Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non‐standard assessment practices in the evaluation of communication in Australian Aboriginal children

Australian Aboriginal children typically receive communication assessment services from Standard Australian English (SAE) speaking non‐Aboriginal speech‐language pathologists (SLPs). Educational assessments, including intelligence testing, are also primarily conducted by non‐Aboriginal educational professionals. While the current paper will show that non‐Indigenous SLPs can conduct valid communication assessments with Indigenous children, it will also be shown that educational assessments do not always benefit the child being assessed, and may sometimes do harm to Aboriginal children. Many of the issues surrounding the assessment of Australian Aboriginal children by non‐Aboriginal SLPs are similar to those encountered in other countries where Indigenous populations represent a minority. Very little research has been conducted within Australia to examine this issue. This paper presents overviews of case studies from a longitudinal research project designed to examine the topic of cross‐cultural speech‐language pathology assessment with Indigenous children, making specific reference to the situation in Australia.
Physiological and Molecular Assessment of Altered Expression of Hsc 70-1 in Arabidopsis . Evidence for Pleiotropic Consequences 1

Hsp70s function as molecular chaperones. The protective chaperone activities of hsp70 help to confer tolerance to heat, glucose deprivation, and drought. Overexpression of hsp70s in many organisms correlates with enhanced thermotolerance, altered growth, and development. To better understand the roles of hsp70 proteins in Arabidopsis, the molecular and physiological consequences of altered expression of the major heat shock cognate, Hsc70-1, were analyzed. Extensive efforts to achieve underexpression of Hsc70-1 mRNA using a full-length antisense cDNA resulted in no viable transgenic plants, suggesting that reduced expression is lethal. Constitutive overexpression of Hsc70-1 also appeared to be deleterious to viability, growth, and development because fewer transformants were recovered, and most were dwarfed with altered root systems. Despite being dwarfed, the overexpression plants progressed normally through four selected developmental stages. Heat treatment revealed that Hsc70-1 overexpression plants were more tolerant to heat shock (44°C for 10 min). The elevated basal levels of HSC70-1 in transgenic plants led to delayed heat shock response of several heat shock genes. The data in this study suggest that tight regulation of Hsc70-1 expression is critical for the viability of Arabidopsis and that the functions of HSC70-1 contribute to optimum growth, development, thermotolerance, and regulation of the heat shock response.
Elemente fachdidaktischen Wissens in der universitären Ausbildung angehender Chemielehrkräfte

Die Uberprufung und Entwicklung der Qualitat der Lehrerbildung in Deutschland ist in den letzten Jahren verstarkt in den Fokus der Bildungsforschung geruckt. Von bildungspolitischer Seite werden Standards fur die Bildungswissenschaften sowie inhaltliche Vorgaben fur die Facher und Fachdidaktiken in die Hochschulen getragen. Gemeinsam bestimmen sie fundamentale Ziele der universitaren Lehrerbildung. Eine substanzielle Beschreibung des Wissens, das Absolventinnen und Absolventen, insbesondere innerhalb der fachdidaktischen Lehrveranstaltungen, erwerben sollen, kann damit allerdings nicht angenommen werden. Hier knupft die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Ziel an, Elemente chemiedidaktischen Wissens der universitaren Lehrerbildung zu bestimmen. Im Rahmen der durchgefuhrten Interviewstudie mit Vertretern aus erster und zweiter Phase der Lehrerbildung, werden theoretisch abgeleitete Facetten fachdidaktischen Wissens prazisiert, so dass schlieslich ein Katalog von 65 Standards fur die chemiedidaktische universitare Lehrerbildung abgeleitet werden kann. Diese Standards liefern Ansatzpunkte nicht nur fur die inhaltliche Gestaltung der Lehre. Sie konnen kunftig fur die Qualitatsentwicklung chemiedidaktischer Lehrerbildung genutzt werden, indem sie als Referenz fur die Entwicklung entsprechender Testinstrumente herangezogen werden konnen. Neben der inhaltsbezogenen Differenzierung des chemiedidaktischen Wissens, kann durch den qualitativ-inhaltsanalytischen Auswertungsprozess abgeleitet werden, dass die Entwicklung eines reflexiven Habitus bei den Studierenden zu den Kernaufgaben der ersten Phase der Lehrerbildung zahlt. Wissenschaftlich fundiertes fachdidaktisches Wissen sowie Reflexionsfahigkeit konnen angehende Lehrerinnen und Lehrer in ihrem Professionalisierungsprozess unterstutzen, um den komplexen beruflichen Anforderungen gerecht werden zu konnen.
Evaluation of SVM, MLP and GMM Classifiers for Layout Analysis of Historical Documents

