Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age‐Based Disparity in Outcomes of Intestinal Transplants in Pediatric Patients

Outcomes of intestinal transplants (ITx; n = 977) for pediatric patients are examined using the United Network for Organ Sharing data from 1987 to 2009. Recipients were divided into four age groups: (1) <2 years of age (n = 569), (2) 2–6 years (n = 219), (3) 6–12 years (n = 121) and (4) 12–18 years (n = 68). Of 977 ITx, 287 (29.4%) were isolated ITx and 690 (70.6%) were liver and ITx (L‐ITx). Patient survival for isolated ITx at 1, 3 and 5 years, 85.3%, 71.3% and 65.0%, respectively, was significantly better than L‐ITx, 68.4%, 57.0% and 51.4%, respectively, (p = 0.0001); this was true for all age groups, except for patients <2 years of age. The difference in graft survival between isolated ITx and L‐ITx was significant at 1 and 3 years (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0012). After attrition analysis of graft survival of patients who survived past first year, 3 and 5 years, graft survival for L‐ITx patient was significantly better than those for isolated ITx. Isolated ITx should be considered early before the onset of liver disease in children >2 with intestinal failure but is not advantageous in patients <2 years.
Prolonged sedation and/or analgesia and 5-year neurodevelopment outcome in very preterm infants: results from the EPIPAGE cohort.

OBJECTIVE To describe the long-term outcome of very preterm infants receiving prolonged sedation and/or analgesia and examine the relationship between prolonged sedation and/or analgesia and this long-term outcome. DESIGN A prospective population-based study (Etude EPIdémiologique sur les Petits Ages GEstationnels [EPIPAGE]). To reduce bias, the propensity score method was used. SETTING Nine regions of France. PARTICIPANTS The study population included very preterm infants of fewer than 33 weeks' gestational age, born in 1997, who received mechanical ventilation and/or surgery. Main Exposure Prolonged exposure to sedative and/or analgesic drugs in the neonatal period, defined as exposure of more than 7 days to sedative and/or opioid drugs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of moderate or severe disability at 5 years of age. RESULTS The analysis concerns 1572 premature infants who received mechanical ventilation for whom information about exposure to prolonged sedation and/or analgesia in the neonatal period was available. A total of 115 were exposed and 1457 were not exposed. There was no significant difference between the number of patients lost to follow-up from the group of very preterm infants who were exposed to prolonged sedation and/or analgesia and the group who were not. Exposed very preterm infants had severe or moderate disability at 5 years (41/97; 42%) more often than those who were not exposed (324/1248; 26%). After adjustment for gestational age and propensity score, this association was no longer statistically significant (adjusted relative risk, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.2). CONCLUSION Prolonged sedation and/or analgesia is not associated with a poor 5-year neurological outcome after adjustment for the propensity score.
Raising the Heat: Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Simulated Heat Withdrawal Response

Virtual Reality (VR) has numerous mechanisms for making a virtual scene more compellingly real. Most effort has been focused on visual and auditory techniques for immersive environments, although some commercial systems now include relatively crude haptic effects through handheld controllers or haptic suits. We present results from a pilot experiment demonstrating the use of Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) to trick participants into thinking a surface is dangerously hot even though it is below 50C. This is accomplished by inducing an artificial heat withdrawal reflex by contracting the participant's bicep shortly after contact with the virtual hot surface. Although the effects of multiple experimental confounds need to be quantified in future work, results so far suggest that EMS could potentially be used to modify temperature perception in VR and AR contexts. Such an illusion has applications for VR gaming as well as emergency response and workplace training and simulation, in addition to providing new insights into the human perceptual system.
Association Study of GABRG2 Polymorphisms with Suicidal Behaviour in Schizophrenia Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder where the role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, has been implicated in its aetiopathophysiology. Several genes coding for GABAA subunits, including the GABRG2 gene that encodes the γ2 subunit, are clustered at 5q31-q35, a chromosomal region that is associated with schizophrenia in genome scan studies. We recently reported GABRG2 to be associated with schizophrenia in our case-control and family samples. Methods: We tested eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the GABRG2 gene for an association with suicidal behaviour in our schizophrenia sample of European ancestry (n = 197), taking into account history of alcohol abuse or dependence. Results: We found the haplotypes of the rs183294 and rs209356 markers to be significantly associated with history of suicide attempt (p < 0.01) as well as suicide specifier scores (p < 0.05). The association appeared to be originating in patients with a history of alcohol dependence or abuse. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that GABRG2 may be involved in suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia patients with alcohol dependence or abuse, but replications are required. These results may help in the discovery of novel treatments for alcoholism and/or prevention of suicide.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of an Alcohol Ignition Interlock for Installation in all Newly Registered Vehicles

