Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Applications of multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T.

AIM To discuss the advantages of ultra-high field (7T) for (1)H and (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of metabolism. METHODS Measurements of brain metabolites were made at both 3 and 7T using (1)H MRS. Measurements of glycogen and lipids in muscle were measured using (13)C and (1)H MRS respectively. RESULTS In the brain, increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dispersion allows spectral separation of the amino-acids glutamate, glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), without the need for sophisticated editing sequences. Improved quantification of these metabolites is demonstrated at 7T relative to 3T. SNR was 36% higher, and measurement repeatability (% coefficients of variation) was 4%, 10% and 10% at 7T, vs 8%, 29% and 21% at 3T for glutamate, glutamine and GABA respectively. Measurements at 7T were used to compare metabolite levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula. Creatine and glutamate levels were found to be significantly higher in the insula compared to the ACC (P < 0.05). In muscle, the increased SNR and spectral resolution at 7T enables interleaved studies of glycogen ((13)C) and intra-myocellular lipid (IMCL) and extra-myocellular lipid (EMCL) ((1)H) following exercise and re-feeding. Glycogen levels were significantly decreased following exercise (-28% at 50% VO(2) max; -58% at 75% VO(2) max). Interestingly, levels of glycogen in the hamstrings followed those in the quadriceps, despite reduce exercise loading. No changes in IMCL and EMCL were found in the study. CONCLUSION The demonstrated improvements in brain and muscle MRS measurements at 7T will increase the potential for use in investigating human metabolism and changes due to pathologies.
Effects of platelet-activating factor on ion transport in isolated rat jejunum.

In isolated normal rat jejunum, platelet-activating factor (PAF) induced a dose-dependent increase in short-circuit current (Isc) that was reduced in chloride-free buffer and inhibited by the Cl- channel blocker, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate. An immediate rise in Isc (early phase) occurred that fell to a new elevated base line by 15 min (late phase). These responses to PAF occurred only when experiments were conducted at or before approximately 9 A.M. Early phase responses were blocked by the specific PAF antagonists, BN52021 and WEB2086, and were inhibited by the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. Early and late phases were also reduced by cyclooxygenase inhibitors and by doxantrazole, a mast cell stabilizing drug. However, histamine and serotonin antagonists were ineffective. We conclude that PAF causes changes in ion transport that include Cl- secretion and acts on the epithelium possibly via an intermediate cell and enteric nerves. In addition, known PAF receptors are involved in one component of the response that appears to follow a circadian rhythm.
Telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance demonstrate field cancerization in histologically normal tissue adjacent to breast tumors

Cancer arises from an accumulation of mutations that promote the selection of cells with progressively malignant phenotypes. Previous studies have shown that genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer cells, is a driving force in this process. In the present study, two markers of genomic instability, telomere DNA content and allelic imbalance, were examined in two independent cohorts of mammary carcinomas. Altered telomeres and unbalanced allelic loci were present in both tumors and surrounding histologically normal tissues at distances at least 1 cm from the visible tumor margins. Although the extent of these genetic changes decreases as a function of the distance from the visible tumor margin, unbalanced loci are conserved between the surrounding tissues and the tumors, implying cellular clonal evolution. Our results are in agreement with the concepts of “field cancerization” and “cancer field effect,” concepts that were previously introduced to describe areas within tissues consisting of histologically normal, yet genetically aberrant, cells that represent fertile grounds for tumorigenesis. The finding that genomic instability occurs in fields of histologically normal tissues surrounding the tumor is of clinical importance, as it has implications for the definition of appropriate tumor margins and the assessment of recurrence risk factors in the context of breast‐sparing surgery. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Excitation of SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific by oceanic optimal perturbations

A generalized stability analysis is used to explore the excitation of sea-surface temperature anoma- lies in the eastern equatorial Pacific by optimal initial perturbations in temperature and salinity within an ocean general circulation model. We find perturbations that can efficiently modify the SST of the Nino3 region with an approximately 9-month delay. The time interval between the end of March and mid-April is particularly favorable for these perturbations to cause subsequent changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This sensitivity is related to two critical factors: during the boreal spring Equinox the heat content of the western equatorial Pacific reaches its seasonal maximum, whereas the zonal winds along the equator relax. The optimal initial anomalies in temperature and salinity have a complex spatial structure extending between 20? S and 20? N. This large meridional extent of the anomalies allows for a strong focus- ing effect - signals from different locations reach the eastern equatorial Pacific simultaneously thus generating a strong transient warming in a relatively small region. Ocean adjustment to the optimal perturbations involves a basin-size Rossby wave that propagates westward and induces a large-scale anomalous eastward advection along the equator, which acts on the mean east-west temperature gra- dient and gradually warms SST in the east. At the same time, a continuum of Kelvin waves are being excited, which reduce the thermocline slope along the equator and deepen the thermocline in the east- ern equatorial Pacific. Thus, the Rossby wave and Kelvin waves work constructively to generate the transient warming of the Nino3 SST. An idealized model with two variables is formulated to illustrate these ideas and, in particular, show the importance of zonal advection feedback for the amplitude and duration of the transient warming. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of non-normal dynamics for generating an efficient transient growth of SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific even in the absence of coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions.
Neuroergonomic analysis of perihand space: effects of hand proximity on eye-tracking measures and performance in a visual search task