This paper presents a comparison between three classifiers based on Support Vector Machines, Multi-Layer Perceptrons and Gaussian Mixture Models respectively to detect physical structure of historical documents. Each classifier segments a scaled image of historical document into four classes, i.e., areas of periphery, background, text and decoration. We evaluate them on three data sets of historical documents. Depending on data sets, the best classification rates obtained vary from 90.35% to 97.47%.
Utilized coefficient of friction during walking: static estimates exceed measured values.

This study compared utilized coefficient of friction (COF) measured during nonslip pedestrian gait to estimated utilized COF values calculated using anthropometric (i.e., leg length) and stride characteristic data (i.e., impact angle, step length). Twenty healthy adults walked at slow, medium, and fast speeds with kinematic and kinetic data recorded simultaneously. Estimated and measured impact angle varied with walking speed, with greater angles evident with faster speeds (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The estimated impact angle was greater than the measured impact angle (p < 0.05). Estimated and measured peak utilized COF values varied with walking speed, with higher utilized COF values evident with faster speeds (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Estimated utilized COF values were 86, 118, and 131% greater than measured peak utilized COF values for slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively (p < 0.001). Higher estimated utilized COF values varied moderately with increased measured peak utilized COF values (r = 0.522; p < 0.001). These data suggest that impact angle and step length alone cannot be used to accurately assess the utilized COF on level walking surfaces.
Increased risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVE:There is an increased risk of colorectal cancer among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the overall and site specific cancer risks in these patients have been investigated to a limited extent. To study the association between UC and cancer, a population-based study of 1547 patients with UC in Stockholm diagnosed between 1955 and 1984 was carried out.METHODS:The patients were followed in both the National Cancer Register and the National Cause of Death Register until 1989. For comparisons, regional cancer incidence rates in Stockholm County were used together with individually computed person-years at risk in the UC disease cohort.RESULTS:A total of 121 malignancies occurred among 97 individuals as compared with 89.8 expected (standardized morbidity ratio [SMR] = 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–1.6). Overall, an excess number of colorectal cancers (SMR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.7–5.8), and hepatobiliary cancers in men (SMR = 6.0; 95% CI, 2.8–11.1) associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, was observed. The risk of pulmonary cancer was decreased (SMR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1–0.9). In all, 91 extracolonic malignancies were observed, compared with the 82.3 expected (SMR = 1.11; 95% CI, 0.9–1.3). CONCLUSIONS:In UC patients, the overall cancer incidence is increased mainly because of an increased incidence of colorectal and hepatobiliary cancer. This increase is partly counterbalanced by a decreased risk of pulmonary cancer compared with that in the general population.
[Evaluation of bone mineral density, osteoporosis prevalence and regional risk factors in Turkish women living in Kastamonu: KASTÜRKOS study].

OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify the bone mineral density (BMD) values and the prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) in Turkish women living in Kastamonu within the purpose of contributing to Turkish database and to explore whether the characteristics of the regional climate and demographics in different provinces of Turkey are risk factors, comparing our results with similar studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2009 and December 2011, 778 of 2018 subjects who were admitted to the healthcare centers equipped with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) device in Kastamonu and met the inclusion criteria were included. The results of BMD were compared with the studies performed by Lunar DXA in two different provinces. The mean regional data obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (1975-2010) and Turkish Statistical Institute (2009-2011) were used in the comparison of climate and demographic characteristics. The prevalence of OP was compared with those obtained from the FRACTURK study. RESULTS The mean vertebral and femoral BMD values in all cases were lower than the values recorded in two geographical regions (Elazığ-İstanbul), indicating a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The mean temperature and duration of sunbathing in Kastamonu remained significantly lower than these two provinces for many years (p<0.05). The women population at the age of >50 and the old age dependency ratio were significantly higher in Kastamonu, compared to these provinces (p<0.05). The mean femoral BMD values of these cases >50 were significantly lower, suggesting a significant difference compared to the results obtained from FRACTURK study. The prevalence of OP (19.6%) was significantly higher than the FRACTURK study (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the KASTÜRKOS study indicate that the mean BMD values of Turkish women living in Kastamonu are lower and the prevalence of OP is higher than the values of the women living in different provinces.
Development of specific and cross-reactive lymphocyte proliferative responses during chronic immunizing infections with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi

The development of antigen-responsive lymphocytes was followed in mice immunized with the Gilliam, Karp, or Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by utilizing an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Subcutaneous immunization with viable rickettsiae of all three strains resulted in the appearance of lymphocytes in the spleen responding to irradiated tissue culture-grown rickettsiae used as stimulating antigens. Although all animals demonstrated antigen-induced proliferation elicited by homologous antigen by 14 days after immunization, the time of peak responsiveness varied, depending on the strain of rickettsiae used for immunization. In all cases, peak proliferative responses occurred at a time after immunization that was after the previously reported time after immunization at which resistance to rechallenge was observed. Reactivity to heterologous strains of R tsutsugamushi developed roughly in parallel with homologous reactivity in Karp- and Gilliam-immunized mice, with a marked degree of heterologous reactivity evident. Kato-immunized mice demonstrated greater reactivity to heterologous antigens early in the development of antigen reactivity and demonstrated a somewhat greater degree of cross-reactivity, relative to homologous responses, than the other groups. It was found that nylon wool-nonadherent immune cells, if cultured with antigen and adherent cells obtained from normal spleens or peritoneal exudates, responded in culture. The thymus-derived lymphocyte nature of the responding cell was further suggested when treatment of immune spleen cells with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement eliminated antigen response.
Central Role of Microglia in Neonatal Excitotoxic Lesions of the Murine Periventricular White Matter

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the main cause of neurologic handicap in pre‐term infants. The understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to white matter damage is critical for development of innovative therapeutic strategies for PVL. The pathogenesis of PVL remains unclear but possibly involves glutamate excitotoxicity as an important molecular pathway. We previously described a neonatal mouse model of excitotoxic white matter lesion mimicking human PVL. In the present study, we used this experimental tool to investigate the cellular populations and the glutamate receptor subtypes involved in excitotoxic white matter lesions. Combined immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and cell death detection data revealed that microglial activation and astrocytic death were the primary responses of white matter to excitotoxic insult. In vitro experiments suggested that microglia activated by ibotenate released soluble factors that kill astrocytes. The use of selective agonists and antagonists of glutamate receptors revealed that N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation was essential and sufficient to produce cystic white matter lesions. NMDA receptor immunohistochemistry labeled microglial cells in the neonatal periventricular white matter. The developing white matter displayed a window of sensitivity to excitotoxic damage that was paralleled by the transient presence of NMDA receptor‐expressing white matter cells. Assuming that similar pathophysiologic mechanisms are present in human pre‐ term infants, microglia and NMDA receptors could represent key targets for treatment of PVL.
The impact of climate change measured at relevant spatial scales: new hope for tropical lizards

