Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stereotypies and loss of social affiliation after early hippocampectomy in primates

THE present study was aimed at determining whether early hippocampal damage alters the development of normal social interactions. Results showed that, at 2 months of age, animals with neonatal hippocampal lesions presented minor disturbances in initiation of social interactions. These subtle changes in behavior were less evident at 6 months, although at this age, the operated animals displayed more withdrawals in response to an increase in aggressive responses from their unoperated peers. Finally, in adulthood, the amount of time spent by the operated monkeys in social contacts with their normal peers was markedly less than that in normal dyads. Only in adulthood did the operated animals exhibit more locomotor Stereotypies than normal controls. This finding suggest that the hippocampal formation may directly or indirectly affect the maintenance of social bounds in primates.
Detection of a subsurface flaw with the total Internal Reflection Ultrasonic Sensor

A novel ultrasonic sensor aimed specifically at detecting subsurface flaws is developed and investigated experimentally. The sensor exploits the phenomenon of frustrated total internal reflection and operates as a two-port device whose insertion loss is affected by a flaw beneath the surface of a tested object. It is designed as a prism of a TeO2 single crystal, which in the experiment was put in contact with tested specimens using an optical contact technique. An artificial “defect” in the defected specimen of fused quartz was an epoxy layer of 28 μm in thickness. Testing the flawless and defected specimens has shown a distinctive difference between the sensor responses that proves the sensor capability to detect a subsurface flaw.
Epidemiology of Syphilis in the United States, 1941–1993

Background and Objectives: The distribution and trends of syphilis are influenced by biologic factors, sexual behaviors, biomedical technology, availability of and access to health care, public health efforts, changes in population dynamics, and sociocultural factors. The objective of this article is to review the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States during the period 1941–1993 in the context of some of these factors. Study Design: Surveillance data on cases of syphilis and congenital syphilis reported by state and city health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed to show distribution and trends by geographic location, racial and ethnic groups, gender, and age. Results: Historically, syphilis was distributed widely throughout the country and declined rapidly after the introduction of penicillin therapy and broad‐based public health programs, attaining its lowest levels in the 1950s. However, in recent years, the disease has returned and become focused in the southern region and in urban areas outside that region. Rates of syphilis have remained highest in black Americans, and the most recent national epidemic of syphilis primarily involved them. Rates in white men were at intermediate levels during the early 1980s but have declined to low rates in the 1990s, possibly because of changes in behavior in response to the AIDS epidemic. Rates in white women and other racial and ethnic groups have remained low throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Conclusions: Syphilis remains a significant problem in the United States, and its epidemiology is influenced by a complex combination of factors. To prevent and control syphilis effectively, public health practitioners must understand these factors and design programs and interventions that address the disease in the context of these factors.
High-mobility Group Box 1 Protein Initiates Postoperative Cognitive Decline by Engaging Bone Marrow–derived Macrophages

Background: Aseptic trauma engages the innate immune response to trigger a neuroinflammatory reaction that results in postoperative cognitive decline. The authors sought to determine whether high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), an ubiquitous nucleosomal protein, initiates this process through activation and trafficking of circulating bone marrow–derived macrophages to the brain. Methods: The effects of HMGB1 on memory (using trace fear conditioning) were tested in adult C57BL/6J male mice; separate cohorts were tested after bone marrow–derived macrophages were depleted by clodrolip. The effect of anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody on the inflammatory and behavioral responses to tibial surgery were investigated. Results: A single injection of HMGB1 caused memory decline, as evidenced by a decrease in freezing time (52 ± 11% vs. 39 ± 5%; n = 16–17); memory decline was prevented when bone marrow–derived macrophages were depleted (39 ± 5% vs. 50 ± 9%; n = 17). Disabling HMGB1 with a blocking monoclonal antibody, before surgery, reduced postoperative memory decline (52 ± 11% vs. 29 ± 5%; n = 15–16); also, hippocampal expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was prevented by the neutralizing antibody (n = 6). Neither the systemic nor the hippocampal inflammatory responses to surgery occurred in mice pretreated with anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody (n = 6). Conclusion: Postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive decline can be prevented by abrogating the effects of HMGB1. Following the earlier characterization of the resolution of surgery-induced memory decline, the mechanisms of its initiation are now described. Together, these data may be used to preoperatively test the risk to surgical patients for the development of exaggerated and prolonged postoperative memory decline that is reflected in delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, respectively.
Bile Composition in Patients with Ileal Resection Due to Crohn's Disease

