Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preexisting bone loss associated with ovariectomy in rats is reversed by parathyroid hormone

Previous studies have demonstrated that when parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration to rats is started immediately following ovariectomy, it prevents bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency. In this study, we examined whether bone loss induced by ovariectomy could be reversed by pasrathyroid hormone if hormone therapy is started after the bone loss had already occurred. In the first experiment, two groups of animals were ovariectomized or sham operated, killed after 40 days, and their bones examined to ensure that bone loss occurred. In the second experiment, three groups of rats were studied. Group 1 rats were sham operated, and rats in groups 2 and 3 were ovariectomized. Each rat in group 3 received a single subcutaneous injection of 8 μg parathyroid hormone [hPTH‐(1–34); Bachem, CA] per 100 g body weight per day, starting 40 days following ovariectomy. Rats in groups 1 and 2 received solvent vehicle, and all animals were sacrificed on day 60. Ovariectomized rats had lost an appreciable amount of bone 40 days after surgery, as indicated by a significant decrease in femoral and vertebral densities and calcium and an over 55% loss of cancellous bone in the tibial metaphysis. The loss of bone was reversed by intermittent PTH administration. Increased cancellous bone in the parathyroid hormone‐treated ovariectomized rats was associated with increased trabecular osteoblasts, decreased trabecular osteoclasts, and increased serum osteocalcin and urinary hydroxyproline. Our findings indicate that parathyroid hormone can substantially augment bone mass after the loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency has already occurred. The hormone caused positive bone balance in vivo in ovarian hormone‐deficient animals by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption.
SLCO/OATP-like Transport of Glutathione in FasL-induced Apoptosis

Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of specific biochemical pathways that lead to the organized demise of cells. Intracellular GSH depletion has been observed during apoptosis; however, neither the mechanisms involved in the reduction of the intracellular GSH concentration, [GSH]i, nor its link to the progression of apoptosis have been elucidated. We have studied this issue using Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells where changes in [GSH]i can be analyzed biochemically and at the single cell level by flow cytometry. A reduction in the total [GSH]i in response to FasL occurs in two distinct stages prior to the loss of membrane integrity. Jurkat cells express several members of the multidrug resistance protein (ABCC/MRP), and the organic anion-transporting polypeptide protein (SLCO/OATP) families of GSH efflux pumps at the mRNA level. Glutathione loss and its accumulation in the extracellular medium, induced by FasL, was trans-stimulated by the organic substrates MK571, probenecid, taurocholic acid, estrone sulfate, and bromosulfophthalein and inhibited by high concentrations of extracellular GSH. Single cell analysis demonstrated that intracellular GSH loss was paralleled by the activation of an organic anion uptake process, supporting the role of an anion exchange mechanism (SLCO/OATP-like transport) in GSH efflux induced by FasL. Additionally, high extracellular GSH inhibited the activation of the execution caspases, the cleavage of their substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and α-fodrin, and DNA degradation. In contrast, the trans-stimulation of GSH efflux by MK571 increased the cleavage of the execution caspases and their substrates. Together these results suggest that GSH efflux during FasL-induced apoptosis is mediated by a SLCO/OATP-like transport mechanism that modulates the progression of the execution phase of apoptosis.
Characterization of the renal microvascular effects of angiotensin II antagonist, DuP 753: studies in isolated perfused hydronephrotic kidneys.

