Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF ALLORECOGNITION IN THE COLONIAL HYDROID HYDRACTINIA SYMBIOLONGICARPUS

Many sedentary, clonal marine invertebrates compete intensively with conspecifics for habitable space. Allorecognition systems mediate the nature and outcome of these intraspecific competitive interactions, such that the initiation of agonistic behavior and the potential for intergenotypic fusion depend strongly on the relatedness of the contestants. The dependence of these behaviors on relatedness, along with the extraordinary precision with which self can be discriminated from nonself, suggest that allorecognition systems are highly polymorphic genetically. However, allotypic specificity of this sort could be produced by any number of genetic scenarios, ranging from relatively few loci with abundant allelic variation to numerous loci with relatively few alleles per locus. At this point, virtually nothing is known of the formal genetics of allorecognition in marine invertebrates; consequently, the evolutionary dynamics of such systems remain poorly understood. In this paper, we characterize the formal genetics of allorecognition in the marine hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus colonizes gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. When two or more individuals grow into contact, one of three outcomes ensues: fusion (compatibility), transitory fusion (a temporary state of compatibility), and rejection (incompatibility, often accompanied by the production of agonistic structures termed hyperplastic stolons). Observed patterns of compatibility between unrelated, half‐sib pairs, and full‐sib pairs show that unrelated and half‐sib pairs under laboratory culture have a very low probability of being fusible, whereas full sibs have a roughly 30% rate of fusion in experimental pairings. The genetic simulations indicate that roughly five loci, with 5–7 alleles per locus, confer specificity in this species. In ecological terms, the reproductive ecology of H. symbiolongicarpus should promote the cosettlement of kin, some of which should be full sibs, and some half sibs. Thus, there is potential for kin selection to play a major role in the evolution of the H. symbiolongicarpus allorecognition system. In genetic terms, this system conforms to theoretical predictions for a recognition system selected to distinguish among classes of kin, in addition to self from nonself.
The Gatehouse Project: A Systematic Approach to Mental Health Promotion in Secondary Schools

Objective: The objective of this paper is to outline the conceptual background and strategy of intervention for a systematic and sustainable approach to mental health promotion in secondary schools. Method: The conceptual origins of the Gatehouse Project are described in terms of the epidemiology of adolescent mental health problems, attachment theory, education reform research and health promotional theory and practice. The elements of health promotional work are described in terms of structural change and priority setting; implementation at multiple levels within the participating schools is described. Results: The conceptual framework of the Gatehouse Project emphasises healthy attachments with peers and teachers through the promotion of a sense of security and trust, effective communication and a sense of positive self-regard based on participation in varied aspects of school and community life. A school social climate profile is derived from a questionnaire survey of students. An adolescent health team uses this information to set priorities for change within the school. Interventions may focus on the promotion of a positive social climate of the whole school or in the classroom. Curriculum-based health education is also used and based on materials that are relevant to the normal developmental experiences of teenagers. These are integrated into the mainstream curriculum and incorporate a strong component of teacher professional development. Lastly, the intervention promotes linkage between the school and broader community with a particular emphasis on the needs of young people at high risk of school drop-out. Conclusions: Educational environments are complex systems undergoing continuous and simultaneous changes. The Gatehouse Project will provide unique information on the relationship between the social environment and the emotional wellbeing of young people. More importantly it outlines a sustainable process for building the capacity of schools to promote the social and emotional development of young people.
Self‐reported physical activity is associated with cognitive function in lean, but not obese individuals

Convergent evidence demonstrates that greater physical activity is associated with better cognitive functioning across many patient and healthy samples. However, this relationship has not been well examined among obese individuals and remains unclear. The present study examined the relationship between performance‐based measures of attention/executive function and self‐reported physical activity, as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, among lean (n = 36) and obese (n = 36) college students. Lean individuals performed better than obese individuals on measures of attention/executive function. No significant differences in self‐reported physical activity emerged between weight groups. Higher self‐reported physical activity was related to faster reaction time in lean individuals but slower reaction time in obese individuals. Additionally, in lean individuals, higher levels of self‐reported physical activity were related to more errors on a task of speeded inhibitory control. The results are consistent with previous research demonstrating that greater physical activity is associated with faster attention and executive function abilities in healthy samples and highlight the importance of examining reaction time and accuracy indices separately on these measures. The lack of association among obese individuals may be due in part to inaccurate self‐report in the current study. Additionally, the cognitive consequences of obesity may outweigh the benefits of physical activity in this group. Future work should investigate these associations in obese individuals using physical activity interventions, as well as a combination of self‐report and objective measures to investigate discrepancies in reporting.
Nutrient Intake and Growth of Preschool Children from Different Socioeconomic Regions in the City of Oaxaca, México

