Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chloroquine for treatment of acute attacks of vivax malaria.

During the recent war an intensive search for new antimalarial drugs was conducted in the course of which thousands of chemical substances were investigated under the auspices of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Studies were designed to find drugs which might have one or more of the following properties: ( a ) true causal prophylaxis, ( b ) ability to effect complete cure following treatment, ( c ) greater efficacy than quinacrine and quinine in suppression and ( d ) greater efficacy than quinine and quinacrine in the treatment of acute clinical attacks. The present report is concerned with chloroquine (SN 7618): 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino) quinoline, which is one of a series of new active antimalarial agents. Detailed studies of the antimalarial properties, pharmacology and toxicity of this drug have been carried out by numerous investigators, and undoubtedly the results of these studies will be generally available in the near future. 1 This paper is concerned principally with
Experimental status epilepticus in animals: What are we modeling?

Status epilepticus is a life-threatening and poorly understood neurologic condition with potentially devastating consequences (Mikaeloff et al., 2006). If individual recurrent seizures and status epilepticus are related phenomena on a continuum of seizure severity, it is unclear why individual seizures stop spontaneously, why status epilepticus, by definition, does not, and why initially brief seizures sometimes become status epilepticus. One possible explanation for why brief, often focally restricted events become longer and more generalized events is that a highly localized failure of c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)– mediated inhibition results in focal discharges that recruit surrounding inhibitory mechanisms that sequester and terminate focal seizures, whereas status epilepticus may result from a more severe, less-localized failure of inhibition (Dichter & Spencer, 1969). Although a multitude of complex cellular mechanisms could play a variety of roles in these phenomena, there is good reason to suspect a fundamental role for impaired GABA-mediated inhibition in the development of seizures and status epilepticus.
An In‐Vivo Analysis of Capillary Stasis and Endothelial Apoptosis in a Model of Hypertension

Objective: Recent evidence suggests endothelial apoptosis may be a mechanism for capillary rarefaction in hypertensives. The objective of this study was to examine the early phase of endothelial apoptosis and capillary blood flow in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rat.
Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing.

BACKGROUND Improved hygiene has altered early microbial exposure by reducing childhood infections, which has been suggested as a cause for the continuously rising prevalence of atopic diseases. On the basis of both intensity and timing of stimulus, it has been hypothesized that exposure to commensal microflora may represent another key protective modulator of immunity against atopy and subsequent atopic diseases. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether differences in early gut microflora precede the later development of atopic sensitization. METHODS Intestinal microflora from 76 infants at high risk of atopic diseases were analyzed at 3 weeks and 3 months of age by using conventional bacterial cultivation and 2 culture-independent methods, gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of bacterial cells. Infants evincing at least one positive skin prick reaction at 12 months were grouped as atopic subjects, and those without positive reactions were grouped as nonatopic subjects. RESULTS Atopic sensitization was observed in 22 (29%) of 76 children. At 3 weeks, the bacterial cellular fatty acid profile in fecal samples differed significantly between infants in whom atopy was and was not developing (P =.005). By using fluorescence in situ hydridization, atopic subjects had more clostridia (geometric mean [95% confidence interval]: 9.3 x 10(7) [3.8-22.9 x 10(7)] vs 3.3 x 10(7) [1.8-6.1 x 10(7)], P =. 04) and tended to have fewer bifidobacteria (1.8 x 10(9) [0.4-7.6 x 10(9)] vs 6.1 x 10(9) [2.5-14.6 x 10(9)], P =. 11) in their stools than nonatopic subjects, resulting in a reduced ratio of bifidobacteria to clostridia (P =.03). The differences were not detected by bacterial cultivation. CONCLUSION Differences in the neonatal gut microflora precede the development of atopy, suggesting a crucial role of the balance of indigenous intestinal bacteria for the maturation of human immunity to a nonatopic mode.
BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP)

This document defines the BGP Monitoring Protocol (BMP), which can be used to monitor BGP sessions. BMP is intended to provide a convenient interface for obtaining route views. Prior to the introduction of BMP, screen scraping was the most commonly used approach to obtaining such views. The design goals are to keep BMP simple, useful, easily implemented, and minimally service affecting. BMP is not suitable for use as a routing protocol.
Reaction of uric acid with peroxynitrite and implications for the mechanism of neuroprotection by uric acid.

