Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Force decline during fatigue is due to both a decrease in the force per individual cross‐bridge and the number of cross‐bridges

Non‐technical summary Prolonged muscle activity leads to a reduction of mechanical power and force output which is commonly indicated as muscular fatigue. The development of fatigue during repetitive stimulation of a skeletal muscle consists of an initial phase during which force decreases by 10–15%. This is followed by a second phase where force remains almost constant and finally a phase during which force drops precipitously to low levels. We show here that the initial fall in force is due to a reduction of the force generated by the individual molecular force generator, the cross‐bridge, whereas in subsequent phases the force decrease is caused by a reduction in the number of molecular force generators. These results increase our understanding of muscular fatigue mechanisms.
Molecular Aspects and Natural Source of Procalcitonin

Abstract The search for sensitive and specific markers of systemic infection has shown that procalcitonin levels are increased in sepsis, and, consequently, this plasma protein has come into the focus of clinical research. Human procalcitonin is encoded by the Calc-I gene, which gives rise to two alternatively spliced transcripts. Despite systemic investigation of the Calc-I gene and mechanisms of the tissue-specific regulation and alternative splicing, little is known about the biology of procalcitonin and the cells which express this protein during inflammation. Here we focus on the molecular and biochemical properties of the molecule and summarize the known biological functions of procalcitonin. We report on the structure of the Calc-I gene, the amino acid conservation of procalcitonin in different species, and the consensus sequences of the protein with regard to sites relevant for posttranslational modification, spatial distribution, and homologies to other cytokines. We discuss aspects of intracellular location of procalcitonin and demonstrate that it has the characteristics of a secreted protein.
The Effectiveness of 2 Years of First Line Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Children at an Integrated HIV-Care Clinic in Myanmar

Objective: To study the effectiveness of 2 years first line antiretroviral therapy on weight for age, haemoglobin, CD4 count among HIVinfected children at integrated HIV-care clinic, Mandalay Children hospital (MCH). Method: This study was prospective cohort study performed on a total of 116 HIV infected children who started Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) from 1st January to 31st December of 2010. At the start of the study, ART treatment has been established for one to two years. The follow up period was up to one year. Weights, weight for age, haemoglobin and CD4 counts were obtained from the medical records of individual patient at the start of ART and also at one year of ART for some children. Data were also recorded at 2 years of ART therapy. During every visit, each case of death, defaulter and regular follow-up and loss to followup cases were recorded. The reviews of medical records of patients at follow-up visits were done. Then, two years survival was calculated. Results: Out of 116 cases, 85 (73.28%) patients were < 3rdcentile weight for age at ART initiation. After 1 year of ART, 74 (73.27%) cases were > 3rd centile and 88 (92.63%) cases were > 3rd centile after 2 years of ART. The median increase in weight at 1 year of ART was 3 kg (p =<0.001), and at 2 years was 7 kg (p =<0.001). At the start of ART 31.90% children had < 9 g/dl hemoglobin, but 1.98% and 4.21% of cases were <9 g/dl hemoglobin at 1 year and 2 years of ART. The median haemoglobin increased from 9.6 g/dl at the start to 11 g/dl at 1 year (p =<0.001), and 11.5 g/dl at 2 years of ART (p =<0.001). The median CD4 count increased from 210 cells/μL at the start to 694 cells/μL at 1 year (p =<0.001) and 930 cells/μL at 2 years of ART (p =<0.001). Among 116 patients, 95 (81.90%) had regular follow-up visits, 12 (10.34%) were lost for follow-up, 9 (7.8%) deaths were noted and cumulative survival probability at two years of ART was 0.82. Conclusion: Good survival, positive effect on growth, hemoglobin status and CD4 count can be sustained after two years of first line ART among HIV infected children in resource-constrained settings. Low CD4 count and low haemoglobin status at the start of ART could have considerable impact on growth and other associated infections such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, and chronic diarrhea.
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in broiler chickens.

Amoxicillin was given to two groups of eight chickens at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously (i.v.) or orally. Plasma concentration was monitored serially for 24 h after each administration. Concentrations of amoxicillin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, using a two-compartment open model. The elimination half-life, and the mean residence time for plasma were 8.17 +/- 0.31 and 10.46 +/- 0.51 h, respectively, after i.v. administration and 9.16 +/- 0.60 and 12.26 +/- 0.81 h, respectively, after oral administration. After single oral administration, amoxicillin was rapidly absorbed, with Tmax, of 1.00 +/- 0.06 h. Maximum plasma concentration was 160.40 +/- 4.67 microg/ml and mean amoxicillin concentrations > 15 microg/ml persisted for 24 h. Oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was found to be 63.00 +/- 4.58%. The results indicate that a dosage of 10 mg/kg administered orally at 24 h intervals should be effective in treating a variety of systemic infections in poultry.
Occupational and Spatial Mobility of Temporary Mexican Migrants to the U.S.: A Comparative Analysis

