Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TOTAL NUMBER: A BRIEF REVIEW OF ITS IMPORTANCE AND ITS USE IN ASSESSING CEREBELLAR DAMAGE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING EARLY POSTNATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

Knowledge of the total number of structural components that make up the various neural networks within the central nervous system is fundamental to our understanding of its normal function and of dysfunction that may accompany injury and disease. This paper briefly reviews the methodology currently used to estimate number and discusses the importance of unbiased estimates of total number in determining changes in brain structure that may underlie dysfunction. An example from the olfactory bulb is used to demonstrate the potential invalidity of using estimates of total number of objects per single section. Exposure to alcohol during the early postnatal period results in motor dysfunction in adult rats. This paper presents data on the extent and magnitude of cell loss within the cerebellar network of the rat following alcohol exposure during postnatal days 4 to 9. High transient blood alcohol concentrations result in a Purkinje cell of 27% across the entire cerebellum but with regional variabiltiy, vermal lobule X has a 43% Purkinje cell deficit. This alcohol regimen also results in a neuronal loss of 28% and 25% within the deep cerebellar nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus respectively. Consistency of overall neuronal loss across diverse neuronal populations within the cerebellar network is discussed in the context of the maintenance of cerebellar connectivity.
Characterization of the Extraterrestrial Magnesium Source in the Atmosphere Using a Meteoric Ablation Simulator

Ablation of Mg from meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere was studied experimentally using a Meteoric Ablation Simulator: micron‐sized particles of representative meteoritic material were flash heated to simulate atmospheric entry and the ablation rate of Mg with respect to Na measured by fast time‐resolved laser‐induced fluorescence. Over the range of particle diameters and entry velocities studied, Mg ablates 4.3 ± 2.1 times less efficiently than Na and 2.4 ± 0.8 times less efficiently than Fe. The resulting evaporation profiles indicate that Mg mostly ablates around 84 km in the atmosphere, compared with Fe at 88 km and Na at 95 km. The chemical ablation model Chemical Ablation Model predicts satisfactorily the measured peak ablation altitudes and relative ablated fractions of Mg, Na, Fe, and Ca but does not capture the breadth of the ablation profiles, probably due to the inhomogeneity of the minerals present in meteoroids combined with experimental limitations.
A Study of Prosocial Behaviour and Self Concept of Adolescents.

Adolescence is a vital period in social development, because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. At the stage of adolescence peer groups offer the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. A number of family characteristics are also related to the development of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in children and adolescents. Prosocial behaviour is aimed to establish positive, empathic, co-operative and socially responsible relationships in order to benefit others. Prosocial behaviour fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. Similarly their self-concept begins being much more complex and tangible than it was when they were children. Self-concept reflects how an adolescent evaluates himself or herself in domains (or areas) in which he or she considers success as important. Previous empirical evidence reveals that acting in a prosocial and altruistic manner could increase someone's self-concept. So the researchers have conducted the study of prosocial behaviour and self concept in Male and Female Adolescents, and also to identify the relationship between prosocial behaviour and self concept. The findings of the study have revealed that overall self concept of adolescents was found to be average and favourable and there was no significant difference found between self concept of male and female adolescents. The Prosocial Behaviour of adolescents was average and favourable and there was significant difference found between prosocial behaviour of male and female adolescents. There was significant relationship found between prosocial behaviour and self concept of adolescents.
Towards error categorisation in BCI: single-trial EEG classification between different errors

