Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of an assessment system for establishing a River Physical Quality Index and testing its effectiveness with fish‐based metrics in Malaysia

This study shows how the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 that originated from United States was readapted to formulate the River Physical Quality Index (RPQI) for Malaysia. The approach emphasizes that it is not necessary to “reinvent the wheel” as globally, there are already a range of established best practices in developed countries to emulate. The proposed RPQI protocol was tested on four eco‐hydrological zones in Kampar River for 18 months to measure and detect temporal and spatial physical impairment induced by natural and anthropogenic factors. To be relevant to the Malaysian context, local fish community structure metrics were deployed to test and validate RPQI sensitivity and effectiveness. The results showed that RPQI values were able to reflect river physical degradation and correlated strongly with most fish‐based metrics. However, the RPQI values were weakly linked to fish population abundance and evenness metrics. The results implied that species niche responses need to be considered when applied for testing river assessment system, particularly when introduced species are present. The novel insights provided herein are constructive to inform similar endeavours in other Southeast Asia tropical countries for testing river physical assessment systems with biological metrics.
Effect of Ploughing Depth, Tractor Forward Speed, and Plough Types on the Fuel Consumption and Tractor Performance

Cost of fuel has a significant impact on the input costs of agricultural production, especially during primary tillage. It is affected by several parameters including tractor forward speed, depths of ploughing, and plough types. The experiment was performed in a Soil Hall at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, in April 2015. A Massey Ferguson 8480 4WD tractor was used for investigating objectives of this study. The experiment was performed in a sandy loam soil texture at 11.73% soil moisture content and 1.35 (g/cm3) dry bulk density to study the amount of fuel consumption (l/ha) and the performance of tractor with effect of moldboard and disc ploughs as ploughs type, 15 and 20 cm as ploughing depth and 5 and 7 km/h as tractor forward speeds. The results showed that fuel consumption with a disc plough 5% was higher compared to the moldboard. Fuel consumption decreased approximately 8% when tractor at 7 km/h. Fuel consumption significantly decreased about 34% when ploughing depth increased from 15 to 20 cm. The power requirement to operate moldboard plough was higher by about 14% than a disc. The power requirement at speeds of 7 km/h was higher compared to the speeds of 5 km/h by about 27%. When the depth of ploughing increased from 15 to 20 cm, the power requirement increased by about 1.5%.
Home is the Key: A Study of the Social Impact of Habitat for Humanity in South Carolina

ii Acknowledgements . iv List of Tables and Figures. ix Habitat for Humanity . 4 Habitat for Humanity Program Model. 7 Theoretical Framework . 9 Purpose of the Study . 11 Research Questions . 13 Conclusion . 16 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 19 Literature review methodology . 21 Theoretical Framework . 22 Review . 24 Outcomes of Low-Income Homeownership . 28 Low-income homeownership and social capital. 28 Low-income homeownership and perceptions of neighborhood. 30 Low-income homeownership and civic engagement. 31 Low-income homeownership and psychological outcomes. 34 Habitat for Humanity and outcomes’ evaluation. 35 Qualitative Studies. 38 Conclusion . 41 Chapter 3: Methods . 45 Sample . 49 Measurement . 51 Independent Variables. 53 Dependent Variables. 54 Data Collection . 57 Research Questions and Hypotheses . 59 Page Title Page . i Table of
Interdependence of Flow and Shape Morphological Dynamics For Flow-Induced Erosion of Bluff Bodies

