Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbiological quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microbiological quality of treated and untreated water samples came from urban and rural communities and to examine the relationship between coliforms occurrence and average water temperature, and a comparison of the rainfall levels. METHODS A sample of 3,073 untreated and treated (chlorinated) water from taps (1,594), reservoir used to store treated water (1,033), spring water (96) and private well (350) collected for routine testing between 1996 and 1999 was analyzed by the multiple dilution tube methods used to detect the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms. These samples were obtained in the region of Maring , state of Paran , Brazil. RESULTS The highest numbers water samples contaminated by TC (83%) and FC (48%) were found in the untreated water. TC and FC in samples taken from reservoirs used to store treated water was higher than that from taps midway along distribution lines. Among the treated water samples examined, coliform bacteria were found in 171 of the 1,033 sampling reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient treatment or regrowth is suggested by the observation that more than 17% of these treated potable water contained coliform. TC and FC positive samples appear to be similar and seasonally influenced in treated water. Two different periods must be considered for the occurrence of both TC and FC positive samples: (i) a warm-weather period (September-March) with high percentage of contaminated samples; and (ii) cold-weather period (April-August) were they are lower. Both TC and TF positive samples declined with the decreased of water temperature.
Outcome Evaluation of a Statewide Child Inpatient Mental Health Unit

Objective: To assess the impact of inpatient intervention, provided by a child mental health unit in Victoria, Australia, on a number of key child and family variables. Method: Pre-post test design with a four-month follow up was applied to assess changes across time. Twenty-nine parents, 42 teachers, and 37 referrers provided reports on a series of child, parent, and family functioning measures. Results: Significant improvements in child behaviour and functioning, parenting competency and efficacy, parenting practices, and reduced parental depression were observed over time. Changes in family functioning scores were not significant; however, univariate analysis indicated improvements in two individual subscales. Conclusions: There is a lack of studies of the outcome of inpatient interventions of children in psychiatric settings. However, as shown in the present study, improvements in functioning can be detected and obtained with short-term interventions that focus on both children and families. Methodological shortcomings (i.e. absence of comparison groups) and lack of specificity in intervention variables, however, are difficulties yet to be overcome in evaluation research of inpatient treatment.
Regional unemployment in the EU before and after the global crisis

This article empirically assesses the evolution of European regions in terms of both employment and unemployment during the recent financial crisis and global recession. Our specific research questions are as follows: (i) has there been a reversal in employment and unemployment dynamics at a regional level during the crisis (2007–10) compared with the previous period (2004–07)? (ii) have the western regions (‘old’ EU states) behaved differently in response to the crisis compared with the eastern regions (NMS)? Finally, (iii) are the differences between the two groups of regions related to structural or institutional variables? After a review of the literature on the key determinants of regional unemployment, we summarise our main findings concerning the impact of the global crisis on the labour market. Our econometric investigation aims to answer the questions we pose. Structural characteristics are considered in terms of sector specialisation of regional economies. In addition, we consider certain institutional characteristics, by including indicators of the share of temporary workers and of long-term unemployed. Our analysis is then targeted at sub-samples of western and eastern European regions: we show that the critical factors for labour market performance during the crisis in these two groups differ greatly. From a methodological viewpoint, we exploit a spatial filtering technique which allowed us to greatly reduce any unobserved variable bias – a significant problem in cross-sectional models – by accounting for latent unobserved spatial patterns.
Carbon nanotube interconnects: Electrical characterization of 150 nm CNT contacts with Cu damascene top contact

The integration of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) in contact holes with TiN underlayer using CMOS compatible processes is discussed. Each process step was optimized by evaluating the electrical results obtained with contact test structures. Subsequently, this process was transferred to 150 nm diameter contact holes. We present the first electrical data obtained from automated probing of 150 nm diameter contacts filled with CNT connected by a Cu damascene top contact module. This constitutes a significant step forward towards the realization of CMOS contact modules with CNT interconnects.
Wettability Contrasts in Kaolinite and Illite Clays : Characterization by Infrared and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies

A reservoir rock is a porous geological formation in contact with 2 liquids, brine and oil. An improved knowledge of rock wettability is of primary importance to estimate the amount of crude oil in underground resources. The petroleum industries have observed that wettability contrasts in sedimentary reservoir rocks are largely correlated to the presence of clays, illite and/or kaolinite in the rocks' inter- granular space. More precisely, the grain surfaces of illite show a preference for brine. Kaolinite preferentially adsorbs oil, which imparts its hydrophobic characteristics to the mineral surface. Using X-ray absorption spec- troscopy (XAS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we studied the adsorption process of asphaltenes in the presence of water at the microscopic level. We demonstrate experimentally that the wettability contrasts observed in kaolinite and illite are related to structural differences between these 2 clays, and we show the role of the grain surface hydroxyls. With clay materials, the purity of the samples is the most important limitation of the quantitative use of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EX- AFS).
Outbreaks of pleuritis and peritonitis in calves associated with Pasteurella multocida capsular type B strain

