Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does evaluation distort teacher effort and decisions? Quasi-experimental evidence from a policy of retesting students

Performance evaluation may change employee effort and decisions in unintended ways, for example, in multitask jobs where the evaluation measure captures only a subset of (differentially weights) the job tasks. We show evidence of this multitask distortion in schools, with teachers allocating effort across students (tasks). Teachers are evaluated based on student test scores; students who fail the test are retested 2-3 weeks later; and only the higher of the two scores is used in the teachers' evaluations. This retesting feature creates a sharp difference in the returns to teacher effort directed at failing versus passing students, even though both barely failing and barely passing students have arguably equal educational claim on (returns to) teacher effort. Using RD methods, we show that students who barely fail the end of school-year 𝑡 math test, and are then retested, score higher one year later (𝑡+1) compared to those who barely pass. This difference in scores occurs during the four years of the retest policy, but not in the years before or after. We find no evidence that the results arise from retesting per se, or from changes in students' own behavior alone. The results suggest teachers give more effort to some students (tasks) simply because of the evaluation system incentives.
Influence of the Storage Period on the Quality Characteristics of Table Eggs

Summary The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the storage period on the quality characteristics of Bovans Brown table eggs. Eggs from 47-week-old hens were sampled on the day of laying and stored in a refrigerator (4°C) for periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Measurements were performed for each storage period relative to the most important quality parameters of eggs. The following egg parameters were evaluated: weight, weight loss, shell breaking force, albumen height, Haugh units and yolk color. The results obtained show that the albumen height and Haugh unit (HU) were affected by the storage period and are of immense importance. The following parameters were found to be significantly influenced by different storage periods: weight loss (P<0.05), albumen height (P<0.05) and Haugh unit (P<0.01). Rapid reductions in the albumen height were recorded during 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage (ranging from 6.90 mm to 6.07mm). Moreover, the Haugh unit values also decreased during storage from 81.27 to 74.89 at 4°C. The present results suggest that the albumen height and the Haugh unit are the most important parameters of egg quality, obtained from commercial layers raised in battery cages, affected by a storage period of 4 weeks.
On semiprime segments of rings

Abstract A semiprime segment of a ring R is a pair P2 ⊂ P1 of semiprime ideals of R such that ∩ In ⊆ P2 for all ideals I of R with P2 ⊂ I ⊂ P1. In this paper semiprime segments with P1 a comparizer ideal are classified as either simple, exceptional, or archimedean, extending to several classes of rings a classification known for right chain rings. These three types of semiprime segments are also characterized in terms of the pseudo-radical.
Indirect effects of synthetic grammar learning in an identification task.

Two experiments investigated the effects of incidental learning of an artificial grammar on an indirect measure. Ss memorized consonant strings and later identified these in a perceptual clarification procedure. The competitive chunking model by E. Servan-Schreiber and J. R. Anderson (1990) predicted faster identifications of grammatical as opposed to nongrammatical strings. Both experiments confirmed this prediction. Experiment 2 further investigated whether faster identification induces a feeling of familiarity, which should increase the probability of subjects responding «grammatical» to a string
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SELF-REGULATED LEARNING AND ACADEMIC RISK FACTORS TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE ONLINE MATHEMATICS COURSES

xii Chapter 1: Introduction . 2 Background . 2 Statement of the Problem . 5 Purpose of the Study . 6 Significance of the Study . 6 Limitations of the Study. 8 Definition of Terms. 9 Research Questions . 11 Research Hypotheses . 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 13 Introduction . 13 Distance Education . 13 Historical Beginnings and Theories . 13 The Technical Evolution of Distance Education . 16 List of Tables. viii
Taylor Rules in the Open Economy

