Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Structured Approach to Classifying Security Vulnerabilities

Abstract : Understanding vulnerabilities is critical to understanding the threats they represent. Vulnerabilities classification enables collection of frequency data; trend analysis of vulnerabilities; correlation with incidents, exploits, and artifacts; and evaluation of the effectiveness of countermeasures. Existing classification schemes are based on vulnerability reports and not on an engineering analysis of the problem domain. In this report a classification scheme that uses attribute-value pairs to provide a multidimensional view of vulnerabilities is proposed. Attributes and values are selected based on engineering distinctions that allow vulnerabilities to be exploited by a given technique or determine which countermeasures are effective. Successful classification of vulnerabilities should lead to greater automation in analyzing code vulnerabilities and supporting effective communication between geographically remote vulnerability handling teams and vendors.
Formal Human Resource Management Practices in Small Growing Firms

Using data from micro, small, and medium firms in Australia, the paper exams changes with size toward more enunciated and prescribed practices; (2) the changes in HRM in small and medium‐sized firms begin early in the growth process and proceed at a faster rate than during the latter growth phase; and (3) the adoption of formal HRM practices at the managerial level lags behind that at the operational level at the smaller firm sizes.
Nitric oxide protects rat hepatocytes against reperfusion injury mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition

We investigated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on hepatocellular killing after simulated ischemia/reperfusion and characterized signaling factors triggering cytoprotection by NO. Cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated in anoxic Krebs‐Ringer–HEPES buffer at pH 6.2 for 4 hours and reoxygenated at pH 7.4 for 2 hours. During reoxygenation, some hepatocytes were exposed to combinations of NO donors (S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine [SNAP] and others), a cGMP analogue (8‐bromoguanosine‐3,5‐cGMP [8‐Br‐cGMP]), and a cGMP‐dependent protein kinase inhibitor (KT5823). Cell viability was determined by way of propidium iodide fluorometry. Inner membrane permeabilization and mitochondrial depolarization were monitored by confocal microscopy. SNAP, but not oxidized SNAP, increased cGMP during reperfusion and decreased cell killing. Other NO donors and 8‐Br‐cGMP also prevented cell killing. Both guanylyl cyclase and cGMP‐dependent kinase inhibition blocked the cytoprotection of NO. However, 5‐hydroxydecanoate and diazoxide— mitochondrial KATP channel modulators—did not affect NO‐dependent cytoprotection or reperfusion injury. During reoxygenation, confocal microscopy showed mitochondrial repolarization, followed by depolarization, inner membrane permeabilization, and cell death. In the presence of either SNAP or 8‐Br‐cGMP, mitochondrial repolarization was sustained after reperfusion preventing inner membrane permeabilization and cell death. In isolated rat liver mitochondria, a cGMP analogue in the presence of a cytosolic extract and adenosine triphosphate blocked the Ca2+‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), an effect that was reversed by KT5823. In conclusion, NO prevents MPT‐dependent necrotic killing of ischemic hepatocytes after reperfusion through a guanylyl cyclase and cGMP‐dependent kinase signaling pathway, events that may represent the target of NO cytoprotection in preconditioning. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;39:1533–1543.)
Return patterns of South Korean stocks following large price shocks

ABSTRACT This study tests the market efficiency of the South Korean stock market by examining returns on stocks of the constituents of the KOSPI 50 from 2000 to 2014 following large 1-month price decreases and increases. An exponential GARCH (EGARCH) event study framework is used to analyse the stock returns. The results show that large price shocks, positive and negative, are likely to be followed by positive market returns. Moreover, the results show an increase in the beta of stocks in the years following a large price shock. The overall results therefore support the Uncertain Information Hypothesis. However, beginning in 2008, return patterns more closely reflect those hypothesised by the Efficient Market Hypothesis, possibly due to increased participation by international investors. The observed returns following large price increases and decreases can be partially explained by changes in the Korean won to US dollar exchange rate and the trading behaviour of foreign investors.
Pharmacokinetics of tibolone in early and late postmenopausal women.

