Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A parametric investigation of blood flow in a wedge with non‐uniform viscosity and wall friction

The radial planar wedge pattern flow with friction and normalized non‐uniform viscosity function will be discussed here. Solving this problem will be done using the flow theory equations for Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian cases with non‐uniform viscosity assumption. General differential equation that connects between the normalized velocity profile and the normalized viscosity has been derived analytically from the flow equations. It was found that for specific wedge semi angle, the radial assumption is no longer valid for the flow velocity. Moreover, it was found that for inlet/outlet conditions the normalized mean hydrostatic pressure for Newtonian fluid is dependent on the geometry, the normalized velocity and the viscosity functions. In addition, it was found that inertia phenomenon can be neglected for small wedge semi angle. A comparison between the axial and the hydrostatic pressure distributions for inlet/outlet conditions was performed for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows. Finally, it was found that the axial pressure distribution profile was converged to the hydrostatic profile for critical wedge semi angle.
Evaluating the angular power spectrum of cortical folding

The most defining feature of the cortex is its folding structure. While these peaks and valleys can be coarsely characterised using measures of cortical structure such as gyrification and fractal dimensionality, these are not directly sensitive to the different scales of folding that comprise the brain’s cortical structure. Here we developed an approach for characterising the angular power spectrum of cortical folding using spherical harmonics and informed by prior research investigating the cosmic microwave background. In this work, we ultimately yielded a single summary measure that is sensitive to minor folds along the cortical gyri and sulci and is sensitive to agerelated differences in cortical structure.
Entropy on normed semigroups (towards a unifying approach to entropy)

We present a unifying approach to the study of entropies in Mathematics, such as measure entropy, topological entropy, algebraic entropy, set-theoretic entropy. We take into account discrete dynamical systems, that is, pairs $(X,T)$, where $X$ is the underlying space and $T:X\to X$ a transformation. We see entropies as functions $h:\mathfrak X\to \mathbb R_+$, associating to each flow $(X,T)$ of a category $\mathfrak X$ either a non negative real or $\infty$. We introduce the notion of semigroup entropy $h_\mathfrak S:\mathfrak S\to\mathbb R_+$, which is a numerical invariant attached to endomorphisms of the category $\mathfrak S$ of normed semigroups. Then, for a functor $F:\mathfrak X\to\mathfrak S$ from any specific category $\mathfrak X$ to $\mathfrak S$, we define the functorial entropy $h_F:\mathfrak X\to\mathbb R_+$ as the composition $h_{\mathfrak S}\circ F$. Clearly, $h_F$ inherits many of the properties of $h_\mathfrak S$, depending also on the properties of $F$. Such general scheme permits to obtain relevant known entropies as functorial entropies $h_F$, for appropriate categories $\mathfrak X$ and functors $F$, and to establish the properties shared by them. In this way we point out their common nature. Finally, we discuss and deeply analyze through the looking glass of our unifying approach the relations between pairs of entropies. To this end we formalize the notion of Bridge Theorem between two entropies $h_i:\mathfrak X_i\to \mathbb R_+$, $i=1,2$, with respect to a functor $\varepsilon:\mathfrak X_1\to\mathfrak X_2$. Then, for pairs of functorial entropies we use the above scheme to introduce the notion and the related scheme of Strong Bridge Theorem, which allows us to put under the same umbrella various relations between pairs of entropies.
Thermal Plasma Torches

