Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Drives Innovation in Firms Across Nations? A Culture of Innovation

Radical innovation is an important driver of the growth, success, and wealth of firms and nations. Because of its importance, authors in a variety of disciplines and time periods have addressed this topic. They have proposed many hypotheses about the drivers of innovation in firms across nations, including factors such as religion, geography, number of scientists and engineers, country culture, intellectual property protection, patents, R&D, and firm culture. The authors test these hypotheses using survey and archival data across 759 firms drawn from 17 major world economies. Results contradict many prior assertions about the appropriate metric for innovation and the drivers of innovation.Results show that: 1) Commercialization of radical innovations has an important impact on a firm's financial performance and as such is a more valid measure of innovation than patents. 2) The internal culture of a firm is the strongest driver of radical innovations. Its impact exceeds that of all other factors proposed in the literature.
Survey of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Two Hospitals in El Paso, Texas

ABSTRACT Seventy-one percent of 76 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from two medical centers in El Paso, Texas, represent three similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types. Overall, six pulsed-field types were identified represented by multilocus sequence/staphylococcal chromosomal cassette DNA mec (SCCmec) types: ST5-MRSA-II; ST36-MRSA-II; ST8 (untypeable SCCmec); and a newly described clonal cluster 8 strain, ST507-MRSA-IV. This study demonstrates the presence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant epidemic MRSA clones in El Paso.
Older women with fractures: patients falling through the cracks of guideline-recommended osteoporosis screening and treatment.

BACKGROUND Many older patients with fractures are not managed in accordance with evidence-based clinical guidelines for osteoporosis. Guidelines recommend that these patients receive treatment for clinically apparent osteoporosis or have bone mineral density measurements followed by treatment when appropriate. This cohort study was conducted to further characterize the gap between guidelines and actual practice with regard to bone mineral density measurement and treatment of older women after a fracture. Our purpose was to aid in the design of more effective future interventions. METHODS We identified female members of a not-for-profit group-model health maintenance organization who were fifty years of age or older and who had a diagnosis of a new fracture as defined in the study. We used administrative databases and the clinical electronic medical records to obtain data on demographics, diagnoses, drugs dispensed by the pharmacy, and the measurement of bone mineral density. RESULTS The study population included 3812 women with an average age of 71.3 years. Fewer than 12% of the women had a diagnosis of osteoporosis prior to the index fracture; 10.7% had an increased risk for secondary osteoporosis and 38.8%, for falls because of a diagnosis or medication. It was found that 46.4% of the study population had been managed as specified by clinical guidelines. The patients who had been managed as specified by the guidelines were younger and less likely to have the risk factor of a weight of <127 lb (58 kg), a hip fracture, or a wrist fracture. They were also more likely to be taking steroids on a chronic basis and to have had a vertebral fracture. The percentage of women who had measurement of bone mineral density increased during the study period, from 1.3% in 1998 to 10.2% in 2001. Of the patients receiving treatment for osteoporosis, 73.6% adhered to the treatment regimen. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to guidelines for evaluation and treatment for osteoporosis after a patient sustained a fracture did not improve between 1998 and 2001 despite the promulgation of evidence-based guidelines. Methods to enhance education and facilitate processes of care will be necessary to reduce this gap. It may be fruitful to target high-risk subgroups for tailored interventions for prevention of refracture.
Angelman's Syndrome in Infancy

The authors report an 11‐month‐old patient with the clinical features of Angelman Syndrome and a 15q11‐2–12 chromosomal deletion, thus demonstrating that the clinical features may be present in infancy and so allow early diagnosis. The features included pronounced postnatal growth failure, delayed dentition and ossification of growth centers. Low amniotic fluid a‐fetoprotein was noted at 16 weeks of gestation. Head MRI showed only generalized atrophy. Some affected patients have a genetic marker similar to the chromosomal deletion associated with Prader‐Willi Syndrome. The importance of awareness of the clinical symptoms of Angelman Syndrome is discussed.
State Support and Resource Hosting - New Preconditions for Outperformance in the Natural Resource Sector

The historic resource sector dominance by OPEC and major oil companies is well documented. An emergent new class of Russian and Chinese state oil companies are however using legal, regulatory and financial state backing to gain global resource access. Market reaction and post-acquisition performance metrics for 185 material worldwide major resource asset deals in the period 2000-2006 are used to demonstrate that post-acquisition outperformance in the energy sector is achieved by oil and gas asset acquirors with either state support or sustainable access to domestic reserves.
Analysis of Tourism Destination Image and Promotion through Social Media Towards Purchasing Decision for Bali Tourism Product by Foreign Tourist

