Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geomechanical model of the Marmara Sea region—II. 3-D contemporary background stress field

SUMMARY We present the contemporary 3-D background stress field of the Marmara Sea region derived from a geomechanical model. The background stress field (i.e. the component of the absolute stress state that is time-independent over the seismic cycle) primarily depends on the distribution of density and elastic parameters, on the acting far-field stresses from plate boundary forces and on fault geometries. We take these into account to predict the 3-D background stress field including its spatial variations. Technically, our model concept involves the definition of an appropriate initial stress state accounting for the gravitational reference stress state of the crust, which is then changed by plate tectonics until the 3-D background stress field has evolved. The modelled stress field agrees well with observations from earthquake focal mechanism solutions and their formal stress inversion, with orientation of maximum horizontal stress and with the distribution of seismicity in the Marmara Sea. In particular in the vicinity of fault bends the stress field deviates considerably from the regional NW–SE oriented maximum horizontal stress and exhibits variability of the stress regime. Our model results are consistent not only with dynamic observations but also with kinematic ones. Various kinematic observations are understandable from the stress field. We show that a stress regime that indicates normal faulting in the basins is nonetheless reconcilable with almost pure strike-slip motion on the Main Marmara Fault. The distribution of seismicity in the Marmara Sea can be explained in first order by the distribution of critical differential stress, which is closely related to local fault geometries. We refer the wide absence of seismicity between the bend of the Main Marmara Fault near Istanbul and the Central basin to the relatively plane fault geometry of that segment. Normal stress on the Main Marmara Fault is highly variable along strike, which makes segment-wise rupture more likely than a rupture of the seismic gap at once. Comparably low normal stress on the Prince's Islands Segment indicates a shorter interevent time for this fault segment than for the central segment of the Main Marmara Fault.
Microleakage of Bulk-Fill Composites at Two Different Time Points

Objectives : Microleakage is the main concern in composite restorations. This study aimed to compare the microleakage of two bulk-fill and one conventional composite at two different time points. Methods : Class II cavities were prepared in 60 premolar teeth and divided into six groups of 20. Groups 1 and 4 were incrementally filled with Grandio composite. Groups 2 and 5 were filled with X-tra fil bulk-fill composite. Groups 3 and 6 were filled with Tetric-N-Ceram bulk-fill composite in one layer. The samples were thermocycled for 5000 cycles between 25-55°C. In groups 1-3, the samples were incubated for 24 hours and then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye. Groups 4-6 were incubated for three months and then immersed in dye. All samples were mesiodistally sectioned and degree of microleakage was scored under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results : The results showed no significant difference among groups 1-5 and 6 in terms of microleakage ( P >0.05) but a significant difference was noted between groups 1 and 4 in this regard ( P =0.01). The microleakage in groups 4-6 was higher than that in groups 1-3 ( P =0.02). Also, microleakage in gingival margins was greater than that in occlusal margins ( P =0.02). Conclusion : The microleakage of bulk-fill composites is comparable to that of conventional composites both at 24 hours and three months after restoration.
Quasars probing intermediate-redshift star-forming galaxies

We present a sample of 46 [O III]-emitting galaxies at z ⊙ yr -1 . The emission-line luminosities and (O/H) metallicities from R23 measured in this sample are similar to what is found in normal galaxies at these redshifts. Thus, this constitutes a unique sample of intermediate-redshift star-forming galaxies where we can study the quasi-stellar object (QSO) absorber-galaxy connection. Strong Mg ii (W λ2796 ≿ 1 A) as well as Mg i absorption lines are detected in the QSO spectra at the redshift of most of these galaxies. Strong Fe ii (W λ2600 > 1A) absorption lines are also generally detected whenever the appropriate wavelength ranges are covered. This suggests that most of these systems could be bona fide damped Lyman αsystems. We investigate various possible relations between the Mg ii rest equivalent widths and the emission-line properties. We find a possible (2σ) correlation between the emission-line metallicity of the galaxies and the Mg ii rest equivalent width of the absorbers [log(O/H) + 12 = 0.1W λ2796 + 8.27], which could be a consequence of an underlying mass-metallicity relation. However, [O iii]-selected Mg ii systems represent only a minor fraction of the strong Mg ii absorbers. We find this cannot be attributed to biases related either to the spectral signal-to-noise ratio or to the brightness of the QSOs. We measure the average observed fluxes (collected into the SDSS fibre) of the [O ii] and [O iii] lines associated to Mg ii-selected systems through stacking technique. We find that the average luminosities of emission lines are higher for systems with larger W λ2796 . The stacked luminosities are found to be below the typical detection limit in individual spectra, indicating that faint galaxies can contribute appreciably to the observed population of strong Mg ii absorbers at intermediate redshifts. We also present long-slit spectroscopic observations of SDSS J113108+202151, the most luminous line-emitting galaxy in our z ≥ 0.4 sample. Surprisingly, we find that the line-emitting region does not coincide with the nearby extended bright galaxy with consistent photometric redshift seen in the SDSS image.
Simple asymptotic forms for Sommerfeld and Brillouin precursors

