Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peggy Hewitt Nurses ’ Perceptions of the Causes of Medication Errors : An Integrative Literature Review

Most nurses first hear the phrase “medication error” during their basic professional education. Concern for jeopardizing patient safety by committing a medication error traditionally has been instilled deeply into student nurses. Medication errors are a very real and frightening event in health care, and they deserve the concern associated with them. A 2000 report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which indicated 44,000-98,000 people die each year in hospitals due to medical errors, focused national attention on patient safety and awareness of potential harm (Kohn, Corrigan, & Donaldson, 2000). Before the IOM publication To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Kohn et al., 2000), little published research existed regarding medication errors in nursing. A Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) search revealed only five research articles related to nursing and medication errors from 1995 to 1999. However, since the IOM’s report, numerous studies have explored best practices for safer medication administration. Studies have evaluated medication reconciliation (Kramer et al., 2007; Nester & Hale, 2002; Varkey et al., 2007), the use of computerized physician order entry, (George & Austin-Bishop, 2003), the use of medication protocols (Manias, Aitken, & Dunning, 2005), improvement of nursing students’ math skills in order to reduce medication errors (Wright, 2004), and discussions of barriers to medication error reporting (Madegowda, Hill, & Anderson, 2007; Mayo & Duncan, 2004; Stetina, Groves, & Pafford, 2005; Ulanimo, O’Leary-Kelley, & Connolly, 2007).
hysiology olybdenum accumulation , tolerance and olybdenum – selenium – sulfur interactions in Astragalus selenium yperaccumulator and nonaccumulator species achael

Some species hyperaccumulate selenium (Se) upwards of 0.1% of dry weight. This study addressed whether Se hyperaccumulators also accumulate and tolerate more molybdenum (Mo). A field survey revealed on average 2-fold higher Mo levels in three hyperaccumulator Astragali compared to three nonaccumulator Astragali, which were not significantly different. Next, a controlled study was performed where hyperaccumulators Astragalus racemosus and Astragalus bisulcatus were compared with nonaccumulators Astragalus drummondii and Astragalus convallarius for Mo accumulation and tolerance, alone or in the presence of Se. When grown on agar media with 0, 12, 24 or 48 mg L−1 molybdate and/or 0, 1.6 or 3.2 mg L−1 selenate, all species decreased in biomass with increasing Mo supply. Selenium did not impact biomass at the supplied levels. All Astragali accumulated Mo upwards of 0.1% of dry weight. Selenium levels were up to 0.08% in Astragalus racemosus and 0.04% Se in the other species. Overall, there was no correlation between Se hyperaccumulation and Mo accumulation capacity. However, the hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators differed in some respects. While none of the species had a higher tissue Mo to sulfur (S) ratio than the growth medium, nonaccumulators had a higher Mo/S ratio than hyperaccumulators. Also, while molybdate and selenate reduced S accumulation in nonaccumulators, it did not in hyperaccumulators. Furthermore, A. racemosus had a higher Se/S ratio than its medium, while the other species did not. Additionally, Mo and Se treatment affected S levels in nonaccumulators, but not in hyperaccumulators. In conclusion, there is no evidence of a link between Se and Mo accumulation and tolerance in Astragalus. Sulfate transporters in hyperaccumulating Astragali appear to have higher sulfate specificity over other oxyanions, compared to nonaccumulators, and A. racemosus may have a transporter with enhanced selenate specificity relative to sulfate or molybdate. © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
International Trade and Worker Turnover – Empirical Evidence for Germany

Using a linked employer-employee data set for Germany, this paper studies how worker turnover is related to establishments' international trade involvement. The descriptive analysis shows that trading establishments have lower worker turnover rates than non-traders, suggesting a higher degree of employment stability. Conditional on an extensive set of control variables, exporting is further associated with a higher net job flow rate, which is almost entirely due to a lower separation rate (particularly for highskilled workers and transitions into non-employment). In contrast, an increase in import intensity is associated with a lower accession rate (particularly for low-skilled workers and their accessions out of non-employment). These results are more pronounced for smaller establishments, and they partly lose statistical significance once unobservable establishment characteristics are taken into account.
Ten principles from evolutionary ecology essential for effective marine conservation

