Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nursing care in the chronic phase of COPD: a call for innovative disciplinary research.

AIM The literature on nursing care in nurse clinics that focus on chronic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is analysed and synthesised with the purpose of advancing research of practice in nurse clinics. BACKGROUND Along with the rising prevalence of COPD and a growing recognition of long-lasting, comprehensive and complex healthcare needs of people with COPD and their families, nurses are challenged to restructure their practice. METHODS An integrated review was conducted. The databases searched were NCBI's PubMed database, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science from 1996 to 2006. Terms searched were 'COPD' and 'nurse managed clinic' with all subheadings. A nurse had to be primary in managing and providing the services and the methodological approach was inclusive. RESULTS Of 385 potentially relevant papers, 20 papers reporting 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The methodological approach was diverse with randomised controlled trials being most common. Significant benefits from experimental treatments were seldom demonstrated. Nursing care in the chronic phase of COPD has mainly been conceptualised as: home-based respiratory care; self-management educational programmes and telephone service with influences of specialisation in respiratory nursing care on patients' outcomes as an emphasis as well. Family focus was not found in any of the studies. CONCLUSION Research on nurse clinics that focus on the chronic phase of COPD is in its infancy. Innovative research that addresses the structure and content of the nursing care is essential. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nursing care in nurse clinics that focus on the chronic phase of COPD needs to be based on nursing knowledge, evidence based, comprehensive, family-centred, focused on health and the health experience and be situated within the service system. Diversity, creativity and nursing values should prevail when developing nurse clinics for the purpose of creating possibilities to attend to the whole of patients' and their families' needs and experiences.
Behavioural and physiological stress responses to transportation in a group of Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus prezwalskii).

A variety of stimuli such as transportation can cause stress to animal. Stress is expressed differently by free-ranging, captive wildlife and domestic animals, and the response can be characteristic of the species. Via observation ofbehaviour and measurement of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), our research focused on the capture and reintroduction of Przewalski’shorses (Equus ferus przewalskii). The results showed that: (1) compared to pre-transportation behavior, one stallion and 5 females moved significantly moreand significantly decreased the time spent standing, stand resting, and drinking. The stallion mark excretion decreased significantly; and other behaviors showed no significant change. (2) The average FGM for female horses rose significantly from 22 hr pre-transportation to 24 hr post-transportation; the average FGM of the stallion also rose at respective times, and then declined. Seventy-two hours following transportation, all values returned to their respective baseline levels. In light of these results, we advise that the animal should be attentively cared for that the day of and the day following transportation. The recovering period length of FGM levelwas more similar to domestic animals than to other wildlife, which might be caused by nearly one hundred years of captive breeding of these horses. We believe that our results could be the basic data set, which can be used to compare with future monitoring data. Stress response of the Przewalski’shorse to transportation, as an artificial stimulus, can be used as a monitoring rewildingprocess method, which is also an indicator of the ultimately"rewilding".
The effect of variation on phonetic category learning

Introduction To understand speech, we must organize its natural variation into meaningful perceptual units that are appropriate to our language. Our perceptual systems divide the continuously varying speech signal into language-specific phonetic categories. For example, one linguistic parameter that varies continuously within and between languages is voicing, the vibration of the vocal cords. The timing of voicing onset relative to the release of the consonant is referred to as voice onset time (VOT). Different languages divide the voicing continuum differently, both in terms of the number of phonetic categories they specify within a continuum, and in terms of the specific VOTs that mark phoneme boundaries. For example, English has two alveolar stops /d/ and /t/ with mean voice onset times of 5 ms and 70 ms, respectively. In contrast, Thai divides alveolar stops into 3 categories /d/ (with mean VOT of -78 ms), /t/ (9 ms) and /th/ (65 ms; Lisker & Abramson, 1964). We perceive a continuous feature like VOT as specifying distinct, language-specific categories through categorical perception: Given the same magnitude of acoustic change, adult native speakers perceive a greater difference across the boundary between phonetic categories than within a phonetic category (e.g., Goldstone & Hendrickson, 2010; Liberman, Harris, Hoffman, & Griffith, 1957). Infants and adults learning English or Thai are faced with the task of learning how many alveolar stop categories their language has (two vs. three) and the specific VOT boundaries that distinguish these categories. In this paper we examine how adults learn the relevant phonetic categories for different languages. Learners face yet another challenge when learning phonetic categories. Although the speech signal varies on dozens of different dimensions, only some, such as voicing, are crucial to understanding a given language, while others are irrelevant to that language. For example, change in VOT could change “ten” into “den”, altering the meaning of the word, but a change in pitch does not affect word meaning in English. While pitch contours are irrelevant to word meaning in English, they are important for distinguishing tokens with different meanings in other languages. In Mandarin /ma/ with a flat pitch contour means mother, but /ma/ with a falling pitch contour means scold. Since languages differ in which dimensions of variation are linguistically relevant, listeners must learn which dimensions matter for the specific language they are learning. One commonly proposed model for general category learning, the exemplar model, can be applied to the acquisition of phonetic categories in speech (Pierrehumbert,
Validity of administrative data for characterizing traumatic brain injury-related hospitalizations

