A BROAD-LINE Ic SUPERNOVA DISCOVERED BY THE PALOMAR TRANSIENT FACTORY

We present the discovery and follow-up observations of a broad-line Type Ic supernova (SN), PTF 10bzf (SN 2010ah), detected by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) on 2010 February 23. The SN distance is ≅218 Mpc, greater than GRB 980425/SN 1998bw and GRB 060218/SN 2006aj, but smaller than the other SNe firmly associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We conducted a multi-wavelength follow-up campaign with Palomar 48 inch, Palomar 60 inch, Gemini-N, Keck, Wise, Swift, the Allen Telescope Array, Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, and Expanded Very Large Array. Here we compare the properties of PTF 10bzf with those of SN 1998bw and other broad-line SNe. The optical luminosity and spectral properties of PTF 10bzf suggest that this SN is intermediate, in kinetic energy and amount of 56Ni, between non-GRB-associated SNe like 2002ap or 1997ef, and GRB-associated SNe like 1998bw. No X-ray or radio counterpart to PTF 10bzf was detected. X-ray upper limits allow us to exclude the presence of an underlying X-ray afterglow as luminous as that of other SN-associated GRBs such as GRB 030329 or GRB 031203. Early-time radio upper limits do not show evidence for mildly relativistic ejecta. Late-time radio upper limits rule out the presence of an underlying off-axis GRB, with energy and wind density similar to the SN-associated GRB 030329 and GRB 031203. Finally, by performing a search for a GRB in the time window and at the position of PTF 10bzf, we find that no GRB in the interplanetary network catalog could be associated with this SN.
THE MASS OF THE BLACK HOLE IN XTE J1118+480

We present contemporaneous, broadband, near-infrared spectroscopy (0.9–2.45 μm) and H-band photometry of the black hole X-ray binary, XTE J1118+480. We determined the fractional dilution of the NIR ellipsoidal light curves of the donor star from other emission sources in the system by comparing the absorption features in the spectrum with field stars of known spectral type. We constrained the donor star spectral type to K7 V–M1 V and determined that the donor star contributed 54% ± 27% of the H-band flux at the epoch of our observations. This result underscores the conclusion that the donor star cannot be assumed to be the only NIR emission source in quiescent X-ray binaries. The H-band light curve shows a double-humped asymmetric modulation with extra flux at orbital phase 0.75. The light curve was fitted with a donor star model light curve, taking into account a constant second flux component based on the dilution analysis. We also fitted models that included emission from the donor star, a constant component from the accretion disk, and a phase-variable component from the bright spot where the mass accretion stream impacts the disk. These simple models with reasonable estimates for the component physical parameters can fully account for the observed light curve, including the extra emission at phase 0.75. From our fits, we constrained the binary inclination to 68° ⩽ i ⩽ 79°. This leads to a black hole mass of 6.9 M☉ ⩽ MBH ⩽ 8.2 M☉. Long-term variations in the NIR light curve shape in XTE J1118+480 are similar to those seen in other X-ray binaries and demonstrate the presence of continued activity and variability in these systems even when in full quiescence.
Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle from south-western Amazonia 1

Brito L.G. , Oliveira M.C. S. , Rocha R.B. , Silva Netto F.G. , Marim A.D., Souza G.C. R. & Moura M.M. F. 2010. Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle from southwestern Amazônia. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):249-254. Embrapa Rondônia, BR 364 Km 5,5, Porto Velho, RO 78900-970, Brazil. E-mail: luciana@cpafro.embrapa. br The present study provides the first epidemiological data regarding infection by Anaplasma marginale in cattle reared in south-western Brazilian Amazonia. One simple procedure was adapted for the extraction of DNA from blood clots collected in seven microregions of Rondônia State and two mesoregions of Acre State. PCR method was used to asses the frequency of A. marginale infections in 4 to12-month-old cattle. The cattle infection was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the specific primer “msp5” for A. marginale. The DNA amplifications revealed that the mean frequency of A. marginale infection was 98.6% (1,627/1,650) in samples from Rondonia, and 92.87% (208/225) in samples from Acre. The high frequency of A. marginale infections in 4 to 12month-old cattle indicate a situation of enzootic stability in the studied areas and are comparable to those detected by immunodiagnosis in different endemic regions in Brazil. The DNA extraction of clotted blood method described here can be used for epidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and other bovine hemoparasites.
The Late Cryogenian Warm Interval , NE Svalbard : 1 chemostratigraphy and genesis 2 3

