Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HIV testing in adolescents and young adults receiving STI testing in an urban primary care setting.

IN THE UNITED STATES, an estimated 1 million people are infected with the humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) and one-quarter are unaware of their infection. 1 Rates of newinfections have increased among young persons with nearly half of all new HIV infections inthe US occurring in black adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 24.1-4Despite evidence that early diagnosis may have potential advantages in promoting prevention,5-8 improving immune restoration, and linking HIV-infected persons with care9 HIV testinghas been a controversial and difficult area to define and produce relevant guidelines. In 2001,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10 (CDC) recommended universal HIV testingfor all persons who (a) live in communities with an HIV prevalence >1%; (b) have known riskfactors for HIV infection; and (c) request HIV testing. In September 2006, the guidelines forhealth care settings were modified to recommend that all persons aged 13 to 64 years be testedfor HIV.11Understanding risk-based care delivery patterns of providers who care for vulnerablepopulations is salient to understanding the acceptance of the current guidelines. The purposeof this study was to determine if care-seeking adolescents and young adults who were receivingsexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and living in a high-HIV–prevalent communitywere being tested for HIV according to CDC guidelines.To select adolescents who fall in the special CDC risk categories, medical records ofadolescents and young adults aged 11 to 24 years who were evaluated for an STI in a largeacademic ambulatory care facility in Baltimore, MD, between July 2003 and June 2004 werereviewed. This time frame was used to include time points in all seasons. This multidisciplinarypractice provides general pediatric care, adolescent medicine primary and subspecialty care,and HIV primary and specialty care as a 3-team structure. Most of the patients served by thisclinic are from the Baltimore metropolitan area. Baltimore is a large city on the east coast ofthe United States that is 64% black, has 23% of the population living below poverty level,12and an estimated community HIV incidence of 166.8 per 100,000 persons.13 The clinic isprimarily staffed by resident, fellow, and nurse practitioner providers supervised by attendingphysicians. Counselors are also available on-site to provide pre/posttest HIV counseling andgeneral STI/HIV risk reduction counseling to adolescents.Quality assurance (QA) laboratory logs were used to randomly identify patients who had STIand/or HIV testing during the study period. Inclusion criteria for chart review included (a) agebetween 11 and 24 years and (b) evidence of STI screening or testing at the visit during the
Effects on Face Recognition of Spatial-Frequency Information Contained in Inspection and Test Stimuli

Abstract Researchers often assume a critical band of spatial frequencies is required for face recognition. Also, many studies have not measured the contrast required for recognition. On Day 1, observers viewed high-pass-filtered (HP), low-pass-filtered (LP), or unfiltered (UF) faces. On Day 2, they viewed a variety of faces, some of which were LP filtered, HP filtered, and UF. Observers adjusted contrast until they achieved both detection and recognition. Observers were most accurate and sensitive when filtered faces agreed in spatial-frequency content across days. Faces differing in spatial-frequency content were least well recognized. Unfiltered faces always fell between the 2 extremes. Observers generally used less contrast to recognize unfiltered than filtered faces. Correspondence of information between inspection and testing seemed more important than any particular range of frequencies.
The influence of cortisone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone on brucellosis. II. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in acute and chronic human brucellosis.

On the sixth day of therapy with ACTH there was no immediate skin reaction following the intradermal injection of 0.1 ml. of a 1 to 100 dilution of Brucella carbohydrate, and 24 hours later only a moderate reaction was seen. A skin test with heat-killed Brucella cells also showed a moderate reaction of the delayed type. After 15 days of hospitalization he was discharged. He felt well. When examined three months later he still felt well. At this time the antigen was only partially agglutinated by his serum in a titer of 1 to 160, and two blood cultures remained sterile. health a year. of hostility. An elevation of eosinophile cells to 12 per cent occurred. His behavior was thought to be an unusual type of reaction to the treatment, because as soon as the drugs were withheld the symptoms abated and the eosinophilia disappeared. His Brucella agglutinins showed a titer of 1 to 320, and nine cultures of blood remained sterile during and after treatment. He remained afebrile up to three months later. The titer of agglutinins was 1 to 80, and a blood culture was sterile. measures were also instituted. Under this regimen there was gradual improvement. There was no change in his agglutinin titer and a blood culture remained sterile. When seen two months after the completion of his treatment, he was back at work. There had been continued improvement, but there still was some limitation in movement of the
'Say-on-Pay' Votes and Compensation Practices

We examine the causes and consequences of “say-on-pay” votes mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. We hypothesize and find that shareholder disapproval increases with the amount of total and abnormal compensation, decreases with the number of pay-restraining provisions, and decreases with the quality of compensation disclosures. Shareholder disapproval also correlates with contemporaneous director turnover. We also find that boards respond to shareholder disapproval by amending compensation policies to reduce that opposition. Such alterations do have the hypothesized effect of reducing the amount of shareholder dissent for the following year.
Efficient and Reliable Simulation, Memory Protection, and Driver Generation in Embedded Network Systems

