Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The utility of sonographic features during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lymph node staging in patients with lung cancer: a standard endobronchial ultrasound image classification system.

BACKGROUND Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure with a high yield for lymph node staging of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of sonographic features of lymph nodes during EBUS-TBNA for the prediction of metastasis in patients with lung cancer and to establish a standard endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) image classification system. METHODS Digital images of lymph nodes obtained during EBUS-TBNA in patients with lung cancer were categorized according to the following characteristics: (1) size (short axis) less or more than 1 cm, (2) shape (oval or round), (3) margin (indistinct or distinct), (4) echogenicity (homogeneous or heterogeneous), (5) presence or absence of central hilar structure, and (6) presence or absence of coagulation necrosis sign. The sonographic findings were compared with the final pathologic results. RESULTS A total of 1,061 lymph nodes were retrospectively evaluated in 487 patients. The accuracy of predicting metastatic property for each category was as high as 63.8% to 86.0%. A multivariate analysis revealed that round shape, distinct margin, heterogeneous echogenicity, and presence of coagulation necrosis sign were independent predictive factors for metastasis. Two hundred eighty-five of the 664 lymph nodes (42.9%) having at least one metastatic feature of the four categories were pathologically proven metastatic, and 96.0% of lymph nodes (381/397) were proven not metastatic when all four categories were determined as benign. CONCLUSIONS Sonographic features of lymph nodes based on the new EBUS imaging classification may be helpful in the prediction of metastatic lymph nodes during EBUS-TBNA.
Human herpesvirus 6 infection associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome and reactive haemophagocytic syndrome

Viral infections are thought to play a part in some cutaneous drug reactions. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), which is the agent of exanthema subitum (sixth disease), has never been implicated in a drug reaction. We report a patient with severe phenobarbital‐induced anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in whom a fulminant haemophagocytic syndrome was associated with HHV6 infection. We discuss the possible role of HHV6 in this reactive condition.
The Rubber Juggernaut

The demise of swidden cultivation in Southeast Asia may have devastating environmental consequences. Rubber plantations are expanding rapidly throughout montane mainland Southeast Asia (1–3). More than 500,000 ha may have been converted already in the uplands of China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar (see the figure, panel A). By 2050, the area of land dedicated to rubber and other diversified farming systems could more than double or triple, largely by replacing lands now occupied by evergreen broadleaf trees and swidden-related secondary vegetation (2). What are the environmental consequences of this conversion of vast landscapes to rubber?
Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post‐stroke patients with oral or tube feeding

Abstract. Nakajoh K, Nakagawa T, Sekizawa K, Matsui T, Arai H, Sasaki H (Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan). Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post‐stroke patients with oral or tube feeding. J Intern Med 2000; 247: 39–42.
Selective anticancer activity of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium on non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells.

BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among men and women in the U.S. Among different varieties of lung cancer, the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has the highest frequency comprising about 85% of cases. We evaluated 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) for cytotoxicity against human lung adenocarcinoma A549, human normal lung and rat normal liver cells after a 48-h treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by the crystal-violet method, mitochondrial respiratory status by calorimetric reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, mitochondrial membrane potential by rhodamine 123 fluorometric assay and glutathione levels by 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid. RESULTS MPP(+) caused a significant dose-dependent death of A549 cells. In human normal lung and rat normal liver cells, MPP(+) did not cause severe cytotoxicity, which was reflected with a selectivity index (SI) of greater than 7. Further studies revealed that, in addition to its interaction with mitochondria, MPP(+) significantly depleted total glutathione levels in A549 cells. CONCLUSION MPP(+) possesses highly selective, potent anticancer activity against lung adenocarcinoma.
Determinants of Academics' Knowledge Sharing Behavior in United Arab Emirates Universities

This research aims to determine the factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior among academics in United Arab Emirates universities and identify the effect of university type on academics’ behavior. The research adopted Ajzen’s amended Theory of Planned Behavior. Employing an online survey, data were collected from academics in public and private universities using a questionnaire. The model was tested using Partial Least Squares structural equation modeling. The results found a significant difference in academics’ knowledge sharing behavior between public and private universities. Results also revealed that intention is the main determinant of knowledge sharing behavior, and that attitude, subjective norms, and self-efficacy have significant influence on intention while controllability has no influence on it. The significance of this research lies in that it is one of the first to use the amended theory and the only research to address knowledge sharing behavior in higher education in the Arab World. This research provides useful basis for higher education institutions to create a knowledge sharing culture and helps academics to enhance their performance.
Self-mutilation and eating disorders.

