Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shooting the Rapids: Managing Product Development in Turbulent Environments

This article explores the drivers of product development performance in a rapidly changing environment. Effective product developers in turbulent environments, such as Silicon Graphics and NEC, provide a contrast to traditional product development. They exhibit a development process characterized by extreme flexibility and responsiveness. This, in turn, hinges on the capability to gather and rapidly respond to new knowledge about technical and market information as a project evolves. Instead of focusing on execution and implementation, these companies' development process emphasizes the importance of the concept development stage, while keeping the product's specification fluid as late as possible in a project. This ensures the best match between system and component technologies, as well as the maximum flexibility to respond to changes.
Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Cancer Incidence in Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Evidence suggests that low vitamin D status may increase the risk of cancer. Objective To determine if dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium reduces the risk of cancer among older women. Design, Setting, and Participants A 4-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, population-based randomized clinical trial in 31 rural counties (June 24, 2009, to August 26, 2015—the final date of follow-up). A total of 2303 healthy postmenopausal women 55 years or older were randomized, 1156 to the treatment group and 1147 to the placebo group. Duration of treatment was 4 years. Interventions The treatment group (vitamin D3 + calcium group) received 2000 IU/d of vitamin D3 and 1500 mg/d of calcium; the placebo group received identical placebos. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the incidence of all-type cancer (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers), which was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and proportional hazards modeling. Results Among 2303 randomized women (mean age, 65.2 years [SD, 7.0]; mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, 32.8 ng/mL [SD, 10.5]), 2064 (90%) completed the study. At year 1, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 43.9 ng/mL in the vitamin D3 + calcium group and 31.6 ng/mL in the placebo group. A new diagnosis of cancer was confirmed in 109 participants, 45 (3.89%) in the vitamin D3 + calcium group and 64 (5.58%) in the placebo group (difference, 1.69% [95% CI, −0.06% to 3.46%]; P = .06). Kaplan-Meier incidence over 4 years was 0.042 (95% CI, 0.032 to 0.056) in the vitamin D3 + calcium group and 0.060 (95% CI, 0.048 to 0.076) in the placebo group; P = . 06. In unadjusted Cox proportional hazards regression, the hazard ratio was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.47 to 1.02). Adverse events potentially related to the study included renal calculi (16 participants in the vitamin D3 + calcium group and 10 in the placebo group), and elevated serum calcium levels (6 in the vitamin D3 + calcium group and 2 in the placebo group). Conclusions and Relevance Among healthy postmenopausal older women with a mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 32.8 ng/mL, supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium compared with placebo did not result in a significantly lower risk of all-type cancer at 4 years. Further research is necessary to assess the possible role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01052051
CEO Age and the Riskiness of Corporate Policies

Prior theoretical work generates conflicting predictions with respect to how CEO age impacts risk-taking behavior. Consistent with the prediction that risk-taking behavior decreases as CEOs become older, I document a negative relation between CEO age and stock return volatility. Further analyses reveal that older CEOs reduce firm risk through less risky investment policies. Specifically, older CEOs invest less in research and development, make more diversifying acquisitions, manage firms with more diversified operations, and maintain lower operating leverage. Further, firm risk and the riskiness of corporate policies are lowest when both the CEO and the next most influential executive are older and highest when both of these managers are younger. Although older CEOs prefer less risky investment policies, I document results suggesting that CEO and firm risk preferences tend to be aligned. Lastly, I find that a trading strategy that goes long in a portfolio of stocks consisting of firms managed by younger CEOs and short in a portfolio of stocks comprised of firms led by older CEOs would generate positive risk-adjusted returns. Overall, my results imply that CEO age can have a significant impact on risk-taking behavior and firm performance.
Eye movements during sleep. I. The pattern in the normal human.

Eye movements were recorded by DC oculogram in eight normal subjects during 31 nights of sleep. A consistent series of ocular positional changes and movements occurred in every subject. Initially, eyelid closure induced upward movement of the globes. The eyes then remained elevated during 55% to 85% of the time spent in stages 2, 3, and 4. With the onset of stage of rapid eye movement, the eyes moved down abruptly to or below the central position. Movements during this stage were quite unlike waking eye movements but showed a similar pattern in every subject. These movements were 5% to 15% horizontal, 25% to 35% vertical, and 55% to 65% oblique. The movement sequences and the time intervals between movements were not random. The results suggest that during sleep there is a pattern of activity of the oculomotor system which is similar in every subject.
The Mass Emigration Context of Lithuania: Patterns and Policy Options

