Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bronchodilator therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by cough, sputum production, dyspnoea, airflow limitation and bronchial hyperreactivity. The airflow limitation declines progressively and is irreversible or partially reversible. Bronchodilator therapy is prescribed to relieve the symptoms, reverse airway obstruction and hopefully slow the rate of disease progression and decelerate the decline in pulmonary function. During acute exacerbation, inhalation of β2‐agonists remain the therapy of choice. The usefulness of anticholinergic inhalation in acute attacks is investigated in order to determine if a higher dose and more frequent administration have same benefit as β2‐agonists inhalation. Theophylline is usually given orally as a sustained release formulation for chronic maintenance therapy. Some patients may benefit from theophylline infusion during an acute phase when appropriately used; however, sympathomimetic agents fail to produce adequate bronchodilation. During interim periods of stability, inhalation of ipratropium bromide has increased in popularity as a regular long‐term bronchodilator therapy. Although ipratropium and β2‐agonists are equally efficacious when the dosage is adequate enough, a combination of both provides a rapid onset of action of the adrenergic agents and a prolonged action of the anticholinergic. Furthermore, this combination can be given in a reduced dose, thereby avoiding side‐effects. Inhalation techniques can influence the efficacy of bronchodilator therapy. For severe dyspnoeic patients or patients with poor technique of co‐ordination with metered‐dose inhaler (MDI), attachment of a spacer to the MDI or using a nebulizer will overcome these difficulties. Bronchodilator therapy can not prevent the development of COPD or slow down the decline of pulmonary function, other interventions should be included in a comprehensive management programme.
Open Information Extraction Systems and Downstream Applications

Open Information Extraction (Open IE) extracts textual tuples comprising relation phrases and argument phrases from within a sentence, without requiring a pre-specified relation vocabulary. In this paper we first describe a decade of our progress on building Open IE extractors, which results in our latest extractor, OPENIE4, which is computationally efficient, outputs n-ary and nested relations, and also outputs relations mediated by nouns in addition to verbs. We also identify several strengths of the Open IE paradigm, which enable it to be a useful intermediate structure for end tasks. We survey its use in both human-facing applications and downstream NLP tasks, including event schema induction, sentence similarity, text comprehension, learning word vector embeddings, and more.
Forces, Containers, and Paths: The Role of Body-Derived Image Schemas in the Conceptualization of Music

When we read music-theoretical texts, we often focus on the nature of the systems they present, separated from the aims and understanding of their authors. In this essay, I will outline a method of using theoretical statements to illuminate the cognitive organization underlying the theory. Specifically, I will focus on image schemas, which are abstract cognitive structures. By examining this organization, we not only gain understanding of the authors' thought processes but also of our own. The methods outlined here are applicable to a huge variety of statements about music; for the purposes of this investigation, the modulation theory of Hugo Riemann will be used as an example. Theories of cognitive organization put forth by linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson in both joint and individual writings published between 1980 and 1994 (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff 1987, 1990, 1993, 1994; Johnson 1987) will serve as my primary tools in this investigation process. The work of Mark Turner also informs the method outlined here (Turner 1987, 1990, 1991, 1994; Lakoff and Turner 1989; Turner and Fauconnier, In press). First I will need to define some terms. Mark Johnson defines an image schema as "a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experi-
Host phylogeography and beta diversity in avian haemosporidian (Plasmodiidae) assemblages of the Lesser Antilles.