Abstract CASE HISTORY: Three dairy calf-rearing properties experienced high mortality in calves during 2008 and 2009. Affected calves were aged 13–18 weeks (Farm I), 6 months (Farm II), and 2–11 weeks (Farm III), and the mortality rate was 22/175 (13%), 5/80 (6%), and 60/900 (7%), respectively. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS: Affected calves rapidly became moribund, were in respiratory distress, and had a fever (40–41°C). Post-mortem examination of nine calves revealed fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. This was confirmed histopathologically on tissues from three calves, one from each farm; aggregates of small Gram-negative coccobacilli were evident on Gram stain. Pasteurella multocida was cultured from tissues from affected calves on the three farms, and PCR of DNA extracted from tissue samples amplified cap-sular type B-specific DNA. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrated that all capsular type B isolates belonged to the same sequence type (ST), ST62, but did not belong to serotype B:2, the only B serotype classified as causing haemorrhagic septicaemia by the Office International des Épizooties (OIE). DIAGNOSIS: Pleuritis and peritonitis due to infection with P. multocida capsular type B strain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Haemorrhagic septicaemia was excluded as a cause of disease from the three farms, however P. multocida was the primary agent in the affected calves. It is possible the agent has been present in New Zealand for some time but not reported, as there had been no transfer of animals between affected farms. Emergence of the syndrome could potentially be a result of factors other than just the presence of the organism, such as changing management. The syndrome described may be of increasing importance in the future.
A Compact Circularly Polarized Crossed-Dipole Antenna for an RFID Tag

A compact circularly polarized (CP) crossed-dipole antenna for radio frequency identification in the ultra-high frequency is proposed. The antenna consists of two orthogonal dipoles with an arm composed of a meander line and triangular-shaped ending for achieving a compact size. A modified T-match with a meander line is used for impedance matching between the antenna and the tag chip. In this design, CP excitation is achieved by incorporating two semi-circular curves inserted between the orthogonally arranged dipole arms. The final design, with the dimensions of 35.6 ×35.6 ×0.508 mm3, yields a -10-dB impedance bandwidth of 37 MHz (892-929 MHz) and a 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 11.4 MHz (905.2-916.6 MHz). The measured results show that the proposed tag antenna can provide a maximum reading distance of approximately 7.6 m with an effective isotropic radiated power of 3.28 W over the CP operational bandwidth.
Lineage-Specific Telomere Shortening and Unaltered Capacity for Telomerase Expression in Human T and B Lymphocytes with Age

Age effects on telomere length and telomerase expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed from 121 normal individuals age newborn to 94 years and revealed several new findings. 1) Telomere shortening was observed in CD4+ and CD8+ T and B cells with age. However, the rate of telomere loss was significantly different in these populations, 35 ± 8, 26 ± 7, and 19 ± 7 bp/year for CD4+ and CD8+ T and B cells, respectively. In addition, CD4+ T cells had the longest average telomeres at all ages, followed by B cells, with CD8+ T cell telomeres the shortest, suggesting that these lymphocyte populations may have different replicative histories in vivo. 2) Telomerase activity in freshly isolated T and B cells was indistinguishably low to undetectable at all ages but was markedly increased after Ag and costimulatory receptors mediated stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, age did not alter the magnitude of telomerase activity induced after stimulation of T or B lymphocytes through Ag and costimulatory receptors or in response to PMA plus ionomycin treatment. 3) The levels of telomerase activity induced by in vitro stimulation varied among individual donors but were highly correlated with the outcome of telomere length change in CD4+ T cells after Ag receptor-mediated activation. Together, these results indicate that rates of age-associated loss of telomere length in vivo in peripheral blood lymphocytes is specific to T and B cell subsets and that age does not significantly alter the capacity for telomerase induction in lymphocytes.
A Two-phase Induction Motor Back-to-back Drive

This paper investigates a two-phase induction motor drive with active front-end. The aim is to conjugate high efficiency (through active shaping the grid current), high performance (implementing vector control) and low cost (using a common six-transistors bridge). The main theoretical aspects of the two-phase induction motor drive are pointed out and the possibility to adopt more complex converter and control structures are investigated. Particularly, the paper proposes a double current controller, with the goal of torque ripple optimization. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller
Convergence in Carbon Emissions Per Capita

