Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative magnetization transfer studies of apoptotic cell death

Magnetization transfer measurements were performed on samples of acute myeloid leukemia cells at early (36 h postcisplatin treatment) and late (48 h posttreatment) stages of apoptosis. Magnetization transfer ratio was calculated and a two‐pool model was fitted to data at two powers and 16 offset frequencies of saturation pulse. No parameters changed significantly at early stages of apoptosis. At late stages, changes in magnetization transfer ratio were not significant, but quantitative model parameters showed a decrease in macromolecular proton fraction, M0B, and an increase in the T2 relaxation time of free water. Analysis also indicated an increase in the ratio R × M0B/R1A, where R is the exchange rate between free water and macromolecular protons and R1A is the T1 relaxation rate of free water. Changes in the magnetization transfer spectrum were largely attributable to differences in the free water pool and did not occur any earlier than changes in the average T1 relaxation time, T1obs. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes care in the hospital: is there clinical inertia?

BACKGROUND Effective control of hospital glucose improves outcomes, but little is known about hospital management of diabetes. OBJECTIVE Assess hospital-based diabetes care delivery. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS Inpatients with a discharge diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia were selected from electronic records. A random sample (5%, n = 90) was selected for chart review. MEASUREMENTS We determined the percentage of patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia documented in admission, daily progress, and discharge notes. We determined the proportion of cases with glucose levels documented in daily progress notes and with changes in hyperglycemia therapy recorded. The frequency of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events was also determined. RESULTS A diabetes diagnosis was recorded at admission in 96% of patients with preexisting disease, but daily progress notes mentioned diabetes in only 62% of cases and 60% of discharge notes; just 20% of discharges indicated a plan for diabetes follow-up. Most patients (86%) had bedside glucose measurements ordered, but progress notes tracked values for only 53%, and only 52% had a documented assessment of glucose severity. Hypoglycemic events were rare (11% of patients had at least one bedside glucose < 70 mg/dL), but hyperglycemia was common (71% of cases had at least one bedside glucose > 200 mg/dL). Despite the frequency of hyperglycemia, only 34% of patients had their therapy changed. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners were often aware of diabetes at admission, but the problem was often overlooked during hospitalization. The low rate of documentation and therapeutic change suggests the need for interventions to improve provider awareness and enhance inpatient diabetes care.
Oculomotor system: A dual innervation of the eye muscles from the abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor nuclei

The twitch fibers, orSIFs, are the type of muscle fibers that constitute allskeletal muscles, i.e., they respond to electrical excita-tion with an all-or-nothing response that propagatesalong the whole length of the fiber. They are innervatedby large en plaque motor endplates in an endplate zoneoccupying the central third of the muscle. The MIFs arehighly unusual in mammals, occurring only in eyemuscles, the larynx, and muscles of the middle ear. Thefibers are fatigue-resistant and respond to electricalstimulation with a slow tonic contraction, which is notpropagated along the muscle fiber (they are non-twitch). The motor endplates are typically small and are distrib-uted all along the length of the fiber. At the distal tip ofthe eye muscle fiber, as it inserts into the tendon, theglobal layer MIFs are capped by a tangle of nerve ter-minals called palisade endings, or myotendinous cylin-ders.
Maternal arterial stiffness and fetal cardiovascular physiology in diabetic pregnancy

In mothers with pregestational or gestational diabetes, abnormal arterial stiffness (stiffer arteries) has been reported. The impact of abnormal maternal arterial stiffness on placental and fetal cardiovascular physiology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of maternal diabetes on maternal arterial stiffness and the association with fetal cardiovascular physiology as measured by fetal echocardiography.
Snail family genes are required for left–right asymmetry determination, but not neural crest formation, in mice

Snail family genes encode zinc finger transcriptional repressors that are key regulators of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions in vertebrates, including the transitions that generate the mesoderm and neural crest. Here, we show that, contrary to observations in frog and avian embryos, the Snail family genes Snail (Snai1) and Slug (Snai2) are not required for formation and delamination of the neural crest in mice. However, embryos with conditional inactivation of Snai1 function exhibit defects in left–right asymmetry determination. This work demonstrates that although some aspects of Snail family gene function, such as a role in left–right asymmetry determination, appear to be evolutionarily conserved, their role in neural crest cell formation and delamination is not.
Sleep problems associated with ADHD: a review of current therapeutic options and recommendations for the future