Taylor rules which link short-term interest rates to fluctuations in inflation and output, have been shown to be a good guide (both positively and normatively) to the conduct of monetary policy. As a result they have been used extensively to model policy in the context of both closed and open economy models. A key question that arises when analysing the conduct of such policy rules in the open economy case is whether the relevant measure of inflation is the growth in output prices or consumer prices. In this paper, we show that embedding a rule specified in terms of output price inflation into a benchmark two-country model confirms the existing result that local stability requires that the response of nominal interest rates to excess inflation should be such that real interest rates rise (the Taylor Principle), but this requirement may be partially offset by raising the interest rate response to increases in the output gap. However, all the conventional results do not hold when we replace output price inflation with consumer price inflation. In this case, Taylor rules which satisfy the Taylor principle will not support a unique rational expectations path for prices and other macroeconomic variables in response to specific shocks. Our results suggest that adoption of consumer price based Taylor rules might be chronically destabilising.
The Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and TheirEffect on Performance:Study on Public University in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Thepurpose of this research is to examine and analyze the effect of personality, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and organizational support on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and its implication on lecturers's performance.The approach taken is quantitative study on lecturers of 3 (three) Public University in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data analyzed with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan alpha 5% to examine the relationship between variables.The study reveal that personality, job satisfaction, organizational support, has significant effect on OCB and performance of lecturers. Meanwhile, organizational commitment has significant affect on performance and show negative effect on OCB. Moreover, OCB has significant effect on performance of lecturers.The research variables were measured based on the perception of the respondents who were also the subject of research that can lead to bias in obtaining the data, especially for measuring personality, OCB, and performance. Personality and commitment of lecturers in this studymaynotreflectthe personality and commitment in general lecturer at universities throughout Indonesia so it can not be generalized. OCB and performance of lecturers in this study is local, particular at the State University in the city of Makassar and therefore can not be generalized.
3 6-12-2010 RESOURCE BOOTSTRAPPING OF NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS : CONSCIOUS ENTREPRENEURIAL DECISION OR FORCED REACTION ?

Management research has neglected to conceptualize bootstrapping as a strategic resource management approach and to uncover its antecedents. To address this gap, this study studies the effect of strategic orientations and environmental factors on bootstrapping behavior. Our study of 298 entrepreneurs reveals that resource bootstrapping can be viewed as an individualistic choice made by entrepreneurs, based on a proactive maximization pattern.
Effects of self efficacy, positive outcome beliefs and hardiness on psychological health : a study on Norwegian military cadets

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore level and changes in symptoms of psychological health (SPPH) during an academic year on a war academy, and further to evaluate the influence of psychological Hardiness and cognitive Self beliefs on SPPH in such contexts. Methods – Using questionnaires, a number of Norwegian military academy cadets in Bergen, Oslo and Trondheim were studied at the beginning and at the end of an academic year. Cognitive activation theory of stress (CATS) (Ursin & Eriksen, 2004) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1997) was used as conceptual frameworks. Findings – Cadets were found to have above average psychological health, high levels of general Hardiness and high levels of Self beliefs towards the education. The trend persisted throughout an academic year, but significant negative changes where found in all study variables, the effect sizes suggest that only the change in SPPH was of practical significance. After controlling for prior SPPH, the hierarchical regression results showed that initial Self beliefs went towards being a significant predictor of SPPH after an academic year. Again controlling for prior SPPH, the study found that changes in Self beliefs and Hardiness positively influenced changes in SPPH, and that increases in Self beliefs significantly related to increases in Hardiness. Implications – The study identified psychological Hardiness and Self-beliefs as vital elements of a common core confidence, influencing SPPH in positive ways. The study offer a Self belief-way to stable psychological Hardiness, and is a contribution in the development of empowering interventions preventing future chronic SPPH. Originality/value – To my knowledge, this is the first study on psychological health examining the influence of psychological Hardiness together with Self beliefs; using both CATS and SCT as encompassing theoretical frameworks. The study adds important information about the mechanisms involved during changes in mood and SPPH.
CHALLENGES FACING EDUCATING NIGERIAN CHILD IN RURAL AREAS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Education is regarded as an instrument for national development and social change as well as the process of preparing an individual to become a functional and acceptable member of the society, it is widely recognized as a veritable tool for addressing issues of poverty, underdevelopment, population, illiteracy, ignorance, health problems, conflicts as well as sustainability. One of the objectives of education is to ensure the character and moral development of the young learners and the development of sound attitudes. Based on this fact that the paper focused on the challenges facing educating Nigerian child in rural areas: implications for national development, the paper discusses the concept of Rural societies, National Development, child and the developmental characteristics and problems bedeviling the social life of the rural dwellers such as poverty, cultural challenges, psychological and socialization challenges, others include; lack of good road networks, portable drinking water, health care delivery services, high level of ignorance/ illiteracy, socio-economic status, as well as access to electricity . It also discusses the effects of these challenges on educating Nigerian child such as lack of qualified teachers, non-availability of teaching and learning materials poor supervision of schools as well as low turnout of both students and teachers to mention but a few. The implications of these effects on national development such as poor production of incompetent school graduates, rampant cases of school dropout and withdrawal from schools, low morale for further education to mention but a few were also discussed. Finally conclusion and some suggestions were made to include; community and religious leaders should intensify efforts in motivating teachers, parents and larger society on the need to educated rural child in Nigeria for national development. All tiers of government should among others redouble their efforts in making the more viable for human living.
Production of probiotic yoghurt flavored with the spice, Aframomum danielli, strawberry and vanilla.

