Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The "Disgusting" Spider: The Role of Disease and Illness in the Perpetuation of Fear of Spiders

Recent studies of spider phobia have indicated thatfearof spiders is closely associated with the disease-avoidance response of disgust. It is argued that the disgust-relevant status of the spider resulted from its association with disease and illness in European cultures from the tenth century onward. The development of the association between spiders and illness appears to be linked to the many devastating and inexplicable epidemics that struck Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, when the spider was a suitable displaced target for the anxieties caused by these epidemics. Such factors suggest that the pervasive fear of spiders that is commonly found in many Western societies may have cultural rather than biological origins, and may be restricted to Europeans and their descendants.
Research-based spin-offs targeting the market for technologies: a conceptual model

This paper addresses the commercialisation decisions of research-based spin-off firms, focusing on the case of companies specialising in the production and sale of intellectual property a model of entrepreneurial behaviour increasingly frequent in science-based fields, and that research-based spin-offs may be more prone to adopt given their specific characteristics. Combining insights from the economics of technological change and the strategic management of technology literature, we discuss the conditions that influence spin-offs ability to pursue with this strategy, and advance some theory-driven hypothesis regarding key factors that are likely to determine their choice nature of knowledge, appropriability conditions, location and degree of control upon complementary assets and institutional setting of origin and their impact upon firms’ decisions. We add to the still incipient research on this model of behaviour, as well as to recent research on the determinants of the commercialisation strategy of small technologyintensive firms.
Debt Contracting on Management

This paper shows that lenders can influence firms’ governance outside of payment and technical default states by exerting ex-ante control over managerial turnover via retention and selection decisions. Examining private loan agreements, we find 8.5% of firms have change of management restriction (CMR) clauses. CEO turnover analysis suggests CMRs are binding. We find lenders include CMRs to mitigate human capital risk and creditor-shareholder conflicts of interest. CMRs provide a way to contract on soft information and retain management with creditor-friendly style. Finally, CMRs are associated with lower yields, indicating they are in place to protect lenders, not to entrench management.
Investors', Auditors', and Lenders' Understanding of the Message Conveyed by the Standard Audit Report on the Financial Statements

SYNOPSIS: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which there are communication gaps among auditors and two user groups in their understanding of the messages conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements (SAR). Auditors, bankers, and nonprofessional investors reviewed background information on a hypothetical company that had received a SAR. Compared to auditors, users consider the SAR to be more important in assessing fraud risk even though they assess a lower likelihood that auditors have detected fraud. Further, the SAR gives users a significantly higher level of confidence in the company's management, investment soundness, and accomplishment of strategic goals than auditors. We also find several instances where the auditors and bankers differed from the nonprofessional investors in the interpretation of technical terms in the SAR, suggesting a between-user disagreement in interpreting the technical terms. Taken together, the results suggest that there are important .
Instability of the steady states of some Ginzburg–Landau-like equations with real coefficients

The instability of the steady states with nonconstant amplitude is analysed for a nonlocal Ginzburg–Landau equation with real coefficients and quasiperiodic boundary conditions. The results are obtained in terms of easily recognized, qualitative properties of the steady states. Some of the results are new, even for the standard (local) Ginzburg–Landau equation with real coefficients. A related Ginzburg–Landau equation coupled to a mean field is also considered that appears in the analyses of counter-propagating waves in extended systems, nonoscillatory instabilities with a conservation law, and viscous Faraday waves in large aspect ratio containers.
Exposure of female juvenile rainbow trout to alkylphenolic compounds results in modifications to growth and ovosomatic index

