Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations Between At-Risk Alcohol Use, Substance Use, and Smoking with Lipohypertrophy and Lipoatrophy Among Patients Living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE To examine associations between lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy and illicit drug use, smoking, and at-risk alcohol use among a large diverse cohort of persons living with HIV (PLWH) in clinical care. METHODS 7,931 PLWH at six sites across the United States completed 21,279 clinical assessments, including lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy, drug/alcohol use, physical activity level, and smoking. Lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy were measured using the FRAM body morphology instrument and associations were assessed with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Lipohypertrophy (33% mild, 4% moderate-to-severe) and lipoatrophy (20% mild, 3% moderate-to-severe) were common. Older age, male sex, and higher current CD4 count were associated with more severe lipohypertrophy (p values <.001-.03). Prior methamphetamine or marijuana use, and prior and current cocaine use, were associated with more severe lipohypertrophy (p values <.001-.009). Older age, detectable viral load, and low current CD4 cell counts were associated with more severe lipoatrophy (p values <.001-.003). In addition, current smoking and marijuana and opiate use were associated with more severe lipoatrophy (p values <.001-.03). Patients with very low physical activity levels had more severe lipohypertrophy and also more severe lipoatrophy than those with all other activity levels (p values <.001). For example, the lipohypertrophy score of those reporting high levels of physical activity was on average 1.6 points lower than those reporting very low levels of physical activity (-1.6, 95% CI: -1.8 to -1.4, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy among a nationally distributed cohort of PLWH. While low levels of physical activity were associated with both lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy, associations with substance use and other clinical characteristics differed between lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy. These results support the conclusion that lipohypertrophy and lipoatrophy are distinct, and highlight differential associations with specific illicit drug use.
Long-term reproductive cycles in rams after pinealectomy or superior cervical ganglionectomy.

Long-term cycles in diameter of the testes, colouration of the sexual skin and plasma concentrations of testosterone, FSH and prolactin were monitored in groups of pinealectomized (PINX), superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX), and control Soay rams living near Edinburgh (56 degrees N). In Exp. 1, PINX, SCGX and control rams were kept outside for 4 years, and well defined seasonal cycles in each of the reproductive parameters were evident in all 3 groups (e.g. testosterone cycle length assessed by sine-wave analysis: 12.08 +/- 0.17, 12.39 +/- 0.14 and 12.15 +/- 0.10 months for PINX, SCGX and control rams respectively). Qualitative differences, however, were apparent between the groups in the timing and amplitude of the reproductive cycle. The seasonal peak in reproductive function occurred from July to September in the PINX and SCGX rams, some 2 months earlier in the year than in controls, while the amplitude of the cycle was less marked in the PINX and SCGX rams. There were no significant differences between the experimental groups in the seasonal cycle in the plasma concentrations of prolactin. In Exp. 2, SCGX and control rams were kept indoors under an artificial environment with a 32-week light cycle and constant nutrition for 4 years. Compared to the controls, in which the reproductive changes were synchronized to the driving light cycle, the SCGX rams showed poorly defined reproductive cycles of lower amplitude and longer period (e.g. testosterone cycle length: 57.8 +/- 6.1 and 32.1 +/- 0.2 weeks for SCGX and control rams, respectively). There was evidence of a cycle in some of the reproductive parameters in the SCGX rams with a period close to 32 weeks during the second half of the study (e.g. testosterone cycle 32.4 +/- 0.8 weeks), which was taken to indicate social induction from the neighbouring control rams. In two further short-term experiments, SCGX rams showed a decline in testicular activity in response to receiving a restricted diet (60% of controls) and an increase in testosterone secretion in response to exposure to oestrous ewes. The overall results illustrate that PINX and SCGX rams can generate long-term synchronized cycles in pituitary and testicular activity. The animals are apparently unable to respond to changes in daylength due to the loss of the functional pineal gland but they remain competent to respond to other environmental cues such as changes in nutrition, temperature and social factors. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The influence of land use on stream biofilm nutrient limitation across eight North American ecoregions

