Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thirty-year incidence of infective endocarditis after surgery for congenital heart defect.

CONTEXT The incidence of infective endocarditis after surgical repair of congenital heart defects is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term incidence of endocarditis after repair of any of 12 congenital heart defects in childhood. DESIGN Population-based registry started in 1982. SETTING State of Oregon. PARTICIPANTS All Oregon residents who underwent surgical repair for 1 of 12 major congenital defects at the age of 18 years or younger from 1958 to the present. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Diagnosis of infective endocarditis confirmed by hospital or autopsy records. RESULTS Follow-up data were obtained from 88% of this cohort of 3860 individuals through 1993. At 25 years after surgery, the cumulative incidence of infective endocarditis was 1.3% for tetralogy of Fallot, 2.7% for isolated ventricular septal defect, 3.5% for coarctation of the aorta, 13.3% for valvular aortic stenosis, and 2.8% for primum atrial septal defect. In the cohorts with shorter follow-up, at 20 years after surgery the cumulative incidence was 4.0% for dextrotransposition of the great arteries; at 10 years, the cumulative incidence was 1.1% for complete atrioventricular septal defect, 5.3% for pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, and 6.4% for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. No children with secundum atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, or pulmonic stenosis have had infective endocarditis after surgery. CONCLUSION The continuing incidence of endocarditis after surgery for congenital heart defect, particularly valvular aortic stenosis, merits education about endocarditis prophylaxis for children and adults with repaired congenital heart defects.
The pharmacokinetics of intraosseous atropine in hypovolemic swine.

OBJECTIVE Compare the pharmacokinetics of atropine administered via the intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and intraosseous (IO) routes in a normovolemic and hypovolemic swine model. DESIGN Prospective, between subjects, experimental study. SETTING Vivarium. SUBJECTS Yorkshire-cross swine (N = 36). INTERVENTION Atropine was administered via IV, IM, or IO routes to normovolemic and hypovolemic swine. Blood samples were drawn at regular intervals after atropine administration and analyzed for plasma atropine concentration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from modeling the plasma concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax). RESULTS The IV and IO groups in both the normovolemic and hypovolemic models reached peak plasma concentration immediately and had a very rapid distribution phase with no apparent absorption phase for the IO groups. Peak plasma concentration and time to reach peak concentration were both significantly lower for the IM groups. There was a significant increase in absorption time with IM administration in the hypovolemic model compared to the normovolemic model. CONCLUSION The IO route is an effective method of administering atropine and is comparable to the IV route even under conditions of significant hemorrhage. Therapeutic levels of atropine may be delayed and possibly difficult to obtain via IM injection in the presence of hypovolemic shock.
Estimation of energy dissipation caused by odd order difference schemes for an unstable planetary boundary layer

Numerical error by an odd order difference approximation in the advection term dissipates energy in the resolved motion. We propose a method to estimate the energy dissipation rate derived from the numerical error to clarify its effect on the energy budget. The energy dissipation rate in Large‐Eddy Simulations for an ideal unstable boundary layer is analysed. The proposed method reveals that the imbalance of the energy budget can be ascribed to the non‐conservative property with respect to kinetic energy of the discretised advection terms, while the net energy dissipation in the resolved field is almost insensitive to the origins of the energy dissipation. However, the magnitude of the momentum and temperature fluxes is sensitive to the difference scheme; the numerical error in the advection term reduces these fluxes in the resolved part. A subgrid scheme should be designed so as to compensate decrease of the resolved flux when an odd order difference is applied to the advection term.
AN ANALYSIS OF CODE MIXING USED BY ALL CHARACTERS IN PANGERAN ANTASARI FILM DIRECTED BY IRWAN SIREGAR

The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of code mixing and the meaning of code mixing in Pangeran Antasari film. This film is one of bilingual films in Indonesia. The film uses two mixed languages, Indonesian and Banjar. This study uses descriptive qualitative method because the writer only describes and interprets the phenomenon that exists in Pangeran Antasari film. Regarding to the literature, this study uses objective approach. The object of this study is Pangeran Antasari film directed by Irwan Siregar. The applied instrument to gather the data is human instrument. The findings of the study show that there are twenty one code mixings in the form of insertion of word, two code mixings in the form of insertion of phrase, two code mixings in the form of idiom and six code mixings in the form of hybrid. Furthermore, some code mixings have been interpreted and explained about the meanings that have been obtained. This research is conducted to provide a more detailed description that the theory of code mixing cannot only be applied in English but also can be used in other languages. Therefore, researcher uses film that use Indonesian and Banjar language as the object of research to provide an overview as expected.
Competency in Electrocardiogram Interpretation Among Graduating Medical Students

