Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research : from individuals 1 to the ecosystem 2 ii ) OAW : from individuals to the ecosystem 3 iii )

25 Understanding long-term, ecosystem-level impacts of climate change is challenging because 26 experimental research frequently focuses on short-term, individual-level impacts in isolation. 27 We address this shortcoming first through an inter-disciplinary ensemble of novel 28 experimental techniques to investigate the impacts of 14-month exposure to ocean 29 acidification and warming (OAW) on the physiology, activity, predatory behaviour and 30 susceptibility to predation of an important marine gastropod ( Nucella lapillus ). We 31 simultaneously estimated the potential impacts of these global drivers on N. lapillus 32 population dynamics and dispersal parameters. We then used these data to parameterise a 33 dynamic bioclimatic envelope model, to investigate the consequences of OAW on the 34 distribution of the species in the wider NE Atlantic region by 2100. The model accounts also 35 for changes in the distribution of resources, suitable habitat and environment simulated by 36 finely resolved biogeochemical models, under three IPCC global emissions scenarios. The 37 experiments showed that temperature had the greatest impact on individual level responses, 38 while acidification has a similarly important role in the mediation of predatory behaviour and 39 susceptibility to predators. Changes in Nucella predatory behaviour appeared to serve as a 40 strategy to mitigate individual level impacts of acidification, but the development of this 41 response may be limited in the presence of predators. The model projected significant large- 42 scale changes in the distribution of Nucella by the year 2100 that were exacerbated by rising 43 greenhouse gas emissions. These changes were spatially heterogeneous, as the degree of 44 impact of OAW on the combination of responses considered by the model varied depending 45 on local environmental conditions and resource availability. Such changes in macro-scale 46 distributions cannot be predicted by investigating individual level impacts in isolation, or by 47 considering climate stressors separately. Scaling up the results of experimental climate
A pr 2 01 8 SIMULTANEOUS MEAN-VARIANCE REGRESSION

We propose simultaneous mean-variance regression for the linear estimation and approximation of conditional mean functions. In the presence of heteroskedasticity of unknown form, our method accounts for varying dispersion in the regression outcome across the support of conditioning variables by using weights that are jointly determined with mean regression parameters. Simultaneity generates outcome predictions that are guaranteed to improve over ordinary least-squares prediction error, with corresponding parameter standard errors that are automatically valid. Under shape misspecification of the conditional mean and variance functions, we establish existence and uniqueness of the resulting approximations and characterize their formal interpretation. We illustrate our method with numerical simulations and two empirical applications to the estimation of the relationship between economic prosperity in 1500 and today, and demand for gasoline in the United States.
Medical student attachments in private practice—The experience and views of the family practitioners

Abstract Background: Medical student attachments with family/general practitioners (GPs) in non-academic or private practice are a valued resource in the undergraduate teaching of Family Medicine. This study describes the experience and views of GPs in private practice with final-year medical student attachments from the University of Transkei. Methods: A postal questionnaire was distributed to all GPs who had one or more student attachment. Results: Out of 37 GPs, 25 replied, giving a response rate of 68%. Positive experiences of the attachments were enjoyment of teaching (n=24) and improvement in knowledge (n=20). Staff and patients' reaction to the students was felt to be positive overall. Negative aspects reported were finishing later at work (n=11) and patients leaving the practice (n=2). All GPs were willing to have students again and could take, on average, three students per annum. Twenty-one (84%) stated that a one-week's attachment was satisfactory. Eighteen (72%) were interested in teacher training. The majority (64%, n=14) did not require payment for teaching and 15 (60%) stated that they should be appointed as lecturers. Patients' consent to be seen by students was obtained by most GPs (n=13) when accompanied by the student. Out of 16 GPs who had students with Xhosa as their second language, eight assessed their language proficiency as poor. Conclusions: The GPs in private practice that have medical student attachments enjoy teaching and their overall experience is positive. They feel their teaching commitment should be recognised by an academic appointment. Issues of patients' consent to examination and student language proficiency need further exploration.
Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte (OATAO)