Objective. Error-related potentials (ErrP) are generated in the brain when humans perceive errors. These ErrP signals can be used to classify actions as erroneous or non-erroneous, using single-trial electroencephalography (EEG). A small number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using ErrP detection as feedback for reinforcement-learning-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI), confirming the possibility of developing more autonomous BCI. These systems could be made more efficient with specific information about the type of error that occurred. A few studies differentiated the ErrP of different errors from each other, based on direction or severity. However, errors cannot always be categorised in these ways. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of differentiating very similar error conditions from each other, in the absence of previously explored metrics. Approach. In this study, we used two data sets with 25 and 14 participants to investigate the differences between errors. The two error conditions in each task were similar in terms of severity, direction and visual processing. The only notable differences between them were the varying cognitive processes involved in perceiving the errors, and differing contexts in which the errors occurred. We used a linear classifier with a small feature set to differentiate the errors on a single-trial basis. Main results. For both data sets, we observed neurophysiological distinctions between the ErrPs related to each error type. We found further distinctions between age groups. Furthermore, we achieved statistically significant single-trial classification rates for most participants included in the classification phase, with mean overall accuracy of 65.2% and 65.6% for the two tasks. Significance. As a proof of concept our results showed that it is feasible, using single-trial EEG, to classify these similar error types against each other. This study paves the way for more detailed and efficient learning in BCI, and thus for a more autonomous human-machine interaction.
Zika virus: An emerging challenge to public health worldwide.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus which was first isolated from Zika forest, Uganda in 1947. Since of its inception, major and minor outbreaks have been documented from several parts of world. Aedes spp. mosquitoes are the primary vectors of ZIKV but the virus can also be transmitted through sexual practices, materno-fetal transmission and through blood transfusion. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV infections are similar to dengue and chikungunya, including fever, headache, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis and rash. ZIKV often causes mild illness in the majority of cases but in some instances it is linked with congenital microcephaly and autoimmune disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The recent Indian ZIKV outbreak suggests that the virus is circulating in the South East Asian region and may cause new outbreaks in future. At present, no specific vaccines or antivirals are available to treat Zika virus and the management and control of ZIKV infections relies mostly on preventive measures.
Stress is Associated with Neurocognitive Function in Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results from HCHS/SOL Socio-Cultural Ancillary Study.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that chronic and acculturative stress would be negatively associated with neurocognitive function among middle aged to older Hispanics/Latinos. METHOD Our analytic sample consisted of 3,265 participants (mean age = 56.7 (+/-0.24)) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos who participated in its Sociocultural Ancillary Study. During the baseline phase of this project, participants were assessed on multiple domains of neurocognitive function, and completed self-report measures of chronic and acculturative stress. RESULTS Each standard deviation increase in chronic stress was associated with lower performance in a verbal learning task (B = -.17, 95% CI [-.32, -.01]); this association was no longer significant after adjusting for mental and physical health symptoms, including depression and anxiety symptoms, and cardiovascular health. A standard deviation increase in acculturative stress was associated with poorer performance in all cognitive measures (Bs range = -.13 to -1.03). Associations of acculturation stress with psychomotor speed, verbal learning, and word fluency remained significant after adjusting for mental and physical health symptoms. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that mental and physical health may help explain some cross-sectional associations between stress and cognition and highlight the need to examine culture-specific psychosocial stressors to better understand the context of psychosocial risk factors for neurocognitive performance.
ANALYSIS OF GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED SHALLOW SHELLS OF A COMPLEX SHAPE

GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED SHALLOW SHELLS OF COMPLEX PLANFORM ARE STUDIED. THE PAPER DEALS WITH A POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTION OF THE VOLUME FRACTION OF CERAMIC AND METAL THROUGH THE THICKNESS. THE ANALYSIS IS PERFORMED WITH THE USE OF THE R-FUNCTIONS THEORY AND VARIATIONAL RITZ METHOD. MORE-OVER, THE BUBNOV-GALERKIN AND THE RUNGE-KUTTA METHODS ARE EMPLOYED. A NOVEL APPROACH OF DISCRETIZATION OF THE EQUATION OF MOTION WITH RESPECT TO TIME IS PROPOSED. ACCORDING TO THE DEVEL-OPED APPROACH, THE EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE LINEAR VIBRATION PROBLEM AND SOME AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS ARE APPROPRIATELY MATCHED TO FIT UNKNOWN FUNCTIONS OF THE INPUT NONLINEAR PROBLEM. APPLICATION OF THE R-FUNCTIONS THEORY ON EVERY STEP HAS ALLOWED THE EXTENSION OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH TO STUDY SHALLOW SHELLS WITH AN ARBITRARY SHAPE AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. NUMERICAL REALI-ZATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD IS PERFORMED ONLY FOR ONE-MODE APPROXIMATION WITH RESPECT TO TIME. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE DEVELOPED METHOD IS VALIDATED BY INVESTIGATING TEST PROBLEMS FOR SHALLOW SHELLS WITH RECTANGULAR AND ELLIPTICAL PLANFORMS, AND THEN APPLIED TO NEW KINDS OF DYNAMIC PROBLEMS FOR SHALLOW SHELLS HAVING COM-PLEX PLANFORMS.
Antibacterial Resistance Patterns of Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates From Gastric Biopsy of Patients in Yazd

