Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning?.

Considerable evidence across many taxa demonstrates that prior social experience affects the outcome of subsequent aggressive interactions. Although the 'loser effect', in which an individual losing one encounter is likely to lose the next, is relatively well understood, studies of the 'winner effect', in which winning one encounter increases the probability of winning the next, have produced mixed results. Earlier studies differ concerning whether a winner effect exists, and if it does, how long it lasts. The variation in results, however, may arise from different inter-contest intervals and procedures for selecting contestants employed across previous studies. These methodological differences are addressed through a series of experiments using randomly selected winners and three different inter-contest intervals in the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. The results indicate that a winner effect does in fact exist in pumpkinseed sunfish, but that it only lasts between 15 and 60 min. Based on these results, predictions about the behavioural dynamics of hierarchy formation are discussed, and it is suggested that it may be impossible, in principle, to predict the outcome of dominance interactions between some individuals before they are actually assembled to form a group. Finally, the possible mechanisms underlying the winner effect are explored.
Querying Expressive DL Ontologies under the ICAR Semantics

Inconsistency-tolerant semantics, like the ICAR semantics, have been proposed to perform query answering over inconsistent DL knowledge bases. In the current paper we propose a general framework for ICAR-answering over arbitary Horn-DLs that is based on rewriting. We describe conditions for termination of our rewriting algorithm and show that existing techniques and results on UCQ-rewritability can be used to check if they are satisfied for a given input ontology and query.
A revaluation of the role of food in broodmate aggression

Food is the ecological factor assumed to drive the evolution of broodmate aggression and siblicide, but how does food actually influence agonism? Two hypotheses specify a proximate role of food in controlling aggression among avian broodmates. According to the food amount hypothesis, aggression increases with food deprivation; according to the prey size hypothesis, aggression increases when small food parcels are passed directly to chicks' mouths. The food amount hypothesis is confirmed by descriptive information and experiments on four ecologically and taxonomically diverse species (a sulid, a larid, an accipitrid and an alcid), but studies of ardeids supposedly contradict it. It is argued that the descriptive and experimental studies of ardeids are inconclusive, and actually contain evidence supporting the food amount hypothesis. Food-sensitive aggression may be universal in facultatively siblicidal species and appears to constitute an exception to the general rule that aggressiveness of birds and other vertebrates does not increase with food deprivation. There is no convincing evidence that the prey size hypothesis can explain variation among species or during development, and studies showing that heron chicks are more aggressive when prey are small are inconclusive because they did not exclude food deprivation as an alternative explanation. New formulations of the two hypotheses and new research directions are proposed.
Effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold survival and life history traits of the spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Drosophila suzukii is an invasive pest causing severe damages to a large panel of cultivated crops. To facilitate its biocontrol with strategies such as sterile or incompatible insect techniques, D. suzukii must be mass‐produced and then stored and transported under low temperature. Prolonged cold exposure induces chill injuries that can be mitigated if the cold period is interrupted with short warming intervals, referred to as fluctuating thermal regimes (FTR). In this study, we tested how to optimally use FTR to extend the shelf life of D. suzukii under cold storage. Several FTR parameters were assessed: temperature (15, 20, 25 °C), duration (0.5, 1, 2, 3 h), and frequency (every 12, 24, 36, 48 h) of warming intervals, in two wild‐type lines and in two developmental stages (pupae and adults). Generally, FTR improved cold storage tolerance with respect to constant low temperatures (CLT). Cold mortality was lower when recovery temperature was 20 °C or higher, when duration was 2 h per day or longer, and when warming interruptions occurred frequently (every 12 or 24 h). Applying an optimized FTR protocol to adults greatly reduced cold mortality over long‐term storage (up to 130 d). Consequences of FTR on fitness‐related traits were also investigated. For adults, poststorage survival was unaffected by FTR, as was the case for female fecundity and male mating capacity. On the other hand, when cold storage occurred at pupal stage, poststorage survival and male mating capacity were altered under CLT, but not under FTR. After storage of pupae, female fecundity was lower under FTR compared to CLT, suggesting an energy trade‐off between repair of chill damages and egg production. This study provides detailed information on the application and optimization of an FTR‐based protocol for cold storage of D. suzukii that could be useful for the biocontrol of this pest.
Effective feature learning and fusion of multimodality data using stage‐wise deep neural network for dementia diagnosis

