Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Body Weight and Depression: A Simultaneous Equation Approach

Obesity and depression are two major public health concerns that involving a huge population around the world. This study investigates the mutual causality relation between obesity and depression for both males and females. Data for this study are drawn from the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and an ordered probability simultaneous equation system is developed to accommodate the ordinal nature of body weight categories and its relation to depression. Results suggest body weight is positively associated with the risk to be depressed while depression in return, has positive effects on body weight for both males and females, and females are more sensible to the effects of depression on body weight. In addition, socio-demographic factors are found to vary significantly between gender, and factors of age, income, race, education, employment, marriage and health status play important roles in affecting body weight.
Optimal non-asymptotic bound of the Ruppert-Polyak averaging without strong convexity

This paper is devoted to the non-asymptotic control of the mean-squared error for the Ruppert-Polyak stochastic averaged gradient descent introduced in the seminal contributions of [Rup88] and [PJ92]. In our main results, we establish non-asymptotic tight bounds (optimal with respect to the Cramer-Rao lower bound) in a very general framework that includes the uniformly strongly convex case as well as the one where the function f to be minimized satisfies a weaker Kurdyka-Lojiasewicz-type condition [Loj63, Kur98]. In particular, it makes it possible to recover some pathological examples such as on-line learning for logistic regression (see [Bac14]) and recursive quan-tile estimation (an even non-convex situation). Finally, our bound is optimal when the decreasing step (γn) n≥1 satisfies: γn = γn −β with β = 3/4, leading to a second-order term in O(n −5/4).
DETECTION OF SUPERSONIC DOWNFLOWS AND ASSOCIATED HEATING EVENTS IN THE TRANSITION REGION ABOVE SUNSPOTS

Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph data allow us to study the solar transition region (TR) with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 0. ″33. On 2013 August 30, we observed bursts of high Doppler shifts suggesting strong supersonic downflows of up to 200 km s−1 and weaker, slightly slower upflows in the spectral lines Mg ii h and k, C ii 1336, Si iv 1394 Å, and 1403 Å, that are correlated with brightenings in the slitjaw images (SJIs). The bursty behavior lasts throughout the 2 hr observation, with average burst durations of about 20 s. The locations of these short-lived events appear to be the umbral and penumbral footpoints of EUV loops. Fast apparent downflows are observed along these loops in the SJIs and in the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, suggesting that the loops are thermally unstable. We interpret the observations as cool material falling from coronal heights, and especially coronal rain produced along the thermally unstable loops, which leads to an increase of intensity at the loop footpoints, probably indicating an increase of density and temperature in the TR. The rain speeds are on the higher end of previously reported speeds for this phenomenon, and possibly higher than the free-fall velocity along the loops. On other observing days, similar bright dots are sometimes aligned into ribbons, resembling small flare ribbons. These observations provide a first insight into small-scale heating events in sunspots in the TR.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GAS METALLICITY FOR STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE MAIN GALAXY SAMPLE OF SDSS DR7

Using two volume-limited samples of the Main Galaxy sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 with luminosities of −20.5 ⩽ Mr⩽ −18.5 and −22.5 ⩽ Mr⩽ −20.5, respectively, I explore the correlation between environment and gas metallicity for star-forming galaxies. Overall, results indicate that galaxies in the lowest density regime preferentially have lower gas metallicity than galaxies in the densest regimes, and that the correlation between environment and gas metallicity is fundamental.
Natural History Museum Visitors' Understanding of Evolution

ABSTRACT Natural history museums are the principal repositories of the collections that represent much of the objective evidence for evolution. With approximately 50 million visitors annually, US natural history museums can significantly influence the public's understanding of evolution. Here we present the results of a study that investigated the knowledge of key evolutionary concepts exhibited by high-school students and adults who visited natural history museums. Ninety-five percent of the study participants understood relative geological time (superposition), but only 30 percent explained biological change (microevolution) in terms of natural selection, and 11 percent explicitly rejected evolution. In general, museum visitors have an incomplete understanding of evolutionary concepts. For example, while participants have a good understanding that fossils represent evidence for evolution, they have a poor understanding of the mechanisms of evolution. Natural history museums can foster visitors' understanding of evolution by integrating this content—particularly concepts that are difficult to understand—throughout all relevant exhibits and public programs.
Influence of Structure on Fatty Acid Ester- Alkane Interactions

