Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motivation goals during adolescence: a cross-sectional perspective

Goal theory perspectives on motivation are at the forefront of research regarding adolescents' motivation in learning contexts, focusing on the purposes (both academic and social) individuals perceive for engaging in achievement related behaviour. Much research however, has focused on early adolescence, meaning there is limited research regarding late adolescence or the relevance of particular goals as students mature. This study examines the achievement and social goals of secondary school students at early and late adolescence, using quantitative and qualitative data to explore differences in goals and goal relationships at each age level. Participants were 128 junior (ages 12-13) and 67 senior (ages 15-17) students from two metropolitan secondary schools in Western Australia. Results showed that junior students scored higher than senior students on all achievement goals and relationship goals, yet there were no significant differences between the groups for status and responsibility goals. In addition, mastery, relationship and responsibility goals were related for junior, but not for senior students. Implications for future research are discussed.
Vasopressin from hypothalamic magnocellular neurons has opposite actions at the adenohypophysis and in the supraoptic nucleus on ACTH secretion

Magnocellular vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei comprise the hypothalamic–neurohypophysial system, which is crucially involved in the regulation of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. However, still controversial is to what extent the same system influences the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the adenohypophysis. Therefore, we selectively stimulated magnocellular neurons of the SON of conscious male Wistar rats via retrodialysis. As expected, dialysis of the SON with hypertonic medium increased both the release of vasopressin within the SON and the secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin into the systemic blood circulation. This activation of the hypothalamic–neurohypophysial system was accompanied by a fivefold increase in plasma ACTH concentration. This effect was observed only if the tip of the microdialysis probe was within the SON. Intravenous infusion of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP significantly attenuated the effects of local osmotic stimulation of the SON on ACTH secretion. In contrast, administration of the same antagonist directly into the SON significantly enhanced the osmotically stimulated secretion of ACTH and corticosterone, primarily by delaying the restoration of the hormone secretion to prestimulation levels. We conclude from these findings that vasopressin from the hypothalamic–neurohypophysial system participates in the regulation of the hormonal stress response in a counterbalanced manner at the level of the SON and the adenohypophysis.
Nucleic acid synthesis and ribonucleic acid polymerase specificity in germinating and outgrowing spores of Bacillus subtilis

Nucleic acid synthesis was studied during germination and outgrowth of normal spores of Bacillus subtilis, as well as of spores carrying the genome of phage phie. In a system in which development was restricted to the spore-darkening phase, synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA), but not deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), was detected. The extent of RNA synthesis and turnover, during this phase was similar for the two types of spores. In a partially darkened population of spores of either type, there was little RNA degradation, whereas there was considerable turnover in a fully darkened population. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of dormant or dark spores was not active in vitro with phi DNA as template, although a sigma-like factor could be separated from the polymerizing activity by zone centrifugation. Within 40 min after resuspension of dark spores in a medium that allows outgrowth, the enzyme acquired the ability to transcribe the phage DNA efficiently. During outgrowth, both normal and carrier spores synthesized DNA, but in carrier spores this DNA was almost entirely phage specific. The pattern of RNA accumulation in normal spores was in two distinct phase (0 to 60 min and 90 to 180 min). The second phase was absent in outgrowing carrier spores. The burst of phage in carrier spores occurred at 160 to 180 min.
Improving the chance of cure of follicular lymphoma by combining immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy based on anti-CD20 antibodies?

Right ventricular and left ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTIs and LVSTIs) were measured in normal term and preterm infants from 1 hour to 90 days of life. LVSTIs in both term and preterm infants were similar in the first five days of life. The ratio of left pre-ejection period (LPEP) to left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was lower in preterm infants older than age 5 days. Estimated gestational age had no influence on LVSTI. The ratio of right pre-ejection period (RPEP) to right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was lower in preterm infants (0.32) than in term newborns (0.37). The preterm RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with age, but at a slower rate than in term babies. This was consistent with the lower pulmonary vascular resistance present in preterm infants.
Recovery in involuntary psychiatric care: Is there a gender difference?