Summary: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) have an increased risk of developing gallstones, but the mechanisms are unknown. In a previous study, we found a subnormal cholesterol saturation in the bile of patients with short ileal resections due to CD. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that (a) CD patients with a long ileal resection have an altered biliary composition and (b) that CD patients with short or long ileal resection have an increased content of bilirubin in their bile. Biliary lipid composition, cholesterol saturation, bile acid pattern, and bilirubin concentration were determined in fasting duodenal bile of 10 CD patients with long ileal resections and in 4 patients with short resections. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. Cholesterol saturation was significantly lower in those CD patients who had a long or short resection compared with the healthy subjects. Bile acid composition in the CD patients was characterized by a significant decrease in the deoxycholic acid fraction and a prominent increase in the ursodeoxycholic acid fraction. The bilirubin concentrations, expressed as micromoles of bilirubin per millimole bile acid, were 45‐50% higher in patients who had a long or a short ileal resection compared with healthy controls. Based on these results, CD patients who had had an ileal resection seem not to be at an increased risk of cholesterol gallstone formation but rather at risk of developing pigment stones.
Do Investors Overvalue Firms with Bloated Balance Sheets?

If investors have limited attention, then accounting outcomes that saliently highlight positive aspects of a firm's performance will promote high market valuations. When cumulative accounting value added (net operating income) over time outstrips cumulative cash value added (free cash flow), it becomes hard for the firm to sustain further earnings growth. When the balance sheet is 'bloated' in this fashion, we argue that investors with limited attention will overvalue the firm, because naive earnings-based valuation disregards the firm's relative lack of success in generating cash flows in excess of investment needs. The level of net operating assets, the difference between cumulative earnings and cumulative free cash flow over time, is therefore a measure of the extent to which operating/reporting outcomes provoke excessive investor optimism. Therefore, if investor attention is limited, net operating assets will negatively predict subsequent stock returns. In our 1964-2002 sample, net operating assets scaled by beginning total assets is a strong negative predictor of long-run stock returns. Predictability is robust with respect to an extensive set of controls and testing methods.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children – is there a role for MTHFR?

Over the last 10 years genetic variation in folate metabolism has received considerable scientific attention, but findings have been inconsistent, with many studies based on small numbers. Koppen et al (2010) recently reported on a meta-analysis of 14 studies that had investigated genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in folate metabolism in relation to both childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), concluding that both MTHFR 677 C>T and MTHFR 1298A>C were likely to be associated with decreased susceptibility to ALL in childhood. We were however, somewhat surprised to see the authors combined data from children and adults in the same plot, despite the fact that two previous meta-analyses, neither of which were referenced by Koppen et al (2010), stratified their data by diagnostic age (Pereira et al, 2006; Zintzaras et al, 2006). Indeed, the meta-analysis plots of childhood ALL (Figures 1 and ​and22 reproduced from Koppen et al, 2010) included two studies that contained no data on children at all (Skibola et al, 1999; Gemmati et al, 2004) as well as one study that comprised both children and adults (Chiusolo et al, 2004). Whilst this was acknowledged in the text in the case of the study by Gemmati et al (2004), no such recognition was afforded our ownUKstudy (Skibola et al, 1999). Moreover several published studies where no association with MTHFR 677 was observed are missing from the review, including data from Canada (Krajinovic et al, 2004)(n = 270), Turkey (Balta et al, 2003) (n = 144) and Slovenia (Petra et al, 2007) (n = 68). Fig. 1 MTHFR 677CT and susceptibility to childhood ALL reproduced from Koppen et al, 2010. Fig. 2 MTHFR 1298AC and susceptibility to childhood ALL, reproduced from Koppen et al, 2010. From their comprehensive meta analysis of 4894 individuals Pereira et al (2006) concluded that whilst the MTHFR 677 polymorphism is important for risk of ALL, it is confined to adults. This is supported by recent data from the largest study to date, which included 939 children with ALL recruited into the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (http://www.UKCCS.org) (Lightfoot et al, 2010). Given the missing childhood data and the inclusion of adult data, we believe that the conclusion for a protective role for MTHFR among children drawn by the authors of the recent meta-analysis (Koppen et al, 2010), is misleading.
[EUROASPIRE-IV: European Society of Cardiology study of lifestyle, risk factors, and treatment approaches in patients with coronary artery disease: Data from Turkey].