U.S. job and spatial mobility are compared here for recent returnee migrants from two Mexican areas — Rio Grande, Zacatecas, in the interior; and Nueva Rosita-Muzquiz, Coahuila, near the U.S. border. Results suggest that the interior migrants fit a hierarchical migrant model: they move up the urban hierarchy from U.S. rural areas to towns and cities, experiencing substantial job mobility at first, but little after reaching the urban sector. Border migrants fit a shuttle migrant model: they return to the same job and place year after year, experiencing little or no spatial and occupational mobility, although they tend to hold somewhat higher status jobs.
The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death.

Dennis W. ChoiDepartment of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford,California 94305Steven M. RothmanDepartments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology,Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110The human brain depends on its blood supply for a continuous supply ofoxygen and glucose. Irreversible brain damage occurs if blood flow isreduced below about 10 ml/100 g tissue/min and if blood flow is completelyinterrupted, damage will occur in only a few minutes. Unfortunately, suchreductions (ischemia) are common in disease states: either localized individual vascular territories, as in stroke; or globally, as in cardiac arrest.Cerebral hypoxia can also occur in isolation, for example in respiratoryarrest, carbon monoxide poisoning, or near-drowning; pure glucose depri-vation can occur in insulin overdose or a variety of metabolic disorders.As a group, these disorders are a leading cause of neurological disabilityand death; stroke alone is the third most common cause of death in NorthAmerica.Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the cellular patho-genesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, and at present there is noeffective therapy. A critical question has been why brain, more than mostother tissues, is so vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic insults. In particular,certain neuronal subpopulations, such as hippocampal field CA1 andneocortical layers 3, 5, and 6, are characteristically destroyed after sub-maximal hypoxic-ischenfic exposure. A possible answer has emerged inthe last few years: At least some of this special vulnerability may beaccounted for by the central neurotoxicity of the endogenous excitatory1710147-006X/90/0301 ~:1171 $02.00www. annualreviews.org/aronline Annual Reviews
Rubella Immunity of Pregnant Women in Stockholm

Knowledge of the incidence of susceptibility to rubella in females of fertile age is essential for estimation of the risk for maternal infection during pregnancy and for evaluation of the need for specific prophylaxis. Pregnant women in different parts of USA [6] and Great Britain [l, 21 as well as in Eskilstuna, Sweden [3] are reported to lack rubella neutralizing (NT) antibody in 5-20% and this incidence is apparently considerably higher in Hawaii [5, 61 and southern Japan [4]. I n this study the frequency of rubella NT antibody was determined in two groups of pregnant women in the city of Stockholm: those applying for gamma globulin prophylaxis due to exposure to rubella as well as a normal control group.
Late Paleocene–early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis

The warmest global temperatures of the Cenozoic Era occurred in early Eocene time, following a warming trend that started in late Paleocene time. The greater Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming is one of the best areas in the Rocky Mountains for paleobotanical investigation of the Paleocene-Eocene climatic transition. Intensive sampling has resulted in the recovery of an estimated 189 species of plant macrofossils from the Tiffanian, Clarkforkian, Wasatchian, and Bridgerian land mammal “ages. ” The leaf morphologies and taxonomic affinities of these fossils were used in combination with other indicators to evaluate Paleocene-Eocene climates. Following cool humid conditions in the Tiffanian, the Clarkforkian was humid and subtropical, and several plant families with modern tropical affinities appeared. However, as in the Tiffanian, Clarkforkian floras had low diversity and were dominated by a single species in the birch family. Mean annual temperature (MAT) rose from an estimated 12 °C in the Tiffanian to 19 °C in the Clarkforkian, while mean annual precipitation (MAP) for the Tiffanian and Clarkforkian is estimated to have been 130‐150 cm. Little fossil plant material is preserved from the latest Clarkforkian or the earliest Wasatchian, which is thought to have contained an interval of cooling and drying followed by renewed warming. By the middle Wasatchian, the time of the Cenozoic thermal maximum, the inferred MAT was about 21 °C, and the MAP was near 140 cm. A second influx of plant families with tropical affinities appeared in the area, and diversity increased significantly, but most plant families known from the Clarkforkian persisted. Species turnover from the Clarkforkian to the Wasatchian was greater than 80%. A second turnover of more than 80% of species (but not families) from the Wasatchian to the early Bridgerian accompanied drying and increased seasonality of precipitation. The early Bridgerian MAT is inferred to have been near 20 °C and the MAP to have been about 80 cm. Except for the Tiffanian and possibly portions of the early Wasatchian, paleoclimates during the study interval were predominantly frost free. Although the moderating influence of the Green River lake system has been suggested as a possible explanation for mild Eocene winters in Wyoming, this study shows that virtually frostfree climates existed in the area prior to and independent of significant lake development.
Tannins and ruminant nutrition