In this article, the authors aim to maximally utilize multimodality neuroimaging and genetic data for identifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its prodromal status, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), from normal aging subjects. Multimodality neuroimaging data such as MRI and PET provide valuable insights into brain abnormalities, while genetic data such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) provide information about a patient's AD risk factors. When these data are used together, the accuracy of AD diagnosis may be improved. However, these data are heterogeneous (e.g., with different data distributions), and have different number of samples (e.g., with far less number of PET samples than the number of MRI or SNPs). Thus, learning an effective model using these data is challenging. To this end, we present a novel three‐stage deep feature learning and fusion framework, where deep neural network is trained stage‐wise. Each stage of the network learns feature representations for different combinations of modalities, via effective training using the maximum number of available samples. Specifically, in the first stage, we learn latent representations (i.e., high‐level features) for each modality independently, so that the heterogeneity among modalities can be partially addressed, and high‐level features from different modalities can be combined in the next stage. In the second stage, we learn joint latent features for each pair of modality combination by using the high‐level features learned from the first stage. In the third stage, we learn the diagnostic labels by fusing the learned joint latent features from the second stage. To further increase the number of samples during training, we also use data at multiple scanning time points for each training subject in the dataset. We evaluate the proposed framework using Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) dataset for AD diagnosis, and the experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Analysis of Shape Geometry and Roughness of Ti6Al4V Parts Fabricated by Nanosecond Laser Ablation

Laser milling is a micro-machining process that uses a laser beam as a tool to remove material through the layer-by-layer ablation mechanism. Generally in laser ablation, the quality of parts is reduced by melt accretions and thermal damage; therefore, this problem is reduced with shorter pulse duration, although ablation efficiency decreases as well. Thus, laser ablation in the nanosecond range still offers a good compromise between process quality and efficiency. Therefore, laser milling with nanosecond laser ablation requires an accurate study to reduce geometric defects induced by the process. The aim of this paper was to study the shape geometry and roughness of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated by laser milling using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser source. The impact of the laser processing parameters on machining outcomes was studied in order to determine the optimized processing conditions for reducing geometrical defects and improving surface quality. In particular, the influence of average laser power, frequency, and scanning speed was investigated. The geometry of micro-parts was revealed using a 3D digitizing system, the Optimet Mini Conoscan 4000, which combines a non-contact, single-point measuring sensor based on conoscopic holography technology. The use of this measurement technology yielded complete information of the shape geometry and dimensions of the built parts. In addition, the roughness of manufactured surfaces was assessed to complete the analysis.
Cause-specific mortality patterns among hospital deaths in Tanzania, 2006-2015

Background Understanding the causes of inpatient mortality in hospitals is important for monitoring the population health and evidence-based planning for curative and public health care. Dearth of information on causes and trends of hospital mortality in most countries of Sub-Saharan Africa has resulted to wide use of model-based estimation methods which are characterized by estimation errors. This retrospective analysis used primary data to determine the cause-specific mortality patterns among inpatient hospital deaths in Tanzania from 2006–2015. Materials and methods The analysis was carried out from July to December 2016 and involved 39 hospitals in Tanzania. A review of hospital in-patient death registers and report forms was done to cover a period of 10 years. Information collected included demographic characteristics of the deceased and immediate underlying cause of death. Causes of death were coded using international classification of diseases (ICD)-10. Data were analysed to provide information on cause-specific, trends and distribution of death by demographic and geographical characteristics. Principal findings A total of 247,976 deaths were captured over a 10-year period. The median age at death was 30 years, interquartile range (IQR) 1, 50. The five leading causes of death were malaria (12.75%), respiratory diseases (10.08%), HIV/AIDS (8.04%), anaemia (7.78%) and cardio-circulatory diseases (6.31%). From 2006 to 2015, there was a noted decline in the number of deaths due to malaria (by 47%), HIV/AIDS (28%) and tuberculosis (26%). However, there was an increase in number of deaths due to neonatal disorders by 128%. Malaria and anaemia killed more infants and children under 5 years while HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis accounted for most of the deaths among adults. Conclusion The leading causes of inpatient hospital death were malaria, respiratory diseases, HIV/AIDS, anaemia and cardio-circulatory diseases. Death among children under 5 years has shown an increasing trend. The observed trends in mortality indicates that the country is lagging behind towards attaining the global and national goals for sustainable development. The increasing pattern of respiratory diseases, cancers and septicaemia requires immediate attention of the health system.
Professional and Personal Use of Reflection by Engineering Faculty, Students, and Practitioners

Reflection has long been recognized as an integral part of a person’s every day and professional and/or academic life. Recently the Consortium to Promote Reflection in Engineering Education (CPREE) has been working to promote reflection across the engineering education community within the United States. The following study leverages the authors’ involvement, experiences, and observations within CPREE to capture the use of reflection in professional and personal settings by engineering faculty, students, and practitioners. Researchers from four distinctly different institutions have collected data from 460 engineering participants. Participants were asked to respond to three open-ended prompts eliciting their definitions of reflection in their own words, examples of reflection use in their personal lives, and examples of reflection use in their professional and/or academic lives. These questions were posed to better understand how each group perceives and uses reflection in their personal and professional lives. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the similarities and differences across groups, which can be used to inform how the professional skill of reflection is taught and practiced within engineering curricula.
Experimentally induced sex differences in parental care: an effect of certainty of paternity?

