Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dehydration During Exercise: What Are the Real Dangers?

The belief that dehydration poses significant health risks for endurance athletes, especially marathon and ultramarathon runners, stems from the classical 1969-study of Wyndham and Strydom entitled “The Danger of an Inadequate Water Intake During Marathon Running. ” The subsequent influence of the paper relates more to its incorrect title than to its scientific content. For the authors did not study nor did they identify any dangers resulting from an inadequate water intake during marathon running. In fact, the most dehydrated runners in their studies were also the most successful, as they won the competitive races that were studied. The positive result of the study was to influence international rule changes to allow increased fluid intake during competitive running races. The less desirable effect was to induce a dogmatic zeal among sports medicine practitioners who began to extol the dangers of dehydration during exercise. The (il)logic spurring this zeal seems to have been the conclusion that progressive dehydration during exercise will cause heatstroke, which is the most important cause of collapse during exercise. Hence, (i) heatstroke during running can only be avoided if dehydration is prevented, and (ii) all persons who collapse in association with exercise will have a heat disorder, which must be treated with intravenous fluid therapy. This article reviews the evidence which shows (i) that the levels of dehydration commonly measured in endurance athletes (1–4% of body weight) cause measurable physiological change and impair exercise performance in the heat but are not associated with health risks such as heatstroke or acute renal failure; (ii) that most athletes collapse after exercise and have rectal temperatures that are no higher than values measured in control runners; and (iii) that no study has yet shown that collapsed runners are more dehydrated than controls. It is proposed that postural hypotension, unrelated to levels of dehydration, is the most common cause of the exercise-associated collapse that occurs after the athlete stops exercising. Clinicians treating athletes with exercise-associated collapse should initiate treatment only after a thorough clinical evaluation has produced rationale differential diagnoses. Intravenous fluid therapy should be reserved only for those patients with clear clinical evidence for dehydration which contributes to their clinical presentation.
The Treatment of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms: Cause for Concern?

In this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology are 2 articles examining the risks associated with the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). [1][1],[2][2] These articles used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data base. This samples one-third of all nonfederal hospital
Cognitive impulsivity and HIV serostatus in substance dependent males

HIV-seropositive (HIV+) drug users show impaired performance on measures of integrity of prefrontal–subcortical systems. The Iowa Gambling Task (GT) is mediated primarily through ventromedial–prefrontal systems, and poor performance on this measure (“cognitive impulsivity”) is common among substance dependent individuals (SDIs) as well as patients with disease involving prefrontal–subcortical systems (e.g., Huntington disease). We hypothesized that HIV+ SDIs might be more vulnerable to cognitive impulsivity when compared with HIV-seronegative (HIV−) SDIs because recent studies report evidence of additive effects of HIV serostatus and drug dependence on cognition. Further, working memory is considered a key component of GT performance and is reliably impaired among HIV+ SDIs compared to controls. We administered the GT to 46 HIV+ and 47 well-matched HIV− males with a past or current history of substance dependence. In addition, we evaluated correlations between subjects' scores on the GT and on a delayed nonmatch to sample (DNMS) task in order to test if working memory deficits accounted for cognitive impulsivity among the HIV+ subjects. The HIV+ subjects performed significantly more poorly on the GT compared to the HIV− group but this effect could not be explained by working memory deficits. Implications of these findings for future basic and applied studies of HIV and substance dependence are discussed. (JINS, 2004, 10, 931–938.)
“I have learnt … a different way of looking at people's health”: an evaluation of a prevocational medical training program in public health medicine and primary health care in remote Australia

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into what prevocational medical practitioners (PMPs) learnt during a six-month public health medicine and primary health care training program (the Program) in remote Aboriginal Australia in 2001–2002. The Program's curriculum objectives included clinical and public health management of sexually transmitted infections, immunization, clinical audit and quality improvement, primary health care in remote Aboriginal communities, and working as part of an interdisciplinary team with health and non-health professionals, and lay people. The mode and location of delivery of these objectives was determined by the healthcare needs of the Kimberley population, and availability of safe, supported workplaces. Qualitative data from a variety of sources, including PMPs’ reflective journals, were examined in the context of the Program's curriculum objectives and by conducting a content analysis of journal notes. Findings are presented using the curriculum objectives and other comments that emerged while examining the data. Preliminary data indicated that PMPs gained knowledge and practical experience in clinical and public health management of sexually transmitted infections, immunization and primary health care in poorly resourced remote Aboriginal settings. Deeper understandings of health and illness in a cross-cultural setting also developed, along with professional and personal growth, as illustrated by the following quotations from PMPs: “I have learnt … a different way of looking at people's health … I was encouraged to think more deeply than before about the whys and wherefores of medical practice, and thus consider the most effective ways of influencing patients’ behaviours for the better. ” “I was encouraged to examine the thought processes behind the ways … healthcare was provided … [after leaving the Kimberley] I am constantly questioning the reason why we are practising medicine in a certain way in the big city hospitals—much to the consternation of my colleagues … . ” The Program was successful in teaching its first four PMPs the basic tools of public health medicine and remote area primary health care.
Coercion, drug treatment and the criminal justice system : a service user perspective