ABSTRACT In the plasma arc torch of this invention the same gas may be used for generating a plasma and for secondary gas flow for cooling the torch and the workpiece. A torch housing defines a chamber which has an outlet at the end of the housing. The torch also includes an electrode in the chamber near the outlet and means in the chamber for separating the gas flowing towards the outlet of the housing into a primary gas flow adjacent to the electrode for generating a plasma and a secondary gas flow away from the electrode for cooling the torch and the workpiece. In the preferred embodiment, air may be used for both the plasma forming gas and the secondary gas and the electrode has a halfnium insert. The torch has a torch tip adjacent to the electrode and the torch may be started without a pilot arc by touching the workpiece with the torch tip. No standoff between the electrode and the workpiece needs to be maintained and the torch operator simply drags the torch tip on the workpiece resulting in a more accurate cut or weld.
The Impact of the Corrosiveness of Crude Oils on the Metallic Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural phenomenon which is linked with the ferrous metals and the supporting environment as well. Especially it is possible to find in the industry of crude oil refining because of the vast applications of the ferrous metals and the corrosiveness of the crude oils. According to the scope of the current research there were expected to investigate the impact of two different types of crude oils on the corrosion attributes of seven different types of ferrous metals. In the methodology of this research the chemical compositions of selected metals, dominant corrosive properties of both crude oils, corrosion rates of similar sized prepared metal coupons after certain immersion time periods in crude oils, qualitatively analysis of the corroded metals surfaces, decay of metallic elements from metals into crude oils and the reductions of the initial hardness of metal coupons after the corrosion were tested by the standard methodologies and instruments also determined some necessary parameters. The obtained results showed the relatively lower corrosion in stainless steels when comparing with other metals, relatively higher impact from the salts on the metallic corrosion than the impact of the organic acids or possible to occur some effects from unknown compound, formations of FeS, Fe 2 O 3 , corrosion cracks and cavities, significant decay of ferrous and copper from some metals in to crude oils and the slight reductions of the initial hardness of metal coupons due to the corrosion .
Food allergies : new research

Preface Clinical Features of Patients having Oral Allergy Syndrome Associated with Plant Food Allergens in the Kanto Region Current Position of Atopy Patch Test in the Diagnosis of Food Allergy in Children Clinical Manifestations of Food Allergy Food Allergies and Atopies: What is the Evidence? Management of the Child with Food Allergy Infantile Colic: An Update Preventing and Responding to Food Anaphylaxis in School Settings Index.
3D Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Gas Filter

The filter paper and activated carbon which filled inside the gas filter have porous media characteristics. In order to study the flow field structure in the filter layer and the activated carbon layer, Computational Fluid Dynamics method is used to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of a simplified gas filter. The inertial and viscosity parameters of porous media are solved by Forchheimer equation. The three-dimensional N-S equation and the modified low Reynolds number k-e turbulence model are adopted to analyze the influence of the explosion-proof plate on the gas filter’s aerodynamic characteristics. The results showed that the air age in the upstream of the activated carbon plates was small, which easily caused the rapid penetration of the Poisonous gas. And in the downstream and around of the activated carbon plates, the air age is larger, formed dead zone, the utilization rate of activated carbon is lower. The explosion-proof plate increases the pressure drop of the gas filter, the air age distribution in the filter layer is more uniform and the utilization rate of filter paper is improved. However, the explosion-proof plate has little influence on the flow field structure of the activated carbon layer.
New Methods for Deriving Clear‐Sky Surface Longwave Downward Radiation Based on Remotely Sensed Data and Ground Measurements

Accurate knowledge of spatiotemporal characteristics of land surface energy budget is essential to understand the Earth's surface system. To some extent, the continuous development of remote sensing technology makes the estimation of global high‐resolution surface energy budget possible. However, it is still challenging to accurately derive the global longwave downward radiation (LWDR) from space. In this study, two advanced methods were proposed to estimate clear‐sky LWDR based on Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products and corresponding ground measured LWDR from several global distributed radiation networks. One is a sensor‐based Random Forest (RF) method that uses MODIS's surface elevation, sensor zenith angle, column precipitable water vapor (PWC), top of atmosphere radiance of band 28, 31, 34, and 36 as inputs; the other is a sensor‐independent nonlinear regression method, which only uses the land surface temperature (LST) and PWC as inputs. The validation results show that the root mean square errors of RF and nonlinear regression method are less than 25.5 W/m2 and bias are less than 0.5 W/m2 under different tenfold cross‐validation schemes. In addition, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the two models are very stable, and the retrieval errors are independent of changes of LST and PWC, and the accuracy does not rely on variations of land cover types, different observing angles, and different seasons. The comparison analysis indicates that the proposed methods are comparable or even better than existing algorithms. More importantly, the proposed sensor‐independent regression method was designed for generality purpose so can easily be utilized with reasonable accuracy.
The Teaching nursing home : a new approach to geriatric research, education, and clinical care