Lithuania represents one of the rare cases in which a state with relatively high standards for maintaining population statistics is experiencing mass emigration. In light of the policy initiatives undertaken by the Lithuanian government to address the issue of emigration, this study aims to improve our understanding of how, in this mass emigration context, emigration events are connected to specific socio-economic characteristics of individuals and variation in local socio-economic conditions. We analyse census and vital registration data covering the whole working-age population of Lithuania during the period 2011-2012. Our findings indicate that when assessing the likelihood of emigration events, individual-level characteristics such as employment status, educational attainment, and prior migration experience are highly relevant. However, the importance of these characteristics differs by gender. We also detect considerable spatial variation in emigration rates across Lithuanian municipalities. Our outcomes provide new insights for the development of cohesive migration policies in Lithuania.
A Research Note on Accounting Students' Epistemological Beliefs, Study Strategies, and Unstructured Problem‐Solving Performance

In a previous study, Phillips (1998) observed that accounting students possess several dimensions of beliefs about the nature of knowledge, and provided evidence that one of the belief dimensions (i.e., that knowledge is uncertain) was related to a component of unstructured problem‐solving performance (i.e., evaluating the relevance of case facts). Phillips (1998) also proposed that the relationship between students' beliefs and unstructured problem solving was mediated by their study strategies, but did not test this proposition. The current study replicates the belief dimensions observed by Phillips (1998) and examines the empirical relationship among students' beliefs, study strategies, GPAs, and unstructured problemsolving performance. Results indicate that one dimension of beliefs (i.e., that knowledge is complex) was associated with a dimension of study strategies (i.e., consolidating knowledge) and that these two dimensions were related to cumulative GPA and, after controlling for GPA, with a compo.
Efficacy and safety of Cerebrolysin treatment in early recovery after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, multicenter clinical trial

Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cerebrolysin in the early recovery phase after acute ischemic stroke. Methods. This prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study enrolled a total of 100 patients within 18 h after the onset of stroke. The patients were treated with Cerebrolysin (30 mL over seven days followed by 10 mL until day 30) or placebo once daily over a period of four weeks. Efficacy was primarily assessed by the NIH Stroke Scale at day 30, and additional parameters included the modified Rankin Scale, the Clinical Global Impression, the Patient Global Satisfaction (PGS) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Nonparametric statistical procedures employing the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis. Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory parameters. Results.The estimated effect size on the change from baseline in the NIH Stroke Scale on day 30 indicated a medium to large superiority of cerebrolysin compared to placebo (Mann-Whitney [MW] 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55-0.78, P=0.005). Similar effect sizes were reported for the modified Ranking Scale (MW 0.65; 95% CI 0.54-0.76; P=0.010) and the Clinical Global Impression (MW 0.70; 95% CI 0.55-0.85; P=0.006). Effect sizes in the MMSE and PGS did not reach statistical significance. No significant group differences were seen in any of the safety parameters. Conclusions. Cerebrolysin was effective, safe, and well tolerated in the early recovery phase after acute ischemic stroke and significantly improved neurological and global function outcomes compared to placebo.
TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE: IS SOUTHERN AFRICA A POLLUTION HAVEN?

Evidence that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) may be explained by trade patterns casts doubt on the oft-stated conclusion that economic growth automatically leads to environmental improvement. Trends in net exports as a proportion of consumption for both USA and UK trade with SACU were examined for various dirty industries. Some evidence of pollution haven effects is found, although a similar trend for clean industries suggests that this effect is weak. However, even a general shift in manufacturing industries from North to South (as opposed to a shift in specifically dirty industries) may explain the EKC to some extent. Copyright 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.
Performance persistence and the mutual fund network

We study how centrality and survival ratio in the mutual fund network affect performance persistence. We estimate persistence using contingency tables, rebalanced portfolios and returns regressed on lagged values. In the estimations we include measures of fund centrality and survival ratios in order to determine the effect of network characteristics in performance persistence. We use daily data from CRSP database for 13 years ending in 2012. We estimate the network of mutual funds for every year using cross correlations in returns. The study shows that there are persistence in underperforming funds and that funds with low centrality are more likely to outperform in the next period. However, survival ratios are not found to be significant when estimating persistence.
Organizational Learning Activities in High‐hazard Industries: The Logics Underlying Self‐Analysis

Cover title. "A version of this paper was presented under the title "Failures to Learn from Experience: An Analysis of Incident Reviews in Nuclear Power Plants and Chemical Process Plants" in the Symposium "High States Learning: Making Sense of Unusual, High-Hazard Events" at the Academy of Management meetings, Cincinnati, August, 1996. "--p. 33.
Evidence on the Decline of FHA