Probiotic yoghurt, pH 4.5, with acceptable organoleptic profiles was prepared using standard procedures. Flavouring of probiotic yoghurt was done using the spice Aframomum danielli, strawberry and vanilla. Samp les flavoured with A.danielli , strawberry and vanilla though more viscous than ordinary yoghurt were generally preferred. Vo latile components of A.danielli were ext racted using diethyl ether, dried and concentrated followed by analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Flavour co mponents like 2-methyl-1-propen-1-y l, 3-methylbut-2-enyl and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) reported to provide the desirable aro ma and taste in yoghurt were identified in A. danielli.
Pandangan pelajar dan guru terhadap tahap kesukaran tajuk-tajuk kimia

This research paper discusses a survey to compare the students and chemistry teachers point of views on the level of difficulty in semester one chemistry topics in one-year matriculation program. The study involved 30 teachers and 159 students in a single matriculation college. The group of students consists of different levels in chemistry achievement and also different in three academic sessions. Difficulties of Chemistry Topics Questionnaires are used to assess the view on the difficulty level of chemistry topics. Data from the Difficulties of Chemistry Topics Questionnaire are ordinal type and been analyzed using Friedman test to compare the difficulty level of chemistry topics in semester one. Comparison on difficulty level of the topic indicates that, there is a difference between the views of teachers and students regarding which the most difficult topic. Chemistry teacher believes that the most two difficult topic is the ionic equilbria (chapter 7) and atomic structure (chapter 2), and for students, the most two difficult topic are the ionic equilbria (chapter 7) and chemical equilbrium (chapter 6). Based on the student comments in the survey, it was found that the most frequent difficulties mentioned are misunderstanding in study of chemistry concepts. Besides that, it also found that, sequence of difficulty level of the topic is same as the sequence of topics to be studied during the first semester. Students believed that the first topic to be learned is the most simple and the last topic is the most difficult to learn. For conclusion, some recommendations have been proposed to improve the teaching and learning of the chemistry in semester one.
VALUING COMPANIES BY DISCOUNTED CASH FLOWS: 10 METHODS AND 1 SOLUTION

This paper shows 10 valuation methods based on equity cash flow; free cash flow; capital cash flow; APV (Adjusted Present Value); business's risk-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; risk-free rate-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; economic profit; and EVA. All 10 methods always give the same value. This result is logical, as all the methods analyze the same reality under the same hypotheses; they differ only in the cash flows or parameters taken as the starting point for the valuation. We present all ten methods, allowing the required return to debt to be different from the cost of debt. Seven methods require an iterative process. Only the APV and business risk-adjusted cash flows methods do not require iteration.
A one‐dimensional Kalman filter for the correction of near surface temperature forecasts

A one‐dimensional Kalman filter is proposed for the correction of maximum and minimum near surface (2 m) temperature forecasts obtained by a Numerical Weather Prediction model. In our study we used only one parameter (observed temperature), employing in this way scalar system and observation equations, and a limited time interval (7 days). As a result, our algorithm can be easily run on any PC with only minor technical support. The corresponding results are rather impressive, since the systematic error of our time series almost disappears, and they show the merit of post‐processing even when only a simple method is applied. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Dietary macronutrient recommendations for optimal recovery post-exercise: Part I

Prolonged, strenuous exercise results in muscle glycogen depletion. Recovery of these stores prior to the next training session or competition is crucial to optimise exercise performance. Nutrition plays an important role during the post-exercise recovery period when processes such as muscle regeneration, glycogen and fluid restoration take place. By manipulating the timing, type and frequency of food intake the rate of recovery can be enhanced, which is of particular importance to athletes performing multiple training or competition sessions within a day, or on a dayto- day basis and recovery time is limited. Restoration of muscle glycogen stores is especially important for athletes participating in prolonged exercise, since depleted glycogen stores are associated with impaired exercise performance. Key factors affecting muscle glycogen storage are carbohydrate (CHO) availability and an increased insulin concentration, both of which are influenced by amount and timing of CHO intake, type of CHO ingested, the ratio of CHO to protein ingested, and the fat content of a food item or meal. To maximise the rate of muscle glycogen restoration during a short ( 1 g/kg BW/hour) has no added advantage in terms of enhanced rate of glycogen storage, but can be of practical importance. Additionally, this combination may be beneficial since CHO and amino acid availability are important for muscle repair during the recovery period, as will be discussed in detail in Part II of this article. SA Sports Medicine Vol.16(2) 2004: 28-32
The Influence of Membrane Lipid Order on Cell Shape and Microvesiculation in Human Erythrocytes