Background: The ability to accurately interpret electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities is a core competency for graduating medical students (GMS). Incorrect interpretation of ECG findings can result in adverse patient outcomes. To our knowledge, there has been no published study evaluating the level of competency in ECG interpretation in GMS. Purposes: To evaluate the ability of graduating medical students to interpret abnormal and critical ECGs and to correlate student performance with self-reported confidence and adequacy of ECG training. Methods: A list of 22 ECGs which GMS are expected to identify was developed. Classic examples of each ECG were identified and verified by two board-certified cardiologists. The 22 ECGs along with 11 questions related to confidence and degree of ECG training were administered to (a) 168 4th-year George Washington University School of Medicine (GWUSOM) students, (b) 63 incoming housestaff to GWUSOM, and (c) 22 graduating internal medicine housestaff. Results: Given the lack of statistical differences, GW medical students and incoming housestaff were combined into a single group (GMS, n = 231). Mean number of correct answers on the 22 ECG examination for GMS was 8.2 (SE = 0.529) and 13.9 (SE = 1.312) for graduating residents (p <.0001). On the 6 life-threatening ECGs, GMS scored lower than graduating residents (3.4 SE = 0.191 vs. 4.6 SE = 0.541; p <.0002). Mean score in the GMS group was associated with increasing levels of reported confidence and degree of ECG experience. Conclusions: A 22-item ECG examination was developed, piloted, and demonstrated to have construct validity. GMS had a limited level of competency in ECG interpretation which was correlated with reported self-confidence and degree of ECG exposure in Years 3–4.
Premartensite to martensite transition and its implications for the origin of modulation in Ni2MnGa ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy

We present here results of temperature dependent high resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction study of sequence of phase transitions in Ni2MnGa. Our results show that the incommensurate martensite phase results from the incommensurate premartensite phase, and not from the austenite phase assumed in the adaptive phase model. The premartensite phase transforms to the martensite phase through a first order phase transition with coexistence of the two phases in a broad temperature interval (~40K), discontinuous change in the unit cell volume as also in the modulation wave vector across the transition temperature and considerable thermal hysteresis in the characteristic transition temperatures. The temperature variation of the modulation wave vector q shows smooth analytic behaviour with no evidence for any devilish plateau corresponding to an intermediate or ground state commensurate lock-in phases. The existence of the incommensurate 7M like modulated structure down to 5K suggests that the incommensurate 7M like modulation is the ground state of Ni2MnGa and not the Bain distorted tetragonal L10 phase or any other lock-in phase with a commensurate modulation. These findings can be explained within the framework of the soft phonon model.
The Effect of Local Interfacial Geometry on the Measurement of the Tensile Bond Strength to Dentin

The local detail of the geometry of the adhesive interface can have a significant effect on the measurement of dentin bond strengths and may be a contributory factor in the discrepancies among data in the published literature. The potential effect on the dentin bond strength due to modifications of the local stress distribution at the adhesive/dentin interface has been assessed. Tensile bond strength measurements for specimens with and without an adhesive flash were carried out and compared with the stress distribution at the adhesive interface determined by finite element stress analysis. The results showed that when the adhesive was constrained to the interface only, the tensile bond strength was 3.10 MPa, which increased to 6.90 MPa when a flash of adhesive was present. For a realistic measurement of dentin bond strength, the adhesive should be constrained to the interface only. Extension of the adhesive beyond the interface will result in an artificially high value for the dentin bond strength. A standardized method for the measurement of dentin bond strength is urgently needed, but must take these as well as all other known factors into account if results from different testing centers are to be directly comparable.
Synoptic Formation of Double Tropopauses

Double tropopauses are ubiquitous in the midlatitude winter hemisphere and represent the vertical stacking of two stable tropopause layers separated by a less stable layer. By analyzing COSMIC GPS data, reanalysis, and eddy life cycle simulations, we demonstrate that they often occur during Rossby wave breaking and act to increase the stratosphere‐to‐troposphere exchange of mass. We further investigate the adiabatic formation of double tropopauses and propose two mechanisms by which they can occur. The first mechanism operates at the tropopause break in the subtropics where the higher tropical tropopause sits on one side of the break and the lower extratropical tropopause sits on the other. The double tropopauses are then formed by differential meridional advection of the higher and lower tropopauses on the two sides of the tropopause break. We show that anticyclonic wave breaking can form double tropopauses mainly by providing stronger poleward advection of the higher tropopause in its poleward lobe. Cyclonic wave breaking mainly forms double tropopauses by providing stronger equatorward advection of the lower tropopause in its equatorward lobe. We demonstrate in the COSMIC GPS data and reanalysis that about half of the double tropopauses in the Northern Hemisphere winter can be directly attributed to such differential advection. For the second mechanism, adiabatic destabilization of the air above the tropopause contributes to the formation of a double tropopause. In this case, a tropopause inversion layer is necessary for this destabilization to result in a double tropopause.
Interaction between nutrients, pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation.