ABSTRACT According to recent studies, cognitive processes are modulated by the proximity of the hands to a stimulus. Specifically, hand proximity (also known as nearby-hand or hand-presence effects) induces a bias to process information near the hands more precisely and this effect can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the task context. Two different distances of the hands in reference to the screen were studied as independent variables: hands placed on the screen and hands placed on the lap. The dependent variables were search times and different eye-tracking parameters. Given the age-related decline in the perception of peripersonal space, the results were analysed for two different age groups. Overall, we found a more detailed evaluation of information near the hands depending on age. In conclusion, the study presents a cognitive behavioural evaluation of human–computer interaction which can be used for touchscreen interface and interaction design as well as modelling human–system interaction.
O-score financial distress risk asset pricing

We examine explicitly priced financial distress risk in post-1990 equity markets. We add a financial distress risk factor to Fama and French's (1993) three-factor model, based on Griffin and Lemmon's (2002) findings that financial distress is not fully captured by the book-to-market factor. We test three-factor and four-factor capital asset pricing models using both annual buy-and-hold analysis and monthly time series analysis across portfolios adjusted for common book-to-market, size, and financial distress factors. We find empirical support for an Ohlson (1980) O-score-based financial distress risk four-factor asset pricing model in the U.S. and Japanese markets.
Resource Allocation in Spectrum Sharing ad-hoc Cognitive Radio Networks Based on Game Theory: An Overview

The traditional approach of fixed spectrum allocation to licensed networks has resulted in spectrum underutilisation. Cognitive radio technology is envisioned as a promising solution that can be used to resolve the ineffectiveness of the fixed spectrum allocation policy by accessing the underutilised spectrum of existing technologies opportunistically. The implementation of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) faces distinct challenges due to the fact that two systems (i.e., cognitive radio (CR) and primary users (PUs)) with conflicting interests interact with each other. Specially, in self-organised systems such as ad-hoc CRNs (AHCRNs), the coordination of spectrum access introduces challenges to researchers due to rapid utilisation changes in the available spectrum, as well as the multi-hop nature of ad-hoc networks, which creates additional challenges in the analysis of resource allocation (e.g., power control, channel and rate allocation). Instead, game theory has been adopted as a powerful mathematical tool in analysing and modelling the interaction processes of AHCRNs. In this survey, we first review the most fundamental concepts and architectures of CRNs and AHCRNs. We then introduce the concepts of game theory, utility function, Nash equilibrium and pricing techniques. Finally, we survey the recent literature on the game theoretic analysis of AHCRNs, highlighting its applicability to the physical layer PHY, the MAC layer and the network layer.
Application of a directly coupled numerical model of fluid-solid mechanics

Fundamental problems in the geological sciences and geological engineering commonly involve the analysis of complicated heterogeneous systems of coupled processes. Normally these problems are addressed with continuum models that rely heavily on constitutive relations developed through experimental work Discrete analysis of mechanics in these systems is now being implemented based on the popular framework of the discrete element method (DEM). The advantage of using DEM based models for mechanics is that the underlying physics is clearly resolved and the models are inherently discontinuous and heterogeneous. In this paper we describe a coupled fluid-DEM model using the lattice Boltzmann method(LB) and explore its numerical properties. A detailed understanding of the numerical properties of this newly developed model is essential to meaningful applications of the model. Finally, applications of the model to a strongly coupled system fluid and solid mechanics will be presented and discussed. Resumen Los problemas fundamentales en las ciencias geológicas y la ingeniería geológica implican comúnmente el análisis de sistemas heterogéneos complicados de procesos acoplados. Estos problemas se tratan normalmente con los modelos del medio continuo que se basan principalmente en las relaciones constitutivas desarrolladas a través de trabajo experimental. Los análisis discretos de la mecánica de estos sistemas están siendo implementados con base en la metodología popular del método de elementos discretos (DEM por sus siglas en inglés). La ventaja de usar los modelos basados en DEM en mecánica es que la física implícita está resuelta claramente y los modelos son intrínsecamente discontinuos y heterogéneos. En este artículo describimos un modelo acoplado de fluidos y DEM usando el método Lattice Boltzmann (LB) y exploramos sus características numéricas. Una comprensión detallada de las características numéricas de este modelo nuevamente desarrollado es esencial para las aplicaciones significativas del modelo. Finalmente, las aplicaciones del modelo a un sistema fuertemente acoplado de mecánica de fluidos y de sólidos serán presentadas y discutidas.
Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the effects of sublethal doses of methotrexate on the rat small intestine