Objective: This study conducted a cost-benefit analysis of an alcohol ignition interlock device in preventing alcohol-related fatalities and serious injuries when installed in all newly registered vehicles in Australia. Methods: Benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) were calculated by comparing the benefits associated with the number of road injuries the interlock was predicted to save with the costs associated with installing the device in all newly registered vehicles. Four effectiveness levels were assumed for the interlock, given that the device was not expected to prevent 100 percent of alcohol-impaired driving. Unit benefits were computed for 4, 5, and 7 percent discount rates, and for fleet life periods of 15 and 25 years. Analysis and Results: The BCRs ranged from 3.4:1 at best to 0.6:1, depending on the interlock effectiveness level, the discount rate, and the fleet life figure applied. It was estimated that the interlock could prevent between 97 (at the lowest effectiveness level of 23.8%) and 388 (at the highest effectiveness level of 95%) road fatalities per annum, with the corresponding range for serious injuries being 603 to 2414 casualties. Conclusion: It was recommended that the installation of interlock devices in all newly registered vehicles in Australia could be an effective option, from a cost-benefit analysis perspective, depending upon its level of success in preventing alcohol-impaired driving. Therefore, although this primary prevention strategy is likely to obtain lower BCRs than targeting groups who are overrepresented in alcohol-related road crashes, a substantial number of road fatalities and serious injuries would be prevented, with up to 24 percent of all fatalities and up to 11 percent of all serious injuries saved in Australia per annum. Overall, it was concluded that due to the investigated interlock's user friendliness and relative affordability in comparison to other interlocks, the device should be considered as a countermeasure for curbing the drink driving problem in Australia.
The cerebral blood flow in man determined by the use of radioactive krypton.

Summary. 1 A method for the determination of cerebral blood flow in man using the radioactive isotope krypton 85 is described. 2 The standard deviation of cerebal blood flow was esperimentally determined to he 1.6 cc/100 g/min. 3 Repeateil determinations of cerebral oxygen consumption at an interval of 30 minutes showed insignificant variations in 10 normal subjects and significant variations in 1 subject with slight hypertension. 4 Repeat ect deteminations of cerebral oxygen consumption at all interval of 3 to 8 days showed significant variations in 3 out of 4 normal individuals and in none out of 5 arteriosclerotic individuals. 6 In a group of 10 normal males and 10 normal females, mean age 38 years, the mean value for cerebral blood flow was 52 (S. D. = 8.6) cc/100 g/min., the mean value for cerebral oxygen consumption was 3.4 (S. D. = 0.58) cc/100 g/min., and the mean value for cerebral vascular resistance was 1.8 (S. D. = 0.38) mm Hg/cc/100 g/min. 6 The method described is compared to the nitrous oxide method as described by Kety and Schmidt. The results of the two methods agree, but the krypton 85 method is more accurate, secures more normal physiological conditions during the examination. and demands less manual work.
In Vitro Analysis of Cytotoxicity and 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition Activity by Using Callus Extract of Biophytum sensitivum (L) DC.

Objective of the study is to screen for in vitro pharmacological activities of 5-Lipoxygenase and cytotoxicity of using methanolic callus extracts of Biophytum sensitivum. In vitro Brine shrimp lethality assay was carried out according to the method of Meyer et al., (1982) and the lipoxygenase inhibition activity was assayed using photometric method as described by Reddanna et al., (1985). The callus extract has shown 5-Lipoxygenase potency was found to be low. The Graph pad Prism Version-5 soft ware is used to analyze data in the form of figures. Fenny probed analysis software is used in Brine shrimp lethality assay to obtain ED50 values. But important finding in this study was that the extract has shown significant and remarkable cytotoxicity. The callus extract has shown 5-Lipoxygenase potency was found to be low. This callus extract deserves further evaluation to screen in vivo anti-cancer activity.
Certain counterexamples to the construction of combinatorial designs on infinite sets

As in [l] the result presented here will be given within ZermeloFraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice. If x is a set, x denotes the cardinality of x. If n is a cardinal number then [x]* = {yc x :y * n) where * can stand for the symbols =, ̂ , ^, < or >. The expression "x c y means "# is a subset of y" improper inclusion not being excluded. If a is an ordinal number ωαis the smallest ordinal whose cardinality is Kβ. As usual, we write ω for ω0. For each ordinal a we define a cardinal number αα by recursion as follows: set αo= No. If α = 0+1 then set αα = 2 0. If a is a limit number then set αβ = Σ α̂ . Also for any ordinal α, cf(a) represents β<a the smallest ordinal which is cofinal with a. It is now possible to state the main result of [1] as follows.
Studies on the net uptake of solutes by normal and crown-gall tumor cells.

