Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sustainability Assessment: The Definition Deficit

ABSTRACT Much work has focused on the development of indicator sets to monitor changes in the sustainability of transport. Such indicator sets are however, often quite divorced from those used in decision-making and fail to include clear sustainability goals to work towards. This research describes the development of a sustainability appraisal framework in conjunction with a series of key decision-makers in England. A case study of a real set of strategy options tested in a metropolitan area is outlined and the results used to assess the extent to which current strategy development in the United Kingdom produces the information required to both assess and communicate progress towards sustainability. The results suggest that although sustainability exists as a concept, it is poorly defined. This definition deficit has serious implications for the types of strategies tested. First, information on some aspects of sustainability is not produced and so these aspects are marginalized. Secondly, the lack of policy goals and the dominant welfare economics assessment paradigm allow unsustainable strategies to be justified provided they perform better than an unsustainable ‘do-minimum’. The paper concludes with some recommendations for the policy and research communities to bridge the current gap in thinking.
Effects of Anti‐Lyt Antibodies on T‐Cell Functions *

Mouse thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphoid cell populations by cell surface markers. Among these, the Lyt-1, Lyt-2, and Lyt3 antigens have been extensively characterized (Boyse et al. 1968, 1971, Itakura et al. 1972). T lymphocytes with different functions can be distinguished by their Lyt phenotype (Cantor & Boyse 1975a, Shiku et al. 1975). It has been widely accepted that helper T lymphocytes and delayed-type hypersensitivity effector cells express the Lyt 1*2̂ 3" phenotype, whereas cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and suppressor cells express the Lyt r2*3* phenotype. Recent findings indicate that all T cells bear Lyt-1 antigens, and thus CTL, express the Lyt 1*2*3* phenotype (Shiku et al. 1976, Wettstein et al. 1979, Nakayama et al. 1979, Ledbetter et al. 1980). In spite of the disagreement regarding the absolute amounts of Lyt-1 and Lyt-2/3 on the cell surface, there is little doubt, that by using anti-Lyt antibodies and complement to deplete antigen-bearing cells, different T cell functional populations can be demonstrated.
Adverse effect on a referral intensive care unit's performance of accepting patients transferred from another intensive care unit*

Objective:To determine whether observed and predicted mortality for intensive care unit (ICU) transfer admissions is different from non-ICU transfer admissions and how that might affect ICU performance evaluation. Design, Setting, and Patients:We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 3,416 patients admitted to our tertiary referral ICU from January 1995 to December 2001 and evaluated the effect on our performance (based on the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II risk model) of accepting patients transferred from another hospital's ICU. Main Results:During the study period, 597 patients (17%) had been transferred from a non-ICU setting in another hospital (hospital transfer) and 408 (12%) from another hospital's ICU (ICU transfer). ICU mortality and standardized mortality ratios were significantly higher for ICU-transfer patients than for hospital-transfer or directly admitted patients: 34% vs. 23% vs. 17% (p < .0001) and 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.08), 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.95), and 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.68), respectively. ICU-transfer patients had 3.6-fold longer mean ICU stays and 1.9-fold longer durations of mechanical ventilation than directly admitted patients. Hospital-transfer (odds ratio = 1.89) and ICU-transfer patients (odds ratio = 2.41) had significantly higher mortality rates, even after adjustment for case mix and disease severity. Consequently, a benchmarking program adjusting only for these latter variables, but not admission source, would penalize our ICU by 39 excess deaths per 1,000 admissions as compared with another ICU admitting no transfer patients. Finally, patients transferred from the ward of another hospital had significantly higher mortality rates (odds ratio = 1.56) as compared with patients directly admitted from the ward of our hospital, confirming the “transfer effect” for this homogeneous patients' subgroup. Conclusions:Admission source remains a strong and independent predictor of ICU death, despite adjustment for case mix and disease severity at ICU admission. Specifically, accepting numerous ICU-transfer patients, for whom the probability of ICU death is the most underestimated by a system adjusting only for case mix and disease severity, can adversely affect the evaluation of referral centers' performance. Future benchmarking and profiling systems should evaluate and adequately account for the ICU-transfer factor to provide healthcare payers and consumers with more accurate and valid information on the true performance of referral centers.
AMP-Forming Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase in the Outermost Membrane of the Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis

ABSTRACT Ignicoccus hospitalis, a hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic crenarchaeon was found to possess a new CO2 fixation pathway, the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. The primary acceptor molecule for this pathway is acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is regenerated in the cycle via the characteristic intermediate 4-hydroxybutyrate. In the presence of acetate, acetyl-CoA can alternatively be formed in a one-step mechanism via an AMP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). This enzyme was identified after membrane preparation by two-dimensional native PAGE/SDS-PAGE, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight tandem mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. The ACS of I. hospitalis exhibits a molecular mass of ∼690 kDa with a monomeric molecular mass of 77 kDa. Activity tests on isolated membranes and bioinformatic analyses indicated that the ACS is a constitutive membrane-associated (but not an integral) protein complex. Unexpectedly, immunolabeling on cells of I. hospitalis and other described Ignicoccus species revealed that the ACS is localized at the outermost membrane. This perfectly coincides with recent results that the ATP synthase and the H2:sulfur oxidoreductase complexes are also located in the outermost membrane of I. hospitalis. These results imply that the intermembrane compartment of I. hospitalis is not only the site of ATP synthesis but may also be involved in the primary steps of CO2 fixation.
Metamorphic GaAsP and InGaP Solar Cells on GaAs

We have investigated wide-bandgap, metamorphic GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> and In<i>y</i>Ga<sub>1-</sub><i>y</i>P solar cells on GaAs as potential subcell materials for future 4-6 junction devices. We identified and characterized morphological defects in tensile GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> graded buffers that lead to a local reduction in carrier collection and a global increase in threading dislocation density (TDD). Through adjustments to the graded buffer structure, we minimized the formation of morphological defects and, hence, obtained TDDs ≈ 10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> for films with lattice mismatch ≤1.2%. Metamorphic In<i>y</i>Ga<sub>1-</sub><i>y</i> P solar cells were grown on these optimized GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> graded buffers with bandgaps (<i>Eg</i>) as high as 2.07 eV and open-circuit voltages (<i>Voc</i>) as large as 1.49 V. Such high bandgap materials will be necessary to serve as the top subcell in future 4-6 junction devices. We have also shown that the relaxed GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> itself could act as an efficient lower subcell in a multijunction device. GaAs<sub>0.66</sub>P<sub>0.34</sub> single-junction solar cells with <i>Eg</i> = 1.83 eV were fabricated with <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> = 1.28 V. Taken together, we have demonstrated that GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> graded buffers are an appropriate platform for low-TDD, metamorphic GaAs<sub>1-</sub><i>x</i>P<i>x</i> and In<i>y</i>Ga<sub>1-</sub><i>y</i>P solar cells, covering a wide bandgap range.
The effects of chromatic aberration on the performance of GaInP/GaAs/Ge concentrator solar cells from Fresnel optics

Results are reported for the effects of chromatic aberration on the electrical performance of triple junction (3J), GalnP/GaAs/Ge concentrator solar cells for indoor measurements. A Fresnel lens was moved away from the solar cell such that the concentration level increased, and then decreased while the lens-to-cell distance continued to increase. From such movement, the FF exhibited a series of minima and maxima in the region where light is apparently focused as determined by the naked eye. These effects are due to chromatic aberrations that affect the FF, and to some extent, the subcell short circuit currents in the 3J stack. Aberrations can drive the 3J device in a top cell-or middle cell-limited mode, and make the top cell FF become more predominant than the middle cell FF, or vice versa with the 3J FF influenced more by either subcell FF. It is shown that the multijunction celt power output is also affected, and the gain in power depends on the size of the solar cell relative to the size of the beam waist, and the focal length of blue light relative to that of red light.
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla): cDNA Cloning, Brain Distribution, and Phylogenetic Analysis