The small intestines of adult rats were examined by light and scanning‐electron microscopy after sublethal doses of methotrexate were injected at 5, 3 and 1 mg, respectively, per rat per day, for three days. Methotrexate inhibited mitosis and thereby disrupted the steady state system of the epithelium. Villi and crypts progressively diminished up to about four and one‐half days after the initial injection. Thereafter, recovery began and, by day 7, relatively normal morphology was restored. In the degenerative phase, the loss of crypt‐villus continuum was frequently observed, the former crypts forming cyst‐like structures. The columnar cells became flat and pleomorphic but epithelial continuity was maintained. Goblet cells apparently decreased in number. Paneth cells, especially in the ileum, appreciably increased in size and number. During the recovery phase, the cystic crypts apparently re‐established continuity with the villus epithelium. Size and proportion of all epithelial cell types returned to normal. Scanning electron microscopy showed villus fusion and the cellular pleo‐morphism and loss of microvilli during the degenerative phase. During recovery of the villi some alteration in orientation and shape remained as shown by scanning electron microscopy.
The future journey of International Journal of Multinational Corporation Strategy

The explanations provided in this paper constitute the aim of International Journal of Multinational Corporation Strategy (IJMCS), the journal's field of specialisation and potential themes/topics falling under the purview of IJMCS. First of all, the journals that IJMCS will compete with are Global Strategy Journal and Long Range Planning, and that is the primary aim of the journal. The reason for setting forth this goal is because the battlefield of all those journals, including IJMCS, is the global strategy domain, but IJMCS is somewhat different in that it tries to establish itself in niche territory by purely focusing on multinational corporation (MNC) strategy and strategy through foreign direct investment. Thus, as can be seen in the journal title, any themes/topics, which are associated with MNC strategy, will be issues that the journal wants to cover.
ANALISIS PENGARUH BRAND AMBASSADOR, KUALITAS PRODUK DAN HARGA TERHADAP BRAND IMAGE SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN (Studi Kasus Pada Konsumen Face Care Garnier Di Kota Semarang)

This study aimed to analyze the effect arising from the brand ambassador, product quality and price of brand image and its influence on purchase decisions of face care Garnier. Variables used in this study are brand ambassador, product quality and price as the independent variables, then brand image as intervening variable and purchase decisions as the dependent variable. The sample in this study of 200 respondents is derived from consumer face care Garnier in Semarang city. The method used is accidental sampling by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. In this study developed a theoretical model to propose six hypotheses to be tested using analysis tools Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is operated through a program AMOS 22.0 Based on the results of data processing for the SEM full model has met the criteria of goodness of fit as follows, the value of chi-square = 97.759; probability = 0.099; RMSEA = 0.032; CMIN / DF = 1.207; GFI = 0.939; AGFI = 0.909; TLI = 0.990; CFI = 0.993; NFI = 0.959. The result of this research prove five hypothesis are accepted and one is hypothesis rejected. The five hypothesis accepted are show brand ambassador positively affect to brand image, product quality positively affect to purchase decisions, product quality positively affect to brand image, price positively affect to purchase decisions and brand image positively affect purchase decisions and 1 hypothesis rejected is show price is not significant but positively affected to brand image.
Are there gender differences in the reasons why African Americans delay in seeking medical help for symptoms of an acute myocardial infarction?

OBJECTIVES To identify gender differences in delay time and the reasons why African Americans delay in seeking medical care for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Five hospitals in the San Francisco and East Bay areas. PATIENTS Sixty-one African American men and women diagnosed with an AMI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prehospital delay time. RESULTS Median delay time was longer for women compared to men (4.4 hours vs 3.5 hours), although the difference was not significant. Single women delayed longer than single men (P = .03), and women who were alone when symptoms began delayed longer than women with someone (P = .03). Women who received advice to seek help or call 911 upon symptom onset had shorter delays compared to women who were not advised to call 911 (P = .01). Men at home delayed longer than men who experienced their symptoms outside the home (P = .01). Men with emergency room insurance delayed longer than men without emergency room insurance (P = .03), and men who took an ambulance to the hospital had shorter delay times than men who took other means of transportation (P = .04). CONCLUSION Women compared to men often delay seeking treatment for an AMI, which further increases their risks. Our findings suggest specific characteristics that can serve as a profile to those African Americans most likely to delay seeking treatment for AMI.
Gait Parameters Change Prior to Freezing in Parkinson's Disease: A Data-Driven Study with Wearable Inertial Units

