Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Semi-Erupted First Permanent Molar Occlusal Caries and Evaluation of Related Clinical Factors in Children

1. Department of Pedodontics, Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2. Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Endodontics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4. Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 5. Dentist, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Regionalisation, Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction: The Case of ASEAN. Final Report.

Abstract. This paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth and development in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The analysis is based on a research project that interviewed Transnational Corporation (TNC) subsidiaries in Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The paper establishes a model on the principal potential impact of FDI on Development, divided into three categories of effect (with many sub-categories): Direct Effects, Multiplier Effects (both consumption and value chain multipliers) and Spillovers. Because ASEAN countries – especially Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand – have been major recipients of FDI for over three decades, TNCs have undoubtedly impacted significantly on growth and development in ASEAN countries. However, it seems that the effects are still primarily due to “direct effects” and the consumption multiplier. The effect through the value chain multiplier is highly variable, probably “middling”, while the benefits from spillovers are still someway from being realised across national and regional economies as a whole. By including new member countries of ASEAN in the sample, the paper is able to discuss the benefits and lessons that developing countries can obtain from association with the more experienced countries of the region. More particularly, the paper focuses specifically on lessons for Vietnam in order to ensure a concrete discussion of the issues.
A Regulator's Exercise of Career Option to Quit and Join a Regulated Firm's Management with Applications to Financial Institutions

Among the issues raised during post-mortem of the financial crisis of 2008 is regulatory capture and revolving doors for regulators and political operatives transitioning to lobbying firms or financial firms they once regulated. Several papers claim that this facilitated lax enforcement by regulators, and excessive risk taking by financial firms – key factors that led to the crisis. This paper fills a gap in the literature by posing the revolving door hypothesis in the context of managerial compensation, and labor market mobility, for regulators who design mechanism(s) that affect firm capital structure, and who subsequently exercise career options to quit and join firm management or a lobbying firm. Our theory predicts that regulatory signals embedded in firm capital structure provide a common thread between managerial compensation for former regulators, firm leverage, excessive volatility, and bankruptcy risk. We identify early warning signals for firm bankruptcy from critical time points in managerial stock option vega-leverage space. We find support for several aspects of our theory in a sample of US commercial banks. Data show that prior to the 2008 financial crisis, when the trend in average bank leverage and managerial compensation in commercial banks via stock option grants began to increase, high subprime interest rates on bank loans became tax deductible. Ex-regulators in their capacity as bank lobbyists induced tax revenue transfers which fueled financial institutions leverage and de facto banks’ managerial compensation. Furthermore, based on a sample of bank CEO vega between 1994 and 2006, our managerial vega-leverage theory predicts an out-of-sample critical time point in 2007, and a range of critical time points for commercial bank failures thereafter. So our model would have predicted the 2008 financial crisis.
Competition, Financial Innovation and Specialization in Credit Markets

I examine how commercial banks’ lending strategies respond to deregulation-driven credit market competition and the concurrent rise in securitization in the U.S. over the period 1976 to 2003. Banks display greater specialization in their loan portfolios after deregulation, with larger and younger banks making more loans backed by real estate, and smaller and older banks making more non-real-estate-backed commercial and personal loans. A large part of the shift in lending between these groups of banks appears to be driven by larger and younger banks making greater use of innovations in securitization markets. When larger and younger banks make more real-estate-backed loans, they exhibit larger fractions of defaults yet charge lower interest rates on these loans, consistent with these banks lowering the costs of lending and expanding credit for borrowers. In contrast, when smaller and older banks make more commercial and personal loans, they exhibit lower default rates and charge higher interest rates, consistent with these banks restricting lending to higher quality loans. The analysis presents new evidence on the role that competition and innovation in financial markets play in the equilibrium supply of credit.
The activity of local governments in the absorption of EU funds as a factor in the development of rural communes

Development relates to such research areas as local development and activity of local governments in obtaining external sources of ﬁ nancing for development in rural communes. The article includes theoretical considerations and the results of empirical studies conducted in the general area of all rural communes of the province of Lublin (171 units). The choice of the region was intentional, as it was classi ﬁ ed as problem areas where ac-cumulation of development barriers is observed. The scope of research covered the years 2004–2010 including programming periods related to ﬁ nancial assistance as part of the EU Structural Funds in the periods 2004–2006 and 2007–2013.
The Impact of IFRS Adoption During the 2008 Financial Crisis on the Relationship between Yield and Accounting Variables

This research tests the impact of the financial crisis on the informational content of accounting numbers. The study is based on IAS-IFRS in the French context. The period chosen in this study is 2006 to 2011, divided into two periods: Pre-crisis 2006-2007 and post-crisis 2009-2010-2011. The results show the 2008 financial crisis contributed to reducing the information content of accounting numbers due to lack of confidence created by investors towards the information published on the basis of international standards.
Transfer representation-learning for anomaly detection

We evaluate transfer representation-learning for anomaly detection using convolutional neural networks by: (i) transfer learning from pretrained networks, and (ii) transfer learning from an auxiliary task by defining sub-categories of the normal class. We empirically show that both approaches offer viable representations for the task of anomaly detection, without explicitly imposing a prior on the data.
The development of the vertebrate retina: a comparative survey.