1. We estimated the correlation between host phylogeographical structure and beta diversity of avian haemosporidian assemblages of passerine birds to determine the degree to which parasite communities change with host evolution, expressed as genetic divergence between island populations, and we investigated whether differences among islands in the haemosporidia of a particular host species reflect beta diversity in the entire parasite assemblage, beta diversity in vectors, turnover of bird species and/or geographical distance. 2. We used Mantel tests to assess the significance of partial correlations between host nucleotide difference (based on cytochrome b) and haemosporidian (Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp.) mitochondrial lineage beta diversity within a given host species and between Plasmodium mitochondrial lineage beta diversity and mosquito and bird species beta diversity (or turnover). Three abundant and widespread host species (Tiaris bicolor, Coereba flaveola and Loxigilla noctis/barbadensis) were included in the study. Haemosporidian lineage beta diversity among nine islands was assessed using the Chao-Jaccard, Chao-Sørensen and Morisita-Horn indices of community similarity. Beta diversity indices of mosquito species and turnover of bird species were calculated from data in published records and field guides. 3. In Loxigilla spp. , we found a positive correlation with geographical distance and an unexpected negative correlation between haemosporidian beta diversity and host genetic distance. Tiaris bicolor exhibited a significant positive correlation between haemosporidian beta diversity and beta diversity within the entire parasite assemblage. We did not find significant correlations between parasite beta diversity and mosquito beta diversity or bird species turnover. 4. Host phylogeographical structure does not appear to drive within-host beta diversity of haemosporidian lineages. Instead, the array of parasites on one host can reflect the haemosporidian assemblage on other hosts.
Clinical and echographic features of in utero cardiac dysfunction in the recipient twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE--Fetal twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) presenting in the second trimester has been associated with almost no perinatal survival until recently, when serial drainage of amniotic fluid has improved the prognosis to 70%-80%. Most recipient twins now survive but develop cardiac dysfunction. The study was undertaken to evaluate the abnormal echocardiographic features and clinical complications of cardiac disease in the recipient twin of TTTS. DESIGN--Antenatal and postnatal echocardiographic and clinical observational study. SETTING--Antenatal studies in a tertiary referral centre. Postnatal management and follow up were performed by the same paediatric cardiologist, either at the obstetric hospital or at the regional referral centre. PATIENTS--Twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS with severe polyhydramnios diagnosed earlier than 25 weeks that proceeded until viability (n = 5). INTERVENTION--Serial fetal echocardiography with colour Doppler. Postnatal echocardiography in the first week and between two and seven months. Serial amnioreduction was performed in all pregnancies. Digoxin treatment, pericardiocentesis, paracentesis, or laser ablation of placental anastomoses was undertaken when there was hydrops. RESULTS--Increased cardiothoracic ratio and tricuspid regurgitation were seen in all recipient twins. High pulmonary artery velocities developed in three. One recipient twin died a week after delivery of endocardial fibroelastosis and infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Two other had balloon dilatation for pulmonary stenosis, one shortly after birth and one at four months. A further twin has apical thickening of the right ventricle at six months. The remaining recipient twin had normal echocardiographic findings at follow up. CONCLUSION--This report characterises for the first time a cardiac disease acquired in utero in the recipient twin in pregnancies complicated by TTTS. Clinical manifestations in utero range from mild to critical pulmonary stenosis or lethal cardiomyopathy. Although perinatal prognosis seems to be related to the severity of dysfunction when first diagnosed in utero, follow up in infancy is recommended in view of the possibility of progressive pulmonary stenosis.
Efficient evaluation of the error probabilities of spread-spectrum multiple-access communications

We consider the performance of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications. In particular, we illustrate the use of a semianalytical approach which is combined with importance sampling for the efficient evaluation of the average bit-error rates (BERs) of asynchronous direct-sequence (DS) based CDMA systems employing binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation along with specific signature sequences for a variety of system parameters.
Proportion-corrected scaled voxel models for Japanese children and their application to the numerical dosimetry of specific absorption rate for frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz

The development of high-resolution anatomical voxel models of children is difficult given, inter alia, the ethical limitations on subjecting children to medical imaging. We instead used an existing voxel model of a Japanese adult and three-dimensional deformation to develop three voxel models that match the average body proportions of Japanese children at 3, 5 and 7 years old. The adult model was deformed to match the proportions of a child by using the measured dimensions of various body parts of children at 3, 5 and 7 years old and a free-form deformation technique. The three developed models represent average-size Japanese children of the respective ages. They consist of cubic voxels (2 mm on each side) and are segmented into 51 tissues and organs. We calculated the whole-body-averaged specific absorption rates (WBA-SARs) and tissue-averaged SARs for the child models for exposures to plane waves from 30 MHz to 3 GHz; these results were then compared with those for scaled down adult models. We also determined the incident electric-field strength required to produce the exposure equivalent to the ICNIRP basic restriction for general public exposure, i.e., a WBA-SAR of 0.08 W kg−1.
A UK survey of psychiatric services for older people in general hospitals

Psychiatric illness is common in older people in general hospitals, but little is known of the service models operating in the UK, or of the views of old age psychiatrists regarding service provision in this area. We set out to determine the range of UK old age psychiatry service models for older people in general hospital wards, and the opinions of clinicians on future service priorities and development.
Context-specific control and the Stroop negative priming effect