Nutrient diffusing substrata were used to determine the influence of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on community respiration (CR), gross primary production (GPP), and chlorophyll a (chl a) on inorganic and organic substrata. We incubated substrata in nine streams each in a total of eight ecoregions (n = 72 streams) located in a range of native vegetation, agriculture, and urban land-use types. On organic substrata, CR was nutrient-limited in 94% of reference streams but showed significant nutrient limitation in only 60% and 65% of agricultural and urban streams, re- spectively. The relative magnitude of nutrient limitation for CR on organic substrata decreased with increasing percent modified land use in the basin (agriculture + urban). On inorganic and organic substrata, GPP and chl a were rarely nu- trient-limited across all ecoregions and land-use types, although the magnitude of nutrient limitation increased with in- creasing light availability. The effect of human land use on nutrient limitation of biofilm CR, GPP, and chl a was influenced by ecoregion, yet heterotrophic biofilms were consistently most sensitive to nutrient enrichment across ecore- gions. Both heterotrophic and autotrophic biofilm constituents should be considered to fully understand stream ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment.
Concomitant immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin and collagen in schistosome granulomata

Affinity purified antibodies to human collagen type I and III and antihuman fibronectin, were employed immuno‐histochemically on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded human tissue containing schistosome granulomata. The distribution of the three connective tissue proteins was studied in 45 biopsies in which there was Schistosoma haematobium (30) and Schistosoma mansoni (15) infestation. The granulomata were divided into early, intermediate and late according to the proportion of inflammatory cell types and the degree of fibrous tissue deposition. Only fibronectin was detected in the early granuloma where macrophages are the main cell type. In the intermediate granuloma both fibronectin and collagen type III were localized along reticulin positive fibres; spindle cells, (presumptive fibroblasts) and macrophages were the cell types present at this stage. Collagen type I was mainly localized in the late granuloma. Hyalinized connective tissue was negative for the three proteins. The loose connective tissue and walls of blood vessels were constantly stained for fibronectin and collagen type III in normal areas distant from granulomata. These results raise the possibility of using localization of fibronectin and collagen as a means to stage the duration of chronic fibrotic diseases.
Forecasting of ionospheric delay over Parit Raja Station, Johor, using statistical method

GPS is of great importance in precise positioning, however, the accuracy is marked by error sources, i.e. ionospheric effects. The signal information is delayed and the carrier phase experiences an advance due to the dispersive character of the ionosphere. The delay can be more than 100 meters in the worst case scenario and tends to increase with increasing solar activity. This error can be corrected by processing the GPS data if it is known. This paper describes the possibility of using statistical methods to forecast the ionospheric delay which shows repeatable patterns in time series. The statistical method used is the Holt-Winter method due to its ability to forecast time series with repeated trends and seasonal patterns. Based on the TEC data collected during a period of a month, ionospheric delay forecast is generated for the following month, which is then compared with the real data. Results show that there is a 6% error between the forecast and the real ionospheric delay and the error correction for the delay can be more than 90%.
The impact of privacy concerns on the intention for continued use of an integrated mobile instant messaging and social network platform

A mobile instant messaging and social network MIM-SN app such as WeChat is an instant communication application with integrated social networking features for new-generation smartphones. This study attempts to extend the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology UTAUT2 model with privacy concerns to explain consumer behaviour in the adoption of MIM-SN apps in China. Through an online survey, 251 valid questionnaires were collected. A partial least squares PLS analysis was applied to implement the proposed model and hypothesis testing. The integration of the privacy concerns factor into the UTAUT2 model reduces the effects of performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Compared with UTAUT2, the extended model yields a better explanation for continuance intentions with respect to the adoption of MIM-SN apps in China 89.58%. This study recommends that MIM-SN app service providers should guarantee there are sufficient explicit policies to protect users' privacy.
A review of the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes in a rural Australian primary care cohort

Multiple drug combination therapy aimed at controlling glucose, blood pressure, lipids and fibrinolysis significantly reduces micro‐ and macrovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to (1) identify gaps between current medication management and evidence‐based treatment targets in a rural cohort of Australian adults with type 2 diabetes and (2) determine patient factors associated with the prescribing of medications to patients with type 2 diabetes.
AGE‐RELATED CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE AND BAROREFLEX SENSITIVITY IN SHR

1 The age‐related changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats from 4 to 20 weeks of age. 2 Intra‐arterial blood pressure (BP) was continuously recorded for 24 h in conscious, freely moving rats. Twenty‐four hour MAP and HR were calculated by an online computer. Baroreflex sensitivity was measured by phenylephrine infusion. 3 In SHR, BRS was significantly lower than in WKY as early as 4‐5 weeks, at which time MAP in SHR was only slightly raised. During subsequent weeks, rapid increase in MAP occurred in SHR, in association with progressive bradycardia. 4 It was concluded that a reduced BRS may be detected in young prehypertensive SHR and this impairment of BRS may be central in origin.
Inequality and cumulative advantage in science careers : a case study of high-impact journals