Embedded systems are widely used, from consumer electronics, to industrial equipment, to spacecraft. With embedded systems becoming more complex, new challenges are presented to application developers. In this dissertation, we focus on three of the most important: (i) Network simulation tools are widely used for sensor network testing and evaluation. Simulation performance affects the efficiency of the application developers who use these tools. The performance of a single host system represents a performance bottleneck for large-scale network simulation. A distributed simulator offering higher performance is needed to support fast, large-scale network simulation. (ii) Single event upsets (SEUs), which occur when a high-energy ionizing particle passes through an integrated circuit, can change the value of a single bit, causing damage and potentially catastrophic system failures. Modern SEU detection and correction approaches typically introduce additional hardware, increasing execution overhead and cost. Given the nature of resource-lean embedded systems, a software-based protection approach must be lightweight. (iii) Writing device drivers for serial-based peripherals is a repetitive task, given that microprocessors operate most such devices in the same way, issuing commands and parsing corresponding responses. A serial device driver generation tool must be capable of accommodating various microprocessors and devices with varying characteristics (e.g., UART settings, device response times, etc.), while producing drivers that offer performance at least as good as functionally equivalent, handwritten drivers. In this dissertation, we focus on the design and implementation of approaches to distributed sensor network simulation, embedded memory protection, and automated serial device driver generation. The first challenge is to effectively emulate sensor network systems with high fidelity using a distributed simulation system. This is achieved by developing a distributed version of SnapSim [24], D-SnapSim, which runs on a cluster. D-SnapSim relies on multiple physical systems to achieve enhanced speed and scalability, while providing flexibility to execute on clusters of varying size and
Influence of sleep duration on cortical oxygenation in elderly individuals

Short sleep duration is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Cerebral blood flow and its regulation are affected by pathological conditions commonly observed in the elderly population, such as dementia, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), stroke, and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sleep duration on cortical oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb) using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
Faculty & Research Working Paper When Does the Past Repeat Itself? The Role of Behavior Prediction and Personal Norms

Two laboratory studies investigate how behavior prediction and personal norms interact to influence whether or not people repeat their past behavior. We find that asking people about their future behavior increases their likelihood of repeating past behaviors when personal norms are weak but reduces it when personal norms are strong. By identifying a new consequence of asking question about future behavior (behavior repetition) and a new moderator (personal norm strength), our results contribute to the debate regarding the relative importance of habits and intentions in guiding behavior and reconcile some seemingly contradictory past findings in mere-measurement and self-prophecy research.
Induction of granulysin in CD8+ T cells by IL‐21 and IL‐15 is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus‐1

Immunosuppression following infection with HIV‐1 predisposes patients to a myriad of opportunistic pathogens, one of the most important of which is Mtb. Granulysin, expressed by NK cells and CTL, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Mtb and several other opportunistic pathogens associated with HIV‐1 infection. The immune signals that promote granulysin expression in human CTL are not fully understood. Using primary human CD8+ T cells, in this study, we identify IL‐21 as a strong inducer of granulysin, demonstrate that IL‐21 and IL‐15 activate granulysin expression within CD8+ CD45RO+ T cells, and establish a role for Jak/STAT signaling in the regulation of granulysin within CD8+ T cells. We show that infection of PBMC from healthy donors in vitro with HIV‐1 suppresses granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells, concomitant with reduced p‐STAT3 and p‐STAT5, following activation with IL‐15 and IL‐21. Of note, simultaneous signaling through IL‐15 and IL‐21 could partially overcome the immunosuppressive effects of HIV‐1 on granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that HIV‐1 infection of PBMC may reduce the antimicrobial profile of activated CD8+ T cells by disrupting signaling events that are critical for the induction of granulysin. Understanding the effects of HIV‐1 on CD8+ T cell activation is essential to understanding the physiological basis for inadequate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity in HIV+ patients and for informed guidance of cytokine‐based therapy to restore T cell function.
Endosonographic Diagnosis of Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by irreversible damage that engenders fibrosis and necrosis of pancreatic tissue, with the consequent loss of endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas. The clinical course of CP engenders a high rate of morbidity and mortality over a 20-25-year period. In view of this fact, current efforts emphasize the establishment of early diagnosis to commence intervention that can positively affect the natural course of the disease. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a well-established and less-invasive modality for CP diagnosis. The higher imaging resolution provided by EUS enables detection of subtle pancreatic abnormalities, not only parenchymal but also ductal changes, that are undetectable using other modalities. This review presents an overview of the endosonographic diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.
Effect of fat source, energy level and enzyme supplementation and their interactions on broiler performance

