Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COSTS OF TRACTOR OWNERSHIP UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA

Tractor is an important source of farm energy and power for mechanization of farm operations. It requires high initial capital investment. Tractor costs have great influence on profit. Knowledge of tractor costs for farm operations has a prime importance in making management plans and decisions especially in comparing different tractor types and models thereby assisting in the selection of a more appropriate farm tractor. This paper reports on the various factors that contribute to the ownership costs of farm tractors and the various techniques of estimating tractor costs in Nigeria under three different management systems. These management systems include Tractor and Equipment Hiring Services (TEHS) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Farmers' Co-operative Management System (FCMS); and Private Ownership Management System (POMS). In each of the Management Systems, the costs of three tractor makes namely MF 135; Steyr 768 and Zetor 7711 were investigated and compared. Results indicate that the average units cost per hour were NI20.44; N134.96; andN159.56 for POMS, FCMS and TEHS respectively. In terms of hours of usage per annum, POMS has the highest effective use of 678.92 hours followed by the FCMS with 603.63 hours while TEHS has only 534.4 hour.
CHANCHING THE EXTERNALIZING AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRUM OF PERSONALITY WITH SELF-REGULATION THERAPY

This article presents an integrator model of changes in the externalizing and internalizing factors of personality grouped in the General Factor of Personality (GFP), based on the Unique Trait Personality Theory (UTPT) [1]. This theory proposes that a continuum exists between personality and psychopathology, as well as the existence of a GFP that occupies the apex of the hierarchy of personality, and extends from an impulsiveness-and-aggressiveness pole (externalizing spectrum) to an anxiety-and-introversion pole (internalizing spectrum). With an experimental intra-group design, 30 regular users of stimulant drugs (cocaine and amphetamine) used the Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT). The SRT is a psychological procedure based on classic conditioning and suggestion used to experience a relaxation effect after the first session, and a stimulation effect during the second session. This stimulation is achieved by reproducing, by the SRT, the sensations produced by stimulant drugs. Effects were recorded on format-state scales of personality adjectives and activation, which represented both externalizing and internalizing factors. The results showed that both relaxation and stimulation, by imitating the effects of drugs, brought about short-term changes in both the GFP, and the externalizing and internalizing factors, and also in the predicted direction, i.e., changes in global personality.
Influence of casein proteolysis by starter bacteria, rennet and plasmin on the growth of propionibacteria in Swiss-type cheese

Summary - The low proteinase activity of propionibacteria renders their growth dependent on the primary hydrolysis of casein by starter bacteria. The purpose of this work was to develop a simple method which would allow us to measure the effect of casein hydrolysates by starter bacteria on the growth of propionibacteria in simulated cheese manufacture. The growth of lactic acid bacteria of starter was performed in UHT milk containing calcium carbonate to maintain the pH constant. Alter simulating the various steps (temperatures, duration) of cheese manufacture for 24 h, growth of propionibacteria was performed in a minimum medium to which casein hydrolysates produced by starter bacteria, rennet or plasmin were added. Growth of propionibacteria was followed photometrically and proteolysis of casein determined by the quantitative reaction of free amino acids with a cadmium ninhydrin reagent. The results have shown that growth of propionibacteria was very poor on medium containing milk alone, but amino acids released by the starter bacteria in milk influenced the growth of the microorganisms. Plasmin had no effect on case in on the liberation of free amino acids, but peptides produced by the enzyme were used by the propionibacteria. Rennet added to milk alone or together with plasmin in the absence of starter bacteria did not provoke the growth of propionibacteria; the proteolytic activity of rennet on casein did not modify starter bacteria growth, but produced a two- to threefold increase in free amino acids, depending on the starter used, and influenced the kinetics of the growth of propionibacteria. Il was demonstrated that rennet may have a significant effect on the growth of propionibacteria in Emmental cheese, whereas it is generally admitted that after milk coagulation, the thermo denaturated enzyme no longer plays a role during the ripening of hard cheeses. Hydrolysis of Cl.srcasein to Cl.sl I-casein by the rennet, before heating the milk to 53°C for Emmental manufacture, produces substrates which are necessary for the Iiberation of amino acids by peptidases. Analyses of experimental cheeses manufactured with starter bacteria of high or low proteolytic activity have shown that a too high concentration of free ami no acids in cheese may inhibit growth of propionibacteria.
An investigation of institutional arrangements for design and delivery of multimodal public transport in Melbourne