Tannins are a complex group of polyphenolic compounds found in a wide range of plant species commonly consumed by ruminants. They are conventionally classified into two major groups: the hydrolysable and the condensed tannins. Although for a long time tannins were thought to be detrimental to ruminants, their effect may be either beneficial or harmful depending on the type of tannin consumed, its chemical structure and molecular weight, the amount ingested, and the animal species involved. High concentrations of tannins reduce voluntary feed intake and nutrient digestibility, whereas low to moderate concentrations may improve the digestive utilisation of feed mainly due to a reduction in protein degradation in the rumen and a subsequent increase in amino acid flow to the small intestine. These effects on nutrition are reflected in animal performance.
Dynamics of CYP51: implications for function and inhibitor design

Sterol 14α‐demethylase (cytochrome P450 family 51 (CYP51)) is an essential enzyme occurring in all biological kingdoms. In eukaryotes, it is located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Selective inhibitors of trypanosomal CYP51s that do not affect the human CYP51 have been discovered in vitro and found to cure acute and chronic mouse Chagas disease without severe side effects in vivo. Crystal structures indicate that CYP51 may be more rigid than most CYPs, and it has been proposed that this property may facilitate antiparasitic drug design. Therefore, to investigate the dynamics of trypanosomal CYP51, we built a model of membrane‐bound Trypanosoma brucei CYP51 and then performed molecular dynamics simulations of T. brucei CYP51 in membrane‐bound and soluble forms. We compared the dynamics of T. brucei CYP51 with those of human CYP51, CYP2C9, and CYP2E1. In the simulations, the CYP51s display low mobility in the buried active site although overall mobility is similar in all the CYPs studied. The simulations suggest that in CYP51, pathway 2f serves as the major ligand access tunnel, and both pathways 2f (leading to membrane) and S (leading to solvent) can serve as ligand egress tunnels. Compared with the other CYPs, the residues at the entrance of the ligand access tunnels in CYP51 have higher mobility that may be necessary to facilitate the passage of its large sterol ligands. The water (W) tunnel is accessible to solvent during most of the simulations of CYP51, but its width is affected by the conformations of the heme's two propionate groups. These differ from those observed in the other CYPs studied because of differences in their hydrogen‐bonding network. Our simulations give insights into the dynamics of CYP51 that complement the available experimental data and have implications for drug design against CYP51 enzymes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Associations between Air Pollutants and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Hospitalizations. A Systematic Review.

RATIONALE Exacerbations are key events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affecting lung function decline and quality of life. The effect of exposure to different air pollutants on COPD exacerbations is not clear. OBJECTIVES To carry out a systematic review, examining associations between air pollutants and hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, Science Citation Index, and the Air Pollution Epidemiology Database were searched for publications published between 1980 and September 2015. Inclusion criteria were focused on studies presenting solely a COPD outcome defined by hospital admissions and a measure of gaseous air pollutants and particle fractions. The association between each pollutant and COPD admissions was investigated in metaanalyses using random effects models. Analyses were stratified by geographical clusters for investigation of the consistency of the evidence worldwide. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-six studies were included, and results for all the pollutants under investigation showed marginal positive associations; however, the number of included studies was small, the studies had high heterogeneity, and there was evidence of small-study bias. Geographical clustering of the effects of pollution on COPD hospital admissions was evident and reduced heterogeneity significantly. CONCLUSIONS The most consistent association was between a 1-mg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide level and COPD-related admissions (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.03). The heterogeneity was moderate, and there was a consistent positive association in both Europe and North America, although levels were clearly below World Health Organization guideline values. There is mixed evidence on the effects of environmental pollution on COPD exacerbations. Limitations of previous studies included the low spatiotemporal resolution of pollutants, inadequate control for confounding factors, and the use of aggregated health data that ignored personal characteristics. The need for more targeted exposure estimates in a large number of geographical locations is evident.
Learning Oriented Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks for Building Detection in Satellite Remote Sensing Images

Abstract. The automated building detection in aerial images is a fundamental problem encountered in aerial and satellite images analysis. Recently, thanks to the advances in feature descriptions, Region-based CNN model (R-CNN) for object detection is receiving an increasing attention. Despite the excellent performance in object detection, it is problematic to directly leverage the features of R-CNN model for building detection in single aerial image. As we know, the single aerial image is in vertical view and the buildings possess significant directional feature. However, in R-CNN model, direction of the building is ignored and the detection results are represented by horizontal rectangles. For this reason, the detection results with horizontal rectangle cannot describe the building precisely. To address this problem, in this paper, we proposed a novel model with a key feature related to orientation, namely, Oriented R-CNN (OR-CNN). Our contributions are mainly in the following two aspects: 1) Introducing a new oriented layer network for detecting the rotation angle of building on the basis of the successful VGG-net R-CNN model; 2) the oriented rectangle is proposed to leverage the powerful R-CNN for remote-sensing building detection. In experiments, we establish a complete and bran-new data set for training our oriented R-CNN model and comprehensively evaluate the proposed method on a publicly available building detection data set. We demonstrate State-of-the-art results compared with the previous baseline methods.
SAR distribution and temperature increase in the human head for mobile communication

