Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atheroma and Coronary Artery Spasm

A 47-year-old man, a heavy smoker, developed chest pain in the morning. A few minutes before arrival at our center, he collapsed in the taxi. Ventricular brillation (VF) was documented at the emergency room. After successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed inferior ST segment elevation (STE) so he was transferred to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Coronary angiogram showed no significant lesion in the left main (LM), anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) arteries. The dominant right coronary artery (RCA) had a severe vasospam (> 90% luminal diameter stenosis) in the proximal part (Figure-1A). After administration of intracoronary nitroglycerine (NTG) 300 mcg, the vasospasm disappeared (Figure 1B). The lumen of RCA was enlarged and the smooth border was suggestive of insignificant plaque burden. The inferior ST elevation pattern was also normalized without Q wave. He was pain free and discharged home on aspirin and calcium antagonist. He did well but later discontinued follow-up.
Malignant mesothelioma: Ultrastructural distinction from adenocarcinoma

Mesotheliomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas involving the pleura are frequently difficult to distinguish by light-microscopic and histochemical methods. In a double-blind study, we have compared ultrastructural features of 10 mesotheliomas of epithelial type and 10 adenocarcinomas from the lung, breast, and upper GI tract, i.e., sites known to give rise to metastases which mimic mesothelioma. Mesotheliomas were observed to have a significantly greater microvillus length/diameter ratio (LDR) than adenocarcinomas (p < 0.01) and more abundant intermediate filaments (p < 0.001). Mesotheliomas had more complex microvilli than adenocarcinomas, whereas adenocarcinomas had rootlets (2/10 cases) and lamellar inclusion bodies (2/10 cases), both of which were absent in the mesotheliomas. This study provides quantitative and qualitative ultrastructural features of potential utility in the differential diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas.
The analysis of late Bronze Age glass from Nuzi and the question of the origin of glass-making

This paper re-analyses a considerable corpus of glass from the Late Bronze Age site of Nuzi, found near Kirkuk in Iraq. SEM–WDS and Sr and Nd isotopic analysis were applied, in addition to cataloguing the glass. The work showed that the glass technology at Nuzi was subtly different from contemporary Egyptian sites, using different ways of opacifying and working glass. At least two, perhaps three, Near Eastern production sites are postulated. The range of glass colours and the skill of their application at Nuzi was perhaps not on a par with the Egyptian sites. This led to a reconsideration and review of the accepted wisdom that the Near East is the source of the innovation that is glass-making. This opinion is based on limited textual and iconographic sources and is dominated by an erroneous early date for a very developed Nuzi glass industry along with a few finds of glass vessels in early contexts. Some of this evidence has now been at least questioned, suggesting that glass-making in Egypt, at least as early as the middle of the 15th century bc, and probably earlier, is no later than that in the Near East. It is argued that it is far from clear that the Near East was the source of the innovation and that a more cautious approach would better fit the evidence.
Illness Identity in Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Introducing the Illness Identity Questionnaire

OBJECTIVE The current study examined the utility of a new self-report questionnaire, the Illness Identity Questionnaire (IIQ), which assesses the concept of illness identity, or the degree to which type 1 diabetes is integrated into one’s identity. Four illness identity dimensions (engulfment, rejection, acceptance, and enrichment) were validated in adolescents and emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. Associations with psychological and diabetes-specific functioning were assessed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A sample of 575 adolescents and emerging adults (14–25 years of age) with type 1 diabetes completed questionnaires on illness identity, psychological functioning, diabetes-related problems, and treatment adherence. Physicians were contacted to collect HbA1c values from patients’ medical records. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the IIQ. Path analysis with structural equation modeling was used to examine associations between illness identity and psychological and diabetes-specific functioning. RESULTS CFA indicated that the IIQ has a clear factor structure, meaningfully differentiating four illness identity dimensions. Rejection was related to worse treatment adherence and higher HbA1c values. Engulfment was related to less adaptive psychological functioning and more diabetes-related problems. Acceptance was related to more adaptive psychological functioning, fewer diabetes-related problems, and better treatment adherence. Enrichment was related to more adaptive psychological functioning. CONCLUSIONS The present findings underscore the importance of the concept of illness identity. A valid and reliable measure, the IIQ, is introduced to measure four illness identity dimensions in individuals with type 1 diabetes. These four illness identity dimensions were uniquely related to psychological and diabetes-specific functioning.
Are all grandmothers equal? A review and a preliminary test of the "grandmother hypothesis" in Tokugawa Japan.

