Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methods for evaluating peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold in upper body of cross-country skiers.

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to develop a standard protocol for evaluating peak oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold during upper body work by cross-country skiers. METHODS All tests were performed on a specially developed ski ergometer and incorporated the double poling technique. In series I, continuous and discontinuous protocols for measuring VO2peak at different inclinations of the ski ergometer were performed. In series II, a protocol for evaluating anaerobic threshold during upper body work was established. Eleven well trained regional male cross-country skiers participated in the study. All tests in each series were carried out during a period of 14 d. RESULTS VO2peak did not differ using continuous or discontinuous protocol while working on the ski ergometer. Inclination was found to influence VO2peak, which was reduced at 7 degrees compared with 3 degrees, 5 degrees, and 6 degrees. Th(an) working on the ski ergometer was reached at a power output, VO2, or fc, which gave on average a blood lactate concentration of 1.8 mmol.L-1 higher than those found after the warm-up period during a graded protocol. CONCLUSIONS Testing only the traditional Th(an) and VO2max while running on a treadmill hides important determinants of endurance in cross-country skiing as shown by that no correlation was found between VO2max and VO2peak in the present study.
Market Orientation Among Small to Medium Sized UK Charitable Organisations: Implications for Fund-Raising Performance

ABSTRACT A mail questionnaire was distributed to a sampling frame of 613 small to medium sized UK charities in an attempt to ascertain the extents of their fund-raising market orientation. Three major dimensions of market orientation were identified: donor orientation, competitor orientation, and 'influence of marketing personnel. ' These factors substantially explained respondents' perceptions of their charities' recent fund-raising performances. Organisations scoring high in market orientation appeared on average to have increased their incomes by significantly higher percentages over the previous five-years than charities low on market orientation. Overall, the results suggest that the importance of effective marketing is widely recognised by smaller UK charities.
Effect of hydrocortisone butyrate on collagen synthesis

membranes have been rendered permeable for the fluorochrome by the hypotonic citrate solution (Krishnan, 1975). After filtration through nylon gauze a few drops of RNase (10 mg/ml) are added to remove extra-nuclear staining, and the cell suspension is ready for measurement. Fig. 2 shows a typical histogram obtained with this modified technique in comparison to that obtained using the method described previously. Advantages include the following: (1) The total time required for sample preparations is reduced from 3 h to 30 min. (2) Cell loss is minimal since no centrifugation steps are required. (3) Agglutination is minimal; even after x 100 amplification of the original signal, clumps of three cells can hardly be detected. (4) The variation coefficient (that is the width of the histogram) is reduced.
A note on consumer flexibility, data quality and collusion

In this note we analyze the sustainability of collusion in a game of repeated interaction where firms can price discriminate among consumers based on two types of customer data. This work is related to Liu and Serfes (2007) and Sapi and Suleymanova (2013). Following Sapi and Suleymanova we assume that consumers are differentiated both with respect to their addresses and transportation cost parameters (flexibility). While firms have perfect data on consumer addresses, data on their flexibility is imperfect. We use three collusive schemes to analyze the impact of the improvement in the quality of customer flexibility data on the incentives to collude. In contrast to Liu and Serfes in our model it is the customer flexibility data which is imperfect and not the data on consumer addresses. However, our results support their findings that with the improvement in data quality it is more difficult to sustain collusion.
The Real Impact of Passive Investing in Financial Markets

We study the real economic impact of passive investing in financial markets. In 2004, there was a dramatic increase in commodity index investing, an event referred to as the financialization of commodity futures. We quantify the impact of financialization by examining the economic link between commodity futures markets and firms which use commodities as an intermediate good. Using a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that firms which use commodities experience increases in their cost of goods sold and cost of capital, decreases in their cash flows and return on assets, and increased volatility in their stock returns. Consistent with theoretical models in which market participants learn from market prices, our results suggest that passive investing in financial markets distorts the price signal thereby generating significant negative externalities for the real economy. JEL classification: G12, G14, Q02
Open Versus Closed Innovation: A Model of Discovery and Divergence

When is open innovation superior to closed innovation? Through a formal simulation model we show that an open approach to innovation allows the firm to discover combinations of product features that would be hard to envision under integration. However, when partners have divergent goals, open innovation restricts the firm's ability to establish the product's technological trajectory. The resolution of the trade-off between benefits of discovery and costs of divergence determines the best approach to innovation.
A three‐stage model of consumer relationship investment