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sleep problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The etiology of these sleep problems is multifactorial. In this paper, we review the current literature on the treatment of the most common disorders or factors underlying sleep problems associated with ADHD. In particular, we focus on the management of sleep problems associated with ADHD medications, restless legs syndrome, excessive nocturnal motricity in sleep, sleep disordered breathing, sleep-onset insomnia and psychiatric comorbidities associated with ADHD. Given the paucity of randomized, controlled, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies, it is hoped that this review will encourage further methodologically sound studies in order to be able to develop treatment guidelines.
The Materials Challenge in Diffraction‐Unlimited Direct‐Laser‐Writing Optical Lithography

two-photon excitation fluoscence a) The concept of stimulated emission depletion (STED) fl uorescence microscopy introduced by Stefan W. Hell has recently revolutionized the fi eld of optical microscopy [ 1–4 ] and has led to important applications in biology. [ 5 , 6 ] Spectacular lateral spatial resolutions down to less than 10 nm have been reported. [ 7 ] Conceptually, in sharp contrast to what was commonly believed for decades, the “diffraction limit” of far-fi eld optical microscopy is no longer a limit. Obviously, it would be highly desirable to translate this tremendous resolution enhancement in laser-scanning optical microscopy into a corresponding advance in optical lithography , especially in two-photon direct-laser-writing (DLW). [ 8–10 ] DLW can be viewed as the three-dimensional analogue of two-dimensional (planar) electron-beam lithography. If arbitrary nanostructures could be made by STED-DLW with feature sizes of 10 nm in all three dimensions, a nanotechnologists’ dream would come true. However, the step from microscopy to lithography is not simple at all and particularly requires developing suitable photoresist material systems. [ 3 ] Early work on DLW inspired by STED has used one-photon absorption [ 11 ] or one-color schemes. [ 12 ] Both results have been highly encouraging, but they do not yet allow for complete fl exibility in three-dimensional lithography. In contrast to this work, [ 11 , 12 ] our approach is to directly beat the inter-system crossing rate of the photoinitiator molecules by effi cient stimulated emission. As we will argue and show by experiments below, commercially available photoinitiators and photoresists containing them are far from ideal for the purpose of STED-DLW. Thus, in this communication, we present a novel class of photoresist systems, an example of which is successfully applied to DLW. In regular DLW, femtosecond laser pulses are very tightly focused into the volume of a photoresist. [ 8–10 ] By means of twophoton absorption, only a tiny volume is suffi ciently exposed by the light. By computer-controlled scanning of the relative positions of focus and resist via piezoelectric actuators, almost
Efeitos de um treinamento resistido com tubos elásticos sobre a força muscular, qualidade de vida e dispneia de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento resistido com tubos elasticos e aparelhos de musculacao sobre qualidade de vida e dispneia em pacientes com doenca pulmonar obstrutiva cronica (DPOC). Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos: treinamento com tubos elasticos (GTE, n=9) e convencional (GRC, n=10). Forca isometrica foi mensurada em cinco exercicios, e qualidade de vida (CRQ) e nivel de dispneia (MRC) foram avaliados por questionarios. As variaveis forca isometrica e MRC variaram significantemente nos dois grupos, enquanto o dominio dispneia de CRQ apresentou diferenca entre os momentos (p<0,05) apenas para GRC. Flexao de ombro e de cotovelo apresentaram correlacao negativa e significante com a variavel MRC (p<0,05) para GRC. As duas intervencoes foram beneficas para o aumento da forca e da reducao da pontuacao em MRC, com aumento da forca de membros superiores correlacionado a reducao da sensacao de dispneia nos pacientes com DPOC.
Catalytic Reactions over Halide Cluster Complexes of Group 5–7 Metals

Halide clusters of Group 5–7 metals develop catalytic activity above 150–250 °C, and the activity is retained up to 350–450 °C by taking advantage of their thermal stability, low vapor pressure, and high melting point. Two types of active site function: the solid Bronsted acid site and a coordinatively unsaturated site that catalyzes like the platinum metals do. Various types of catalytic reactions including new reactions and concerted catalyses have been observed over the clusters: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, isomerization of alkene and alkyne, and alkylation of toluene, amine, phenol, and thiol. Ring-closure reactions to afford quinoline, benzofuran, indene, and heterocyclic common rings are also catalyzed. Beckmann rearrangement, S-acylation of thiol, and dehydrohalogenation are also catalyzed. Although the majority of the reactions proceed over conventional catalysts, closer inspection shows some conspicuous features, particularly in terms of selectivity. Halide cluster catalysts are characterized by some aspects: cluster counter anion is too large to abstract counter cation from the protonated reactants, cluster catalyst is not poisoned by halogen and sulfur atoms. Among others, cluster catalysts are stable at high temperatures up to 350–450 °C. At high temperatures, apparent activation energy decreases, and hence weak acid can be a catalyst without decomposing reactants.
Beta‐Blocker Efficacy in High‐Risk Patients with the Congenital Long‐QT Syndrome Types 1 and 2: Implications for Patient Management