The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are a major group of nonionic surfactants. Biodegradation of these compounds is incomplete during sewage treatment; thus, they are ubiquitous aquatic pollutants. All the main degradation products of APEOs were recently demonstrated to have estrogenic properties in vitro, but their effects in vivo remain to be established. In this study, female juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) were exposed to octylphenol, nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol diethoxylate, and nonylphenol mono‐carboxylic acid (NP1EC) at environmentally relevant concentrations (Experiment 1: 1, 10, and 50 μg/L; Experiment 2: 1, 10, and 30 μg/L). Exposure to APEOs commenced at hatch (day 0) and was terminated on day 22 (Experiment 1) or day 35 (Experiment 2). Body weight and fork length of representative samples offish from each treatment group were recorded at intervals up to 108 d (Experiment 1) or 466 d (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, significant differences in size of the exposed fish, related to treatment, were still apparent on day 108, 86 d after withdrawal of the treatments. These observations were confirmed during Experiment 2, in which significant changes in body weight and fork length as a consequence of exposure to the compounds were observed approx. 15 d after exposure was terminated. These differences were sustained for at least 466 d in the case of NP and NP1EC. In addition, the ovosomatic index (OSI) offish exposed to NP and NP1EC was significantly affected zby the treatment. Survival of fish in the natural environment is strongly influenced by body size, and an appropriate OSI is a crucial factor in successful reproduction. Therefore, exposure of natural populations of fish to these chemicals at concentrations currently measurable in the aquatic environment may have an impact on the performance of those populations.
Ageing and Family Solidarity in Europe: Patterns and Driving Factors of Intergenerational Support

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, intergenerational relations remain a key aspect of the future development and sustainability of the European social model. In the present paper, patterns of intergenerational support and the main driving factors behind individuals' transfer behavior are explored. In particular, the data form the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe are utilized to shed light on the main factors behind the likelihood and intensity of social support, and financial help provided to and received from other family members by ageing and elderly Europeans. The analysis also takes into consideration patterns and factors correlated with grandparenting activities. Finally, special attention is devoted to the condition of those individuals who are sandwiched between care obligations toward their elderly parents and young adult children. It is shown that the likelihood of the exchange of support between family generations is highest in Scandinavian countries and lowest in Southern Europe. The intensity of support follows an opposite North-South gradient. In addition, relevant gender-related inequalities are documented. In general, time-demanding support obligations are more likely to fall on the shoulders of women in the early stage of their later life, while mainly benefitting elderly men.
Investigation of laterally heterogeneous shear velocity structure in D″ beneath Eurasia

Seismic waves are used to explore large-scale radial structure and lateral heterogeneity of shear velocity in the D" region, the chemical and thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle. We analyze long-period, horizontally polarized (SH) shear waveforms from earthquakes in the northwest Pacific recorded in Europe and the Middle East for evidence of proposed laterally varying shear velocity stratification in D" beneath Eurasia. Specifically, our data sample the lower mantle extending from beneath the Arctic Ocean near Novaya Zemlya, USSR, to under northern India. Using a reflectivity technique to model the SH waveforms, we determine a locally stratified shear velocity model, SGLE, that provides a good average travel time and waveform fit to over 80% of the data sensitive to D" structure. SGLE is characterized by a rapid 2.75% increase in shear velocity approximately 290 km above the core-mantle boundary, similar to previously proposed models for this region. Unlike for other regions analyzed using similar waveform modeling techniques, the percentage of data inconsistent with this average radial model is fairly substantial, indicating that laterally heterogeneous D" velocity structure is important in this region. Some waveforms lack the reflected arrival expected for a stratified model, while others show evidence of two arrivals, both possibly originating within D". While our data are insufficient for direct inversion of the three-dimenSional structure, we utilize several simple parameterizations of the waveforms to gain some understanding of the region. Both the relative amplitude and differential travel time variations of the waveforms indicate that D" beneath Eurasia is characterized by (1) broad regions in which the structure has large-scale stratification giving coherent long-period reflections, with superimposed velocity variations that scatter shorter-wavelength waves; and (2) smaller regions which are sufficiently heterogeneous to scatter even the long-period energy. The scale length of the lateral heterogeneity in D" that produces these variations is inferred to be somewhat less than 500 km, which contrasts with weaker lateral heterogeneity that is observed in the central region of the lower mantle, where heterogeneity scale lengths of approximately 500-1000 km appear to dominate. These observations are consistent with a model of the lower mantle in which distributed heterogeneity is concentrated in D", generating a locally stratified layer in some regions. The effects of a diffuse or topographically variable D" discontinuity must be further explored using two- and three-dimensional synthetic calculations before inversions for the detailed structure can be undertaken.
Improvement of Walking Ability Using Hybrid Assistive Limb Training in a Patient with Severe Thoracic Myelopathy caused by Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - A Case Report

