Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One Year of Glaucoma Research in Review: 2012 to 2013

PurposeThe objective of this study was to provide the practicing clinical ophthalmologist with an update of pertinent glaucoma literature published from 2012 to 2013. DesignLiterature review. MethodsThe authors conducted a 1-year (July 1, 2012, to September 30, 2013) English-language glaucoma literature search on PubMed using the following terms: glaucoma, automated perimetry, optic nerve imaging, optical coherence tomography, glaucoma structure and function, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, glaucoma medical therapy, neuroprotection, glaucoma laser treatment, secondary glaucoma, glaucoma surgery, and miscellaneous topics in glaucoma. ResultsOf 2659 articles on glaucoma published during our time frame, this review selected original and review articles that reflect novel aspects and updates in the field of glaucoma, while excluding letters to the editor, unpublished works, and abstracts. Preference was given to human research. ConclusionsThis review focuses on literature that is applicable to ophthalmologists in practice and also highlights studies that may enhance the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
Changing Spectrum of Squamous Cell Abnormalities Observed on Papanicolaou Smears in Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait, over a 13-Year Period

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of squamous cell abnormalities in cervical cytology in Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait, and to document any change in the pattern of these lesions. Materials and Methods: Over a 13-year period (1992–2004), 86,434 cervical smears were studied in Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait. Conventional Pap smears were first examined by cytotechnicians and finally reported by cytopathologists. The smears were classified according to the modified Bethesda system. The age of presentation of squamous cell abnormalities in Kuwaiti women was analyzed. Results: Smears from 83,052 (96.09%) patients were found satisfactory for reporting while the remaining 3.9% was unsatisfactory. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were seen in 1,790 (2.2%) cases, atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) in 630 (0.8%) cases, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion including human papillomavirus changes (LSIL) in 824 (1.0%) cases, high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in 189 (0.2%) cases, and carcinoma in 79 (0.1%) cases of which 44 (0.05%) were squamous cell carcinoma. A comparison of average cases/annum during the study period revealed a significant increase in ASCUS from 1.13 to 2.83% (p < 0.001) and AGUS from 0.33 to 1.08% (p < 0.001). However, the percentage of LSIL, HSIL and carcinoma detected in Pap smears remained the same. Conclusion: A significant linear trend (p < 0.001) was observed in satisfactory smears, ASCUS and AGUS over the years. However, no significant change was found in the detection of LSIL, HSIL and carcinoma. A reduction in the age of LSIL/HSIL and an increasing trend in the number of Kuwaiti women over the years was also observed which makes screening of young women essential in Kuwait.
Human resource management practices as predictors of innovation among Johor SMEs

SMEs have been recognized as a key source of innovation in many developed and developing countries. However, much of existing research on predictors of innovation was aimed at identifying the effects of structural and external factors that are more appropriate for larger firms. Fewer studies have considered the role of HRM practices on SMEs innovativeness. Furthermore, empirical evidence in existing studies draws mainly from samples in developed countries which limit their external validity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether HRM practices are significant predictors of innovation, as measured by the number of new products, products improvements as well as manufacturing improvements among Johor SMEs. Forty-four SMEs in the food and beverages sector in Batu Pahat district participated in the cross sectional survey. It is found that HRMPs explained 57% variance in innovation among SMEs. However, only recruitment and selection and job security were significant predictors. In the face of limited resources, SMEs' owner managers tend to opt for immediate measure to promote innovation through recruitment of innovative employees.
Postnatal maturation of the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal and motor cortices: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis

The mature functional architecture of the primate prefrontal cortex arises during a protracted period of postnatal development. Although catecholaminergic afferents arrive in the primate cortex quite early during fetal development, several lines of evidence suggest that substantial changes in the dopaminergic innervation of prefrontal cortex may occur during postnatal development. In this study, we used immunocytochemical techniques and antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, to examine the precise time course from birth to adulthood of the maturational changes of tyrosine hydroxylase‐labeled axons in prefrontal cortical areas 9 and 46 and primary motor cortex (area 4) of rhesus monkeys.
Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes.

