Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
7 Free Radicals , Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection

The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are highly reactive molecules participating as mediators in biological processes such as metabolic cellular respiration, neurotransmission, translation and transcription gene, and inflammatory-type reactions among others (D. Almaguer & L.E. Almaguer, 2006; Boots et al., 2008; Uttara, 2009). Additionally, these molecules have the capacity to interact with nucleophilic centers of biomolecules by modulating their activity or by irreversibly modifying them in order to generate different kind of radicals (D. Almaguer & L.E. Almaguer, 2006). The main oxygen radicals are the hydroxyl (-OH), the superoxide anion (O2-), and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while the main nitrogen radical is the nitric oxide (NO), but also, it is known that the ROS can interact with -NO generating new species with high oxidizing power (Martinez et al., 2010). In aerobic systems most of the ROS come from the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, where 1-2% of the oxygen is converted into free radicals (Uttara et al., 2009). Other less important sources of ROS are the autoxidation of catecholamines and hemoproteins that occurs in the cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes (Boots et al., 2008; Martínez et al, 2010). The concentration of ROS or RNS in organisms is determined by the balance between the rate of production of reactive species and the elimination rate of these compounds by the action of enzymes and antioxidants (AO) (Dorado et al., 2003). Thus, under conditions of physiological homeostasis, a balance exists between the cellular processes that contribute to the production of ROS / RNS, and those factors such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which contribute to their elimination (Dorado et al., 2003; Martínez et al., 2010). Thus, alterations in the balance between these systems, pro-oxidants and antioxidants can lead to intracellular accumulation of free radicals (FR), causing oxidative stress states (Dorado et al., 2003; Kelsey, et al , 2010; Uttara, 2009). Specifically, oxidative stress and redox imbalance is the combined result of excessive formation of oxidant species (ROS/RNS) and/or a decreasing in the efficiency of endogenous antioxidant systems. Thus, the combination of these factors converge in damaging to biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. This probably initiate processes of mitochondrial dysfunction and excitotoxicity (Kelsey, et al.,
Doses of erythemal ultraviolet radiation observed in Brazil

Non‐melanoma skin cancer represents a quarter of the new cancer cases detected in Brazil. Despite the importance of this issue to public health, there are deficits in knowledge on the local UV radiation levels among physicians. In this work, we evaluate a set of daily erythemal UV doses measured in different Brazilian locations. Very high erythemal UV doses that often exceeded safe amounts were observed over almost the whole year, even during the time interval usually recommended as safe (before 10:00 h and after 16:00 h). These findings will hopefully enable foreign tourists, dermatologists, and decision‐makers to implement new measures for solar protection according to South American standards.
Fatal neuroglycopaenia after accidental use of a glucose 5% solution in a peripheral arterial cannula flush system

A patient on an Intensive Care Unit who was recovering from multiple organ failure was being given an intravenous infusion of insulin to maintain normoglycaemia. On her 20th day in the unit, she suddenly became unresponsive. A cerebrovascular accident was suspected as other clinical and laboratory parameters remained normal apart from a blood glucose value of 20.6 mmol.l−1. The insulin infusion rate had been increased to treat hyperglycaemia. Subsequent bedside finger prick blood testing suggested that the blood sugar was low but no numerical reading was provided. Repeat blood glucose analysis using a further sample drawn from the arterial line and measured in the blood gas analyser gave a value of 10.1 mmol.l−1. Confirmatory laboratory blood tests revealed severe hypoglycaemia (0.1 mmol.l−1) and intravenous glucose 50% was given immediately. Examination showed that a glucose 5% solution had been inadvertently used in the arterial cannula flush system rather than saline, contaminating earlier samples drawn from the arterial line and giving falsely high blood glucose values. The prolonged period of severe hypoglycaemia led to neuroglycopaenia and irreversible brain injury. The patient died 9 days later without regaining consciousness. Such a complication has not previously been reported in this context and has particular significance given the increasing use of insulin therapy to maintain normoglycaemia in critically ill patients.
Object Motion Rendering with the String-based Haptic Interface SPIDAR for Enhanced Video Viewing Experience

With the invention of immersive displays and high technology multimedia systems, there is an interest of viewers for more realistic and interactive experience with video media. Their viewing experience can be further enhanced by letting them to feel the motion of objects in a video through haptic interface, as it is an additional sensation over seeing and hearing it. The objective of this research is to use the string based haptic interface, SPIDAR to interact with the video and enable the viewers to feel the motion of objects in it, beyond passive watching and listening. We propose two methods for object motion rendering i.e. linear gain controller method and nonlinear gain controller method. Further, we evaluated those two methods with the participation of real users, with the objective of identifying the better one. We can conclude that using a nonlinear gain controller method is more effective than using a linear gain controller method for object motion rendering because from that method user can get a continuous feeling of the movement of objects in the video. Based on the feedback of real users, we can also conclude that haptic motion rendering of a video sequence enhances the viewing experience of viewers. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/icter.v6i1. 6096 International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions 2013 6(1)
Role of Procedural Justice, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction on job Performance: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Citizenship Behavior