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the sources of consumer‐brand relationship investment, specifically isolating the sources and outcomes of communality and exchange relationship characteristics.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes a survey‐based empirical study and subsequent structural modeling approach to test a series of hypotheses concerning how brand performance perceptions influence the development of consumer relationship connections.Findings – The paper finds that perceptions of product performance and service quality influence the development of brand reliability and brand fidelity respectively. Similarly, brand reliability is the primary source of an exchange orientation, while brand fidelity leads to communal brand connections and, ultimately, consumer‐brand relationship investment.Research limitations/implications – This research is limited by the scope of the sample, fast food restaurants. Future research should explore consumer relationship investment in other product and serv.
Conceptualising and Evaluating Experiences with Brands on Facebook

Despite the growth in the number of brands with a presence on social media such as Facebook and YouTube, questions remain about how to conceptualise and measure people's experiences with brands' content on social media, and how to measure the value of people's behaviour around such content to brands. By interrogating quantitative data garnered from 6,400 respondents we sent to Facebook pages belonging to 27 brands across six brand categories during June 2011, this paper presents an overview of how we designed two sets of metrics, and some of the findings from these metrics: (1) a series of ‘value of experience’ metrics based on the likelihood of people who claim to have had positive experiences with a brand's content on Facebook to say they are likely to do different social media, purchase funnel and brand advocacy actions for that same brand; and (2) a series of ‘value of a fan’ metrics that measure the likelihood of people who say they are likely to do different social media actions on a brand's page (such as post positive comments or share content) to say they are also likely to do different purchase funnel and advocacy actions for that brand.
Comparison of Gingival Biotype between different Genders based on Measurement of Dentopapillary Complex.

Introduction Clinical and aesthetic outcomes after periodontal or implant surgical procedures are determined by anatomical and morphological characteristics of the gingiva like width of keratinized gingiva, thickness of gingiva and alveolar bone. Therefore, the knowledge of gingival biotype plays an important role in modifying the dental therapeutic procedures for the desired outcome and predictability. Aim The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the gingival biotype among genders by clinical, photographic and radiographic parameters. Materials and Methods A total of 800 subjects (400 males and 400 females) were considered for the study. Width of keratinized gingiva (GW), transparency of the periodontal probe through the sulcus (TRAN) were assessed clinically; Crown Width/Crown Length ratio (CW/CL) and Papillary Height (PH) were assessed photographically; Gingival Thickness (GT1, GT2, GT3) and Alveolar bone Thickness (AT1, AT2, AT3) were assessed radiographically. The obtained data was correlated to compare the gingival biotype between males and females. The collected data was statistically analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results The TRAN at GT1, GT2 and GT3 as well as at AT1, AT2 and AT3 showed a very strong positive correlation in males (r>0.8) as compared to females (r<0.8). A very strong positive correlation was observed between GT1, GT2, GT3 and AT1, AT2, AT3 in males (r>0.9) as compared to females (r<0.7). Conclusion There are definite differences in the gingival biotype among different genders with predominance of a thin gingival biotype with reduced alveolar bone thickness in females as compared to males.
Overlay D2D vs. Cellular communications: A stability region analysis

We provide a comparison between overlay Device-to-Device (D2D) and cellular communications in TDD (Time Division Duplex) wireless networks using queuing theory. For that, we provide a theoretical analysis of the queuing stability region of two wireless network models: the first one is a pure cellular network where any two users (UEs) can communicate with each other only through the Base Station (BS) and the second one is a hybrid network where D2D communications are overlaid with cellular communications. The communications that pass through the BS involve a coupling between the queues of the network due to the relaying functionality at the BS level. Hence, applying a queuing theory approach allows us to capture this coupling. In this paper, we investigate the stability region for both scenarios and we derive new insights on the cases where overlay D2D outperforms cellular communications. Furthermore, numerical results are presented to corroborate our claims and demonstrate the gains that overlay D2D can bring to cellular networks.
What Is Neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity is a term used to describe neurological differences in the human brain. From this perspective, the diverse spectrum of neurological difference is viewed as a range of natural variations in the human brain rather than as a deficit in individuals. The concept of neurodiversity has foundations in neuroscience, with studies of neuroimaging (brain imaging) showing differences between individuals’ neural pathways those who are neurotypical and those with neurodiversity. Put simply, this means that humans’ brains are wired differently, and those differences can have a direct impact on an individual’s thinking and learning. These differences are often diagnosed as neurological conditions. Neurodiversity is an umbrella term that includes both conditions that are life-long and those that can develop throughout life. This includes acquired illness or brain injury, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dyscalculia, dyslexia, dyspraxia, intellectual disability, mental health, and Tourette syndrome.
Microcap M&A: An Exploratory Study