Even though academic research is often viewed as the preferred career path for PhD trained scientists, most U.S. graduates enter careers in industry, government, or ‘‘alternative careers. ’’ There has been a growing concern that these career patterns reflect fundamental imbalances between the supply of scientists seeking academic positions and the availability of such positions. However, while government statistics provide insights into realized career transitions, there is little systematic data on scientists’ career preferences and thus on the degree to which there is a mismatch between observed career paths and scientists’ preferences. Moreover, we lack systematic evidence whether career preferences adjust over the course of the PhD training and to what extent advisors exacerbate imbalances by encouraging their students to pursue academic positions. Based on a national survey of PhD students at tier-one U.S. institutions, we provide insights into the career preferences of junior scientists across the life sciences, physics, and chemistry. We also show that the attractiveness of academic careers decreases significantly over the course of the PhD program, despite the fact that advisors strongly encourage academic careers over non-academic careers. Our data provide an empirical basis for common concerns regarding labor market imbalances. Our results also suggest the need for mechanisms that provide PhD applicants with information that allows them to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of pursuing a PhD, as well as for mechanisms that complement the job market advice advisors give to their current students. Citation: Sauermann H, Roach M (2012) Science PhD Career Preferences: Levels, Changes, and Advisor Encouragement. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36307. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone. 0036307 Editor: Luı́s A. Nunes Amaral, Northwestern University, United States of America Received February 1, 2012; Accepted April 3, 2012; Published May 2, 2012 Copyright: 2012 Sauermann, Roach. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The Georgia Research Alliance/Kauffman Foundation has provided partial funding for this study (http://www.gra.org/). The Georgia Institute of Technology (College of Management) has provided partial funding for this study (http://www.mgt.gatech.edu). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: henry.sauermann@mgt.gatech.edu
Direct influences of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6) on the proliferation and cell-surface antigen expression of cancer cells.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 produced by surgical intervention or non-specific immunotherapy may directly affect both the growth and the metastasis of tumour cells. It is therefore important to clarify the direct influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on tumour cells in order to obtain a better knowledge of anti-tumour therapy. Four human lung cancer cell lines were used. The tumour cells were incubated for 72 h in the presence of various concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or IL-6 and then the proliferative response was assessed by an MTT assay. After 14 days of culture with each pro-inflammatory cytokine, the cell-surface antigen expressions (HLA-class I, HLA-class II, CEA, sialyl Lewis(x)) were assessed by an immunocytochemical staining method. Among the various combinations of tumour cells (PC-9, PC-12, QG-56, QG-95) and cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6), only TNF-alpha significantly exhibited an antiproliferative effect against PC-9 cells. However, various modulations of the cell-surface antigen expression by the cytokines were observed. The HLA-class I antigen expression of PC-9 was augmented by either TNF-alpha or IL-1beta. Furthermore, IL-1beta was able to induce CEA in PC-9, QG-56, and QG-95 cells while TNF-alpha was able to enhance the expression of sialyl Lewis(x)in QG-95 cells. Although the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the growth of tumour cells was only slight, some modulations of the cell-surface antigen expression were notable. The augmentation of HLA-class I expression can thus improve the immunogenicity of tumour cells while the induction of CEA or sialyl Lewis(x)may therefore be associated with the promotion of metastasis.
Screening for lung cancer in the middle‐aged

A screening programme for lung diseases has been in operation in the German Democratic Republic for more than 3 decades. The programme is based on biennial chest X‐rays (70 × 70 mm posterior‐anterior) of the population 40 years of age or over. With respect to lung cancer the results show that, for the population under 60 years of age, the adjusted relative risk of dying from lung cancer among subjects who took part in the last screening round compared with subjects who did not but were screened at least once during the preceding 10‐year period was 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.65–1.33).
Study of prevalence of intestinal parasites in mentally retarded in Ahvaz city , south Iran

Intestinal parasites are among problems of third world and developing countries that bring great deal of social and economic damages to society especially to closed communities which have no right attitude to hygiene and personal issues . Training centers for mentally retarded people are such communities that need more attention; hence we conducted a study to determine degree of contamination with intestinal parasites in centers for mentally retarded people in Ahvaz city. The results are as follows. Population consisted of 829 individuals; 526 male and 303 female. After tests, it turned out that 1.2%was contaminated with A.lumbercoides, T.trichiura 0.6% , H.nana 6% , E.histolitica 0.72% , G.lambelia 9.2% , E.coli 11.7 . Also we found that highest contamination with pathogenic parasites was in female. Statistical tests of Ӽ2 and t-Test showed that there was a meaningful relation between intestinal parasites and age and gender.
Functional anatomy on perception of position and motion in depth.