Interdependence of Flow and Shape Morphological Dynamics for Flow-Induced Erosion of Bluff Bodies by Michael P. Allard University of New Hampshire, May, 2019 Flow-induced erosion encompasses all processes in which fluid-solid interactions result in the removal and transport of material from the solid. The removed material may change its physical state and/or chemical composition and may be redeposited onto the solid body or advected away by the fluid and deposited elsewhere. Common to all flow induced erosion processes is that they involve an eroding surface, and eroding agent, and a fluid flow which delivers the eroding agent to the eroding surface. Consequently, the study of erosion is difficult as it requires detailed knowledge of the material, mechanical, and/or thermophysical properties of the eroding surface; the transport mechanisms that deliver the eroding agent to the eroding surface; and the transport mechanisms that entrain and advect the eroded material into and within the fluid flow. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that that there is a feedback coupling between the eroding surface and the fluid dynamics that control the transport mechanisms important to erosion. Specifically, during erosion, surface morphological changes to the eroding surface will alter the flow field thereby increasing or decreasing the rate at which the eroding agent is delivered to the eroding surface. This in turn alters the surface morphology. Thus a complex feedback cycle exists between the fluid and surface dynamics. The study of this feedback cycle has received little attention in the fluid mechanics community. This relative neglect is understandable due to its non-equilibrium nature, yet surprising when one considers how much erosion by the action of a flow is an integral part of major scientific and engineering fields, for example geophysics, environmental, manufacturing, and aerospace. The underlying research objective of this dissertation is to better understand the two-way coupling between an eroding body and the surface flux of the eroding agent by evaluating the shape
Using Lightning Flashes to Image Thunderclouds

The optical energy emitted by lightning flashes interacts with the surrounding cloud medium through scattering and absorption. The optical signals recorded by space‐based lightning imagers describe a convolution of lightning flash energetics and radiative transfer effects in the intervening cloud layer. A thundercloud imaging technique is presented that characterizes cloud regions based on how they are illuminated by lightning. This technique models the spatial distribution of optical energy in radiant lightning pulses to determine whether and to what extent each illuminated cloud pixel behaves like a homogeneous planar cloud layer. A gridded product is constructed that differentiates flashes that illuminate convective cells from stratiform flashes with long horizontal channels and anvil flashes whose optical emissions reflect off of nearby cloud surfaces. Producing this imagery with a rolling 15‐min window allows us to visualize changes in convection with a rapid (20 s) update cycle.
The application of Neodymium isotope as a chronostratigraphic tool in North Pacific sediments

Abstract It has been suggested that dust generation was closely linked to the development of global ice sheets and/or cooling. This feature has allowed Asian dust to be a potential chronostratigraphic tool in North Pacific Ocean (NPO) sediments. The orbital-scale age control in NPO sediments is usually established by adjusting the benthic-foraminiferal δ18O to the global δ18O stack (LR04). However, it would become difficult if the sediments did not contain enough foraminifera. This study investigates Sr and Nd isotopes, trace elements, mineralogy and grain size of the ‘operationally defined aeolian dust’ (ODED) extracted from the sediments recovered at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 1209B on the Shatsky Rise in the NPO covering the past five glacial–interglacial cycles. The geochemical results show that the ODED at site 1209B is actually a mixture of Asian dust and volcanic ash. The variation of Nd isotope mimics the cycles of glacial–interglacial ice sheets as revealed by the global benthic foraminifera’s oxygen isotope stack (LR04) over the past 500 ka. The low (high) ϵNd values corresponded with the cool (warm) periods. We propose that ϵNd variation reflects the evolving aeolian dust in site 1209 sediments. The excellent agreement between ϵNd values at site 1209B and LR04 stack over the past 500 ka allows establishing the orbital-timescale age control by tuning ϵNd to the LR04 curve. We thus propose that Nd isotope provides a chronostratigraphic technique in NPO sediments, especially for sediments with a limited amount of foraminifera.
How rock glacier hydrology, deformation velocities and ground temperatures interact: Examples from the Swiss Alps

An increasing number of studies highlight the controlling influence of water on rock glacier deformation velocities. The link between the concept of water‐driven shearing processes and numerous observations of correlating mean annual air or ground temperatures and rock glacier velocities is discussed here. We present a dataset measured at the Schafberg rock glacier in the Eastern Swiss Alps, complemented by temperature data from three other rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps, which allowed us to reconstruct the processes influencing both mean annual ground temperatures and rock glacier deformation velocity. Rock glacier hydrology is the parameter linking rock glacier temperature and velocities and is a crucial influencing factor. The main external forcing parameter appart from mean annual air temperature is early winter snow coverage. The study shows that the concept of water being a controlling factor for rock glacier velocity is no contradiction to the observed correlations between air or ground temperature and rock glacier deformation.
Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and Graduate Education in 2007-08. Stats in Brief. NCES 2011-163.