β‐Blockers for LQTS Types 1 and 2. Background: Beta‐blockers are the mainstay therapy in patients with the congenital long‐QT syndrome (LQTS) types 1 and 2. However, limited data exist regarding the efficacy and limitations of this form of medical management within high‐risk subsets of these populations.
After hours presentation of traumatic dental injuries to a major paediatric teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND Thorough record taking of traumatic dental injuries is vital. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a structured paper history for this purpose. Furthermore, the aetiology and epidemiology of these injuries were investigated, with the aim of formulating appropriate preventive guidelines. METHODS A six-month audit of traumatic dental injuries presenting after hours was undertaken at The Children's Hospital at Westmead. A structured paper history form was subsequently created, and the data collected over the following 12 months. RESULTS Structured paper histories assisted in thorough record taking. Over 12 months, 190 paediatric patients (male:female ratio 1.5:1) were treated after hours with traumatic dental injuries. There were 396 injured teeth among 182 patients (eight patients had soft tissue injuries only). The mean number of injured teeth per patient with dental injuries was 2.18, the vast majority being maxillary central incisors (62% of primary teeth and 66% of permanent teeth). The most common cause was 'accident during play', followed by a fall. The severe injuries, avulsions and luxations, comprised 63% of injuries to primary teeth and 26% to permanent teeth. CONCLUSIONS Structured paper histories are useful for recording traumatic dental injuries. The vast majority of these injuries are due to unavoidable accidents, rendering their prevention challenging from a public health perspective.
Techniques in Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Quarter Century of Development

Keratoplasty evolved throughout the 20 century, beginning with the first clear graft in 1905, through the contributions of Castroviejo, Fine, Paton, and many others. By the mid 1970s, keratoplasty was a commonplace procedure with increasingly refined techniques. However, since that time, there have been numerous developments in the areas of trephination, suturing, combined procedures, adjunctive aids such as viscoelastics, and treatment of ensuing refractive errors. These will be reviewed here.
Scavenging behaviour by Ergalatax contractus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) and interactions with Nassarius nodifer (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong

Aspects of the feeding behaviour of Ergalatax contractus (Muricidae) were studied. Field experiments demonstrated that large numbers of individuals of this species, comprising ∼90% of a suite of gastropod scavengers, were attracted to baited traps in the subtidal sands of Lobster Bay, Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. Laboratory experiments identified the effective chemo-detection distances of E. contractus as 60 cm in still and >80 cm in flowing water, respectively. The average times to arrival at bait in still and flowing water were 92.3 and 69.0 min, respectively, but were significantly less for individuals experiencing a longer period of starvation. The mean time taken for E. contractus to consume a meal was 70.6 min. Comparisons were made between Ergalatax contractus and Nassarius nodifer, representative of a suite of sympatric scavenging nassariids in Lobster Bay. The nassariid arrived significantly faster at bait in both still (30.2 min) and flowing water (20.8 min) than E. contractus and fed faster (25.7 min), as is typical of representatives of the Nassariidae. Although the two species partition carrion resources temporally, manipulation experiments provided evidence for inter-specific competition between them. That is, although E. contractus possesses the morphological and behavioural characteristics of a predator, its opportunistic scavenging abilities have led to its success and numerical superiority on the shallow subtidal sands of Lobster Bay. The dominance of E. contractus in Lobster Bay, and elsewhere in Hong Kong, is unusual. Here, the normally predatory E. contractus, far outnumbers all other scavengers, possibly because of an enhanced, largely allochthonous, supply of food which it is able to exploit by virtue of its previously identified opportunistic habit of scavenging the leftovers of other predators. The presence of inter-specific competition between E. contractus and a sympatric suite of nassariids enhances, not impedes, carrion exploitation.
Electron microscopic study on parakeratotic ruminal epithelium in beef cattle.

The ultrastructure or the ruminal epithelium non the rumens or five rat-tened-beef cattle affected severely by gross parakeratosis was reported. In rumen para-keratosis the tonofibrillar bundles appeared in stratum basale, while rough-surfaced endo-plasmic reticulum and ribosome clusters disappeared. The appearance of the bundles instratum spinosum was more pronounced and it was suggested that the keratin synthesismight be complete in these strata and that the rate of post-mitotic aging was much fasterin parakeratotic ruminal epithelium. The retension of nuclei and fibrous network instratum corneum suggested that the disturbance of the activities of Iysosomal enzymes mighttake place in rumen parakeratosis. Lipid droplets were present throughout the epitheliumand they were large and abundant in stratum corneum. The development of extensiveproximal projections of the basal cells indicated that the high intake of concentratesstimulated the increase in cell metabolism in stratum basale.
Adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy for high-risk, early stage endometrial cancer