Much attention has been given to recent predictions that widespread extinctions of tropical ectotherms, and tropical forest lizards in particular, will result from anthropogenic climate change. Most of these predictions, however, are based on environmental temperature data measured at a maximum resolution of 1 km2, whereas individuals of most species experience thermal variation on a much finer scale. To address this disconnect, we combined thermal performance curves for five populations of Anolis lizard from the Bay Islands of Honduras with high‐resolution temperature distributions generated from physical models. Previous research has suggested that open‐habitat species are likely to invade forest habitat and drive forest species to extinction. We test this hypothesis, and compare the vulnerabilities of closely related, but allopatric, forest species. Our data suggest that the open‐habitat populations we studied will not invade forest habitat and may actually benefit from predicted warming for many decades. Conversely, one of the forest species we studied should experience reduced activity time as a result of warming, while two others are unlikely to experience a significant decline in performance. Our results suggest that global‐scale predictions generated using low‐resolution temperature data may overestimate the vulnerability of many tropical ectotherms to climate change.
Stent-assisted Intracranial Recanalization for Acute Stroke: Early Results

OBJECTIVE: In patients who are not candidates for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, intra-arterial (IA) therapy is an alternative. Current recanalization rates are 50 to 60% for IA thrombolysis. Stent-assisted recanalization in the setting of acute stroke after failed thrombolysis may improve recanalization rates. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 19 patients treated at two institutions between July 2001 and March, 2005 with intracranial stenting of a vessel resistant to standard thrombolytic techniques. Demographics, clinical, and radiographic presentation and outcomes were studied. RESULTS: Thirteen men and six women with a median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 16 (range, 15-22) were included. Eight lesions were located at the internal carotid artery terminus, seven in the M1/M2 segment, and four in the basilar artery. Average time-to-treatment was 210 ± 160 minutes. Overall recanalization rate (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Grade 2 or 3) was 79%. There were six deaths: five due to progression of stroke and withdrawal of care at the family’s request and one as the result of a delayed carotid injury after tracheostomy. One postoperative asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred without adverse affect on outcome. Median discharge NIHSS score of surviving patients was 5 (range, 2.5-11.5). Lesions at the internal carotid artery terminus (P < 0.009), older age (P < 0.003), and higher baseline NIHSS score (P < 0.009) were significant negative outcome predictors, as measured by >3 modified Rankin scale score at discharge. CONCLUSION: Stent-assisted recanalization for acute stroke resulting from intracranial thrombotic occlusion is associated with a high recanalization rate and low intracranial hemorrhage rate. These initial results suggest that stenting may be an option for recalcitrant cerebral arterial occlusions.
Glutamine enhances tight junction protein expression and modulates corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the jejunum of weanling piglets.

BACKGROUND Dysfunction of tight junction integrity is associated with decreased nutrient absorption and numerous gastrointestinal diseases in humans and piglets. Although l-glutamine has been reported to enhance intestinal-mucosal mass and barrier function under stressful conditions, in vivo data to support a functional role for l-glutamine on intestinal tight junction protein (TJP) expression in weanling mammals are limited. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that glutamine regulates expression of TJPs and stress-related corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the jejunum of weanling piglets. METHODS Piglets were reared by sows or weaned at 21 d of age to a corn and soybean meal-based diet that was or was not supplemented with 1% l-glutamine for 7 d. Growth performance, intestinal permeability, TJP abundance, and CRF expression were examined. RESULTS Weaning caused increases (P < 0.05) in intestinal permeability by 40% and in CRF concentrations by 4.7 times in association with villus atrophy (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed reductions (P < 0.05) in jejunal expression of occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens (ZO) 2, and ZO-3, but no changes in the abundance of claudin-3, claudin-4, or ZO-1 in weanling piglets compared with age-matched suckling controls. Glutamine supplementation improved (P < 0.05) intestinal permeability and villus height, while reducing (P < 0.05) jejunal mRNA and protein levels for CRF and attenuating (P < 0.05) weanling-induced decreases in occludin, claudin-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3 protein abundances. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results support an important role for l-glutamine in regulating expression of TJPs and CRF in the jejunum of weanling piglets.
Assessment of Hand Grip Strength of Orthopedically Challenged Persons Affected with Upper Extremity

