Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MESH CONVERGENCE STUDY FOR 2-D STRAIGHT-BLADE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE SIMULATIONS AND ESTIMATION FOR 3-D SIMULATIONS

Mesh resolution requirements are investigated for 2-D and 3-D simulations of the complex flow around a straight-blade vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The resulting flow, which may include large separation flows over the blades, dynamic stall, and wake-blade interaction, is simulated by an Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes analysis, based on the Spalart–Allmaras (S–A) turbulence model. A grid resolution study is conducted on 2-D grids to examine the convergence of the CFD model. Hence, an averaged grid residual of y+ > 30 is employed, along with a wall treatment, to capture the near-wall region’s flow structures. Furthermore a 3-D simulation on a coarse grid of the VAWT model is performed in order to explore the influence of the 3-D effects on the aerodynamic performance of the turbine. Finally, based on the 2-D grid convergence study and the 3-D results, the required computational time and mesh to simulate 3-D VAWT accurately is proposed.
Simulating Two-Phase Flows Using the Refined Level Set Grid Method

The level set method is an attractive numerical method to track phase interfaces. However, its main drawback is that it does not inherently conserve the volume of each fluid. Furthermore, as with any interface tracking/capturing scheme, ensuring the grid independent converged representation of the phase interface is crucial. The Refined Level Set Grid (RLSG) method presented in this paper addresses both issues. Several verification and validation examples demonstrating the performance of the RLSG method are presented. Finally, the coupling of the RLSG method to a Lagrangian spray model is discussed to simulate the atomization process of liquid jets and sheets. ∗Corresponding Author
Prevalence of Anemia among Community Dwelling Elderly in Dakahlia as a Representative of Rural Areas in Egypt and Its Impact on Their Functional Status

Background: Anemia is a common problem with serious consequences in older person but is often overlooked despite considerable evidence that low hemoglobin levels indicate physiologic decline in these patients. Multiple studies demonstrate that anemia is an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality, and decreased quality of life in community-dwelling older persons. Increasing functional deterioration is associated with decreasing hemoglobin concentration in an inverse and linear manner. Aim: to assess the prevalence of anemia in free-living elderly subjects living in an urban community of Meet Abbad-Nabaroh, Dakahlia. Egypt and its impact on their functional level. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done including 93 elderly ≥ 60 ys old, both males and females recruited from Meet Abbad-Nabaroh, Dakahlia, Egypt. All subjects underwent a complete medical history taking, clinical evaluation then blood hemoglobin level was measured, and anemia was defined according to the World Health Organization definition of anemia (hemoglobin level less than 13 g per dL [130 g per L] in men and less than 12 g per dL [120 g per L] in women). Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of anemia is 15.05% among the studied participants (14.5% among the male group and 16.1% among females), 14% had mild anemia and 1% had moderate anemia, with significant increase with age as there was significant difference (p = 0.042) between the different age groups of the studied participants, also history of blood loss and anemia showed positive significant correlation (p-value = 0.001), and highly significant correlations between intake of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and anemia (p-value = 0.000). The impact of anemia on functional status and risk of fall respectively showed significant difference between anemic and non anemic as regards instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) (p = 0.007), and timed up and go test (p-value = 0.01), also there is significant correlation between anemia and mini mental state examination (MMSE) (p-value 0.046) with worse performance among the anemic ones. Conclusion & Recommendation: anemia represents a health problem of significance among the community dwelling elderly with bad drawback on their functional level; their need for health & community services has a financial impact so this problem needs more assessment for better prevention and treatment.
Identification, Distribution, and Molecular Characterization of the Apple Aphids Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae)

Abstract Morphometric techniques, DNA mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) barcoding, and microsatellite flanking region sequences were used to assess the reliability of suggested morphological characters in distinguishing the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer) from the spirea aphid (Aphis spiraecola Patch), and to assess variation within these species. Both molecular approaches clearly distinguished two groups corresponding to the morphologically defined species. Differences in the length of the distal rostral segment and the number of lateral tubercles were found to be robust indicators of species membership, performing as well as multivariate approaches. Among A. pomi samples, microsatellite flanking region sequences were relatively uniform, whereas A. spiraecola exhibited much variability, which suggests that North American populations of the latter species are genetically much more complex.
THE GREAT LAKES WAVE MODEL AT NOAA / NCEP : CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 1

In spite of a notion that the nature of wind waves in the Great Lakes is generally benign, intense storms and rapidly changing weather patterns generate severe sea states that develop into serious hazards to marine activities involving commercial and recreational vessels. The Great Lakes basin aggregates more than 1/10 and 1⁄4 of the populations of United States and Canada, respectively. Several states with large contributions to the American economy, such as Wisconsin and Minnesota, make up the lakes margin. Commercial shipping constitutes one of the most costeffective means of transporting raw materials and goods to and from these states, as well as provides an important source of jobs for the region’s population. Providing accurate forecasts of wind waves associated with severe sea states is a critical service towards ensuring the safety of maritime operations in the Great Lakes, with critical consequences to the American economy and public safety.
Bidirectional relations of religious orientation and depressive symptoms in adolescents : a short-term longitudinal study.

