Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A mesh check-sum ABFT scheme for stream ciphers

To enhance the security and reliability of the widely-used stream ciphers, a novel mesh check-sum ABFT scheme for stream ciphers is developed. By utilising the ready-made arithmetic unit in stream ciphers, single and multiple errors can be detected and corrected in a cheap way. To meet different requirements in practical applications, 4-D mesh check-sum ABFT scheme is proposed which can be applied to RC4 or other stream ciphers. The 2-D mesh check-sum ABFT scheme is able to detect and correct single error with high efficiency. The 4-D mesh check-sum ABFT scheme is capable of correcting up to three errors located randomly in an N-element matrix with acceptable computation and bandwidth overhead. The workload can be remarkably reduced when most communications are error-free. Our scheme also provides one-to-one mapping between index and check-sum, so that error can be located and recovered by easier logic and simpler operation.
Design of low-error fixed-width multipliers for DSP applications

In this work, two designs of low-error fixed-width sign-magnitude parallel multipliers and two's-complement parallel multipliers for digital signal processing applications are presented. Given two n-bit inputs, the fixed-width multipliers generate n-bit (instead of 2 n-bit) products with low product error, but use only about half the area and less delay when compared with a standard parallel multiplier. In them, cost-effective carry-generating circuits are designed, respectively, to make the products generated more accurately and quickly. Applying the same approach, a low error reduced-width multiplier with output bit-width between n- and 2n has also been designed. Experimental results show that the proposed fixed-width and reduced-width multipliers have lower error than all other fixed-width multipliers and are still cost effective. Due to these properties, they are very suitable for use in many multimedia and digital signal processing applications such as digital filtering, arithmetic coding, wavelet transformation, echo cancellation, etc.
A portable dual-smog-chamber system for atmospheric aerosol field studies

Abstract. Smog chamber experiments using ambient air as a starting point can improve our understanding of the evolution of atmospheric particulate matter at timescales longer than those achieved by traditional laboratory experiments. These types of studies can take place under more realistic environmental conditions addressing the interactions among multiple pollutants. The use of two identical smog chambers, with the first serving as the baseline chamber and the second as the perturbation chamber (in which addition or removal of pollutants, addition of oxidants, change in the relative humidity, etc.), can facilitate the interpretation of the results in such inherently complex experiments. The differences of the measurements in the two chambers can be used as the basis for the analysis of the corresponding chemical or physical processes of ambient air. A portable dual-smog-chamber system was developed using two identical pillow-shaped smog chambers (1.5 m3 each). The two chambers are surrounded by UV lamps in a hexagonal arrangement yielding a total JNO2 of 0.1 min−1. The system can be easily disassembled and transported, enabling the study of various atmospheric environments. Moreover, it can be used with natural sunlight. The results of test experiments using ambient air as the starting point are discussed as examples of applications of this system.
Explaining Variation in How Classroom Communities Adapt the Practice of Scientific Argumentation

Research and practice has placed an increasing emphasis on aligning classroom practices with scientific practices such as scientific argumentation. In this paper, I explore 1 challenge associated with this goal by examining how existing classroom practices influence students' engagement in the practice of scientific argumentation. To do so, I present discourse data from 2 middle school classes engaged in argumentation activities. For each class, I compare existing classroom practices to a discussion designed to facilitate argumentation. My analysis reveals that the existing classroom practices influenced the way in which students responded to the disparate ideas being discussed and that the immediate learning environment influenced the frequency with which students justified their ideas and directly responded to one another. This study suggests that the goal structures that aligned with the existing classroom practices carried over to students' argumentative interactions, influencing how they responded to the disparate ideas. However, the immediate learning environment—including activity structure, software tools, and teaching strategies—seemed to foster student-to-student interactions and justification of ideas.
Perceptual augmentation to support skilled interaction

Ecological task analysis (ETA) is proposed as a technique for enhancing the acquisition of skilled interaction through the design of perceptually augmented information displays. Motivated by Brunswik and Gibson approaches, ETA rests on the primary assumption that skilled interaction will be most readily supported by a display on which perceptual information is available to fully specify the environmental constraints upon productive behavior. Demands for learning and resource-intensive cognitive activity are assumed to result when such information is not perceptually available. ETA can thus be used to identify perceptually impoverished conditions in order to indicate how displays should be augmented with perceptual information to enhance skill acquisition. The results of an experiment using a laboratory videogame, StarCruiser, which compared human performance using a perceptually augmented display with a baseline interface, are reported. Results indicated that the display based on the ETA framework significantly enhanced the acquisition of skill. <<ETX>>
Online Education: An Exploratory Study into Success Factors