Indonesia as a country which has a tourism potential through its diversity of tourism destinations, need to take take part in enjoying a market share of the world tourism at the global level. Bali province is to be a barometer of the national tourism must be developed by knowing what factor effect tourism visit. This study is aimed to see the influence of some variables that suppose influence in the purchase decision for Bali tourism products by foreign tourists. These variables are the tourism destination image and promotion through social media. Respondents of this study were foreign tourists which visiting Bali in the certain period. This research is using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The finding of this research is the tourism destination image is significantly influencing the purchasing decisions of Bali tourism products by foreign tourists. Destination image has a positive effect and significant in terms of influencing purchase decisions. Promotion through social media does not significantly influence the purchasing decisions of Bali tourism products by foreign tourists. Tourism destination image and promotion through social media simultaneously have a significant effect towards purchasing decisions. The result of this study make a conclusion that the country must do something to increase attribute image of tourism destination in order to attract more foreign tourists visit to Bali. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n5s5p175
Product counterfeiting and the media: examining news sources used in the construction of product counterfeiting as a social problem

Product counterfeiting has received increased attention due to its economic and public health impact. Media framing of product counterfeiting shapes how the public and policymakers understand the problem. While there is a large body of literature examining crime and the media generally, empirical studies have yet to focus on the media construction of product counterfeiting. This study presents the results of a content analysis using a random sample of newspaper articles referencing product counterfeiting in the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal from 2000 to 2009. Articles were coded for common patterns in sources of information. While the results indicate the presence of a wide variety of themes, product types, and industries, government and business sources are overrepresented among the sources cited, leading to some level of consistency in the presentation of the impact of and appropriate responses to product counterfeiting. Implications for understanding how the public and policymakers understand product counterfeiting are discussed.
Did FIN 48 Limit the Use of Tax Reserves as a Tool for Earnings Management?

We utilize new income tax reserve disclosures required under FIN 48 to examine whether managers use discretion over this accrual to manage earnings to meet the consensus analyst forecast. We find that firms with pre-managed earnings (i.e., earnings before the change in the tax reserve) that are below the consensus analyst forecast are far more likely to reduce their tax reserves and thus report higher net income. In fact, we find that 37 percent of firm-years with pre-managed earnings below the consensus forecast meet the forecast when the change in the tax reserve is included in earnings. In contrast, only 9.8 percent of firm-years with pre-managed earnings above the consensus forecast increased their tax reserves to the extent that it caused them to miss the consensus forecast. This asymmetric result is consistent with managers using their discretion over tax reserves to meet consensus analyst forecasts. Using a proxy for changes in tax reserves developed by Blouin and Tuna (2007), we also document a decline in the use of tax reserves to meet the consensus analyst forecast following the adoption of FIN 48. Nonetheless, our results using both estimated and actual changes in tax reserves clearly suggest that managers continue to use their discretion over this account to meet the consensus analyst forecast, although at a lower rate of recurrence than during the pre-FIN 48 time period.
Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling

This paper describes our contribution to the semantic role labeling task (SRL-only) of the CoNLL-2009 shared task in the closed challenge (Hajic et al., 2009). Our system consists of a pipeline of independent, local classifiers that identify the predicate sense, the arguments of the predicates, and the argument labels. Using these local models, we carried out a beam search to generate a pool of candidates. We then reranked the candidates using a joint learning approach that combines the local models and proposition features. To address the multilingual nature of the data, we implemented a feature selection procedure that systematically explored the feature space, yielding significant gains over a standard set of features. Our system achieved the second best semantic score overall with an average labeled semantic F1 of 80.31. It obtained the best F1 score on the Chinese and German data and the second best one on English.
The gravity of cross-border R&D expenditure

While up to the 1990s, R&D was still ‘an important case of non-globalization’ (Patel and Pavitt 1991), the internationalization of business R&D activities has accelerated significantly during the past two decades. R&D activities of foreign affiliates have become one of the most dynamic elements of the process of globalization. Until recently, the main recipients of cross-border R&D expenditure were developed countries, though new players have emerged lately, particularly in Asia. Against that backdrop, the paper applies a recently compiled novel data set on R&D expenditure of foreign-owned firms in the manufacturing sectors of a set of OECD countries and identifies specific home- and host-country characteristics that are conducive or obstructive to cross-border R&D expenditure of foreign affiliates. The results point to the pivotal role of market size and of cultural, physical and technological proximity for R&D efforts of foreign-owned firms. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates that sufficient human capital and strong indigenous technological capabilities in the host country tend to be conducive to R&D activities of foreign affiliates. In contrast, a rich human capital base in the home country is obstructive to the process of R&D internationalization. Geographic distance turns out to be a strong deterrent.
The Role of Justice in Determining Relationship Quality