Dietary intake and anthropometric measurements were determined in 124 preschool children, aged 4–6 years, living in the city of Oaxaca, México. The children were classified by socioeconomic status, depending upon their living conditions and family income. A composite diet representing the typical diet according to socioeconomic group was formulated and chemically evaluated. Corn tortillas and beans were the primary protein and energy sources for the children of this study. The inclusion of dairy products, animal products, and fruits and vegetables was not common. The children in the low-income group, which represents the majority of the children of this area, received only 63% of the recommended intake. Also for the low-income group, protein and iron recommendations were met but by plant-based sources. Protein contributed 10% of the energy, 78% were from carbohydrates and 12% from fat. Calcium intake was low, meeting only 34% of the recommendation and zinc intake was 51%. Fiber intake was very high, coming primarily from beans and tortillas. In the low- income group, Z scores for height and age were –1.60 for boys and –1.75 for girls. Weight-for-age Z scores were –0.90 and –0.97 for boys and girls, respectively. The weight-for-height Z scores for this group were 0.33 and 0.12 for boys and girls, respectively. Although energy needs were not met, extreme stunting was not detected.
A variation of first branchial cleft anomalies

First branchial cleft anomalies are considered to be duplications of the external auditory meatus (EAM) and pinna with a sinus that runs parallel to the EAM (Type 1) or with a sinus that runs from an opening in the neck and ends blindly near the cartilaginous EAM (Type 2). In this paper we discuss a young patient that presented with an infected sinus that did not resemble either of the two known types of first branchial cleft anomalies.
Evaluation of Four Different Diagnostic Tests To Detect Clostridium difficile in Piglets

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is emerging as pathogen in both humans and animals. In 2000 it was described as one of the causes of neonatal enteritis in piglets, and it is now the most common cause of neonatal diarrhea in the United States. In Europe, C. difficile infection (CDI) in both neonatal piglets and adult sows has also been reported. Diagnosis of this infection is based on detection of the bacterium C. difficile or its toxins A and B. Most detection methods, however, are only validated for diagnosing human infections. In this study three commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and a commercial real-time-PCR (Becton, Dickinson, and Company) were evaluated by testing 172 pig fecal specimens (139 diarrheic and 33 nondiarrheic piglets). The results of each test were compared to those of cytotoxicity assays (CTAs) and toxigenic culture as the “gold standards. ” Compared to CTAs, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were, respectively, as follows: for real-time PCR, 91.6, 37.1, 57.6, and 82.5%; for Premier Toxins A&B (Meridian), 83.1, 31.5, 53.1, and 66.7%; for ImmunoCard Toxins A&B kit (ICTAB; Meridian), 86.6, 56.8, 66.9, and 80.7%; and for VIDAS (bioMérieux), 54.8, 92.6, 85.0, and 72.8%. Compared to toxigenic culture, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were, respectively, as follows: for real-time PCR, 93.0, 34.7, 50.0, and 87.5%; for Premier Toxins A&B, 80.3, 27.7, 43.8, and 66.7%; and for ICTAB, 80.0, 46.2, 52.8, and 75.4%; and for VIDAS, 56.4, 89.8, 77.5, and 76.7%. We conclude that all tests had an unacceptably low performance as a single test for the detection of C. difficile in pig herds and that a two-step algorithm is necessary, similar to that in cases of human CDI. Of all of the assays, the real-time PCR had the highest NPV compared to both reference methods and is therefore the most appropriate test to screen for the absence of C. difficile in pigs as a first step in the algorithm. The second step would be a confirmation of the positive results by toxigenic culture.
THE QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC EQUATION AND ITS TWO REGULARIZATIONS

ABSTRACT We consider the quasi-geostrophic model and its two different regularizations. Global regularity results are established for the regularized models with critical or sub-critical indices. The proof[4], [13] of Onsager's conjecture[19] concerning weak solutions of the 3D Euler equations and the notion of dissipative solutions of Duchon and Robert[12] are extended to weak solutions of the quasi-geostrophic equation.
Reproducibility of Graph-Theoretic Brain Network Metrics: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aimed to assess the reproducibility of graph-theoretic brain network metrics. Primary research studies of test-retest reliability conducted on healthy human subjects were included that quantified test-retest reliability using either the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) or the coefficient of variance. The MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey databases were searched up to February 2014. Risk of bias was assessed with 10 criteria weighted toward methodological quality. Twenty-three studies were included in the review (n=499 subjects) and evaluated for various characteristics, including sample size (5-45), retest interval (<1 h to >1 year), acquisition method, and test-retest reliability scores. For at least one metric, ICCs reached the fair range (ICC 0.40-0.59) in one study, the good range (ICC 0.60-0.74) in five studies, and the excellent range (ICC>0.74) in 16 studies. Heterogeneity of methods prevented further quantitative analysis. Reproducibility was good overall. For the metrics having three or more ICCs reported for both functional and structural networks, six of seven were higher in structural networks, indicating that structural networks may be more reliable over time. The authors were also able to highlight and discuss a number of methodological factors affecting reproducibility.
Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk.