Peroxynitrite, a biological oxidant formed from the reaction of nitric oxide with the superoxide radical, is associated with many pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Gout (hyperuricemic) and MS are almost mutually exclusive, and uric acid has therapeutic effects in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal disease that models MS. This evidence suggests that uric acid may scavenge peroxynitrite and/or peroxynitrite-derived reactive species. Therefore, we studied the kinetics of the reactions of peroxynitrite with uric acid from pH 6.9 to 8.0. The data indicate that peroxynitrous acid (HOONO) reacts with the uric acid monoanion with k = 155 M(-1) s(-1) (T = 37 degrees C, pH 7.4) giving a pseudo-first-order rate constant in blood plasma k(U(rate))(/plasma) = 0.05 s(-1) (T = 37 degrees C, pH 7.4; assuming [uric acid](plasma) = 0.3 mM). Among the biological molecules in human plasma whose rates of reaction with peroxynitrite have been reported, CO(2) is one of the fastest with a pseudo-first-order rate constant k(CO(2))(/plasma) = 46 s(-1) (T = 37 degrees C, pH 7.4; assuming [CO(2)](plasma) = 1 mM). Thus peroxynitrite reacts with CO(2) in human blood plasma nearly 920 times faster than with uric acid. Therefore, uric acid does not directly scavenge peroxynitrite because uric acid can not compete for peroxynitrite with CO(2). The therapeutic effects of uric acid may be related to the scavenging of the radicals CO(*-)(3) and NO(*)(2) that are formed from the reaction of peroxynitrite with CO(2). We suggest that trapping secondary radicals that result from the fast reaction of peroxynitrite with CO(2) may represent a new and viable approach for ameliorating the adverse effects associated with peroxynitrite in many diseases.
Regulation of Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1R) Protein Levels in the Obese Zucker Rat Kidney and Urine

Increased renal expression of the angiotensin II, type-1 receptor (AT1R) has been associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and progression of renal disease. We tested whether common medications used to treat hypertension and the metabolic syndrome alter renal AT1R; and whether urine AT1R can be used as a reasonable noninvasive marker of renal levels in the obese Zucker rat, a model for human metabolic syndrome. Immunoblotting revealed that renal and urinary levels of AT1R were significantly higher in obese versus lean rats and correlated (R = 0.62, p < 0.05). Chronic treatment with BP lowering, candesartan, an AT1R antagonist, increased renal levels of AT1R in both lean (282% of lean controls) and obese (178% of obese controls) rats, but decreased urine AT1R levels in obese rats (72% of obese controls). Similarly, chronic treatment with rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (subtype γ) agonist, significantly decreased urine (43% of obese controls) but not renal AT1R (105%) in obese rats. Blood pressure, measured by radiotelemetry, was significantly correlated in untreated and RGZ-treated rats to renal AT1R (R = 0.57, p = 0.0035). Finally, high- (4%) and medium- (0.4%) NaCl diets increased excretion of AT1R in obese rats to ∼400% of low- (0.04%) NaCl diet. This effect was markedly blunted in lean rats. Overall, we demonstrate increased renal AT1R levels in obese rats. Urine AT1R correlated with renal levels only in the untreated state. Relative salt-sensitivity of AT1R excretion in obese, relative to lean rats, may have implications for both BP and renal disease in the metabolic syndrome.
Anticandidal activity of pomegranate peel extract aerosol as an applicable sanitizing method

Pomegranate is a wonderful fruit from the paradise which contains a wide variety of precious phytochemical compounds applicable in the fields of therapeutics and health care. Candida albicans is the most common etiological agent for many clinical mycoses which could lead to human and animal death. Determination of the anticandidal activity of pomegranate peel extracts (PPE), and application of PPE aerosol as sanitizer agent against C. albicans contamination were investigated. Agar diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility test were applied for qualitative and quantitative determining the PPE anticandidal activity, respectively, versus commonly used fungicides. Aerosolization of PPE using an experimentally designed sanitizer room was applied for examining C. albicans sanitation potentiality of extract. PPE exhibited potent anticandidal activity against C. albicans strains comparing with standard fungicides in both used susceptibility techniques. Methanol, ethanol and water extracts were the most effective for inhibiting C. albicans growth. PPE aerosol was an efficient method for complete sanitizing of semi‐closed places against C. albicans growth. Application of PPE aerosol is a proper sanitizing method for preventing C. albicans contamination and growth in suspected places.
A Faster Algorithm for Minimum-cost Bipartite Perfect Matching in Planar Graphs