The rapid growth of end-user computing, low-cost communication, and the development of the Internet has lead to a surge of online courses. In light of this, many educators still await the promise of technology's power to improve teaching effectiveness. This article presents an exploratory study of a Web-based distance education course at a major Australian university. We identify three critical success factors associated with teaching effectiveness in online delivery—technology, the lecturer, and the students' previous use of the technology. We also argue that the lecturer will continue to play a central role in online education, albeit his or her role will become one of a learning catalyst and knowledge navigator.
Robust supervisory fault-tolerant flight control system

In this paper we present a new supervisory scheme for robust online failure detection and identification (FDI) and adaptive reconfigurable control (ARC) in the presence of multiple control effector failures. The scheme, based on adaptive interacting multiple observers (AIMO), substantially reduces the computational requirements compared to the previous designs, and increases the robustness of the overall system by controlling the plant with a fixed robust controller most of the time. The feasibility of the proposed design was demonstrated through nonlinear simulations of F/A-18C/D aircraft during carrier landing in the presence of battle damage and failures of flight-critical subsystems and components. In particular, we demonstrate the accommodation of a multiple failure that includes 50% left stabilator damage, rudder lock-in-place, and a large external disturbance.
Problem-Based Learning in an Intercultural Business Communication Course

Teachers of intercultural business communication may want to consider using problem-based learning (PBL), an instructional approach that places learners in problem-solving situations, that is, students are presented with messy and complex real-life problems that provide a context for learning concepts and developing skills. This article describes how ill-structured communication problems that emerge in intercultural business relationships in internationalizing small- or medium-sized enterprises are used to provide a context for learning. It explains how these problems are tackled by learners through the implementation of PBL in four stages: problem identification, information acquisition, information analysis, and problem resolution. Finally, it discusses the reactions of the students, external participants, and instructors to the PBL approach.
Collection of family health histories: The link between genealogy and public health

Although a number of investigations have been conducted on the information behavior of family historians, we know little about the degree to which they systematically collect information on the causes of death and major illnesses of ancestors. Such information, if reliable and accessible, could be useful to family physicians, the families themselves, and to epidemiologists.This article presents findings from a two-stage study of amateur genealogists in the USA. An initial state-wide telephone survey of 901 households was followed by in-depth interviews with a national sample of 23 family historians. Over half of the responding households in the general survey reported that someone in their family collects ancestral medical data; this practice appears to be more common among respondents who are women, older persons, and those with higher incomes. In-depth interviews revealed that this information is commonly collected by family historians, and typically comes from death certificates, secondarily from obituaries, and thirdly from word-ofmouth or family records; most of these respondents collected health information for reasons of surveillance of their own health risks. Social-networking approaches to encourage gathering of family data could aid in increased awareness and surveillance of health risks. Implications for health information seeking and applicable theories are discussed.
The power of influence: what affects public library staff's attitudes to the Internet?

The characteristics of public library staff, which affect attitudes to the Internet, are considered based on the results of a PhD study. Data generated from a survey of more than 900 public library staff in England, which included an amended version of the technology acceptance model in conjunction with management interviews, focus groups with staff and a bulletin board, was analysed and the most pertinent results presented. The influence of gender, age, organisational variables, computer skills, ICT experience and subjective norm are explored. Key findings include the influence of current post and type of post on perceptions of the usefulness of the Internet whilst the age and place of work affected perceptions of the ease of use of the Internet. Recommendations include confidence‐raising training, attention to the needs of flexible workers and promotion of positive messages.
Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team

Personnel representing several NASA field centers have formulated a "Reference Mission" addressing human exploration of Mars. This report summarizes their work and describes a plan for the first human missions to Mars, using approaches that are technically feasible, have reasonable risks, and have relatively low costs. The architecture for the Mars Reference Mission builds on previous work of the Synthesis Group (1991) and Zubrin's (1991) concepts for the use of propellants derived from the Martian Atmosphere. In defining the Reference Mission, choices have been made. In this report, the rationale for each choice is documented; however, unanticipated technology advances or political decisions might change the choices in the future.
Application Of A Generalized Mathematical Model Of Noise Sources To Optical Media Evaluation

Extensive data have been taken on the Drexler Technology Corporation's DrexonR recording media. The data have been analyzed to determine the media's response function. The data indicate that the media conforms to a form of the Generalized Mathematical Model of Noise Sources under some recording conditions. A model of the media under these conditions is developed and used to evaluate the effects of recording laser noise.
An Open Source, Low-Cost, Multi Camera Full-Body 3D Scanner