Experimental manipulations of affect induced by a brief newspaper report of a tragic event produced a pervasive increase in subjects' estimates of the frequency of many risks and other undesirable events. Contrary to expectation, the effect was independent of the similarity between the report arid the estimated risk. An account of a fatal stabbing did not increase the frequency estimate of a closely related risk, homicide, more than the estimates of unrelated risks such as natural hazards. An account of a happy event that created positive affect produced a comparable global decrease in judged frequency of risks. As a society, we have never been more concerned with the assessment, the management, and the regulation of risk. Because public reaction to hazards from pesticides, nuclear power, or food additives appears to influence the regulation and management of these technologies, it is important to understand how the lay person perceives and evaluates risks. This is particularly true for hazards such as terrorism, nuclear power, or genetic engineering for which the available statistical data are very limited and where the assessments of the risks are based on subjective and intuitive judgments. Indeed, psychologists and other researchers have shown increasing interest in the manner in which people perceive and estimate the severity of various risks. Lichtenstein, Slovic, Fischhoff, Layman, and Combs (1978) asked lay people to estimate the number of deaths per year that are due to various hazards. These investigators found that the subjective estimates were consistent across several methods of elicitation and correlated reasonably well (median r = .7) with actuarial estimates of frequency. A comparison of objective and subjective estimates revealed two
A non‐invasive method for the in vivo determination of skin antioxidant capacity (IAC‐S®)

Background/purposes: Skin antioxidant network protects cells against oxidative injury and prevents the production of oxidation products. When oxidative stress overwhelms the skin antioxidant capacity, the subsequent modification of the cellular redox apparatus leads to an alteration of cell homeostasis leading to degenerative processes. In the dermocosmetic field, the topical application of antioxidants is often suggested as a possible strategy to prevent and modulate oxidative skin damages. Continuing our studies addressed to set‐up new bio‐engeneering protocols for the claim substantiation of antioxidant cosmetic products, we have developed a new non‐invasive methodology for the evaluation of antioxidants cosmetics ingredients and finished products.
Sex, hormones, and atherosclerosis.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important complication of atherosclerosis and a major cause of mortality in Western society. Epidemiological studies suggest that female sex steroids are an important protective factor in CHD. Premenopausal women have only one third the rate of CHD compared to men, and post menopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy have up to a 40-50 % reduction in CHD risk compared to untreated women of a similar age. The apparent protection of estrogen against CHD is often incorrectly attributed solely to favourable changes in the lipid profile. However, female sex steroids can alter many other cellular functions which are important in CHD. This thesis examines the effects of 170-estradiol and progesterone on certain endothelial cell functions considered important in atherosclerosis using human umbilical vein (HUV) endothelial cells. It also examines the effects of 170-estradiol and progesterone on platelet and monocyte binding to endothelial cells and on oxidation of LDL. The studies have shown that low concentrations of 170estradiol (10'1° M) increased endothelial cell proliferation and mRNA production for PDGF in endothelial cells but did not alter the other endothelial cell functions studied, while low concentrations of progesterone (10'9 M) inhibited the proliferative effect of 170-estradiol (10_1° M), increased mRNA for PDGF in endothelial cells and inhibited vWf expression on endothelial cells. High concentrations of 170-estradiol (10-5 M) and progesterone (10-5 M) altered many endothelial cell functions studied. 170-estradiol (10-5 M) and progesterone (10-5 M) individually and in combination inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, increased mRNA expression for PDGF and reduced the proliferative effects of native LDL on endothelial cell proliferation. 170estradiol (10-5 M) alone inhibited PGI2 release and platelet binding, and these effects were prevented by the addition of progesterone (10-5 M). Both high ix and low concentrations of 170-estradiol and progesterone increased the ability of monocytes to bind to endothelial cells. Finally, 170-estradiol (10_1° M) was found to inhibit LDL oxidation which is considered to be very important in atherosclerosis lesion formation. It is suggested that low concentrations of estrogen may retard atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial cell proliferation at sites of injury, and by inhibiting LDL oxidation, thereby inhibiting foam cell formation. On the other hand, high concentrations of estrogen may promote atherosclerosis by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, increasing cytokine production, inhibiting PGI2 release and increasing monocyte binding to endothelial cells. Of particular interest is the modulation by progesterone of some of the changes induced by 170-estradiol in endothelial cells. These studies show that sex steroids have diverse effects on cellular functions important in atherosclerosis and have implications for the relationship between atherosclerosis and gender, oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy.
Plasma membrane contacts in the central nervous system.

