Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rational Variability in Children ’ s Causal Inferences : The Sampling Hypothesis

We present a proposal—“The Sampling Hypothesis”—suggesting that the variability in young children’s responses may be part of a rational strategy for inductive inference. In particular, we argue that young learners may be randomly sampling from the set of possible hypotheses that explain the observed data, producing different hypotheses with frequencies that reflect their subjective probability. We test the Sampling Hypothesis with four experiments on fourand five-year-olds. In these experiments, children saw a distribution of colored blocks and an event involving one of these blocks. In the first experiment, one block fell randomly and invisibly into a machine, and children made multiple guesses about the color of the block, either immediately or after a one-week delay. The distribution of guesses was consistent with the distribution of block colors, and the dependence between guesses decreased as a function of the time between guesses. In Experiments 2 and 3 the probability of different colors was systematically varied by condition. Preschoolers’ guesses tracked the probabilities of the colors, as should be the case if they are sampling from the set of possible explanatory hypotheses. Experiment 4 used a more complicated two-step process to randomly select a block and found that the distribution of children’s guesses matched the probabilities resulting from this process rather than the overall frequency of different colors. This suggests that the children’s probability matching reflects sophisticated probabilistic inferences and is not merely the result of a naïve tabulation of frequencies. Taken together the four experiments provide support for the Sampling Hypothesis, and the idea that there may be a rational explanation for the variability of children’s responses in domains like causal inference.
An Experimental Study on the Fish Body Flapping Patterns by Using a Biomimetic Robot Fish

This letter presents an experimental study on how different body flapping patterns affect the performances of fish cruising. First, a biomimetic robot fish is designed and built as the experimental platform, which mimics the skeleton structure and the muscle arrangement of real fish. Moreover, an improved Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is developed to generate different patterns, which are characterized by four control parameters: (1) the amplitude, (2) the frequency, (3) the time ratio between the beating phase and half cycle, (4) the shape parameter. Then, a number of experiments are conducted to investigate the thrust, the recoil, the cruising speed and the swimming efficiency. Based on the experimental results, following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Fish cruising follows the traveling wave model proposed in Lighthill's Elongated Body Theory. This model offers a balance among the thrust, the recoil and the swimming speed, which results in a high efficiency. (2) The time asymmetry of the body flapping patterns reduces the thrust. (3) The triangular pattern offers the smallest recoil and the cambering sinusoidal pattern gives the largest thrust. These findings provide better understandings on how fish swims and can be used as guidelines for designing the body flapping patterns for robot fish.
Capabilities for Collaborative Innovation of Technological Alliance: A Knowledge-Based View

Employing grounded theory methodology, this article investigates collaborative innovation based on interview and secondary data collected from a technology alliance. The findings reveal that alliance-specific capabilities and knowledge-based capabilities are the two critical drivers. Alliance-specific capabilities include such components as alliance management, mutual learning, and alliance innovation; while knowledge-based capabilities refer to knowledge-centered activities of exploration, exchange, integration, and exploitation. Further, the two types of capabilities interact with each other in creating a technological knowledge base through mobilizing knowledge and in, ultimately, producing technological innovation. Taken together, this article extends the existing literature of technology alliance by providing a knowledge-based, capability-building view in unpacking collaborative innovation. It also provides implications for managers who aim to enhance technological innovation via alliance cooperation.
Impact of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution, and Energy Consumption on Health Expenditure and R&D Expenditure of ASEAN Countries

The purpose of the current study was to examine the determinants of R&D expenditure and health expenditure of ASEAN countries. The research objectives were developed to analyze the short-term as well as the long-term impact of economic growth, environmental pollution, and energy consumption on health and R&D expenditures. The data was collected for ten years for ASEAN countries using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which helped the researcher to assess long-run as well as the short-run association of these variables. The findings revealed that environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth had a significant positive impact on health expenditure as well as on R&D expenditure of ASEAN countries in long-run. The findings further revealed that environmental pollution and economic growth had a significant impact on R&D expenditure in short-run; however, there was no significant impact of energy consumption on R&D expenditure in short-run. It was also found that there was no significant impact of any of the independent variables, i.e., energy consumption, economic growth, and environmental pollution, on health expenditure in short-run. The current study and findings have significant implications in theory and practice.
D-branes in N=2 coset models and twisted equivariant K-theory