Intermodal service coordination designed to achieve a „seamless network‟ is a common feature of high-quality public transport systems. This paper explores the intention and the reality of the institutional arrangements that govern the coordination of bus, tram and train services in Melbourne under the franchise agreements. State Government policies and contractual obligations set out the intended lines of responsibility for the planning of transport networks in relation to design and delivery of coordinated multimodal services. Interviews, designed to examine the practical application of these policies and obligations, were conducted during 2009 with staff from the Department of Transport, the private operators, the Bus Association and from Metlink – the company established to improve communication and coordination of public transport services. The results of this investigation highlight the significant differences between actual practices and the stated intentions of both government policies and existing contracts with private sector organisations. The lack of effective designation of responsibilities, ineffective communication at many levels across numerous institutions, and an absence of skilled staff will continue to impede the development of a cohesive transport network in Melbourne. These problems were not addressed in the design of the new franchise agreements that began in December 2009.
Physiographic characteristics of Peregrine Falcon nesting habitat along the Colorado River system in Utah

—Portions of the Colorado, Dolores, Green, and San Rafael rivers in Utah were surveyed for the breeding Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum ) from 19S6 to 1988. Eleven physical variables were measured at nest cliffs (N = 22) and nonnest cliffs (N = 22) to discern descriptors of cliff choice and subsequent occupancy by breeding peregrines in unexplored habitat within the Colorado River and its tributaries. Ratio scale measurements were subjected to discriminant function analysis or the Mann-Whitney test to determine significant differences between cliff types. At nest cliffs, Rayleigh s and Kuiper s tests were applied to compass directions to ascertain mean direction and circular uniformity. None of the variables we selected revealed any appreciable descriptive ability, which suggests that certain physical attributes of a nest cliff are of questionable value in forecasting occupancy by breeding peregrines within that particular habitat. Historical breeding density of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum) west of the Rocky Mountains was perceived as "extremely low, and this surely is not due to lack of knowledge" (Bond 1946: 107). In the early 1970s an analysis of Utah revealed 40 historical or recent breeding sites, but the majority (80%) were located within the Great Basin. Five of the 8 locations (65%) within the Colorado Plateau were suspected but not verified (Porter and White 1973). The 1975 North American Peregrine Survey suggested the possibility of only 6 additional breeding sites along major drainages of the Colorado Plateau (Fyfe et al. 1976). A survey of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (GCNRA) in 1983 located 2 additional sites on the lower end of Lake Powell (USFWS report 1983). One year later U.S. Park Service lands occurring within Utah were comprehensively surveyed, and peregrine breeding density within GCNRA was more completely described (Enderson 1984). In 1987 a follow-up survey of GCNRA revealed 5 previously unknown sites (Peregrine Fund Inc., unpublished report 1987). Six additional sites along the Colorado (2), Dolores (1), Green (2), and San Rafael (1) rivers were located during the 1986-1988 breeding seasons (Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, unpublished reports 1986, 1988). Habitat evaluation near known breeding sites in Arizona revealed an apparent commonality of several traits and led to the formation of a predictive model for cliff occupancy by breeding adults (Ellis 1982). The habitat within Arizona, however, was very heterogeneous. A characterization of total peregrine breeding habitat in a more uniform habitat than Arizona has been attempted for the Colorado Plateau (Teresa 1989). Our study objective has been to identify within a more homogeneous habitat physiographic variables that reliably predict cliff choice and occupancy in previously unexplored habitat of the Colorado River and its tributaries.
INDIA's GROWTH : PAST PERFORMANCE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Acharya reviews India’s economic growth performance from 1950 to the present and outlines the economic challenges and prospects facing the country in the medium term. He discusses the more open and outward-looking economy; the growing middle class; the young population; the rise of strong companies in a modernized capital market; recent reforms; and a supportive international economic environment as structural factors to explain the surge in India’s growth rate to 8 percent a year since 2002.
Effect of integrated nutrient management and plant geometry on soil properties and availability of nutrients under SRI technique of rice

The present investigation was conducted for two consecutive years with objective to know the various integrated nutrient management and rice varieties on soil chemical properties. The present study comprised six integrated nutrient modules viz., F0 (control), F1 [RDF (120:60:60)], F2 (50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost), F3 (75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost), F4 (50% RDF + 50% N through FYM) and F5 (75% RDF + 25% N through FYM), two varieties (NDR-359 and Sarju-52) and plant geometry S1 (20cm × 20cm) and S2 (30cm × 30cm). The investigation revealed that the build up of neutral soil pH, reduction in EC and increasing OC were found in INM treatments in varieties and plant geometry as compared to sole inorganic fertilizer treatment (F1) and maximum reduction in pH was observed with the application of F2 (50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost). Whereas, the maximum increase of organic carbon also recorded with the application of the treatment F2. Varieties and plant geometry did not build up of pH, EC and organic carbon. The higher availability of nutrients N, P and K in soil after harvest was recorded in all the INM treatments as compared to inorganic fertiliser application treatments and control. Whereas, the maximum availability of N, P and K after crop harvest were estimated under the treatment having F2 (50% RDF + 50% N through vermicompost), which was closely followed by F4 and F3. Therefore, the maximum availability N, P and K were found in variety NDR-359 under plant geometry S2 (30 cm × 30 cm) followed by Sarju-52and S1 (20 cm × 20 cm), respectively.
A Hybrid Technique Using Combinatorial Cyclic Difference Sets and Binomial Amplitude Tapering for Linear Sparse Array Antenna Design