The activity coefficients of alkane structures in various types of fatty acid ester solvents was measured in order to determine the effect of bond interactions between these two chemical species. It is important to understand the mechanics of these interactions for absorber system design. Activity coefficients were determined by use of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet designed for this purpose. It was determined that the length of the ester chain, as well as ester chain saturation had an impact on activity coefficients, in that saturated ester chains and longer ester chains yielded lower activity coefficients. Multiple branched cycloalkanes yielded lower activity coefficients than straight chain hydrocarbons and un- branched cycloalkanes. It was also noted that the location of the carboxyl group in the ester chain had no influence on activity coefficients.
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistron Similarities and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homologies of Neisseria , Kingella , Eikenella, Simonsiella, Alysiella, and Centers for Disease Control Groups EF-4 and M-5 in the Emended Family Neisseriaceae

We detected distinct taxonomic relationships among the true Neisseria species, Kingella kingae, Kingella denitrificans, Eikenella corrodens, all Simonsiella species, the type strain of Alysiella filiformis, and members of Centers for Disease Control groups EF-4 and M-5. All these taxa constitute one large separate cluster having high levels of ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarity (thermal denaturation temperature range, 74 to 81°C) in ribosomal ribonucleic acid superfamily III. There are at least four subbranches. We found high deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA homology values between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and some other true Neisseria species and within the following species: Simonsiella muelleri, Simonsiella crassa, Simonsiella steedae, Kingella denitrificans, and Eikenella corrodens. All of the members of this large cluster have genome base compositions in the range from 42.8 to 57.7 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The molecular complexities of the genomic DNAs are 2.2 x 109 to 2.7 x 109 for Simonsiella and Alysiella species and 1.4 x 109 to 1.8 x 109 for the other members of this large cluster. We formally propose that this large cluster represents the emended family Neisseriaceae containing the following genera and groups: Neisseria, Kingella (not the generically misnamed Kingella indologenes), Eikenella, Simonsiella, Alysiella (not some misnamed strains), and Centers for Disease Control groups EF-4 and M-5. The genera and subgenera Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Branhamella, Psychrobacter, the false neisseriae, and Kingella indologenes should be removed from the Neisseriaceae, as they belong to superfamilies I and II.
Quality of Life among Persons Aged 60-84 Years in Europe: The Role of Psychological Abuse and Socio-Demographic, Social and Health Factors

Background: Elder abuse and its effects are a serious public health issue. However, little is known about the relation between psychological abuse, other factors (e.g. social support) and quality of life (QoL) by domain. This study addressed differences in QoL by domain between psychologically abused and non-abused. While considering other factors such as social support. Methods: The respondents were 4,467 (2,559 women) randomly selected persons aged 60-84 years living in 7 European cities. The mean response across countries was 45.2%. The cross-sectional data were analyzed with bivariate/multivariate methods. Results: Abused respondents contrasted to non-abused scored lower in QoL (autonomy, 67.42 ± 21.26 vs. 72.39 ± 19.58; intimacy, 55.31 ± 31.15 vs. 67.21 ± 28.55; past/present/future activities, 62.79 ± 19.62 vs. 68.05 ± 18.09; social participation, 65.03 ± 19.84 vs. 68.21 ± 19.77). Regressions showed that abuse was negatively associated with autonomy, intimacy and past/present/future activities, and positively with the social participation. All QoL dimensions were negatively associated with country and depressive/anxiety symptoms, and positively with social support. Further, variables such as age, sex and somatic symptoms were negatively associated with some of the QoL dimensions and others such as family structure, education, health care use and drinking positively. The regression model “explained” 32.8% of the variation in autonomy, 45.6% in intimacy, 44.8% in past/present/future activities and 41.5% in social participation. Conclusions: Abuse was linked to lower QoL in most domains, but other factors such as depressive symptoms also carried a negative impact. Social support and to some extent family structure had a “protective” effect on QoL. Abuse, health indicators (e.g. depressive symptoms) and social support should be considered in addressing the QoL of older persons. However, QoL was influenced by many factors, which could not be firmly disentangled due to the crosssectional approach, calling for longitudinal research to address causality.
Fisher's scaling relation above the upper critical dimension

Fisher's fluctuation-response relation is one of four famous scaling formulae and is consistent with a vanishing correlation-function anomalous dimension above the upper critical dimension dc. However, it has long been known that numerical simulations deliver a negative value for the anomalous dimension there. Here, the apparent discrepancy is attributed to a distinction between the system-length and correlation- or characteristic-length scales. On the latter scale, the anomalous dimension indeed vanishes above dc and Fisher's relation holds in its standard form. However, on the scale of the system length, the anomalous dimension is negative and Fisher's relation requires modification. Similar investigations at the upper critical dimension, where dangerous irrelevant variables become marginal, lead to an analogous pair of Fisher relations for logarithmic-correction exponents. Implications of a similar distinction between length scales in percolation theory above dc and for the Ginzburg criterion are briefly discussed.
Isoprene emission characteristics of Quercus serrata in a deciduous broad-leaved forest