Abstract Sustainably managing marine species is crucial for the future health of the human population. Yet there are diverse perspectives concerning which species can be exploited sustainably, and how best to do so. Motivated by recent debates in the published literature over marine conservation challenges, we review ten principles connecting life‐history traits, population growth rate, and density‐dependent population regulation. We introduce a framework for categorizing life histories, POSE (Precocial–Opportunistic–Survivor–Episodic), which illustrates how a species’ life‐history traits determine a population's compensatory capacity. We show why considering the evolutionary context that has shaped life histories is crucial to sustainable management. We then review recent work that connects our framework to specific opportunities where the life‐history traits of marine species can be used to improve current conservation practices.
High cholesterol diet leads to oxidant load and peroxidation in the rabbit kidney tissue.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of high cholesterol diet on oxidant/antioxidant status in rabbit kidney tissues. BACKGROUND Although a number of experimental animal models have suggested that hyperlipidemia is associated with progressive kidney failure data remain sparse on the role of dietary cholesterol intake on kidney disease. METHODS Twelve male New Zealand albino rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (control and cholesterol). Both groups were fed on a standard laboratory diet. Animals in the cholesterol group additionally received cholesterol (1 g/kg/day), orally. The study period was 12 weeks. Activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), xanthine oxidase (XO), paraoxonase (PON), adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in kidney tissue samples. Histological examination of the kidney tissue samples was also done. RESULTS SOD, GSH-Px and XO enzyme activities were found to be decreased and NOS and PON activities increased significantly in cholesterol group compared to controls. As an indication of oxidation, MDA levels were found to be increased in cholesterol group. Histological examination revealed some derangements in the kidney tissue. CONCLUSION High cholesterol diet creates oxidant load and causes peroxidation, which in turn, leads derangements in the rabbit kidney tissue (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 69).
Evaluation of sampling methods for toxicological testing of indoor air particulate matter

Abstract There is a need for toxicity tests capable of recognizing indoor environments with compromised air quality, especially in the context of moisture damage. One of the key issues is sampling, which should both provide meaningful material for analyses and fulfill requirements imposed by practitioners using toxicity tests for health risk assessment. We aimed to evaluate different existing methods of sampling indoor particulate matter (PM) to develop a suitable sampling strategy for a toxicological assay. During three sampling campaigns in moisture-damaged and non-damaged school buildings, we evaluated one passive and three active sampling methods: the Settled Dust Box (SDB), the Button Aerosol Sampler, the Harvard Impactor and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler. Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions and cell metabolic activity (CMA), production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) were determined after 24 h of exposure. The repeatability of the toxicological analyses was very good for all tested sampler types. Variability within the schools was found to be high especially between different classrooms in the moisture-damaged school. Passively collected settled dust and PM collected actively with the NIOSH Sampler (Stage 1) caused a clear response in exposed cells. The results suggested the higher relative immunotoxicological activity of dust from the moisture-damaged school. The NIOSH Sampler is a promising candidate for the collection of size-fractionated PM to be used in toxicity testing. The applicability of such sampling strategy in grading moisture damage severity in buildings needs to be developed further in a larger cohort of buildings.
Mate choice copying versus preference for actively displaying males by female pied flycatchers

Should a female copy the mate choice of other females? A female may rank a mated male higher in quality than an unmated male because the former has demonstrated that he is able to attract a female. However, a prospecting female may also avoid a mated male because of the risk that she has to compete with the male's initial mate over access to copulations, breeding resources and male parental care. We studied the mate choice of female pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca, in aviaries divided into three compartments, two for males, and one for a female. A female was allowed to choose (build a nest in a nestbox) between two males after a period when she had been kept in a cage behind a one-way mirror and had presumably seen that one of the males was in the company of another female for 5 h. There was no evidence that females copied the mate choice of conspecific females, or that they avoided males that had recently been in the company of another female. Instead, females apparently chose a mate independently of others, choosing the male showing most courtship display. The latter result explains the consistency in mate choice observed when different females chose between the same pair of males in repeat trials. The ability of females to pick out the same male independently may also explain why a few males obtain most copulations in lekking species. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Assessing the Effectiveness of an Interval Estimation and a Visual-Spatial Secondary Task as Measures of Mental Workload During Laparoscopy

The goal of the present study was to compare two secondary workload tasks, specifically a time interval estimation and visual-spatial task, to determine which of these is most appropriate for the assessment of laparoscopic mental workload. Participants performed a peg transfer task in two conditions: a normal camera angle and a 90° camera angle intended to increase mental workload. Based on multiple resource theory, it was predicted the visual-spatial task would be more sensitive to the workload manipulation than the time estimation task because it draws upon the specific, as opposed to more general, attentional resources required by laparoscopy. Primary task results demonstrated that manipulation of camera angle did change workload levels. Secondary task results showed that the visual-spatial task possessed greater sensitivity and diagnosticity than the interval estimation task. However, interval estimation demonstrated a global sensitivity to workload changes. The findings suggest that a visual-spatial secondary task is an effective method to assess workload experienced during laparoscopy.
Literacy and health status in developing countries.