AIMS Tibolone is a tissue-specific compound with favourable effects on bone, vagina, climacteric symptoms, mood and sexual well being in postmenopausal women, without stimulating the endometrium or breast. Since tibolone is used for the treatment of both young and elderly postmenopausal women, its pharmacokinetics were studied to investigate potential differences with age. In addition, the bioequivalence of the 1.25 and 2.5 mg tablets was evaluated. METHODS Single doses of 1.25 or 2.5 mg of tibolone were given in a double-blind, randomized, two-way cross-over study to women aged between 45 and 55 years or between 65 and 75 years of age. RESULTS Age did not have a significant effect on C(max), t(max), and t(1/2) of tibolone and its metabolites and on the body weight standardized oral clearance (CL/F kg(-1)) of the 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxy tibolones. In early postmenopausal women, significantly lower values were found for the AUC(0,16 h), and AUC(0, infinity ) of 3alpha-hydroxy tibolone 24.6+/-6.6 vs 29.2+/-4.9 and 27.1+/-6.9 vs 32.3+/-6.5 ng ml(-1) h for the 1.25 mg tablet, respectively, and 45.4+/-13.9 vs 55.7+/-14.1 and 49.6+/-14.6 vs 62.6+/-17.3 ng ml-1 h for the 2.5 mg tablet, respectively. When these values were adjusted for the significantly higher body weight of the early postmenopausal women, the differences disappeared. No significant differences between early and late postmenopausal women were found for the AUC(0,8 h), and AUC(0, infinity) of 3beta-hydroxy tibolone. The rate of absorption of tibolone and the rates of absorption or formation of the 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxy tibolones were significantly higher after the 1.25 mg dose than after the 2.5 mg tablet, resulting in increases of 32%, 27% and 17% for the dose normalized-C(max) of tibolone and the 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxy tibolones, respectively. tmax for tibolone and its metabolites was 12-27% less after 1.25 mg compared to 2.5 mg, which was statistically significant. The two formulations were bioequivalent with respect to the dose-normalized AUC(0, infinity) and the AUC(0,t(fix)) values for the 3alpha-hydroxy tibolone (ratio point estimate [90%, confidence limits]: 1.08 [1.04, 1.14] and 1.08 [1.03, 1.13], respectively) and for the 3beta-hydroxy tibolone (1.07 [1.01, 1.14] and 1.04 [0.96, 1.12], respectively). Both formulations were also bioequivalent with respect to CL/F kg(-1) and t(1/2). CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of tibolone are similar in early (age 45-55 years) and late (65-75 years) postmenopausal women. The 2.5 and 1.25 mg tablets are bioequivalent with respect to the extent of absorption. The rate of absorption or formation of the metabolites of tibolone were not bioequivalent, but these differences are considered to have no clinical relevance in view of the chronic administration of tibolone.
Developing an understanding of results‐based management through public value theory

Purpose – This article aims to report on research undertaken to assess the utility of public value theory in understanding results‐based management from the perception of public sector executives in Canada.Design/methodology/approach – The research was carried out using a case study approach. Within the case study, the primary data source was 16 interviews with executives leading to the development of a framework integrating public value and results‐based management.Findings – The findings are presented through the elements of public value theory, as well as findings which fall outside of the explanatory powers of this theory. A framework integrating results‐based management and public value is presented.Research limitations/implications – The framework must be viewed as an initial study exploring an under‐researched field. The paper focuses on one case study although the interviews within the case study were extensive and it took an interpretative approach, allowing the findings to emerge.Originality/val.
National income and fishery consumption: a global investigation

We apply the panel unit root tests, heterogeneous panel co-integration analysis, and panel-based error correction models (ECM) to examine the long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption in a panel of 101 countries for the period 1970–2006. In addition, we utilise a panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) model, to assess the effect of national income on fish consumption, and vice versa. Our empirical results provide clear support for a positive long-term co-integrated relationship between national income and fishery consumption after allowing for a heterogeneous country effect. Further, we display a bi-directional causality among these variables via the dynamic panel-based ECM in the long-term, and demonstrate that fish is a common food. Finally, our full sample is divided into developed, developing, southern hemisphere countries (SHC) and northern hemisphere countries (NHC) to discover the broader effect of income on fish consumption if any, and vice versa, among different levels of economic development and diverse regions. This facilitates our understanding and provides more insight into the characteristic of fishery among different levels of economic–geography conditions. We propose fishery policy recommendations through our findings.
Diagnostic Utility of Cerebral White Matter Integrity in Early Alzheimer's Disease

ABSTRACT We compared white matter integrity with brain atrophy in healthy controls and participants with very mild dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating 0 vs. 0.5) from the Brain Aging Project, a longitudinal study of aging and memory at the University of Kansas Medical Center. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) including fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were performed on 27 patients with very mild dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5) of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), and 32 cognitively normal subjects. Patient groups were compared across 6 volumetric measures and 14 DTI regions of interest. Very mildly demented patients showed expected disease-related patterns of brain atrophy with reductions in whole-brain and hippocampal volumes most prominent. DTI indices of white matter integrity were mixed. Right parahippocampus showed significant but small disease-related reductions in fractional anisotropy. Right parahippocampus and left internal capsule showed greater mean diffusivity in early DAT compared with controls. A series of discriminant analyses demonstrated that gray matter atrophy was a significantly better predictor of dementia status than were DTI indices. Brain atrophy was most strongly related to very mild DAT. Modest disease-related white matter anomalies were present in temporal cortex, and deep white matter had limited discriminatory diagnostic power, probably because of the very mild stage of disease in these participants.
Multi-principaux avec anti-selection