Abstract The present investigation was aimed to assess the extent of variation in grip strength in relation to the sex and type of deformity among the orthopedically challenged persons affected with upper extremity and to compare the grip strength with that of control (normal) persons. For this purpose 213 subjects having the age range 20-60 years were selected at random. Among them 109 subjects were orthopedically challenged and 104 subjects were normal, who were treated as control subjects. Orthopedically challenged subjects were taken from three categories, viz., stroke patient, accidental patient and arthritis patient. Hand grip strength was measured by using Lafayette Hand Grip Dynamometer. Some anthropometric measures of the subjects of both groups were taken. The result showed that the hand grip strength of orthopedically challenged subjects was significantly lesser (p<0.001) than that of the control subjects in both hands. The male subjects had significantly higher hand grip strength than that of the female subjects in both groups. The mean values of different anthropometric measures also showed the same results. The grip strength was found to be significantly correlated with a few anthropometric measures of the subjects. The results of the ANOVA showed that the grip strength of different categories of orthopedically challenged persons had significant variations (p< 0.01) only in case of left hand of female subjects. It can be concluded that the lower value of hand grip strength of the orthopedically challenged persons may be considered during designing control panel, switches and other hand arm operated devices.
The Dot-Depth Hierarchy, 45 Years Later

In 1970, R. S. Cohen and Janusz A. Brzozowski introduced a hierarchy of star-free languages called the dot-depth hierarchy. This hierarchy and its generalisations, together with the problems attached to them, had a long-lasting inﬂuence on the development of automata theory. This survey article reports on the numerous results and conjectures attached to this hierarchy. This paper is a follow-up of the survey article Open problems about regular languages, 35 years later [57]. The dot-depth hierarchy , also known as Brzo-zowski hierarchy , is a hierarchy of star-free languages ﬁrst introduced by Cohen and Brzozowski [25] in 1971. It immediately gave rise to many interesting questions and an account of the early results can be found in Brzozowski’s survey [20] from 1976.
Prelabor cesarean delivery and early-onset acute childhood leukemia risk

The long-term impact of cesarean delivery (CD) on the health of the offspring is being explored methodically. We sought to investigate the effect of birth by (a) prelabor and (b) during-labor CD on the risk of early-onset (⩽3 years) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), specifically of its prevailing precursor B (B-ALL) subtype. A total of 1099 incident cases of ALL (957 B-ALL), 131 of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and their 1 : 1 age-matched and sex-matched controls, derived from the Nationwide Registry for Childhood Hematological Malignancies (1996–2013), were analyzed using multivariate regression models. A null association was found between prelabor and/or during labor CD and either ALL (B-ALL) or AML in the 0–14 age range. By contrast, birth by CD increased significantly the risk of early-onset ALL [odds ratioCD (ORCD)=1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–2.24] mainly on account of prelabor CD (ORprelaborCD=1.66, 95% CI: 1.13–2.43). The respective figures were even higher for the early-onset precursor B-ALL (ORCD=1.66, 95% CI: 1.15–2.40 and ORprelaborCD=1.79, 95% CI: 1.21–2.66), whereas no association emerged for early-onset AML. Prelabor CD, which deprives exposure of the fetus/infant to the presumably beneficial effect of stress hormones released in both vaginal labor and during labor CD, was associated exclusively with an increased risk of early-onset ALL, particularly the precursor B-ALL subtype. If confirmed, these adverse long-term outcomes of CD may point to re-evaluation of prelabor CD practices and prompt scientific discussion on the best ways to simulate the effects of vaginal delivery, such as a precesarean induction of labor.