Patients with eating disorders are at high risk for self-mutilation (e.g., skin cutting and burning), and vice versa. Evidence for this linkage comes from a literature review, from patient interviews, from responses to an instrument we have developed (the Self-Harm Behavior Survey), and from three instructive case reports. Even if the self-mutilation in these patients is regarded as a Borderline Personality Disorder symptom, DSM-IV should list it as an associated feature or a complication of Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa. In lieu of a dual diagnosis, we postulate that the combination of self-mutilation, anorexia, bulimia, and other symptoms (such as episodic alcohol abuse and swallowing foreign objects) may be manifestations of an impulse control disorder known as the "deliberate self-harm syndrome. "
The Influence of Vibrations on Vehicle Occupant Fatigue

The attempts to summarize the knowledge about the human body's response to vibration, merely by introducing a physical or empirical model do not reflect a modern understanding of the effects of vibration on body comfort or fatigue. Several studies have demonstrated that fatigue leads to impairment of the ability to perform tasks. Although the performance of vehicle drivers under fatigue conditions has been investigated in many types of environments, there is insufficient research about the effects of vibration on levels of mental alertness in seated drivers. The formulation of drowsiness caused by vibration in the vehicle is complex due to several confounding factors such as vehicle interior noise and traffic control. However, understanding the effects of only vibration on drowsiness can provide significant knowledge to predict and prevent the vehicle occupant (driver) drowsiness. Hence, we investigated the relationship between whole body vibration and human drowsiness. A human vibration test setup was designed for this study. Three conditions were selected for these studies which are no-vibration condition, low frequency sinusoidal vibration and low frequency random vibration. For vibration condition, volunteers were exposed to multi-axial vibration at a frequency between 1- 15 Hz with the transmitted vibration at 0.3 m/s² rms for 20 minutes. Changes in drowsiness level during vibration exposure were measured by recording brainwave activities along the scalp. Two brainwave spectrums (Beta wave and Theta wave) were considered for analysis. Exposure to vibration was found to be correlated with a reduction in alertness. Combined decrease in beta wave and increase in theta wave activity caused by vibrations were found to be statistically significant in sinusoidal and random vibration (p < 0.05). However, the effect of sinusoidal vibration is more pronounced compared to random vibration.
Cloning and Sequencing of the Genes Encoding Cyclic Tetrasaccharide-synthesizing Enzymes from Bacillus globisporus C11

The genes for isomaltosyltransferase (CtsY) and 6-glucosyltransferase (CtsZ), involved in synthesis of a cyclic tetrasaccharide from α-glucan, have been cloned from the genome of Bacillus globisporus C11. The amino-acid sequence deduced from the ctsY gene is composed of 1093 residues having a signal sequence of 29 residues in its N-terminus. The ctsZ gene encodes a protein consisting of 1284 residues with a signal sequence of 35 residues. Both of the gene products show similarities to α-glucosidases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31 and conserve two aspartic acids corresponding to the putative catalytic residues of these enzymes. The two genes are linked together, forming ctsYZ. The DNA sequence of 16,515 bp analyzed in this study contains four open reading frames (ORFs) upstream of ctsYZ and one ORF downstream. The first six ORFs, including ctsYZ, form a gene cluster, ctsUVWXYZ. The amino-acid sequences deduced from ctsUV are similar in to a sequence permease and a sugar-binding protein for the sugar transport system from Thermococcus sp. B1001. The third ctsW encodes a protein similar to CtsY, suggested to be another isomaltosyltransferase preferring panose to high-molecular-mass substrates.
Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment

A longitudinal study of respiratory disease in racehorses was carried out to assess its relative associations with different infectious agents and to examine any role that the environmental conditions might play. The relationships between coughing, nasal discharge, pyrexia and lower respiratory tract disease were also examined to provide information for improving clinical diagnosis, particularly of disease of the lower respiratory tract. Lower airway disease was closely associated with infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. It was also found that equine herpesvirus seroconversions and S pneumoniae infections were independently associated with the development of nasal discharge. Coughing was a specific, but insensitive measure of lower respiratory tract disease (specificity 84 per cent, sensitivity 38 per cent). However, horses that coughed were very likely to have had lower airway disease for more than one month. Horses housed on straw in loose boxes were twice as likely to suffer from lower airway disease as those kept on shredded paper in American barns. The study was not large enough to assess the significance of rarer infections but it did improve the definition of the problem of respiratory disease in racehorses and revealed some of the trends in the associations between viruses, bacteria and the environment in respiratory disease.
New Paradigm of 5G Wireless Internet