This article departs from the classical Incentive Theory and his Grand Contrat approach by allowing a common agent to contract with multiple principals, each one controlling one agent's activity through a non linear tarification. In this framework, the Revelation Principle has to be replaced by a weaker concept: an Equivalence Principle. We derive the Perfect Bayesian Equilibria of the offers' game and we compare them to the cooperative solution. Results are shown to depend on the complementarity or the substituability between activities controlled by each principal.
The impact of economic and noneconomic exchange on physicians’ organizational attitudes: The moderating effects of the Chief Medical Officer

Background: Hospital–physician relationships are critical to hospitals’ organizational success. A distinction can be drawn between economic and noneconomic physician–hospital exchange. Physician senior leadership could be an important component of managerial strategies aimed at optimizing hospital–physician relationships. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of the quality of exchange with the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) in the relationship between economic and noneconomic exchange and physicians’ key organizational attitudes. Methodology: Self-employed physicians practicing at six Belgian hospitals were surveyed. Economic exchange was conceptualized by the concepts of distributive and procedural justice, whereas noneconomic exchange was conceptualized by the concepts of administrative and professional psychological contract. Our outcomes comprise three key organizational attitudes identified in the literature (job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and intention to leave). The moderating role of leader–member exchange with the CMO in these relationships was assessed. Findings: Our results showed a relationship between both psychological contract breach and organizational justice and physicians’ organizational attitudes. The quality of exchange with the CMO buffered the negative effect of psychological contract breach and reinforced the positive effects of organizational justice with respect to physicians’ organizational attitudes. Practice Implications: Our results demonstrate that both economic and noneconomic aspects are important when considering physicians’ key organizational attitudes. The reciprocity dynamic between physician and hospital can be enhanced by high-quality exchange with the CMO.
Recent results of secondary transnasal surgery for residual or recurring acromegaly.

OBJECTIVE The results of secondary surgery for either residual or recurring acromegaly have been reported to be unfavorable. To evaluate the effectiveness of recent techniques of secondary transnasal microsurgery, we analyzed the surgical results of remnant or recurring acromegaly in patients who underwent secondary transnasal surgery from 1990 to 1996. METHODS Secondary transnasal explorations were performed in 28 acromegalic patients (mean age+/-standard error, 39+/-2.3 yr) who had been previously treated with microsurgery (patients at our institutions, n=5; patients at other institutions, n=23). For most of these patients, medical treatment after primary surgery was unsatisfactory. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated 18 transnasally resectable tumors (64.3%) and 10 nonresectable grossly invasive tumors (35.7%). Surgical indication was based on elevated plasma growth hormone (GH) levels and evidence of tumor revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Intraoperative GH measurement was performed in all patients. In 13 of 18 patients with resectable tumors, the surgical assessment with sufficient GH decline intraoperatively was likewise judged as complete and was later proved. In three of five patients with inadequate GH decline, endocrinological remission was achieved by performing further surgery. Thus, an endocrinological remission was achieved in 16 of 18 patients (88.9%) with resectable tumors. In 10 patients with nonresectable tumors, the tumor mass was further reduced. Overall, the endocrinological remission rate was 57.1% (16 of 28 patients). There was no serious morbidity and there was no mortality in this series. CONCLUSION We conclude that in patients with transnasally resectable tumor residuals or recurrences confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, endocrinological remissions can be obtained with high probability, even in secondary surgery after an unsuccessful previous operation.
Option Valuation with Information Costs: Theory and Tests

In this paper, the valuation of stock and index options is analyzed in the context of Merton's model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information. It is possible to derive a partial differential equation for options in such a context. The derivation gives more understanding of the way an option's future payoff is discounted to the present. In order to estimate some of its parameters, the model is calibrated to market prices. It is tested using market prices and the authors' valuation formula. It is found that model prices are not significantly different from market prices, especially when out-of-the-money and deep-in-the-money options are considered. The model gives an explanation to the “strike bias” and the “smile effect. ” Simulations of models based respectively on stochastic volatilities and gamma processes, are in accordance with the findings in this paper concerning biases in the Black and Scholes model, especially for pricing deep-in-the-money and out-of-the-money options. Even if the estimation method has its drawbacks, the costs of gathering and processing information regarding the option and its underlying asset play a central role in explaining the biases observed in the Black and Scholes model and help also the understanding of the U-shaped curve known as the smile of volatilities.
Automated Sleep Staging by a Hybrid System Comprising Neural Network and Fuzzy Rule-based Reasoning