No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading the teaching nursing home a new approach to geriatric research education and clinical care is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
A Heart for the Work: Journeys through an African Medical School

Burnout is common among doctors in the West, so one might assume that a medical career in Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, would place far greater strain on the idealism that drives many doctors. But, as "A Heart for the Work" makes clear, Malawian medical students learn to confront poverty creatively, experiencing fatigue and frustration but also joy and commitment on their way to becoming physicians. The first ethnography of medical training in the global South, Claire L. Wendland's book is a moving and perceptive look at medicine in a world where the transnational movement of people and ideas creates both devastation and possibility. Wendland, a physician anthropologist, conducted extensive interviews and worked in wards, clinics, and operating theaters alongside the student doctors whose stories she relates. From the relative calm of Malawi's College of Medicine to the turbulence of training at hospitals with gravely ill patients and dramatically inadequate supplies, staff, and technology, Wendland's work reveals the way these young doctors engage the contradictions of their circumstances, shedding new light on debates about the effects of medical training, the impact of traditional healing, and the purposes of medicine.
Impact of GNSS Signal Delay Assimilation on Short Range Weather Forecasts Over the Indian Region

Radio signals transmitted from a satellite constellation and gathered by a ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver allow computation of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), which is related to the atmospheric moisture. This study investigates the impact of assimilating ZTD obtained from a ground‐based GNSS network on a numerical weather prediction model analyses and subsequent forecasts quality. The numerical data assimilation experiments are performed using three‐dimensional variational data assimilation system in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, at 10‐km horizontal grid spacing for the entire month of July 2017. A comparison with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast analyses shows a clear positive impact of ZTD assimilation on the lower to middle tropospheric moisture, upper air temperature, and middle and upper tropospheric wind; errors are reduced by as large as 4%, when compared to the model run without ZTD assimilation. The impact on the analyses and forecast quality of surface meteorological variables is mostly neutral with some indication of positive impact on surface pressure. An improvement in the rainfall forecasts is also noticed when model assimilates ZTD observations. In addition, the impact of the formulation of forward model, which calculates model equivalent of the GNSS ZTD, has been assessed on ZTD assimilation. A revised forward model has been implemented within the Weather Research and Forecasting assimilation system. The revised forward model outperforms the original model for ZTD assimilation. Overall result implies that GNSS ZTD data has a good potential for improving the weather prediction and advocates the strengthening of the ground‐based GNSS network over the Indian region, which is currently very sparse.
Finite Element Analysis of Different Hip Implant Designs along with Femur under Static Loading Conditions

Background: The hip joint is the largest joint after the knee, which gives stability to the whole human structure. The hip joint consists of a femoral head which articulates with the acetabulum. Due to age and wear between the joints, these joints need to be replaced with implants which can function just as a natural joint. Since the early 19th century, the hip joint arthroplasty has evolved, and many advances have been taken in the field which improved the whole procedure. Currently, there is a wide variety of implants available varying in the length of stem, shapes, and sizes. Material and Methods: In this analytical study of femur, circular, oval, ellipse and trapezoidal-shaped stem designs are considered in the present study. The human femur is modeled using Mimics. CATIA V-6 is used to model the implant models. Static structural analysis is carried out using ANSYS R-19 to evaluate the best implant design. Results: All the four hip implants exhibited the von Mises stresses, lesser than its yielded strength. However, circular and trapezoidal-shaped stems have less von Mises stress compared to ellipse and oval. Conclusion: This study shows the behavior of different implant designs when their cross-sections are varied. Further, these implants can be considered for dynamic analysis considering different gait cycles. By optimizing the implant design, life expectancy of the implant can be improved, which will avoid the revision of the hip implant in active adult patients.
Breast Cancer Risk-reducing Strategies in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers

__Abstract__ Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women in developed countries. Currently, approximately 14,000 women are diagnosed with BC every year in the Netherlands. One out of eight Dutch women (12%-13%) will develop BC during their life, and 3% to 4% of all Dutch women will die from BC. A genetic predisposition may be responsible for about 5% to 10% of all BC cases. Approximately 25% of these cases can be attributed to a mutation in one of the BReast CAancer (BRCA) genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2. Both genes act as tumour suppressor genes and are involved in important cell functions, including cell cycle control, gene expression regulation, and DNA repair mechanisms. Cells with deficiencies in genes involved in DNA repair are unable to repair DNA double-strand breaks, resulting in genomic instability and a predisposition to malignant transformation. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers have an increased risk of developing a first BC, estimated to range from 45% to 88% by the age of 70.8-13 The estimated cumulative lifetime risk of developing contralateral BC is 65-87% for BRCA1 mutation carriers, and 52-62% for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Adjuvant treatment with Tamoxifen after unilateral BC may reduce the contralateral BC risk with approximately 50%. The risk of developing a contralateral BC may also depend on age at first BC diagnosis and adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy.
Future Directions for Whole Atmosphere Modeling: Developments in the Context of Space Weather

Coupled Sun‐to‐Earth models represent a key part of the future development of space weather forecasting. With respect to predicting the state of the thermosphere and ionosphere, there has been a recent paradigm shift; it is now clear that any self‐respecting model of this region needs to include some representation of forcing from the lower atmosphere, as well as solar and geomagnetic forcing. Here we assess existing modeling capability and set out a road map for the important next steps needed to ensure further advances. These steps include a model verification strategy, analysis of the impact of nonhydrostatic dynamical cores, and a cost‐benefit analysis of model chemistry for weather and climate applications.
Comparative analysis of the accuracy of OPENFOAM solvers for the oblique shock wave problem

The article is devoted to a comparative assessment of the accuracy for solvers of the OpenFOAM open software package. As a test problem, we consider the classical twodimensional problem of a supersonic inviscid compressible flow falling on a flat plate at an angle of attack. As a result, an oblique shock wave is formed before the start of the plate. The simulation results for the solvers considered in comparison are compared with the known exact solution. Calculations for all solvers participating in the comparison were carried out with the same setting of the parameters of the incident flow and angle of attack. Special attention was paid to QGDFoam solver, which has controlled dissipative properties. For this solver, within the framework of a general comparison, calculations were carried out with a variation of the parameter that allows controlling dissipative properties. The results of estimates of deviations from the exact solution in various norms for all solvers are given.
Budget-constrained optimal retention with an upper limit on the retained loss

ABSTRACT Unlike sophisticated institutional insurance buyers, individual insurance seekers often use simple heuristic tools for risk management purposes, such as requiring that an insurance arrangement will not result in a retained loss that exceeds a certain predetermined and fixed level. In this paper, we re-examine the problem of budget-constrained demand for insurance indemnification when the insured and the insurer disagree about the likelihoods associated with the realizations of the insurable loss; but we further impose an additional upper-limit constraint on the retained loss and assume that the insurer distorts his subjective probability measure. We do not impose the no sabotage condition on admissible indemnities. Instead, we impose a state-verification cost that the insurer can incur in order to verify the loss severity, which rules out ex post moral hazard issues that could otherwise arise from possible misreporting of the loss by the insured. We characterize the optimal retention function and show that it has a simple two-part structure: zero retention (full insurance) on an event to which the insurer assigns zero probability, and a retention that could be described as a limited variable deductible on the complement of this event. As an illustration, we examine the case of a distorted Esscher premium principle.
Clinical research for health professionals : a user-friendly guide