Abstract Abstract. In biparental mating systems males are predicted to adjust their parental care in relation to their certainty of paternity. In this study, certainty of paternity in the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, was manipulated by temporarily placing fertile females in cages next to decoy males within sight of their mates. Manipulations 2 weeks prior to egg laying provided a control, whilst watches on unmanipulated monogamous and polygynous pairs provided further comparison. Males did not respond to the manipulation by intensifying their mate guarding, but they did increase their song rates, which possibly reflected attempts to attract alternative females. No differences were observed between groups in any measures of mate guarding following the manipulation. There were significant sex differences in chick feeding rates within experimental pairs compared with controls owing to a reduction in male visits. Total visit rates and chick weights did not differ between experimental and control pairs. Visit rates in control pairs matched those of unmanipulated monogamous pairs, whereas those in experimental pairs did not differ from polygynous pairs. Low male visit rates were accompanied by a higher frequency of non-foraging activity around the colony, which was itself positively related to male song rates during the manipulations. It is suggested that this reflected a trade-off for males between chick feeding and time spent on additional mating opportunities, which would have been dependent on male 'quality' as indicated by song rate. Such a trade-off may have been crucial in producing the sex differences in chick feeding caused by the manipulation.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Enthesopathy of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials

Background: Numerous treatment options have been proposed for enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (eECRB). Purpose: To (1) compare the efficacy and safety of nonsurgical treatment options for eECRB described in randomized placebo-controlled trials at short-term, midterm, and long-term follow-up and (2) evaluate outcomes in patients receiving placebo. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, 4 electronic databases were searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials for eECRB. Studies reporting visual analog scale (VAS) for pain scores and/or grip strength were included. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analysis was employed to compare treatments with at least 2 eligible studies using the standardized mean difference and odds ratio. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018075009). Results: Thirty-six randomized placebo-controlled trials, evaluating 11 different treatment modalities, with a total of 2746 patients were included. At short-term follow-up, only local corticosteroid injection improved pain; however, it was associated with pain worse than placebo at long-term follow-up. At midterm follow-up, laser therapy and local botulinum toxin injection improved pain. At long-term follow-up, extracorporeal shock wave therapy provided pain relief. With regard to grip strength, only laser therapy showed better outcomes in comparison with placebo. While there was no difference among various treatments in the odds ratio of an adverse event, they all increased adverse events compared with placebo. In placebo-receiving patients, a sharp increase in the percentage of patients reporting mild pain or less was observed from 2% at short-term follow-up to 92% at midterm follow-up. Conclusion: Most patients experienced pain resolution after receiving placebo within 4 weeks of follow-up. At best, all treatments provided only small pain relief while increasing the odds of adverse events. Therefore, if clinicians are inclined to provide a treatment for particular patients, they may consider a pain relief regimen for the first 4 weeks of symptom duration. Patient-specific factors should be considered when deciding on treatment or watchful waiting.
Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: A single-center Indian experience

Objective: Retroperitoneoscopy, by avoiding peritoneal breach and injury to intra-abdominal organs, provides a more direct and rapid access to the kidney and the renal hilum. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by retroperitoneal route (LPNR) is less commonly performed than transperitoneal route for early stage renal cancer. The objective of this study is to carry out the outcomes of partial nephrectomy using retroperitoneal approach. Materials and Methods: Patients, who underwent LPNR from period 2008 to 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. Outcomes of interest included demographic data, preoperative data, perioperative variables, surgical complications, recurrence of disease, and mortality, if any, during their follow-up. Results: Among 24 patients, 16 were male, and 8 were female. Mean age and mean body mass index, respectively, were 49.16 years (range: 25–75) and 25.35 kg/m2 (17.84–34.25). Among renal masses, the right-sided to left-sided distribution was 13:11. The proportions of low-risk and intermediate-risk nephrometry score (NS) cases were 13 (54.17%) and 11 (45.83%), respectively, as assessed by renal NS. Mean operative duration, mean warm ischemia time, mean estimated blood loss, and mean hospital stay, respectively, were 132.5 min (90–170), 21.83 min (15–44), 106 ml (25–300) ml, and 5.25 days. During the postoperative period, complications encountered were lung atelectasis in one, bleeding in two, and urinary leakage in one. Histopathology revealed malignancy in 23 patients and leiomyoma in the remaining one. All patients but two experienced a disease free survival during a median follow- up period of 33 months. Conclusion: Overall outcomes for LPNR is comparable to the outcomes for open and transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy mentioned in the literature and is equally safe for the right-sided and left-sided lesions.
SPATIOTEMPORAL CONTRAST SENSITIVITY OF EARLY VISION