The study examines the impact of procedural justice, organizational commitment, job satisfaction on employeeperformance, and the potential mediating role played by organization citizenship behaviors in that process. Thismodel was tested using a sample of 70 employees embedded in 2 groups from 15 branches of a large, syariah bankin Malang. The sample is taken using proportional random sampling. Data is collected directly from respondentsusing questionnaires and technical data analysis using GeSCA.The study results showed that both procedural justice and organizational commitment positively affectedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior. Organizational commitments do positive influence job performance. Jobsatisfaction did not positively influence Organizational Citizenship Behavior and job performance. OrganizationalCitizenship behavior positively influences job performance. Organizational Citizenship behavior acted as a partialmediator between procedural justice, organizational commitment, and job performance. A number of suggestionson managerial theory and implementation were proposed.
Poor agreement between transcranial Doppler and near‐infrared spectroscopy‐based estimates of cerebral blood flow changes in sepsis

Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be valuable in critically ill patients with sepsis. In this study, we compared spatially resolved near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)‐derived estimates of noradrenaline‐associated changes in CBF in such patients.
A biomechanical comparison of different surgical techniques of graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Different surgical methods of graft fixation in ACL re construction were examined to determine the effects on mechanical properties of the reconstructed ACL. Ten human cadavers were used in this study. Six different types of grafts were studied. The tendon grafts were removed from each cadaver and fixed to femurs and tibias as ACL substitutes with different surgical fixation methods, leaving femur-reconstructed graft- tibia preparations. The surgical techniques used were staple fixation, tying sutures over buttons, and screw fixation. In the latter, the screws were introduced through femoral and tibial drill holes from the outside in order to achieve interference fit as described by Lam bert. Tensile testing demonstrated that the original ACL is significantly stronger than the graft used for recon struction in linear load, stiffness, and maximum tensile strength. All of the failures of the reconstructed ACL grafts occurred at the fixation site, indicating that the mechanically weak link of the reconstructed graft is located at the fixation site. Among the different meth ods of fixation, one-third of the patellar tendon secured with a cancellous screw, especially with a custom de signed large diameter screw, showed significantly higher values. Although many other factors affect the success of ACL reconstruction, our study indicates that the method of surgical fixation is the major factor influencing the graft's mechanical properties in the im mediate postoperative period.
Insulin resistance is the major determinant for microalbuminuria in severe hypertriglyceridemia: implication for high-risk stratification.

OBJECTIVE The significance of high triglyceride levels as a risk factor for coronary heart disease is uncertain. We hypothesized that oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and certain novel markers may help to identify high-risk patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 80 subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia (age 27-73 years) without clinical proteinuria and diabetes mellitus (DM) which were diagnosed by fasting glucose <126 mg/dL from Hyperlipidemia Clinic of National Taiwan University Hospital for this study. We applied OGTT to evaluate occult DM and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR) score to evaluate insulin resistance, and the measurements of microalbuminuria as a marker of vascular damage. In addition, serum or plasma markers of inflammation and fibrinolysis, fasting glucose and insulin as well as traditional cardiovascular risk factors were also evaluated. RESULTS The serum level of triglyceride was higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in those without (14.1+/-5.7 vs. 9.6+/-3.9 mmol/L, p=0.025). Patients with microalbuminuria had higher fasting blood glucose and insulin, higher post-OGTT glucose and insulin, higher prevalence of newly developed diabetes mellitus (DM) (39% vs. 11%, p=0.007) and higher HOMA-IR (6.2+/-4.4 vs. 3.3+/-2.0, p<0.001). Among all the inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers, only soluble intercellular adhesion molecule showed significant different between these two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among the serum markers, only HOMA-IR level was significantly related to microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS HOMA-IR is the major determinant for microalbuminuria in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Impaired glucose metabolism is evident in patients with both severe hypertriglyceridemia and microalbuminuria.
Backcalculation of flexible linear models of the human immunodeficiency virus infection curve.