To investigate the neural substrates for the perception of motion and of position in depth, we examined the changes in regional cerebral blood flow during positional and motion stereopsis in humans by positron emission tomography. During positional stereopsis, the right striate and peristriate cortices (areas V1/V2 and V3) and the inferior parietal lobule were significantly activated. During motion stereopsis, the right striate and peristriate cortices (V1/V2) and the ventrolateral occipital cortex (V5) were significantly activated. These results suggest that brain regions active during stereopsis may be dependent, despite their considerable overlap, on the properties of stereopsis, i.e. positional or motion stereopsis.
Dielectric Properties of Plasma-Polymerized Hexamethyldisiloxane Films: 2 Dielectric Breakdown

The dielectric breakdown characteristics of plasmapolymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (PPHMDSO) films prepared under different fabrication conditions have been investigated. The principal fabrication variable, substrate temperature Ts was varied from 25 to 400°C. Dielectric breakdown strength Eb for given fabrication conditions is substantially increased if the sample is first subjected to self-healing breakdown treatment, which leads to clearing of defect sites. As Ts is raised, the number of selfhealing healing breakdowns decreases, and Eb increases. A preliminary correlation study suggests that spheroidal particles included in the film structure constitute a principal type of defect site. For the best material investigated, PPHMDSO deposited at Ts=400°C, Eb= 12.5 MV cm-1 after self-healing, close to the published value for thermally-grown SiO2.
A five-year rehabilitation programme for younger women after a coronary event reduces the need for hospital care

Aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the dominant diagnosis in in-patient care in Sweden and the third most common cause for long-term sick leave and disability pension. Women are higher consumers of health care than men and have higher frequencies of sickness absenteeism. The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether a five-year long rehabilitation programme for women with CVD affected the use of hospital care and sickness absenteeism. Methods: 130 women below 65 years of age with CVD were randomized to either intervention (n = 69, mean age 52.4 years) with an intensive lifestyle programme (e.g. physical exercise, smoking cessation, dietary advice), including stress management or to standard care (n = 61, mean age 54.3 years). All patients went through baseline medical examinations, including self-administered questionnaires. This procedure was repeated yearly during the rehabilitation period. The frequency of cardiac-related healthcare use was followed via official registers. Results: Emergency visits and number of in-patient days decreased significantly in the intervention group from year one to year five (p < 0.05) but remained unchanged in the control group. Scheduled doctor visits decreased significantly in both groups. There were no significant differences between groups regarding proportion of women on sick leave after one, three and five years. Conclusions: This extensive intervention programme reduced visits at emergency wards and numbers of in-patient days, which in the long run may have beneficial effects on public finances and the patient’s quality of life. The study confirmed previous findings from interventions showing difficulties in influencing sick-leave rates.
HIV‐1 seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers, Chiang Mai, Thailand: a multi cross‐sectional study

ObjectivesTo determine HIV seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers (CSW) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. DesignA three-round multi cross-sectional study was used at approximately 3-month intervals. MethodsIn December 1989, 38 brothels (60%) in Chiang Mai were randomly selected. All 518 female CSW in the brothels were interviewed about their sociodemographics, sexual practices, condom use, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and other risk factors. Blood was tested for Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)-reactivity and HIV-1 antibody. The same brothels, which were all still operating, were revisited in March and July 1990 and 431 and 320 CSW, respectively, were interviewed and blood-tested. Pelvic examination, cervical, urethral and rectal cultures for gonococcus were added to the study in March 1990, although rectal culture was dropped from the study in July 1990. ResultsThere were 5.2% [95% confidence interval (Cl), 4.1–10.6] and 3.6% (95% Cl, 1.5–5.4) per woman-month HIV seroconversion rates for the December-March and March-July periods, respectively. Of the CSW, 71.6–77.0% reported histories of at least one STD. Condom-use rates among these CSW were reported to be 85.8–91.8%. High rates of positive cervical (11.2–12.3%) and urethral (8.8–11.4%) cultures for gonococcus were also found in the CSW. ConclusionsThe fact that high HIV seroconversion rates and high STD prevalence rates occur despite high rates of reported condom use suggests that more aggressive education programs are needed in Thailand.