1 Introduction. - 2 Temporal Patterns and Correlations. - 2.1 Differentiation of the Retina in Tilapia leucosticta. - 2.1. 1 Proliferation. - 2.1. 2 Cell and Tissue Shape Layering. - 2.1. 3 General Differentiation. - 2.1. 4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.1. 5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 2.1. 6 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.2 Differentiation of the Retina in Xenopus laevis. - 2.2.1 Proliferation. - 2.2.2 Cell and Tissue Shape Layering. - 2.2.3 General Differentiation. - 2.2.4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.2.5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 2.2.6 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.3 Differentiation of the Retina in the Chick, Gallus gallus domesticus. - 2.3.1 Proliferation. - 2.3.2 Cell and Tissue Shape Layering. - 2.3.3 General Differentiation. - 2.3.4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.3.5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 2.3.6 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.4 Differentiation of the Retina in the Mouse, Mus musculus. - 2.4.1 Proliferation and Migration. - 2.4.2 Tissue and Cell Shape Layering. - 2.4.3 General Differentiation. - 2.4.4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.4.5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 2.4.6 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.5 Differentiation of the Retina in the Rat, Rattus norvegicus. - 2.5.1 Proliferation and Migration. - 2.5.2 Tissue and Cell Shape Layering. - 2.5.3 General Differentiation. - 2.5.4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.5.5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 2.5.6 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.6 Differentiation of the Retina in Man, Homo sapiens. - 2.6. 1 Proliferation and Migration. - 2.6. 2 Tissue and Cell Shape Layering. - 2.6. 3 General Differentiation. - 2.6. 4 Specific Structural Differentiation. - 2.6. 5 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 2.7 The Phases of Differentiation. - 2.8 Temporal Sequences. - 3 Specific Differentiation. - 3.1 Receptor Cell Inner Segment Formation. - 3.2 Receptor Cell Outer Segment Formation. - 3.3 Receptor Cell Terminal Formation. - 3.4 Formation of Functional Sites in the Inner Plexiform Layer. - 3.5 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 3.5.1 The Cholinergic System. - 3.5.2 Aminergic Systems. - 3.5.3 GABA and other Amino Acids with Transmitter Functions. - 3.5.4 Gangliosides. - 3.5.5 Cyclic Nucleotide Systems. - 3.5.6 Adenosine Triphosphatases. - 3.6 Development of Retinomotor Response. - 3.7 Functional Development of the Ganglion Cells. - 3.8 Development of the Electroretinogram. - 4 Development of the Retina by Differentiation of Single Cells. - 4.1 In Vitro Development of the Retina. - 4.2 Intracellular Differentiation. - 4.3 Ganglion Cell. - 4.4 Inner Plexiform Layer. - 4.5 Amacrine Cell. - 4.6 Bipolar Cell. - 4.7 Horizontal Cell. - 4.8 Receptor Cell. - 5 Differentiation at Tissue Level. - 5.1 Proliferation. - 5.2 Layering and General Differentiation. - 5.3 Specific Differentiation. - 5.4 Neurochemical Differentiation. - 5.5 Differentiation of Specific Activity. - 5.6 Miscellaneous. - 6 Summary. - References.
Effects of Random Distribution of Dopants in Nano-Scaled MOSFETs

Achieving adequate control of SCE for nano MOSFETs will be difficult. Exceedingly high values of channel doping will be needed to control these effects, and high doping will lead both to reduced mobility and increased band-to-band tunneling leakage current. Furthermore, the total number of dopant atoms in the channel for such small MOSFETs is relatively small, which leads to large and irreducible statistical variation in the number and placement of the atoms, and hence to unacceptable statistical variation in Vt, and degrades the short channel characteristics and subthreshold slope through an increase of penetration of the drain electric field lines in the channel region. So the simplest model of quantum transport in Nano-Devices is to describe the problem in terms of the scattering of the electron wave-function by a spatially varying potential. Here, we assume that this potential is situated between two electron reservoirs, each of which emits particles with an equilibrium distribution into the scattering region which is doped by impurity.
Improving outcomes from Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) studies