The authors present a regression approach to the backcalculation of flexible linear models of the HIV infection curve. They note that "because expected AIDS incidence can be expressed as a linear function of unknown parameters, regression methods may be used to obtain parameter and covariance estimates for a variety of interesting quantities, such as the expected number of people infected in previous time intervals and the projected AIDS incidence in future time intervals. We exploit these ideas to show that estimates based on maximum likelihood are, for practical purposes, equivalent to approximate estimates based on quasi-likelihood and on Poisson regression. These algorithms are readily implemented on a personal computer. " These concepts are illustrated by projecting AIDS incidence in the United States up to 1993.
Exercise-Induced Fall in Insulin and Increase in Fat Metabolism During Prolonged Muscular Work

The role of the exercise-induced fall in insulin in fat metabolism was studied in dogs during 150 min of treadmill exercise alone (controls) or with insulin clamped at basal levels by an intraportal infusion to prevent the normal fall in insulin concentration (ICs). To counteract the suppressive effect of insulin on glucagon release, glucagon was supplemented by an intraportal infusion in ICs. In all dogs, catheters were placed in a carotid artery and in the portal and hepatic veins for sampling and in the vena cava and the splenic vein for infusion purposes. Glucose levels were clamped in ICs to recreate the glycemic response evident in controls. In controls, insulin fell by 7 ± 1 μxU/ml but was unchanged from basal levels in ICs (0 ± 2 μU/ml). Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol rose similarly in controls and ICs. Arterial free-fatty acid (FFA) levels rose by 644 ± 126 μeq/L in controls but did not increase in ICs (−12 ± 148 μeq/L). Arterial glycerol levels rose by 337 ± 43 and 183 ± 19 (μM in controls and ICs. Hepatic FFA delivery and fractional extraction increased by 17 ± 3 and 0.06 ± 0.02 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, respectively, in controls. In ICs, hepatic FFA delivery increased by only 1 ± 2 (μmol · kg−1 · min−1, whereas hepatic fractional extraction fell slightly (−0.03 ± 0.03). Consequently, net hepatic FFA uptake rose by 4.8 ± 1.5 μxmol · kg−1 · min−1 in controls but decreased slightly in ICs (−0.5 ± 1.1 μmol · kg−1 · min−1). At least partly because of the differences in hepatic FFA uptake, arterial β-hydroxybutyrate (50 ± 14 vs. 23 ± 8 μM) and net hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate output (2.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) rose more in controls than in ICs. In summary, the exercise-induced fall in insulin 7) is essential to the increase in FFA levels during prolonged muscular work, 2) facilitates hepatic FFA uptake by enhancing the delivery of FFAs to the liver and their extraction by the liver, and 3) enhances the net β-hydroxybutyrate output by the liver, at least in part through the effects described in 1 and 2. Hence, the exercise-induced fall in insulin is essential for the transition to the increased rate of FFA metabolism that occurs as work duration progresses.
Relationship between inventory turnover with gross profit margin and sales shocks

The purpose of this study is evaluating the effect of inventory turnover on the variables of gross profit margin and sales shocks in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. In other words, this study is performed in order to answer this question that whether inventory turnover affects the gross profit margin and sales shocks or not? To investigate the hypothesis test, using the regression, we will estimate the research model by dependent and independent variables. To test the hypothesis, cumulative data of 79 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the years 1386 to 1391 and software Eviews6 has been used. The results indicate that there is a significant inverse relationship between the variable of gross profit margin and inventory turnover. The results also indicate no significant relationship between variables of sales shocks and inventory turnover.
Pre-exposure rabies immunization with human diploid cell vaccine: decreased antibody responses in persons immunized in developing countries.

In November 1982, a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer in Kenya completed pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis with a standard 3 dose intradermal (ID) series of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV). In May 1983, she was bitten by a dog and died of rabies 3 months later. An initial investigation revealed that the patient, as well as 9 of 11 others immunized at the same time, had no rabies antibody titers (less than 1:5). We therefore instituted investigations into the immunogenicity of pre-exposure HDCV both in the United States and in developing countries. A serosurvey revealed unexpectedly low rabies titers in both Peace Corps volunteers and others immunized in developing countries. Antibody titers measured 2-3 weeks after ID immunization were compared in 9 groups totaling 271 persons in the United States and Kenya. There was no statistically significant difference in antibody titers in the 6 U.S. groups immunized from 1980-1984 (P greater than 0.15); however, groups immunized in the United States had significantly higher titers than a group of Kenyan nationals (P less than or equal to 0.0001), and the Kenyans had significantly higher titers than 2 Peace Corps groups immunized in Kenya (P less than or equal to 0.0001). No single hypothesis proposed (laboratory error, vaccine potency, vaccination technique, or specific immune suppression) accounted for the observed differences. Although we cannot fully explain the poor response to HDCV, it is probably due to multiple factors. We conclude that persons immunized with ID pre-exposure HDCV in developing countries should have rabies antibody titers determined to ensure their seroconversion; for persons immunized in the United States, such titers need not be routinely determined.
Bending Genders: The Biology of Natural Sex Change in Fish