In late 2003 and early 2004 the Economic Society of Australia surveyed the Heads of Economics Departments in Australia to determine their views on three main issues: student standards, major factors affecting these standards, and policy implications. This paper describes the main results of the survey, reviews the conduct and value of this kind of survey, and discusses policy implications for economics in universities. Most respondents considered that student standards have declined and that the main causes include lower entry standards, high student-staff ratios, and a declining culture of study. However some respondents argued that standards are multi-dimensional and that people may properly attach different weights to different attributes. Strong processes assuring anonymity to respondents minimized strategic responses, but may not have eliminated them entirely. However, these views are based largely on experience rather than evidence and a major finding of this paper is the need for more evidence on standards and on the factors that influence them. Most respondents favour a decentralised university-based approach to dealing with these issues, contending that centralised accreditation is inappropriate and that market forces would promote quality issues. In the writer's view, externally set and assessed exams as part of university examination procedures would lift standards and send out improved market signals.
Why Teachers Adopt a Controlling Motivating Style Toward Students and How They Can Become More Autonomy Supportive

A recurring paradox in the contemporary K-12 classroom is that, although students educationally and developmentally benefit when teachers support their autonomy, teachers are often controlling during instruction. To understand and remedy this paradox, the article pursues three goals. First, the article characterizes the controlling style by defining it, articulating the conditions under which it is most likely to occur, linking it to poor student outcomes, explaining why it undermines these outcomes, identifying its manifest instructional behaviors, and differentiating it from an autonomy-supportive style. Second, the article identifies seven reasons to explain why the controlling style is so prevalent. These reasons show how pressures on teachers from above, from below, and from within can create classroom conditions that make the controlling style both understandable and commonplace. Third, the article offers a remedy to the paradox by articulating how teachers can become more autonomy supportive. Three essential tasks are discussed. Special attention is paid to practical examples of what teachers can do to support students' autonomy.
Analysis of Decomposed Surface Currents in a Limited Area

A method of the Helmholtz decomposition for mapped surface currents on grid points is developed. This method is simple, and decomposed currents are not dependent on the distance from the open boundary. This decomposition is applied to surface currents observed by high-frequency (HF) radars. The observation was conducted from April to May 1998 east of Okinawa Island, Japan. The spectral analysis of decomposed currents reveals that the M2 tidal peak for rotational components is much smaller than that for divergent components, which suggests that the barotropic tidal components are mainly included in divergent currents. The real-vector empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of decomposed currents reveals an embedded eddy, which is related with the convergence of currents
A novel device of bacterial signal transducers.

The osmoregulatory expression of ompC and ompF in Escherichia coli is mediated by a pair of bacterial signal transduction proteins, EnvZ (sensory kinase) and OmpR (response regulator). We isolated previously multicopy suppressors which can complement a defect in the phosphotransfer signal transduction caused by an envZ deletion mutation. Among such suppressors, arcB and barA are of particular interest because these gene products are unique in the sense that they contain both an autophosphorylated histidine site (or transmitter module) and a phospho‐accepting aspartate site (or receiver module) in their primary amino acid sequences. Here we report that ArcB and BarA possess in the C‐terminal region a phosphorylated histidine site which has never been noticed, in addition to the authentic one identified previously. This newly identified histidine in ArcB and BarA was demonstrated to play a crucial role in the observed multicopy suppression. Furthermore, it was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro for ArcB that the C‐terminal domain containing the histidine can function as an alternative phosphodonor (or transmitter). This novel type of sensory kinase was therefore revealed to contain two independent phosphodonor sites, together with a phospho‐accepting site. These findings suggest that this unique feature of ArcB and BarA, in terms of the signaling modules, make it possible for these sensory kinases to function as dual‐signaling transducers.
Translational frameshifting in the control of transposition in bacteria

The expression of an increasing number of genes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin has been shown to be regulated at the translational level by programmed (sequence‐specific) ribosomal frame‐shifting. Among these are the bacterial insertion sequences IS1 and two members of the widely distributed IS3‐family, IS150 and IS911. Frameshifting provides a means of specifying several proteins with different functions using a minimum of genetic information. In this review, we survey present understanding of the way in which frameshifting is integrated into the overall control of transposition activity in these elements.
Flourishing teams: developing creativity and innovation