This paper discusses the possibility of using low-cost camera’s and single-board computer modules 1 for building a full body 3D Scanning system with the purpose of creating mini-figures / 3D selfies of people, both adults and kids. The design, architecture and results of a 3D scanner based on the Raspberry PI camera and the advantages over a DSLR based system will be discussed.
Collaborative teaching with learning objects in an international, non‐profit context. The example of the Ariadne Community

The ARIADNE European projects (1996–2000) developed tools and methodologies for producing and managing ‘pedagogical elements’, storing them in knowledge pools and building and supporting training curricula. These tools were in wide use around the world, both in academic and corporate sites, at the end of the projects. The ARIADNE Foundation was therefore created to exploit and further develop these tools and concepts. As a not‐for‐profit‐oriented association, members contribute according to their nature and capacity. The Members' community (75 members from 20 countries in 2002) has to respect a philosophy based on cooperation between educational bodies, with the motto ‘Share and reuse’. Active members create learning objects stored in an internationally distributed knowledge pool system. Indexing with clear and precise metadata helps to retrieve appropriate documents to reuse them.Enseignement collaboratif avec des 'objets p´edagogiques' dans un contexte international et sans but lucratif. L'exemple de la communaut´e d'ARIADNE Les outils et m´ethodologies d´evelopp´es dans le cadre des projets europ´eens ARIADNE (1996-2000) ont pour objectif de cr´eer et g´erer, `a travers un r´eseau de viviers de connaissances, des ´el´ements p´edagogiques multim´edias. Ces outils sont toujours utilis´es `a travers le monde. La Fondation ARIADNE a ´et´e cr´e´ee afin de poursuivre leur d´eveloppement. La Fondation ARIADNE est une association internationale sans but lucratif : les membres payent une contribution annuelle en fonction de leur nature et de leur capacit´e financi`ere. La communaut´e d'utilisateurs (en 2002, 75 membres de 20 pays) doit respecter une philosophie bas´ee sur la coop´eration entre les acteurs de la formation `a travers le principe de 'Partage et R´eutilisation'. L'indexation avec des m´eta-donn´ees claires et pr´ecises aide `a rechercher les documents r´eutilisables.Gemeinsames Lehren mit Lernobjekten in internationalem Rahmen ohne kommerziellen Hintergrund. Das Beispiel der Ariadne-Gemeinschaft Die europ¨aischen Ariadne-Projekte haben Werkzeuge und Methoden entwickelt, um gemeinsame Wissensquellen f¨ur Lernobjekte und Kursunterlagen zu erstellen und zu bewirtschaften. Diese Werkzeuge werden weiterhin weltweit benutzt, sowohl im akademischen wie auch im Wirtschaftsumfeld. Zum Ende des Projekts beschloss die Ariadne-Gemeinschaft, diese Werzeuge und Konzepte weiter zu nutzen und auszubauen. Die Ariadne Gemeinschaft ist nicht gewinnorientiert. Die Mitglieder tragen nach deren Art und finanziellen M¨oglichkeiten einen niedrigen Jahresbeitrag bei. Die Benutzergruppen m¨ussen die auf Kooperation basierende Grundphilosophie einhalten: 'Teilnehmen und Wiederverwenden'. Die Ariadne Plattform basiert auf einer gemeinsamen Wissensquelle (Knowledge Pool), welche die Lernobjekte verwaltet. Indexierung und genaue Meta-Daten helfen, die zur Wiederverwendung geeigneten Dokumente aufzufinden.
The Roles of Phonological and Syntactic Awareness in the Use of Plural Morphemes Among Children in French Immersion

English-speaking children in French immersion were tested to compare the spelling of the plural in English and French and to explore the factors involved in this development. Spelling of plural morphemes in French was more difficult than in English, suggesting that articulated features of a word are easier to spell than unarticulated ones. Very few French immersion children spelled correctly any of the French irregular plural form -aux. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that auditory analysis, but not syntactic awareness, shared significant portions of variance with measures of spelling. Overall, these findings suggest that phonological factors affect the spelling of morphemes and that skills in phonological awareness are uniquely associated with the development of the spelling of plural morphemes.
COFDM: an overview

The research and development of OFDM/COFDM for digital television broadcasting has received considerable attention and has made a great deal of progress in Europe. OFDM/COFDM has already been implemented in digital audio broadcasting and is being considered for terrestrial digital television and HDTV broadcasting. The advantages of COFDM claimed by the advocates in Europe have also caught the attention of US broadcasters and generated enthusiasm although a digital modulation technique called 8-VSB has been selected by the FCC Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service (ACATS) for the final testing. There is considerable debate in the industry over the use of COFDM vs. VSB or QAM for terrestrial HDTV broadcasting. In this paper, the history of research and development on OFDM and COFDM is reviewed. Then, the basic principles, performance and implementation of OFDM and COFDM are examined. Analysis is given to enable the selection of key elements for meeting the constraints of the required applications. Based on the ATV channel model, performance expectation of COFDM under imperfect channel conditions and implementation issues are examined in details. >
Modeling the impact of heterogeneous reactions of chlorine on summertime nitrate formation in Beijing, China