inositol, and elevated salt levels for their rapid growth in culture. Yet the stock strain of normal Vinca cells used in this study does not appear to be habituated to auxin in the sense that that tissue is auxin-independent since the growth of such tissue is very poor and the tissue is yellow ill color when it is cultivated on the organic supplement medium minus an exogenous source of auxin. A description of the methods used for the determination of the potassium and phosphate ions as well as for quinacrine HCl is given in those sections of the paper in which the uptake of those solutes by normal and tumor cells is described. Unless otherwise stated, all experiments were carried out at a temperature of about 230C.
Attachment and coping of dementia care staff: The role of staff attachment style, geriatric nursing self-efficacy, and approaches to dementia in burnout

Past research suggests that dementia care staff are vulnerable to the development of burnout, which has implications for staff well-being and hence the quality of care for people with dementia. Studying personal vulnerability factors in burnout is important as it can guide staff training and support. Attachment theory suggests that adult attachment styles affect caregiving relationships and individuals’ responses to stress, providing a framework for understanding caregivers’ styles of coping. This cross-sectional survey study examined relationships between staff attachment styles, geriatric nursing self-efficacy, and approaches to dementia in burnout. Seventy-seven members of dementia care staff working on inpatient wards for older people completed self-report questionnaires. Insecure attachment, lower levels of self-efficacy, and more optimistic attitudes in staff were related to higher levels of burnout. Staff training on the role of attachment in dementia care is recommended. Further research is required to explore mediating factors between adult attachment styles and burnout.
Hybrid modified gravity unifying local tests, galactic dynamics and late-time cosmic acceleration

The nonequivalence between the metric and Palatini formalisms of f(R) gravity is an intriguing feature of these theories. However, in the recently proposed hybrid metric-Palatini gravity, consisting of the superposition of the metric Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian with an term constructed a la Palatini, the "true" gravitational field is described by the interpolation of these two nonequivalent approaches. The theory predicts the existence of a light long-range scalar field, which passes the local constraints and affects the galactic and cosmological dynamics. Thus, the theory opens new possibilities for a unified approach, in the same theoretical framework, to the problems of dark energy and dark matter, without distinguishing a priori matter and geometric sources, but taking their dynamics into account under the same standard.
Distribution of Antennal Olfactory and Non-Olfactory Sensilla in Different Species of Bees

Several species of social bees exhibit population-level lateralization in learning odors and recalling olfactory memories. Honeybees Apis mellifera and Australian social stingless bees Trigona carbonaria and Austroplebeia australis are better able to recall short- and long-term memory through the right and left antenna respectively, whereas non-social mason bees Osmia rufa are not lateralized in this way. In honeybees, this asymmetry may be partially explained by a morphological asymmetry at the peripheral level—the right antenna has 5% more olfactory sensilla than the left antenna. Here we looked at the possible correlation between the number of the antennal sensilla and the behavioral asymmetry in the recall of olfactory memories in A. australis and O. rufa. We found no population-level asymmetry in the antennal sensilla distribution in either species examined. This suggests that the behavioral asymmetry present in the stingless bees A. australis may not depend on lateral differences in antennal receptor numbers.
Perinatal care regionalization and low birth weight infant mortality rates in Alaska.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the failure of non-tertiary care hospitals to appropriately triage and refer pregnant women and newborns contributes to low birth weight infant death in Alaska. STUDY DESIGN Birth certificates from 1993 to 1997 were reviewed for all 2809 infants who were born at less than 2500 g. Death certificates and maternal and infant medical charts were reviewed for all 168 infant deaths that occurred during this time. RESULTS Mother-infant pairs who received all care at Alaska's single tertiary care center had a lower mortality rate than those who received some care at a non-tertiary care center (risk ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-2.6). Despite this, only 4% of deaths among low birth weight infants (all <1500 g) were associated with care decisions at non-tertiary centers; none of these deaths involved intentional inappropriate retention of infants or mothers. CONCLUSION Further emphasizing perinatal care regionalization (including for infants 1500-2499 g birth weight) is unlikely to substantially decrease low birth weight infant mortality rates.
[Impact perception on health, social and physical environments of the municipal solid waste disposal site in Cali].

OBJECTIVE Describing the self-perceived impact on health of people living near to a solid waste disposal site in Cali and on their physical and social environments. METHODS In addition to a cohort study, qualitative research was carried out to explore experiences amongst 16 residents in leadership positions in their communities. Seven semi-structured interviews and one focus group were conducted. Thematic analysis was developed using thematic networks to identify recurrent patterns related to theexperience of living in proximity to the solid waste disposal dump. RESULTS Participants perceived respiratory health problems as mainly arising from the sickening odours emanating form the Navarro dump. The area has also developed a bad reputation ("stigma") because of the exasperating odours, flies and the close view of waste disposal. CONCLUSIONS Participants perceived the Navarro dump had a negative impact on their physical health and also that its bad reputation in the neighbourhood had effects on the social and physical environment of people living close to the solid waste disposal dump.
Bedside diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis using reagent strips.

OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of reagent strip for bedside diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). DESIGN Cross-sectional analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute from November 2003 to August 2004. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with cirrhosis and ascites underwent diagnostic paracentesis. Fluid was checked for leukocyte esterase released by PMN by using Combur 10 urine strip and graded for color change from 0-3. Fluid was also analyzed by cytology for PMN count. Results of both methods were compared to determine sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of strip for diagnosis of SBP. RESULTS Of 214 paracentesis performed, SBP was diagnosed in 38 patients whereas 176 were negative for infection. Strip test was 97.7% sensitive and 89.4% specific with positive predictive value of 90%, negative predictive value of 97.7% and accuracy of 96.2%, when reagent strip grade 3 was considered as positive for diagnosis. CONCLUSION Reagent strip is a quick bedside test, highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of SBP, based on polymorphonuclear count in ascitic fluid, to initiate early treatment, thus improving patient's outcome.
Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep

Both sleep clinicians and basic science researchers have been witness to a wide variety of unusual clinical and experimental phenomena that represent admixtures, incomplete declaration, or rapid oscillations of the three states of being: wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REMI sleep, and nonrapid eye movement sleep. The concept of state dissociation provides an explanation for a wide variety of bizarre clinical phenomena, including the symptoms of narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, disorders of arousal (such as sleep terrors, sleepwalking, and sleep drunkenness), automatic behavior, and some “out-of-body” experiences. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and perspective of such conditions, encourage systematic and detailed study of these “experiments in nature,” and underscore the interdependence of clinicians and researchers.
Face analysis for human computer interaction applications

A face analysis system is presented and employed in the construction of human-computer interfaces. This system is based on three modules (detection, tracking and classification) which are integrated and used to detect, track and classify faces in dynamic environments. A face detector, an eye detector and face classifier are built using a unified learning framework. The most interesting aspect of this learning framework is the possibility of building accurate and robust classification/detection systems that have a high processing speed. The tracking system is based on extended Kalman filters, and when used together with the face detector, high detection rates with a very low false positive rate are obtained. The classification module is used to classify the faces’ gender. The three modules are evaluated on standard databases and, compared to state of the art systems, better or competitive results are obtained. The whole system is and the system is implemented in AIBO robots.
Syndromic validity of apathy in Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE The study examined the usefulness and clinical correlates of specific diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Whereas apathy is a frequent behavioral change in patients with Alzheimer's disease, the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria may explain the wide discrepancies in estimates of the frequency and demographic and clinical correlates of apathy. METHOD A consecutive series of 319 patients who met the criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease established by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 117 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for depression without dementia, and 36 healthy individuals were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview. On the basis of modified Marin's criteria for apathy, they were classified into groups with or without apathy. RESULTS Apathy was diagnosed in 37% of the 319 Alzheimer's disease patients, compared to none of the healthy comparison subjects. In 24% of the Alzheimer's disease sample, apathy coexisted with either dysthymic disorder or major depressive disorder, whereas 13% had apathy without depression. Apathy was diagnosed in 32% of the depressed nondemented patients, mostly in those with major depressive disorder. Apathy in Alzheimer's disease was significantly associated with severe impairments in activities of daily living and cognitive functions, older age, and poor awareness of behavioral and cognitive changes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides partial validation of specific clinical criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease.
Clinical Value of the Epstein-Barr Virus and p16 Status in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Single-Centre Study in Japan

Background: The clinical significance of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status and p16 expression was unknown in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: We retrospectively studied our pathology database for 13 years to determine the prevalence of EBV and p16 expression and their association with prognosis in cases of NPC. We performed immunohistochemistry for the p16 protein and in situ hybridization (ISH) for EBV-encoded small RNAs and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Results: Of the 43 patients with NPC, 27 (63%), 6 (14%), and 10 (23%) cases were EBV positive, EBV negative with keratinization, and EBV negative without keratinization, respectively. No cases were HPV positive by ISH. Among the 21 EBV-positive tumours that were tested for p16, only 2 tumours were p16 positive. The keratinization-positive group included only males, typically >60 years of age (5 of 6) and with T4 tumours (3 of 6). In contrast, the EBV-positive cohort tended to be younger (<60 years, 13 of 27) and have progressive N-stage tumours (N2-3, 14 of 27). The keratinization and EBV-negative cohort included predominantly males (9 of 10) who were likely p16 negative (4 of 10) and smokers (7 of 10). Multivariate analysis confirmed that keratinization was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival. Conclusion: In areas, such as Japan, that are nonendemic for both EBV and HPV, the causality of NPC appears to be more heterogeneous.