We conducted field measurements of isoprene emissions from sunlit and shaded leaves of Quercus serrata, which is one of the major tree species in Japan. The measurements were conducted at the Yamashiro Flux Tower site in a deciduous broad-leaved forest. In June 2006, the isoprene emission rate (I), together with the net assimilation rate (A) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), was measured using a leaf cuvette. The experimental results demonstrated that I peaked at around noon for both the sunlit and shaded leaves, while A of the sunlit leaves peaked in the morning with a subsequent gradual decline. Consequently, the ratio of carbon emitted as isoprene to carbon fixed by photosynthesis (carbon ratio) increased during the afternoon. Data sets obtained at PPFD values higher than 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 revealed that highly correlated with the leaf temperature. The averages of the basal emission rate IS, calculated using the Guenther algorithm (G93), were 42.9 and 20.5 nmol m-2 s-1, respectively, for the sunlit and shaded leaves of Q. serrata. Our result indicates that Q. serrata should be categorized as a strong isoprene emitter. The measured I value estimated by the G93 model was consistent with the I value within a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 4 nmol m-2 s-1, suggesting that the G93 model can be used to determine the isoprene emission response of Q. serrata to PPFD and the leaf temperature.
The Excess Winter Deaths Measure Why Its Use Is Misleading for Public Health Understanding of Cold-related Health Impacts

Background: excess winter deaths, the ratio between average daily deaths in December–March versus other months, is a measure commonly used by public health practitioners and analysts to assess health burdens associated with wintertime weather. We seek to demonstrate that this measure is fundamentally biased and can lead to misleading conclusions about health impacts associated with current and future winter climate. Methods: time series regression analysis of 779,372 deaths from natural causes in london over 15 years (1 august 1997–31 July 2012),collapsed by day of death and linked to daily temperature values. the outcome measures were the excess winter deaths index, and daily and annual deaths attributable specifically to cold. Results: Most of the excess winter deaths are driven by cold: the excess winter deaths index decreased from 1.19 to 1.07 after excluding deaths attributable to low temperatures. Over 40% of cold-attribut-able deaths occurred outside of the December–March period, leading to bias in the excess winter deaths measure. although there was no relationship between winter severity and annual excess winter deaths, there was a clear correlation with annual cold-attributable deaths. Conclusions: excess winter deaths is not an appropriate indicator of cold-related health impacts, and its use should be discontinued. We advocate alternative measures. the findings we present bring into doubt previous claims that cold-related deaths in the UK will not reduce in future as a result of climate change.
SHIP COLLISION ON OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES by andreea

• Human error: the direction of the ship is towards the wind farm and is maintained until the ship collides an OWT, without taking any measures to prevent the collision. • Machinery breakdown. Steering failure: in this case the rudder is blocked and the ship will navigate in circles with a radius which depends on the position of the rudder at the moment when it was blocked and on the underkeel clearance. Failure of propulsion: when the propulsion system fails, the ship will start drifting. The drift direction is infl uenced by the current and wind direction. If a drifting ship moves toward a wind turbine a collision event may occur. • Weather conditions: in case of fog or rough water, the visibility can be drastically reduced and a collision event may occur.
New spectroscopic and polarimetric observations of the A0 supergiant HD 92207

Our recent search for the presence of a magnetic field in the bright early A-type supergiant HD 92207 using FORS 2 in spectropolarimetric mode revealed the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of the order of a few hundred Gauss. However, the definite confirmation of the magnetic nature of this object remained pending due to the detection of shortterm spectral variability probably affecting the position of line profiles in left- and right-hand polarized spectra. We present new magnetic field measurements of HD 92207 obtained on three different epochs in 2013 and 2014 using FORS 2 in spectropolarimetric mode. A 3σ detection of the mean longitudinal magnetic field using the entire spectrum, 〈Bz〉all = 104 ± 34 G, was achieved in observations obtained in 2014 January. At this epoch, the position of the spectral lines appeared stable. Our analysis of spectral line shapes recorded in opposite circularly polarized light, i.e. in light with opposite sense of rotation, reveals that line profiles in the light polarized in a certain direction appear slightly split. The mechanism causing such a behaviour in the circularly polarized light is currently unknown. Trying to settle the issue of short-term variability, we searched for changes in the spectral line profiles on a time scale of 8–10 min using HARPS polarimetric spectra and on a time scale of 3–4 min using time series obtained with the CORALIE spectrograph. No significant variability was detected on these time scales during the epochs studied. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Technology acceptance models in gerontechnology

— Successful introduction of IT technology is usually described by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which consists of four latent variables with specified interrelations. Measurement takes place by means of subjective rating scales. Though many extensions of the basic model have been proposed, almost none of them can successfully predict actual usage in daily life of IT products. Based on a range of empirical studies, making use of triangulation measurement, it is shown that there are a multitude of phenomena in the design and operation of telemedicine applications that escape measurement according to the TAM methodology. An outline of the design trajectory of telemedicine applications is given, together with recommendations for design procedures that may considerable improve the chances of success for telemedicine.
Improved oscillator strengths and wavelengths for Os I and Ir I, and new results on early r-process nucleosynthesis ?