9 Introduction . 10 Motivation for Research . 12 Aims of the Research . 14 Chapter 1: Understanding Coercion . 18 The Rise of Coercion – A Political Approach to Crime Control . 18 Substance Use and Crime . 20 Multi-Agency approach to substance misuse . 22 Criminalisation, Coercion and Public Protection . 23 The Development of Drug Treatment Provision and Increased Monitoring . 27 A Move towards Rehabilitation and Behaviour Change . 30 Conceptualising Coercion . 33 Successful Completion of Treatment . 34 Defining Substance Abuse and ‘Addiction’ . 35 Relapsing Nature of Drug Abuse . 37 Motivation and Self Determination Theory . 38 Translating Policy into Practice – How compatible is Coercion with Drug Treatment? 40 Choice, Informed Consent and Capacity . 41 Restriction of Liberty and Public Protection . 44 Improvements to Treatment Provision . 45 Enforcing Coercive Measures . 48 Chapter 2: Methodology: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach to Understanding Coercion . 50 The Research Setting . 50 Methodology . 52 Advantages of Qualitative Research Methods . 52 Limitations of Quantitative research methods . 53 Epistemological Approach . 56 Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis . 56 Focus groups . 60 Semi-Structured Interviews . 68 Research Ethics . 69 Chapter 3: Findings and Discussion: Experiencing Coercion . 72 Focus Group Analysis . 72 Results . 73
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Benefits of Short-Term 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)Propyl]Adenine (PMPA) Administration to Newborn Macaques following Oral Inoculation with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus with Reduced Susceptibility to PMPA

ABSTRACT Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of newborn macaques is a useful animal model of human pediatric AIDS to study pathogenesis and to develop intervention strategies aimed at preventing infection or delaying disease progression. In previous studies, we demonstrated that 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; tenofovir) was highly effective in protecting newborn macaques against infection with virulent wild-type (i.e., drug-susceptible) SIVmac251. In the present study, we determined how reduced drug susceptibility of the virus inoculum affects the chemoprophylactic success. SIVmac055 is a virulent isolate that has a fivefold-reduced in vitro susceptibility to PMPA, associated with a K65R mutation and additional amino acid changes (N69T, R82K, A158S, S211N) in reverse transcriptase (RT). Eight newborn macaques were inoculated orally with SIVmac055. The three untreated control animals became SIVmac055 infected; these animals had persistently high viremia and developed fatal immunodeficiency within 3 months. Five animals were treated once daily with PMPA (at 30 mg/kg of body weight) for 4 weeks, starting 24 h prior to oral SIVmac055 inoculation. Two of the five PMPA-treated animals had no evidence of infection. The other three PMPA-treated infant macaques became infected but had a delayed viremia, enhanced antiviral antibody responses, and a slower disease course (AIDS in 5 to 15 months). No reversion to wild-type susceptibility or loss of the K65R mutation was detected in virus isolates from any of the PMPA-treated or untreated SIVmac055-infected animals. Several additional amino acid changes developed in RT, but they were not exclusively associated with PMPA therapy. The results of this study suggest that prophylactic administration of PMPA to human newborns and to adults following exposure to human immunodeficiency virus will still be beneficial even in the presence of viral variants with reduced susceptibility to PMPA.
Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms and related precursor lesions

Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours showing different clinicopathological features and behaviour, implying a wide spectrum of therapeutic options. They are currently classified using the 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms into G1-neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), G2-NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs). However, most gastric NENs are composed of ECL-cells (ECL-cell NETs) that can be preceded by ECL-cell hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions, whose oncologic potential has not yet been completely elucidated. ECL-cell NETs differ considerably in terms of prognosis depending on the proliferative status and clinicopathological background. The integration of both aspects in the diagnostic pathway may help to better classify tumours in different prognostic categories, especially when diagnosing them in small bioptic specimens. NECs are all poorly differentiated, highly aggressive carcinomas, while MANECs can show different morphological features that are directly associated with different prognoses. Precursor lesions of such carcinomas are not entirely understood. In this review, the clinicopathological features of gastric NENs and related precursor lesions will be described to give the reader a comprehensive overview on this topic.
Intrapopulation Sex Ratio Variation in the Salt Grass Distichlis spicata