Most hypotheses explaining the general gradient of higher diversity toward the equator are implicit or explicit about greater species packing in the tropics. However, global patterns of diversity within guilds, including trophic guilds (i.e., groups of organisms that use similar food resources), are poorly known. We explored global diversity patterns of a key trophic guild in stream ecosystems, the detritivore shredders. This was motivated by the fundamental ecological role of shredders as decomposers of leaf litter and by some records pointing to low shredder diversity and abundance in the tropics, which contrasts with diversity patterns of most major taxa for which broad-scale latitudinal patterns haven been examined. Given this evidence, we hypothesized that shredders are more abundant and diverse in temperate than in tropical streams, and that this pattern is related to the higher temperatures and lower availability of high-quality leaf litter in the tropics. Our comprehensive global survey (129 stream sites from 14 regions on six continents) corroborated the expected latitudinal pattern and showed that shredder distribution (abundance, diversity and assemblage composition) was explained by a combination of factors, including water temperature (some taxa were restricted to cool waters) and biogeography (some taxa were more diverse in particular biogeographic realms). In contrast to our hypothesis, shredder diversity was unrelated to leaf toughness, but it was inversely related to litter diversity. Our findings markedly contrast with global trends of diversity for most taxa, and with the general rule of higher consumer diversity at higher levels of resource diversity. Moreover, they highlight the emerging role of temperature in understanding global patterns of diversity, which is of great relevance in the face of projected global warming.
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Caring and conflicted : mothers ' ethical judgements about consumption

Literature on consumer ethics tends to focus on issues within the public sphere, such as the environment, and treats other drivers of consumption decisions, such as family, as non-moral concerns. Consequently, an attitude-behaviour gap is viewed as a straightforward failure by consumers to act ethically. We argue that this is based upon a view of consumer behaviour as linear and unproblematic, and an approach to moral reasoning arising from a stereotypically masculine understanding of moral reasoning which foregrounds abstract principles. By demonstrating the importance of context to consumption decisions and articulating the impact of caring relationships, we highlight how such decisions are both complex and situated. This is particularly evident for decisions involving the needs of others, as occurs in family life. We argue that the incorporation of care ethics provides both theoretical insights and a more complete account of consumer ethics. This is explored empirically through an investigation of the ethical dilemmas arising from consumption decisions made by mothers of young children. Such decisions juxtapose an ethical consumption orientation (representing impartial concerns) with care for one’s child. Therefore, what has been previously considered a failure to act ethically may in fact be the outcome of complex decision making, which involves competing ethical considerations. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and practice
Relationship between self-esteem and personal and social responsibility in young boxers.

This study examines the relationship between young boxers’ perceptions of self-esteem and their personal and social responsibility. The participants consist of two hundred and seventeen young male boxers. They completed both a 4-point Likert-type questionnaire assessing their self esteem and a 6-point Likert-type questionnaire assessing their personal and social responsibility. Results of the study revealed that young boxers were more likely to report higher levels of self-esteem and personal responsibility and social responsibility. Simple correlation and multiple reggression analyses revealed young boxers’ self-esteem was positively related to their personal and social responsibility. This finding results reinforce the view that people who appreciate themselves and have a sense of personal empowerment will improve their personal and social responsible behaviors. This study allows us to gain insights into an effective strategy that is relevant to society and that can reduce the growing incidence of social and personal problems.
Prevalence and determinants of systemic hypertension among 15-year and older respondents in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu—a cross-sectional study -

Background: Noncommunicable disease (NCD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, and mortality owing to NCD is higher in low- and middle-income countries. Worldwide, hypertension-related mortality accounts for 9.4 million in the form of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. In India, there has been an alarming increase in the prevalence of NCD over the past two decades so much so that accounts for 24% of all deaths among adults aged 25–69 years. Objective: To study the prevalence and determinants of systemic hypertension among 15-year and older respondents in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out among 3,681 15-year and older respondents in Chunampet panchayat, a rural area in Kancheepuram district. JNC 7 guidelines were used for diagnosis of hypertension. Data entry was done in MS Excel 2013, and SPSS version 21 was used for analysis. The 95% confidence interval for proportions was calculated using EpiInfo software. Result: The overall prevalence of hypertension in our study population was 10.8%, which included the participants who are known hypertensive on treatment and/or whose blood pressure was more than 140/90 mm Hg in sitting position for adult and adolescence more than 95 percentile. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension was 2.9% (n = 104), 2.7% among male and 2.9% among female subjects. The prevalence of hypertension increased proportionately with increasing age. Hypertension was more prevalent among those who had the habit of smoking tobacco (18.2%), alcohol consumption (17.4%), and those who were obese (14.2%). Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension increases as the age advances. Smoking tobacco, consuming alcohol, and obesity were found to be significant risk factors for hypertension. Interventions aimed toward alleviating these risk factors can help in reducing the risk of developing hypertension.
Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhoea 1 Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea

Diarrhoea and pneumonia are the leading infectious causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. We comprehensively reviewed the epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia in 2010–11 to inform the planning of integrated control programmes for both illnesses. We estimated that, in 2010, there were 1·731 billion episodes of diarrhoea (36 million of which progressed to severe episodes) and 120 million episodes of pneumonia (14 million of which progressed to severe episodes) in children younger than 5 years. We estimated that, in 2011, 700 000 episodes of diarrhoea and 1·3 million of pneumonia led to death. A high proportion of deaths occurs in the fi rst 2 years of life in both diseases—72% for diarrhoea and 81% for pneumonia. The epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and that of pneumonia overlap, which might be partly because of shared risk factors, such as undernutrition, suboptimum breastfeeding, and zinc defi ciency. Rotavirus is the most common cause of vaccine-preventable severe diarrhoea (associated with 28% of cases), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (18·3%) of vaccine-preventable severe pneumonia. Morbidity and mortality from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea are falling, but action is needed globally and at country level to accelerate the reduction.
Axial Impact Resistance of FRP-Confined Concrete 1

3 This study investigates the impact resistance of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined 4 concrete. Concrete cylinders were wrapped with carbon FRP (CFRP) or glass FRP (GFRP) with 5 a varied number of layers and wrapping schemes. The impact tests were conducted by using 6 drop-weight apparatus at different impact velocities. Dynamic behavior of the specimens has 7 been investigated. The experimental results have shown that the failure modes are very different 8 from those from static tests. Identical specimens experienced different damages as the impact 9 velocities changed. The dynamic rupture strain of FRP was found to be substantially lower as 10 compared to that under static loads. As a result, the FRP efficiency factors were found to be 11 0.17 and 0.56 for CFRP and GFRP, respectively. Interestingly, although GFRP has lower 12 tensile strength and elastic modulus, it showed much better performance against impact as 13 compared to CFRP in terms of both the strength and ductility. The higher rupture strain of 14 GFRP compared to CFRP is one of the reasons resulting in higher confinement efficiency of 15 GFRP under impact loads. A confinement model is proposed to predict the confined concrete 16 strength under impact. 17
1 Lucas Paradox in The Long Run Abstract

This paper investigates international capital flows to developing countries for the period 1970-2006. The study focuses on the empirical puzzle that although one would expect international capital to flow to capital scarce countries where returns are higher, observation shows that capital flows to richer rather than to poorer countries (the Lucas paradox). To explore this, total capital is measured as the sum of foreign direct investment and portfolio equity flows. The paper addresses the argument, based on cross-section evidence (Alfaro et al., 2008, Rev. Econ. Stats), that including the quality of institutions accounts for the paradox (because richer countries have better institutions they attract more capital) and finds that this only holds if developed countries are included; within developing countries, institutions do not account for the paradox. Hence, for a consistent sample of 47 developing countries the positive wealth bias in international capital flows or the Lucas paradox is shown to be a persistent phenomenon in the long run.
Combinatorics on Words : A New Challenging Topic 1

Combinatorics on Words is a relatively new research topic in discrete mathematics, mainly, but not only, motivated by computer science. In this paper we have three major goals. First, starting from very basic definitions we move via some typical proof techniques of the theory to a simply formulated open problems. Second, we discuss a few highlights of the theory, and finally we concentrate to connections between combinatorics on words and other branches of mathematics. Supported by the Academy of Finland under the grant 44087. Combinatorics on Words (CoW in short) is a relatively new rapidly growing area of discrete mathematics. Its main object is a word, i.e. a sequence – either finite or infinite – of symbols taken from a finite set, usually referred to as an alphabet. The natural environment of a word is that of a free monoid. Consequently, noncommutativity is a fundamental feature of words. Indeed, the words like “no” and “on” are not equal. Although the theory of words has a plenty of connections to many areas of sciences there is no doubt that computer science is mainly responsible of the current expansion of research on words. Many aspects of computers and computing stand as real motivation to study words. Indeed, modern computers operate on sequences of bits even when they carry out numerical computations. Consequently, algorithmic number theory, for example, can be viewed as research on words. A fascinating feature of words is that many problems are very easy to formulate, while their solutions are very difficult. In other words, Combinatorics on Words provides very challenging problems, as we shall see. The goals of this paper are manyfold. In one hand, we want to introduce the field to a larger audience. To achieve this we recall the basic definitions and show a few typical simple proof techniques. On the other hand, we want to emphasize the very challenging nature of the topic. For this we recall a few highlights of the theory, as well as formulate several open problems. A crucial goal is to point out connections between combinatorics on words and other areas of mathematics. In more details after giving a short history of the field in Section 1 and analyzing the position of combinatorics on words within mathematics in Section 2, we move to more technical parts. In Section 3 we recall the basic terminology and give a few examples of simple proofs. In Section 4 we deal with one of the remarkable topics of the theory, namely repetition free, or more generally avoidable words. In Section 5 we formulate a few highlights of the theory, and in Section 6 we consider more closely connections of words and other topics. This allows to state several simply formulated open problems. Finally, in Section 7 we conclude with another fundamental open problem.
Detección de Brucella spp. por un sistema inmunocromatográfico comercial, en muestras ambientales cubanas