The radioactive decay of 238 Ua nd 232 Th has recently been used to determine ages for some of the oldest stars in the Universe. This has highlighted the need for accurate observational constraints on production models for the heaviest r-process elements which might serve as stable references, notably osmium and iridium. In order to provide a firmer basis for the observed abundances, we have performed laser-induced fluorescence measurements and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy to determine new radiative lifetimes and branching fractions for selected levels in Os I and Ir I. From these data, we determine new absolute oscillator strengths and improved wavelengths for 18 Os I and 4 Ir I lines. A reanalysis of VLT spectra of CS 31082-001 and new results for other stars with Os and Ir detections show that (i): the lines in the UV and 4260 A yield reliable Os abundances, while those at 4135, 4420 A are heavily aected by blending; (ii): the Os and Ir abundances are identical in all the stars; (iii): the heavy-element abundances in very metal-poor stars conform closely to the scaled solar r-process pattern throughout the range 56 Z 77; and (iv): neither Os or Ir nor any lighter species are suitable as reference elements for the radioactive decay of Th and U.
Upper Cretaceous Benthic Foraminifers and Paleoenvironments, Southern Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean

Over 200 species of benthic foraminifers are recorded from three Ocean Drilling Program sites on the Southern Kerguelen Plateau drilled during Leg 120. They represent environments of deposition from neritic to bathyal during the Cenomanian to Maestrichtian. Many species are left in open nomenclature. Analysis of planktonic percentage, dominance/diversity, and comparison of faunal composition and structure shows that at all sites there is strong evidence of deepening water with time. The sediments at Sites 747 and 750 accumulated dominantly in open-ocean conditions of generally bathyal depths, increasing with time. The deepest faunas may represent lower bathyal depths. At Site 748C, deposition began in marine conditions so shallow that there is no foraminiferal component at all and the environment may have been estuarine or salt marsh, in part with reducing conditions. After the Cenomanian/Turonian, conditions became more open marine, but waters were still very shallow so that planktonic percentage remains low. Indexes other than foraminiferal suggest that the Kerguelen Plateau was vegetated through much of the Upper Cretaceous and that there may always have been islands or larger expanses of the plateau surface exposed.
Numerical study of the disordered Poland–Scheraga model of DNA denaturation

We numerically study the binary disordered Poland–Scheraga model of DNA denaturation, in the regime where the pure model displays a first-order transition (loop exponent c = 2.15>2). We use a Fixman–Freire scheme for the entropy of loops and consider chain length up to N = 4 × 105, with averages over 104 samples. We present in parallel the results of various observables for two boundary conditions, namely bound–bound (bb) and bound–unbound (bu), because they present very different finite-size behaviours, both in the pure case and in the disordered case. Our main conclusion is that the transition remains first order in the disordered case: in the (bu) case, the disorder averaged energy and contact densities present crossings for different values of N without rescaling. In addition, we obtain that these disorder averaged observables do not satisfy finite-size scaling, as a consequence of strong sample to sample fluctuations of the pseudo-critical temperature. For a given sample, we propose a procedure to identify its pseudo-critical temperature, and show that this sample then obeys first order transition finite-size scaling behaviour. Finally, we obtain that the disorder averaged critical loop distribution is still governed by P(l)∼1/lc in the regime , as in the pure case.
STREAMER WAVES DRIVEN BY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

Between 2004 July 5 and July 7, two intriguing fast coronal mass ejection (CME)–streamer interaction events were recorded by the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph. At the beginning of the events, the streamer was pushed aside from its equilibrium position upon the impact of the rapidly outgoing and expanding ejecta; then, the streamer structure, mainly the bright streamer belt, exhibited elegant large-scale sinusoidal wavelike motions. The motions were apparently driven by the restoring magnetic forces resulting from the CME impingement, suggestive of magnetohydrodynamic kink mode propagating outward along the plasma sheet of the streamer. The mode is supported collectively by the streamer-plasma sheet structure and is therefore named “streamer wave” in the present study. With the white light coronagraph data, we show that the streamer wave has a period of about 1 hr, a wavelength varying from 2 to 4 solar radii, an amplitude of about a few tens of solar radii, and a propagating phase speed in the range 300–500 km s−1. We also find that there is a tendency for the phase speed to decline with increasing heliocentric distance. These observations provide good examples of large-scale wave phenomena carried by coronal structures and have significance in developing seismological techniques for diagnosing plasma and magnetic parameters in the outer corona.