We examine from a physical viewpoint the classical problem of the propagation of a causal optical field in a dense Lorentz-medium when the propagation distance is such that the medium is opaque in a broad spectral region including the frequency of the optical carrier. The transmitted signal is then reduced to the celebrated precursors of Sommerfeld and Brillouin, well separated in time. In these conditions, we obtain explicit analytical expressions of the first (Sommerfeld) precursor, which only depend on the nature and the importance of the initial discontinuity of the incident field, and we show that the second (Brillouin) precursor has a Gaussian or Gaussian-derivative shape, depending whether the time-integral (algebraic area) of the incident field differs or not from zero. We demonstrate that the Brillouin precursor that has been actually observed in a Debye medium at decimetric wavelengths is also Gaussian. We complete these results by establishing a more general expression of the Brillouin precursor in the Lorentz medium, containing the previous Gaussian one and that obtained by Brillouin himself as particular cases. The propagation of pulses with a square or Gaussian envelope is also studied and we determine the pulse parameters optimizing the Brillouin precursor. Obtained by standard Laplace-Fourier procedures, our analytical results are explicit and contrast by their simplicity from those available in the abundant literature on precursors, the complexity of which often hides the asymptotic behaviors evidenced in the present article
Annual variation of the malacofauna on two intertidal sandy substrates with rock fragments in southeastern Brazil

The temporal variation in molluscan communities was studied in two intertidal substrates composed of sand and rock fragments <300 mm) in Sao Sebastiao Channel, Brazil. Samples were taken between August 1995 and July 1996 in Sao Francisco (mainland) and Engenho d'Agua (Sao Sebastiao Island) beaches. A pronounced decrease in abundance and diversity of molluscs was associated with changes in the structure of the environment, caused by sea storms in the beginning of the summer (December), and by the increase of waste water discharge in this same period. Areas not subjected to such events showed no evident modifications in mollusc fauna structure during the sampling period, and the small oscillations observed were attributed to population recruitment. Both natural and human factors may be acting together in determining the community organization in these environments, as is also in typical sandy beaches.
Physiological and Histopathological Alterations Induced by Phenol Exposure in Oreochromis aureus Juveniles

In the present study, the impacts of phenol as an environmental pollutant of the inland water habitat was studied on Oreochromis aureus (O. aureus juveniles. The fish of both sexes were subjected to three sub-lethal concentrations of phenol (20%, 40% and 80% of LC50) for seven days. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was markedly increased, whereas the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly reduced in the fish subjected to phenol. Some enzymes activities and metabolites were assessed in the liver, gills and muscle. The assayed enzymes are alanine and aspartate amino transferases (ALAT and ASAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The measured metabolites are the glucose and total proteins content. It was observed increased enzymes activities in fish exposed to phenol. The total liver protein content was significantly reduced, which indicates tissue proteolysis; i.e., phenol induced protein consumption. Also, the liver glucose and glycogen were reduced. The liver of fish subjected to phenol showed high score of histopathological symptoms as inflammation, central necrosis and cell degeneration. These results indicated that phenol intoxication had antagonistic effects of fish health.
Communities, knowledge and fisheries of the future

The 'human dimension' in fisheries management has historically been incorporated via a specific economic understanding of fisheries wedded to a single-species approach. Meeting the challenge of fisheries, however, will require a broadening of fisheries science towards an ecosystems-based approach. There is also the need for a parallel shift in social science understandings of fishing towards context and interrelationships amongst and between fishermen and fishing communities. While the move towards ecosystems is well underway, a corresponding movement in fisheries social science is less well established. The latter will require a commitment to new sources of data, methods and forms and scales of analysis. Promising initiatives that align with ecosystem-based approaches include the documentation and incorporation of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), cooperative research that bridges communicative and epistemological gaps between fishermen and scientists and community-level data collections and analyses emerging from legislative mandates and community-based advocacy. These examples suggest a reorientation of fisheries social science in step with ecosystem approaches.
Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings: A Literature Review