An unresolved question arising from human evolutionary research relates to the function of the postreproductive period in human females. If menopause is not merely an artifact resulting from the benefits of civilization, there must be an adaptive mechanism favoring the offspring of women who continue to thrive well past the time of their last ovulation. The "grandmother hypothesis" was developed on the basis of the original suggestion by Williams (1957 Evolution 11:32-39) that "stopping early" would benefit already-born children. This idea, combined with the concepts of kin selection (Hamilton 1964 J Theor Biol 7:1-52) and parental investment (Trivers 1972 Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, Chicago: Aldine, p. 136-179), was expanded to suggest that postreproductive women (in contrast to males) contribute to their inclusive fitness by extending support to their grandchildren. We used discrete time event history analysis (Allison [1984] Event History Analysis, Newbury Park: Sage; Allison [1995] Survival Analysis, Cary, NC: SAS Institute) and logistic regression on data provided in population registers (Shūmon Aratame Chō, or SAC) from a village in central Japan, covering the period from 1671-1871, in a preliminary investigation of the effects of household grandparental presence on the probability of a child's death. We found that after accounting for the presence of other household members, the only grandparent whose presence exerted a consistent negative effect on the likelihood of a child's death was the mother's mother. Due to the small sample size of households that contained maternal grandmothers, these results failed to achieve statistical significance. Their importance, however, is in what they suggest about future research, i.e., census data from preindustrial societies can provide a basis for testing evolutionary proposals, including the "grandmother hypothesis. "
A high-speed monolithic silicon photoreceiver fabricated on SOI

We report a monolithically integrated optical receiver fabricated on an SOI substrate. The receiver consists of a lateral p-i-n photodiode and an NMOS transimpedance preamplifier. At V/sub DD/=5 V, the receiver dissipated 37 mW of power with a typical transimpedance gain of 49 dB. /spl Omega/. At operating speeds of 622 Mb/s and 1.0 and 2.0 Gb/s, the receiver achieved a bit error ratio of 10/sup -9/ at received powers of -31.6, -25.7, and -17.7 dBm, respectively.
The STIR sequence in MR imaging.

A recent paper on MR imaging of infectious spondylitis [1) elaborated on and substantiated a previous report [2) of STIR in the evaluation of spinal infection. However, it also contained an important error in pulse sequence nomenclature: STIR was described as "short T1 inversion recovery. " The STIR sequence was described and named by Drs. Bydder, Young, and Steiner [3 , 4) as "short Tl inversion recovery. " Typically this technique uses Tl (time to inversion) values of 100-160 msec vs the earlier convention of long Tl times of 400-600 msec-hence its name. In the article by Thrush and Enzmann [1), STIR is repeatedly referred to as "short T1 inversion recovery. " We use STIR extensively in our practice [2, 5) and frequently have had to correct well-intentioned copy editors who change "TI " to "T1 " because of their lack of familiarity with inversion-recoyery imaging sequences. Many such errors undoubtedly have entered the literature because of oversights in proofreading. However, I have seen this error with increasing frequency in a variety of publications, including peer-reviewed journals. As STIR is used for detection of substances with long T1 and long T2 [3). this misnomer is not only inaccurate but misleading. STIR is also occasionally referred to as the "short tau inversion recovery" sequence. This is also incorrect. STIR is an inversion-recovery-spin-echo sequence with a TE of 30-40 msec; therefore the tau time (TE/2) is in fact rather long, not short. I am concerned that this incorrect nomenclature may be accidentally perpetuated by authors, reviewers, editors, and readers who have an incomplete understanding of the STIR sequence. I encourage all who refer to STIR in their publications to carefully review the original articles [3, 4) and to refer to this sequence by its correct and descriptive name. Careful proofreading of articles is also necessary to ensure that such errors do not inadvertently become accepted into the scientific literature.
Molecular alterations in the TP53 gene of peripheral blood cells of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

The TP53 gene has been extensively studied in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), both in chronic phase and in blast crisis. Mutations in the gene were found in up to 30% of the patients, especially among those in blast crisis. We report the results of an analysis of 29 blood samples from CML patients: 8 samples from chronic phase patients, 8 from patients in the accelerated phase, and 13 from patients in blast crisis. By using genomic DNA, we sequenced PCR products of the coding exons and most introns of the TP53 gene, finding genetic changes in 30% of the blast crisis samples and 12% in chronic phase. All mutations were found in introns and were previously unreported. Immunocytochemical studies revealed accumulation of TP53 in blood cells of samples both from chronic phase and blast crisis patients. Since these samples had no TP53 mutations, we believe that wild type TP53 accumulates in blood cells of CML patients. Our results, therefore, indicate that molecular changes in coding regions of the TP53 gene are rare. The significance of the abundance of intronic changes should be investigated further. Accumulation of wild type TP53 in CML cells may indicate an additional mechanism involving this gene in the pathogenesis of this disease. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:2–7, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
East-Side Story: Historical Pollution and Persistent Neighborhood Sorting