5G network is anticipated to meet the challenging requirements of mobile traffic in the 2020's, which are characterized by super high data rate, low latency, high mobility, high energy efficiency, and high traffic density. This paper provides an overview of China Mobile's 5G vision and potential solutions. Targeting a paradigm shift to user-centric network operation from the traditional cell-centric operation, 5G radio access network (RAN) design considerations are presented, including RAN restructure, Turbo charged edge, core network (CN) and RAN function repartition, and network slice as a service. Adaptive multiple connections in the user-centric operation is further investigated, where the decoupled downlink and uplink, decoupled control and data, and adaptive multiple connections provide sufficient means to achieve a 5G network with “no more cells. ” Software-defined air interface (SDAI) is presented under a unified framework, in which the frame structure, waveform, multiple access, duplex mode, and antenna configuration can be adaptively configured. New paradigm of 5G network featuring user-centric network (UCN) and SDAI is needed to meet the diverse yet extremely stringent requirements across the broad scope of 5G scenarios.
Children with Difficult Asthma: A Practical Approach

Many open studies investigating the effects of innovative treatments for steroid-dependent asthma demonstrate some benefit. This is also true of the majority of placebo arms in placebo-controlled trials. This suggests that children with difficult asthma benefit from the high level of input that is typically provided in clinical trials, with or without additional medication. Such intensive management of patients, with the emphasis on establishing the diagnosis, improving adherence, and identifying provoking factors, is the key to optimizing asthma control for these children. For patients with genuinely severe asthma, despite high doses of conventional treatment, a greater understanding of the pathological basis of persistent symptoms is needed. Identification of different pathological subtypes of severe asthma should allow for more rational prescribing of asthma therapy, as well as the design of further trials of potential steroid-sparing treatments.
Internal wave generation from rough topography

Through laboratory experiments we examine internal wave generation above and in the lee of finite-amplitude periodic topography having various degrees of roughness. We show that internal waves are generated not only by flow over the hills but also by flow over “boundary-trapped” lee waves and by vigorous turbulence created in the lee of sharp-crested hills. For low values of the excitation frequency, linear theory well predicts the internal wave frequencies but significantly overestimates the wave amplitudes because it neglects processes associated with boundary layer separation. When the excitation frequency exceeds the buoyancy frequency, turbulence results in the excitation of internal waves with frequencies approximately 0.72±0.05 of the buoyancy frequency and vertical displacement amplitudes ranging between 1.5% and 2% of the horizontal wavelength.
Expression of glutamate receptors in the human and rat basal ganglia: Effect of the dopaminergic denervation on AMPA receptor gene expression in the striatopallidal complex in parkinson's disease and rat with 6‐OHDA lesion

The overactivity of subthalamopallidal and corticostriatal glutamatergic neurons observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that antagonists of glutamate receptor could be used to alleviate the motor symptoms of the disease. In this study, we analysed two features of the striatopallidal complex: (1) the distribution of α‐amino‐3 hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxasol‐propionate (AMPA) and kainate receptors and their corresponding mRNA by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation and (2) the effect of dopaminergic denervation on AMPA receptor gene expression in PD patients and rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
Predictors of recurrence of prolapse after procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids

Aim The procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids (PPH) is an effective surgical therapy for symptomatic haemorrhoids. Compared with haemorrhoidectomy, meta‐analysis has shown PPH to be less painful, with higher patient satisfaction and a quicker return to work, but at the cost of higher prolapse recurrence rates. This is the first report describing predictors of prolapse recurrence after PPH.
Nitric Oxide-induced Apoptosis in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Is Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Involving ATF6 and CHOP*