THE INFLUENCE OF MEMBRANE LIPID ORDER ON CELL SHAPE AND MICROVESICULATION IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES Laurie J. Gonzalez Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology Master of Science Exposure of human erythrocytes to elevated intracellular calcium causes alterations in cell shape and stimulates shedding of the cell membrane in the form of microvesicles. We hypothesized that both the shape transition and microvesiculation are influenced by microscopic membrane physical properties such as lipid order. To test this hypothesis, membrane properties were manipulated by varying the experimental temperature, membrane cholesterol content, and the internal ionic environment. Changes in membrane order were assessed using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy with an environment-sensitive probe, laurdan. Our observations led us to the following conclusions: 1) the modest temperature dependence of membrane structure observed with laurdan is shifted to lower temperatures and becomes more cooperative upon removal of membrane cholesterol, 2) the calcium-induced shape change observed in erythrocytes requires a decrease in membrane order, 3) the influence of membrane order is not limited to shape transitions induced only by calcium, and 4) decreased order is also a permissive factor for microvesicle shedding. Our data suggest that while the mechansims that regulate the shape transition and the release of microvesicles are different, they both require a state of membrane disorder.
Seasonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal and their natural enemies

Field experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 to know the seasonal incidence of major insect pests of brinjal and their natural enemy complex. As many as nine species of insect pests from the seedling stage to harvesting were observed. Among these, four viz., brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. , epilachna beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.), aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida were the major pests whereas aphid, Myzus pessicae (Sulzer), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Guen.), flea beetle, Monolepta signata Oliv. , leaf roller, Antoba (Eublemma) olivacea (Walker), semilooper, Plusia spp. were found as minor pests. Among these, brinjal shoot and fruit borer was the dominant one. Among natural enemies, six species of coccinellid predators viz., Coccinella transversalis, Harmonia dimidiata, Brumoides suturalis, Micraspis discolor, Coccinella septempunctata and Cheilomenes sexmaculata were recorded.
Demand for Egyptian Molasses in the World Market: a Panel Estimation

Although Egypt is considered one of the most important export countries for molasses in the world market, Egyptian molasses export witnessed notable fluctuations during the last decade. Nevertheless, there is almost no study investigates and estimates the factors affecting its demand in the world market. The present study aims mainly toestimate demand function of the Egyptian molasses in the global market and in each individual importer market. Competitors' relative prices, income of import country, exchange rate of rival exporters, and volatility of relative prices and exchange rate were the proposed determinants of the exported quantity of Egyptian molasses in the global market. Random effects analysis was conducted to estimate the demand function using panel data of three importer countries during the period of 1986-20012. The results showed that Egypt/India price ratio, Egypt/Pakistan exchange rate, and pricesvolatilityare significantly affecting negativelythe Egyptian molasses exports. The results of the estimation of demand function for each importer country independently showed nearly the same conclusions with minor differences. The responsiveness of Egyptian molasses exports to UK, Italy, and Spain Markets to the price ratios were measured by the price ratios elasticities in each market. The elasticities of Egypt/Pakistan Price ratio showed highest elasticities in UK and Spain markets by 4.85% and 4.12%, respectively. The Egypt/India price elasticity was the highest in Italy market by -5.
- 1 Organic carbon transport and C / N ratio variations in a large tropical river : Godavari as a case study , India

This study gives an insight into the source of organic carbon and nitrogen in the Godavari river and its tributaries, the yield of organic carbon from the catchment, seasonal variability in their concentration and the ultimate flux of organic and inorganic carbon into the Bay of Bengal. Particulate organic carbon/particulate organic nitrogen (POC/PON or C/N) ratios revealed that the dominant source of organic matter in the high season is from the soil (C/N = 8–14), while in the rest of the seasons, the river-derived (in situ) phytoplankton is the major source (C/N = l–8). Amount of organic materials carried from the lower catchment and flood plains to the oceans during the high season are 3 to 91 times higher than in the moderate and low seasons. Large-scale erosion and deforestation in the catchment has led to higher net yield of organic carbon in the Godavari catchment when compared to other major world rivers. The total flux of POC, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Godavari river to the Bay of Bengal is estimated as 756 · 10 and 2520 · 10 g yr , respectively. About 22% of POC is lost in the main channel because of oxidation of labile organic matter, entrapment of organic material behind dams/sedimentation along flood plains and river channel; the DIC fluxes as a function of alkalinity are conservative throughout the river channel. Finally, the C/N ratios ( 12) of the ultimate fluxes of particulate organic carbon suggest the dominance of refractory/ stable soil organic matter that could eventually get buried in the coastal sediments on a geological time scale.