Reducing system complexity and cost in synthesizing a sparse array antenna design is a challenging task for practical communication systems, such as radar systems and space communication. In this paper, a hybrid technique to synthesize a linear sparse array antenna design is described. This technique is developed using two methods. The first method is a combinatorial approach that applies cyclic difference sets (CDS) integers to significantly reduce the number of antenna elements. The approach and procedure used to apply the new CDS method to configure a linear sparse array, with significant reduction of the spatial antenna dimension, is described. The second method, applied to the array result of the first method, is amplitude tapering using a binomial array approach to reduce the sidelobes level (SLL). The simulation and measurement results of the sample sparse array design showed that the SLL was reduced in comparison to the sparse array design using only the combinatorial CDS method.
Financial Openness and Employment: The Need for Coherent International and National Policies

External financial liberalization has led to a su rge in international capital flows since the early 1990s. While the direct growth benefits of financial openn ss are unclear, it has led developing countries to engage in costly reserve accumulation on an unprecedented sca le. Although this offers some protection against fi nancial crises, many developing countries have nonetheless experienced greater economic volatility and full-sc ale financial crises since the early 1990s. These crise s have had a considerable impact on GDP and long-te rm growth prospects, but it appears that labour has suffered disproportionately as labour market indicators typi cally lack economic recovery. Furthermore, the labour share in national income is typically eroded during a finan ci l crisis. The present paper, therefore, draws the conclusion that volatility in international financial markets i currently perhaps one of the most harmful factors for enterpr ises and labour in developing countries. Hence, the paper suggests how greater policy coherency between inter national and national financial, economic and emplo yment policies can give greater attention to employment a nd incomes. JEL classification: F43; G15; J21 Financial Openness and Employment: The Need for Coherent International and National Policies
Hawaijar -A Fermented Soya of Manipur, India: Review

Hawaijar is an indigenous fermented soyabean product of Manipur, India. It is has been consumed in every household directly or used as an ingredient in several signature dishes of Manipur. Hawaijar is rich in almost all the nutrients and Bacillus sp. is the microorganism involved in the fermentation process. They are known for its flavour and aroma. In this present study, it is aimed to document and summarize the processing methods of hawaijar, its nutritional value and microbes involved in its fermentation.
Pheromone trapping system for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Saudi Arabia: Optimization of trap contents and placement

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is a major pest of date palm. The pheromone-based mass trapping of weevils has traditionally been an important component of integrated pest management program for this pest. In order to maximize the trap catches, six field experiments were conducted in the present study including evaluation of stump trap, lures, lure synergist ethyl acetate, kairomones, food baits and yeast. The stump trap lured more weevils than the tree trap. The three tested pheromone lures were similar in attraction but with ethyl acetate, Ferrolure+™ lured more weevils than RHYFER™. Amongst the tested kairomones, acetic acid and ethyl acetate alone and together emerged as strong synergists to lure. The date fruits, date palm stem pieces and sugarcane pieces attracted similar number of weevils but in presence of ethyl acetate, date fruits attracted significantly more adults. Date fruits attracted more weevils with yeast than alone but overall, date fruits, yeast and ethyl acetate together recorded the highest trap catches. The differences in attraction of weevils due to various treatments have been analyzed and results are discussed.
Seroprevalence of chikungunya fever virus and O’nyong Nyong fever virus among febrile patients visiting selected hospitals in 2011-2012 Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