Relationship quality includes satisfaction, trust, and commitment. The prior marketing literature has only explored the “construct” relationships among justice, satisfaction, trust, and commitment. However, the “type” relationships among them are not clear. This study reviews the literature to verify that justice (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), satisfaction (economic satisfaction and non-economic satisfaction), trust (ability trust, benevolence trust, and integrity trust), and commitment (affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment) exist in various types and in particular clarifies the linkage relationships among the types.
Changes in E‐ and N‐cadherin expression in developing rat adenohypophysis

Recently, we showed that hormone‐producing cells express N‐cadherin, while folliculo‐stellate cells and marginal layer cells express E‐cadherin in the adult rat anterior pituitary gland. These cells are believed to originate from a single cell population of the adenohypophyseal placode. In the present study, we immunohistochemically examined the divergence of cadherin types during pituitary histogenesis. Pituitary glands were excised from rats of embryonic day 11 (E11) through postnatal day 60 (P60) and paraffin sections were prepared. E‐ and N‐cadherins were immunostained sequentially using monoclonal and polyclonal primary antibodies and fluorescent secondary antibodies. At E11, E‐cadherin was expressed over oral epithelium, while N‐cadherin expression was limited to the primordium of Rathke's pouch. When Rathke's pouch was formed at E13, E‐ and N‐cadherin were broadly expressed in the entire cell population. N‐cadherin was expressed particularly intensely in the layer of cells that faced the lumen. From E14 through E16, the majority of cells expressed both types of cadherins; however, the cell population to become the pars tuberalis expressed N‐cadherin but not E‐cadherin. From E18 through E20, when many hormone‐producing cells appear, the number of cells that expressed N‐cadherin alone increased. However, some cell populations in the pars distalis and multilayered marginal cells still expressed both cadherins. After birth, most of the cells came to express only one of the cadherin types. These results may suggest that undetermined adenohypophyseal cells express both E‐ and N‐cadherin, but come to express either E‐ or N‐cadherin during cytogenesis. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of the relational plan on adoption of electronic banking

Marketing managers in financial institutions should be aware that customers are likely to embody electronic banking provided that such technology contributes to existing relationships. Based on a survey of bank corporate clients in Singapore, the impact of satisfaction, trust and the use of electronic banking on commitment towards current banks was investigated. It was found that trust was the key factor influencing the adoption of electronic banking. Perceived customer satisfaction with the bank only impacted indirectly on the adoption of electronic banking. The cumulative effects of customer satisfaction were found to have a positive impact on trust directed towards the bank, and this greatly impacted on the propensity to use electronic banking. Customer satisfaction, trust, and the use of electronic banking were found to have a positive impact on the corporate clients’ commitment towards their bank.
Addressing the Debt Bias: A Comparison between the Belgian and the Italian ACE Systems

This paper reviews the experiences of Belgium and Italy with ACE-type systems of corporate taxation. The comparison focusses on the definition of the base for the computation of the allowance and the anti-avoidance framework to tackle abuses. It is argued that the Italian system, with its incremental feature and a comprehensive anti-avoidance framework targeting transactions between related parties, seems a more viable solution for an ACE reform aimed at addressing the debt bias in the corporate sector.
Financial Literacy, Present Bias and Alternative Mortgage Products

Choosing a mortgage is one of the most important financial decisions made by a household. Financial innovation has given rise to more complex mortgage products with back-loaded payments, known as ‘Alternative Mortgage Products’ (AMPs), or ‘Interest-Only Mortgages’. Using a specially designed question module in a representative survey of UK mortgage holders, we investigate the effect of consumer financial sophistication on the decision to choose an AMP instead of a standard repayment mortgage. We show poor financial literacy and present bias raise the likelihood of choosing an AMP. Financially literate individuals are also more likely to choose an Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM), suggesting they avoid paying the term premium of a fixed rate mortgage.
Appropriate Bmp7 levels are required for the differentiation of midline guidepost cells involved in corpus callosum formation