OBJECTIVE Data from EUROASPIRE-IV Turkey report investigating risk factors and adherence to guidelines in patients hospitalized for coronary artery disease are presented and results are compared with those of EUROASPIRE-III Turkey and EUROASPIRE-IV Europe. METHODS Study was performed in 24 European countries, including Turkey (17 centers). Patients (18-80 years old) hospitalized for coronary (index) event during preceding 3 years were identified from hospital records and interviewed ≥6 months later. Patient information regarding index event was acquired from hospital records. Anamnesis was obtained during the interview, and physical examination and laboratory analyses were performed. RESULTS Median age at the index coronary event was 58.8 years, and it was significantly decreased compared with last EUROASPIRE-III study (60.5 years), which was conducted at the same centers 6 years earlier (p=0.017). Of all patients, 19.3% were under 50 years of age and mean age was lower than that of EUROASPIRE-IV Europe (62.5 years). Comparing EUROASPIRE-IV Turkey with EUROASPIRE-III Turkey, rate of smokers increased to 25.5% from 23.1% (p=0.499), obesity increased to 40.7% from 35.5% (p=0.211), total cholesterol level increased to 49.6% from 48.3% (p=0.767), and diabetes rate increased to 39.7% from 33.6% (p=0.139), however none of the differences reached a level of statistical significance. Only 11.7% of the smokers quit after coronary event. Rates for these factors were lower in EUROASPIRE-IV Europe (16% for smoking, 37.6% for obesity, and 26.8% for diabetes). CONCLUSION EUROASPIRE-IV Turkey data revealed that secondary prevention was unsatisfactory and had progressed unfavorably compared with last EUROASPIRE study, some risk factors were more uncontrolled than overall European average, and coronary artery events at young age remain an important problem.
Search for the 2 S -2 P energy difference in muonic sup 4 He ions

We searched for laser-induced 2{ital S}{sub 1/2}-2{ital P}{sub 3/2} transitions in ({mu}{sup {minus}} {sup 4}He){sup +} ions at low pressure (4.1 kPa), where we determined a 2{ital S} lifetime of 1.014{plus minus}0.121 {mu}s from the simultaneously measured 2{ital S}{r arrow}1{ital S} two-photon transitions. In contrast to a similar experiment in He gas of 40 bar (4{times}10{sup 6} Pa) reported by Carboni {ital et} {ital al}. (Nucl. Phys. A278, 381 (1977)), which was based on the questionable metastability of the 2{ital S} state at that pressure, we found no resonance effect at the wavelength {lambda}=811.7 nm. We can reject this wavelength with a confidence level of less than 2{times}10{sup {minus}3}, and the interval 811.4{le}{lambda}{le}812.0 nm with a greater than 95% probability.
Exercise Deficit Disorder in Youth: A Paradigm Shift toward Disease Prevention and Comprehensive Care