The renal microvascular effects of DuP 753, an orally active imidazole angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonist were assessed directly in isolated perfused hydronephrotic rat kidneys. Unilateral hydronephrosis was induced to facilitate direct visualization of renal microvessels. Hydronephrotic kidneys were perfused in vitro and microvessel diameters were measured by automated computer-assisted image processing. The administration of 0.3 nmol/L ANG II decreased afferent arteriolar (AA) and efferent arteriolar (EA) diameters by 34 +/- 3% (from 17.9 +/- 0.6 to 11.9 +/- 0.6 microns, P less than .001, n = 11) and 28 +/- 3% (from 17.1 +/- 1.3 to 12.3 +/- 1.3 microns, P less than .001, n = 11), respectively. The subsequent administration of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mumols/L DuP 753 reversed ANG II-induced vasoconstriction of the AA by 39 +/- 10%, 81 +/- 8%, and 103 +/- 9%, and of the EA by 22 +/- 7%, 51 +/- 6%, and 87 +/- 13%, respectively. These observations indicate that DuP 753 completely blocks both the renal afferent and efferent arteriolar actions of ANG II. In light of the pathogenetic role of ANG II in mediating the deranged renal hemodynamics associated with hypertension, congestive heart failure, and some forms of renal insufficiency, our findings provide a theoretical framework for future studies assessing the potential therapeutic applicability of DuP 753 in reversing ANG II-mediated renal vasoconstriction.
Cocreation is chaotic: What it means for marketing when no one has control

The co-creation of value is emerging as the new frontier in marketing. Value creation is now conceptualized as shared by both producers and consumers, making the terminology separating these roles increasingly archaic and obsolete. To date, the literature has emphasized this process primarily from the firm’s vantage point. Current understandings point toward a balanced, shared, harmonious relationship between producers and consumers, where controlling the co-creation process with consumers ensures a predictable and satisfactory outcome for a company. Because the consumer perspective has received less theoretical and empirical attention, we conducted an in-depth investigation that details the consumers’ experiences of co-creation within the context of a brand community. What we found is very different from a balanced, controlled process depicted in the literature. Based on these findings, we argue that the notions of control and predictability that have served as the established foundation for marketing theory and practice may require serious revision in light of examining how consumers create value. Because of this, our data lead us to propose some new ideas about managing brand experiences in increasingly interconnected and chaotic environments, where control is rapidly shifting more to the side of consumers, and no one now holds any sort of majority control.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: value of multidetector CT angiography in preoperative evaluation.

PURPOSE To retrospectively assess the sensitivity and specificity of multidetector computed tomographic (CT) angiography in the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by using surgical findings as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study; informed consent was waived. We reviewed CT reports, surgical notes, and pathology reports from 114 patients with pancreatic or distal cholangiocarcinoma who underwent multidetector CT angiography and surgery at our institution between March 2003 and March 2006. When CT findings and surgical reports were discordant, radiologists experienced in pancreatic imaging retrospectively reviewed images for lesion resectability; four-, eight-, 16-, and 64-row CT scanners were used in 54, 19, 25, and 16 patients, respectively. Collimation of 1.25 mm was used for four- and eight-row CT and 0.5 or 0.625 mm for 16- and 64-row CT. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for resectability were calculated for initial clinical interpretation and blinded retrospective review. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients had resectable lesions according to CT angiographic criteria (group A: 46 women, 42 men; mean age, 67 years; age range, 39-85 years): resection was aborted in 10 patients (11%). Twenty-six patients underwent surgery despite lesion unresectability assessed according to CT angiographic criteria (group B: 16 women, 10 men; mean age, 62 years; age range, 33-83 years); all lesions were confirmed as unresectable. The initial clinical interpretation of CT angiographic scans in all 114 patients had 100% sensitivity in the detection of resectability, 72% specificity, 89% PPV, and 100% NPV. These parameters did not appear to vary among different types of scanner. With the blinded retrospective evaluation by experienced readers, specificity increased to 94% and PPV to 98%, with no difference in sensitivity and NPV. CONCLUSION Multidetector CT angiography is an effective preoperative tool that reduces the number of aborted pancreatic resections; there is no evidence from this retrospective study suggesting varying results from the various generations of multidetector CT scanners used.
Position-momentum uncertainty relations in the presence of quantum memory

