Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of hydraulic loading frequency on performance of planted drying beds for the treatment of faecal sludge

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of loading frequency on treatment performance of faecal sludge (FS) with drying beds planted with Echinochloa pyramidalis . Beds were loaded at a constant total solids (TS) loading rate of 200 kg TS/m 2 *year, at a frequency of 1X, 2X or 3X per week. The FS was highly variable, with a range of 2,600–21,492 mg/L TS, which resulted in variable hydraulic loadings. Weekly monitoring was conducted 23 times over a period of nine months. Increased loading frequency resulted in increased plant growth with 211, 265 and 268 plants/m 2 , respectively, for the 1X, 2X and 3X, and the 2X and 3X loadings had 12–13% more liquid lost due to evapotranspiration versus percolation. Even with high removals that were resistant to variable hydraulic loadings, leachate had 883–5,228 mg/L TS, 49–727 mg/L total suspended solids and 92–1,853 mg/L chemical oxygen demand due to the high initial concentrations. Increased loading frequency resulted in greater nitrification, with 7–28, 18–43 and 28–51 mg/L NO 3 − for 1X, 2X and 3X, respectively. FS requires a longer storage time than three months for stabilization and pathogen reduction. These results provide valuable information for FS planted drying bed operation.
Re-Examining and Extending Penrose's Growth Theory: Updating Penrose for the 21st Century

Edith Penrose argued that firms face a constraint on organic growth because of growth activities in previous periods. Central to her ideas about growth is the distinction between managerial and entrepreneurial capabilities. Growth in previous periods creates adjustment costs which are associated with managerial capabilities and impacts on the growth opportunities which are associated with entrepreneurial capabilities. In this paper we revisit Penrose's work to examine how the nature of growth in previous periods may effect growth in the current period. Employing a panel of all commercially active enterprises in the private (non-government) sector in Sweden over a 10 year period our results indicate that previous organic growth acts as a constraint on organic growth, however, acquisitive growth may act as a catalyst for organic growth. Based on these findings, we suggest extensions Penrose's to growth theory.
Antihypertensive Polar Renomedullary Lipid, A Semisynthetic Vasodilator

SUMMARY Two types of biologically active lipids have been derived from renomedullary tissue. One is neutral (ANRL) and the other polar (APRL). Upon a bolus I.V. injection, APRL causes a rapid decline of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) after a single injection and a prolonged depressor effect after either multiple injections or an infusion. APRL became evident when a reduction procedure, using the Vitride reagent, was used. Thus, APRL is likely a semisynthetic product. Multiple chemical and enzymatic manipulations suggest that APRL is a glycerophosphate with the active acyl group in Position 2. The acute and prolonged effects of APRL may be due to different components in its mixture. Hemodynamic studies indicate that both the acute and prolonged effect of APRL causes vasodilatation with minimal or no tachycardia. Visualization of the microcirculation reveals arteriolar dilatation. Larger bolus doses also cause a decrease in cardiac output (CO) that could be due to venodilatation. A negative i DO tropic effect has not been ruled out for APRL. This seems unlikely as indicated by minimal change in CO as MAP is lowered substantially (lower doses), no change in right atrial pressure, no direct effect on isolated atria] myocardium and no change in the index of myocardial contractility. It is suggested that the depression of CO with higher doses may be due to venodilatation. Preliminary studies fail to reveal acute toxiclty. APRL is a powerful vasodilator.
The Type B Leukemogenic Virus Truncated Superantigen Is Dispensable for T-Cell Lymphomagenesis

ABSTRACT Type B leukemogenic virus (TBLV) is a variant of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) that causes T-cell lymphomas in mice. We have constructed a TBLV-MMTV hybrid, pHYB-TBLV, in which 756 bp of the C3H MMTV long terminal repeat (LTR) was replaced with 438 bp of the TBLV LTR. Intraperitoneal injection of pHYB-TBLV transfectants consistently resulted in T-cell lymphomas in 50% of injected weanling BALB/c mice with an average latency period of 5.7 (± 1.5) months. Transfectants of pHYB-TBLV containing a double-frameshift mutation in the truncated superantigen gene (sag) induced T-cell lymphomas with similar incidences, latency periods, and phenotypes, suggesting that cis-acting elements in the TBLV LTR determine disease specificity.
Cerebral Microbleeds, Hypertension, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy

Background Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common genetic cause of stroke. In addition to ischemic stroke, CADASIL predisposes to development of cerebral microbleeds (CMB). CMB and hypertension are known to be associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships among CMB, hypertension, and ICH in CADASIL. Materials and methods We enrolled 94 genetically confirmed CADASIL patients from 76 unrelated families at Jeju National University Hospital (Korea) between March 2012 and February 2015. We analyzed CMB presence, number, and distribution on susceptibility-weighted imaging MRI using the microbleed anatomical rating scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the presence of CMB and ICH. Results CMB were observed in 62 patients (66%), median number of CMB per patient was 4 (range 0–121). Twenty-two ICHs were found in 16 patients (17%). There was incongruence between the most common site of CMB (thalamus) and that of ICH (basal ganglia). Hypertension was independently associated with the presence of CMB (multiple regression OR, 2.71; 95% CI 1.02–7.18, p < 0.05), and CMB ≥ 9 (highest third) was significantly associated with the presence of ICH (multiple regression OR = 9.50, 95% CI 1.08–83.71, p < 0.05). Conclusion In this CADASIL sample, presence of hypertension was independently associated with CMB presence, and CMB burden was independently associated with ICH. Incongruence of sites for CMB and ICH is currently unexplained and requires further study.
Debt literacy, financial experiences, and overindebtedness*

Abstract We analyze a national sample of Americans with respect to their debt literacy, financial experiences, and their judgments about the extent of their indebtedness. Debt literacy is a component of broader financial understanding that measures knowledge about debt and self-assessed financial knowledge. Financial experiences are the participants’ reported experiences with traditional borrowing, alternative borrowing, and investing. Overindebtedness is a self-reported measure. Debt literacy is low, with only about one-third of the population grasping the basics of interest compounding. Even after controlling for demographics, we find a relationship between debt literacy and both financial experiences and debt loads. Individuals with lower levels of debt literacy tend to transact in high-cost manners, incurring higher fees and using high-cost borrowing. We provide a rough estimate of the national implications of debt ignorance on credit card costs by consumers. Less knowledgeable individuals also report that their debt loads are excessive or that they are unable to judge their debt position.
In vitro and in vivo skin whitening and anti-aging potentials of hydroglycolic extract from inflorescence of Etlingera elatior

Hydroglycolic extract from inflorescence of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae) (EE) was determined for its whitening and anti-aging potentials by studying its in vitro antioxidant capacity using two different assays, by investigating its in vitro anti-tyroisnase activity against tyrosinase, by demonstrating its in vitro anti-aging effect against collagenase, and by evaluating its in vivo skin whitening and antiaging potentials on human volunteers. EE extract possessed potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities compared with positive references. The results of in vivo study imply that lotion containing EE extract demonstrated significant skin whitening effects and skin wrinkles reducing capability on human volunteers. The results obtained suggest the use of EE inflorescence hydroglycolic extract as a potential source of skin whitening and antiaging for cosmetic applications.
Corporate Dividend Policies: Lessons from Private Firms

We compare the dividend policies of publicly and privately held firms in order to help identify the forces shaping corporate dividends, and shed light on the behavior of privately held companies. We show that private firms smooth dividends significantly less than their public counterparts, suggesting that the scrutiny of public capital markets plays a central role in the propensity of firms to smooth dividends over time. Public firms pay relatively higher dividends that tend to be more sensitive to changes in investment opportunities than otherwise similar private firms. Ultimately, ownership structure and incentives play key roles in shaping dividend policies. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. , Oxford University Press.
Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Practices

Abstract In a sequential mixed methods design, we sought to examine the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their instructional technology practices among technology-using teachers who worked at technology-rich schools to ultimately describe if change in practice toward a student-centered paradigm occurred. The integrated mixed-methods results provide evidence for the following: (a) teachers use technology most frequently for preparation, management, and administrative purposes; (b) teachers’ use of technology to support student-centered practice is rare even among those who work at technology-rich schools and hold student-centered beliefs; (c) teachers in technology-rich schools continue to use technology in ways that support their already existing teacher-centered instructional practices. We conclude that future technology professional development efforts need to focus on integration of technology into curriculum via student-centered pedagogy while attending to multiple contextual conditions under which teacher practice takes place. Future technology research must use mixed methods and consider teachers’ beliefs if change in practice is the desired outcome.
Choosing science: understanding the declines in senior high school science enrolments