Background: Helicobacter pylori related-infections are common in developing countries, including Iran. However, little information is available on the antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori in Yazd. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance patterns of H. pylori isolates from gastric biopsy of patients in Yazd. Materials and method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 651 gastric biopsy specimens were taken from May 2012 to February 2013. Samples were cultured into selective Brucella agar media. After 3 to 10 days of incubation and identification of bacteria by using gram stain and biochemical tests, antibacterial susceptibility assay was performed by disk diffusion method. Results: All of 651 gastric biopsy specimens were cultured and 144 (22.12%) isolates of H. pylori were collected. In total, 76 (52.7%) of 144 H. pylori isolates were isolated from females and 68 (47.2%) from males. Rate of antibiotic resistance to metronidazole, tetracycline, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin were 77.8%, 21.5%, 18.8%, 14.6%, 19.4% and 7.6%, respectively. No antibiotic resistance was found against furazolidone. There was no significant association between these isolates antibiotics resistance with sex, age and endoscopic diagnoses (P > 0.05). Conclusions: H. pylori isolates resistance was high to antibiotics, especially metronidazole. Therefore, determining resistance pattern of H. pylori isolates is recommended in all parts of the country.
Give Me Liberty and Give Me Control: Economic Freedom, Control Perceptions and the Paradox of Choice

We explore the relationship between individual control perceptions and the degree to which a country's institutions and policies are consistent with the principles of economic freedom. Using data from the World Values Surveys (WVS) and the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index, we find that people living in more economically free countries are more likely to perceive greater control over their lives. This effect is not diminishing at higher levels of economic freedom. One possible channel that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility. Decomposing the EFW index, we further find that the area of sound money is what drives the results.
Single-Step Methylation of Chitosan Using Dimethyl Carbonate as a Green Methylating Agent

N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) is one chitosan derivative that, because of its improved solubility, has been studied for industrial and pharmaceutic applications. Conventional methods for the synthesis of TMC involve the use of highly toxic and harmful reagents, such as methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfate (DMS). Although the methylation of dimethylated chitosan to TMC by dimethyl carbonate (DMC, a green and benign methylating agent) was reported recently, it involved a formaldehyde-based procedure. In this paper we report the single-step synthesis of TMC from chitosan using DMC in an ionic liquid. The TMC synthesised was characterised by 1H NMR spectroscopy and a functionally meaningful degree of quaternisation of 9% was demonstrated after a 12-h reaction time.
Impact of management practices on Italian ryegrass seed quality.

Thousand-seed weight and total germination from the first production year and two seed harvests were measured in tetraploid Italian ryegrass (cv. Tetraflorum) to study variations in seed quality. Four-year field experiments were carried out (2002-2006) in western Serbia and Italian ryegrass was established with three row spacings (20, 40 and 60 cm), four seeding rates (5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) and using four spring nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1). High seed quality was obtained, except for the first experimental year (2003) and the second seed harvests which yielded the seed of unsatisfactory quality and validity. Applied factors and treatments did not change seed quality significantly unlike environmental conditions of production years which had considerable influence on seed quality.
Expropriation through unification? Wealth effects of dual class share unifications in Italy

An increasing number of firms with dual class shares are deciding to unify their shares around the world. Though the return to one share-one vote system is usually considered good news for voting shareholders, the unification can give rise to a wealth transfer between the two classes of shares, especially in the presence of high voting premia and no form of compensation to voting shareholders. These conditions characterize most of Italian dual class unification (DCUs) made in the 1982-2005 period. Different from any other country, in Italian DCUs, voting shares earn significantly negative returns. Changes in firm’s value are positively correlated with larger ownership of the largest and second largest shareholders, and negatively correlated with high voting premia and large fractions of non-voting equity, indicating greater potential for wealth transfer between controlling and non-controlling shareholders. We also provide more detailed, and more direct, evidence on five cases where the majority shareholder buys relevant blocks of non-voting shares, sells voting shares or approves stock option plans on non-voting shares a few months before the unification announcement. JEL Classification: G32, G34
Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activities of Quercetin-3-O-A-L-Rhamnopyranosyl- (16)-β-D-Glucopyranoside Isolated from Salvia leucantha

Flavonoids were isolated from Salvia leucantha using column and thin layer chromatography separation techniques. By comparing their melting points, Rf values and UV, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR spectral data proved it to be quercetin - 3 - O - α - L-rhamnopyranosyl - (1  6) - β - D - glucopyranoside. The present study is aimed to investigate the agar diffusion antibacterial and wound healing activities of isolated compound against different microorganisms and excision wound model in albino rats, respectively. The results revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of quercetin glycoside isolated from Salvia leucantha in traditional system of medicine.
Themes on Travel Behaviour , Lifestyle and Sustainable Urban Mobility