Religious orientation can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic: intrinsically oriented individuals “live their religion,” whereas extrinsically oriented individuals practice religion mainly to gain external benefits. In adults, depression has been found to correlate negatively with intrinsic religious orientation and positively with extrinsic orientation. Studies of the relation between religiosity and depression typically have not been longitudinal, conducted with adolescents, controlled for the influence of other factors associated with depression (i.e., negative cognitions), or examined the reverse relation of depression predicting religious orientation. Our four-month longitudinal study of 273 ninth-grade students addressed these issues. Results showed that higher intrinsic religious orientation measured at baseline significantly predicted lower self-reported depressive symptoms four months later, controlling for initial level of depressive symptoms and cognitive style; in contrast, extrinsic orientation and the interaction between religious orientation and life events did not significantly predict later depressive symptoms. Self-reported depressive symptoms, however, did not predict either intrinsic or extrinsic religious orientation four months later. Factors contributing to different findings for adolescents versus adults in the relation between extrinsic religious orientation and depression are suggested.
Cryopreservation of Bubalus bubalis L . Rumen Bacteria : Effect on Viability and Efficiency of Conversion of Crop Residues into Soluble Sugars for Biofuel Production

The study had determined the effect of glycerol, 100%, 80% and 60% as cryoprotectant on bacterial cell viability and efficiency of conversion of carbohydrates in bagasses of sweet sorghum and sugarcane, and rice straw hydrolysis using rumen bacteria after cryopreservation at low temperature (-20C) and ultra low temperature (-156C) vapor phase of liquid nitrogen for 54 days. Pellet of fresh culture of rumen bacteria isolate was mixed with glycerol at 1:1 ratio of culture and glycerol solution. Cryovials were kept in cryoboxes for low temperature storage while vials in cryocanes inside canisters were kept at vapor phase of liquid nitrogen tank. New Bauer Hemacytometer was used to count viable cells before and after cyrovial was thawed at 37C for 5 minutes. For the hydrolysis, recovered viable cells were sub-cultivated in seed culture liquid medium. Carbohydrates in biomass and hydrolysates were analyzed using 3,5 Dinitrosalycilic acid assay for reducing sugars. Results showed that level of glycerol had insignificant effect on the viability at prolonged storage in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. Rumen bacteria Clostridium RS91 preserved in three glycerol solutions had averaged viability 17.28% after 54 days in the vapor phase of liquid Nitrogen while corresponding conversion of carbohydrates into sugars efficiency at 36 and 48 hours hydrolysis was 57% and 53.4%, respectively. The performance of the LN2 cryopreserved carabao rumen bacteria was significantly effected by duration of hydrolysis (p>0.05). Three seed culture inoculants with species combinations of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus from low temperature cryopreservation had carbohydrates conversion efficiency that was insignificantly effected by composition of culture(MCI) while 64.84%, 38.27% and 30.52% efficiency of carbohydrates conversion of the mixture for bagasses of sweet sorghum, sugarcane, and rice straw showed that feedstock had significantly affected performances of the bacterial seed culture(p>0.05). Periodic testing revealed ethanol was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiea fermented carbohydrates of bagasses of sweet sorghum, sugarcane and rice straws hydrolyzed by frozen and thawed carabao rumen bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cryopreservation of Philippine carabao rumen bacteria and was vital in the elucidation of the nature of rumen bacteria as microbial inoculant in hydrolysis pretreatment of alternative feedstock intended for biofuel production.
Wages and Employment Growth: Disaggregated Evidence for West Germany

We address the effects of wages on employment growth on the basis of a theoretical model from which cost and demand effects can be derived. In the empirical analysis we take a highly disaggregated perspective and apply a newly developed shift-share regression technique on an exhaustive and very accurate data set for West Germany. The regression shows that the impact of regional wages on employment growth is significantly negative. There is some variation of this effect across sectors, but in no case we find support for the claim that an exogenous wage increase leads to higher employment growth.
The short-term effects of various xenografts on bone healing in rats cranial defects

