Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Unidentified Infrared Bands in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium across the Galaxy Based on the Infrared Telescope in Space Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Observation

We present the results of observations of the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands in the diffuse Galactic emission across the Galaxy by the Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (MIRS) on board the Infrared Telescope in Space (IRTS). While previous studies on the UIR bands in the Milky Way were limited to the inner Galactic plane, we extend the observing area to the outer Galactic plane. In this paper we analyze the data of four areas of 8° × 8° around the Galactic plane (|b| ≤ 4°; -12° ≤ l ≤ -4°, 44° ≤ l ≤ 52°, -136° ≤ l ≤ -128°, and 168° ≤ l ≤ 176°) and investigate the UIR band intensity relative to the far-infrared (FIR) intensity, as well as the variation in the band profile. Together with the good correlation between the UIR band and the FIR intensities in the four regions, we have found a systematic variation in the UIR-to-FIR ratio such that the ratio becomes larger in the outer Galactic plane than in the inner Galactic plane. In addition, the 8.6 and 11.3 μm UIR bands were found to be stronger relative to the 6.2 and 7.7 μm bands in the outer Galactic plane, which may be related to differences in the structure or physical conditions of the band carriers. We have also found small shifts (~0.1 μm) in the peak wavelength of each UIR band to shorter wavelengths from the inner Galactic plane to the outer Galactic plane. Possible interpretations of these variations are discussed.
SECURITY CONCERNS AND TRUST IN THE ADOPTION OF M-COMMERCE

Purpose – to deeply examine customers’ perception in terms of how the determinants of trust and perceived risk affect their intention to adopt mobile commerce. Design/methodology/approach – literature review, conceptual framework, modelling method, quantitative survey methodology (questionnaire instrument). Findings – the perception of risk in terms of privacy, m-payments, m-commerce legislation and quality of delivered products has negative effect in the intention to adopt mobile commerce, while the good online vendors’ reputation, enticing promises, good encryption security and transparency, reduce the effect of risk and increase the intention to use m-commerce. The availability of easy to understand and find policies have positive effect in the intention to use m-commerce. When customers feel free of risks and have high level of trust in the intention to use mobile commerce they actually adopt it. Research limitation/implications –this empirical research contributed to the theory by exploring which factors influence or deter the m-commerce adoption. However, the UTAUT model, simple random sampling method and case studies on how the online vendors perform towards this topic are worth-exploring by future researchers. Practical implications – the research results show that mobile technology manufacturers and developers should improve both software and wireless network security, online vendors should improve their online reputation, transparency, and mobile website navigation. Lawmakers should improve m-commerce legislation to better protect customers in case of dispute with online vendors. Originality/value – previous researchers have never focused solely and in-depth on the determinants of perceived risk and trust. Moreover, this object had never been examined in the Greek Population. Keywords: mobile commerce adoption, security concerns, trust, perceived risks Research type: literature review, Conceptual paper, Research paper
Isoflavone concentrations in soybeans suitable for growing in Europe

Isoflavones are nutraceuticals with many different medical benefits found abundantly in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) seeds. The prerequisite of utilising this valuable source of bioactive compounds and creating quality stock for the pharmaceutical and functional food industries is the screening of available soybean germplasm for isoflavone content. The objectives of this research were to determine the isoflavone concentrations (total isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, glycitein) in 22 high-yielding soybean genotypes, to investigate their variability and explore the effect of different weather conditions on isoflavone phenotypes. Field trials were set up as a randomised complete block design with two replicates in three consecutive years (2010 - 2012) at the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Osijek, Croatia). Chosen genotypes belonged to 00 - II maturity groups (MGs) suitable for growing in almost all European regions. Results showed the existence of genetic diversity among the tested plant material. The influence of genotype and year were both statistically significant. The divergence determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and confirmed by the pair-wise similarity based on the Euclidean distance, confirmed that this set of genotypes was suitable for the use in future crossing programmes aiming to produce cultivars superior in isoflavone content in comparison to the existing ones.
L2 Arabic Dialect Comprehension: Empirical Evidence for the Transfer of Familiar Dialect Knowledge to Unfamiliar Dialects

Arabic is a diglossic language, and learners must become competent in both Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and a spoken dialect. However, Arabic dialects are typically not taught in U.S. classrooms. One reason is the question of which dialect to teach? This study looks at two cases of transfer between familiar dialect listening ability and unfamiliar dialect listening ability. The first is between Egyptian and Levantine dialects, where one is familiar and one is not (EL transfer). The second is from Egyptian and/or Levantine dialects to Iraqi, Saudi, and Tunisian dialects when the speakers of these latter dialects are accommodating towards MSA (Accommodation transfer). In both cases, correlations and partial correlations revealed significant and positive relationships between the comprehension of unfamiliar dialects and both familiar dialect listening ability and MSA listening ability. Multiple regression analysis revealed that familiar dialect listening ability was a significant predictor of unfamiliar dialect listening ability for EL transfer, and MSA listening ability was not. For accommodation transfer, both familiar dialect listening ability and MSA listening ability were significant predictors of the comprehension of unfamiliar dialects, although MSA listening ability was slightly better. The implications of these results for the Arabic classroom are discussed.
Quercetin as a Protease (á-Chymotrypsin) Inhibitor