The purpose of this study was to report the improvement of walking ability using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) training in a case of severe thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The patient received HAL training 2-3 times per week (10 sessions) beginning on the thirteenth postoperative day. The patient’s walking ability and lower muscles strength were significantly improved. It suggests that HAL training in the early postoperative phase has the potential to be an effective rehabilitation tool to improve functional ambulation in surgically-treated thoracic OPLL patients with inability of walk.
Nonequilibrium diagrammatic approach to strongly interacting photons

We develop a non-equilibrium field-theoretical approach, based on a systematic diagrammatic expansion, for strongly interacting photons in optically dense atomic media. We consider the case where the characteristic photon-propagation range $L_P$ is much larger than the interatomic spacing $a$ and where the density of atomic excitations is low enough to neglect saturation effects. In the highly polarizable medium the photons experience nonlinearities through the interactions they inherit from the atoms. If the atom-atom interaction range $L_E$ is also large compared to $a$, we show that scattering processes with momentum transfer between photons are suppressed by a factor $a/L_E$. We are then able to perform a self-consistent resummation of a specific (Hartree-like) diagram subclass and obtain quantitative results in the highly non-perturbative regime of large single-atom cooperativity. Here we find important, conceptually new collective phenomena emerging due to the dissipative nature of the interactions, which even give rise to novel phase transitions. The robustness of these is investigated by inclusion of the leading corrections in $a/L_E$. We consider specific applications to photons propagating under EIT conditions along waveguides near atomic arrays as well as within Rydberg ensembles.
BİLANÇO DIŞI VARLIKLARIN MUHASEBE BİLGİSİNİN DEĞER İLGİLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE’YE ÖZGÜ BULGULAR

Bu calismada, 2009-2016 yillari arasinda Borsa Istanbul’da duzenli olarak islem goren 53 adet isletmenin verileri kullanilarak Turkiye ozelinde muhasebe bilgisinin deger ilgililigi analiz edilmistir. Dort farkli model panel veri analizi yontemiyle test edilmistir. Ohlson (1995) fiyat modeli neticesinde defter degerinin ve net kazanclarin deger ilgili oldugu sonucuna varilmistir. Raporlanan maddi olmayan duran varliklarin etkisinin ayrica dikkate alindigi ikinci modelin analiz sonuclari maddi duran varliklara dayali olarak olusan defter degerinin deger ilgili olmadigini ve raporlanan maddi olmayan duran varliklarin ise piyasa degerleri uzerinde sinirli etkiye sahip oldugunu ortaya koymaktadir. Raporlanmayan maddi olmayan duran varliklarin dahil edildigi ucuncu model bilanco disi varliklarin yuksek duzeyde deger ilgili olduguna iliskin bulgu saglamaktadir. Net kazanclar, raporlanan maddi olmayan duran varliklar ve bilanco disi varliklar ile olusturulan dorduncu model ise; Turkiye’de maddi olmayan duran varliklarin raporlanan muhasebe rakamlarindan daha fazla deger ilgili oldugunu kanitlamaktadir.
THE ROLE OF COSMIC-RAY PRESSURE IN ACCELERATING GALACTIC OUTFLOWS