The present study highlights the utility of context-specific learning for different probe types in accounting for the commonly observed dependence of negative priming on probe selection. Using a Stroop priming procedure, Experiments 1a and 1b offered a demonstration that Stroop priming effects can differ qualitatively for selection and no-selection probes when probe selection is manipulated between subjects, but not when it is manipulated randomly from trial to trial within subject (see also Moore, 1994). In Experiments 2 and 3, selection and no-selection probes served as two contexts that varied randomly from trial to trial, but for which proportion repeated was manipulated separately. A context-specific proportion repeated effect was observed in Experiment 2, characterized by modest quantitative shifts in the repetition effects as a function of the context-specific proportion repeated manipulation. However, with a longer intertrial interval in Experiment 3, a context-specific proportion repeated manipulation that focused on the no-selection probes changed the repetition effect qualitatively, from negative priming when the proportion repeated was . 25 to positive priming when the proportion repeated was . 75. The results are discussed with reference to the role of rapid, context-specific learning processes in the integration of prior experiences with current perception and action.
How Social Communications Influence Advertising Perception and Response in Online Communities?

This research aims to explore how social communications of online communities affect users’ perception and responses toward social media advertising. We developed a conceptual model based on the SBT, encapsulating 9 constructs and 10 hypothesis extracted from the extant social media advertising literature. Our research outcome proves that social communications can effectively boost users’ behaviors to be in accordance with an online social community, thus facilitate their acceptance and responses toward social media advertising, with users’ group intention as an intervening factor. From an operational standpoint, it’s an effective way to build and maintain social bonds between users and the community by boosting social communications, supporting fluent interpersonal communications. In addition, managers of an online community should elaborate on users’ group intentions to increase users’ advertising acceptance and response.
Ethanol and hepatitis C virus suppress peptide-MHC class I presentation in hepatocytes by altering proteasome function.

BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that exposure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core-expressing ethanol (EtOH)-metabolizing cells to EtOH significantly suppresses proteasome activity which exists as 26S (20S and 19S) and as an unassociated 20S particle. The replacement of the constitutive proteasomal subunits with immunoproteasome (IPR) favors antigen processing. Here, we examined the effects of EtOH consumption by HCV core transgenic mice on proteasome activity in hepatocytic lysates and in partially purified 26S proteasome and the impact of these changes on antigen presentation. METHODS HCV (-) and HCV (+) core transgenic mice were fed chow diet with or without 20% (v/v) EtOH in water for 4 weeks. Following the feeding regimen, hepatocytes were isolated and examined for chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity, oxidative stress, and the presentation of SIINFEKL-H2Kb complex. Additionally, the constitutive proteasome and IPR were purified for further analysis and identification of proteasome-interacting proteins (PIPs). RESULTS EtOH significantly decreased proteasome activity in hepatocytes of HCV (+) mice, and this finding correlated with oxidative stress and dysregulated methylation reactions. In isolated 26S proteasome, EtOH suppressed proteasome activity equally in HCV (+) and HCV (-) mice. EtOH feeding caused proteasome instability and lowered the content of both constitutive and IPR subunits in the 20S proteasome. In addition, the level of other PIPs, PA28 and UCHL5, were also suppressed after EtOH exposure. Furthermore, in EtOH-fed mice and, especially, in HCV (+) mice, the presentation of SIINFEKL-H2Kb complex in hepatocytes was also decreased. CONCLUSIONS Proteasomal dysfunction induced by EtOH feeding and exacerbated by the presence of HCV structural proteins led to suppression of SIINFEKL-H2Kb presentation in hepatocytes.
Soluble CD40 Ligand Promotes Macrophage Foam Cell Formation in the Etiology of Atherosclerosis

Objective: High levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the circulation have been suggested as an important indicator of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. In the present study, we explored the role of sCD40L in the formation of foam cells. Methods: Lipid deposition and foam cell formation was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Nile Red staining, respectively. Gene expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The interaction between CD40 and sCD40L were blocked by CD40 small interfering RNA or anti-CD40 antibody. Results: sCD40L significantly increased lipid deposition and foam cell formation associated with upregulation of scavenger receptor type A and CD36. Additionally, sCD40L increased adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 and cholesterol efflux, and activated NF-κB in macrophages. sCD40L promoted foam cell formation via CD40 ligation and disruption of the ligation between CD40 and CD40L either by small interfering RNA or by a blocking anti-CD40 antibody apparently inhibiting foam cell formation in response to sCD40L. Conclusion: Our data suggests a novel insight into the role of sCD40L in foam cell formation during atherosclerosis, which further confirms the importance of sCD40L in atherosclerosis and as a target for the treatment of this disease.
Malassezia globosa as the causative agent of pityriasis versicolor