A hybrid system for automated EEG sleep staging is presented in this article. By combining a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) with a fuzzy reasoning-based classifier (FRBC) and utilizing both temporal and spectrum features of the EEG signal, the system provides a reliable tool for automatic EEG sleep staging. Conceptually, the system is divided into four passes: artifact detection, rough staging, stage refinement and post processing. The artifact detection module is firstly employed to exclude stage movement from other stages. Then, the SOFM with features as its inputs derived from the power spectrum divides sleep into three "extreme" stages: wake, light/REM and deep stage. In stage refinement pass, the FRBC, which takes characteristic waveforms' activities as inputs, subdivides the extreme stages into the exact stages (i.e., stage 1, stage 2) defined by R&K standard. At last, in post processing pass, a stage-smoothing method that mainly utilizes the temporal context information is used to correct unexpected stage transitions, thus to improve the system's performance. The system was tested with eight whole night sleep records with an average man-machine agreement of 85.3%. Compared with the high inter-scorer disagreement, the performance is desirable
Lucky CEOs and Lucky Directors

This paper integrates and further develops the analysis of two discussion papers we circulated earlier, “Lucky CEOs” and “Lucky Directors. ” Our study contributes to understanding the corporate governance determinants and implications of backdating practices during the decade of 1996-2005. Overall, our analysis provides support for the view that backdating practices reflect governance breakdowns and raise governance concerns.Our analysis focuses on at-the-money “lucky” grants awarded at the lowest price of the grant month. In particular, we find that:(i) Opportunistic timing has been correlated with factors associated with greater influence of the CEO on corporate decision-making, such as lack of a majority of independent directors, a long-serving CEO, or a lack of a block-holder with a “skin in the game” on the compensation committee; (ii) Grants to independent directors have also been opportunistically timed and that this timing was not merely a by-product of simultaneous awards to executives or of firms’ routinely timing all option grants; (iii) Lucky grants to independent directors have been associated with more CEO luck and CEO compensation; (iv) Rather than being a substitute for other forms of compensation, gains from opportunistic timing were awarded to CEOs with larger total compensation from other sources; and(v) Opportunistic timing was not driven by firm habit but rather, for any given firm, the use of such timing was itself timed to increase its profitability for recipients. (vi) The odds of a CEO’s grant being lucky were significantly higher, controlling for CEO and firm characteristics in our dataset, when a preceding grant to the CEO was lucky as well.Because our analysis suggests that the existence of lucky CEO and director grants is a variable that can be useful to research studying firms’ governance and decision-making, we make available on the website of the Harvard Program on Corporate Governance a dataset of CEO and director luck indicators based on our work.Lucky CEOs is available on SSRN at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=945392Lucky Directors is available on SSRN at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=952239
Composite Modeling and Analysis for Fabrication of FDM Prototypes with Locally Controlled Properties

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies have the ability to manufacture functional parts with locally controlled properties, which provides an opportunity for manufacturing a whole new class of products. To a certain extent, fused deposition modeling (FDM) has the potential to fabricate parts with locally controlled properties by changing deposition density and deposition orientation. To fully exploit this potential, this paper reports a study of the materials, the fabrication process, and the mechanical properties of FDM prototypes. Theoretical and experimental analyses of mechanical properties of FDM processes and prototypes were carried out to establish the constitutive models. A set of equations is proposed to determine the elastic constants of FDM prototypes. The models are then evaluated by experiments. An example of FDM prototype with locally controlled properties is provided to demonstrate the ideas.
Macrodynamics for a Better Society: The Economics of John Cornwall

John Cornwall devoted his career to advancing macroeconomics with a view to improving the societies in which we live. We identify three distinct phases in Cornwall's mature scholarship, and analyse the substance of each. The first and second phases, devoted to the analysis of growth and inflation, respectively, reveal the three main cornerstones of Cornwall's macrodynamics: the importance of demand (even in the long run), the importance of institutions, and the path-dependent nature of economic change. The third phase saw Cornwall building on these foundations to develop and refine an evolutionary-Keynesian model of long-run capitalist development.
What happens during and after school: Conditions faced by working parents living in poverty and their school-aged children

Past research has not looked directly at how parental working conditions are affecting the lives of school-age children living in or near poverty. This study examines the effects that the working conditions faced by low-income parents have on the care their school-age children receive and on parental involvement in their children's education and development. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 74 families with school-age children, including 44 families living at or below 150% of the federal poverty level and 30 families living above 150% of poverty. Teachers at every public afterschool program in the city were interviewed. One out of two low-income working parents faced barriers to becoming involved in their children's education. Two out of five faced barriers to participating in school meetings, school trips, or school events. Many parents had difficulty finding any time to spend with their children, let alone time to assist them with their schoolwork. The difficulties they faced are described in detail. Implications for educational and labor policy are discussed.