Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Modifier Genes in Lynch Syndrome

There are a number of inherited predispositions to colorectal cancer (CRC) which can be broadly categorized into two groups; those with associated polyposis, such as familial adenomatous polyposis and the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes; and those that are linked to the non-polyposis syndromes, such as hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). The genetic basis of both the polyposis and non-polyposis syndromes are reflected in the CRC population who have no apparent family history of disease. Approximately 80% of all cases of CRC are associated with chromosomal instability [1] and are likely to have mutations in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) gene whereas the remaining 20% with microsatellite instability appears to be due primarily to epigenetic inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene MLH1 [2]. The disease HNPCC accounts for somewhere between 2% and 5% of all CRCs diagnosed and is associated with a younger age of disease onset compared to the general population [3,4]. HNPCC is a disease by definition based on the Amsterdam Criteria where there need to be three cases of CRC, one of which must be diagnosed under the age of 50 years, one patient must be a first degree relative of the other two, span two generations and familial adenomatous polyposis should be excluded [5]. Modification of the Amsterdam Criteria has been ongoing since its original inception due to an increasing awareness of what constitutes this disease. HNPCC used to be known as either the Cancer Family Syndrome or Lynch Syndrome [6]. It is now accepted that families where a mutation in the DNA mismatch repair genes (MMR) MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 or PMS2 has been identified are now termed Lynch Syndrome families whereas those with no mutation are termed HNPCC [7]. The primary function of MMR genes is to eliminate base-base mismatches and insertion-deletion loops which arise as a consequence of DNA polymerase slippage during DNA replication [8]. MMR confers several genetic stabilisation functions; it corrects DNA biosynthesis errors, ensures the fidelity of genetic recombination and participates in the earliest steps of cell cycle checkpoint control and apoptotic responses [9,10]. MMR gene defects increases the risk of malignant transformation of cells, which ultimately results in the disruption of one or
Interpreting a CMS excess in lljj+ missing -transverse-momentum with the golden cascade of the minimal supersymmetric standard model

This work has been partially supported by STFC grant ST/L000385/1. We thank the Cambridge SUSY Working Group and T. Stefaniak for stimulating discussions. Some of the CPU intensive parts of this work was performed on the Abel Cluster, owned by the University of Oslo and the Norwegian metacenter for High Performance Computing (NOTUR), and operated by the Research Computing Services group at USIT, the University of Oslo IT-department. The computing time was given by NOTUR allocation NN9284K, financed through the Research Council of Norway.
A Comparative Study on the Roles of Velocity in the Material Removal Rate during Chemical Mechanical Polishing

velocity variation on polish rate, based on the original Preston equation, Tseng’s model, 1 and a modified Preston equation which takes into account the deterioration in the abrasion efficiency of slurry. Comparisons (curve fitting) will be made between experimental polish data and the simulated results based on the three models. The pressure dependence of the removal rate models and other parameters (e.g., weighting factor) are evaluated. The feasibility of the three models is discussed.
On the Momentum Fluxes Associated with Mountain Waves in Directionally Sheared Flows

Abstract The direct impact of mountain waves on the atmospheric circulation is due to the deposition of wave momentum at critical levels, or levels where the waves break. The first process is treated analytically in this study within the framework of linear theory. The variation of the momentum flux with height is investigated for relatively large shears, extending the authors’ previous calculations of the surface gravity wave drag to the whole atmosphere. A Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation is used to treat inviscid, steady, nonrotating, hydrostatic flow with directional shear over a circular mesoscale mountain, for generic wind profiles. This approximation must be extended to third order to obtain momentum flux expressions that are accurate to second order. Since the momentum flux only varies because of wave filtering by critical levels, the application of contour integration techniques enables it to be expressed in terms of simple 1D integrals. On the other hand, the momentum flux divergenc.
A fixed count sampling estimator of stem density based on a survival function.