PURPOSE The purpose of this project was to determine the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) among U.S. Olympic winter sport athletes. METHODS Subjects included female and male members of the 1998 U.S. Winter Olympic Team from the following sports: biathlon, cross-country ski, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, long-track speedskating, and short-track speedskating. Assessment of EIB was conducted in conjunction with an "actual competition" (Olympic Trials, World Team Trials, World Cup Event, U.S. National Championships) or a "simulated competition" (time trial, game), which served as the exercise challenge. Standard spirometry tests were performed preexercise and at 5, 10, and 15 min postexercise. An athlete was considered EIB-positive based on a postexercise decrement in FEV1 > or = 10%. RESULTS For the seven sports evaluated on the 1998 U.S. Winter Olympic Team, the overall incidence of EIB across all sports and genders was 23%. The highest incidence of EIB was found in cross-country skiers, where 50% of the athletes (female = 57%; male = 43%) were diagnosed with EIB. Across the seven sports evaluated, the prevalence of EIB among the female and male athletes was 26% and 18%, respectively. Among those individuals found to be EIB-positive were athletes who won a team gold medal, one individual silver medal, and one individual bronze medal at the Nagano Winter Olympics. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that: 1) EIB is prevalent in several Olympic winter sports and affects nearly one of every four elite winter sport athletes; 2) the winter sport with the highest incidence of EIB is cross-country skiing; 3) in general, EIB is more prevalent in female versus male elite winter sport athletes; and 4) athletes may compete successfully at the international level despite having EIB.
To Do or to Have, Now or Later, in Travel: Consumption Order Preference of Material and Experiential Travel Activities

The current research explores consumers’ preferred timing of consuming experiential and material purchases made during their travels and its downstream affective consequence. Previous research showed that people generally show relative preference toward consuming material purchases sooner than experiential purchases. Reversing this finding, we contend that travelers who are primed with the concept of an experience exhibit relative preference toward consuming experiential purchases sooner than material purchases. Further, we contend that travelers associate greater subjective happiness from the travel schedule with sooner experiential than material consumption. To provide convergent and robust evidence supporting our hypothesis, we conducted seven empirical studies, including a field study. Our work contributes to (1) researchers in the field of travel, psychology, and marketing; (2) travelers who want to optimize their travel; and (3) practitioners who want to understand travelers’ behavior and psychology.
How Do Firms Value Debt Capacity? Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions

We examine how capital structure considerations affect acquisition pricing and valuation. We find that debt capacity improvement is value-enhancing for all acquirers when they gradually reveal their growth opportunities to the market. This is reflected in the long-run stock market returns, both 12- and 24-months after acquisition announcement. While both overlevered and underlevered acquirers benefit from an increase in debt capacity resulting from the merger, only overlevered acquirers pay higher premiums to increase debt capacity. Underlevered acquirers do not pay a premium for it; instead they consider market timing opportunities. Results are robust for alternative definitions of leverage and debt capacity improvement.
Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Polygons Spatial Query Framework for Location-Based Services

With the pervasiveness of mobile devices and the development of wireless communication technique, location-based services (LBSs) have made our life more convenient, and the polygons spatial query, which can provide more flexible LBS, has attracted considerable interest recently. However, the flourish of polygons spatial query still faces many challenges including the query information privacy. In this paper, we present an efficient and privacy-preserving polygons spatial query framework for location-based services, called Polaris. With Polaris, the LBS provider (LP) outsources the encrypted LBS data to cloud server (CS), and the registered user can query any polygon range to get accurate LBS results without divulging his/her query information to the LP and CS. Specifically, an efficient special polygons spatial query (SPSQ) algorithm over ciphertext is constructed, based on an improved homomorphic encryption technology over composite order group. With SPSQ, Polaris can search outsourced encrypted LBS data in CS by the encrypted request, and respond the encrypted polygons spatial query results accurately. Detailed security analysis shows that the proposed Polaris can resist various known security threats. In addition, performance evaluations via implementing Polaris on smartphone and workstation with real LBS dataset demonstrate Polaris’ effectiveness in term of real environment.
Promoting evidence-based medicine in general practice-the impact of academic detailing.