Rock's (1) theory ascertains information asymmetry as a primary reason to answer "Why New Issues are Underpriced? " Theoretical construct of this seminal work is based on information asymmetry between various classes of investors. Empirical manifestation of this theoretical explanation is based on considering different proxy measures to quantify the information asymmetry as perceived by various researchers over the past three decades. The growing IPO literature also explained underpricing with the help of agency theory, signaling, behavioural theories etc. Empirical research has identified various determinants of IPO underpricing. The influence of various factors predominantly depends upon country specific regulations, market microstructure and price discovery mechanism. Although many factors have justified the degree of underpricing, controlling for these factors does not completely eliminate the degree of under pricing. The justification of residual underpricing through these factors has limitations in terms of failure to completely explain the IPO underpricing. The paper reviews different factors presented in the extant literature that influence the price discovery mechanism of initial public offerings (IPO) in various economies. We conclude that the degree of underpricing is dynamic and various markets forces interact simultaneously in observing the variation in pricing the new equity issues. This paper points out the significance of regulatory framework in explaining the degree of IPO underpricing.
Jenni Kulmala Effects of Explosive Strength Training Neuromuscular Function and Balance Control in Young and Elderly Subjects

Piirainen, Jarmo Neuromuscular function and balance control in young and elderly subjects; Effects of explosive strength training Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2014, 89 p. (Studies in Sport, Physical Education and Health ISSN 0356-1070; 204) ISBN 978-951-39-5702-5 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-5703-2 (PDF) The aims of the present doctoral thesis were to examine the connections between neuromuscular function and balance control in young and elderly men, to examine the effects of different types of explosive strength training on neuromuscular function and dynamic balance control, and to develop a new method of measuring dynamic balance control. A total of 22 elderly (E, 60-72 years) and 18 young (Y, 2032 years) male subjects participated in the study. The study consisted of a crosssectional design (protocol I, n=22 in E, n=10 in Y; protocol II, n=10 in E, n=9 in Y) and an intervention design (12-week explosive strength training program) that included only elderly individuals (pneumatic, PNE n=11, plyometric, PLY n=9). Torque production was measured from quadriceps and plantar flexors in isometric conditions. Dynamic balance was measured during vertical (Protocol I) and horizontal (Protocol II) perturbations at different speeds. Static balance was also measured. H-reflexes were measured during standing rest, drop jumps and balance perturbations, where stretch reflexes were also analyzed. Age-related differences were more evident in knee extensor muscles than in plantar flexors. Elderly individuals showed weaker balance control in the anterior-posterior direction during vertical perturbations but not in static conditions. In addition, during horizontal perturbations, the elderly showed weaker balance control than young during anterior perturbations. Regarding stretch reflex responses, the reflex latency seems to be a more important factor related to balance control than stretch reflex amplitude. No age-related differences were observed in H-reflexes during standing rest, however, during fast balance perturbations the elderly showed significantly lower responses during both anterior and posterior perturbations. During the intervention, PNE trained using pneumatic strength training devices and PLY used a sledge ergometer device. In PNE, training adaptations were evident in the form of increased neural drive, whereas in PLY, adaptations were more evident in reflex responses. Surprisingly, both training regimens caused quite similar improvements in dynamic balance control. In a conclusion, it can be suggest that balance control should be measured in dynamic conditions using horizontal perturbations. Because both training regimens improved dynamic balance control, it seems that explosive strength training is generally beneficial for improving balance control in the elderly.
OCCURRENCE OF SOME ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POULTRY FEED AND MEAT

In the present study, gas chromatography-electron capture detector technique was standardized for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of residues of organochlorine pesticides viz., HCH, lindane and endosulfan from poultry feed and meat. Validation parameters showed that the values for the system precision (% RSD for all analytes were <0.1% for area and 0.04% for retention time), linearity (r>0.99), specificity and accuracy (83.792.7% and 84.3– 92.0% in feed and meat, respectively) were within accepted range and demonstrated system suitability for analysis of farm samples. A total of 50 samples each of poultry feed and meat collected from poultry farms of Hisar, Haryana were analyzed for the detection of HCH, lindane and endosulfan sulphate. Mean concentration of ΣHCH in poultry feed and meat was 618.281 and 310.368 μg/kg, respectively, and that of Σendosulfan in poultry feed and meat were 135.626 and 195.057 μg/kg, respectively. Comparison of pesticide concentration in each positive sample of meat with national and international MRLs showed that lindane was responsible for maximum violations. It was concluded that the poultry feed may be a significant source of pesticide residues in poultry meat.
A simple model for stress-induced anisotropic softening of weak sandstones