Based on the spatial and temporal statistics of natural images, a theory is developed that specifies spatiotemporal filters that maximize the flow of information through noisy channels of limited dynamic range. Sensitivities resulting from these spatiotemporal filters are very similar to the human s~tiotem~r~ contrast sensitivity, ~1~~~ the dependence on ambient light intensity. The theory predicts several ~y~o~ysical laws: Ferry-Porter’s law, the de V&s-Rose law, Weber’s law, Blocb’s law, Ricco’s law, and Piper’s law.
Intratympanic steroids as a salvage therapy for severe to profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Abstract Background: Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) is defined as a decline in hearing affecting three or more frequencies by 30 dB Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of intratympanic steroids as a salvage treatment for severe ISSNHL. Materials and methods: A regimen of three IT steroid injections was offered to patients who failed a 7-days intravenous steroid treatment. Eighty-four patients underwent IT salvage treatment (IT group). Their outcomes were compared with those of 255 patients with severe ISSNHL who received the same intravenous steroid regimen without salvage IT steroid therapy (Control group). Results: 56% of the patients in the IT group had a hearing improvement of >15 dB after one month. The average hearing improvements were 26.5 ± 28 dB and 27.9 ± 24 dB in the IT group and the Control group, respectively (p = .67). However, patients with a type E audiogram pattern (total deafness), displayed a substantial hearing gain. Conclusion: Intratympanic steroids failed to show a global auditory benefit as a salvage treatment in patients with severe ISSNHL. Significance: Our data suggest that a salvage treatment with intratympanic dexamethasone may be offered to patients with total deafness for whom the first systemic treatment has failed.
Patterns and dynamics of sex-biased dispersal in a nocturnal primate, the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus


We examined predictions on the proportion of dispersing natal males and females, dispersal distances, the age at dispersal and the potential for inbreeding over a 6-year period in a free-living population of grey mouse lemurs. We used monthly mark–recapture procedures to determine individual locations and interindividual distances. The analysis of seven polymorphic microsatellite markers for 213 (130 males, 83 females) individuals allowed us to estimate relatedness coefficients and kinship relationships. Closely related males ranged further from each other than closely related females and natal males were found further from their potential mothers than were females. Natal males were more likely to disperse from their birth sites than females, although male dispersal was not universal. Male breeding dispersal was detected in half of the long-term observations. Males therefore seem to be the predominant vectors for gene flow between populations and social units. Females usually stayed within one to two home range diameters of their potential mother, facilitating the evolution of cooperative behaviour by kin selection among females. Most dispersal took place before the mating season, indicating an age of less than 7 months for natal dispersal. The analysis of spatiotemporal coexistence revealed the potential for inbreeding in only 3.8% of the potential mother–son dyads, but in 21.9% of the potential father–daughter dyads and in 41.7% of other closely related male–female dyads.
Sensory neurotization of muscle: past, present and future considerations

Abstract Research has shown that temporary innervation by a sensory neuron can provide trophic support to a denervated muscle and stave off muscular atrophy until motor neuron transfer is viable. This so called ‘sensory protection’ allows for improved outcomes when motor reinnervation able to occur. The theoretical benefit of sensory neurotization is hypothesized to maintain tissue architecture of the end organ due to tropic effects of stimulation. While the literature supports direct motor neurotization from 2 to 4 months post-injury, patient factors including the location of the injury and loss of nerve can preclude this therapeutic window. When direct neurotization is not possible, or there is a long distance to traverse for reinnervation, sensory neurotization may be beneficial. The theorized trophic stimulation enabling end organ architectural maintenance provided by sensory neurotization has been shown to allow for delayed direct motor neurotization without the irreversible sequelae of prolonged denervation. This is a review of the pathogenesis of nerve injury and a literature review of sensory neurotization. An analytical search of the literature in PubMed was performed in order to find articles pertinent to the topic of sensory neurotization, including experimental data from both animal models and case reports in humans.