Background: Research on recovery from mental illness and the influence of compulsory psychiatric institutional care has revealed the complexity of this concept. There is also limited knowledge regarding the impact of gender-role expectations in these contexts, and how such expectations may influence both the care and individuals' recovery processes. Aim: To explore women's and men's perceptions of the impact of compulsory inpatient care on recovery from severe mental illness. Method: Grounded theory was used to analyse 30 first-person accounts of recovery from mental illness, elicited via interviews with individuals who had been compulsorily treated in hospital and diagnosed with a severe mental illness. Results: Inpatient care at an early stage was crucial for the informants' recovery. However, there was ambivalence in their perceptions of the impact of compulsory inpatient care. The narratives confirmed gender differences as well as gender stereotypes. Conclusions: The results have implications for recovery research, in that they emphasise the importance of understanding recovery as a gender-influenced process.
Effect of posture on blood pressure in the elderly.

The blood pressure was measured in the lying position and after I minute's quiet standing in 494 people aged 65 or more living at home. A drop of 20 mmHg or more in systolic pressure occurred on standing in 24 per cent, of 30 mmHg or more in 9 per cent, and of 40 mmHg or more in 5 per cent. The frequency of a fall on standing increased with age. Comparison between subjects whose pressure fell on standing and those in whom it did not showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of various factors (organic brain disease, heart disease, absent ankle jerks, varicose veins, anaemia, urinary infection, a low serum sodium concentration, or the taking of potentially hypotensive drugs) taken singly, but that two or more of these factors were more often present in those whose pressure fell on standing.
Serotonin-induced contraction in porcine coronary artery: use of ergolines to support vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine2-receptor heterogeneity.

Serotonin-induced contraction in porcine coronary artery was studied in ring segments of coronary artery without endothelium. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT) and alpha-methyl-5-HT (alpha Me-5-HT) concentration-dependently contracted vessels with similar maximal force. The agonist rank order potency was 5-HT > alpha Me-5-HT > 5-MeOT. Neither prazosin (1 microM) nor tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM) significantly altered 5-HT-induced contraction, ruling out activation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors and sodium channels in the contractile response, respectively. Using 5-MeOT as the prototype agonist, cyanopindolol blocked contraction with an antagonist dissociation constant lower than expected for 5-HT1-receptor blockade and ICS 205-930 (10 microM) did not affect 5-MeOT-induced contraction. Five structurally distinct 5-HT2-receptor antagonists (ketanserin, cisapride, spiperone, MDL11939, ICI169369) blocked 5-HT-induced contraction with antagonist dissociation constants similar to reported 5-HT2-receptor affinities. Two ergoline-based 5-HT2-receptor antagonists, LY53857 and sergolexole, blocked 5-HT-induced contraction with antagonist dissociation constants lower than expected for vascular 5-HT2-receptor blockade. Based on the agonist profile and the fact that ICS 205-930 and cyanopindolol were not potent antagonists, the 5-HT receptor-mediating contraction does not represent either the 5-HT1A/B/C/D, 5-HT3 or 5-HT4 receptor. Rather, based on the affinity of several established 5-HT2-receptor antagonists, a 5-HT2 receptor mediates contraction in porcine coronary artery. However, the low antagonist affinity of the ergolines (i.e., LY53857 and sergolexole) suggests that heterogeneity of 5-HT2 receptors may exist among species.
Bacteriocin typing of Klebsiella spp. isolated from different sources.