Why are the east sides of formerly industrial cities more deprived? To answer this question, we use individual-level census data and create historical pollution patterns derived from the locations of 5,000 industrial chimneys and an atmospheric model. We show that this observation results from path-dependent neighborhood sorting that began during the Industrial Revolution, as prevailing winds blew pollution eastward. Past pollution explains up to 20% of observed neighborhood segregation in 2011, even though coal pollution stopped in the 1970s. We develop a quantitative model to identify the role of neighborhood effects and relocation rigidities underlying this persistence.
Identification of dietary patterns associated with obesity in a nationally representative survey of Canadian adults: application of a priori, hybrid, and simplified dietary pattern techniques.

Background: Analyzing the effects of dietary patterns is an important approach for examining the complex role of nutrition in the etiology of obesity and chronic diseases.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to characterize the dietary patterns of Canadians with the use of a priori, hybrid, and simplified dietary pattern techniques, and to compare the associations of these patterns with obesity risk in individuals with and without chronic diseases (unhealthy and healthy obesity). Design: Dietary recalls from 11,748 participants (≥18 y of age) in the cross-sectional, nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 were used. A priori dietary pattern was characterized with the use of the previously validated 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI). Weighted partial least squares (hybrid method) was used to derive an energy-dense (ED), high-fat (HF), low-fiber density (LFD) dietary pattern with the use of 38 food groups. The associations of derived dietary patterns with disease outcomes were then tested with the use of multinomial logistic regression.Results: An ED, HF, and LFD dietary pattern had high positive loadings for fast foods, carbonated drinks, and refined grains, and high negative loadings for whole fruits and vegetables (≥|0.17|). Food groups with a high loading were summed to form a simplified dietary pattern score. Moving from the first (healthiest) to the fourth (least healthy) quartiles of the ED, HF, and LFD pattern and the simplified dietary pattern scores was associated with increasingly elevated ORs for unhealthy obesity, with individuals in quartile 4 having an OR of 2.57 (95% CI: 1.75, 3.76) and 2.73 (95% CI: 1.88, 3.98), respectively (P-trend < 0.0001). Individuals who adhered the most to the 2015 DGAI recommendations (quartile 4) had a 53% lower OR of unhealthy obesity (P-trend < 0.0001). The associations of dietary patterns with healthy obesity and unhealthy nonobesity were weaker, albeit significant.Conclusions: Consuming an ED, HF, and LFD dietary pattern and lack of adherence to the recommendations of the 2015 DGAI were associated with a significantly higher risk of obesity with and without accompanying chronic diseases.
Comparing Edge and Host Tra ffi c Pacing in Small Bu ff er Networks I

As packet switching speeds scale to Terabits-per-second and beyond, power considerations are increasingly forcing core router manufacturers to adopt all-optical and hybrid opto-electronic single-chip switching solutions. Such routers will have small buffers, typically in the range of a few tens of Kilobytes, causing potentially increased packet loss, with adverse impact on end-to-end TCP performance. We recently proposed and analysed the benefits of pacing traffic at the network edge for open-loop real-time traffic in a small buffer network. However, no detailed study of the efficacy of edge pacing on closed-loop TCP performance has been undertaken for such a network. In this paper, we consider two pacing methods TCP pacing at the end-hosts, and traffic pacing by the network edge in the context of small buffer networks, and undertake a comprehensive comparison. Our contributions are threefold: First, we show via extensive simulations that under most scenarios (considering bottleneck and non-bottleneck core links, low-speed and high-speed access links, longand short-lived TCP flows, and different variants of TCP) edge pacing performs as well or better than host pacing in terms of link utilisation (TCP throughputs) and average per-flow goodputs. Second, we provide analytical insight into the setting of the edge pacing delay parameter, showing how the efficacy of pacing relates to bottleneck buffer size. Third, we demonstrate the benefits of pacing in practical scenarios multiplexing both TCP and real-time traffic, and discuss incremental deployment of pacing, highlighting that unlike host pacing that requires adoption by a critical mass of users, edge pacing can be deployed relatively easily under service provider control to facilitate rapid migration to core networks with small buffers.
Effects of methylphenidate on reward strength in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that methylphenidate reduces thresholds for reward in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A double-blind crossover design was used in which 16 ADHD boys, aged 8 to 13 years, received methylphenidate on one testing occasion and placebo on another. On each occasion, subjects performed a task that required progressively greater numbers of button presses to earn a fixed monetary payoff. RESULTS The "breaking point" above which the hyperactive child was unwilling to continue with the task was significantly higher during drug than placebo trials. CONCLUSIONS The results support an assumption that underlies the reward system dysfunction hypothesis of ADHD, and they suggest that reward mechanisms may underlie the therapeutic effects of stimulants observed across a wide range of tasks and settings.
Resolving Two-dimensional Kinetics of the Integrin αIIbβ3-Fibrinogen Interactions Using Binding-Unbinding Correlation Spectroscopy*