Given a weighted planar bipartite graph G(A ∪ B, E) where each edge has an integer edge cost, we give an Õ(n4/3log nC) time algorithm to compute minimum-cost perfect matching; here C is the maximum edge cost in the graph. The previous best-known planarity exploiting algorithm has a running time of O(n3/2log n) and is achieved by using planar separators (Lipton and Tarjan ’80). Our algorithm is based on the bit-scaling paradigm (Gabow and Tarjan ’89). For each scale, our algorithm first executes O(n1/3) iterations of Gabow and Tarjan’s algorithm in O(n4/3) time leaving only O(n2/3) vertices unmatched. Next, it constructs a compressed residual graph H with O(n2/3) vertices and O(n) edges. This is achieved by using an r-division of the planar graph G with r=n2/3. For each partition of the r-division, there is an edge between two vertices of H if and only if they are connected by a directed path inside the partition. Using existing efficient shortest-path data structures, the remaining O(n2/3) vertices are matched by iteratively computing a minimum-cost augmenting path, each taking Õ(n2/3) time. Augmentation changes the residual graph, so the algorithm updates the compressed representation for each partition affected by the change in Õ(n2/3) time. We bound the total number of affected partitions over all the augmenting paths by O(n2/3 log n). Therefore, the total time taken by the algorithm is Õ(n4/3).
Ground Pc 3 – Pc 5 wave power distribution and response to solar wind velocity time variations

ED P RO OF Abstract We examine the magnetospheric wave power in the Pc3–Pc5 range in terms of its growth and decay characteristics and its distribution in L shell in response to the interplanetary plasma bulk velocity, VSW. We use linear and nonlinear (rank-order) correlation and filtering methods to quantify the effective coupling of the wave power to VSW variations. These methods are applied to measurements from 26 magnetometers of the IMAGE array and NOAA’s GOES-10 spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit, taken over 2 years of solar-maximum activity (2002–2003). We find that the ground ULF wave power is structured in the range 3.5oLo6. 4 and distributed uniformly in the range 6.4oLo15 (uncertainties in L are estimated to be 70.5). The response of the wave power to the VSW is characterized by an increase starting 3 days before the VSW peak, intensifying several hours before the peak, and is followed by a fast decrease in the next 2 days. The rapid decay of ULF waves has two stages: one at t 1⁄4 672 h before the solar wind velocity reaches its peak, and one at the VSW peak, t 1⁄4 0. We suggest that the first one is brought about by wave–particle interaction with inner-magnetospheric populations while the second one is a dVSW/dt effect. The correlation results are confirmed by calculating the finite-impulse response, which shows clearly the decay of the ULF waves after the VSW peak. The response of the wave power at geosynchronous orbit is remarkably similar to that of the ground wave power at comparable L shells. The above findings characterize the inner-magnetospheric response to interplanetary high-speed streams, as opposed to the more short-lived, higher-amplitude response to CMEs. r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Does market mechanism promote online/mobile information disclosure? Evidence from A-share companies on Shenzhen Exchange Market

As online and mobile communications have been rapidly growing in China, internet has become an important channel for investors to be exposed to information disclosed by listed firms. Contrary to previous research, we argue that a certain online/mobile information disclosure level may have different influence on the firm value in terms of different corporate performance levels. This conclusion is supported by the empirical evidence collected from A-share companies listed on Shenzhen Exchange China in 2011. It is found that companies with lower performance levels have strong motives to disclose less information to avoid the potential discount of the firm value. As a result, more strict supervisions from the regulatory agencies are called for since market mechanism fails to protect investors.
Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure produces persistent anxiety in adolescent and adult rats.

BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) dependence and tolerance in the adult are marked by increased function of NMDA receptors and decreased function of GABAA receptors, which coincide with altered receptor subunit expression in specific brain regions. Adolescents often use EtOH at levels greater than adults, yet the receptor subunit expression profiles following chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure in adolescents are not known. Persistent age-dependent changes in receptor subunit alterations coupled with withdrawal-related anxiety may help explain the increase in alcohol abuse following adolescent experimentation with the drug. METHODS Adolescent and adult rats received 10 intraperitoneal administrations of 4.0 g/kg EtOH or saline every 48 hours. At either 24 hours or 12 days after the final exposure, anxiety-like behavior was assessed on the elevated plus maze and tissue was collected. Western blotting was used to assess changes in selected NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits in whole cortex and bilateral hippocampus. RESULTS CIE exposure yields a persistent increase in anxiety-like behavior in both age groups. However, selected NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits were not differentially altered by this CIE exposure paradigm in adolescents or adults. CONCLUSIONS CIE exposure produced persistent anxiety-like behavior, which has important implications for alcohol cessation. Given the reported behavioral and neuropeptide expression changes in response to this dose of EtOH, it is important for future work to consider the circumstances under which these measures are altered by EtOH exposure.
The association between socioeconomic status and injury in patients referring to expert accident hospital, Shiraz, Iran