In low-power electron micrographs a thin, dense line is visible at the surfaces of cells. This line, the plasma membrane, is about 75-80 A. thick and in many tissues is separated from the surrounding connective tissue elements by a basement membrane. At high resolution, Robertson (1957) has shown that in potassium permanganate fixed material this 75 A. thick plasma membrane has a triple-layered structure, consisting of two dark layers, each 25-30 A. wide, separated by a lighter zone of the same width. A somewhat similar appearance is also obtained from sections of osmium-fixed material (for example, see Karrer, 1960a, b). Robertson (1959) has applied the general term of 'unit membrane' to such triple-layered-structures and has discussed both the chemical significance of the appearance and its relation to the cell membrane of classical histology. In recent years, it has been found, with few exceptions (Karrer, 1960a, b; Robertson, 1959), that when adjacent cells come together their plasma membranes remain separated by a distance of 150-200 A. (see Porter, 1959), but one situation in which the gap between adjacent plasma membrane surfaces is eliminated is in the myelin sheaths of the peripheral (see Robertson, 1959) and central (Peters, 1960b, 1961) nervous systems. Here regions of the plasma membrane of the myelinforming cell come into close contact. Moreover, as shown by Maturana (1960) and Peters (1960a, b, 1961) in the central nervous system, where there is little cytoplasm on the outside of the sheath, contacts may also occur between the outsides of adjacent sheaths. Since central sheaths are considered to be formed by glial cells, these observations suggested that contacts may be formed by glial cells elsewhere in the central nervous system and, as will be shown, this has proved to be the case. The optic nerve has been chosen as the material for this investigation, since as part of the central nervous system it has the advantage that it can be readily removed intact and easily fixed in short lengths without damage. Further, since the nerve fibres run in one direction they can be sectioned in any given plane.
Trauma focus group therapy for combat-related PTSD: an update.

Individual cognitive-behavioral therapy involving directed exposure to memories of traumatic events has been found to be effective in treating posttraumatic stress disorder. In this article, we present updated information on an alternative group form of exposure therapy: manualized trauma-focus group therapy (TFGT), designed as an efficient means of conducting directed exposure. We describe the cognitive-behavioral and developmental models from which the approach was derived, present an overview of session topics and a case illustration, provide guidelines for referring individuals to TFGT, and offer suggestions for future research.
Clinical inquiries. What is the best approach for managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis?

and is not yet published. ■ RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHERS The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) supports the prescribing of methylphenidate in adolescents with ADHD. Given the unique psychosocial, environmental, and scheduling challenges of adolescence, the AACAP mentions extended-release methyl-phenidate as “well-suited for treatment of adolescents. ” Timothy F. Mott, MD, Navy Hospital Pensacola Family Practice Residency, Pensacola, Fla; Laura Leach, MLIS, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte AHEC, Charlotte, NC ■ CLINICAL COMMENTARY: Patients with childhood ADHD usually benefit from continuing their medication Adolescents must face the challenge of becoming more organized and independent to be successful in middle school and high school. Those with childhood ADHD may have a particularly difficult transition, and will usually benefit from continuing to take their stimulants. Some adolescents, who were not previously identified as having ADHD, may declare themselves at this age due to school performance issues. Careful evaluation and treatment of these patients will contribute to their success. Physicians should use the lowest effective dose of methylphenidate, as the studies seem to indicate that higher dosages do not improve performance in adolescents. Teens often prefer long-acting preparations, which obviate the need to take medication at school. The studies reviewed do not define long-term academic or vocational success, which is a more important outcome than symptom control for adolescents. Lisa Johnson, MD, Providence St. Peter’s Family Practice Residency, Olympia, Wash REFERENCES 1. Safer DJ, Zito JM, Fine EM. Increased methylphenidate usage for attention deficit disorder in the 1990s. Pediatrics 1996; 98:1084–1088. 2. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: II. Academic, attentional, and neuropsychological status. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58:580–588. 3. Klassen A, Miller A, Raina P, Lee SK, Olsen L. Attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth: a quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of different management strategies. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44:1007–1016. 4. Schachar R, Jadad AR, Gauld M, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: critical appraisal of extended treatment studies. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47:337–348. 5. Schachter HM, Pham B, King J, Langford S, Moher D. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ 2001; 165:1475–1488. 6. Smith BH, Waschbusch DA, Willoughby MT, Evans S. The efficacy, safety, and practicality of treatments for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2000; 3:243–267. JFP_08. 04_CI_final 7/21/04 9:25 AM Page 660