Despite the widely recognized benefits of daily play, recreation, sports, and physical education on the physical and psychosocial well-being of children and adolescents, many contemporary children and adolescents worldwide do not meet the recommendations for daily physical activity (PA). The decline in PA seems to start early in life, which leads to conditions characterized by reduced levels of PA in the pediatric population that are inconsistent with current public health recommendations. Unlike many other diseases and disorders in pediatrics, physical inactivity in youth is unique in that it currently lacks a clinical gold standard for diagnosis. This makes the diagnosis and treatment medically challenging, though no less important, as the resultant ramifications of a missed diagnosis are of significant detriment. Exercise-deficient children need to be identified early in life and treated with developmentally appropriate exercise programs designed to target movement deficiencies and physical weaknesses in a supportive environment. Without such interventions early in life, children are more likely to become resistant to our interventions later in life and consequently experience adverse health consequences. Integrative approaches that link health care professionals, pediatric exercise specialists, school administrators, community leaders, and policy makers may provide the best opportunity to promote daily PA, reinforce desirable behaviors, and educate parents about the exercise-health link.
Autistic‐spectrum disorders in down syndrome: Further delineation and distinction from other behavioral abnormalities

The present study extends our previous work characterizing the behavioral features of autistic‐spectrum disorder (ASD) in Down syndrome (DS) using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Autism Behavior Checklist (AutBehav). We examined which specific behaviors distinguished the behavioral phenotype of DS + ASD from other aberrant behavior disorders in DS, by determining the relative contribution of ABC and AutBehav subscales and items to the diagnosis of ASD. A total of 127 subjects (aged 2–24 years; mean age: 8.4 years; ∼70% male), comprising: a cohort of 64 children and adolescents with DS and co‐morbid ASD (DS + ASD), 19 with DS and stereotypic movement disorder (DS + SMD), 18 with DS and disruptive behaviors (DS + DB), and 26 with DS and no co‐morbid behavior disorders (DS + none) were examined using the aforementioned measures of aberrant behavior. We found that subjects with DS + ASD showed the most severe aberrant behavior, especially stereotypy compared to DS + none and lethargy/social withdrawal and relating problems compared to DS + SMD. Specifically, relatively simple stereotypic behavior differentiated DS + ASD from DS + DB, whereas odd/bizarre stereotypic and anxious behavior characterized DS + ASD relative to DS + SMD and DS + none. Additionally, in a subset of subjects with DS + ASD and anxiety, social withdrawal was particularly pronounced. Overall, our findings indicate that a diagnosis of DS + ASD represents a distinctive set of aberrant behaviors marked by characteristic odd/bizarre stereotypic behavior, anxiety, and social withdrawal. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclic Organic Peroxides Characterization by Mass Spectrometry and Raman Microscopy

Triacetone triperoxide and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine are among the most used and most studied non-nitro based high explosives. Still, there are other peroxides which do not have reported methods for their detection. Direct Analysis in Real Time is an emerging ambient pressure ionization technique in mass spectrometry (MS). This contribution presents the analysis, characterization and detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) using DART. Although typical experiments are done using helium, adding a small amount of ammonium hydroxide improved the detection limit to 30 ppb. This study also presents the detection and identification of benzoyl peroxide, tricyclopentanone triperoxide and tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide (TMDD) by MS and Raman microscopy. TATP showed a single peak at m/z 240.144 [M+NH4]+ with the peaks at m/z 223.118 [M+H]+ or 222.110 [M]+ completely absent. Deuterium enriched (TATP-d18) was analyzed for comparison. These presented a similar peak at m/z 258.267 [TATP-d18 +NH4]+. HMTD showed a peak at m/z 209.078 [M+H]+ and small adduct peak at m/z 226.103 [M+NH4]+ that allowed its detection in standard solution and lab made samples. TMDD showed several peaks with a base peak at m/z 101.033, molecular peak at m/z 237.081 [M+H]+ and a strong ammonium adduct at m/z 254.108 [M+NH4]+. All samples were analyzed by Raman Microscopy in order to characterize them and to confirm the MS results.
The Carboxyl-terminal Domain of Bacteriophage T7 Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein Modulates DNA Binding and Interaction with T7 DNA Polymerase*