Team working offers a powerful and ubiquitous strategy for managing organizational change, and team innovation is often the manifestation of teams’ efforts to cope successfully with the changes in their work environments. Developing team innovation will enhance an organization’s ability to redirect and focus resources effectively, appropriately and more quickly than its competitors, because it enables all members of the organization to respond to the demands for change, and to make appropriate changes at a local level. In order to manage and implement change we therefore need to understand how to develop innovative teams. In this chapter, we review relevant research and present twelve principles that theorists and practitioners can use as guides for understanding and promoting innovation in teams. Innovation can be defined as ‘… the intentional introduction and application within a job, work team or organization of ideas, processes, products or procedures which are new to that job, work team or organization and which are designed to benefit the job, the work team or the organization. ’ (West and Farr, 1990, p. 9). Innovation is a two-component non-linear process, encompassing both creativity and innovation implementation. At the outset of the process, creativity dominates, to be superseded later by innovation implementation processes. Innovation represents a particular category of change – it is intentional, designed to benefit, and new to the unit of adoption. If a change incorporates these three elements, according to this definition, it is innovation. A framework for research on team innovation In this chapter we describe research which examines the relationships between aspects of the team task (intrinsically and extrinsically motivating task characteristics); team composition (personality of team members, skill and diversity); organizational context (rewards, learning and development practices, climate); team processes (including
Production of fuel alcohol from hull-less barley by very high gravity technology

Very high gravity mashes (>30 g dissolved solids per 100 ml) were prepared from an experimental hull-less barley (SB90354) and fermented with active dry yeast. A maximum ethanol concentration of 17.1% (v/v) was realized in fermented mash, and a total ethanol yield of 443 L per tonne of barley (dwb) was obtained. To prevent excess viscosity during mashing, it was necessary to hydrolyze β-glucan in ground barley using crude preparations of β-glucanase or Biocellulase. While both these preparations possessed an endoglucanase activity, no measurable exoglucanase activity was detected. A typical mash prepared at a water-to-grain ratio of 3 :1 and without hydrolysis of β-glucan had a viscosity of 2,480 BU, while the viscosities of the mashes prepared after hydrolysis of β-glucan with β-glucanase or Biocellulase were 560 and 240 BU, respectively. Hydrolysis of β-glucan not only reduced the viscosity of the barley mash but also released water bound and trapped by the β-glucan gel. The free amino nitrogen (FAN) content of the barley mashes was high when compared to wheat mashes, and about 80% of this FAN was taken up by yeast. In spite of the high FAN content of the mash, an exogenously added nitrogen supplement stimulated yeast growth and fermentation.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PLASMA CELL AND LYMPHOCYTE SURVIVAL IN RAT POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES.

Using tritiated thymidine as a cell label, the rate of disappearance of plasma cells from stimulated and unstimulated popliteal lymph nodes was followed for a period of 6 months in rats. In stimulated lymph nodes there was a rapid early decrease in plasma cell numbers, but a small percentage of labeled plasma cells persisted through the 6-month time point. In the unstimulated nodes, fewer plasma cells were initially labeled, but some of these also persisted throughout the span of the experiment. These cells could not have been formed from any other cell type during the course of the experiment, with the exception of direct transformation of small lymphocytes, because precursor and intermediate types of cells were not sufficiently highly labeled after the first 3 weeks. Some long-lived plasma cells contain, and probably produce, antibody for at least 3 months, the longest time point tested. Small lymphocytes also persisted within the popliteal nodes throughout the time of the experiment in both stimulated and unstimulated rats. The possibility that this fact may be important in secondary immunologic reactions is discussed. The use of the footpad as the injection site for tritiated thymidine gave a degree of localization of label in the popliteal lymph node cells that allowed some observations on the migration of cells from these nodes. In this respect small lymphocytes were found to migrate to the submucosa of the ileum, and in lesser numbers to the spleen and thymus and probably the mesenteric lymph node. Throughout the course of the experiment, only two labeled plasma cells were found outside the popliteal nodes, both in the submucosa of the ileum.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Higher Categories of Cryptodiran Turtles Based on a Cladistic Analysis of Chromosomal Data

Karyological data are available for 55% of all cryptodiran turtle species including members of all but one family. Cladistic analysis of these data, as well as consideration of other taxonomic studies, lead us to propose a formal classification and phylogeny not greatly different from that suggested by other workers. We recognize 11 families and three superfamilies. The platysternid and staurotypid turtles are recognized at the familial level. Patterns and models of karyotypic evolution in turtles are reviewed and discussed.
Compact polarization dependent EBG surface with fractal boundary patches

Patches with variants of fractal Minkowski curves as boundaries are used here to design a polarization dependent electromagnetic bandgap surface. Reflection phases of the proposed structure depends upon the polarization state of the incident wave and frequency. The phase difference between the x-polarized and y-polarized components of the reflected wave can be as high as 200 degrees and this is achieved without excessive increase in unit cell dimensions and vias. The performance of the surface is analyzed numerically using CST microwave studio. The potential applications of the surface are in polarization conversion surfaces, polarimetric radar calibration, and RCS reduction.