Introduccion: actualmente en Cuba se desconoce la circulacion de las especies de Brucella en el medio ambiente, por la inexistencia de metodos de laboratorio que permitan su identificacion. Objetivos: detectar Brucella spp. en muestras ambientales cubanas aplicando un sistema inmunocromatografico comercial. Metodos: se estudiaron 59 muestras ambientales de una zona endemica de brucelosis bovina y 50 muestras ambientales de zonas controladas de la enfermedad, durante el periodo diciembre de 2011 y hasta febrero de 2012. Se utilizo el sistema inmunocromatografico directo de flujo lateral para Brucella spp. comercializado en Cuba. Resultados: el 52,5 % (31/59) de las muestras ambientales de la zona endemica resultaron positivas para Brucella spp. Las muestras ambientales que presentaron el mayor porcentaje de positividad fueron el estiercol (62,5 % ) y las del suelo cementado (26,9 % ). Predominaron las reacciones fuertemente positivas en un 74,1 % (23/31). Conclusiones: el sistema inmunocromatografico comercial detecta un elevado porcentaje de Brucella spp. en muestras ambientales de la zona endemica cubana, lo que pudiera avalar su implementacion en la red de laboratorios de Salud Publica y del Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria de Cuba. Los resultados de esta investigacion deben complementarse con los aislamientos de brucelas en el medio ambiente, pacientes humanos y en animales.
Cost-benefit analysis of management practices for ewes lame with footrot 1 2 3

Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.
Analysis of services provided by SAMU 192: Mobile component of the urgency and emergency care network

Objective: To analyze the services provided by SAMU 192: the mobile component of the Urgency and Emergency Care Network, in the city of Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Methods: An exploratory-descriptive field study of a time series with a quantitative approach was performed. This study focused on the analysis of care provided by SAMU 192, between August 2011 and January 2012, based on 2635 service files. Results: There was a predominance of clinical occurrences and seizure as the main complaint (12.16%). The majority of victims (96.08%) were conscious upon arrival of the SAMU 192 team. The city's central region was the one that showed the greatest demand for care (25.83%). The main outcome of occurrences was the referral of victims to a hospital (81.61%). Conclusion: The present study showed the importance of SAMU 192 in the Urgency and Emergency Care Network. A high number of occurrences and the associations between several complaints and age, sex and place of occurrence stood out in this study.
J Cosmological perturbation in f ( T ) gravity revisited

We perform detailed investigation of cosmological perturbations in f(T ) theory of gravity coupled with scalar field. Our work emphasizes on the way to gauge fix the theory and we examine all possible modes of perturbations up to second order. The analysis includes pseudoscalar and pseudovector modes in addition to the usual scalar, vector, and tensor modes. We find no gravitational propagating degree of freedom in the scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, as well as pseudovector modes. In addition, we find that the scalar and tensor perturbations have exactly the same form as their counterparts in usual general relativity with scalar field, except that the factor of reduced Planck mass squared M2 pl ≡ 1/(8πG) that occurs in the latter has now been replaced by an effective time-dependent gravitational coupling −2(df/dT )|T=T0 , with T0 being the background torsion scalar. The absence of extra degrees of freedom of f(T ) gravity at second order linear perturbation indicates that f(T ) gravity is highly nonlinear. Consequently one cannot conclusively analyze stability of the theory without performing nonlinear analysis that can reveal the propagation of the extra degrees of freedom.