Research in Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is becoming increasingly diverse. The reason being that the last decade has seen, in line with the growth in the availability and use of information and communications technologies (ICTs), a large increase in the number and range of published work on the topic which draw upon a whole range of disciplinary approaches (Walsham, 2017). While drawing upon theories that help understand emerging phenomena, research in ICT4D also requires attention to the contextual challenges facing practitioners in the field. There have been attempts to develop theories that enable these challenges to be understood. Global pressures, socio-economic pressures, disruptive technology, and the emergence of multi-stakeholder networks are some of the forces being studied (Njihia and Merali, 2013). For scholars hoping to draw upon this area, this issue offers a snapshot of papers that illustrate the proliferation of technologies and contexts in which they are implemented. They highlight a glimpse of the key contributions of research in this area while describing the challenges.
Genetic Ablation of MicroRNA-33 Attenuates Inflammation and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation via Several Anti-Inflammatory Pathways

Objective— Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an increasingly prevalent and ultimately fatal disease with no effective pharmacological treatment. Because matrix degradation induced by vascular inflammation is the major pathophysiology of AAA, attenuation of this inflammation may improve its outcome. Previous studies suggested that miR-33 (microRNA-33) inhibition and genetic ablation of miR-33 increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and attenuated atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— MiR-33a-5p expression in central zone of human AAA was higher than marginal zone. MiR-33 deletion attenuated AAA formation in both mouse models of angiotensin II– and calcium chloride–induced AAA. Reduced macrophage accumulation and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression were observed in calcium chloride–induced AAA walls in miR-33−/− mice. In vitro experiments revealed that peritoneal macrophages from miR-33−/− mice showed reduced matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression levels via c-Jun N-terminal kinase inactivation. Primary aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from miR-33−/− mice showed reduced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuation. Both of the inactivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were possibly because of the increase of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 that is a well-known target of miR-33. Moreover, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol derived from miR-33−/− mice reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in macrophages and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Bone marrow transplantation experiments indicated that miR-33–deficient bone marrow cells ameliorated AAA formation in wild-type recipients. MiR-33 deficiency in recipient mice was also shown to contribute the inhibition of AAA formation. Conclusions— These data strongly suggest that inhibition of miR-33 will be effective as a novel strategy for treating AAA.
Different repopulation kinetics of erythroid (BFU‐E), myeloid (CFU‐GM) and T lymphocyte (TL‐CFU) progenitor cells after autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Summary. Marrow recovery of erythroid (BFU‐E). myeloid (CFIJ‐GM) and T‐lymphocyte (TL‐CFU) progenitor cells was studied at various time intervals after autologous bone marrow transplantation in 10 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in remission. These data were compared with those in 14 recipients of T‐cell depleted allogeneic marrow grafts. The results indicate markedly different repopulation kinetics of BFIJ‐E. CFU‐GM and TL‐CFU after autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Following auto‐grafting reduced numbers of BFU‐E and CFU‐GM were always present at 2 months after transplantation. Between 2–6 and 6–24 months a gradual increase occurred, although reduced BFU‐E and CFU‐GM values were stil noted in 50% of the cases in spite of normal bone marrow cellularity and restoration of peripheral blood counts. In contrast. in the allograft recipients normal BFU‐E numbers appeared within 2 months after transplantation. In addition, CFU‐GM values had become normal in 3 5% of the tests performed at 1 ‐2 months and respectively in 66% and 100% at 2–6 and 6–24 months. The recovery pattern of TL‐CFU differed from that of the other haemopoietic progenitor cells. TL‐CFU showed a fast recovery, i.e. within 1 month after autologous bone marrow transplantation which was much more rapid than that of BFU‐E and CFU‐GM. After allografting. however, TL‐CFU regenerated at a slower rate and reached normal levels between 2 and 6 months after transplantation. We suggest that the delayed restoration of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells after autologous transplantation is related to a proliferative defect of the graft as a result of the preceding cytotoxic chemotherapy, the underlying malignant disease and/or cyropreservation. The slower recovery of the T lymphocyte precursors after allografting might be due to the immunological interactions between graft and host, the immuno‐suppressive therapy and/or the in vitro T cell depletion of the graft.
The effect of various capacitation active compounds and capacitation time on the in vitro fertility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation profiles of bovine sperm