A substantial body of accounting and finance literature has been devoted to the study of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) dominated by discussions relating to the gains and losses that accrue from transactions involving large public companies. This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature by investigating the M&A experience of microcap businesses. Transactions involving microcap M&A are substantially different to those involving large companies on a number of dimensions. This paper explores the determinants of microcap M&A success and pitfalls and problems from an integration perspective. Due to the paucity of research in the area an exploratory research design is employed, conducting interviews with five CEOs of companies that had each managed multiple transactions. We find microcap M&As are successful when measured against identified goals but generally take longer and cost more than expected. Further, culture and communication are key issues in determining success/failure. We also find the in-house management of integration aspects is problematic for these businesses and suggest this warrants further study.
Insurance and Issues in Financial Soundness

This paper explores insurance as a source of financial system vulnerability. It provides a brief overview of the insurance industry and reviews the risks it faces, as well as several recent failures of insurance companies that had systemic implications. Assimilation of banking-type activities by life insurers appears to be the key systemic vulnerability. Building on this experience and the experience gained under the FSAP, the paper proposes key indicators that should be compiled and used for surveillance of financial soundness of insurance companies and the insurance sector as a whole.
Why Do Family Business Groups Expand by Creating New Public Firms? The Role of Internal Capital Markets

In many economies around the world, new firm financing often occurs through IPOs affiliated with existing public firms, thereby propagating business groups. Using a global dataset, we show this funding structure helps groups expand, while still maintaining control over existing members. To support this on-going need to establish new firms, groups use internal capital to partially meet the external financing needs of capital intensive projects, making an eventual IPO more feasible. Within a group, the location of internal funds predicts which affiliates provide pre-IPO investments. This support provides group IPOs with significant advantages in the going-public process over non-group IPOs.
Empirical Analysis of Marketing Mix Strategy and Student Loyalty in Education Marketing

This study examines the impact of marketing mix strategies on student loyalty. The objectives of the study are to determine the relationship between instructional quality and active participation of the student, to examine the significant relationship between the competence of faculty and staff of the university, to determine if the distribution strategy of a university affects the repeat purchase retention of the students and willingness to recommend the university to others. The study uses survey method with four hypotheses which were later tested with correlation and regression test statistics. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between the impact of the marketing mix and student loyalty. The study recommends that there is a need for institutions to train their staff on how to maximize the use of the marketing mix to the institutions advantage; there is a need for an institution to be highly proactive in tracking customers’ feelings.
Post-formation dynamics in strategic alliances

This paper investigates the occurrence and determinants of post-formation governance changes in strategic alliances, including alterations in alliances' contracts, boards or oversight committees, and monitoring mechanisms. We examine alliances in the biotechnology industry and find that firms' unique alliance experience trajectories affect the likelihood of such ex post adjustments in these partnerships. Transactional features such as the alliance's scope, its division of labor, and the relevance of the collaboration to the parent firm also bear upon alliances' dynamics. We discuss the implications of these findings and how they complement prior research focusing on alliance design or termination at opposite ends of the alliance life cycle. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independence of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced adhesion molecule expression from sphingosine 1‐phosphate signaling in vascular endothelial cells

inhibitor to factor XIII. Arch Intern Med 1972; 130: 772–7. 11 Lorand L, Maldonado N, Fradera J, Atencio AC, Robertson B, Urayama T. Hemorrhagic syndrome of autoimmune origin with a specific inhibitor against fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII). Br J Haematol 1972; 23: 17–27. 12 Krumdieck R, Shaw DR, Huang ST, Poon MC, Rustagi PK. Hemorrhagic disorder due to an isoniazid-associated acquired factor XIII inhibitor in a patient with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Am J Med 1991; 90: 639–45. 13 Lopaciuk S, Bykowska K, McDonagh JM, McDonagh RP, Yount WJ, Fuller CR, Cooperstein L, Gray A Jr, Lorand L. Differences between type I autoimmune inhibitors of fibrin stabilization in two patients with severe hemorrhagic disorder. J Clin Invest 1978; 61: 1196– 203. 14 McDonagh J. Structure and function of factor XIII. In: Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Saltzman EW, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 3th edn. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Co., 1994: 301. 15 Jennings I, Kitchen S, Woods TA, Preston FE. Problems relating to the laboratory diagnosis of factor XIII deficiency: a UK NEQAS study. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 2603–8. 16 Anwar R, Miloszewski KJA. Factor XIII deficiency. Br J Haematol 1999; 107: 468–84. 17 Fickenscher K, Aab A, Stuber W. A photometric assay for blood coagulation factor XIII. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 535–40. 18 Larsen PD, Wallace JW, Frankel LS, Crisp D. Factor XIII deficiency and intracranial hemorrhages in infancy. Pediatr Neurol 1990; 6: 277–8.
The Influence of Service Quality on Overall Customer Satisfaction and the Influence of Overall Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty in Retail Banking in Bangkok