In many dioecious plant populations, males and females appear to be spatially segregated, a pattern that is difficult to explain given its potentially high costs. However, in asexually propagating species, spatial segregation of the sexes may be indistinguishable from superficially similar patterns generated by random establishment of a few genets followed by extensive clonal spread and by gender‐specific differences in rates of clonal spread. In populations where a significant fraction of individuals are not flowering and gender cannot be assigned to this fraction, apparent spatial segregation of the sexes may be due to differential flowering between the sexes. We confirm reports that flowering ramets of the clonal, perennial grass Distichlis spicata are spatially segregated by sex. We extend these studies in two fundamental ways and demonstrate that this species exhibits true spatial segregation of the sexes. First, using RAPD markers, we estimated that at least 50% of ramets in patches with biased sex ratios represent distinct genotypes. Second, we identified a RAPD marker linked to female phenotype (eliminating the possibility that gender is environmentally determined) and used it to show that the majority of patches exhibit significantly biased sex ratios for both ramets and genets, regardless of flowering status.
Ancestral expression patterns and evolutionary diversification of YABBY genes in angiosperms.

Lateral organ growth in seed plants is controlled in part by members of the YABBY (YAB) and class III homeodomain/leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) families of transcription factors. HD-ZIPIII genes appear to play a conserved role in such organs, but YAB genes have diversified, with some members of the family having specialized functions in leaves, carpels or ovule integuments. The ancestral expression patterns and timing of divergence of the various classes of YAB genes remain to be established. We isolated and evaluated the expression of one HD-ZIPIII and five YAB genes representing the five major YAB gene classes from Cabomba caroliniana, a member of the earliest-diverging angiosperms. Consistent with observations in eudicots, the FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) and YABBY5 (YAB5) genes of C. caroliniana were expressed in the abaxial regions of the leaf where new laminar segments arise, and the patterns of expression were mutually exclusive to those of HD-ZIPIII, indicating that these expression patterns are ancestral. Expression of CRABS CLAW (CRC) in the abaxial carpel wall, and of INNER NO OUTER (INO) in the abaxial outer integument of ovules was also conserved between eudicots and C. caroliniana, indicating that these patterns are primitive. However, the CRC gene was also expressed in other floral organs in C. caroliniana, and expression in stamens was also observed in another early-diverging species, Amborella trichopoda, indicating that carpel-specific expression was acquired after divergence of the Nymphaeales. The expression data and phylogeny for YAB genes suggest that the ancestral YAB gene was expressed in proliferating tissues of lateral organs.
Epilepsy in children in Benin City, Nigeria

Abstract The pattern of epilepsy in children in Nigeria showed little difference from that seen in children in western countries, except that birth asphyxia was relatively common as a cause and there was a longer time between onset of seizures and parents seeking medical care. It was estimated that good control of seizures was achieved in 52.9% of children, but more than a quarter attended the clinic only once or twice and the reasons for this are not known. The response to medication was less satisfactory for children under 1 year, a result consistent with most other studies. Some uncommon forms and associations of epilepsy were recognised. An EEG was not essential for management but was useful for the diagnosis of syndromes. Treatment was equally effective when commenced 5 years or more after the onset of seizures. The anti-convulsant used for most children was phenobarbitone which had to be discontinued in only two cases because of side-effects. Phenobarbitone has been successfully used to treat epilepsy by primary health workers in rural Africa and this is expected to continue in the future.
Estimation of Diastolic Filling Pressure with Cardiac CT in Comparison with Echocardiography Using Tissue Doppler Imaging: Determination of Optimal CT Reconstruction Parameters