A prominent formulation of the uncertainty principle identifies the fundamental quantum feature that no particle may be prepared with certain outcomes for both position and momentum measurements. Often the statistical uncertainties are thereby measured in terms of entropies providing a clear operational interpretation in information theory and cryptography. Recently, entropic uncertainty relations have been used to show that the uncertainty can be reduced in the presence of entanglement and to prove security of quantum cryptographic tasks. However, much of this recent progress has been focused on observables with only a finite number of outcomes not including Heisenberg’s original setting of position and momentum observables. Here, we show entropic uncertainty relations for general observables with discrete but infinite or continuous spectrum that take into account the power of an entangled observer. As an illustration, we evaluate the uncertainty relations for position and momentum measurements, which is operationally significant in that it implies security of a quantum key distribution scheme based on homodyne detection of squeezed Gaussian states.
The Effect of Perceived Value and Switching Barriers on Customer Price Tolerance in Industrial Energy Markets

Purpose: This article analyzes the effects of perceived value, satisfaction, and switching barriers on price tolerance. It also examines the moderating effect of switching barriers. Methodology/Approach: Empirical research was conducted by collecting information from a sample of 326 major gas and electricity consumers in a newly liberalized industrial market with a high concentration of suppliers. Findings: Switching barriers are the main antecedent to price tolerance. Price tolerance of industrial customers depends directly on switching barriers more than on satisfaction. The customer satisfaction construct is a necessary but not sufficient predictor of price tolerance. While satisfaction has an effect on price tolerance, the effect of perceived value on price tolerance is only indirect through satisfaction, even though it may produce positive direct effects when there are high switching barriers. Originality/Value/Contribution: For the first time in a B2B framework, the moderating effects of switching barriers on the relationship between perceived value, satisfaction, and price tolerance have been analyzed.
Nutritional status of the aging.

HERE is obvious need for research in the field of human nutrition in our aging population, since this group is ever increasing in the total population. Very little is known of the physiological mechanisms involved in the aging process nor is it clearly understood what is meant by pathological changes in contrast to the so-called inevitable normal involutionary changes. Certainly, it may be hoped that as new scientific facts are gathered people may not only lead a longer, but also a more functionally active and socially useful life. Available scientific evidence suggests that dietary inadequacies and malnutrition of varying degrees are of frequent occurrence in the United States and that the nutritional status of an appreciable part of the population can be distinctly improved. Animal experimentation indicates that length of life, as well as functional efficiency, can be considerably enhanced by more adequate nutrition. To promote optimum human nutrition and health more scientific knowledge is required regarding the nutritional needs of and the nature of the characteristic changes in the aging.
Effect of large intermittent intravenous doses of cyclophosphamide in lymphoma

Nineteen patients with generalized lymphoma were treated with large intermittent intravenous doses of cyclophosphamide. Five patients experienced a complete response, and 2 had a partial response. The median duration of complete response was 22 months. Toxicity was not intolerable. Published results of response rates in lymphoma to various chemotherapeutic agents are summarized. Factors which contribute to survival in patients with lymphoma are discussed. It is suggested that further evaluation of large intermittent doses of cyclophosphamide be made in view of the favorable results.
Financial Policies and the Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow: Evidence from the Oil Industry

Jensen (1986) posits that costly conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders are especially pronounced in companies with substantial amounts of free cash flow. Jensen argues that, all else equal, firms that finance assets with debt will be less prone to this agency problem of overinvestment than other firms. Picchi (1985) and McConnell and Muscarella (1986) provide evidence that investment opportunities in exploration and development were quite limited during the early 1980s. During the same period, cash flows to petroleum producers were large because of high crude oil prices. This research uses data from 1979-1985 for a sample of U.S. oil and gas production and exploration companies to test Jensen’s free cash flow theory. Our evidence indicates that estimated agency costs are inversely related to financial leverage, consistent with the control effects of debt. These results persist across a variety of model specifications and data aggregation methods.
A Managerial Investigation into the Product Placement Industry

ABSTRACT This article reports the findings of a managerial investigation of key players in the product placement industry, including placement agents, clients, studios and production companies, and research organizations. The evolution of the product placement industry in North America is reviewed, perspectives on the role and objectives product placements serve in the marketing mix are discussed, and current means of assessing product placement efforts examined. The data provide insights on the relationship-driven industry where power, trust, and commitment play an important role. They also suggest recommendations for how participants should plan, use, and evaluate their placement efforts.
Chemical properties of surface peat on forest land in Estonia