The charges of D-branes in Kazama-Suzuki coset models are analyzed. We provide the calculation of the corresponding twisted equivariant K-theory, and in the case of Grassmannian cosets, su(n+1)/u(n), compare this to the charge lattices that are derived from boundary conformal field theory.
Fabrication and Characterization of Dual Coordinate Self Examined Thermal Flow Sensor Arrays Based on Longitudinal Heat Conduction

Thermal flow sensors have been widely used in wind energy utilization, dangerous chemicals detection, automobiles, intelligent robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). New applications put forward higher requirements for detecting parameters of a two-dimensional (2-D) gas-flow vector over a full range of 360°. A novel thermal flow sensor on Si/SiO2/Pt/AlN substrate is presented to optimize sensor parameters. Eight thermal elements patterned as equally divided sectors of a regular octagon compose the sensor probe. Dual coordinate systems are created based on the regular octagon distribution to realize the self examined function. The longitudinal heat conduction mode shortens the heat transfer distance from mm level to micron level. And the a-axis oriented AlN film improves the heat transfer efficiency due to its high thermal conductivity. Dual coordinate self examined method is proven through experiments for the first time. Measurement results show that the maximum measurement flow velocity is up to 37m/s, with an output voltage sensitivity of 28.1 mV/(m/s). Flow direction was measured over a full range of 360° with an accuracy of 0.5 m/s at low velocity and 5% at high velocity. We believe that the sensor presented in this work will pave the way for novel applications in calorimetric sensors and array sensors.
Measurement uncertainty caused by distance errors during in situ tests of wind turbines

Abstract. During the assessment of the electromagnetic emissions of wind turbines (WTs), the aspects of measurement uncertainty must be taken into account. Therefore, this work focuses on the measurement uncertainty which arises through distance errors of the measuring positions around a WT. The measurement distance given by the corresponding standard is 30 m with respect to the WT tower. However, this determined distance will always differ e.g. due to unevenness of the surrounding ground, leading to measurement uncertainties. These uncertainties can be estimated with the knowledge of the electromagnetic field distribution. It is assumed in standard measurements, that the electromagnetic field present is a pure transversal electromagnetic field (far field). Simulations of a simplified WT model with a hub height of 100 m shows that this assumption is not effective for the whole frequency range from 150 kHz to 1 GHz. For frequencies below 3 MHz the field distribution is monotonically decreasing with the distance from the WT since it behaves like an electrical small radiator. Whereas for frequencies above 3 MHz, where the investigated model forms an electrical large radiator, the field distribution becomes more complex and the measurement uncertainty of the field strength at the observation point increases. Therefore, this work focuses on investigations where the near field becomes a far field. Based on the simulation results, a method for minimizing the uncertainty contribution caused by distance errors is presented. Therefore, advanced measurement uncertainty during in situ test of WTs can be reduced.
Performance Improvement Of Low Power LED Units

Currently, electronic loads have been expanded in different sectors of societies that make the researchers do a great effort to discover the problems of the non-linearity on the electric power network and provides several solutions to overcome and eliminate their effects. Low power LED units are nonlinear loads that have high potential problems divided into poor power factor and current harmonic distortion and used in several applications. This paper presents two practical techniques which include number of different types of low power LEDs and one unit of CFL. The list of selected units are engaged in certain groups to be tested. A single tuned passive filter is used to enhance the performance of each units group and the results are analyzed and concluded.
High-Frequency Electric Machines for Boundary Layer Ingestion Fan Propulsor