20 21 The Late Cryogenian Warm Interval (LCWI) refers to a non-glacial interval that separates presumed 22 representatives of the Sturtian and Marinoan panglaciations. Its duration is poorly constrained 23 radiometrically and its deposits are relatively poorly known in most geographic regions. This paper aims to 24 constrain the duration, palaeoenvironments and petrogenesis of such deposits in the classic region of NE 25 Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The succession comprises a 200-205 m dolomitic shale (Macdonaldryggen Member, 26 known as E3, of the Elbobreen Formation) overlain by oolitic dolomite Slangen Member (E4), 15-25 m thick, 27 with limestone developed at top and base of E3 in the south of the area. The assumed age context of the 28 succession has been confirmed by the presence of a typical Sturtian cap carbonate profile of negative to 29 positive C, and primary Sr isotope compositions of basal E3 limestones <0.7072 and of upper E3 30 limestones of 0.7076. 31 At the base of E3, interstratification of cap carbonate with ice-rafted and redeposited glacial sediments 32 occurs. Early diagenetic stabilization of carbonate mineralogy from a precursor, possibly ikaite, to calcite or 33 dolomite is inferred. E3 is predominantly dolomitic silt-shale, with sub-millimetre lamination, lacking sand or 34 current-related sedimentary structures. Thin fine laminae are partly pyritized and interpreted as microbial 35 mats. Dolomite content is 25-50%, with C values consistently around +4‰, a value attributed to buffering 36 by dissolution of a precursor metastable carbonate phase. Local calcite cement associates with low C 37 values. The carbonates form silt-sized, chemically zoned rhombic crystals from an environment with 38 dynamically changing Fe and Mn. Three-dimensional reconstructions of cm-scale disturbance structures 39 indicate that they represent horizontally directed sock-like folds, developed by release of overpressure into 40 thin surficial sediment overlying an early-cemented layer. 41 A shoaling upwards unit near the top of E3 displays calcium sulphate pseudomorphs in dolomite in the 42 north, but storm-dominated limestones in the south, both being overlain by peritidal oolitic dolomites, 43 exposed under the succeeding Wilsonbreen glacial deposits. There is no Trezona C anomaly, possibly 44 implying top-truncation of the succession. 45 Regular 0.5 m-scale sedimentary rhythms, reflecting subtle variations in sediment texture or 46 composition occur throughout E3 and are interpreted as allocyclic. They are thought to be mainly primary in 47 origin, locally modified slightly during early diagenetic cementation. Rhythms are proposed to represent ca. 48 18 kyr precession cycles, implying 6-8 Myr deposition between glaciations. 49 1 Corresponding author at School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Tel: +441214144181. E-mail address: i.j.fairchild@bham.ac. uk (I.J.Fairchild) *Manuscript Click here to view linked References
Sellers ’ Trust and Continued Use of Online

Heshan Sun University of Arizona hsun@email.arizona. edu Despite the fact that more and more people are selling things online, the community of sellers is under-investigated by information systems researchers. This research explores the role of sellers’ trust in the continued use of online marketplaces. This research differentiates between the sellers’ trust in intermediaries and their trust in the community of buyers. In addition, the concept of trust is examined with a balanced view of cognitive and affective trust. A research model is developed. Empirical data collected from sellers at uBid.com confirm the research model and hypotheses. The findings show that, for online sellers, (1) both cognitive and affective components of trust matter; (2) trust in the intermediary impacts trust in the community of buyers through the trust transference mechanism; (3) trust influences sellers’ retention to online marketplaces indirectly via perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment of using online marketplaces; and (4) perceived enjoyment is an important antecedent of sellers’ retention. This research has implications for information systems research and practice.
Vector Autoregressive Models with Structural Changes in Regression Coefficients and in Variance-Covariance Matrices

This paper analyzes vector autoregressive models (VAR) with multiple structural changes. One distinct feature of this paper is the explicit consideration of structural changes in the variance-covariance matrix, in addition to changes in the autoregressive coefficients. The model is estimated by the quasi-maximum likelihood method. It is shown that shifts in the covariance matrix help identify the change points. We obtain consistency, rate of convergence, and limiting distributions for the estimated change points and the estimated regression coefficients and variance-covariance matrix. We also show that the number of change points can be consistently estimated via the information criterion approach. The paper provides tools for constructing confidence intervals for change points in multiple time series. The result is also useful for analyzing volatility changes in economic time series.
Variaciones recientes de las temperaturas en España: el efecto del periodo elegido en las tendencias de las series estacionales de promedios de máximas y mínimas