BACKGROUND We undertook a project to promote evidence-based medicine (EBM) within a network of GPs (the Monash Division of General Practice) in Melbourne, Australia. A principal promotional strategy was to conduct practice visits ('academic detailing'). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure the impact of academic detailing on GP attitudes and knowledge of EBM. METHODS All 132 GP members of the division were invited by mail to accept a practice visit about EBM. The GPs had been randomized to one of two groups: to receive academic detailing during the study period or to be visited at a later date. The practice visit consisted of a 30- 45 minute discussion about EBM and the barriers to its practice. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were used to measure change in knowledge of and attitudes to EBM over a 3-month period in both groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Academic detailing led to a significant improvement in knowledge scores and self-perceived understanding of EBM, but had little influence on GP attitudes toward it. It is not known whether this would lead to change in clinical behaviour among GPs.
Why Mouse Airway Submucosal Gland Serous Cells Do Not Secrete Fluid in Response to cAMP Stimulation*

Background: Mouse submucosal glands exhibit lower rates of cAMP-activated CFTR-dependent fluid secretion than human glands. Results: Mouse serous cells exhibit CFTR chloride permeability but lack cAMP-activated calcium signals required for counterion permeability and secretion. Conclusion: Lack of cAMP-activated calcium signaling accounts for weak mouse serous cell fluid secretion. Significance: This result explains a fundamental difference between human and mouse airway glands. Airway submucosal glands are important sites of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride (Cl−) channel expression and fluid secretion in the airway. Whereas both mouse and human submucosal glands and their serous acinar cells express CFTR, human glands and serous cells secrete much more robustly than mouse cells/glands in response to cAMP-generating agonists such as forskolin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. In this study, we examined mouse and human serous acinar cells to explain this difference and reveal further insights into the mechanisms of serous cell secretion. We found that mouse serous cells possess a robust cAMP-activated CFTR-dependent Cl− permeability, but they lack cAMP-activated calcium (Ca2+) signaling observed in human cells. Similar to human cells, basal K+ conductance is extremely small in mouse acinar cells. Lack of cAMP-activated Ca2+ signaling in mouse cells results in the absence of K+ conductances required for secretion. However, cAMP activates CFTR-dependent fluid secretion during low-level cholinergic stimulation that fails to activate secretion on its own. Robust CFTR-dependent fluid secretion was also observed when cAMP stimulation was combined with direct pharmacological activation of epithelial K+ channels with 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO). Our data suggest that mouse serous cells lack cAMP-mediated Ca2+ signaling to activate basolateral membrane K+ conductance, resulting in weak cAMP-driven serous cell fluid secretion, providing the likely explanation for reduced cAMP-driven secretion observed in mouse compared with human glands.
Broken market or broken policy? The unintended consequences of restrictive planning

This paper summarises the evidence from recent research relating to the British Planning system's impact on the supply of development. Planning serves important economic and social purposes but it is essential to distinguish between restricting development relative to demand in particular places to provide public goods and mitigate market failure in other ways, including ensuring the future ability of cities to expand and maintain a supply of public goods and infrastructure; and an absolute restriction on supply, raising prices of housing and other urban development generally. Evidence is presented that there are at least four separate mechanisms, inbuilt into the British system, which result in a systematic undersupply of land and space for both residential and commercial purposes and that these have had important effects on both our housing market and the wider economy and on welfare more widely defined.
Stimulation of Bacterial DNA Synthesis by Algal Exudates in Attached Algal-Bacterial Consortia

Algal-bacterial consortia attached to polystyrene surfaces were prepared in the laboratory by using the marine diatom Amphora coffeaeformis and the marine bacterium Vibrio proteolytica (the approved name of this bacterium is Vibrio proteolyticus [W. E. C. Moore, E. P. Cato, and L. V. H. Moore, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:382-407, 1985]). The organisms were attached to the surfaces at cell densities of approximately 5 × 104 cells cm-2 (diatoms) and 5 × 106 cells cm-2 (bacteria). The algal-bacterial consortia consistently exhibited higher rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation than did biofilms composed solely of bacteria. The rates of [3H]thymidine incorporation by the algal-bacterial consortia were fourfold greater than the rates of incorporation by monobacterial biofilms 16 h after biofilm formation and were 16-fold greater 70 h after biofilm formation. Extracellular material released from the attached Amphora cells supported rates of bacterial activity (0.8 × 10-21 to 17.9 × 10-21 mol of [3H]thymidine incorporated cell-1 h-1) and growth (doubling time, 29.5 to 1.4 days) comparable to values reported for a wide variety of marine and freshwater ecosystems. In the presence of sessile diatom populations, DNA synthesis by attached V. proteolytica cells was light dependent and increased with increasing algal abundance. The metabolic activity of diatoms thus appears to be the rate-limiting process in biofilm development on illuminated surfaces under conditions of low bulk-water dissolved organic carbon.
Event-based control as a cloud service