In fixed count sampling (FCS) a fixed number (k) of observations is made at n randomly selected sample locations. For estimation of stem density, the distance from a random sample location to the k nearest trees was measured. It is known that practical FCS estimators of stem density are biased. With the objective of reducing bias in FCS estimators of stem density, a new estimator derived from a survival function with distance acting as time was presented. To allow for spatial heterogeneity in stem density, the survival function includes shared frailty. Encouraging results with k = 6 in terms of bias, root mean squared error (RMSE), and coverage of nominal 95% confidence intervals were obtained in an extensive testing with simulated random sampling from 54 actual and four simulated spatial point patterns of tree locations. Sample sizes were 9, 15, and 30, with 1200 replications per setting. The performance across sites of the new FCS estimator was variable but almost paralleled that of a design-based estimator with fixed area plots. Users of the new FCS estimator can expect an absolute relative bias and a root mean squared error that are 1% greater than for sampling with fixed area plots holding an average of k trees. The chance of a smaller RMSE with the proposed estimator was estimated at 0.44.
Easily performed interval exercise induces to increase in skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression

Introduction: Understanding the relationship between PGC-1α expression and exercise is important for developing therapeutic exercise programs focusing on the prevention of lifestyle diseases. The current study examined whether easily performed modearte intensity interval exercise can induce PGC-1α gene expression. Methods: Nine subjects performed cycling in one of three protocols: maximal intensity [MIE: 20 ×1 min with 4 min recovery], high intensity [HIE] and a moderate intensity at anaerobic threshold interval exercise [AIE]. Both HIE and AIE were adjusted to obtain the same exercise volume as MIT performed for 5min including recovery time and repeated 20 times. Results: Increase in PGC-1α mRNA expression was observed in all conditions. with a significant increase in plasma epinephrine. ACC phosphorylation also increased in all condition. Conclusion: These findings suggest that easily performed interval exercise at anaerobic threshold induces PGC1α expression which induce aerobic training adaptation.
The maternal environment programmes postnatal weight gain and glucose tolerance but placental and fetal growth are determined by fetal genotype in the Leprdb / + model of gestational diabetes

Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St Mary’s Hospital Central Manchester Universities NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK Gravida, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
A multi-scale assessment of animal aggregation patterns to understand increasing pathogen seroprevalence

Understanding how animal density is related to pathogen transmission is important to develop effective disease control strategies, but requires measuring density at a scale relevant to transmission. However, this is not straightforward or well-studied among large mammals with group sizes that range several orders of magnitude or aggregation patterns that vary across space and time. To address this issue, we examined spatial variation in elk (Cervus canadensis) aggregation patterns and brucellosis across 10 regions in the Greater Yellowstone Area where previous studies suggest the disease may be increasing. We hypothesized that rates of increasing brucellosis would be better related to the frequency of large groups than mean group size or population density, but we examined whether other measures of density would also explain rising seroprevalence. To do this, we measured wintering elk density and group size across multiple spatial and temporal scales from monthly aerial surveys. We used Bayesian hierarchical models and 20 years of serologic data to estimate rates of increase in brucellosis within the 10 regions, and to examine the linear relationships between these estimated rates of increase and multiple measures of aggregation. Brucellosis seroprevalence increased over time in eight regions (one region showed an estimated increase from 0.015 in 1991 to 0.26 in 2011), and these rates of increase were positively related to all measures of aggregation. The relationships were weaker when the analysis was restricted to areas where brucellosis was present for at least two years, potentially because aggregation was related to disease-establishment within a population. Our findings suggest that (1) group size did not explain brucellosis increases any better than population density and (2) some elk populations may have high densities with small groups or lower densities with large groups, but brucellosis is likely to increase in either scenario. In this case, any one control method such as reducing population density or group size may not be sufficient to reduce transmission. This study highlights the importance of examining the density-transmission relationship at multiple scales and across populations before broadly applying disease control strategies.
The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength

Recent studies suggest that the tendency of many fault gouge minerals to take on adsorbed or interlayer water may strongly influence their frictional strength. To test this hypothesis, triaxial sliding experiments were conducted on 15 different single‐mineral gouges with various water‐adsorbing affinities. Vacuum dried samples were sheared at 100 MPa, then saturated with water and sheared farther to compare dry and wet strengths. The coefficients of friction, μ, for the dry sheet‐structure minerals (0.2–0.8), were related to mineral bond strength, and dropped 20–60% with the addition of water. For non‐adsorbing minerals (μ = 0.6–0.8), the strength remained unchanged after saturation. These results confirm that the ability of minerals to adsorb various amounts of water is related to their relative frictional strengths, and may explain the anomalously low strength of certain natural fault gouges.
Longitudinal bulk a coustic mass sensor