In The Health of Nations Sagan described studying historical data collected from almost 150 nations spanning the gamut from pre-modem to highly complex post modem societies searching for the characteristics that would best predict life expectancy. After applying statistical tests to determine which factor(s) appeared to be causal he found that "by far the most consistently powerful predictor of life expectancy was the prevalence of literacy. " The association of literacy and health has been reported repeatedly in analyses of the post World War II decline of mortality in developing countries and of mortality differentials within their populations. The strength and significance of this relationship appear similar across cultural regions and time. But uncertainties remain. What is the direction of causation? Are health status and literacy jointly determined by other societal forces? What are the mechanisms through which literacy influences health? (excerpt)
Inhibition of respiration of Escherichia coli by thioglycerol

Anaerobic growth on glucose significantly protected Escherichia coli from growth inhibition by thioglycerol. Methionine and anaerobiosis completely overcame growth inhibition by 2 to 90 mM thioglycerol. The respiration of aerobically growing cells was partially inhibited by 20 to 90 mM thioglycerol.
Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: Data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Objective: To determine the prevalence trends of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women seen between 1995 and 2003 at public antenatal clinics (ANC) in the city of Dar es Salaam. Design and settings: Cross-sectional studies among pregnant women at selected antenatal clinics who were offered HIV testing as part of research and service programmes to prevent vertical transmission of HIV infection and improve pregnancy outcomes. Subjects and methods: Consenting women gave blood for HIV antibody testing using a sequential ELISA protocol. Sociodemographic information was collected using structured interviews. Results: In total, 62% of women attending the antenatal clinics gave informed consent for HIV testing and 51,076 had final confirmed results available for this analysis. Women below 20 years of age had the lowest HIV seroprevalence. The HIV-1 prevalence declined from 14.2% in 1995 to 10.6% in 2003. Conclusion: There is a definite substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam following ongoing interventions, which have been carried out in Tanzania. There is a need to further strengthen these interventions.
The Influence of a Bifidobacterium animalis Probiotic on Gingival Health: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the use of probiotics in periodontal therapy; however, until now, most research has focused on lactobacilli probiotics. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 4-week use of yogurt supplemented with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DN-173010 versus a placebo yogurt, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period. METHODS Individuals were included in this single-mask, randomized, controlled study if probing depth (PD) was ≤3 mm and attachment loss was ≤2 mm. After professional prophylaxis, they were randomized into two groups receiving yogurt containing either placebo or B. animalis for 28 days, followed by a 5-day non-brushing period. Outcome measures were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), PD, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, and total amount and concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β in GCF. These were measured at baseline, after 28 days of study product use, and subsequently after 5 days of plaque accumulation. RESULTS Fifty-one patients were analyzed. No intergroup differences could be detected before and after intake of study products. However, after plaque accumulation, significantly better results for all parameters were seen in the probiotic group compared with the control group (P <0.001): lower PI and GI, less BOP, less increase in GCF volume, and lower IL-1β total amount/concentration. CONCLUSION The use of a probiotic yogurt supplemented with B. animalis can have a positive effect on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammatory parameters after refraining from oral hygiene practices.
Simulation model and characteristics of variable frequency transformers used for grid interconnection

This paper constructs a PSCAD-based simulation model of the Variable Frequency Transformer (VFT). The model verification is then performed on a one-machine infinite-bus system. The verification simulations show that the model is fairly accurate to represent VFT's dynamic characteristics under different frequency control, phase angle control, and start-up control strategies. Based on this model, some further simulations are conducted to study VFT's characteristics under fault conditions and its roles in preventing the spread of faults into the other area on Kundur's well known four-machine two-area system. The simulation studies show that, while compared with a conventional power transformer, the VFT can effectively suppress power oscillations between the two interconnected power systems and thus prevent the faults from spreading.
Parakeratosis or Zinc Deficiency Disease in the Pig.∗

Summary The parakeratosis syndrome was produced in pigs on rations containing 34 to 44 ppm of Zn. The level of Ca and/or P affected the incidence and severity of the disease. Supplementing the diet with . 02% of ZnCO3 (or .01% ZnCO3 in a trace mineral mixture) cured or prevented the disease. The zinc-supplemented rations produced excellent growth in pigs.
INHALED ILOPROST FOR SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