This Statistics in Brief draws upon two nationally representative studies of postsecondary students, the 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08) and the 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Before the new law was implemented, veterans enrolled full time in postsecondary education received just $1,321 per month in Montgomery GI Bill benefits for both living and education expenses (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 2008). These changes have generated new interest in military students (Cook and Kim 2009; National Survey of Student Engagement 2010; Steele, Salcedo, and Coley 2010).
A comparison of supervised gene set searching algorithms for outcome prediction of breast cancer

Determining whether a tumor is likely to metastasize is a task that helps selecting the correct treatment for a patient. In breast cancer research, traditional classification of tumors depends on evaluating clinical risk factors, which has led to over-treatment in thepast. High-throughput technologies such as mRNA microarrays have generated large amounts of data on tumors from patients, making it possible to perform classification using machine learning techniques, achieving higher accuracy than the traditional classification methods. While early methods have selected an optimal set of single genes as features, newer methods have attempted to find groups of genes that classify accurately. By combining the gene expressions according to these groups a new set of features is determined. The goal of this work is to analyze the classification performances using the latter technique.
Common bond and common identity groups on the Internet: Attachment and normative behavior in on-topic and off-topic chats.

Friedrich-Schiller-University JenaThe present research is based on D. A. Prentice, D. T. Miller, and J. R. Lightdale’s(1994) distinction between common bond groups (formed by attachment betweengroup members) and common identity groups (formed by attachment to the group as awhole). Study 1 showed the existence of both types of groups on the Internet: On-topicchats can be classiﬁed as common identity groups, and off-topic chats as common bondgroups. In Study 2 the adherence to group norms as a behavioral consequence of themembership in both types of groups was analyzed. Members of common identitygroups adhered more to the group norms of paralinguistic symbols than did membersof common bond groups. The implications for the development and persistence ofgroups on the Internet are discussed.
Recent Ogallala Aquifer Region Drought Conditions as Observed by Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies from GRACE

Recent severe drought events have occurred over the Ogallala Aquifer region (OAR) during the period 2011–2015, creating significant impacts on water resources and their use in regional environmental and economic systems. The changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS), as indicated by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), reveals a detailed picture of the temporal and spatial evolution of drought events. The observations by GRACE indicate the worst drought conditions occurred in September 2012, with an average TWS deficit of ~8 cm in the northern OAR and ~11 cm in the southern OAR, consistent with precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project. Comparing changes in TWS with precipitation shows the TWS changes can be predominantly attributable to variations in precipitation. Power spectrum and squared wavelet coherence analysis indicate a significant correlation between TWS change and the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation, and the influence of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures on TWS change is much stronger in the southern OAR than the northern OAR. The results of this study illustrate the value of GRACE in not just the diagnosis of significant drought events, but also in possibly improving the predictive power of remote signals that are impacted by nonregional climatic events (El Nino), ultimately leading to improved water resource management applications on a regional scale. Editor’s note: This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.
Combining seed burial, land imprinting and an artificial soil crust dramatically increases the emergence of broadcast seed