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean oil (SBO), typical in broiler diets, with a less expensive commercial fat blend, Kofat (KOF). A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experimental design was used to study the interactions of the two fat sources, SBO and KOF, at two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) (low and normal) with the inclusion or not of an enzyme, Tomoko (TOM), in broiler diets. The broilers were fed ad libitum in cages from 1 to 30 days of age. Two hundred one-day-old male (Ross 308) chicks were distributed among 40 cages with five replicates per treatment, and received a starter diet from 1 to 16 days and a finisher diet for days 17 to 30. Cumulative feed intake was not influenced by fat source, energy level or TOM supplementation for the starter, finisher or total periods. For the total period (1 to 30 days), energy x enzyme interaction was significant for bodyweight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The TOM supplementation had a positive effect on the low energy diet and a negative effect on the normal energy diet with respect to BWG and FCR. The TOM enzyme was able to restore the nutritional value in the low energy diet. Fat source had no influence on performance of broilers during the experiment period. It was concluded that KOF as a source of fat and the enzyme, TOM at a rate of 0.05%, can be included in a broiler diet where the ME level has been reduced by 414 kJ/kg during the starter and finisher periods. Keywords: Broilers, energy level, Kofat, performance, soybean oil, Tomoko
[Application of magnetic resonance DW imaging technique in studying treatment of cerebral ischemia in rats by single or combined use of jasminoidin and cholalic acid].

OBJECTIVE To estimate the therapeutic effect of single or combined use of jasminoidin and cholalic acid on focal cerebral ischemia rat with magnetic resonance-diffusion-weighted imaging (MR-DWI) technique, ultra-microscopy, and neuro-behavior scoring. METHODS The model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by string method. Three hours after reperfusion, MR-DWI was applied with ultra-microscopy and neuro-behavior test to give evaluation on cerebral ischemic rats, and pathologic, ultramicroscopic observation of tissue were taken as adjuvant measures to comprehensively evaluate the pharmacological effect on ischemia-reperfusion rats and delimit the efficacy of the two different components and their combination. RESULTS Compared with the model group, ADC and DCavg values of the foci in all the treated groups had the incrensing trend. There was significant difference arund the foci in the group of combined use of jasminoidin and cholalic acid (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Combined use of jasminoidin and cholalic acid had protective effects on nerve and brain. MR-DWI technique accompanied with ultramicroscopic observation of tissues and neuro-behavior test is an effective method for evaluating the effect of neuro-protective agent.
Approximate Message Passing for Structured Affine Rank Minimization Problem

The topic of the rank minimization problem with affine constraints has been well studied in recent years. However, in many applications the data can exhibit other structures beyond simply being low rank. For example, images and videos present complex spatio-temporal structures, which are largely ignored by current affine rank minimization (ARM) methods. In this paper, we propose a novel approximate message passing (AMP)-based approach that is capable of capturing additional structures in the matrix entries, and can be implemented in a wide range of applications with little or no modification. Using probabilistic low-rank factorization, we derive our generalized AMP-based algorithm as an approximation of the loopy belief propagation algorithm. In addition, we apply a rank selection strategy and an expectation-maximization estimation strategy that adaptively obtain the optimal value of the algorithmic parameters. Then, we discuss the specializations of our proposed algorithm to the applications of structured ARM problems, such as compressive hyperspectral imaging and compressive video surveillance. Simulation results with both synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm yields the state-of-the-art reconstruction performance while maintaining competitive computational complexity.
Akathisia: Problem of History or Concern of Today

Abstract Akathisia is a neurological side effect of antipsychotic medications, which are used to treat various psychiatric disorders. Akathisia is characterized by physical restlessness and a subjective urge to move. Although side effects such as akathisia, dystonia, and dyskinesia are common with the use of conventional antipsychotics, they occur in reduced frequency with the use of new-generation antipsychotics. Despite a lowered incidence profile, akathisia and similar conditions continue to affect patients. Neuroleptic-induced akathisia can present as fidgety movements while seated, rocking in place while standing, pacing, inability to sit or stand still for an extended period of time, and an overwhelming urge to move. These symptoms can cause severe distress and an increased risk of suicide for affected patients. First-line treatment of akathisia includes benzodiazepines or β-blockers for patients who do not have symptoms of Parkinson's disease and anticholinergic medications for patients with Parkinson's symptoms. Clinicians should ensure that an accurate diagnosis of akathisia is made and that target symptoms are decreasing due to treatment. At the same time, it must be ensured that the treatment used does not negatively affect the mental health of the patient. This expert roundtable supplement will address the diagnosis, pathophysiology, phenomenology, classification, and history of akathisia as well as discuss screening tools and treatment options for the condition.
Assault-injured adolescents presenting to the emergency department: causes and circumstances.