Quercetin, isolated from the skin of red onion bulb, was methylated to afford quercetin 3,3’,4’,7-tetramethyl ether in 83.3% yield. Quercetin has displayed α-chymotrypsin inhibitory effect (IC 50 = 88.9 ± 2.5 ig/ml), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 14.87 ig/ml) and ferric reducing power (EC1 = 112.94 iM/l equivalent to 1 mM/l FeSO 4 .7H 2 O), whereas no enhancement of these biological activities was observed using its tetramethyl ether derivative. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/njst.v14i2. 10420 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 91-96
Growth and morphology of AlN crystals

This study focused on growth dependencies, morphological forms and initial nucleation of aluminium nitride (AlN) crystals. Epitaxial layers of AlN have been grown on 4H-SiC substrates by sublimation recondensation in a radio frequency (RF) heated graphite furnace. Both AlN nuclei size and growth rate increased as temperature was increased and decreased as the pressure was increased. The results of these effects are different kinds of surface morphology. We have observed three modes of AlN single crystals: plate-like, columnar and needle-like. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the crystal surface morphology. Cathodoluminescence (CL) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to determine crystal quality and crystallographic orientation of the grown crystals.
Prosody in Japanese Reconsidered

Abstract. The purpose of the paper is to examine how focus in Japanese is realized and perceived in various accentual conditions. Japanese is a pitch accent language where lexical items are divided into two groups: Accented (A) and Unaccented (U). Pierrehumbert and Beckman (1988) first pointed out that the focus prosody of A words and U words are different. Much work has been done on narrow focus in A words following their work. Some previous studies (Pierrehumbert and Beckman (1988), Ishihara (2003) among others) suggest that, for A words, focus boosts the pitch of the accent peak and triggers either compression of the pitch range and/or Downstep in the post-focal domain. On the other hand, the previous studies are not clear on how focus on U words is implemented. The lack of accent and apparent lack of pitch compression in their studies made it harder to measure the effects of a focus. In this paper, we would like to discuss (i) what types of cues make U words focused, and (ii) whether or not the effects of focus are strong enough to override other phrasing/pitch-manipulating effects such as Downstep and Downtrends. We have conducted a focus production experiment and a focus identification experiment which tightly controlled the focus status and accent status of word pairs (e.g. AA, AU, A[+F]U, AU[+F]) in the stimuli. We hypothesize that, similar to focus on A words, focused U words will be endowed with F0 Rise and Post-focal Fall. Also, if such acoustic marking is systematically used to mark focus on U words, we expect that listeners can identify focus with high accuracy. Our results show that U words have the focal characteristics of F0 Rise and Post-focal Fall. These focal features, however, failed to show up constantly in all sequences considered. We can say that F0 cues and focus prominence are not correlated so straightforwardly in Japanese. As the effects of focus on pitch were not strong enough in our production experiment, we predicted that participants would have difficulties in perceiving focus. Overall, there is no significant difference between focus on A words and focus on U words in perception. However when the focus is preceded or followed by a U word, the identification ratio of the focus on U words is significantly lower than the focus on A words in the same context. F0 Rise and Post-focal Fall are the cues of focus listeners rely on, but, as the cues are not clearly distinguishable from cues to lexical accents, confusion will be caused. There is no clear-cut categorical cue to focus that we could find. There are controversies over whether focus builds its own independent prosodic phrase (e.g. Sugahara (2003), Ishihara (2003)). If focus necessarily initiates a new Phonological (Major) Phrase, we would not expect such murky results as ours, so we should conclude that focus does not initiate a new prosodic category, which accords with Ishihara (2003) and others.
Effect of Bunch and Flat Plantation in Different Spatial Arrangements on the Yield and Staple Length of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The effect of bunch and flat plantation on the yield and fibre quality of a hirsutum cotton genotype NIAB-26 was determined. The treatments comprised 100 cm apart 100×100 cm pit plantation with a bunch of 5, 7 and 9 plants per pit, 60×60 cm hills with two plants per hill, 90 cm spaced double-row strips (30/90 cm) and 60 cm spaced single rows. The results revealed that although bunch plantation in 100 cm apart 10×100 cm pits improved the fruiting potential and boll size to a significant extent but did not compensate the yield loss due to lower plant population per unit area compared to flat plantation with a normal plant population The highest seed cotton yield of 3637 kg haG was obtained from flat plantation in 90 cm spaced double-row strips (30/90 cm) against the lowest of 1675 kg haG from pit plantation with a bunch of 5 plants per pit.
Integrated analysis for fracture identification during hydraulic fracturing