Seedling emergence from broadcast seed is notoriously low in mining rehabilitation. At Iluka Resources’ Eneabba mine in the Mid West of Western Australia, eight-fold more seedlings emerged under ideal nursery conditions in 2015 than when that seed was broadcast in the field. Unlocking this potential in broadcast seed is critical to establish the desired plant density and species diversity of restored kwongan shrubland vegetation. Erosion, both wind and water, is a major factor affecting seedling emergence in newly rehabilitated mines sites. To control wind erosion at Eneabba, Iluka applies a crust of dilute, non-toxic bitumen emulsion to the sandy soil surface. This crust degrades over a few years but does not inhibit germination. It allows seedlings to emerge and establish under windy conditions, common at Eneabba, holding the seed in the soil matrix for germination to occur and eliminating the sand-blasting that kills newly emerged seedlings. Combining this crust application with ripping-mounding to prevent water erosion in 2016 increased seedling establishment almost two-fold. Land imprinting, a technique developed in the 1970s, reduces rainfall runoff and increases infiltration and nutrient/organic matter accumulation thereby improving seedling emergence and establishment. However, the imprints erode too quickly in sandy soils like those at Eneabba. A trial in 2017, combining land imprinting and bitumen emulsion crust increased seedling emergence more than two-fold for broadcast seed and three-fold for topsoil-derived seed. Burial of the diverse sized and shaped seed, for improved germination, was achieved in 2018. This combined with land imprinting and crust application increased seedling emergence from broadcast seed by 50% on the 2017 trial. Data from large-scale field trials of these rehabilitation practices and their innovative combination will be presented to illustrate their effectiveness and applicability in other projects. New, custom-built seeding, land imprinting and crust application equipment used in 2019 Eneabba rehabilitation will be unveiled.
Performance and Emissions of a Turbocharging Diesel Engine Using B10 and Supercharging Syngas on Dual Fuel

In Thailand, the ministry of energy needs to increase the use of renewable energies, especially biodiesel and syngas, more than 25%. However, blending biodiesel more than 10% provided lower engine performance significantly. Therefore, this research aims to present about the investigating performance and emissions of a turbocharging diesel engine using the diesel blended to 10% biodiesel (B10) compared with the use of B10 and syngas on dual fuel. Syngas was generated from a downdraft gasifier by using the charcoal, and it was increased the gas flow rate from 76 to 125 lpm by using a supercharger. Results of using B10 compared with diesel show that the fuel properties of B10 were similar to diesel. Engine performance was decreased slightly, but emissions, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and black smoke, were also reduced. Results of engine test using the dual fuel between B10 and increasing syngas quantity (B10+SG) indicate that the use of B10+SG at 85 lpm had similar engine performance to using diesel only. Use of B10+SG at 125 lpm was the best because of higher engine performance and more fuel saving as compared with using B10 and diesel only. On the other hand, the use of B10+SG compared with using both oils only show that various emissions were enormously increased while the syngas quantity was increased to 125 lpm. Keywords: B10, syngas, diesel engine, performance, emissions
Identity in modern society : a social psychological perspective

List of Figures.List of Tables.Foreword by John C. Turner.Preface. 1. Introduction.Approaching Identity as a Scientific Concept.Human Consciousness.The Social Conditions of Human Existence.A Brief Overview of Subsequent Chapters.Summary. 2. The Social Psychology of Identity: Sociological and Psychological Contributions.Sociological Contributions.Psychological Contributions.Summary. 3. Identity in Modern Society: An Integrative Approach.Theoretical Background and Levels of Identity Analysis.A Self-Aspect Model of Identity (SAMI). Identity and (Post)Modernity.Identity, Phenomenology and Accuracy.Functions and Processes of Identity.Summary. 4. Antecedents of Individual and Collective Identity.Person Variables.Social Context Variables.The Interplay of Individual and Collective Identities.Summary. 5. Identity in Minority-Majority Contexts.Self-Interpretation.Social Information Processing.Well-being.Intergroup Behaviour.Summary. 6. Identity in Intercultural Contact.Models of Intergroup Contact.Immigration, Identity and Social Integration.Right-Wing Extremism and National Identity.Cultural Differences and Racism: A Comment.Summary. 7. Identity, Mobilization and Participation.Identity and Social Movement Participation.Identity, Organizational Participation and Intragroup Co-operation.Identity and Volunteerism.Summary. 8. Conclusions and Future Directions.Identity and Action.Identity and Power.References. Author Index.Subject Index
Interpretive biases for one's own behavior and physiology in high-trait-anxious individuals and repressors.