Sexual fate is no longer seen as an irreversible deterministic switch set during early embryonic development but as an ongoing battle for primacy between male and female developmental trajectories. That sexual fate is not final and must be actively maintained via continuous suppression of the opposing sexual network creates the potential for flexibility into adulthood. In many fishes, sexuality is not only extremely plastic, but sex change is a usual and adaptive part of the life cycle. Sequential hermaphrodites begin life as one sex, changing sometime later to the other, and include species capable of protandrous (male-to-female), protogynous (female-to-male), or serial (bidirectional) sex change. Natural sex change involves coordinated transformations across multiple biological systems, including behavioural, anatomical, neuroendocrine, and molecular axes. We here review the biological processes underlying this amazing transformation, focussing particularly on its molecular basis, which remains poorly understood, but where new genomic technologies are significantly advancing our understanding of how sex change is initiated and progressed at the molecular level. Knowledge of how a usually committed developmental process remains plastic in sequentially hermaphroditic fishes is relevant to understanding the evolution and functioning of sexual developmental systems in vertebrates generally, as well as pathologies of sexual development in humans.
Targeted early rehabilitation at home after total hip and knee joint replacement: Does it work?

Purpose. This study evaluates the benefits of targeted early rehabilitation at home after total hip or knee replacement surgery and analyses the cost effectiveness of such a scheme. Method. Patients recovering from Total hip replacement (THR, n = 220) and Total knee replacement (TKR, n = 174) were assessed in a NHS District General Hospital setting. Suitability of patients for early rehabilitation at home scheme (RAHS) was assessed at the pre-operative clinic by rehabilitation team. Length of in-patient stay (LOSH), duration on the scheme, number of bed days saved, cost appraisal, readmission rates and complications were recorded. Results. Targeted early rehabilitation resulted in reduced hospital stay (from 14 – 8.17 days for THR and from 12 – 8.21days for TKR), without any increase in complication rates. Significance testing revealed no statistical difference between the patient groups with regards to age, residence status, mobility and transfer ability on their length of stay in hospital or on the rehabilitation scheme. The patients who underwent total knee replacement required significantly more number of visits by the rehabilitation team than those who underwent total hip replacement (p value < 0.05). This resulted in an overall saving of £301,124 for the trust over the study period. Conclusions. Targeted early rehabilitation resulted in reducing the length of hospital stay without an increase in complication rates. The use of such a scheme brought significant savings to the trust without an increase in readmission rates.
Impacts of T-Phylloplanin Gene Knockdown and of Helianthus and Datura Phylloplanins on Peronospora tabacina Spore Germination and Disease Potential1[OA]

T-phylloplanin proteins secreted to aerial surfaces of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by short procumbent trichomes inhibit spore germination and blue mold disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Peronospora tabacina. Many other plants were found to contain water-washed leaf surface proteins (phylloplanins), but the functions and properties of these are not known. Here we extend earlier evidence for the antifungal activity of T-phylloplanins using a reverse genetics approach. RNA interference of the T-phylloplanin gene in tobacco ‘T.I. 1068’ resulted in loss of T-phylloplanin mRNA and protein, loss of in vitro spore germination inhibition activity, and leaf infection inhibition activity of leaf water washes from RNA interference plants, and young knockdown plants were susceptible to disease. The glycoprotein character, adaxial-leaf-surface enrichment of, and renewability of T-phylloplanins are also described. We also report that leaf water washes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and jimson weed (Datura metel), but not soybean (Glycine max), like that of tobacco, possess ProteinaseK- and boiling-sensitive P. tabacina spore germination and tobacco leaf infection inhibition activities. Results establish that T-phylloplaninins of tobacco are active in P. tabacina inhibition, and indicate that leaf surface proteins of certain non-Nicotiana species that are not susceptible to P. tabacina disease can inhibit germination of spores of this oomycete pathogen and inhibit tobacco leaf infection by this pathogen.
On synchronization of hybrid switching and impulsive networks

It has been demonstrated that many large-scale complex dynamical networks display a collective synchronization motion. This paper studies the synchronization of a complex dynamical network under a hybrid impulsive and switching control, by utilizing the concept of impulsive control and stability results for impulsive systems, some new criteria for impulsive synchronization are established for this model
A national model of faculty development in addiction medicine

Increasing the number of faculty with expertise in addiction medicine is one of the challenges facing the medical community in the 1990s. To meet this challenge, the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine created a faculty development course to increase the expertise of family practice faculty involved in teaching residents. The authors describe the development, implementation, and consequences of the five-day intensive course that was taught to 165 participants at ten sites in 1990. The participants' self-reporting before and three months after the course showed significant increases in the numbers of participants who taught addiction medicine in eight of 11 clinical situations. The authors conclude that the course represents a model of faculty development in addiction medicine that is applicable to other specialties and health professions.