Primary objective: To examine the validity of Maryland Hospital Discharge (MHD) data for identifying and characterizing traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related hospitalizations. Methods: All TBI-related hospitalizations in 1999 were identified using MHD and Maryland Trauma Registry (MTR) data. In addition, a sample of records were abstracted to compare agreement between MHD and chart data. Results: The MHD file identified fewer TBI cases (61%) compared to the MTR (95%). Overall, TBI-related hospitalization rates based on MHD were significantly fewer (95; 95% CI 92, 98) vs MHD and MTR (144; 95% CI 140, 147). There was good agreement between the MHD and chart data regarding skull fractures or intracranial lesions (κ = 0.73 and 0.83, respectively), but poor agreement for neurologic abnormalities or amnesia. The MHD significantly underestimated TBI severity. Conclusions: TBI cases, especially mild ones, were under-reported by MHD data. MHD data are better at detecting anatomic injuries compared to TBI symptoms and sequella.
Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Bone – Histogenesis, Growth and Remodeling

Bones have three major functions: to serve as mechanical support, sites of muscle insertion and as a reserve of calcium and phosphate for the organism. Recently, a fourth function has been attributed to the skeleton: an endocrine organ. The organic matrix of bone is formed mostly of collagen, but also non-collagenous proteins. Hydroxyapatite crystals bind to both types of proteins. Most components of the bone matrix are synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Resorption of the bone matrix is required for adaptation to growth, repair and mineral mobilization. This process is performed by the macrophage-related osteoclast. Bone is remodeled throughout life through a coordinated sequence of events which involve the sequential actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, replacing old bone with new bone. In the normal adult skeleton, remodeling is coupled such that the level of resorption is equal to the level of formation and bone density remains constant. Intramembranous ossification is the process by which flat bones are formed. For this process, osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchymal cells to form the bone matrix. Long bones are formed by endochondral ossification, which is characterized by the presence of a cartilaginous model in which chondrocytes differentiate and mineralized cartilage is replaced with bone through remodeling.
Morphology and synaptic connections of crossed corticostriatal neurons in the rat

The neurons of origin of the bilateral corticostriatal projection arising from the medial agranular cortical field in rats were identified by antidromic activation from contralateral neostriatal stimulation. The same cells were tested for antidromic activation from the contralateral neocortex and for orthodromic responses to stimulation of neocortex of the contralateral hemisphere or ipsilateral rostral thalamus. The neurons were then stained by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. The laminar distribution of these neurons was compared to that of cortical cells stained retrogradely after injection of wheat germ agglutinin/HRP in the ipsilateral or contralateral neostriatum. The morphological features of physiologically identified corticostriatal neurons, their laminar organization, and their responses to stimulation were examined and compared with crossed corticocortical and brainstem‐projecting cells.
Fanconi Anemia : Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management 28 Test 1 : Chromosome Breakage in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Any physician who suspects that a patient may have Fanconi anemia (FA) should refer the patient to a hematologist and/or geneticist, who can arrange for diagnostic testing. The laboratory should be accredited and certified to perform FA testing for clinical care, and should have evaluated many patients with and without FA. Evaluating a large number of patients enables a laboratory to validate its FA testing procedures, and to establish ranges for normal and abnormal test results. The recommended testing procedures are outlined in the flow chart in Figure 1.
DEVELOPMENT & VALIDATION OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF IRBESARTAN AND ITS RELATED IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICAL TABLETS