H ORST O LSCHEWSKI , M.D., G ERALD S IMONNEAU , M.D., N AZZARENO G ALIÈ , M.D., T IMOTHY H IGENBOTTAM , M.D., R OBERT N AEIJE , M.D., L EWIS J. R UBIN , M.D., S YLVIA N IKKHO , M.D., R UDOLF S PEICH , M.D., M ARIUS M. H OEPER , M.D., J ÜRGEN B EHR , M.D., J ÖRG W INKLER , M.D., O LIVIER S ITBON , M.D., W LADIMIR P OPOV , M.D., H. A RDESCHIR G HOFRANI , M.D., A LESSANDRA M ANES , M.D., D AVID G. K IELY , M.D., R ALPH E WERT , M.D., A NDREAS M EYER , M.D., P AUL A. C ORRIS , F.R. C.P., M ARION D ELCROIX , M.D., M IGUEL G OMEZ -S ANCHEZ , M.D., H ARALD S IEDENTOP , D IPL . S TAT . , AND W ERNER S EEGER , M.D.,
Contribution of Quadriceps Weakness to Fragility Fracture: A Prospective Study

The association between muscle weakness and fracture is not well understood. This study sought to examine the contribution of muscle strength at baseline and change in muscle strength to the observed risk of fragility fracture in older people. The study involved 595 men and 1066 women aged 60+ years (median 69 years) who had been followed for a median of 11 years (range, 4 to 22 years). Quadriceps isometric muscle strength (MS) measured at baseline and biennially was adjusted for height. Femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) was measured by DXA. Low‐trauma fracture was ascertained from X‐ray reports and interview. The relationship between baseline MS and serial MS and fracture assessed by time‐invariant and time‐variant Cox's regression models was expressed as hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). During the follow‐up period, 282 (26%) women and 89 (15%) men sustained a fragility fracture. From age 60 years, women lost 0.28 kg/m (1.6%) of MS per year, whereas men lost 0.39 kg/m (1.5%) of MS per year. In the time‐variant model, using serial MS, each 1 SD (4.7 kg/m) lower MS was associated with a 27% increase in the risk of fracture in women (HR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.43); and 46% increase in men (HR 1.46; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.75). After adjusting for FNBMD, age and prior fracture, history of fall and smoking, HR per SD of lower MS was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.28) for women and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.18 to 1.64) for men. These data indicate that muscle weakness is an independent determinant of fracture risk in men, but not in women. This sex difference suggests that apart from mechanical load effect of muscle on bone, there are other muscle‐bone interactions that need to be investigated in future studies. The accuracy of fracture risk prediction for men may be improved by incorporating muscle strength. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Comparison between Gutta-Percha and Resin-Coated Gutta-Percha using Different Obturation Techniques

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the obturation quality between canals obturated with gutta-percha/AH Plus sealer (GP group) and resin-coated GP/EndoREZ® sealer (ER group). Methods A total sample of 90 mandibular premolar teeth was divided into 2 groups (2 × 45 canals): the GP group and ER group. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n = 15): cold lateral compaction (CLC), warm lateral compaction (WLC) and single cone (SC). The teeth were subsequently embedded in resin and sectioned horizontally at 1, 3, 6 and 9 mm. All sections were then viewed with a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. The area occupied by core filling materials was determined using Cell^D software. Results With CLC, the percentage of core filling materials in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at the 1- and 3-mm levels. Similarly, with WLC, the percentage of core filling material in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at the 1-, 3- and 9-mm levels. With SC, the percentage of core filling materials in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at all levels. Conclusions It can be concluded that the resin-coated GP/EndoREZ® sealer is superior to the gutta-percha/AH Plus in the percentage of core filling material.
Initial acquisition of mental graphemic representations in children with language impairment.

PURPOSE The authors examined initial acquisition of mental graphemic representations (MGRs) for a set of pseudowords in children with language impairment (LI). They also determined whether the linguistic properties of the words (i.e., phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities) influenced MGR learning and whether the ability to acquire initial MGRs was related to performance on reading and spelling measures. The authors compared these children's initial acquisition of MGRs to a group of children with typical language (TL) skills. METHOD A written fast mapping procedure was administered to 25 kindergarten children with LI and 31 with TL. During the procedure, the children were exposed to novel pseudowords varying in phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities in a computer-based, storybook reading task and then were asked to generate and identify those pseudoword spellings. Additionally, reading and spelling tasks were administered. RESULTS Children with LI acquired some initial MGRs as evidenced by their ability to identify some pseudowords; however, their ability to identify and generate pseudowords was significantly poorer than that of the comparison group. Similar to their TL peers, the ability to identify pseudoword spellings by children with LI was affected by the linguistic properties of words, and written fast mapping performance was related to spelling performance. However, unlike the comparison group, written fast mapping performance of children with LI was not related to performance on a reading composite measure. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose that children with LI are less robust at developing initial MGRs than are children with TL and that this poor ability to acquire initial MGRs likely places them at risk for later literacy deficits.