In this paper the effects of capacitation and fertilisation stimulating compounds (heparin, caffeine, glucose, D-penicillamine, bovine serum (BOS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) were analysed in several in vitro fertilisation protocols. Attention was paid to the rate of penetrated oocytes, kinetics of penetration and to polyspermic fertilisation. Cryopreserved bovine sperm and in vitro matured bovine oocytes were used throughout all the fertilisation experiments. As detected in the first 8 h fertilisation experiment with non-incubated sperm, the supplementation of medium with heparin, BOS and glucose supported the fertilisation rate most effectively (100%), including the kinetics of pronuclei formation (52.4%). The absence of BOS resulted in a decreased fertilisation rate (62.7%) as well as a delay in pronuclei formation (13.6%), similar to that after substitution of heparin with caffeine (73.0% and 25.4%, respectively). The penetration rate in the control medium with BOS (without heparin and caffeine) was surprisingly high, especially in medium without glucose (62.2%). The positive effect of glucose on sperm penetration was observed mainly in a chemically defined medium with PVA. High polyspermy rates were observed throughout all experiments in the media containing heparin or caffeine and BOS as the macromolecular component. D-Penicillamine was not shown to be a fertilisation-stimulating molecule. However, as detected in the second experiment in which oocytes were fertilised with 5 h incubated sperm, its positive effect on the prolongation of a fertile life span of cryopreserved spermatozoa was significant. The presence of either caffeine or heparin in the fertilisation medium (FM) with BOS during sperm incubation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of an approximately 90 kDa protein, detected after 5 h of sperm incubation. The absence of BOS reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein in fertilisation medium with heparin. The percentage of motile spermatozoa and those with intact acrosomes were monitored throughout all experiments.
A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part I. Men

SUMMARY 1. A study of the freely chosen diets of sixty-three men of the English middle class has been made by the “individual” method. All food was weighed for the period of a week, and the amounts of protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories, calcium, total and available phosphorus and total and available iron in the individual diets have been calculated. Detailed and averaged results for the diets are given. 2. The average calorie intake was 3067 per day, but a very wide variation was observed (1772–4955 calories), and it is suggested that the adoption of 3000 calories as the requirement of an individual man may be most misleading. 3. There was a definite, but mathematically insignificant, decrease in calorie intake with increasing age. The individual variation at each age was so great, however, that no rules for the guidance of individuals as to their dietary requirements at different ages can possibly be formulated. 4. No significant correlation existed between calorie intake and body weight. 5. The proportion of calories derived from fat was higher than any figures previously recorded in this country. The proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate was correspondingly lower. 6. The total calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes were 0·87 g. , 1·61 g. and 16·8 mg. per day respectively. 98 per cent, of the total phosphorus eaten was in an “available” form, while only 66 per cent, of the iron could be considered to be physiologically available. 7. A similar study has been carried out on six unemployed men, and the chemical composition of these diets is compared with that of employed, middle-class individuals. Acknowledgments. The author wishes to thank Dr R. A. McCance for his enthusiastic encouragement and help, Miss M. Verdon-Roe for her assistance with the calculations, and all the subjects of the investigation for their willing co-operation. Part of the expense of this investigation were defrayed by a personal grant from the Medical Research Council.
Comparative analysis of factors influencing customers' attitude towards Internet and cell phone banking services

Although cell phone banking was preceded by Internet banking, recent statistics in South Africa show that more customers are adopting cell phone banking compared to Internet banking. Customers' attitude significantly influences their behaviour in accepting or rejecting technology. This study employs customers' trust of the Internet and cell phone banking systems and subjective norm together with the TAM's constructs of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use to simultaneously ascertain retail banking customers' attitude towards Internet and cell phone banking services and to determine whether significant differences exist in their attitude towards these services. Results of this study indicate that although customers have a positive attitude towards both Internet and cell phone banking services, their overall attitude towards cell phone banking is more positive than that of Internet banking and they are not only more emphatic in their intention to start/continue using cell phone banking, but also to increase their frequency of usage. Hence a more rapid adoption and usage of cell phone banking services are envisaged in South Africa. The study also provides key insights for policy makers, retail banks and marketers responsible for designing, implementing and promoting a more kindly disposed adoption of Internet and cell phone banking in South Africa.
Worse but Equal: The Influence of Social Categories on Resource Allocations

This paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and profit maximizing, yet asymmetric payoffs. Study 1 and 2 showed that people prefer to maximize profits when interacting within their social category, but chose suboptimal individual and joint profits when interacting across social categories. Study 3 demonstrated that outside observers, who were not members of the focal social categories, also were less likely to maximize profits when resources were distributed across social category lines. Study 4 showed that the transaction utility of maximizing profits required greater compensation when resources were distributed across, in contrast to within social categories. We discuss the ethical implications of these decision making biases in the context of organizations.