Gene 2.5 of bacteriophage T7 is an essential gene that encodes a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (gp2.5). Previous studies have demonstrated that the acidic carboxyl terminus of the protein is essential and that it mediates multiple protein-protein interactions. A screen for lethal mutations in gene 2.5 uncovered a variety of essential amino acids, among which was a single amino acid substitution, F232L, at the carboxyl-terminal residue. gp2.5-F232L exhibits a 3-fold increase in binding affinity for single-stranded DNA and a slightly lower affinity for T7 DNA polymerase when compared with wild type gp2.5. gp2.5-F232L stimulates the activity of T7 DNA polymerase and, in contrast to wild-type gp2.5, promotes strand displacement DNA synthesis by T7 DNA polymerase. A carboxyl-terminal truncation of gene 2.5 protein, gp2.5-Δ26C, binds single-stranded DNA 40-fold more tightly than the wild-type protein and cannot physically interact with T7 DNA polymerase. gp2.5-Δ26C is inhibitory for DNA synthesis catalyzed by T7 DNA polymerase on single-stranded DNA, and it does not stimulate strand displacement DNA synthesis at high concentration. The biochemical and genetic data support a model in which the carboxyl-terminal tail modulates DNA binding and mediates essential interactions with T7 DNA polymerase.
On differentiably simple algebras

tive power-associative algebra of degree t> 2 over an algebraically closed field a of characteristic p> 5 is a Jordan algebra. Moreover, in the partially stable case, a characterization of the simple algebras of degree two is given by Albert in [3]. In his theory Albert expresses the structure of simple partially stable algebras in terms of certain commutative associative algebras 23 over a. These commutative associative algebras have unity elements, and each algebra Q3 is differentiably simple relative to some set of derivations of e3 over 0. In this paper we shall determine the structure of the algebras e and derive a property of simple partially stable algebras which follows from Albert's characterization. Let e3 be a commutative associative algebra with unity element e over
Increasing Self-Regulatory Energy Using an Internet-Based Training Application Delivered by Smartphone Technology

Self-control resources can be defined in terms of "energy. " Repeated attempts to override desires and impulses can result in a state of reduced self-control energy termed "ego depletion" leading to a reduced capacity to regulate future self-control behaviors effectively. Regular practice or "training" on self-control tasks may improve an individual's capacity to overcome ego depletion effectively. The current research tested the effectiveness of training using a novel Internet-based smartphone application to improve self-control and reduce ego depletion. In two experiments, participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received a daily program of self-control training using a modified Stroop-task Internet-based application delivered via smartphone to participants over a 4-week period, or a no-training control group. Participants assigned to the experimental group performed significantly better on post-training laboratory self-control tasks relative to participants in the control group. Findings support the hypothesized training effect on self-control and highlight the effectiveness of a novel Internet-based application delivered by smartphone as a practical means to administer and monitor a self-control training program. The smartphone training application has considerable advantages over other means to train self-control adopted in previous studies in that it has increased ecological validity and enables effective monitoring of compliance with the training program.
Numerical Solutions of the Waiting Time Distribution and Idle Time Distribution of the Arithmetic GI/G/1 Queue

In this paper, we present an efficient numerical method for calculating the waiting time and idle time distributions of the arithmetic GI/G/1 queue. Our method is based on the Wiener-Hopf factorization, which is briefly reviewed. Compared to the related methods suggested in the literature, our method seems to perform very well, and it is often faster by several orders of magnitude. A number of numerical examples conclude the paper.
Research on online and real-time path planning of UCAV by tracking and controlling in multi-restriction

The mathematic model of the UCAV is built firstly and the cost function is designed. Based on the multi-restriction of the path planning, ISAS arithmetic of path re-planning is put forward, and the path node expanding method is given. After that the three-dimensional trajectory path is created under the real-time dynamic operational environment, which is smoothened by using the cubic B-spline method. The tracking of the trajectory inclination, declination, overload are realized by the use of sliding mode variable control and the dynamics model of the UCAV. After the control estimate calculated, the mathematic simulation is carried out. The results of the simulation illustrate that the three-dimensional trajectory path under the real-time dynamic operational environment could meet the needs of the combat, and trajectory tracking controller has the capability of robust, and expected trajectory can be tracking accurately.