Excess nitric oxide (NO) induces apoptosis in some cell types including macrophages; however, the cascade of NO-mediated apoptosis is not fully understood. We investigated the initial steps of NO-mediated apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. When cells were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ), NO-mediated apoptosis occurred. Under these conditions, p53 accumulation was not observed, indicating that DNA damage is not the main trigger of NO-mediated apoptosis. On the other hand, mRNA and protein for CHOP, a transcription factor known to be induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, were induced. The CHOP induction by LPS/IFN-γ treatment preceded cytochrome c release from mitochondria. In addition, p90ATF6, an ER membrane-bound transcription factor involved in ER stress response, was cleaved to its active soluble form p50ATF6, which was transported to nucleus and bound to the ER stress response element of the CHOP gene. In the luciferase reporter assay, both the CHOP-binding element of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat and ER stress response element of theCHOP gene were activated by LPS/IFN-γ treatment. When RAW 264.7 cells or COS-7 cells were transfected with expression plasmids for CHOP, p90ATF6, or p50ATF6, cell death was observed. In addition, apoptosis induced by p50ATF6 was prevented by a CHOP dominant negative form as well as by an ATF6 dominant negative form, and LPS/IFN-γ-induced apoptosis was prevented by the CHOP dominant negative form. Peritoneal macrophages from CHOP knockout mice showed resistance to NO-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that the ER stress pathway involving ATF6 and CHOP plays a key role in NO-mediated apoptosis in macrophages.
endothelial enhancers and requires EP 300 activity A dynamic H 3 K 27 ac signature identifies VEGFA-stimulated Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://genome.cshlp. org/content/suppl/2013/04/15/gr.149674. 112.DC1. html References http://genome.cshlp. org/content/23/6/917.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 38 articles, 10 of which can be accessed free at: License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ described at a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License), as ). After six months, it is available under http://genome.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml first six months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the
Apolipoprotein E-Derived Peptides Ameliorate Clinical Disability and Inflammatory Infiltrates into the Spinal Cord in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), well known to play a role in lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism, also exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. Recent clinical and genetic studies display an association between apoE genotype (APOE) and the progression and severity of multiple sclerosis, raising the possibility that modulation of apoE may be a novel treatment for multiple sclerosis. Using a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of human multiple sclerosis, we found that a peptidomimetic of apoE protein, COG133, substantially reduces the clinical symptoms of EAE and promotes remission from the disability when administered before or after onset of disease. Most notably, fusion of COG133 to a protein transduction domain creates COG112, a modified apoE-mimetic peptide with significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory bioactivities in vitro, and improved therapeutic effects on EAE in vivo, which renders a nearly full remission from the disability. Histopathological analysis showed that COG112 and COG133 attenuated demyelination and significantly diminished the number of peripheral cells infiltrating into the spinal cord. ApoE mimetics also interfered with several mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of EAE and multiple sclerosis, including activation of macrophages, subsequent production of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation. These data suggest that apoE mimetics represent a multidimensional therapeutic for multiple sclerosis capable of inhibiting the inflammatory cascade, modulating immune cell function, and reducing clinical signs, which may have novel utility for the treatment of inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Inhibits Both Bax and Bak Activation Induced by Staurosporine

ABSTRACT We have previously shown that Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits host cell apoptosis and blocks mitochondrial cytochrome c release. We now report that activation of both Bax and Bak, two proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family that regulate mitochondrial cytochrome c release, was inhibited in chlamydia-infected cells. This observation has provided new information on the mechanisms of chlamydial antiapoptotic activity.
Why is online piracy ethically different from theft? A vignette experiment

This study employs a vignette experiment to inquire, which features of online “piracy” make it ethically discernible from a traditional theft. This question is pertinent since the social norm concerning traditional theft is starkly different from the evidence on ethical evaluation of online “piracy”. We specifically distinguish between contextual features of theft, such as for example the physical loss of an item, breach of protection, availability of alternatives, emotional proximity to the victim of theft, etc. We find that some of these dimensions have more weight in ethical judgment, but there are no clear differences between online and traditional theft which could explain discrepancy in the frequency of commitment.
Plasma and Urinary 17‐Hydroxycorticosteroid Responses to 72‐Hr. Avoidance Sessions in the Monkey

&NA; Marked elevations in both mean urinary and mean 9 A.M. plasma 17‐OHCS levels are associated with 72‐hr. avoidance sessions in the monkey. The urinary 17‐OHCS elevations persist also for several days in the recovery period. The 17‐OHCS elevations, while substantial, do not appear to represent maximal adrenal cortical responses and no evidence of adrenal cortical exhaustion was observed. Indirect evidence suggests rather the hypothesis that neural suppressive or governing mechanisms may come into play as avoidance is sustained. Repetition of the 72‐hr. avoidance experience is generally associated with both diminishing basal urinary 17‐OHCS levels and urinary 17‐OHCS response to avoidance. After 6 sessions at monthly intervals, however, a substantial urinary 17‐OHCS response was obtained when the intensity of the emotional stimulus was increased. Substantial individual differences were observed between monkeys with respect to mean urinary 17‐OHCS response to avoidance. Highly significant correlations were observed between these individual differences in 17‐OHCS response and similar individual differences in mean lever response rate before, during, and after avoidance. Evidence is presented that, following temporary initial disruption, diurnal changes in plasma and urinary 17‐OHCS levels persist throughout the stressful period. It is concluded that the 17‐OHCS responses indicate that the stressful conditions in these experiments are of sufficient severity to provide a suitable test for the possible responsivity of other endocrine systems to a stressful situation in which predominantly psychological factors are involved.