Background: The two-dimensional kinetics of receptor-ligand interactions determines cell adherence and release. Results: Based on kinetic parameters, time- and force-dependent transitions of bimolecular integrin αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex were revealed. Conclusion: Coupled force-free binding and forced unbinding kinetics reflects dynamics of surface-attached receptor and ligand molecules. Significance: A new approach to explore the mechanism and kinetics of bimolecular interactions has been proposed. Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach named binding-unbinding correlation spectroscopy (BUCS), we describe the two-dimensional kinetics of interactions between fibrinogen and the integrin αIIbβ3, the ligand-receptor pair essential for platelet function during hemostasis and thrombosis. The methodology uses the optical trap to probe force-free association of individual surface-attached fibrinogen and αIIbβ3 molecules and forced dissociation of an αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex. This novel approach combines force clamp measurements of bond lifetimes with the binding mode to quantify the dependence of the binding probability on the interaction time. We found that fibrinogen-reactive αIIbβ3 pre-exists in at least two states that differ in their zero force on-rates (kon1 = 1.4 × 10−4 and kon2 = 2.3 × 10−4 μm2/s), off-rates (koff1 = 2.42 and koff2 = 0.60 s−1), and dissociation constants (Kd1 = 1.7 × 104 and Kd2 = 2.6 × 103 μm−2). The integrin activator Mn2+ changed the on-rates and affinities (Kd1 = 5 × 104 and Kd2 = 0.3 × 103 μm−2) but did not affect the off-rates. The strength of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions was time-dependent due to a progressive increase in the fraction of the high affinity state of the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex characterized by a faster on-rate. Upon Mn2+-induced integrin activation, the force-dependent off-rates decrease while the complex undergoes a conformational transition from a lower to higher affinity state. The results obtained provide quantitative estimates of the two-dimensional kinetic rates for the low and high affinity αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen interactions at the single molecule level and offer direct evidence for the time- and force-dependent changes in αIIbβ3 conformation and ligand binding activity, underlying the dynamics of fibrinogen-mediated platelet adhesion and aggregation.
Expression of the TOL plasmid xylS gene in Pseudomonas putida occurs from a alpha 70-dependent promoter or from alpha 70- and alpha 54-dependent tandem promoters according to the compound used for growth

Growth of Pseudomonas putida (pWWO) on alkylbenzoates requires the expression of the meta pathway operon, which is mediated by the XylS protein after binding of a benzoate effector. Alternatively, in cells growing on toluene or its aromatic alcohols, overexpression of xylS mediated by XylR activated by these compounds leads to overproduction of the XylS regulator, which even in the absence of benzoate effectors stimulates transcription from the meta cleavage pathway operon promoter. We show here that in bacteria growing on glycerol or alkylbenzoates, the xylS gene is expressed at a low but constitutive level from a newly found sigma 70-dependent promoter called Ps2. The amount of XylS protein made from the transcript originated from Ps2 was sufficient to allow high levels of expression from the meta cleavage pathway operon promoter when the cells were grown in the presence of 3-methylbenzoate. The transcription initiation point of the transcript generated from Ps2 mapped 9 bp upstream from the proposed ATG of the xylS gene; this transcript contains the ribosome-binding site. The Ps2 promoter was located 110 bp downstream from a previously described sigma54-dependent promoter located upstream from the xylS open reading frame, now called Ps1. In cells growing on toluene or benzyl alcohols, the XylS regulator is overproduced as a consequence of increased expression of the gene through the effect of the two promoters working in tandem: the newly found sigma 70-dependent promoter, whose expression is XylR and toluene independent, and the sigma 54-dependent promoter, whose expression is dependent on XylR activated by its effectors. This expression pathway of the xylS gene explains why sigma 54-deficient P. putida bearing the wild-type TOL plasmid, or the wild-type P. putida strain bearing a TOL plasmid with a knocked-out xylR gene, can grow on alkylbenzoates. Until now this has been one of the unresolved paradoxes in the transcriptional control of the TOL meta cleavage pathway.
Empirical Models of Learning Dynamics: A Survey of Recent Developments

There is now a very large literature on dynamic learning﻿ models in marketing. Learning dynamics can be broadly defined as encompassing any process whereby the prior history of a consumer or market affects current utility evaluations (e.g., social learning, search, correlated learning, information spillover, etc.). In the present chapter, we focus on discussing this rapidly growing literature that deals with this broader view of learning dynamics.