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Gobierno de Espana, Proyecto DESEMON, CGL2014-52135-C3-3-R. Gobierno Regional de Aragon DGA-FSE (Grupo de Investigacion Consolidado “Clima, Agua, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales”). Dhais Pena-Angulo es becaria de doctorado del Programa FPI del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion.
Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests 1 2

30 31 Aim Tropical forests store 25% of the global carbon and harbor 96% of the world’s tree species, but it is 32 not clear whether this high biodiversity matters for carbon storage. Few studies have teased apart the 33 relative importance of forest attributes and environmental drivers for ecosystem functioning, and no such 34 study exists for the tropics. 35 Location Neotropics 36 Methods We relate aboveground biomass (AGB) to forest attributes (diversity and structure) and 37 environmental drivers (annual rainfall and soil fertility) using data from 144,000 trees, 2,050 forest plots 38 and 59 forest sites. The sites span the complete latitudinal and climatic gradients in the lowland 39 Neotropics, with rainfall ranging from 750 to 4350 mm/y. Relationships were analyzed within forest sites 40 at 0.1 ha and 1 ha scale, and across forest sites along large-scale environmental gradients. We used a 41 structural equation model to test the hypothesis that species richness, forest structural attributes, and 42 environmental drivers have independent, positive effects on AGB. 43 Results Across sites, AGB was most strongly driven by rainfall, followed by average tree stem diameter 44 and rarefied species richness, which all had positive effects on AGB. Our indicator of soil fertility (cation 45 exchange capacity) had a negligible effect on AGB, perhaps because we used a global soil database. 46 Taxonomic forest attributes (i.e., species richness, rarefied richness and Shannon diversity) had the 47 strongest relationships with AGB at small spatial scales, where an additional species can still make a 48 difference in terms of niche complementarity, whereas structural forest attributes (i.e., tree density and 49 tree size) had strong relationships with AGB at all spatial scales. 50
THE MASS MIXING LENGTH IN CONVECTIVE STELLAR ENVELOPES

The scale length over which convection mixes mass in a star can be calculated as the inverse of the vertical derivative of the unidirectional (up or down) mass flux. This is related to the mixing length in the mixing length theory of stellar convection. We give the ratio of mass mixing length to pressure scale height for a grid of three-dimensional surface convection simulations, covering from 4300 K to 6900 K on the main sequence, and up to giants at log g = 2.2, all for solar composition. These simulations also confirm what is already known from solar simulations that convection does not proceed by discrete convective elements, but rather as a continuous, slow, smooth, warm upflow and turbulent, entropy deficient, fast down drafts. This convective topology also results in mixing on a scale comparable to the classic mixing length formulation, and is simply a consequence of mass conservation on flows in a stratified atmosphere.
Retrieval of ash properties from IASI measurements

Abstract. A new optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of volcanic ash properties has been developed for use with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The retrieval method uses the wave number range 680–1200 cm−1, which contains window channels, the CO2 ν2 band (used for the height retrieval), and the O3 ν3 band. Assuming a single infinitely (geometrically) thin ash plume and combining this with the output from the radiative transfer model RTTOV, the retrieval algorithm produces the most probable values for the ash optical depth (AOD), particle effective radius, plume top height, and effective radiating temperature. A comprehensive uncertainty budget is obtained for each pixel. Improvements to the algorithm through the use of different measurement error covariance matrices are explored, comparing the results from a sensitivity study of the retrieval process using covariance matrices trained on either clear-sky or cloudy scenes. The result showed that, due to the smaller variance contained within it, the clear-sky covariance matrix is preferable. However, if the retrieval fails to pass the quality control tests, the cloudy covariance matrix is implemented. The retrieval algorithm is applied to scenes from the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in 2010, and the retrieved parameters are compared to ancillary data sources. The ash optical depth gives a root mean square error (RMSE) difference of 0.46 when compared to retrievals from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument for all pixels and an improved RMSE of 0.2 for low optical depths (AOD
Tear osm olarity and tear function assessm ent in patients w ith polycystic ovary syndrom