The spatial SAR (specific absorption rate) distribution inside a human head under the exposure of EM energy emitted by a portable phone is computed using the FDTD numerical method. The temperature rise due to the absorption of this energy is then calculated using the bioheat equation. The influence of the user's hand is also incorporated. Computations are performed at both 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz.
Improved chest wall imaging through combined complex trajectories in dedicated dual modality SPECT-CT breast molecular imaging

In the hybrid SPECT-CT breast imaging system currently in development in our lab, patient positioning is a practical compromise between comfort and a need to maximize the imaged volume of breast and chest wall. The integrated imaging system rotates under the patient, with the current CT system restricted to purely azimuthal trajectories at a fixed height, while the flexible SPECT system is capable of fully 3D positioning around the pendant breast. The current patient bed, designed with the aforementioned compromises in mind, separates the top of the CT cone beam from the chest wall, thus limiting the system’s ability to image this important area. This study examines combined complex trajectories, including limited angle tomography for both modalities and raising the entire imaging system during the scan, to more effectively image lesions in or near the chest wall. While emphasizing new CT system trajectories, SPECT trajectories are also investigated to maximize the imaged volume while avoiding contact with the bed or patient. Various sized lesions filled with low and medium concentrations of 99mTc activity (10:1 to 3:1) and CT contrast are imaged using different trajectories. Dual modality projections are post-processed to mimic limited angle trajectories or trajectories that raise the CT system for a portion of the scan. Reconstructed images from data sets with trajectories that removed 60° of SPECT and CT azimuthal data and trajectories combining limited angle acquisition with vertical system shift show a significant increase in observed breast volume while maintaining lesion visibility. Two task-based observer studies are used to further evaluate the visibility of small low-contrast lesions reconstructed with decreasing angular acquisitions and system shifting. Observer study results further indicate that limited angle trajectories and system shifting in mid-scan appear to improve chest wall imaging for this dual modality system.
Percepción de bienestar psicológico y fomento de la práctica de actividad física en población adolescente

La practica regular de actividad fisica mejora la salud a nivel psicologico y fisico, y se ha relacionado con un estilo de personalidad mas activo. Por otro lado, en general se acepta que dicha actividad esta asociada a beneficios psicologicos, fisiologicos y sentimientos subjetivos de bienestar (Morgan, 1985). Las dimensiones para lograr estas actitudes son el funcionamiento social, fisico y cognitivo; la movilidad y cuidado personal y el bienestar emocional. En la adolescencia, estos conceptos y actitudes se caracterizan por poner en juego con mayor probabilidad conductas que pueden ser nocivas para la salud. El presente trabajo muestra el analisis de un grupo de adolescentes en edad escolar (N=50), practicantes de actividad fisica dentro y fuera del ambito escolar. El principal proposito es asociar las influencias que los escolares reciben de su entorno mas cercano (familia y escuela) para el fomento de la practica de actividad fisica y las percepciones de bienestar psicologico como recurso para afrontar situaciones cotidianas
First report on the validity of a continuous Metabolic syndrome score as an indicator for Metabolic syndrome in a national sample of paediatric population - the CASPIAN-III study.

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a continuous Metabolic Syndrome score (cMetS) in a nationally representativesample of Iranian children and to identify sex and age-specific optimal cut-off points of cMetS that are associated with MetS. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted among 3,254 schoolchildren aged 10-18 years. cMetS was derived by aggregating ageand sex-standardised residuals of waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), glucose, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). To determine the optimal cut-off points of cMetS for predicting MetS, receiver operator characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was used with an estimation of the variables' sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS A graded relationship was documented between cMetS and the number of risk factors. Increasing mean values of cMetS with increasingnumbers of components were apparent for both genders. The overall optimal cMetS cut-off point for predicting the presence of MetS was 2.93 [sensitivity= 92%, specificity = 91%, area of the curve = 0.96 (0.95-0.97)]. The values for boys and girls were 2.97 and 3.26 respectively in the total study. CONCLUSION This nationwide study confirmed the validity of the cMetS score in a population-based sample of Iranian children. cMetSappears to be an appropriate index for investigating the association between potential risk factors and MetS in epidemiological researchin Iran.