OBJECTIVES To describe the causes and circumstances of conflict leading to assault injury among urban youth seeking care in the emergency department. METHODS The authors conducted in-person and telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 143 youth aged 12-19 years presenting to two urban emergency departments with an interpersonal assault injury. Patients were interviewed about the nature and circumstances of their injury. Descriptive analysis was performed, including stratified analysis by gender, age (12-15 vs. 16-19 years), and weapon use. RESULTS Seventy percent of patients knew or knew of the person(s) who injured them; most were friends, classmates, or acquaintances. More than half of the injuries (56%) were related to a past disagreement. Among assaults related to a past disagreement, 33% of patients had previous arguments with their assailant, 16% had previous fights, and 14% had previous weapons threats. Twenty-nine percent had been previously threatened, and 11% had previously threatened their assailant. Twenty-eight percent of patients believed they helped to cause the injury by provoking a fight or letting down their guard. Nearly two thirds (64%) believed there were things they could change to prevent future injury, including staying away from dangerous situations and bad influences or controlling their tempers. CONCLUSIONS Most assault injuries among adolescents involved past disagreements with people they knew. Many injured youth were mutually involved in conflict before their injury. Over time, many victims and perpetrators may be interchangeable. These data may help inform emergency department-based interventions to prevent assault injury.
Cholesterol and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

The objective of the present study was to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating the associations between total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the risk of breast cancer. Relevant studies were identified in PubMed (up to January 2014). Inclusion criteria were original peer-reviewed publications with a prospective design. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Distinction was made between studies that did or did not exclude cancer cases diagnosed during the first years of follow-up, thereby eliminating potential preclinical bias. Overall, the summary HR for the association between TC and breast cancer risk was 0·97 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·00; dose–response per 1 mmol/l increment, thirteen studies), and that between HDL-C and breast cancer risk was 0·86 (95 % CI 0·69, 1·09; dose–response per 1 mmol/l increment, six studies), with high heterogeneity (I 2= 67 and 47 %, respectively). For studies that eliminated preclinical bias, an inverse association was observed between the risk of breast cancer and TC (dose–response HR 0·94 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·99), seven studies, I 2= 78 %; highest v. lowest HR 0·82 (95 % CI 0·66, 1·02), nine studies, I 2= 81 %) and HDL-C (dose–response HR 0·81 (95 % CI 0·65, 1·02), five studies, I 2= 30 %; highest v. lowest HR 0·82 (95 % CI 0·69, 0·98), five studies, I 2= 0 %). There was no association observed between LDL-C and the risk of breast cancer (four studies). The present meta-analysis confirms the evidence of a modest but statistically significant inverse association between TC and more specifically HDL-C and the risk of breast cancer, supported by mechanistic plausibility from experimental studies. Further large prospective studies that adequately control for preclinical bias are needed to confirm the results on the role of cholesterol level and its fractions in the aetiology of breast cancer.
THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND SEA SURFACE WARMING ON THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPISTHOBRANCH GASTROPOD STYLOCHEILUS STRIATUS

Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 compound the rates of long-term changes in the abiotic conditions of the Earth’s oceans. Because many physiological processes, including calcification rate, depend on these physical factors, there is mounting concern over how changes in temperature (T) and the CaCO3 saturation of seawater will affect marine organisms. These effects may be particularly relevant during development— many organisms produce protective calcified structures critical for pelagic dispersal and larval survivability. I investigated how unmitigated increases in oceanic pCO2 and temperature consistent with climate change predictions affect the embryonic development rate, hatching success, and veliger morphology of the opisthobranch gastropod,Stylocheilus striatus. Embryos were reared in four seawater treatments: 1) control (pH=8.02, T=27°C), 2) high-temperature (pH=8.02, T=31°C), 3) acidified(pH=7.67, T=27°C), 4) acidified high-temperature (pH=7.67, T=31°C). Development times increased under reduced pH conditions, but substantially decreased under high-temperature and acidifiedhigh-temperature treatments, with significant interaction between temperature and pH. The percentage of embryos that hatched into veligers significantly decreased in all three treatments (<70%reductionsin acidified high-temperature conditions). Larval shell size decreased in all three treatments— effects of acidification and temperature were synergistic, causing greater decreases in shell size with significant interaction in acidified high-temperature treatments. Additionally, there were observable deformities in the shell morphology of hatchlings incubated in decreased pH treatments— these deformities were exacerbated by temperature increases. Thus, my results indicate that oceanic conditions congruent with climate change predictions ca. 2100 suppress successful development in encapsulating gastropod embryos, potentially reducing their viability as pelagic larvae.