Purpose: Xenografts can be used in dentistry and medicine for both clinical and experimental purposes. The goal of the investigation was to observe the short-term bone building outcomes of two xenografts (Gen Os and Gel 40) in the cranial bone defects in rats. Methods: Twelve rats were divided into two groups randomly, and a total of 24 parietal bone defects were created on the parietal bones. The symmetrical defects were in the critical size 5 mm and circular, which were treated with Gen Os in group 1, with Gel 40 in group 2, and symmetrical defects left empty as the controls. Rats were sacrificed 40 d after surgery, and the block sections, including the defects, were removed. The bone formation was assessed both histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: There was more bone building in the test groups when compared to the controls (p 0.05). A significant difference was also found among the three groups regarding the inflammation scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that both materials were osteoconductive, and more bone building was proved in the Gel 40 group.
Vitamin D Deficiency as a Nutritional Child Health Determinant

Vitamin D Deficiency as a Nutritional Child Health Determinant Jonathon L. Maguire MSc Clinical Epidemiology 2009 Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation University of Toronto Objective: This thesis aims to construct a framework for studying vitamin D deficiency in young Canadian children. Methods: A practice based research network was created to collect vitamin D data from children 1-5 years of age in Toronto, Canada (TARGet Kids! ). A cross-sectional pilot study was completed and a larger study proposed to determine the prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D. Results: The prevalence of low vitamin D (<50nmol/L) in the pilot study was 32% (29/92, 95% CI: 22-42%). Using multivariable linear regression, lower vitamin D level was associated with lower milk volume, higher BMI and watching TV during snacks. A larger study involving 2400 children 1-5 years of age has been proposed. Interpretation: Pilot data has suggested that 30-80% of toddlers in this setting have low vitamin D. A study to clarify these findings and form the basis of a large longitudinal vitamin D cohort has been proposed.
Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Associated Factors in First Episode Psychosis in Mzuzu in Northern Malawi

Objective: Early intervention is said to improve outcome in first episode psychosis, yet studies in developed countries have persistently found that many individuals with first episode psychosis delay significantly, before they access mental health services. Whether these findings apply to Malawi is not known. This study, therefore, aims to assess the average Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP), defined as the interval from first psychotic symptoms to first effective treatment, and assess factors that are associated with DUP in Mzuzu, Malawi. Methodology: The study was conducted in a catchment area with a population of 1,022,417. A total of 140 patients were recruited and assessed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID), schedule for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms, Beiser Scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). DUP was assessed using Beiser Scale, and in-depth interview from carers. Pearson Chi-square was used to analyse factors associated with DUP. Results: The mean DUP was 51.70 months. Low level of education, unemployment, diagnosis of schizophrenia, low GAF and negative symptoms were associated with a longer DUP. Most patients were assisted by family members in accessing services, and traditional healers were most commonly the first resource used. Those who first consulted traditional healers had a longer DUP than those who first consulted a health care service. Conclusion: The findings indicate that individuals with schizophrenia in Mzuzu have long Dup this could be due to difficulties in accessing health services and that several factors are associated with this delay.
Simulations of Dust in Interacting Galaxies. I. Dust Attenuation

A new Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, SUNRISE, is used in conjunction with hydrodynamic simulations of major galaxy mergers to calculate the effects of dust in such systems. Dust has a profound effect on the emerging radiation, consistent with observations of dust absorption in starburst galaxies. The dust attenuation increases with luminosity such that at peak luminosities ~90% of the bolometric luminosity is absorbed by dust. We find that our predictions agree with observed relationships between the UV spectral slope and the fraction of light absorbed by dust (IRX-β) and observational estimates of the optical depth as a function of intrinsic B-band or UV luminosity. In general, the detailed appearance of the merging event depends on the stage of the merger and the geometry of the encounter. The fraction of bolometric energy absorbed by the dust, however, is a robust quantity that can be predicted from the intrinsic properties bolometric luminosity, baryonic mass, star formation rate, and metallicity of the simulated system. This paper presents fitting formulae, valid over a wide range of masses and metallicities, from which the absorbed fraction of luminosity (and consequently also the infrared dust luminosity) can be predicted. The attenuation of the luminosity at specific wavelengths can also be predicted, albeit with a larger scatter due to the variation with viewing angle. These formulae for dust attenuation are consistent with earlier studies and would be suitable for inclusion in theoretical models, e.g., semianalytic models, of galaxy formation and evolution.
An Overview of Aid Effectiveness, Determinants and Strategies