Design, fabrication and characterization, in terms of mass sensitivity, is presented for a polycrystalline silicon longitudinal bulk acoustic cantilever. The device is operated in air at 51 MHz, resulting in a mass sensitivity of 100 HZ/fg (1 fg = 10{su−15 g). The initial characterization is conducted by depositing a minute mass by means of focused ion beam. The total noise in the currently applied measurement system allows for a mass resolution of 0.4 fg in air.
The characteristic of a quadratic form for an arbitrary field

H is a nonzero form, that is, does not represent zero properly, the rank of Q is the sum of the ranks of G and H, and G has rank 2or. The number ois an invariant of Q under nonsingular linear transformations on Q. For the real field the number o was defined by Loewy [2 ] as the minimum of the indices(2) of Q and -Q, and termed the characteristic of Q. Loewy showed that this characteristic could be defined in terms of exponents of elementary divisors of pencils { pFQ } formed from Q and real quadratic forms { F} . The definition of Loewy does not extend to an arbitrary field K, whereas the characteristic of Q for K is arrived at by Witt through the examination of a sequence of quadratic forms Q, H1, , H, where for each s the form Q is G8 +H. for
Forces Driving Inflation in the New EU10 Members

The paper analyzes the forces driving inflation in the new EU10 member countries. A significant part of headline inflation in these countries is due to common factors, such as price level convergence and EU integration. However, idiosyncratic factors have also played a role in the inflation process. These factors are related to the country-specific financial conditions, pass-through from foreign prices, and demand-supply situation in each country, although administered price adjustments and increases of indirect taxes associated with EU accession are also likely to have played a role.
Factors affecting employee empowerment practices in China hotels

The authors seek to explore factors affecting employee empowerment practices in China with specific reference to the hotel sector. Using an open ended questionnaires survey and focus groups, an in-depth examination of the perceptions of hotel managers in China regarding their interpretation and practice of empowerment within their workplace is provided. Notably, this study provides tentative indicators of significant culturally-driven differences in the understanding and application of employee empowerment between western-centric contexts, both in research and practitioner terms, and those perceived to apply in China. Empowerment in China is seen to relate much more to the individual and the merits or otherwise of that person than is the case with organizationally-driven empowerment in western countries. The understanding of empowerment by hotel managers in China relates to the extent to which the responsible manager has personal trust for that employee. This research, therefore, offers major implications for international hotel companies located or planning to locate in China and seeking to apply established empowerment policies within the China hotels. They are also of importance to expatriate managers working in China and to Chinese managers aspiring to work overseas within their hotel management careers.
Electric potential jumps in the Io-Jupiter flux tube

The Io flux tube (IFT), along which Io interacts with the Jovian magnetosphere, is the place of plasma acceleration processes resulting in auroral like emissions, in UV, IR and Radio emissions in the decameter range. At Earth, the study of the acceleration processes is mainly made by in situ measurements. Acceleration processes at Jupiter were first deduced from the observation of a particular kind of decameter radio emissions from the IFT: the short (S-)bursts. These radio bursts present a negative drift in the time–frequency domain, which is related to the motion of the energetic electrons which produce them. The measure of their drift thus permits the kinetic energy of the electrons to be obtained, as well as its variations along the IFT which have been interpreted as electric potential jumps. Using an enhanced S-burst detection and drift measurement method, more than 1 h of quasi-continuous decametric emissions recorded at the Kharkov UTR-2 radiotelescope have been analyzed. We observe the evolution of the electron kinetic energy with the longitude of Io with a resolution of 10 s, and detect the presence of acceleration structures with characteristics being consistent with electric potential jumps of few hundred volts, and moving along the IFT in the upward direction (toward Io) at the local sound velocity. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
First identification and modelling of SPI background lines

On Oct. 17, 2002, the ESA INTEGRAL observatory was launched into a highly elliptical orbit. SPI, a high resolution Ge spectrometer covering an energy range of 20-8000 keV, is one of its two main instruments. We use data recorded early in the mission (i.e. in March 2003) to characterize the instrumental background, in particular the many gamma-ray lines produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the instrument and spacecraft materials. More than 300 lines and spectral features are observed, for about 220 of which we provide identifications. An electronic version of this list, which will be updated continuously, is available for download at CESR. We also report first results from our efforts to model these lines by ab initio Monte Carlo simulation.
The Economic Impact of Corporate Capital Expenditures: Focused Firms versus Diversified Firms