Abstract. Comprehensive chlorine heterogeneous chemistry is incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of chlorine-related heterogeneous reaction on diurnal and nocturnal nitrate formation and quantify the nitrate formation from gas-to-particle partitioning of HNO3 and from different heterogeneous pathways. The results show that these heterogeneous reactions increase the atmospheric Cl2 and ClNO2 level (∼ 100 %), which further affects the nitrate formation. Sensitivity analyses of uptake coefficients show that the empirical uptake coefficient for the O3 heterogeneous reaction with chlorinated particles may lead to the large uncertainties in the predicted Cl2 and nitrate concentrations. The N2O5 uptake coefficient with particulate Cl− concentration dependence performs better in capturing the concentration of ClNO2 and nocturnal nitrate concentration. The reaction of OH and NO2 in the daytime increases the nitrate by ∼15 % when the heterogeneous chlorine chemistry is incorporated, resulting in more nitrate formation from HNO3 gas-to-particle partitioning. By contrast, the contribution of the heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 to nitrate concentrations decreases by about 27 % in the nighttime, when its reactions with chlorinated particles are considered. However, the generated gas-phase ClNO2 from the heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 and chlorine-containing particles further reacts with the particle surface to increase the nitrate by 6 %. In general, this study highlights the potential of significant underestimation of daytime concentrations and overestimation of nighttime nitrate concentrations for chemical transport models without proper chlorine chemistry in the gas and particle phases.
Constructing a Grid Simulation for E-Governance Applications Using GridSim

This study provides a design framework for the adoption of grid computing for e- governance applications. Problem statement: E-Governance is the application of information and communication technology to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability in Government to Government (G2G), Government to Employee (G2E), Government to Citizen (G2C) and Government to Business (G2B). It enables citizens to make best use of automated administration processes that are accessible on-line. Grid computing is an ideal solution to this type of applications and the study presents how grid computing can be used to effectively and efficiently handle such huge data. In this study, we illustrate the creation of a virtual environment by using existing Grid technologies to specific e-governance applications on distributed resources. Approach: A Grid generally refers to an infrastructure that involves the integrated and collaborative use of all computing resources into a single virtual computing environment. Grid applications often involve large amounts of data and/or computing resources that require secure resource sharing across organizational boundaries. Grid computing is an ideal solution to this type of applications and the study presents how grid computing can be used to effectively and efficiently handle such huge data. Results: The applications were run with the grid environment and without Grid environment. The results obtained were compared with the time and the number of jobs. The obtained results using grid environment were more significant and promising. Conclusions: Implementing an E-Governance solution will lower the cost of developing, deploying, managing government solutions and providing better services to citizens.
Participants' Reactions to Computerized Testing

This study investigated participants' reactions to computerized testing and assessed the practicability of this testing method in the classroom. Three hundred and fifteen students took a computerized and a printed version of a standardized aptitude test battery, and a survey assessing their reactions. Overall reactions to the computerized test were overwhelmingly positive. Students reported that computerized testing can be a workable alternative to printed standardized testing. Administrators' reactions were mixed; examiners were excited about this new mode of test administration but had some difficulty with the planning and logistics of administration. Suggestions for improving computerized testing and the impact of the changing technology are discussed.
Application of model trees and other machine learning techniques for algal growth prediction in Yongdam reservoir, Republic of Korea

A promising new approach for eco-environmental modelling, such as algal growth prediction, is the data-driven modeling using machine learning techniques: an artificial neural network (ANN) being a typical method. Another method growing in popularity, based on the M5 model tree (MT) algorithm, is the use of piecewise linear regression models at the leaf nodes of the tree. M5 MTs using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) proposed in this paper were tested on a particular dataset and then compared to M5 MTs, MLF- and RBF-ANN and k nearest neighbours ( k NN). With the dataset partitioned to periods of algal growth and no growth, M5 MTs using PLSR showed better results for algal growth prediction in the reservoir than using the annual dataset and other algorithms. This gives the idea that the M5-PLSR MTs, in spite of the lack of data, more effectively seeks latent vectors between the closely correlated multivariate dataset partitioned using clustering techniques. M5-PLSR MTs is a promising approach when there is a shortage of data required to build a more transparent learning process model, and a combination with clustering is recommended.