Abstract: We report the isolation of a full‐length eel tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cDNA that is characterized by a long 3′ untranslated region and by a diversity restricted to the 3′ end owing to the differential use of three polyadenylation signals. The longest eel TH mRNA was distinctive in the presence of four pentameric elements (AUUUA) in the AU‐rich 3′ noncoding region. Such a diversity could provide the basis of posttranscriptional or translational regulation of eel TH gene expression. Comparison of the eel TH sequence with those of other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (TH, tryptophan hydroxylase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase) and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the N‐terminal regulatory domain is highly divergent, contrasting with the conservation of the catalytic core of the enzyme. Molecular phylogenies including the available sequences of the three hydroxylase genes suggested that the duplication of their common ancestor occurred before the emergence of arthropods. The regional expression of the eel TH mRNA was studied by semiquantitative PCR, northern blots, and in situ hybridization and compared with the immunocytochemical localization of TH protein. The data showed that TH mRNA is mostly expressed in the olfactory and hypothalamic areas, whereas sparse TH‐expressing cell bodies are present in the telencephalic region and brainstem. No labeling was detected in the mesencephalic area, in striking contrast with that found in amphibians and amniotes.
Relationship of 24-hour blood pressure mean and variability to severity of target-organ damage in hypertension.

Casual blood pressure (BP) can predict the development of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the correlations between its values and the subsequent occurrence of such complications are low. This may depend on different individual resistance to the damage produced by hypertension. However, it may also depend on the recognized inability of causal BP to reflect accurately the 24-h mean and profile BP. In order to test the latter hypothesis, 24-h BP was recorded intra-arterially (Oxford method) in 108 hospitalized subjects with essential hypertension ranging from mild to severe. The 24-h means and standard deviations (i.e. variabilities) for systolic, mean and diastolic BP obtained by computer analysis of the BP tracing were related to the rate and severity of target-organ damage (TOD) assessed by clinical examination and quantified according to a predetermined score. The results confirmed that 24-h BP may be variably different from cuff BP among subjects. For nearly any value of cuff BP, subjects in whom the 24-h mean BP was low had a lower prevalence and severity of TOD than those in whom the 24-h mean BP was high (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, for nearly any level of 24-h mean BP, subjects in whom the 24-h BP variability was low had a lower prevalence and severity of TOD than those in whom the 24-h BP variability was high (P less than 0.05). These findings demonstrate that the severity of hypertension is more closely related to 24-h mean BP than to cuff BP values. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Life threatening lactic acidosis

An 83 year old woman with diabetes presented to the emergency department with progressive shortness of breath and a two week history of diarrhoea. Her drugs included aspirin, 75 mg four times a day; a combination of irbesartan with hydrochlorothiazide, 300/25 mg four times a day; and metformin, 1000 mg three times a day. She had no previously known renal insufficiency, but on arrival she was oliguric, disoriented, and confused. Her respiratory rate was 32 breaths/min, blood pressure was 76/46 mm Hg, heart rate was 125 beats/min, and rectal temperature reached 36.8°C. She had cool and clammy extremities and a persistent skinfold—additional evidence of severe dehydration. Arterial blood gases showed a profound lactic acidosis, with pH 6.72, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) 14 mm Hg, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) 106 mm Hg, bicarbonate 12 mmol/l, and a high lactate concentration of 17.4 mmol/l. Laboratory results showed a normal blood glucose concentration of 9 mmol/l, a serum urea of 22 mmol/l, a serum creatinine of 779 μmol/l, an increased serum potassium concentration of 6.8 mmol/l, and a decreased prothrombin activity of 43% (prothrombin time of 21 seconds). Chest and abdominal examination, chest radiography, urine dipstick, plasma C reactive protein (<5 mg/l), and procalcitonin (<0.5 μg/l) concentrations showed no evidence of an infection. ### 1 What are the differential diagnoses in severe lactic acidosis? #### Short answer In the differential diagnosis of severe lactic acidosis, poor tissue perfusion and oxygenation are the main considerations, and these occur in septic shock, acute heart failure, unrecognised bowel ischaemia, and acute liver failure. Some drugs can also cause life threatening lactic acidosis, especially metformin and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. #### Long answer As originally …
Goal Setting and Health Risk Reduction