SUMMARY The chemical properties of surface peat cover (SPC) were studied in the context of Estonian pedoecological conditions. SPC comprises the superficial layers of fens (Group 1) and transitional bogs (Group 2), together with slightly acid peaty mull / strongly acid peaty moder (Group 3) and very strongly acid peaty mor (Group 4) layers overlying mineral soils. Thus, it spans organic soils, namely Histosols (Groups 1 and 2); together with Histic Gleysols (Group 3) and Histic Podzols (Group 4), which are developmentally intermediate between organic and mineral soils. Moderately acid eutrophic (Group 1) and very strongly acid mesotrophic (Group 2) peats (forest litter layers excluded) were uniformly characterised up to 40 cm depth; whereas for Groups 3 and 4 we examined the full thickness of available peat layers, which ranged from 10 to 30 cm. The results show that Al, K and heavy metal contents are significantly higher and organic carbon content is lower in Histic Soils (3, 4) than in Histosols (1, 2). The amounts of Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe are significantly higher and C:N ratio, exchangeable acidity and content of free H + lower in less acidic (1, 3) than in more acidic (2, 4) soil types. The total concentration of elements (excluding heavy metals) extracted by nitro-hydrochloric acid (aqua regia) is considerably higher in less acidic soils, at 28–45 g kg -1 (1, 3) versus 10–12 g kg -1 (2, 4); and mean contents of individual elements decrease in the order Ca(51%) > Fe(20%) > S(10%) ≥ Al(10%) > Mg(3%) ≥ P(3%) > K(2%) > Mn(1%) > Na(<1%). The most abundant heavy metals are Pb (12–33 mg kg -1 ), Zn (7–41 mg kg -1 ), Cu (3–12 mg kg -1 ), Cr (2–23 mg kg -1 ) and Ni (2–8 mg kg -1 ); Cd and Hg contents are very low, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mg kg -1 . The dominant exchangeable basic cations are Ca 2+ (78–93%) and Mg 2+ (7–15%), and the peat contains much smaller amounts of K + (1– 6%) and Na + (<2%). The total exchangeable acidic cations (1–14 cmol kg -1 ) are dominated by H + (51–83%) and Al 3+ (15–47%), whereas Mn and Fe (2–4%) cations are modestly represented.
Bisexual Invisibility and the Sexual Health Needs of Adolescent Girls.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze bisexual female youth perspectives on their experiences accessing sexual health information and services provided by a doctor, nurse, or counselor. Specifically, we sought to: (1) understand how youth perceptions of providers' attitudes and behaviors affect their seeking and obtaining sexual health information and services; (2) examine how social stigmas within the family context might be associated with barriers to sexual health information and services; and (3) assess school-based sources of sexual health information. METHOD We utilized a mixed-method study design. Data from bisexual female youth were collected through an online questionnaire and asynchronous online focus groups addressing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health and HIV prevention. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS Barriers to sexual healthcare included judgmental attitudes and assumptions of patient heterosexuality among healthcare providers, and missed opportunities for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) testing. Bisexual stigma within families was associated with restricted youth openness with providers, suggesting fear of disclosure to parent or guardian. School-based sexual health education was limited by a restrictive focus on abstinence and condoms and the exclusion of STI risk information relevant to sex between women. CONCLUSION We recommend that practitioners integrate nonjudgmental questions regarding bisexuality into standard contraceptive and sexual health practices involving female youth, including discussion of HIV and STI risk reduction methods. Further support for bisexual health among adolescent girls can come through addressing stigmas of female bisexuality, increasing sensitivity to privacy while engaging parents, and expanding the reach of school-based sexual health education.
Relation of Religiosity with Academic Dishonesty in a Sample of College Students

This study was conducted to estimate the relationship between academic dishonesty and religiosity in a convenient sample of college students. Scores on the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire and the Academic Practices Survey were correlated for 70 undergraduate students. Overall, religiosity and academic dishonesty were not significantly related. However, follow-up analyses by sex indicated that this association was significant for women but not men. Research should be conducted to investigate whether this pattern is robust and indicates a differing role for religiosity as a standard for appropriate or inappropriate behavior.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of committed and primitive myeloid and lymphoid hematopoietic precursors in human fetal liver.