P urpose: Polycystic ovary syndrom e (P C O S) is an endocrine disease characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism . H orm onal changes can affect tear function. T his study evaluates tear function and im pact of hyperandrogenism on it in P C O S patients. M ethods: Fifty patients w ith P C O S and thirty control volunteers w ere exam ined for tear break-up tim e, Schirm er-I and tear osm olarity. A lso, serum levels of total testosterone, FSH , L H and A M H w ere determ ined in venous blood sam ples in the early follicular phase. P C O S patients w ere divided into tw o groups by plasm a total testosterone level: G roup A w ith norm al (0.513 ng/m l;n=27), G roup B w ith higher horm one level (>0.513 ng/m l;n=23). H ealthy control group indicated as G roup C (n=30). R esults: L H , total testosterone levels w ere higher in the P C O S group than in the control group (p=0.012;p=0.025). M ean values of tear break-up tim e and Schirm er-I w ere different betw een groups and especially G roup A and C w ere near to each other differing from B (p>0.05). Tear osm olarity results w ere higher in G roup B , com pared to A and C (p=0.049;p=0.033). N o significant difference detected in tear osm olarity value m eans of G roup A and C (p=0.107). A M H levels w ere higher in G roup B , com pared to A and C (p=0.002;p=0.001). A M H levels in G roup A w ere higher than that of C (p=0.002). Positive correlation betw een levels of total testosterone and A M H w as detected in all P C O S patients (n=50;Pearson’s r=0.579;p<0.001). C onclusion: Tear function can be affected in P C O S patients w ith hyperandrogenism . Tear osm olarity is the m ost sensitive and objective assessm ent m ethod for ocular surface changes in P C O S. K eyw ords: Polycystic ovary syndrom e; Tears/physiology; O sm olar concentration; H yperandrogenism ; A nti-m üllerian horm one
The Role of Social Media in Corporate Reputation Management – The Results of the Polish Enterprises

Abstract The exponential growth of the Internet and social media (SM) in the recent years has contributed to changing the communication environment in which stakeholders as their users may post and distribute their opinions about the company and its products. This generates a number of potential threats to the image and reputation of both people and organizations. Companies cannot ignore this fact and should use SM not only as an additional communication marketing channel but also in a broader context - as a tool to build and protect their reputation. This article aims to identify the extent and directions of the use of SM in the activities of companies operating on the Polish market in the area of reputation management. The results of research showed that Polish companies recognize the potential of SM and try to apply them in their marketing efforts. In the approach to the SM as a communication channel, the traditional way of thinking dominates, in which they are treated as just another promotional tool used by two departments: marketing and public relations (PR). This way of using SM is not integrated and does not allow effective building and protecting reputation in the Internet environment. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: critical analysis of literature and analysis of secondary sources in a form of report from the research conducted by various national and foreign research centers.
Build an app and they will come? Lessons learnt from trialling the GetThereBus app in rural communities

Real-time passenger information (RTPI) systems have been identified as having benefits in terms of passenger willingness to travel by public transport and their satisfaction levels with services provided. The lack of this amenity in rural areas, however, may hamper public transport use, thus reinforcing patterns of over-reliance on personal vehicles. To explore the potential impacts of providing RTPI in rural areas, a smartphone application ( GetThereBus ) was developed to allow rural bus passengers to share real-time public transport data, and access real-time and timetable information. Through user testing of GetThereBus , this work aimed to address questions related to the impact of the limited availability of rural digital infrastructure on the provision of RTPI; the potential for crowdsourced information to supplement published timetable information given digital limitations; and the potential impacts of such a system on the traveller experience. This study describes the GetThereBus development and evaluation phases. The authors found it was possible to design and develop a system that overcame many of the technological limitations experienced in rural areas, and users reported a positive response to the system. However, despite a campaign of user engagement, it proved difficult to recruit and motivate sufficient users to provide the data needed to achieve area-wide coverage.
Transtornos de humor na infância e na adolescência: uma atualização

The current recognition that mental disorders are the result of interactions between biological and environmental aspects that occur throughout development goal relevance of clinical presentations during childhood and adolescence. This article aims to provide an update on mood disorders in children and adolescents. To do so, we discuss specific aspects of the development of mood disorders emphasizing how early identification and appropriate therapy can potentially modify long-term changes. The diagnostic process of mood disorders in children and adolescents age has its own peculiarities that need to be addressed during the evaluation. This is especially important in the differentiation of depressive disorders and bipolar disorder, which is now a focus of further study in the area. Regarding treatment, we now have numerous therapeutic methods, such as psycho-education, psychodynamic orientation therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and drug therapy, as well as family inclusion as an important feature in determining therapeutic success. A therapeutic right choice depends on a careful diagnostic process and aims to provide for the child and adolescent with mood disorder resources for personal development and social participation in family and school.
Gifts as Economic Signals and Social Symbols

Gift-giving has often puzzled economists, especially because efficient grifts-like cash or giving exactly what a person asks for-seem crass or inappropriate. It is shown in a formal game-theoretic model that gifts serve as "signals" of a person's intentions about future investment in a relationship, and inefficient gifts can be beter signals. Other explanations for the inefficiency of gift giving are advanced, and some stylized facts about gift-giving practices are described (many of which are consistent with the signaling view of gifts).