We study the formation of galactic outflows from supernova (SN) explosions with the moving-mesh code AREPO in a stratified column of gas with a surface density similar to the Milky Way disk at the solar circle. We compare different simulation models for SN placement and energy feedback, including cosmic rays (CRs), and find that models that place SNe in dense gas and account for CR diffusion are able to drive outflows with similar mass loading as obtained from a random placement of SNe with no CRs. Despite this similarity, CR-driven outflows differ in several other key properties including their overall clumpiness and velocity. Moreover, the forces driving these outflows originate in different sources of pressure, with the CR diffusion model relying on non-thermal pressure gradients to create an outflow driven by internal pressure and the random-placement model depending on kinetic pressure gradients to propel a ballistic outflow. CRs therefore appear to be non-negligible physics in the formation of outflows from the interstellar medium.
An examination of e-HRM as a means to increase the value of the HR function

This article examines the potential use of e-human resource management (e-HRM) as a means to increase the value of the human resources (HR) function, within the framework of the resource-based view. Past research has suggested that e-HRM may support the HR function in becoming more efficient, improving service delivery and adopting a greater role in delivering the firm's business strategy. The results from a large-scale survey across 12 countries showed that e-HRM may help HR to increase its value by becoming more strategic, but found no evidence of cost savings due to reductions in HR headcount. This suggests that organisations are using e-HRM in order to redeploy HR practitioners from transactional work to more strategic and value-added activities.
High prevalence of esophageal acid exposure in very low birth weight infants presenting or not bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Background: A high frequency of treatment for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease is observed in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The association between these illnesses is controversial. Objective : Determine by esophageal pH monitoring the prevalence of reflux index (RI ≥10%) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants presenting or not BPD. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty-five newborns presenting BPD and 15 newborns not presenting BPD underwent distal esophageal pH monitoring during their stay in a university hospital neonatal unit. The frequency of symptoms and GER treatment were studied in both groups. Data were analyzed using Fisher9s Exact Test. Results: The prevalence of RI ≥10% did not differ between groups presenting (65.7%) and not BPD (93.3%); p=0.075. There was no significant difference between symptoms attributable to GER, occurred in 91.4% of newborns presenting BPD and in 73.3% of the group not presenting BPD. Antireflux treatment was introduced to 80% of the subjects presenting BPD and to 20% of patients not presenting BPD; (p Conclusions : There is a high prevalence of increased esophageal mucosal exposure to acid in VLBW infants presenting or not BPD. The symptoms attributable to GER are frequent in both groups; however, in VLBW infants not presenting BPD, a clinical progression complicated by GER is less frequent. Nevertheless, BPD is associated with a higher frequency of GER treatment, the indication of any therapeutic modality must be cautious, and the laboratory investigation associated with a clinical evaluation may contribute to a reduction in the number of unnecessary treatment.
Partial Melting in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines of Eastern Nepal: the Effect of Decompression and Implications for the ‘Channel Flow’ Model

Partial melting of deep continental crust may occur during either prograde heating or decompression. Although the effect of temperature on crustal melting has been widely investigated, few experimental studies have addressed the question of the influence of pressure on crustal anatexis.Tounderstand the influenceofdecreasingpressure onpartialmelting processes, the thermodynamic approach of isochemical phase diagrams has been applied to garnet^K-feldspar^kyanite^sillimanite anatectic gneisses (Barun Gneiss) from the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC)ofeasternNepal.Themainmelt-producing reactions, the amount of melt produced during heating vs decompression, and the effects ofmelt loss on themineral assemblagesand compositions have been investigated along four idealP^T trajectories, dominated by either heating or decompression. Based on these results, the observed microstructures and mineral compositions of the Barun Gneiss have beeninterpreted intermsofmelt-producingvsmelt-consumingreactions (e.g. growth ofperitecticgarnetwith preserved ‘nanogranite’inclusions vs microstructures related to back-reactions between solids and melt), and used to derive the metamorphic evolution of the studied samples. The P^T pseudosection modelling predicts that at least 15^20 vol.% ofmeltwasproducedat peakP^Tconditions through dehydrationmelting of both muscovite and biotite, and that melt production was mainly triggered by heating, with or without the combined effect ofdecompression.The preserved granulitic peak metamorphic assemblage, however, is consistent with a significant loss ofmost of this melt.TheP^Tevolution inferred forsamplesfrom different, strategically located, structural levelsoftheBarunGneiss isconsistentwiththeexpectationsofa‘channel flow’model, including: (1) the clockwise shape of the P^T paths; (2) the estimatedPat peakT(newdata:10^8 kbarat 8008C;model:13^7 kbar at 8008C); (3) the decreasing P structurally upward, which defines a ‘normal’ metamorphic sequence, in contrast to the inverted metamorphic sequence occurring in the lowermost Main Central Thrust Zone; (4) the nearly isothermal exhumation of the structurally lowest sample, reflecting the progressive exhumation of rocks that have been entrained in the deep, high-T region of the channel, versus the nearly isobaric heating of the structurally uppermost sample, reflecting the evolution of those rocks that flowed outwards with the underlying channel.
Non-suicidal self-injury, attachment, emotion regulation and childhood trauma in university students