Purpose To report outcomes following adjuvant high-dose-rate vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) with or without chemotherapy for high-intermediate risk (HIR) and high-risk, early stage endometrial cancer as defined in Gynecologic Oncology Group trial 0249. Material and methods From May 2000 to January 2014, 68 women with HIR and high-risk endometrial cancer underwent surgical staging followed by VBT. Median VBT dose was 21 Gy delivered in three fractions prescribed to 0.5 cm depth. Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin area under the curve 6 was administered every 21 days in sequence with VBT. Actuarial survival estimates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Patient demographics included a median age of 66 years (range: 36-91) and stages IA (49%), IB (38%), and II (13%), respectively. Thirty-one (46%) patients had HIR disease with endometrioid histology, and 33 (48%) patients had serous or clear cell histology. Thirty-seven (54%) patients received a median 3 cycles (range: 3-6) of chemotherapy in addition to VBT, and 65 patients (96%) completed all prescribed therapy. During a median follow up of 33.1 months (range: 4.0-161.7), four patients have recurred, including one vaginal recurrence. The 3-year estimates of vaginal, pelvic, and distant recurrences were 1.9%, 2.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. The 3-year rates of disease-free and overall survival were 87.7% and 93.9%, respectively. Conclusions Early outcomes with adjuvant VBT with or without chemotherapy demonstrate high rates of vaginal and pelvic control for women with HIR disease. Early vaginal and pelvic relapses in high-risk patients suggest that pelvic external beam radiotherapy is warranted in this subgroup, but additional data from large phase III trials is warranted.
Effects of monitoring condition and frequency-altered feedback on stuttering frequency.

The purpose of the study was to examine stuttering frequency during speaking conditions that are believed to mitigate stuttering frequency both with normal nonaltered auditory feedback (NAF) and a known fluency-enhancing feedback. Specifically, stuttering frequency was examined as a function of three monitoring conditions under NAF and frequency-altered feedback (FAF): no monitoring (i.e., speaking alone, in the absence of audio and visual recording), audiovisual monitoring (i.e., speaking alone with audiovisual recording), and audiovisual monitoring with observers (i.e., speaking with audiovisual recording in the presence of two observers). Seven adults and one adolescent who stutter served as participants. Stuttering frequency was differentially affected across monitoring conditions under each auditory feedback condition (p = .027). Post hoc analyses revealed no significant difference in stuttering frequency between the two conditions in the absence of the observers (i.e., no monitoring vs. audiovisual monitoring) under NAF (p = .45). There was, however, a significant difference in stuttering frequency for the no-monitoring and audiovisual-monitoring conditions relative to the audiovisual-monitoring-with-observers condition (p = .0002). There was no statistically significant difference in stuttering frequency across monitoring conditions under FAF (p > .05). The findings are consistent with the notion that during NAF stuttering frequency varies as a function of hierarchical socio-environmental conditions in which inanimate monitoring conditions constitute one entity. Such a relationship does not exist during FAF.
The Repeatability of Gait Speed and Physiological Cost Index Measurements in Working Adults

Objectives: To determine the performance characteristics of gait speed measurements and the physiological cost index (PCI; heart rate change/gait speed) in working adults. Methods: Gait speeds, heart rate changes, andnon–steady state PCIs were calculated in 61 volunteers who worked in our health sciences center. These subjects completed 9 separate 100-foot walk tests in 3 separate sessions. Results: The mean heart rate change after a 100-foot walk was 16.6 ± 8.1 beats per minute. The mean gait speed was 76.1 ± 9.6 meters per minute, and the mean PCI was 0.22 ± 0.11 beats per meter. There were highly significant correlations among all measurements on the 9 separate tests (correlation coefficients 0.41-0.95); gait speed measurements had the highest correlations (0.91-0.95). In a multivariable model hypertension and arthritis were associated with reduced gait speeds. Conclusion: Gait speed, heart rate changes, and non–steady state PCIs have good repeatability when measured over short walks. This information provides a rapid physiological assessment and a method for measuring changes in functional status in healthy subjects and most patients.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Poxviruses Among Free-Ranging Birds of Virginia

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the avian poxvirus core 4b gene of infected free-ranging birds that presented at the Wildlife Center of Virginia during the 2003 and early 2004 years. The species of bird infected were a great blue heron (Ardea herodias), two American crows (Corvus brachyrhyncos), two American robins (Turdus migratorius), two mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), a blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), a northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), a house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), and a northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the consensus sequences determined for each avian case in Virginia in combination with avian poxvirus core 4b gene sequence from isolates previously described in Europe and that of vaccinia virus. Alignment of DNA sequences identified areas of point mutations and, in the case of a single mourning dove, the incorporation of a triplet of nucleotides. Maximum-likelihood analysis grouped the 2003–2004 Virginia avian poxviruses into a clade distinct from those reported in European free-ranging birds, with the exception of a single case in a mourning dove that clustered within one European clade. The cladogram that resulted from our analysis of the European isolates is in agreement with those previously published. This study identified a distinct clade of avian poxvirus unique from four clades previously described and associated with epornitics in free-ranging birds, where the core 4b gene DNA sequence has been the basis of comparison.