The last two decades have seen significant declines in the proportions of high school students choosing senior physics, chemistry and biology courses in Australia. Concern has been expressed in many quarters about the implications of these declines for the supply of future scientists, the quality of the scientific endeavour in Australia and the levels of scientific literacy of its citizens. The Choosing Science study represents a large-scale national attempt to understand the influences on Year 10 students’ decisions about taking science subjects in Year 11. The study was undertaken in two phases. In Phase One, 589 secondary school science teachers were surveyed to identify their perceptions about the enrolment declines and students’ deliberations. Findings from this survey informed Phase Two, a survey of 3759 Year 10 students who had recently chosen their subjects for Year 11. The study found that declines in the proportions of students taking physics, chemistry and biology are part of a broader phenomenon which has seen similar falls in many traditional subject areas, including economics, geography, history and advanced mathematics. This realisation, along with evidence from the teacher and student surveys, led to the conclusion that declines in science enrolments are most likely due to an interrelated set of factors centred on the changing context of subject choice for senior high school. The principal factor appears to be students’ responses to the greater array of options available in Year 11, resulting in proportionally lower enrolments in many long-standing subjects. The context of greater choice has also heightened the influence of three contributing factors more closely associated with science education: • the difficulty many students have in picturing themselves as scientists; • the decrease in the utility value of key science subjects relative to their difficulty; and • the failure of school science to engage a wider range of students. Evidence from the study indicates that the following factors are unlikely to have contributed significantly to falling enrolments: • declines in the level of interest in science among today’s young people; • students’ perceptions that science careers attract relatively low pay; • students’ perceptions that it is difficult to find a job in science; • students’ experiences of primary school science.
Investor Sentiment, Stock Mispricing, and Long-Term Growth Expectations

I analyze whether or not market-wide investor sentiment induces stock mispricing, by affecting the boldness of predictions of firms’ long-term earnings growth. I predict that bullish market-wide sentiment induces investors to aggressively separate firms with high growth futures from others, and that this excessive boldness results in a high level of mispricing. Consistent with my prediction, I observe an excessively large dispersion in consensus growth forecasts when proxies for investor sentiment are high at the beginning of the period. Furthermore, stocks with higher-predicted growth experience more negative forecast revisions and lower subsequent stock returns, especially following periods of high investor sentiment.
Litigation with Judgment Proof Defendants

We consider a model of litigation in which some defendants have insufficient assets to pay a judgment at trial. Because the defendant’s assets are not observable, this serves as a source of asymmetric information which leads to trials in the equilibrium of the model. Unlike many other types of informational asymmetry, the defendant’s assets are not generally subject to discovery and it may be difficult to credibly establish a lack of assets in a voluntary disclosure. Thus, this is a source of asymmetry between the parties which is likely to persist in the presence of these institutions. This suggests that this particular asymmetry is a potentially important explanation for settlement failure, at least in a subset of cases. We describe three possible equilibria in the model with asset constrained defendants. The constrained equilibrium is consistent with high dispute rates between the plaintiff and defendant. The model suggests that fee shifting will either have no effect on the incidence of trial or will increase it.
Supraglottic laryngectomy for intermediate‐stage cancer: U.T. M.D. Anderson cancer center experience with combined therapy

We reviewed the records of all patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx who presented to The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1974 to 1987. Of 404 patients, 60 (15%) underwent supraglottic laryngectomy and functional anterior neck dissection as a primary modality of therapy; these patients were studied. Fifty of the 60 patients (83%) received adjunctive postoperative radiotherapy. Tumor‐free survival was 96% at 2 years and 91% at 5 years. There were no local failures, 4 regional failures, and 3 distant metastases. Second cancers, mostly of the lung, occurred in 9 patients (15%). Three patients required completion laryngectomies for intractable aspiration. Analysis of deglutition and tracheal decannulation rehabilitation revealed a higher incidence of complications in patients who underwent arytenoidectomies.
Immigration Wage Effects by Origin