Summary In order to improve our understanding of the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with pre-existing structures in reservoirs, we focused on separating microseismicity related to the hydraulic fracture propagation and microseismicity occurring along the pre-existing structures. We analyzed microseismic activity detected during the stimulation job in a horizontal well with ten stages. The microseismicity aligns in two major trends, E-W and NE-SW. The microseismicity in the NE-SW trend is aligned with the maximum horizontal stress and is related to the hydraulic fracture propagation. The E-W trend is related to the interaction of the hydraulic fracture with the pre-existing structures in the area. Some stimulated stages show very clear and distinguished spatial separation of microseismicity related to the two trends while some stages have more complex pattern. We combine several techniques that help to distinguish various types of seismicity: data set separation, geomechanical, magnitude-frequency, and well pressure analyses. The synthesis of the various methods helps to improve our understanding of the well stimulation. Overall, we almost doubled the number of hydrofractures and fault/fracture zones in comparison to the original interpretation based only on the microseismic mapping and we better constrained the half-lengths of the hydraulic fractures. The detailed data analysis strongly suggests that some hydraulic fractures may be aseismic.
A two-state Markov-switching distinctive conditional variance application for tanker freight returns

The few papers that explore different ways to measure shipping freight dynamics have differed in their interpretation of the most suitable measure for conditional freight volatility and consequently for the most appropriate freight risk measure. Furthermore, recent empirical work in maritime studies suggests the possibility of conditional freight volatility switching between different regime states that are dynamically distinct. This paper attributes these dissimilarities in findings within maritime literature to the possibility of freight returns switching between distinctive volatility structures. Therefore, it proposes a two-state Markov-switching distinctive conditional variance model by matching the two-state conditional freight variance to the most suitable GARCH specification. This provides for the first time a distinctive empirical insight into the dynamics of tanker freight rates by explaining the dissimilarities within the maritime literature in measuring freight risk that improves our understanding of the changes in volatility dynamics of the freight supply curve. Thus, this study postulates that the dynamics of freight rates are distinct and conditional on the freight volatility regime-state that prevails at the time. Empirical findings postulate that volatilities within tanker freight returns are better modelled by a framework that is capable of capturing volatility dynamics within the tanker freight market. This study attempts to explain the dissimilarities within the maritime literature in measuring freight risk by improving our understanding of the changes in volatility dynamics of the freight supply curve.
Inhibition and rumination in remitted major depressive disorder

Author: Brage Kraft Title: Rumination and inhibition in remitted major depressive disorder Advisors: Professor Nils Inge Landrø and PhD candidate Martin Aker Background: Rumination in response to dysphoric mood heightens the risk of major depressive disorder. Investigating the underlying cognitive mechanism of rumination can lead to a better understanding of the etiology, and development of effective treatment and prevention. Inhibition is important in controlling cognition and behavior. Previous studies have indicated that rumination and inhibition are related in major depressive disorder. This study investigates if reduced effectiveness in inhibiting prepotent responses and elevated rumination can be conceived as etiological factors in major depressive disorder. Method: The data were collected as a part of the project “Cognitive control and serotonergic genes in emotion regulation and depressive rumination". The principal investigator of this project is Martin Aker, and the advisor is Nils Inge Landrø. The author participated in the collection of the data. Participants were 20 formerly depressed and 19 never-depressed females aged 19-63 years old. Prepotent response inhibition was assessed by the Emotional stop-signal task, and rumination was assessed by the Ruminative responses scale. Results: Formerly depressed participants had a statistically significant longer stop-signal reaction time and a statistically significant higher rumination score compared to neverdepressed participants. Across the whole sample there was a statistically significant positive correlation between stop-signal reaction times and rumination scores. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that remitted major depressive disorder is characterized by less effective prepotent response inhibition and elevated rumination, and that less effective prepotent response inhibition is related to elevated rumination. The reciprocal process between inhibition and rumination is discussed and considered a possible etiological mechanism in major depressive disorder.
Radiocarbon in annual coral rings from the eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