Guidepost cells are essential structures for the establishment of major axonal tracts. How these structures are specified and acquire their axon guidance properties is still poorly understood. Here, we show that in mouse embryos appropriate levels of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (Bmp7), a member of the TGF‐β superfamily of secreted proteins, are required for the correct development of the glial wedge, the indusium griseum, and the subcallosal sling, three groups of cells that act as guidepost cells for growing callosal axons. Bmp7 is expressed in the region occupied by these structures and its genetic inactivation in mouse embryos caused a marked reduction and disorganization of these cell populations. On the contrary, infusion of recombinant Bmp7 in the developing forebrain induced their premature differentiation. In both cases, changes were associated with the disruption of callosal axon growth and, in most animals fibers did not cross the midline forming typical Probst bundles. Addition of Bmp7 to cortical explants did not modify the extent of their outgrowth nor their directionality, when explants were exposed to a focalized source of the protein. Together, these results indicate that Bmp7 is indirectly required for corpus callosum formation by controlling the timely differentiation of its guidepost cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 337–350, 2011
Commercial Loan Officers and the Audit Expectation Gap

The audit expectation gap, generally known as the differences between what users of financial statements expect from the auditor and what the auditor actually provides, is present and resulting to a widespread concern. This thesis aims to investigate the level and nature of the audit expectation gap between auditors and commercial loan officers. In addition, this thesis also asks the question if education is a mean to reduce commercial loan officers’ audit expectation gap. A questionnaire containing seven-point Likert scales with bipolar adjectival statements was sent to auditors and commercial loan officers. The respondents were asked to choose a number from the scale which identified their level of agreement to either one of the statements. The results revealed substantial evidence of an audit expectation gap particularly on issues concerning auditors’ responsibilities in fraud detection and prevention. Education on commercial loan officers could reduce the audit expectation gap.
Changes in flow velocity, resistance indices, and cerebral perfusion pressure in the maternal middle cerebral artery distribution during normal pregnancy

Background. There are few longitudinal data currently available detailing the normal changes in maternal cerebral hemodynamics during human pregnancy. This lack of information limits the study of pregnancy‐associated cerebrovascular adjustments and, in particular, preeclampsia, where the brain appears to be especially susceptible to ischemic and encephalopathic injury. Our objective was to define the hemodynamic changes, specifically velocity, resistance indices, and cerebral perfusion pressure, in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) distribution of the brain during normal pregnancy.
Memory-efficient Embedding for Recommendations

Practical large-scale recommender systems usually contain thousands of feature fields from users, items, contextual information, and their interactions. Most of them empirically allocate a unified dimension to all feature fields, which is memory inefficient. Thus it is highly desired to assign different embedding dimensions to different feature fields according to their importance and predictability. Due to the large amounts of feature fields and the nuanced relationship between embedding dimensions with feature distributions and neural network architectures, manually allocating embedding dimensions in practical recommender systems can be very difficult. To this end, we propose an AutoML based framework (AutoDim) in this paper, which can automatically select dimensions for different feature fields in a data-driven fashion. Specifically, we first proposed an end-to-end differentiable framework that can calculate the weights over various dimensions for feature fields in a soft and continuous manner with an AutoML based optimization algorithm; then we derive a hard and discrete embedding component architecture according to the maximal weights and retrain the whole recommender framework. We conduct extensive experiments on benchmark datasets to validate the effectiveness of the AutoDim framework.
An Analysis of Occupational Pension Provision: From Evaluation to Redesign

textabstractAround the turn of the 21st century, the “perfect storm” implied by low interest rates, poor stock market returns and an ageing society led collective pension plans into underfunded situations and caused considerable concerns over their financial sustainability. This thesis analyzes the prevailing collective pension plans in the Netherlands and makes suggestions on improving the occupational pension provision in changing demographic, financial and regulatory environments. Chapter 2 probes the pension investment performance at the overall plan level. We find that pension plans on average do not outperform their pre-selected benchmarks, reflecting that trustees fail to select superior asset management strategies. Comparatively, however, large plans outperform their smaller peers. Chapter 3 investigates the strategic asset allocation of pension plans under market consistent valuation. We find that a slight change in the model specification of asset return dynamics can have a significant impact on the optimal mix. In chapter 4, we propose a new generational plan design and find that it provides higher value and welfare to participants when compared with the current collective plan design. This is due to the fact that it allows for risk sharing via time diversification of long-term investments and prevents a-priori value transfers. To allow for intergenerational risk sharing, in Chapter 5 we introduce further design improvements by having generations trade contingent claims among them. Our estimates show that the guarantees are affordable and the surplus call option has substantial value. The option prices also give an indication of value tranfers in traditional collective pension designs.