The experiments reported here were designed to test predictions from a cognitive theory of personality proposed by M. W. Eysenck (1997). According to that theory, many of the observed differences between individuals high in trait anxiety and repressors (individuals low in trait anxiety and high in social desirability) depend on underlying individual differences in cognitive biases. It follows from the theory that high-anxious individuals should have an interpretive bias for their own behavior in social situations, that is, they exaggerate how anxious it is. In contrast, repressors should have an opposite interpretive bias for their own behavior, that is, they underestimate how anxious it is. Evidence consistent with these predictions was obtained in Experiments 1 and 2. Implications of these findings for cognitive theories of personality are discussed.
Prediction of Climate Change Effects on Plantain Yield in Ondo State, Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of climate change on plantain (Musa spp) for three Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in Ondo State. Climate projections of six selected general circulation models (GCMs) under climate scenarios-Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5) were applied for different periods; baseline (1975–2005); future periods 2035–2065 [2050s] and 2070–2100 [2080]). The results of regression analysis showed a positive relationship between precipitation and plantain yield, while maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) indicated no significant relationship with plantain yield at P˂ 0.01 in all the AEZs. The output of trend analysis indicated an increase in Tmax of 0.046oC/year for Ondo North Agro-Ecological Zone (ONAEZ), while Ondo South Agro-Ecological Zone (OSAEZ) has the lowest increment of 0.003oC/year. Tmin for Ondo Central Agro-Ecological Zone (OCAEZ) increased by 0.007oC/year and decreased with 0.004oC/year and 0.030oC/year for ONAEZ and OSAEZ. However, analysis of precipitation events in the study areas from 1975-2005 showed that OCAEZ received the highest increase of 7.47 mm/year and decreased by 13.48 mm/year and 2.84 mm/year for ONAEZ and OSAEZ respectively. Largest plantain yield reduction compared to the control-period for CCCMA model was -30.3% and -38.1% for the 2050s and 2080s whereas ICHEC model predicted an average lowest reduction of -7.5% and -12.5% for the short time and long periods in ONAEZ. In OSAEZ, plantain yield decreases varied from -6.3% to -8.4% for CNRM model, -6.1% to 6.7% (MPI) and -36.1% to -37.7% for CCCMA. In conclusion, overall climate change simulations in OCAEZ showed that projected climate may have relatively small negative effects on plantain yield compared to ONAEZ and OSAEZ respectively.
A general theory of glacier surges

Abstract We present the first general theory of glacier surging that includes both temperate and polythermal glacier surges, based on coupled mass and enthalpy budgets. Enthalpy (in the form of thermal energy and water) is gained at the glacier bed from geothermal heating plus frictional heating (expenditure of potential energy) as a consequence of ice flow. Enthalpy losses occur by conduction and loss of meltwater from the system. Because enthalpy directly impacts flow speeds, mass and enthalpy budgets must simultaneously balance if a glacier is to maintain a steady flow. If not, glaciers undergo out-of-phase mass and enthalpy cycles, manifest as quiescent and surge phases. We illustrate the theory using a lumped element model, which parameterizes key thermodynamic and hydrological processes, including surface-to-bed drainage and distributed and channelized drainage systems. Model output exhibits many of the observed characteristics of polythermal and temperate glacier surges, including the association of surging behaviour with particular combinations of climate (precipitation, temperature), geometry (length, slope) and bed properties (hydraulic conductivity). Enthalpy balance theory explains a broad spectrum of observed surging behaviour in a single framework, and offers an answer to the wider question of why the majority of glaciers do not surge.