Abstract This paper examines the role of focus versus diversification in explaining the economic impact of corporate capital investments. I find that the stock market's responses to announcements of capital investments are more favorable for focused firms than for diversified firms. I also show that focused firms exhibit significantly better post-investment operating performance than diversified firms. The overall findings in this study suggest that the investment opportunities hypothesis dominates the internal capital markets hypothesis in terms of the net economic impact of capital investments on the investing firms.
When the river runs dry: human and ecological values of dry riverbeds

Temporary rivers and streams that naturally cease to flow and dry up can be found on every continent. Many other water courses that were once perennial now also have temporary flow regimes due to the effects of water extraction for human use or as a result of changes in land use and climate. The dry beds of these temporary rivers are an integral part of river landscapes. We discuss their importance in human culture and their unique diversity of aquatic, amphibious, and terrestrial biota. We also describe their role as seed and egg banks for aquatic biota, as dispersal corridors and temporal ecotones linking wet and dry phases, and as sites for the storage and processing of organic matter and nutrients. In light of these valuable functions, dry riverbeds need to be fully integrated into river management policies and monitoring programs. We also identify key knowledge gaps and suggest research questions concerning the values of dry riverbeds.
The Effect of Foreign Lending on Domestic Loans: An Analysis of U.S. Global Banks

This paper examines the effect of foreign lending on the domestic lending for US global banks. We show that greater foreign loan growth complements, rather than detracts from, domestic commercial lending. Exploiting a confidential data (FFIEC 009) on international loan exposure of US banks, we estimate that a 1% increase in foreign office lending is associated with a 0.6% growth in domestic commercial lending, suggesting complementarity across these lending channels. However, when capital raising is tight during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, we find that foreign lending did come at the expense of domestic lending.
Information Communication Technology

Information and Communication Technology: Researches in Uttarakhand sets out to illustrate the application of ICTs for recasting development in India and several other developing societies. This path-breaking book explores the applications of ICTs in rural development. Another major focus of the book is the implication of Information Communication tools as Mobile Phone, Media Mix, Television, e- Chaupal and Community Radio in the era of globalization. The scholars of international strength who have broadened the ICT for development debate have great pleasure in recommending this book to academia, researchers, policy framers and professionals in communication and information science, IT, development studies, extension studies, rural development, development economics and planning and social policy. This book can contribute towards helping different communication professionals, students, researchers, actors, planners and radio programme producers in community radio stations to make more efficient use of community media for community development by getting people involved in clarifying issues and solving problems and in talking to each other.
Price Discovery in the Dual-Platform US Treasury Market

Inter-dealer trading in US Treasury securities is almost equally divided between two electronic trading platforms that have only slight differences in terms of their relative liquidity and transparency. BrokerTec is more active in the trading of 2-, 5-, and 10-year T-notes while eSpeed has more active trading in the 30-year bond. Over the period studied, eSpeed provides a more pre-trade transparent platform than BrokerTec. We examine the contribution to ‘price discovery’ of activity in the two platforms using high frequency data. We find that price discovery does not derive equally from the two platforms and that the shares vary across term to maturity. This can be traced to differential trading activities and transparency of the two platforms.
Aircraft icing

This paper reviews the background to and the current status of analyses developed to address the problem of icing on aircraft. Methods for water droplet trajectory calculation, ice accretion prediction, aerodynamic performance degradation and an overview of ice protection system modelling are presented. The paper addresses the issues involved in the development of icing analyses including problem formulation and assumptions, solution techniques, validation and the incorporation of empirical inputs where a purely theoretical approach is not feasible. Results are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the analyses when applied to practical design problems. Recommendations are made for further research.
Local energy bounds and (cid:2) -regularity criteria for the 3D Navier–Stokes system

ThesystemofthreedimensionalNavier–Stokesequationsisconsidered.Weobtain some new local energy bounds that enable us to improve several (cid:2) -regularity criteria. The key idea here is to view the ‘head pressure’ as a signed distribution belonging to certain fractional Sobolev space of negative order. This allows us to capture the oscillation of the pressure in our criteria.