Event-based control has gained significant interest from the research community in recent years because it allows better resource utilization in networked control systems. In this paper, we propose an architecture for offering event-based control as a service from the cloud, which not only improves resource utilization but also reduces the cost and setup time of large-scale industrial automation systems. Providing event-based control from the cloud, however, poses multiple research challenges. We address two of the main challenges, which are the network delays and failures introduced because of moving the controller far away from the plant. We present a delay mitigation technique that maintains the stability and performance of the control system. Our results using commercial clouds show that our delay mitigation technique can handle large communication delays up to several seconds with practically zero effect on the main performance metrics of the system. Moreover, our proposed fault tolerance approach can effectively handle network failures even if the controlled system is thousands of miles away from its cloud controllers.
Do Life Events and Social Support Vary across Depressive Disorders?

Background: Social support and life events moderate the expression of depression though studies have shown contradictory results. The objective was to study the stressful life events and perceived social support in patients with adjustment disorder, first-episode depression, and recurrent depressive disorder (RDD). Subjects and Methods: One hundred and forty-six patients aged 18–60 years with adjustment disorder, first-episode depression, or RDD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision were evaluated using the presumptive stressful life events scale and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Results: There was no difference in mean number of total life events and subgroups as well as perceived stress score in the past 1 year between the groups. There was no difference in the perceived social support scale total score, as well as from family and friends, across the three groups. However, the mean perceived social support from significant others in those with RDD was lower as compared to those with adjustment disorder. Conclusion: Stressful life events do not differ in adjustment disorder, first-episode depression, and RDD. Furthermore, the perceived social support was similar across the three groups, except for perceived social support from significant others, which was less in those with RDD.
Audit of the Use of Nurses' Holding Power under Section 5(4) of the Mental Health Act 1983

Emergency detention of psychiatric patients by doctors under s. 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 is not always preceded by the use of nurses' holding power under s. 5(4). In this review of patients in North Cheshire, all applications of s. 5(4), allowing the emergency detention of voluntary in-patients by registered psychiatric nurses for a maximum period of six hours, were reviewed to examine the extent of its use and to assess its effect on s. 5(2) outcome. Of the 877 detentions under s. 5(2) implemented during the 11-year review period, 140 (16%) were preceded by s. 5(4). There was no significant difference in age, sex, clinical diagnosis, day of the week, reason for detention and length of hospital stay before section application between those who had s. 5(4) applied before 5(2) and those who did not. The latter were less likely to be converted to other sections (53%) compared to a much higher rate of 80% if s. 5(4) preceded s. 5(2). The review has also found that time of section application and length of hospital stay prior to detention may have influenced the use of nurses' holding power. It suggests that s. 5(4) may be a useful predictor of s. 5(2) outcome.
Breastfeeding Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Hospitalization among HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Kenyan Infants

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are a growing population in sub-Saharan Africa, with higher morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed infants. HEU infants may experience increased morbidity due to breastfeeding avoidance. Objectives: We sought to describe the burden and identify predictors of hospitalization among HEU infants in the first year of life. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected mothers and their HEU infants in Nairobi, Kenya, we identified infants who were HIV-uninfected at birth and were followed monthly until their last negative HIV test, death, loss to follow-up, or study exit at 1 year of age. Incidence, timing, and reason for hospitalization was assessed overall as well as stratified by feeding method. Predictors of first infectious disease hospitalization were identified using competing risk regression, with HIV acquisition and death as competing risks. Results: Among 388 infants, 113 hospitalizations were reported (35/100 infant-years [the combined years of observation contributed by all infants in the study]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29-42). Ninety hospitalizations were due to 1 or more infectious diseases (26/100 infant-years; 95% CI, 21-32)—primarily pneumonia (n = 40), gastroenteritis (n = 17), and sepsis (n = 14). Breastfeeding was associated with decreased risk of infectious disease hospitalization (subhazard ratio = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.64), as was time-updated nutrition status (subhazard ratio = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.89). Incidence of infectious disease hospitalization among formula-fed infants was 51/100 infant-years (95% CI, 37-70) compared to 19/100 infant-years (95% CI, 14-25) among breastfed infants. Conclusion: Among HEU infants, breastfeeding and nutrition status were associated with reduced hospitalization during the first year of life.