Freezing of gait (FoG) is a motor impairment among patients with advanced Parkinson's disease which is associated with falls and has a negative impact on a patient's quality of life. Wearable systems have been developed to detect FoG and to help patients resume walking by means of rhythmical cueing. A step further is to predict the FoG and start cueing a few seconds before it happens, which might help patients avoid the gait freeze entirely. We characterize the gait parameters continuously with up to 10--12 seconds prior to FoG, observe if and how they change before subjects enter FoG, and compare them with the gait before turns. Moreover, we introduce and discuss new frequency-based features to describe gait and motor anomalies prior to FoG. Using inertial units mounted on the ankles of 5 subjects, we show specific changes in the stride duration and length with up to four seconds prior to FoG on all subjects, compared with turns. Moreover, the dominant frequency migrates towards [3, 8] Hz band with up to six seconds prior to FoG on 3 subjects. These findings open the path to real-time prediction of FoG from inertial measurement units.
Emerging Options for Treatment of Invasive, Multidrug‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections

Limited established treatment options exist for the treatment of serious, invasive infections caused by multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, most notably nosocomially acquired methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Although vancomycin represents the gold standard for therapy of such invasive infections, reports of increasing in vitro resistance to vancomycin, combined with reports of clinical failures (with this and other antistaphylococcal agents), underscore the need for alternative therapies. Older agents with favorable in vitro activity available in both oral and intravenous dose forms include trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin. Limited clinical data exist to support their routine use as initial therapy in the treatment of invasive disease. However, these and other options (e.g., tetracyclines) are being reexplored in the setting of increasing concern over MRSA acquired in the community setting. Newer treatment options for MRSA include linezolid, quinupristin‐dalfopristin, daptomycin, and tigecycline. With the exception of linezolid, these newer agents require intravenous administration. Combination therapy may be considered in select invasive diseases refractory to standard monotherapies. These diseases include infections such as endocarditis, meningitis, and prosthetic device infections. Additional alternatives to vancomycin are under clinical investigation. Those in later stages of development include oritavancin, dalbavancin, telavancin, and ceftobiprole.
What’s So Special about STEM? A Comparison of Women’s Retention in STEM and Professional Occupations

We follow female college graduates in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and compare the trajectories of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related occupations to other professional occupations. Results show that women in STEM occupations are significantly more likely to leave their occupational field than professional women, especially early in their career, while few women in either group leave jobs to exit the labor force. Family factors cannot account for the differential loss of STEM workers compared to other professional workers. Few differences in job characteristics emerge either, so these cannot account for the disproportionate loss of STEM workers. What does emerge is that investments and job rewards that generally stimulate field commitment, such as advanced training and high job satisfaction, fail to build commitment among women in STEM.
Working Conditions, Work Outcomes, and Policy in Asian Developing Countries

Developing country labor practices and the working conditions that result from them are both generally poor and increasingly drawing attention from governments, corporations, and the popular media. This review provides an introduction to some of the leading academic literature and ideas that are important for understanding the persistence of poor labor practices and possible policies to address these conditions. The literature is reviewed with the goal of moving from the root causes of poor conditions to innovative solutions. Several such solutions, such as the Better Work program, are discussed.
Örgütsel Adalet ve Yönetimde Merkezileşmenin Çalışan Hırsızlığına Etkileri: Mersin Üniversitesi Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu Öğrenci Algılamaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Bu calismanin amaci, otel isletmelerinde calisan hirsizliginin duzeyini ve boyutlarini belirlemek ve orgutsel etmenlerden yonetimde merke­zilesme ve orgutsel adaletin calisan hirsizligi uzerindeki etkilerini ortaya cikarmaktir. Turizm isletmeciligi egitimi alan 160 ogrencinin anket sorularina verdigi cevaplarla toplanan verilerle yapilan analizler, otel sektorunde calisan hirsizliginin fazla gorulmedigini gostermektedir. Bu arastirmada, calisan hirsizliginin Asirma, Sektorel Duzeyde Hirsizlik, Musteriye Yapilan Sahtecilik, Kullanma, Durustluk ve Hirsizligi Bildirme boyutlarinda gerceklestigi saptanmistir. Adalet unsurlarindan biri olan etkilesimsel adalet, Asirma ve Sektorel Duzeyde Hirsizlik uzerinde azaltici etkiye sahip olmustur. Iki boyuttan olusan yonetimde merkezilesmenin, kararlara katilim boyutundaki artis, Asirma ve Musteriye Yapilan Sahtecilik eylemlerinde artislara neden olmustur. Yonetimde merkezilesmenin otoritenin dagitilmasi boyutu, beklenil­digi gibi Durustluk ve Hirsizligi Bildirme eylemlerinde olumlu etkilere yol acmistir. Arastirmacilara ve sektor yoneticilerine bu calisma ve bulgularindan nasil faydalanabilecekleri yonunde tavsiyelerde bulunulmustur.