This paper provides an overview of issues relating to aid effectiveness. It argues that it is impossible to give a definitive answer to the question of whether aid is effective, and that it is more useful to ask what can be done to make aid more effective. The paper then groups the various determinants of aid effectiveness, as well as strategies to improve effectiveness, under three headings: the performance of the recipient (developing) country government; the performance of the aid agency of the donor (developed) country; and the interaction between the two. This provides, it is argued, a useful framework within which to understand different and competing arguments about how to improve aid effectiveness.
Effects of Vegetation Thinning on Above‐ and Belowground Carbon in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Mexico

Mature tropical forests are disappearing and secondary forests are becoming more abundant, thus there is an increasing need to understand the ecology and management of secondary forests. In the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, seasonally dry tropical forests are subject to frequent fire, and early‐successional stands are extremely dense. We applied vegetation thinning (removal of all stems < 2 cm in diameter) to hasten secondary succession and open the understory to reduce the fire ladder in an 11‐yr‐old stand. We quantified the effect of vegetation thinning on above‐ and belowground carbon over 5 yr. Aboveground carbon included all standing vegetation and belowground carbon included fine roots and organic carbon in the Oi, Oe, and Oa soil horizons. Trees with diameter of 2–10 cm and > 10 cm had higher carbon accumulation rates in thinned plots than in control plots. Carbon stored in the Oi‐horizon and the Oe > 2 mm fraction remained significantly higher in thinned plots even 5 yr after treatment. Carbon in fine roots was significantly higher in thinned plots, and radiocarbon (14C) data suggest that fine roots in thinned plots were recently produced in comparison with fine roots in control plots. We did not find significant differences in total ecosystem carbon after 5 yr (126 ± 6 and 136 ± 8 Mg C/ha, respectively). These results suggest rapid carbon recovery and support the hypothesis that young tropical forests thinned to hasten succession and reduce the fire hazard may have only a short‐term negative impact on carbon accumulation in vegetation and soils.
Two-Source Energy Balance Model: Refinements and Lysimeter Tests in the Southern High Plains

A thermal two-source energy balance model (TSEB-N95) was evaluated for calculating daily evapotranspiration (ET) of corn, cotton, grain sorghum, and wheat in a semiarid, advective environment. Crop ET was measured with large, monolithic weighing lysimeters. The TSEB-N95 model solved the energy budget of soil and vegetation using a series resistance network, and one-time-of-day latent heat flux calculations were scaled to daily ET using the ASCE Standardized Reference ET equation for a short crop. The TSEB-N95 model included several refinements, including a geometric method to account for the nonrandom spatial distribution of vegetation for row crops with partial canopy cover, where crop rows were modeled as elliptical hedgerows. This geometric approach was compared to the more commonly used, semi-empirical clumping index approach. Both approaches resulted in similar ET calculations, but the elliptical hedgerow approach performed slightly better. Using the clumping index, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and mean bias error were 1.0 (22%), 0.79 (17%), and 0.093 (2.0%) mm d-1, respectively, between measured and calculated daily ET for all crops, where percentages were of the measured mean ET (4.62 mm d-1). Using the elliptical hedgerow, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, and mean bias error were 0.86 (19%), 0.69 (15%), and 0.17 (3.6%) mm d-1, respectively, between measured and calculated daily ET for all crops. The refinements to TSEB-N95 will improve the accuracy of remote sensing-based ET maps, which is imperative for water resource management.
Detection of Visual Abnormal Events via One-class SVM

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to detect abnormal events based on video streams. The algorithm is based on optical flow descriptor and one-class SVM classifier. The optical flow is computed at each pixel of the video frame, and the one-class SVM, after a learning period characterizing normal behavior, detects the abnorm al blobs in the current frame. As the algorithm is not based on object tracking, it can work in crowded scenes where the tracking-based methods might fail. Extensive testing o benchmark datasets corroborates the effectiveness of the proposed detection method.
Effect of Customized Probiotics on the Physiological and Immunological Responses of Juvenile Western King Prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896) Challenged with Vibrio harveyi

Juvenile western king prawn P. latisulcatus were fed 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of two probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa for 28 days. P. latisulcatus were then challenged with V. harveyi at 0 (control), 103, 105, and 107 CFU/mL. During the seven days of challenge, disease resistance of the probiotic-fed prawns was compared with that of prawns not fed probiotics. The immunological responses of the prawns did not improve during the challenge period in terms of total haemocyte count, hyalinocyte, semi-ganulocyte, granulocyte, clotting time, bacteraemia, and intestinal bacterial load. Overall, when prawns were challenged with V. harveyi, the LT50 values got shorter as V. harveyi concentration increased. LT50 values of prawns fed probiotics were significantly longer (P < 0.05) than those not fed probiotics. At a V. harveyi concentration of 103 CFU/mL, the 100% survival of the prawns fed probiotics was three times more likely than those of the prawns not fed probiotics.