To evaluate whether clinical Klebsiella isolates differ from nonclinical strains with respect to bacteriocin susceptibility patterns, a total of 452 Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca strains isolated from different sources were examined. Bacteriocin typing was done by a modification of the scrape-and-point method, using a set of eight producer strains. 96% of the strains were typable. Forty-one different bacteriocin susceptibility patterns were observed. While two thirds of the K. oxytoca isolates belonged to only three different bacteriocin types, the K. pneumoniae strains showed a more heterogeneous distribution of patterns. No differences in pattern distribution were observed between isolates from clinical, fecal, or environmental sources. Certain bacteriocins showed a very broad spectrum of activity; e.g. 93% of all isolates were susceptible to bacteriocin type 3. The results suggest that nonclinical Klebsiella strains do not show other bacteriocin susceptibility types than clinical isolates do.
Tuning Amphiphilicity of Particles for Controllable Pickering Emulsion

Pickering emulsions with the use of particles as emulsifiers have been extensively used in scientific research and industrial production due to their edge in biocompatibility and stability compared with traditional emulsions. The control over Pickering emulsion stability and type plays a significant role in these applications. Among the present methods to build controllable Pickering emulsions, tuning the amphiphilicity of particles is comparatively effective and has attracted enormous attention. In this review, we highlight some recent advances in tuning the amphiphilicity of particles for controlling the stability and type of Pickering emulsions. The amphiphilicity of three types of particles including rigid particles, soft particles, and Janus particles are tailored by means of different mechanisms and discussed here in detail. The stabilization-destabilization interconversion and phase inversion of Pickering emulsions have been successfully achieved by changing the surface properties of these particles. This article provides a comprehensive review of controllable Pickering emulsions, which is expected to stimulate inspiration for designing and preparing novel Pickering emulsions, and ultimately directing the preparation of functional materials.
Maternal Country of Birth Differences in Breastfeeding at Hospital Discharge in Ireland

In 2010, 46 per cent of Irish-born mothers were breastfeeding at hospital discharge, in comparison with 84 per cent of non-Irish-born mothers. Using data from the Irish National Perinatal Reporting System, we find that maternal country of birth is a large and highly significant predictor of breastfeeding at hospital discharge in Ireland over the period 2004-2010. Furthermore, we find that most of the difference in breastfeeding rates between Irish-born and non-Irish-born mothers is unexplained, i.e., not due to differences in observable characteristics. Our findings suggest that there are strong cultural/attitudinal differences in breastfeeding behaviour between Irish-born and non-Irish-born mothers.
Pathological spending as a form of psychological dependence.

Summary A case report is presented of A. B. , a 24-year-old woman with a 6-year history of over-spending, which continued despite the considerable psycho-social damage to herself and her family. Features of this case are presented which demonstrate a type of‘psychological dependence’upon spending and which suggest that‘pathological spending’should be recognized as a previously undescribed syndrome.
Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: Influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation*

Objective:To determine the prevalence of diaphragmatic dysfunction diagnosed by M-mode ultrasonography (vertical excursion <10 mm or paradoxic movements) in medical intensive care unit patients and to assess the influence of diaphragmatic dysfunction on weaning outcome. Design:Prospective, observational study. Setting:Twenty-eight-bed medical intensive care unit in a university-affiliated hospital. Patients:Eighty-eight consecutive patients in the medical intensive care unit who required mechanical ventilation over 48 hrs and met the criteria for a spontaneous breathing trial were assessed. Patients with a history of diaphragmatic or neuromuscular disease or evidence of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum were excluded. Interventions:During spontaneous breathing trial, each hemidiaphragm was evaluated by M-mode ultrasonography using the liver and spleen as windows with the patient supine. Rapid shallow breathing index was simultaneously calculated at the bedside. Measurements and Main Results:The prevalence of ultrasonographic diaphragmatic dysfunction among the eligible 82 patients was 29% (n = 24). Patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction had longer weaning time (401 [range, 226–612] hrs vs. 90 [range, 24–309] hrs, p < .01) and total ventilation time (576 [range, 374–850] hrs vs. 203 [range, 109–408] hrs, p < .01) than patients without diaphragmatic dysfunction. Patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction also had higher rates of primary (20 of 24 vs. 34 of 58, p < .01) and secondary (ten of 20 vs. ten of 46, p = .01) weaning failures than patients without diaphragmatic dysfunction. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of ultrasonographic criteria in predicting weaning failure was similar to that of rapid shallow breathing index. Conclusions:Using M-mode ultrasonography, diaphragmatic dysfunction was found in a substantial number of medical intensive care unit patients without histories of diaphragmatic disease. Patients with such diaphragmatic dysfunction showed frequent early and delayed weaning failures. Ultrasonography of the diaphragm may be useful in identifying patients at high risk of difficulty weaning.
Chromosome abnormalities in advanced stage T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of children and adolescents: a report from Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group (JPLSG) and review of the literature