We estimate the direct partial wage effects of immigrant-induced increases in labor supply, using the national skill cell approach with longitudinal records drawn from Norwegian administrative registers. The results show overall negative but heterogeneous wage effects, with larger effects on immigrant wages than on native wages and with native wages more responsive to inflows from Nordic countries than from developing countries. These patterns are consistent with natives and Nordic citizens being close substitutes, while natives and immigrants from developing countries are imperfect substitutes. Estimates are sensitive to accounting for effective immigrant experience, selective native participation, and variation in demand conditions and native labor supply.
Is the SNARC Effect Related to the Level of Mathematics? No Systematic Relationship Observed despite More Power, More Repetitions, and More Direct Assessment of Arithmetic Skill

The SNARC (spatial–numerical association of response codes) described that larger numbers are responded faster with the right hand and smaller numbers with the left hand. It is held in the literature that arithmetically skilled and nonskilled adults differ in the SNARC. However, the respective data are descriptive, and the decisive tests are nonsignificant. Possible reasons for this nonsignificance could be that in previous studies (a) very small samples were used, (b) there were too few repetitions producing too little power and, consequently, reliabilities that were too small to reach conventional significance levels for the descriptive skill differences in the SNARC, and (c) general mathematical ability was assessed by the field of study of students, while individual arithmetic skills were not examined. Therefore we used a much bigger sample, a lot more repetitions, and direct assessment of arithmetic skills to explore relations between the SNARC effect and arithmetic skills. Nevertheless, a difference in SNARC effect between arithmetically skilled and nonskilled participants was not obtained. Bayesian analysis showed positive evidence of a true null effect, not just a power problem. Hence we conclude that the idea that arithmetically skilled and nonskilled participants generally differ in the SNARC effect is not warranted by our data.
Long‐term survival after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in two patients with malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney

A 5‐month‐old male with stage II malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (MRTK) and a 24‐month‐old male with stage III MRTK were treated with surgical resection of tumors and chemotherapy of alternating ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) and VDC (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide), followed by high‐dose chemotherapy using etoposide, carboplatin, and melphalan with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Two patients have been alive without any evidence of disease for 30 and 37 months after diagnosis, respectively, and require no medication. Consolidation with SCT should be further studies for selected patients with high‐risk MRTK. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:888–890. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications

The authors develop a measurement scale tapping Pine and Gilmore's (1999) four realms of experience that is applicable to lodging and, potentially, tourism research across various destinations. Focusing on the bed-and-breakfast industry, the authors conducted preliminary qualitative studies and a subsequent field survey to collect data from bed-and-breakfast owners and guests to develop and test a proposed model of experience economy concepts. The proposed measurement model includes four realms of experience and four theoretically justifiable nomological consequences. The data supported the dimensional structure of the four realms of experience, providing empirical evidence for both face and nomological validities of these realms and a starting point for measuring emerging experience economy concepts and practices within lodging and tourism settings. The authors discuss ways the measurement scale can be further refined for adoption by destination marketers and directions for future research.
The Determinants of Official OPEC Crude Prices

The hypothesis of this paper is that crude oil, like any other unfinished commodity, is valued for the products derived from it; the purpose is to offer an empirical explanation for changes in the crude price charged by the members of OPEC. The model results show that the market-clearing prices reported to prevail for petroleum products on the principal petroleum spot market at Rotterdam are the primary determinants of changes in official crude prices. A systematic relationship between offical and spot prices is argued to have prevailed since 1974. An appendix clarifies five types of data required for the model. 13 references, 4 tables.
Population and technology in preindustrial Europe.

Most of the production in preindustrial European villages and towns was organized in family enterprises. This organization and the marriage system in these families resulted in a fertility rate that was low enough and a rate of savings that was high enough to secure the amount of investment necessary to accommodate the increasing population. Concentration of specialized producers and the intellectual elite in towns facilitated technology transfer from more advanced regions and later the invention of new technologies. Because of these developments the large demographic setbacks were not as often assumed subsistence crises due to population pressure on land; rather they were the result of internecine warfare and epidemics which were endemic in preindustrial Europe. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)