The concept of lifestyle adds a behavioural component to travel models that used to be dominated by engineering and econometric traditions. This paper presents an overview of how lifestyle is defined and measured in transport studies, and how travel behaviour is influenced by lifestyles. Lifestyles are often are often used pragmatically rather than theoretically in the behaviour studies. Nevertheless, some important theoretical contributions have been made, especially in sociology by scholars such as Weber, Bourdieu, Ganzeboom and Schulz who agree on the communicative character of lifestyles: individuals express their social position through specific patterns of behaviour, consumption and leisure. These behavioural patterns are shaped by underlying opinions and orientations, including beliefs, interests and attitudes. Thus, travel behaviour is not simply determined by price, speed and comfort but is also related to attitudes, status and preferences. Because lifestyle has many different dimensions, a variety of measurement approaches exists. Nevertheless, most studies suggest that travel behaviour is conditioned by specific lifestyles. How lifestyles themselves can be modified to promote more sustainable patterns of transport has not received much attention to date. This paper argues that lifestyles need to Submitted to the International Journal of Sustainable Transportation www.tandf. co.uk/journals/ujst 2 be considered as dynamic rather than as static and given, and that future research could delve more deeply into this area. Submitted to the International Journal of Sustainable Transportation www.tandf. co.uk/journals/ujst
10% Potassium hydroxide solution vs. cryotherapy in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum: A case-control study

Background Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common viral infection affecting children. A number of chemical and physical modalities are available for its treatment. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy versus 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution in treating MC. Patients and methods 40 children with MC were divided into two groups. Cryotherapy (one freeze-thaw cycle) was done in group A (n=20) or 10% potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) was applied (group B, n=20) by the patient or a parent twice daily until 12 weeks. Patients were followed up at baseline, week 2, week 4, week 8, and week 12 for efficacy (defined as clearance of lesions) or side effects. Results By the end of study, 14 patients in group A (cryotherapy) and 17 patients in group B (KOH) were evaluable. All 14 (100%) patients in cryotherapy group and 16/17 (94.1%) in KOH group showed complete clearance of lesions. 100% patients in group A (cryotherapy) and 88.2% in group B (KOH) developed local side effects. However, these were mild and did not warrant discontinuation of treatment. Conclusion 10% KOH solution is as effective as cryotherapy for the treatment of MC in children. However, KOH is relatively safe and more patient friendly therapy.
International standards on auditing in the international financial services centres: What matters?

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the position of international financial services centres (IFSCs) in the International Federation of Accountants’ countries’ status on the adoption of International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and assess the factors influencing ISA adoption in these centres. Design/methodology/approach - This research drew its data from various sources, including the World Economic Forum (WEF) data set, the World Bank Report on Observation of Standards and Codes, the World Development Indicators and the Economic Intelligence Unit Report on Democracy Index on 50 countries classified as IFSCs. The adoption status is then regressed on a number of variables of interest. To establish that the results are robust, the authors used a combination of different regression techniques comprising OLS, multinomial and logistic regressions. Findings - In addition to the gross domestic product growth and education level, this paper adds new evidence to the literature by reporting the positive association between the level of democracy and the enforcement of securities’ regulation on ISA adoption. It argues that political, economic, social and legal factors impact on ISA adoption in the IFSCs. Research limitations/implications - The sample size is limited to 50 from a population of 99 IFSCs because of the lack of data. Some of the independent variables are basically archival data. Reliance is placed on WEF with regard to the measurement of protection of minority interest, securities and exchange regulations and on the Economic Intelligence Unit for democracy index. Practical implications - This paper stresses the importance of ISAs in IFSCs and the role of political power and the enforcement of securities laws on the adoption of ISA. Originality/value - This study fills the research gap relating to the absence of empirical studies on ISA adoption and its drivers in IFSCs.
Correcting Smad1/5/8, mTOR, and VEGFR2 treats pathology in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia models.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a genetic bleeding disorder leading to systemic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALK1-ENG-Smad1/5/8 pathway. Evidence suggests that HHT pathogenesis strongly relies on overactivated PI3K-Akt-mTOR and VEGFR2 pathways in endothelial cells (ECs). In the BMP9/10-immunoblocked (BMP9/10ib) neonatal mouse model of HHT, we report here that the mTOR inhibitor, sirolimus, and the receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, nintedanib, could synergistically fully block, but also reversed, retinal AVMs to avert retinal bleeding and anemia. Sirolimus plus nintedanib prevented vascular pathology in the oral mucosa, lungs, and liver of the BMP9/10ib mice, as well as significantly reduced gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia in inducible ALK1-deficient adult mice. Mechanistically, in vivo in BMP9/10ib mouse ECs, sirolimus and nintedanib blocked the overactivation of mTOR and VEGFR2, respectively. Furthermore, we found that sirolimus activated ALK2-mediated Smad1/5/8 signaling in primary ECs-including in HHT patient blood outgrowth ECs-and partially rescued Smad1/5/8 activity in vivo in BMP9/10ib mouse ECs. These data demonstrate that the combined correction of endothelial Smad1/5/8, mTOR, and VEGFR2 pathways opposes HHT pathogenesis. Repurposing of sirolimus plus nintedanib might provide therapeutic benefit in HHT patients.