An invasion of the body by micro-organisms and injury activates the immune system and brings about widespread metabolic changes. Both phenomena are closely interrelated and form part of a complex and co-ordinated response.The objectives of the response are to disadvantage and destroy the invading organism, repair damaged tissue and restore tissue function to normal. Activation of the immune system results in the release of a complex variety of soluble mediators from cells of the system and hepatocytes [l-31. The mediators include immunoglobulins, complement proteins and cytokines. Cytokines are a large group of peptides and proteins which are involved in signalling between the cells of the immune system. Cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons, colony stimulating factors, tumour necrosis factors (TNFs) and transforming growth factors. A grouping of three cytokines, IL-I, IL-6 and TNF-a, not only mediate and modulate an enhanced level of activity in the immune system but also cause widespread metabolic changes. They belong to a subgroup of cytokines described as pro-inflammatory cytokines as they are key mediators of inflammation. A number of cell types produce IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a. These include phagocytic leucocytes, Tand B-lymphocytes, mast cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells [4-61. Once induced, IL-1 and TNF can stimulate production of each other and of IL-6. Thus, a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs after the initial inflammatory stimulus [7]. Subsequently, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals are produced by phagocytes [S]. These oxidants also enhance cytokine production. The production of cytokines and oxidant molecules is part of a highly effective mechanism for creating a hostile environment for pathogens within the body [9]. Paradoxically, the high potency of these molecules, which are essential in the body’s defence system, may also damage the host. The essential nature of cytokines in recovery from inflammatory situations is indicated by the poor prognosis of malnourished patients who have a reduced ability for cytokine production [lo, 111. These patients also exhibit poor wound healing as TNF-a is an important inducer of transforming growth factors that play a crucial part in the process. This review focuses on the effects of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-a, the innate systems for protecting the subject from the potentially pathological effects of enhanced cytokine production and the modulatory role which nutrients may exert on such biological events.
Demethyl (C-11) cezomycin - a novel calcimycin antibiotic from the symbiotic, N2-fixing actinomycete Frankia

7/2001 Jukka Hiltunen Neurotrophic Factors in Rodent Heart: From Development to Pathophysiology 8/2001 Leena Peltonen The Interfacial Behaviour of Sorbitan Surfactant Monolayers and the Bulk Properties of These Surfactants as a Function of Temperature 9/2001 Pirjo Luukkonen Rheological Properties and the State of Water of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose Wet Masses 10/2001 Jussi-Pekka Rauha The Search for Biological Activity in Finnish Plant Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds 11/2001 Marikki Halsas Development and Biopharmaceutical Evaluation of Press-Coated Tablets Taking Account of Circadian Rhythms of Disease 12/2001 Jouko Sillanpää Tissue-Adherence in Lactic Acid Bacteria: Identification and Characterization of the CollagenBinding S-Layer Protein of Lactobacillus crispatus 13/2001 Tiina Seppä Role of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Dopaminergic Transmission and Expression of Fos Protein 14/2001 Eugeny Makeyev RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of Bacteriophage phi6 15/2001 Pia Rydman Genetic Approach to Bacteriophage PRD1 Entry and Assembly 16/2001 Xiaojuan Meng Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurturin in the Regulation of Spermatogenesis 17/2001 Riikka Pellinen Hydrogen Peroxide in Inducible Plant Defence Responses 18/2001 Tiina Petänen Assessment of Bioavailable Concentration and Toxicity of Arsenite and Mercury in Contaminated Soils and Sediments by Bacterial Biosensors 19/2001 Joanna Peltola Microbial Growth in Building Materials and Toxigenic Microbes in Indoor Environments 20/2001 Liisa Maunuksela Molecular and Physiological Characterization of Rhizosphere Bacteria and Frankia in Forest Soils Devoid of Actinorhizal Plants 1/2002 Saija Haapa-Paananen The Mechanisms, Applications, and Target Site Selection of Bacteriophage Mu Minimal in Vitro DNA Transposition Reaction 2/2002 Anna Kärkönen Plant Tissue Cultures as Models for Tree Physiology: Somatic Embryogenesis of Tilia cordata and Lignin Biosynthesis in Picea abies Suspension Cultures as Case Studies
Acetabular reconstruction with the Burch-Schneider ring: An EBRA analysis of 40 cup revisions