Sixty radiocarbon measurements were performed on aragonite from annually banded corals collected from three sites in the Galapagos Islands. Preanthropogenic Δ14C values of coral that grew around A.D. 1930 averaged −70‰. This is substantially lower than average values previously reported (−51‰) for corals from Florida and Belize in the western North Atlantic Ocean. A decrease of 6‰ was noticed in coral that grew from 1930 to 1954. This decrease could be interpreted as a Suess effect in surface ocean water. The 100‰ increase in Δ14C for coral that grew from 1954 to 1973 is the result of bomb-produced 14C that was introduced to the surface ocean waters. The 14C levels in corals that grew during El Nino years were considerably higher than those for normal years. These higher values are attributed to the absence of up welling at the equator during El Nino events.
Subduction of the Rivera plate beneath the Jalisco block as imaged by magnetotelluric data

Two magnetotelluric (MT) profiles perpendicular to the trench provide information on the subduction of the Rivera plate under the Jalisco block (JB). The geometry of the subducting slab is inferred by the anomalous conductor on the top of the profile in the central part of the JB. High conductivity zones (<50 ohm-m) at depths shallower than 10 km are associated to dewatering of the oceanic crust below the accretion prism in the SW of the profile. Away from the coast, observed upper crustal conductors (<10 km) are interpreted as partial melt related to the Central Jalisco volcanic lineament. The source of the crustal conductor in the central part of the MT profile, ~25–75 km inland and depths between 40 and 60 km, is interpreted as a region of interconnected fluids associated with the metamorphic dehydration of the oceanic plate. Contrasting resistivity in the mantle wedge at depths below 40 km suggests that hot mantle material may be migrating upwards, mixing with dehydration reaction products. Near Bahia de Banderas subduction appears steeper closer to the trench than toward the SW suggesting a twisted oceanic subducting slab beneath the continental crustal block. Our results support the mantle upwelling model as an explanation for the reported 1.5 km uplift of the central part of the JB and subsidence of the fore arc region, as well as a change in mantle properties at the NW edge of the JB, which is backed by seismic data.
Intensive Care Clinicians’ Views on the Role of Chaplains

There is evidence that addressing the religious and spiritual needs of patients has positive effects on patient satisfaction and health care utilization. However, in the intensive care unit (ICU), chaplains are often consulted only at the very end of life, thereby leaving patients’ spiritual needs unmet. This study looked at the views of 219 ICU clinicians on the role of chaplains. We found that all clinicians find chaplains helpful when a patient is dying or when the chaplain brings up religious or spiritual topics. Physicians find chaplains less helpful in other clinical scenarios such as challenging family meetings or when patients are recovering. Nurses are more likely to consult chaplains for a difficult family meeting or when patients are recovering from critical illness. Communication between clinicians and chaplains, both directly and indirectly through electronic health record notes, remains infrequent, highlighting the need for interventions aimed at improving multidisciplinary spiritual care.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI

The paper reports an experimental comparison of the antibody responses of mice and of rabbits to immunization with typical Type III pneumococci and a strain related to Type III. The results as a whole show that the relative antigenic effectiveness of these two kinds of related pneumococci, is different in different animals. In rabbits the strain related to but not identical with Type III elicits the better response; in mice, the typical Type III strain is more effective. These relationships furnish an example of the influence of the species of animal upon the effectiveness of even closely related bacterial antigens.
Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India

Girl Power The potential of affirmative action policies to reduce overall outcomes because of lower individual performance has been discussed widely and at length. But do quotas or preferential treatment of applicants alter the pool of candidates? Balafoutas and Sutter (p. 579; see the Perspective by Villeval) used an existing laboratory-based task to assess the change in composition of winning candidates and the overall outcome as a function of three affirmative action policies. Policies designed to encourage more women to enter a competitive environment served to recruit enough high-performing individuals to ensure that the efficiency in performing the task was preserved. Beaman et al. (p. 582, published online 12 January) examined the effects of a constitutionally mandated reservation of village-council and council-leader positions for women in West Bengal after two election cycles (1998 and 2003). The program appeared to narrow the gender gap in aspirations of parents for their children and of children for themselves; in addition, teenage girls spent more time in school and less on household chores. Beliefs and attitudes changed only after the second set of elections—that is, after a longer exposure to female role models—complementing the more rapid policy changes instituted by women council leaders after the first round of elections. The effects of female leaders on girls occur via policy changes in the short run and parental aspirations in the longer run. Exploiting a randomized natural experiment in India, we show that female leadership influences adolescent girls’ career aspirations and educational attainment. A 1993 law reserved leadership positions for women in randomly selected village councils. Using 8453 surveys of adolescents aged 11 to 15 and their parents in 495 villages, we found that, relative to villages in which such positions were never reserved, the gender gap in aspirations closed by 20% in parents and 32% in adolescents in villages assigned a female leader for two election cycles. The gender gap in adolescent educational attainment was erased, and girls spent less time on household chores. We found no evidence of changes in young women’s labor market opportunities, which suggests that the impact of women leaders primarily reflects a role model effect.