THE HOME MORTGAGE default insurance programs of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) have experienced increasing difficulties in recent years both in maintaining an adequate volume of program activity and in achieving the legislative objective of actuarial soundness. The most seriously aSected has been the unsubsidized Section 203 program, which is the oldest and, by far, the largest in the FHA insurance system. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the number of insurance contracts written on new and existing units under this program declined more than 50 percent over the decade of the late 1960s and early 1970s. These developments are now providing the catalyst for a fundamental reexamination of the federal government's role in the market for unsubsidized home mortgage default insurance that is likely to result in major policy changes over the next several years. Clearly, the basic thrust of these changes should be largely determined by the nature of the causal forces that have led FHA to its current position. The purpose of this note is to examine the FHA decline empirically in order to shed some light on the relative importance of the various causes of decline. In so doing, our primary attention will be focused on the issue of whether
In vivo characterization of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine in an R1M rhabdomyosarcoma athymic mouse model as a potential tumor tracer for SPECT.

UNLABELLED The application of 123I-3-iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine is limited to diagnosis of brain tumors due to its marked long-term uptake in kidneys. In vitro evaluation of 125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine showed high uptake in R1M cells by L-type amino acid transport system 1 (LAT1). This study evaluates 123I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine as a new specific tumor tracer for SPECT. METHODS 123/125I-2-Iodo-L-phenylalanine is prepared as a one-pot kit using the Cu1+-assisted isotopic exchange method. The characteristics of 125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine were examined in vivo in R1M tumor-bearing athymic mice and in acute inflammation-bearing NMRI mice. The uptake of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine in tumor and other organs of interest was measured by dynamic planar imaging (DPI) and gamma-counting after dissection. Displacement of 123I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine radioactivity by L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, and L-cysteine was measured. 123I-Iodo-human serum albumin planar imaging was performed to correct for blood-pool activity and MRI was performed to delineate the tumor in DPI. 18F-FDG uptake was measured with an animal PET scanner. 125I-2-Iodo-L-phenylalanine and 18F-FDG uptake in inflamed muscle were compared. RESULTS 123/125I-2-Iodo-L-phenylalanine showed a high and fast tumor uptake and followed a reversible first-order pattern allowing calculation of the half-life and the time to reach equilibrium (t(R)). Net tumor-to-background ratios up to 6.7 at 60 min were obtained. This radioactivity was significantly displaced by L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, and L-cysteine, pointing to reversible LAT transport. When plotting t(R) of the tumor uptake as a function of tumor volume, a rectangular hyperbolic curve was obtained. The almost constant t(R) values at higher tumor volumes (>4 mL) could be linked to increased necrotic tissue. Fast blood clearance of the tracer through the kidneys to the bladder and low tracer activity in the abdomen and brain were observed. The inflamed muscle showed only a slight increase of 125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine uptake (inflammation-to-background ratio, RIB = 1.30 +/- 0.02), in contrast to the high 18F-FDG uptake (RIB = 11.1 +/- 1.7). The in vivo stability of 123/125I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine was good: Only 7% of free radioiodide and no other labeled metabolites were observed after 90 min. CONCLUSION 123/125I-2-Iodo-L-phenylalanine is quickly taken up by the overexpressed LAT1 system in R1M tumors with high tumor specificity. The availability of a kit and the specificity of the tracer make 123I-2-iodo-L-phenylalanine a promising tool for oncologic SPECT.
Campbell's monkeys concatenate vocalizations into context-specific call sequences

Primate vocal behavior is often considered irrelevant in modeling human language evolution, mainly because of the caller's limited vocal control and apparent lack of intentional signaling. Here, we present the results of a long-term study on Campbell's monkeys, which has revealed an unrivaled degree of vocal complexity. Adult males produced six different loud call types, which they combined into various sequences in highly context-specific ways. We found stereotyped sequences that were strongly associated with cohesion and travel, falling trees, neighboring groups, nonpredatory animals, unspecific predatory threat, and specific predator classes. Within the responses to predators, we found that crowned eagles triggered four and leopards three different sequences, depending on how the caller learned about their presence. Callers followed a number of principles when concatenating sequences, such as nonrandom transition probabilities of call types, addition of specific calls into an existing sequence to form a different one, or recombination of two sequences to form a third one. We conclude that these primates have overcome some of the constraints of limited vocal control by combinatorial organization. As the different sequences were so tightly linked to specific external events, the Campbell's monkey call system may be the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date.
Does Temporary Migration Have to Be Permanent?