Background Reconstruction of the bone stock and fixation of the implant remain challenging problems in revision surgery. In this retrospective study, we wanted to gain information on initial stability and wear after revision with the Burch-Schneider ring. Patients and methods Between 1994 and 1998, we performed 70 reconstructions of the acetabulum with a Burch-Schneider ring in revision arthroplasty. 63 patients could be followed up clinically and radiographically. 40 cups were suitable for EBRA measurements whereas migration and wear could not be assessed by this method in 23 cases due to lack of comparability of pelvic radiographs. The mean follow-up time was 4.7 years. Results 2 cups were re-revised and 14 cups had breakage or changes of position of the screws. 30 cups showed detectable migration and 18 cups detectable wear. The mean migration was 2.8 mm and the mean wear rate was 0.12 mm/year. 16 cups had detectable migration after 1 year; 11 of these 16 continued to migrate and 9 of them had screw breakage. Both re-revisions showed early migration. Early migration correlated with later screw breakage and the overall migration correlated with wear. The only risk factor found for early migration was the wear rate. Interpretation The Burch-Schneider ring is an established and reliable implant for cup revision with good clinical results, but it seems to be difficult to maintain intraoperative stability. The implants with continuous migration may lead to late clinical failure and require further observation. Wear may contribute to migration and resorption of the bone graft. ▪
Food Insecurity and Depression Among Adults With Diabetes: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Purpose While both food insecurity and depression have been linked to risk of type 2 diabetes, little is known about the relationship between food insecurity and depression among adults with diabetes. Research Design and Methods Cross-sectional analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2014), a nationally representative, population-based survey. Analytic sample was limited to adults aged ≥20 with diabetes determined by either fasting plasma glucose (≥126 mg/dL) or self-report (n = 1724) and adults age ≥20 with prediabetes determined by fasting plasma glucose (100-125 mg/dL) or self-report (n = 2004). Food insecurity was measured using the US Food Security Survey Module. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between food insecurity and depression while accounting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors. Results Approximately 10% of individuals with diabetes and 8.5% of individuals with prediabetes had severe food insecurity in the past year; an additional 20.3% of individuals with diabetes and 14.3% of those with prediabetes had mild food insecurity. Among individuals with diabetes, both mild and severe food insecurity were associated with elevated odds of depression These relationships were similar in magnitude among individuals with prediabetes. Conclusions Food insecurity is significantly associated with depressive symptoms in people with diabetes and prediabetes. Results point to the need to address economic issues in conjunction with psychosocial issues for comprehensive diabetes care.
Experimental Study of Bounding Box Algorithms

The computation of the minimum-volume bounding box of a point set inR3 is a hard problem. The best known exact algorithm requires O(n3) time, so several approximation algorithms and heuristics are preferred in practice. Among them, the algorithm based on PCA (Principal Component Analysis) plays an important role. Recently, it has been shown that the discrete PCA algorithm may fail to approximate the minimum-volume bounding box even for a large constant factor. Moreover, this happens only for some very special examples with point clusters. As an alternative, it has been proven that the continuous version of PCA overcomes these problems. Here, we study the impact of the recent theoretical results on applications of several PCA variants in practice. We give the closed form solutions for the case when the point set is a polyhedron or a polyhedral surface. To the best of our knowledge, the continuous PCA over the volume of a 3D body is considered for the first time. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the different variants on realistic inputs, randomly generated inputs, and specially constructed (worst case) instances. The results reveal that for most of the realistic inputs the qualities of the discrete PCA and the continuous PCA bounding boxes are comparable. As it was expected the discrete PCA versions are much faster, but behave bad on the clustered inputs. In addition, we evaluate and compare the performances of several existing bounding box algorithms.
Mesothelial vitronectin stimulates migration of ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian carcinomas, the most fatal gynaecological malignancies, are associated with poor prognosis predominantly because of a high recurrence rate. Ovarian cancer cells spread widely throughout the abdominal cavity leading to peritoneal metastasis. The influence of the mesothelial microenvironment on the biological mechanisms leading to cancer cell colonization of the mesothelium is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether mesothelial secretions affect the migration of ovarian cancer cells and focuses on the role of the adhesive molecule Vn (vitronectin) and its integrin receptors. An in vitro co‐culture model indicated that clusters of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells adhere to MeT‐5A mesothelial cells preferentially at intercellular sites, invade the mesothelial monolayer and alter the integrity of the mesothelium. In addition, mesothelial CM (cell‐conditioned medium) induces migration of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells in Boyden chambers and wound healing assays. Furthermore, blocking molecules directed against vitronectin or its αv integrin receptor decrease mesothelial‐CM‐induced migration by approximately 40% and 60–70% for IGROV1 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, respectively, in Boyden chamber assays. Wound healing assays that allow cell migration to be measured over 24 h periods demonstrated that blocking molecules prevent the migration of IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells. Vitronectin is present in CM MeT‐5A (mesothelial conditioned medium) and in metastatic peritoneal tissue sections. The expression of vitronectin at the periphery of mesothelial cells and within ovarian cancer cell clusters suggests a potential role for this molecule during intraperitoneal implantation of ovarian cancer cells. Vitronectin could represent a target for the development of anti‐adhesive strategies to impede ovarian cancer dissemination.