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK AND OVERVIEW: The Boat Metaphor Why Research? ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH CONCEPTS: Anatomy: Understanding the Research Process Questions Hypotheses Theory Designs Sampling Measurement Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Tests of Significance Putting It All Together: Matching Question-Design-Analysis The Function of Research PATHOLOGY and VACCINATIONS: Mistakes with the Investigator Mistakes with the Treatment Mistakes with the Subjects Mistakes in Measurement Mistakes in Conducting Studies over Time Mistakes in Math THE EXAMINATION: FINDING MISTAKES IN STUDIES: Evaluating Research: Is It Believable? Where to Find It in a Report CLINICIANS AND GRADUATE STUDENTS: Just for Clinicians Just for Graduate Students The Future: A Final Word.or Two.or Three Appendix A: Resources Appendix B: List of Potential Biases in Research
Remaking Medicaid: Managed Care for the Public Good

THE CONTEXT Understanding the Context for Medicaid Managed Care - Stephen M. Davidson & Stephen A. Somers Have We Overdosed on a Panacea? Reflections on the Evolution of Medicaid Managed Care - Robert E. Hurley Impact of the New Federalism on Medicaid - John Holahan, et al Commentary: A Medicaid Director's Point of View - Bruce Bullen THE PROMISE Risky Business: Medical Groups and Full-Risk Capitation in California - Lawrence P. Casalino Medicaid Managed Care and Disabled Populations - Robert J. Master Commentary: A Providers View - Richard J. Baron LESSONS FROM THE FIELD The Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System - Nelda McCall Medicaid Managed Care Programs in Hawaii, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Tennesse - Leighton Ku, et al ISSUES AND CHALLENGES What the States Can Expect from Medicaid Managed Care and Why - Stephen M. Davidson Negotiating the New Health System: A Nationwide Analysis of Medicaid Managed Care Contracts - Sara Rosenbaum Health-Based Payment and Other Challenges of Medicaid Managed Care - Richard Kroncik & Tony Dreyfus Special Plans for Special Persons: The Elusive Pursuit of Customized Managed Care - Robert E. Hurley & Debra A. Draper MONITORING THE PERFORMANCE Encounter Data and Medicaid Managed Care: Reasonable Expectations for Information in the New World - Kathe P. Fox, et al Quality Management in Medicaid Managed Care - Arnold M. Epstein Making It Work for the Consumer - Stephanie Davis & Richard G. Potter Ambulartory Care Providers and the Transition to Medicaid Managed Care in New York City - Joel C. Cantor, et al CONCLUSION Looking Back, Looking Ahead - Stephen M. Davidson & Stephen A. Somers.
The martingale problem for a class of nonlocal operators of diagonal type

We consider systems of stochastic differential equations of the form dXti=∑j=1dAij(Xt−)dZtjfor i=1,⋯,d with continuous, bounded and non‐degenerate coefficients. Here Zt1,⋯,Ztd are independent one‐dimensional stable processes with α1,⋯,αd∈(0,2) . In this article we research on uniqueness of weak solutions to such systems by studying the corresponding martingale problem. We prove the uniqueness of weak solutions in the case of diagonal coefficient matrices.
Random forests for time-dependent processes

Random forests were introduced by Breiman in 2001. We study theoretical aspects of both original Breiman’s random forests and a simplified version, the centred random forests. Under the independent and identically distributed hypothesis, Scornet, Biau and Vert proved the consistency of Breiman’s random forest, while Biau studied the simplified version and obtained a rate of convergence in the sparse case. However, the i.i. d hypothesis is generally not satisfied for example when dealing with time series. We extend the previous results to the case where observations are weakly dependent, more precisely when the sequences are stationary β−mixing.