Weak sandstones possess deformational behavior different from hard rocks; these phenomena include shear dilation and softening of the deformational moduli. It has been found previously that under hydrostatic loading, the bulk modulus increases as confining pressure arises; and that under shear loading, the weak sandstone may transform from its original isotropy to a stress-induced anisotropic material, and the deformational modulus can accordingly be softened as well. These phenomena contribute to the increase of crown settlements during tunnel excavations, and account for several cases of tunnel squeezing. Consequently, a model capable of simulating major deformational characteristics of weak sandstones is needed for engineering purposes. A simple yet innovative constitutive model is accordingly proposed. This proposed model is characterized during the simulation as having: (1) non-linear volumetric deformation under hydrostatic loading; (2) significant shear dilation prior to the failure state; (3) isotropic stiffening of deformational moduli under hydrostatic loading; and (4) anisotropic softening of deformational moduli under shearing condition. The proposed model was formulated based on the linear elastic model, and it accounts for the variations of moduli E and G through different loading conditions. It was found that the proposed model is able to closely simulate the actual deformational characteristics of weak sandstones. In addition, the proposed model only needs six material parameters, and all these parameters can be easily obtained from experiments. This model was then incorporated into a finite element program and was used to analyze a squeezing tunnel case. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Isolation and characterization of human islet stellate cell

Background and aims: Our previous research reported islet stellate cell (ISC) exhibiting similar appearance to classical pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) was isolated from freshly isolated rat islets, which may contribute to the islet fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to determine whether human islets also contain ISC, and if so, whether human ISC is different from human PSC. Materials and methods: Using standard explants techniques, human ISC was isolated from freshly isolated human islets, while human PSC used as a positive control was isolated from pancreatic tissue. Immunofluorescence visualization of markers for PSC  -smooth muscle actin (  -SMA), desmin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)  was used to characterize the human ISC. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess the proliferation of ISC. The wound-healing assay and the transwell migration were used to assess the migration capacity of ISC. Immunofluorescence against types (col- Ⅰ ), types (col- Ⅲ ) and fibronectin (FN) was performed to identify component synthesized by ISC. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation were tried to detected stem cell potential. Results: After about 24 h in culture, an increasing number of ISC with triangular shape began to grow out from human islets. The passaged ISC expressed  -SMA, desmin, vimentin, GFAP and was positive for col- Ⅰ , col- Ⅲ and FN. Compared with PSC, the proliferation and migration ability of ISC was significantly slower than those of PSC. And both the human PSC and ISC were able to differentiate in vitro into adipocyte- and osteoblast-like cells. Conclusion: Similar to our previous rat experiment, the current study shows that human islets also contain ISC which is phenotypically similar but not identical to human PSC. Activated human ISC is a high active ECM-producing cell type, indicating human ISC may contribute to islet fibrosis in patients with
Measuring pH variability using an experimental sensor on an underwater glider

Abstract. Autonomous underwater gliders offer the capability of measuring oceanic parameters continuously at high resolution in both vertical and horizontal planes, with timescales that can extend to many months. An experimental ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor measuring pH on the total scale was attached to a glider during the REP14-MED experiment in June 2014 in the Sardinian Sea in the northwestern Mediterranean. During the deployment, pH was sampled at depths of up to 1000 m along an 80 km transect over a period of 12 days. Water samples were collected from a nearby ship and analysed for dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and total alkalinity to derive the pH for validating the ISFET sensor measurements. The vertical resolution of the pH sensor was good (1 to 2 m), but stability was poor and the sensor drifted in a non-monotonous fashion. In order to remove the sensor drift, a depth-constant time-varying offset was applied throughout the water column for each dive, reducing the spread of the data by approximately two-thirds. Furthermore, the ISFET sensor required temperature- and pressure-based corrections, which were achieved using linear regression. Correcting for this decreased the apparent sensor pH variability by a further 13 to 31 %. Sunlight caused an apparent sensor pH decrease of up to 0.1 in surface waters around local noon, highlighting the importance of shielding the sensor from light in future deployments. The corrected pH from the ISFET sensor is presented along with potential temperature, salinity, potential density anomalies (σθ), and dissolved oxygen concentrations (c(O2)) measured by the glider, providing insights into the physical and biogeochemical variability in the Sardinian Sea. The pH maxima were identified close to the depth of the summer chlorophyll maximum, where high c(O2) values were also found. Longitudinal pH variations at depth (σθ > 28. 8 kg m−3) highlighted the variability of water masses in the Sardinian Sea. Higher pH was observed where salinity was > 38. 65, and lower pH was found where salinity ranged between 38.3 and 38.65. The higher pH was associated with saltier Levantine Intermediate Water, and it is possible that the lower pH was related to the remineralisation of organic matter. Furthermore, shoaling isopycnals closer to shore coinciding with low pH and c(O2), high salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, and chlorophyll fluorescence waters may be indicative of upwelling.