The main objective of this paper is to identify the critical service quality dimensions that influence overall customer satisfaction and the influence of overall customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in Retail Banking in Bangkok. SERVPERF measurement was applied to measure service quality of Retail Banking. 400 questionnaires were employed to collect data in front of five banks and a quota sampling method was used to ensure that representatives of each bank were proportionate based on the number of bank branches in Bangkok. Regression analysis was applied to test the hypotheses for this study. The results indicated that all five-service quality dimensions; tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy positively influence overall customer satisfaction and there was a positive influence of overall customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in Retail Banking. Implications for practice are also presented and limitations of research and recommendations for further research are also discussed in this study. Key words: service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, customer loyalty in retail banking, customer satisfaction in retail banking, SERVQUAL, SERVPERF
Interactions between Capital Inflows and Domestic Investment: Israel and Developing Economies

The purpose of this paper is to explore econometrically the interactions between domestic investment and various types of capital inflows. We estimate these interactions using an international panel data set of sixty-four countries for the period 1976-1997. Interaction exists, especially in the FDI (foreign direct investment) and loans inflows. A noteworthy finding is the significant impact of the domestic investment on FDI inflows (0.14), after controlling for other factors of these inflows. We also find that the impact of FDI inflows on domestic investment (0.68), plagued by the endogeneity and non-stationarity problems, is a bit weaker than previously suggested in the literature,. Nevertheless, in terms of impact on domestic investment, FDI inflows are ranked highest, above the other types of capital inflow. Regarding the ranking of Israel in the sample, we find that it has an above average domestic-investment country-specific dummy and a portfolio-inflow country-specific dummy, but a below average FDI country-specific dummy. We interpret this finding as an indication of the high level of development of financial institutions in Israel.
Pharmacogenetic Tests in Psychiatry: From Fear to Failure to Hype.

I n a recent editorial, Dr Shader 1 warned psychiatrists of the risk of being pill doctors, psychiatrists who draw blood to get biomarkers but do not want to talk to their patients. As a psychiatrist, my first reaction was to be grateful to Dr Shader for correcting us. My next thoughts were, “We live in interesting times; a ‘research pharmacologist’ feels the need to teach us psychiatrists about bedside manners” and “What kind of psychiatrists are we training— who use nonvalidated pharmacogenetic tests as a barrier to protect themselves from talking to patients? ” This is an attempt to explain historically how these nonvalidated tests came to be. As someone who has pushed for pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry for quite some time, I am appalled by the current status of the field, which has become dominated by marketing instead of scientific thinking. In the last year, many psychiatrists have appeared confused about the role of pharmacogenetic testing; they have been contacted by company representatives asking them to use pharmacogenetic testing for their patients because this is the latest advance in psychiatric treatment. Psychiatrists doubt that this is a real advance, but they do not have enough experience and knowledge to deny the utility of these tests. So, they ask my opinion about them or ask me to lecture on the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry. Therefore, I have developed a PowerPoint lecture to summarize the status of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry. I have had to constantly repeat in the lectures I am invited to give at my department, other locations in the United States, Italy, and Spain that, “Yes, I am in favor of the use of pharmacogenetic tests in psychiatry with some patients,” and “No, I am not in favor of using this nonvalidated pharmacogenetic test that you are being encouraged to order by the aggressive marketing of US, Spanish, or Italian companies. ” So, I will call this time during the 2010s the decade of “Hype about Pharmacogenetic Testing,” the third era after the introduction of pharmacogenetic testing. The time leading up to the arrival of these tests has already been described, but this very brief version will cover it in 2 phases: (1) the 40-Year Preamble to Pharmacogenetic Testing and (2) the DNAMicroarray That Opened Pandora's Box: A Revolutionary Technology That Completely Changed the Game of Genetic Testing. Then, it will proceed to the 3 eras of pharmacogenetic testing: (1) Early 2000s: Fear of Pharmacogenetic Testing; (2) Late 2000s: Failure of Pharmacogenetic Testing; and (3) 2010s: Hype About Pharmacogenetic Testing.