A B S T R A C T Occurrence of injury and its related mortality are associated with socioeconomic factors, such as educatio n and social status. The present study aimed to determine the association between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and occurrence of various injury types and mortality rate among Iranian people. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 446 patients aged above 16 years in Shahid Rajaee hospital, Shiraz, Iran. The participants completed a structured questionnaire including demographic information, such as age, sex, and marital status, indicators of SES, such as education and occupation, and injury information, such as type of injury. Chi-square test and factor analysis was used to analysis the data. The results showed that injury and mortality rates were significantly higher among the males (n=306) compared to the females (n=140) (P<0.001) and the maximum rate of mortality (72%) was related to the patients within the age range of 24-40 years (P<0.001). According to the results, the rates of injury and mortality were higher among the patients with diploma and illiterate ones, respectively. Also, the rate of injures and mortality was significantly higher among the patients with low monthly incomes. Traffic accidents were the most common cause of injuries in both genders. Besides, a significant difference was observed between the patients with different SES, including gender, level of education, and occupation, regarding the causes of injuries, such as traffic accidents and falling down. This study showed that the indicator of SES influenced injury related mortality and morbidity in adult populations. Interventions, such as legislative and regulatory controls or a combination of different methods implemented at the community level especially for populations with low SES, should be used to increase individuals SES and decrease injury and mortality rate. K e y w o r d s Injury, Mortality, Socioeconomic status
Comparative evaluation of modified trichrome and Uvitex 2B stains for detection of low numbers of microsporidial spores in stool specimens

At present, the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal infections caused by microsporidia depends on the detection of the typical spores either with a modified trichrome stain (MTS) or by staining with fluorochromes. The purpose of the present study was (i) to compare staining with MTS (MTS method) and the staining with the fluorochrome Uvitex 2B (U2B method) with respect to their sensitivities and specificities, particularly in the presence of low numbers of spores, and (ii) to evaluate their reliabilities under routine laboratory conditions. First, 30 negative human stool specimens as well as 30 specimens enriched with a low concentration of microsporidial spores were examined. The U2B and MTS methods detected 27 and 30, of the positive samples, respectively (95% confidence intervals for sensitivity, 0.73 to 0.98 for the U2B method and 0.88 to 1.00 for the MTS method) without yielding false-positive results (95% confidence intervals for specificity, 0.88 to 1.00 for the MTS and U2B methods). In addition, analysis of serial dilutions of 17 stool specimens from AIDS patients containing microsporidia revealed comparable detection thresholds (P = 0.52) for both methods. Finally, 40 slides prepared from one stool specimen containing very few microsporidia and 40 negative slides were included in the routine diagnostic program during 1 month in order to monitor laboratory handling and run-to-run variations. Again, both methods exhibited comparable sensitivities (95% confidence intervals, 0.83 to 0.99 for the MTS method and 0.91 to 1.00 for the U2B method) and specificities (95% confidence intervals, 0.91 to 1.00 for the MTS and U2B methods). In conclusion, MTS and U2B methods are equally useful in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis. However, since detection thresholds for both methods differed considerably in all diluted stool specimens, performance of a combination of both methods may be more sensitive than the performance of only one procedure in the event of very low numbers of microsporidial spores.
Root Canal Treatment in Dogs and Cats

J.VET. DENT. Vol. 23 No. 3 September 2006 Introduction Root canal treatment is commonly performed in veterinary dentistry in an attempt to retain periodontally sound strategic teeth that are affected by pulpal injury. Well-defined general procedural principles have been developed adapting mainly techniques from human endodontic methodology and applied to the specific anatomy of dog and cat teeth. Though the quality of root canal obturation has been based on in vitro apical leakage studies, it is now commonly accepted that the clinician’s skill is the determining criterion for achieving treatment success. Root canal treatment is a technique sensitive procedure and requires experience and knowledge which is developed through training and discussion. Veterinary dentists have been diligent to improve the outcome of root canal treatment, employing scientific and technical developments and recommendations from human endodontists. Recent advances promote the use of mechanical preparation, heated gutta-percha obturation techniques, and important improvements in endodontic material. In order to clarify what could be considered as “recent recommendations” in root canal treatment, the human and veterinary literature was reviewed. The primary etiology of apical periodontitis is microorganisms residing in or invading the periapical tissues from the apical root canal. In order to promote apical periodontal healing, an inflammatory equilibrium favoring the host must be obtained by providing a physical barrier protecting the periapical region from bacteria. Based on this treatment goal, endodontic procedures have developed from mechanical to more biological in nature maintaining 3 fundamental components: shaping, disinfection, and obturation. Failure of endodontic therapy may occur if any of these treatment components are performed poorly.