A novel isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the determination of purity of Irbesartan drug substance in bulk samples and its pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its impurities. This method is capable of separating related impurities along with Irbesartan. This method can be also be used for the estimation of assay of Irbesartan in drug substance as well as in single tablet formulation. Two impurities were detected in drug sample by HPLC analysis. The chromatographic conditions were optimized using an impurity-spiked solution. MS and IR method was used for the identification of impurities. The structure of the impurities were confirmed as 2-Cyano-4'-bromomethyl biphenyl and 2-n-butyl-1, 3-diazaspiro [4, 4]-non-1-ene-4-one. The method was subsequently validated for the determination of Irbesartan and its related compounds, as per ICH guidelines, for accuracy, precision, linearity and range, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The LOD for Irbesartan, Impurity 1 and Impurity 2 was found to be 18. 51µg/ml or ppm, 16. 033µg/ml or ppm and 16. 069µg/ml or ppm respectively while LOQ was found to be 56. 098µg/ml or ppm, 48. 587µg/ml or ppm and 48. 69µg/ml or ppm respectively.
Bilingual Physical Education in English. Opinion and Qualiication of PE Teachers of Primary Education

espanolEl objetivo de esta investigacion fue conocer las opiniones de los maestros de Educacion Fisica (EF) acerca de la EF bilingue y saber si se sentian cualificados para impartir EF en ingles. Participaron 30 individuos con la titulacion de Maestro de Educacion Primaria (especialidad EF). Se utilizo el 'Cuestionario sobre la formacion bilingue del profesorado de Educacion Fisica'. Se llevo a cabo un analisis estadistico mediante SPSS-22: estadisticos descriptivos, test de Shapiro-Wilk, prueba U de Mann-Whitney, y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. La mayoria de los maestros de la muestra presentaban opiniones positivas hacia la EF bilingue, aunque no tenian mucha experiencia ensenando de forma bilingue y no estaban suficientemente preparados para impartir ensenanza bilingue. Seria recomendable disenar y llevar a cabo programas educativos para mejorar la cualificacion de los maestros de educacion fisica para impartir ensenanza bilingue, verificando la efectividad de estos programas. EnglishThe purpose of this research was to survey the opinions of Primary Education PE Teachers about bilingual PE and to find out if they felt confident to teach PE in English. The study sample consisted of 30 individuals, all with a Teaching Diploma in Primary Education (specialty PE). The instrument used was the 'Questionnaire on Bilingual Qualification of Physical Education Teachers'. Statistical analyses were performed through SPSS-22: descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis H test. Most PE teachers surveyed had positive opinions about bilingual PE, but did not have much experience in bilingual teaching and were not sufficiently prepared to deliver classes in English. It would be recommendable to design and carry out educational programs in order to improve the qualification of PE teachers to teach bilingually, checking the effectiveness of these programs.
Expression and promoter analysis of Xenopus DMRT1 and functional characterization of the transactivation property of its protein

The doublesex and mab‐3‐related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) is involved in testis formation in a variety of vertebrates. In the teleost fish, Medaka, DMY/DMRT1Y on the Y chromosome, a duplicate of the autosomal DMRT1 gene, is characterized as a sex‐determining gene. We report here the characterization of the Xenopus DMRT1 genes. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis revealed that X. laevis DMRT1 was expressed throughout the embryo during early development and was restricted to the primordial gonads after embryogenesis. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization analysis of the gene confirmed its specific expression in the primordial gonads. To study the transcriptional control of DMRT1 gene expression, we isolated the predicted promoter region of X. tropicalis DMRT1 using databases for this species. Analysis of transgenic tadpoles with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter showed that approximately 3 kb of the 5′‐flanking sequence of the DMRT1 gene was implicated in DMRT1 expression in the primordial gonads. We also showed that the C‐terminal region of DMRT1 functioned as a transactivation domain in cultured cells, by a luciferase reporter assay using fusion proteins with the DNA‐binding domain of GAL4. These findings suggest that DMRT1 functions as an activator of one or more genes involved in sex determination or gonadal differentiation.
Wave Attenuation by Sea Ice Turbulence

The dissipation of wave energy in the marginal ice zone is often attributed to wave scattering and the dissipative mechanisms associated with the ice layer. In this study we present observations indicating that turbulence generated by the differential velocity between the sea ice cover and the orbital wave motion may be an important dissipative mechanism of wave energy. Through field measurements of under‐ice turbulence dissipation rates in pancake and frazil ice, it is shown that turbulence‐induced wave attenuation coefficients are in agreement with observed wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone. The results suggest that the turbulence‐induced attenuation rates can be parameterized by the characteristic wave properties and a coefficient. The coefficient is determined by the ice layer properties.
ATTENUATION OF PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AFTER EXPOSURE TO BLAST OVERPRESSURE BY N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AMIDE