The effectiveness of client participation in goal selection aimed at health risk reduction was compared with the effectiveness of provider-selected goals and of no goal setting. No difference in goal attainment was found between the two groups with goals. However, analyses of covariance for selected subsamples of individuals at risk revealed a significant difference between goal-setting groups for weight reduction, with the collaborative goal-setting group being more effective. Covariance analyses for other subsamples at risk showed significant differences between the goal-setting groups for current health age and potential for life expectancy increase; the provider goal-setting group proved to be more effective. Paired t tests within groups revealed that the provider goal-setting group made significant change in alcohol intake, seat belt use, and exercise as well as in global measures of current health age, estimated life expectancy, and potential for life expectancy increase. For the collaborative goal-setting group, significant change was found in weight reduction, exercise levels, and the global measures of estimated life expectancy and potential for life expectancy increase. The control group made a significant change in exercise, but not in any of the global measures of risk reduction.
Back to the Future: Some Unintended Consequences of Zambia's Community-Based Wildlife Program (ADMADE)

Community-based wildlife programs were implemented widely in southern Africa during the past two decades to attempt to overcome the problems associated with the earlier strict protection policies and to integrate wildlife conservation with human development. Many of these programs now have a history, making it possible to assess their achievements and unresolved problems. A case study from the central Luangwa Valley of Zambia provides indices of cultural and resource trends before and after the implementation of a community-based program and describes its effects.
Bioengineered skin in diabetic foot ulcers

Objective: Bioengineered skin (BS) has been shown to play an important role in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Whether BS in the therapy of DFU can improve the outcomes still remains uncertain. We performed a quantitative meta‐analysis of available randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness and safety of BS in the treatment of patients with DFUs.
Social Influence Bias : A Randomized Experiment

vidually minor compounds is important. Future research is required to determine if this is also true for ecosystems that emit larger quantities of isoprene and/or monoterpenes. The minor species with lower fluxes and concentrations are not in current BVOC emission models, but their sizes, chemical formulae, and sum suggest that they should be important for SOA formation and regional photochemistry. Their presence in the atmosphere may also account for a sizable amount of the missing OH chemical reactivity and O3 chemical loss observed in plant environments.
Reactions to Intragroup Deviance: Does Disidentification Have a Role?

ABSTRACT In this study, we address previous evidence about the interchangeable use of derogation and disidentification in protecting the self from intragroup deviance. We argue that when the in-group stands for a valued social identity, members may disidentify from the group, but only if the immediate context provides no opportunity to derogate. In the present experiments (n = 80 and n = 79), we provided or did not provide participants with the opportunity to recommend a punishment for an in-group or an out-group deviant. We also measured in-group identification before and after exposure to deviant behavior and after judgment. The results show that participants first disidentified from the in-group but, when presented with an opportunity to judge the deviant, also derogated. Importantly, participants who could judge the deviant also recovered their initial in-group identification level. Participants’ reactions to the out-group deviant suggest they used an intergroup rather than intragroup strategy.
Immediate and long-term impact of medical emergency teams on cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality: A plea for periodic basic life-support training programs*