Objective To determine the optimal CT image reconstruction parameters for the measurement of early transmitral peak velocity (E), early peak mitral septal tissue velocity (E′), and E / E′. Materials and Methods Forty-six patients underwent simultaneous cardiac CT and echocardiography on the same day. Four CT datasets were reconstructed with a slice thickness/interval of 0.9/0.9 mm or 3/3 mm at 10 (10% RR-interval) or 20 (5% RR-interval) RR-intervals. The E was calculated by dividing the peak transmitral flow (mL/s) by the corresponding mitral valve area (cm2). E′ was calculated from the changes in the left ventricular length per cardiac phase. E / E′ was then estimated and compared with that from echocardiography. Results For assessment of E / E′, CT and echocardiography were more strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with a slice thickness of 0.9 mm and 5% RR-interval (r = 0.77) than with 3 mm or 10% RR-interval. The diagnostic accuracy of predicting elevated filling pressure (E / E′ ≥ 13, n = 14) was better with a slice thickness of 0.9 mm and 5% RR-interval (87.0%) than with 0.9 mm and 10% RR-interval (71.7%) (p = 0.123) and significantly higher than that with a slice thickness of 3 mm with 5% (67.4%) and 10% RR-interval (63.0%), (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion Data reconstruction with a slice thickness of 0.9 mm at 5% RR-interval is superior to that with a slice thickness of 3 mm or 10% RR-interval in terms of the correlation of E / E′ between CT and echocardiography. Thin slices and frequent sampling also allow for more accurate prediction of elevated filling pressure.
The Influence of Investment Volatility on Capital Structure and Cash Holdings

This paper studies the relationship between investment volatility, capital structure, and cash levels. Our evidence suggests: i) firms with relatively high realizations of future investment volatility hold relatively low levels of debt and high levels of cash, ii) firms fund large investment by increasing (issuing) debt and/or decreasing (using) cash, iii) immediately after funding large investments firms reduce debt levels and increase cash holdings. Overall, our results are consistent with the DeAngelo, DeAngelo and Whited (2011) model. In particular, firms with high realizations of future investment volatility keep their debt levels low and cash levels high to finance uncertain future investments.
Objective methods cannot predict anal incontinence after primary repair of extensive anal tears

BACKGROUND An increased awareness of anal incontinence after delivery tears has developed during the last years. The aim of this study was to compare complaints with the results of physiological methods in women with complete sphincter ruptures primarily repaired at delivery. METHODS Twenty-seven women, 16 with total rupture of the external anal sphincter and 11 who also had a ruptured internal anal sphincter were studied. Interviews on pelvic floor function, investigation with recto-anal manometry, single fiber EMG and anal endosonography were performed at 11.9 (2.5) months after delivery. Fifteen women vaginally delivered without sphincter rupture served as controls. RESULTS Pelvic floor dysfunction was admitted in 74%, in particular gas incontinence (59%). Maximum squeeze pressure was significantly reduced (p<0.01) compared to controls, while resting anal pressure was unaffected. Fiber density was increased in 81% of patients and 91% had detectable defects on endosonography. Neither the degree of rupture nor the presence of complaints significantly correlated to the objective methods. CONCLUSIONS A majority of women with primarily repaired anal sphincter ruptures at delivery were incontinent. Sphincter defects and signs of neuropathy could not precisely predict symptoms.
Angiopoietin‐1 activates both anti‐ and proapoptotic mitogen‐activated protein kinases

In this study, we identified whether mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediate the effects of angiopoietin‐1 (Ang‐1) on endothelial cell apoptosis. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to Ang‐1 (300 ng/ml) evoked within 15–30 min a 15‐fold and a 5‐fold increase in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, respectively. Inhibitors of the PI‐3 kinase pathway attenuated Ang‐1‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation at a level up‐stream from Raf and MEK1/2, but these inhibitors augmented Ang‐1‐induced p38 phosphorylation. When serum and growth supplements were withdrawn, the percentage of endothelial apoptosis tripled over 24 h compared with control cells. The presence of Ang‐1 (300 ng/ml) significantly attenuated endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibited caspase‐9, ‐7, and ‐3 activation. These antiapoptotic effects were augmented when a p38 inhibitor was combined with Ang‐1, whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 eliminated the antiapoptotic properties of Ang‐1. We conclude that both anti‐ (ERK1/2) and pro‐ (p38) apoptotic members of MAPKs are simultaneously activated by Ang‐1 in endothelial cells and that activation of ERK1/2 by Ang‐1 is mediated through the PI‐3 kinase pathway. The strong antiapoptotic effects of the ERK and the PI‐3 kinase pathways mask the proapoptotic function of p38 MAPKs resulting in net attenuation of apoptosis by Ang‐1.
Price response, information, and asymmetry of price dispersion

ABSTRACT In this study, we examine how differently gasoline prices in 25 regions of Seoul, Korea respond to asymmetric information between retailers and consumers. We estimate the region-specific likelihood that retailers engage in price undercutting under asymmetric information and investigate inter-regional differences. We find that in response to increases in wholesale price, regions with a high likelihood of price undercutting experience intensified gas station price competition while dispersions of price and markups tend to decrease more in response to cost shocks. Understanding the geographical dispersion of retailers’ price responses to information frictions and search intensity is crucial to lowering information barriers across regions and redistributing profit among market participants.