Lung contusion is a common problem from blunt chest trauma caused by mechanical forces and by exposure to blast overpressure, often with fatal consequences. Lung contusion is also a risk factor for the development of pneumonia, severe clinical acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Infiltrating neutrophils are considered to be central mediators of lung injuries after blunt trauma. Recent studies have demonstrated that antioxidants reduced pulmonary inflammation in different models of lung damage. This study examined the effect of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) on the progression of lung inflammation after exposure to a moderate level of blast overpressure (140 kPa). Rats were administered with NACA (i.p. 100 mg/kg) or placebo (PBS) 30, 60 min and 24 h after exposure. Nonblasted sham-injected animals served as controls. Neutrophil infiltration measured by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung was significantly increased at 2 days after blast and returned to controls at 8 days. This increase corresponded with activation of integrin CD11b mRNA and lung inflammatory chemokine mRNA expression; macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1). At 8 days, all inflammatory mediators returned to control levels. In addition, expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA increased at 2 days after exposure. No changes were detected in the lung manganase superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) or glutathione reductase (GR) mRNA expression after blast. N-Acetylcysteine amide significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophils and CD11b mRNA activation in lungs, and completely blocked activation of MIP-1, MCP-1 and CINC-1 mRNA. The relatively higher inhibition of chemokine mRNAs compared with reduction in MPO activity and CD11b is in accordance with an antioxidant effect of NACA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, rather than by an effect on neutrophil sequestration. The inhibition of HO-1 mRNA activation after blast was likely also related to the drug antioxidant effect.
Shunt resistance and ion permeabilities in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

A method for determination of shunt resistance (Rs) and absolute conductive ion permeabilities of the apical membrane in epithelia from steady-state data is described. The method assumes that the currents are satisfactorily described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz regime. Its application requires measurements of standard transepithelial electrophysiological parameters and of one or more intracellular ion activities. It is applicable under both open- and short-circuit conditions. The method was tested in an electrophysiological analysis of cultured normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) human nasal epithelium. In 15 normal and 10 CF preparations with mean transepithelial resistances of 338 and 427 omega.cm2, Rs was 412 and 623 omega.cm2, respectively. The Rs values determined with the present method were strongly correlated (r = 0.94) with those obtained with another method available in the electrophysiological literature but were as a mean 20% lower. Amiloride increased Rs by 25% in CF and by 8% in normal preparations. In normal preparations, the apical Cl permeability (PCla) was 3.6 x 10(-6) cm/s, and the apical Na permeability (PNaa) was 1.6 x 10(-6) cm/s. In CF preparations, PCla was reduced to a maximum of 2.3 x 10(-7) cm/s, whereas PNaa was increased to 6.2 x 10(-6) cm/s. The apical membrane electromotive force was -1 mV in normal and 43 mV in CF preparations. It is concluded that the method can be used to calculate Rs, apical membrane ion permeabilities, and electromotive forces from steady-state electrophysiological data.
A New Graphical Representation and Its Application in Similarity/Dissimilarity Analysis of DNA Sequences

The JZ-curve, a new graphical expression of the gene sequence, is introduced. This representation not only avoids the limitations associated with crossing and overlapping, but also retains the biological information of gene sequences. At the same time, we constructed a new characteristic matrix, named J/J matrix. Simultaneously, the J/J characteristic matrix based on JZ-curve can describe the chemical characteristic and the biological significance of gene sequences. The examination of similarities/dissimilarities among the coding sequences of the first exon of &#946;-globin gene of different species illustrates the utility of the approach.
Spinal Solitary Fibrous Tumors: A Series of Four Patients: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:Intraspinal solitary fibrous tumors, which are rare mesenchymal tumors, have previously been reported as case reports. We review our experience and, to our knowledge, the first small institutional series with respect to clinical presentation, diagnosis, surgical management, pathohistological analysis, progression-free survival, and long-term outcome. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:In this retrospective review, four patients (three male and one female) ranging in age from 17 to 59 years (mean, 38.5 yr) had spinal solitary fibromas located throughout the spinal canal. Three tumors were located in the thoracic region and one in the cervical spine. All patients presented with pain and paresthesia. Two patients had an associated spinal deformity. All had gross total resection as confirmed by postoperative imaging studies. INTERVENTION:All four patients underwent surgical treatment for spinal solitary fibromas. None of these patients underwent irradiation or chemotherapy after surgery at our center; therefore, outcome was attributed to surgery alone. There were no surgical deaths, and the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 100%. At the most recent follow-up examination, neurological function was stable or improved in 90% of patients. CONCLUSION:Patients with solitary fibrous tumors have a long survival. These tumors have an indolent course, and radiotherapy or chemotherapy seems to be unnecessary.