The current study examined risk factors associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), by comparing university students who self-injure with a control group on measures of attachment, emotion regulation, and childhood trauma. The sample consisted of 1400 university students (74% female; M = 19.76), who completed a screening questionnaire examining coping strategies. Those identified as self-injurers and who were willing to complete a follow-up (N = 55; 6 male, 49 female) along with a matched control group completed a follow-up study examining risk factors of NSSI. MANOVAs were employed and significant multivariate effects were found on attachment subscales (NSSI showing more negative attachment) and emotion regulation subscales (NSSI having fewer emotion regulation skills), but not for childhood trauma. Univariate effects were examined for attachment and emotion regulation revealing significant differences between groups on all subscales, with the exceptions of the "Secure" subscale for attachment and the "Emotional Awareness" subscale for emotion regulation. %%%%Cette etude examinera les risques d'etre auto-blessant en comparant un groupe d'etudiant universitaire qui exerce cette pratique contre un groupe controle sous les parametres de l'attachement, du controle de ses emotions et le traumatisme d'enfance. L'echantillon fut compose de 1400 etudiants universitaires (364 mâles, 1036 femelles; M = 19.76), qui ont rempli un questionnaire preliminaire dans le cadre d'un projet plus general qui vise les strategies d'ajustement. Ceux qui furent identifies en tant qu'auto-blessant et qui etaient interesses a poursuivre cette etude (N = 55; 6 mâles, 49 femelles) ont recu un suivi, avec un groupe controle, examinant les facteurs risques d'etre auto-blessant. Trois MANOVA furent utilises et plusieurs effets multivariables ont ete trouves pour l'attachement et le controle d'emotion mais aucune pour les traumatismes d'enfance. Des effets univariables furent examines pour l'attachement et le controle d'emotion demontrant d'importantes differences d'un groupe a l'autre, avec l'exception des facteurs de securite pour l'attachement et des facteurs de consciences emotionnelles pour le controle d'emotion.
Structure and properties of Ti4+-ureasil organic-inorganic hybrids

Hybrid planar waveguides were prepared from Ti4+-acetylacetone (acac)-Ureasil sols deposited on glass substrates. Structural features have been investigated by spectroscopic measurements (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman scattering) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). Addition of Ti4+-acac to the ureasil (Ti:Si molar ratio 1:1) leads to the formation of bonds between the Ti complex and the siloxane groups, whereas further addition of Ti4+ (Ti:Si molar ratio 5:1) leads to the additional formation of titanium-rich nanoclusters. The optical parameters of the waveguides such as refractive index, thickness, propagating modes and attenuation coefficient were measured at 632.8, 543.5 and 1550 nm by the prism coupling technique. The refractive index can be tuned by the Ti4+ relative content. The few microns thick planar waveguides support well confined propagating modes with low attenuation loss for all compositions.