The choice between temporary and permanent migration is today central to the design of migration policies. The authors draw a distinction between the two types of migration on the basis of the associated social cost and the dynamics of learning by migrants. They find that unilateral migration policies are globally inefficient because they lead to too much permanent migration and too little temporary and overall migration. Existing international agreements on labor mobility, such as the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services, have failed to do better because they seek primarily to induce host countries to make commitments to allow entry. Instead, Pareto gains and more liberal migration could be achieved through multilateral agreements that enable host countries to commit to repatriation.
Community College Succession Planning: Preparing the Next Generation of Women for Leadership Roles.

The purpose of this study was to explore strategies to enable community colleges to develop and cultivate women for leadership roles through succession planning. According to the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC), the pace of administrative and other key staff retirements exceeds the pace at which these positions are being re-staffed (Shults, 2001). One might question why the purposeful development of future community college leaders is critical. Community colleges currently face a crucial leadership crisis in the United States. Pending retirements and the lack of succession planning to fill upcoming vacancies is reaching a critical turning point. The Chronicle of Higher Education (Leubsdorf, 2006) projects an administrative turnover exceeding 50% in the next decade. This mixed-methods approach sought to identify strategies to enable community colleges to develop and cultivate women currently employed in middle-level administrative positions (e.g., Directors, Coordinators, Specialists) for advancement into senior leadership roles (i.e., Chief Executive Officers [CEOs]; Chief Academic Officers [CAOs]; Chief Student Services Officers [CSSOs]; and Chief Financial Officers [CFOs]) through succession planning. The study focused on cultivating women for leadership roles in rural community colleges, which often encounter distinct challenges attracting and retaining talented administrators. Challenges include geographic isolation and funding inequities in rural communities, as well as lack of resources within the rural community college system to train and develop professionals for future leadership roles. The study also addressed implications of shared governance on succession planning. The study concluded that succession planning can be used as a tool to articulate
Handhabung von Varianz in Simulink aus funktionsorientierter Sicht

Aufgrund der steigenden Zahl softwarebasierter Funktionen kommt in der Automobilindustrie der baureihenübergreifenden Wiederverwendung dieser Funktionen und der damit verbundenen Handhabung von Varianz eine essentielle Bedeutung zu. In den Entwicklungsbereichen existieren für die modellbasierte Softwareentwicklung mit Simulink erste Ansätze zur Handhabung von Varianz auf Basis elementarer Simulink-Blöcke. Im Kontext einer funktionsorientierten Sichtweise zeigen sich in der Praxis in Bezug auf die systematische Handhabung ganzer Funktionsmodule allerdings eine Reihe gravierender Einschränkungen. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt aufbauend auf den Eigenschaften existierender Ansätze ein Konzept zur Handhabung variabler Funktionsmodule in Simulink und dessen Anwendung vor.
Critical perspectives on consumers’ role as ‘producers’: Broadening the debate on value co-creation in marketing processes

This special issue continues the critical engagement with the popular discourses of Prahalad’s value co-creation paradigm and Vargo and Lusch’s service-dominant logic of marketing. The intensity of the debate among marketing scholars over these two marketing and management concepts demonstrates how much is at stake — conceptually and politically — when the roles of consumer and producer become blurred. Economic concepts of value, ownership, consumption, and production need to be redefined, and political ideas of the relationship between the social and the economic require addressing in the age of cognitive, or as we call it, collaborative capitalism. In addition to these broad theoretical challenges, the contributions in this issue zoom in on what arguably constitutes the central question for our specific field: What are the implications of a collaborative capitalism for understanding the place of marketing techniques in value creation? As with all good scholarship, the essays in this issue do not provide definitive answers but instead lead to a more elaborate set of questions. By doing so, they broaden the critical engagement with value co-creation in marketing.
The part-time pay penalty: earnings trajectories of British Women

Part-time work among British women is extensive, and the (raw) pay penalty large. Since part-time work features most prominently when women are in their 30s, the peak childcare years and a crucial period for career building, its impact on subsequent earnings trajectories is important from a social as well as individual perspective. We find that part-time work experience gives a very low return in future earnings, particularly when acquired in lower-skill jobs. In addition, one-quarter of women in high-skill jobs downgrade occupationally on switching to part-time work, rising to 43% among those who also change employer. In combination these effects give an immediate earnings drop of 32%, followed by a permanently lower trajectory. It is these accompanying changes, rather than part-time status itself, which damage earnings. Return to full-time work, even with reversal of the occupational downgrading, brings only a partial recovery; without it the earnings losses continue to grow. Copyright 2009 Oxford University Press 2008 All rights reserved, Oxford University Press.