We studied the phenotypic and functional properties of colony-forming cells (CFCs), primitive long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-ICs) and lymphoid precursors present in human fetal liver (FL) and compared these with their adult bone marrow (BM) counterparts. FL (7-14-week) cells were selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on increasing CD34 antigen expression (34+, 34++, or 34 ), CD38 antigen expression (CD34++/ CD38+, or CD38-), and HLA-DR antigen expression (CD34++/ HLA-DR+ or HLA-DR-). 13 +/- 0.6% of FL CD34-positive cells were 34 . Significantly more FL CD34++/ cells were CD38- (49 +/- 2.4%) and HLA-DR-(72 +/- 6.7%) than BM CD34++ cells (6.8 +/- 0.7% CD38- and 13.3 +/- 3.2% HLA-DR-). FL and BM CFCs were CD34+/++, CD38+, and HLA-DR+. However, significantly more FL CFCs were erythroid (40%) than adult BM CFCs (15%), and FL colonies were larger (8111 +/- 738 cells/CFC) than BM colonies (3466 +/- 272 cells/CFC, p < 0.001). As is seen in adult BM, FL LTC-ICs were CD34++/ CD38-. In contrast to BM LTC-ICs, FL LTC-ICs were almost exclusively CD34++/ HLA-DR+. In addition, a single FL LTC-IC gave rise to >30 CFCs at 5 weeks compared with only 5 +/- 0.9 CFCs per LTC-IC from BM. Finally, we demonstrate that the FL CD34++/ /CD38-/HLA-DR+ population, which contains 3.7% LTC-ICs, also contains primitive lymphoid progenitors capable of differentiating into natural killer (NK) cells. In conclusion, the phenotype of primitive human FL progenitors such as LTC-IC and primitive NK progenitors is CD34++/ /CD38-/HLA-DR+, suggesting that this population may contain FL hematopoietic stem cells. The phenotypic characterization of FL primitive LTC-ICs and NK progenitors will facilitate further studies of the functional properties of these progenitors.
Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China.

Phytoplankton assemblages in the subtrophical oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, the second deepest lake in China, were investigated monthly from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 113 species belonging to seven phyla were identified, among them, a filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp. , dominated almost throughout the study period and comprised most of the total phytoplankton biomass. Mougeotia sp. has made a substantial development during the past decades: it was absent in 1957, only occasionally present in 1983, increased substantially in 1993, and became predominant in 2002-2003. It is likely that natural invasion of the Taihu Lake noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) has led to a change of dominant herbivorous zooplankton from small to large calanoid, which has increased grazing pressure on small edible algae, and thus has indirectly favored the development of the inedible filamentous Mougeotia sp.
PLANT COMPETITION EXPERIMENTS: TESTING HYPOTHESES AND ESTIMATING THE PROBABILITY OF COEXISTENCE

The analysis of plant competition experiments with variable plant density is discussed based on three published data sets. It is shown how conclusions regarding plant community dynamics from typical plant competition experiments can be extended and based on a statistical framework. The data are tested in hyperbolic competition models of decreasing complexity by a standard hierarchical statistical procedure. Hypotheses on the shape of the response surface curves, the number of necessary parameters, and the effects of competition on plant growth were tested using maximum likelihood ratio tests. The conditions for coexistence in a hyperbolic competition model were examined analytically. Using the found conditions for coexistence and Bayesian statistics, the probability of the four possible outcomes of two-species competition was estimated in a competition experiment with Avena fatua and A. barbata.