Background: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus in the Semliki Forest complex, and is most closely related to O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV). CHIKV and ONNV are mosquito-borne alphaviruses endemic in East Africa that cause acute febrile illness and arthralgia. The objectives of this study were to measure seroprevalence of CHIKV and ONNV in selected health facilities in Western Kenya and link it to demographics and other risk factors. Methods: The study design was cross sectional in selected health facilities. We tested for anti-CHIKV antibodies using In-house Indirect IgG Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and In-house IgM Capture ELISA and confirmed with Focus Reduction Neutralization Test (FRNT) for specific alphavirus neutralizing antibodies against CHIKV or ONNV. Mean, median and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. Comparisons of means and medians were done using Student’s t test. Prevalence rates were determined using descriptive statistics (e.g. proportions, rates). Results: From the 382 samples that were successfully collected, 114 (29.84%) had anti-CHIKV antibodies by the ELISA test. Of these, 27 (7.1%) had CHIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies and 5 (1.3%) had ONNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Age was significantly associated with seropositivity (OR=1.03; P=0.015, 95% C.I 1.01-1.06). Males were less likely to be seropositive (OR=0.67; P=0.358, 95% C.I 0.27-1.52). Risk factors associated with seropositivity included collecting firewood (OR=2.73 95% 1.136.41) and walls with holes and cracks (OR=0.23 95% C.I 0.04 -0.86). Conclusions: Both CHIKV and ONNV infections were confirmed in the participants’ more so in women and adults, demonstrating undocumented and ongoing transmission in Western Kenya. In 2011 and 2012 CHIKV and ONNV contributed 8.4% of fevers presented in the three selected health facilities in Western Kenya.
Improving Preservice Elementary Teachers' Views of the Nature of Science Using Explicit-Reflective Teaching in a Science, Technology and Society Course

This study examined twelve preservice elementary teachers’ views on the nature of science (NOS). The student teachers participated in a cohort group as they took a science, technology and society course during which the target NOS aspects were taught through an explicit/reflective approach. The main goals were to that (1) improve preservice teachers’ understanding of NOS and (2) encourage them to teach NOS in their classrooms. Data were collected through Views of the Nature of Scienceform C (VNOS-C) survey and followed semi-structured interviews. Both survey and interviews were administered at the beginning and end of the intervention. It was concluded that preservice teachers hold an inadequate understanding of NOS. However after teaching the NOS in an explicit-reflective way, the majority of them improved their understandings of all the NOS aspects except for relationship and distinction between theories and laws. The main result of the study is that for student teachers to really teach NOS to their students, first of all, they need to have intentions about teaching it. This was achieved in the current study by encouraging and supporting student teachers to develop and implement their own NOS activities in real educational contexts to elementary students.
Rapid channel incision of the lower Pearl River (China) since the 1990s

Abstract. This paper reported a dramatic channel incision (>10 m in the deepest cut) during the past 10 y or so in the lower Pearl River, the second largest river in terms of water discharge in China. The channel incision had caused changes both in the channel geometry as well as in the river hydraulics. Also, the water exchange between the two major tributaries of the Pearl River, the Xijiang and Beijiang, had been significantly changed due to the channel incision. The rapid channel incision was principally the result of extensive sand mining in the lower Pearl River and the delta region due to the booming economy in the Pearl Delta region. Slight increase of water discharge and significant decrease of sediment load since the early 1990s in both the Xijiang and Beijiang also likely contributed to the observed dramatic river bed downcutting to some extent. This has important implications for river management, as the large Chinese rivers have seen a dramatic depletion of sediment fluxes due to the combined effects of declining rainfall, dam constructions, water diversion, reforestation and afforestation, and sediment mining over the recent decades.
Textbook Representation of Prepositions

This article presents a corpus-based investigation on English prepositions which are presented in three English language textbooks used by lower secondary schools in Malaysia. The aims were to find out the distributions of prepositions, its frequency order in comparison with the British National Corpus (BNC) and the differences in terms of their co-occurrence with other parts of speech. The findings showed that there is a difference between the textbook corpus and the BNC in terms of the frequency order of certain prepositions and there are similarities and differences in terms of their co-occurrence with other parts of speech. This study indicates the textbook corpus is essential in the study of prepositions and the results can guide teachers in deciding how best to supplement the text with activities that will give learners exposure to target grammar item that is not sufficiently presented in the textbook.
Migration and Networks: Does Education Matter More than Gender?

This paper looks at the impact of networks on international migration flows to OECD countries. In particular, we look at whether diaspora effects are different across education levels and gender. Using new data allowing to include both dimensions, we are able to analyze the respective impact of networks on the proportion of each category of migrant. Therefore, unlike the preceding literature on macro determinants of international migration, we can identify the respective factors influencing the selection in terms skills and in term of gender. We found that network effects vary by education level but not by gender. Women are also found to be less directly dependent on migration costs unrelated to networks such as distance.
Running head: Teachers☂ Attitude to Inclusion Scale Psychometric properties of the revised Teachers' Attitude towards Inclusion Scale (TAIS)

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