Objective: To evaluate whether the introduction of a program including a medical emergency team responding to widened criteria together with the institution-wide training on basic life support of all hospital staff would decrease cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality in patients at risk, in the immediate and long-term periods after the program. Design: Before-after design. Setting: Urban general hospital with 470 beds. Patients: All patients admitted in the hospital between 2002 and 2006 were eligible. All patients with a medical emergency team activation were included. We compared cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality and in-hospital mortality before (2002), after (2003–2004), and long term after (2005–2006) the program implementation. Measurements and Main Results: There was a significant (p = .037) decrease of 27% (95% confidence interval, 2%–46%) in cardiac arrest occurrence, 33% decrease (p = .014) in cardiac arrest mortality (95% confidence interval, 8%–52%), and a nonsignificant (p = .152) decrease of 17% (95% confidence interval, −7%–36%) in in-hospital mortality associated with the program implementation. No significant differences were found for any of the outcome variables between before and long term after periods. The main factor associated with in-hospital mortality was cardiac arrest. Factors affecting cardiac arrest were age, comorbidities, measures started before medical emergency team arrival and the intervention/program. The effect in the prevention of cardiac arrest has an adjusted relative risk, 0.646 (95% confidence interval, 0.450–0.876) and an absolute risk reduction of adjusted relative risk, 18% (95% confidence interval, 6%–29%). The program prevented one cardiac arrest for every five medical emergency team activations. Conclusions: Widening criteria for hospital emergency calls together with an integrated training program may reduce cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality in at-risk patients. Program effectiveness was critically related to the staff education, awareness, and responsiveness to physiologic instability of the patients. Long-term effectiveness of the program may decrease in the absence of periodic and continued implementation of educational interventions.
On the seasonal mixed layer simulated by a basin‐scale ocean model and the Mellor‐Yamada turbulence scheme

Seasonal changes and vertical mixing processes in the upper layers of the North Atlantic Ocean are simulated with a basin-scale sigma coordinate ocean model that uses the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme. The cause of insufficient surface mixing and a too shallow summertime thermocline, common problems of ocean models of this type, is investigated in detail by performing a series of sensitivity experiments with different surface forcing conditions and different turbulence parameterizations. A recent improvement in the parameterization of the dissipation term in the Mellor-Yamada turbulence scheme, which has shown a significant improvement in one-dimensional calculations, had a positive but relatively small influence on the three-dimensional calculations. The results quantify the improvement in the model upper ocean thermal structure as surface forcing becomes more realistic from one experiment to another, for example, when monthly mean winds are replaced by 6 hour variable winds. The inclusion of shortwave radiation penetration is especially important to prevent overly shallow model mixed layers during the summer and seems to affect not only the surface layer but also the thermal structure of the upper 200 m of the ocean. The difficulty of evaluating turbulent mixing processes in three-dimensional models due to errors in surface fluxes, spatial changes, and three-dimensional effects, as shown here, points to the important role still left for one-dimensional turbulence models in improving parameterizations used in three-dimensional realistic models.
Electron Diffraction and Imaging of Uncompressed Monolayers of Amphiphilic Molecules on Vitreous and Hexagonal Ice

A new approach is described for probing domains of ordered self-assemblies of amphiphilic monolayers at the aqueous solution interface. The method has potential importance for the study of membrane structure, Langmuir-Blodgett films, and nucleation processes of two-and three-dimensional crystals. Electron diffraction (ED) patterns indicative of two-dimensional crystalline self-assembly were obtained from samples, which were examined by cryo-electron microscopy, of monolayers of water-insoluble amphiphiles on vitrified aqueour substrates. The apparent hexagonal symmetry of an ED pattern from a C16H33OH monolayer was interpreted in terms of multiple twinning. Monolayers of the CL31H63OH and cadmium salt of C19H39CO2H that were studied by dark-field techniques displayed faceted two-dimensional crystallites with a maximal size of 1 to 2 micrometers. Epitaxial nucleation of hexagonal ice by the C31H63OH monolayer has also been demonstrated by ED.