Background The taxonomic revision carried out in 1996 on the genus Malassezia, which now comprises seven different species, made necessary a re‐evaluation of the data concerning the ecology and pathogenicity of these lipophilic yeasts. Very little has been published since then. Objectives The aim of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the aetiology of pityriasis versicolor (PV) with a mycological study made according to the new species. Methods Ninety‐six patients with PV completed the study. In all of them, samples were taken from the lesions for direct microscopy with KOH+ Parker ink and culture. Samples were also taken from normal skin of the trunk and the forehead of the same patients for culture. Cultures were made in modified Dixon medium in Petri dishes, incubated at 31 °C and the isolates were identified by morphological and physiological characteristics. Results In the PV lesions, direct microscopy always showed the typical mixture of globose blastoconidia and pseudomycelium. Only one patient, having received previous topical antimycotic treatment, was negative. The spherical yeasts observed in vivo were morphologically identical to the globose yeasts characteristic of M. globosa. In culture, M. globosa was found in 97% of cases, alone in 60% of them and associated with M. sympodialis in 29% and M. slooffiae in 7%. These two species were also found in similar percentages on the clinically uninvolved skin of the trunk, whereas M. globosa was not isolated at these sites. However, on the forehead, a small number of colonies of M. globosa was recovered in 12% of cases. Conclusions These results support the data previously reported and strongly suggest that M. globosa in its mycelial phase is the causative agent of PV.
Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women

The effect of vegetable and fruit consumption on breast cancer risk is controversial. We examined the association between vegetable and fruit intake and breast cancer risk in a hospital‐based case–control study conducted in Guangdong, China. Four hundred and thirty‐eight cases were frequency matched to 438 controls by age (5‐year interval) and residence (rural/urban). Dietary intake was assessed by face‐to‐face interviews using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for various potential confounders. Total vegetable and fruit intake was found to be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. The ORs of the highest quartile relative to the lowest quartile of total vegetable and fruit intake were 0.28 (95% CI 0.18–0.43) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.34–0.82), respectively. Consumption of individual vegetable and fruit groups such as dark green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, carrots and tomatoes, banana, watermelon/papaya/cantaloupe were all inversely and significantly related with breast cancer risk. An inverse association was also observed for vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and fiber intake. These data indicate that greater intake of vegetables and fruits is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer among Chinese women residing in Guangdong. © 2009 UICC
HIV/AIDS Complacency and HIV Infection Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men, and the Race-Specific Influence of Underlying HAART Beliefs

Background: Among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, the influence of HIV/AIDS complacency and beliefs about the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HIV-infection risk is unknown. Methods: We analyzed data from a 1998–2000 cross-sectional 6-city survey of 1575 MSM aged 23 to 29 years who had never tested for HIV or had last tested HIV-negative to assess these plausible influences overall and by race/ethnicity. Findings: Measured as strong endorsement for reduced HIV/AIDS concern due to HAART, HIV/AIDS complacency was associated with reporting ≥10 male sex partners (odds ratio [OR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12–4.07), unprotected anal intercourse with an HIV-positive or HIV-unknown-status male partner (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.51–2.81), and testing HIV-positive (adjusted OR [AOR], 2.35; 95% CI, 1.38–3.98). Strong endorsement of the belief that HAART mitigates HIV/AIDS severity was more prevalent among black (21.8%) and Hispanic (21.3%) than white (9.6%) MSM (P < 0.001), and was more strongly associated with testing HIV-positive among black (AOR, 4.65; 95% CI, 1.97–10.99) and Hispanic (AOR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.58–10.70) than white (AOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.64–4.11) MSM. Conclusions: Young MSM who are complacent about HIV/AIDS because of HAART may be more likely to engage in risk behavior and acquire HIV. Programs that target HIV/AIDS complacency as a means to reduce HIV incidence among young MSM should consider that both the prevalence of strong HAART-efficacy beliefs and the effects of these beliefs on HIV-infection risk might differ considerably by race/ethnicity.