T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) and T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are combined into one category as T lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification. However, there is still ongoing discussion on whether T‐ALL and T‐LBL are two separate entities or represent two variant phenotypes of the same disease. Cytogenetic analysis has been used to identify the molecular background of haematological malignancies. To compare the distribution of chromosomal abnormalities of T‐ALL and T‐LBL, large series of cytogenetic data are required, but are absent in T‐LBL in contrast to the abundant data in T‐ALL. Among 111 T‐LBL cases in our clinical trial, we obtained complete cytogenetic data from 56 patients. The comparison between our cytogenetic findings and those from three published T‐LBL studies revealed no significant difference. However, meta‐analysis showed that translocations involving chromosome region 9q34 were significantly more common in T‐LBL than in T‐ALL. In particular, four out of the 92 T‐LBL cases, but none of the 523 paediatric T‐ALL cases, showed translocation t(9;17)(q34;q22–23) (P = 0·0004). Further studies are needed for the possible linkage between abnormal expression of genes located at 9q34 and/or 17q22–23 and the unique ‘lymphoma phenotype’ of T‐LBL.
Humic acid-like matter isolated from green urban wastes. Part 1. Structure and surfactant properties

A humic acid-like substance (cHAL2) isolated from urban green wastes before composting was compared to a humic acid-like substance (cHAL) isolated from a mix of urban organic humid waste fraction and green residues composted for 15 days. cHAL2 was found to contain more aliphatic and O-alkyl C atoms relative to aromatic, phenol, and carboxyl C atoms, and to yield higher critical micellar concentration (cmc = 0.97 g L-1) and surface tension at the cmc (gcmc = 37.8 mN/m) in water than cHAL (cmc = 0.40 g L-1; gcmc = 36.1 mN/m). The results point out that biomass wastes may be an interesting source of biosurfactants with diversified properties that depend on the nature of waste and on its process of treatment.
Molecular characterization of the horse isolate of Echinococcus granulosus in Turkey

Abstract Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most important helminthozoonoses, affecting various species of intermediate hosts and humans. In this report, we present Echinococcus granulosus infection in a horse and its molecular characterization. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial 12S rRNA (mt-12S rRNA) and partial sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) genes were performed. According to the mt-12S rRNA-PCR result, the horse isolate was grouped with E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3) and the partial mt-CO1 sequence corresponded to the G1 strain. This is the first study of the molecular characterization of the horse isolate of E. granulosus in Turkey.
Episodic ataxia type 1 mutations in the KCNA1 gene impair the fast inactivation properties of the human potassium channels Kv1.4‐1.1/Kvβ1.1 and Kv1.4‐1.1/Kvβ1.2

Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder characterized by constant muscle rippling movements (myokymia) and episodic attacks of ataxia. Several heterozygous point mutations have been found in the coding sequence of the voltage‐gated potassium channel gene KCNA1 (hKv1.1), which alter the delayed‐rectifier function of the channel. Shaker‐like channels of different cell types may be formed by unique hetero‐oligomeric complexes comprising Kv1.1, Kv1.4 and Kvβ1. x subunits. Here we show that the human Kvβ1.1 and Kvβ1. 2 subunits modulated the functional properties of tandemly linked Kv1.4‐1.1 wild‐type channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by (i) increasing the rate and amount of N‐type inactivation, (ii) slowing the recovery rate from inactivation, (iii) accelerating the cumulative inactivation of the channel and (iv) negatively shifting the voltage dependence of inactivation. To date, the role of the human Kv1.4‐1.1, Kv1.4‐1.1/Kvβ1.1 and Kv1.4‐1.1/Kvβ1. 2 channels in the aetiopathogenesis of EA1 has not been investigated. Here we also show that the EA1 mutations E325D, V404I and V408A, which line the ion‐conducting pore, and I177N, which resides within the S1 segment, alter the fast inactivation and repriming properties of the channels by decreasing both the rate and degree of N‐type inactivation and by accelerating the recovery from fast inactivation. Furthermore, the E325D, V404I and I177N mutations shifted the voltage dependence of the steady‐state inactivation to more positive potentials. The results demonstrate that the human Kvβ1.1 and Kvβ1. 2 subunits regulate the proportion of wild‐type Kv1.4‐1.1 channels that are available to open. Furthermore, EA1 mutations alter heteromeric channel availability which probably modifies the integration properties and firing patterns of neurones controlling cognitive processes and body movements.
Intranasal administration of aTf protects and repairs the neonatal white matter after a cerebral hypoxic–ischemic event

Our previous studies showed that the intracerebral injection of apotransferrin (aTf) attenuates white matter damage and accelerates the remyelination process in a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) injury. However, the intracerebral injection of aTf might not be practical for clinical treatments. Therefore, the development of less invasive techniques capable of delivering aTf to the central nervous system would clearly aid in its effective clinical use. In this work, we have determined whether intranasal (iN) administration of human aTf provides neuroprotection to the neonatal mouse brain following a cerebral hypoxic–ischemic event. Apotransferrin was infused into the naris of neonatal mice and the HI insult was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to low oxygen concentration. Our results showed that aTf was successfully delivered into the neonatal HI brain and detected in the olfactory bulb, forebrain and posterior brain 30 min after inhalation. This treatment successfully reduced white matter damage, neuronal loss and astrogliosis in different brain regions and enhanced the proliferation and survival of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) in the subventricular zone and corpus callosum (CC). Additionally, using an in vitro hypoxic model, we demonstrated that aTf prevents oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death by promoting their differentiation. In summary, these data suggest that iN administration of aTf has the potential to be used for clinical treatment to protect myelin and to induce remyelination in demyelinating hypoxic–ischemic events in the neonatal brain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute inflammatory reactions caused by histamine via monocytes/macrophages chronically participate in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis

Previously we demonstrated that histidine decarboxylase (HDC), which produces histamine from l‐histidine, was detected in monocytes/macrophages located in human atherosclerotic lesions. As monocytic migration is a key event of atherogenesis, we investigated whether histamine induces monocytic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and its receptors CCR2‐A and ‐B, and also endothelial expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. Furthermore, we studied the effect of interleukin (IL)‐4, which inhibits the HDC expression, on the expression of MCP‐1 and CCR2. Histamine stimulated monocytes, but not macrophages, to express MCP‐1 and CCR2‐A and ‐B. The expression of MCP‐1 was inhibited by histamine H2 blocker. In contrast, IL‐4 enhanced CCR2 expression but not MCP‐1. Histamine stimulated endothelial cells to express ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. These results indicate that histamine and IL‐4, which are both synthesized in the arterial intima, chronically participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via the enhanced expression of monocytic MCP‐1, CCR2 and endothelial adhesion molecules.
Use of the Minitek system for characterizing lactobacilli

Incubation of inoculated substrates of the Minitek system in anaerobic GasPak jars provided a method that produced results comparable to those of conventional tubed media for characterizing species of Lactobacillus. The use of sterile mineral oil to overlay inoculated substrate disks was responsible for erroneous results.