High specific power electric motor is a key enabling technology for electric/hybrid-electric propulsion for aircraft. High-frequency, air core machine topologies show potential for high specific power when the machines are integrated within jet engines at high speed, e.g. 15,000 rpm. In this paper, we explore how these machines scale to a boundary layer ingestion (BLI) fan application in newly proposed Single-aisle Turboelectric Aircraft with an Aft Boundary Layer Propulsor (STARC-ABL). Detailed analytical models that have been experimentally verified, and an evolutionary genetic algorithm are utilized to choose an optimized design for the BLI propulsor. Analyses show that a 2.6 MW, 11 kW/kg, 98% electric motor is achievable.
Design and Experimental Investigation of a Novel Solar Collector with a W-Shape Cover

In the current study, we developed and tested a new type of solar collector named W-shape solar collector. It is a solar collector with single air pass between the transparent cover and the absorber. The cover has double glass whereby the upper glass is flat and the lower glass is w-shape. The absorber is also W-shape. This combination gave rise to an undulatory airflow circulation in the new collector. This modular solar collector allowed the functioning of several configurations of flat plate solar thermal collector. After realization of the prototype, an experimental characterization was done during a natural period of sunshine in the town of Ngaoundere between November and December 2016. It consisted in characterizing the solar radiation, the input/output temperatures of the solar collector, the temperature of the absorber and the air velocity profile. During the experiments, the solar collector was directed facing the south and tilted either by 45°or by 30° compared to the horizontal plan. Temperature profile analysis showed at noon sun and air velocity of 0.3 m/s, the outlet air temperature of the w-shape solar collector gives 75°C while that of the flat collector gives only 60°C. Nevertheless, the temperature of the flat absorber was higher than that of the W-shape absorber. This allowed us to conclude that the convection heat transfer coefficient of the W-shape solar collector improved than the flat solar heat collector. Also the efficiency profiles highlight the positive contribution of the W-shape in the improvement of the thermal performances of a solar collector.
Design and fabrication strategy for an efficient lead zirconate titanate based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer

This paper presents the design and fabrication strategy of a lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (pMUT) with the objective of maximizing its performance. Choosing the most suitable thickness of the PZT layer, the radius of the top electrode, and the effect of the residual stress on the resonance frequency of a pMUT are investigated by finite element method (FEM) simulation and analytical equations. Three different architectures of pMUTs are presented: (i) a pMUT with a top center electrode, (ii) a pMUT with a top center and ring electrode, (iii) a pMUT with a patterned PZT layer. All three pMUT architectures were fabricated and their displacement response, resonance frequency, and Q-factor are compared. The fabricated pMUT in all three architectures has a radius of 205 m, a Si membrane thickness of 6 m, and a PZT thickness of 1 m. The experimental results were compared to FEM simulation. The proposed architectures have a displacement response of 6.6 m V−1, 7.5 m V−1, and 8.6 m V−1, respectively, for their optimum design parameters.
Extended Observer for Urban Traffic Control Based on Limited Measurements From Connected Vehicles

Current Urban Traffic Control (UTC) systems rely heavily on inductive loop detectors. The emergence of Connected Vehicles (CV) opens new possibilities for improving signal control, while reducing the need for loop detectors. However, for low penetration rates, the CV measurements are sporadic and thus difficult to exploit by existing UTC systems. In this paper, a methodology that enables cycle-to-cycle traffic state estimation and prediction based on limited CV measurements is presented. Furthermore, the proposed formulation enables fusion of CV with other data sources and their integration in any UTC system. The developed Extended Observer (EO) is a discrete-time, variable-dimension implementation of the Extended Kalman Filter. It does not require loop detectors and is independent of the type of signal control. The evaluation focuses on the queue length estimation. Especially in oversaturation, the EO outperforms the CV measurements for all examined penetration rates. Moreover, the highest benefit is observed for the lowest penetration rates. The results show that for oversaturation and low penetration rates the EO improves the CV measurements 13-31%. In addition, the EO is tested with an adaptive UTC system by feeding the fused estimation from CV and camera measurements. The error in queue length estimation from the EO is significantly lower than the error based on stochastic arrivals. Additionally, the results show a reduction in delays at the examined signal and the complete intersection. Overall, this paper sheds light on the potential benefits from enhancing limited CV measurements in order to contribute immediately to current UTC systems.
A framework for understanding institutional factors affecting the success and failure of offshoring models in India

The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse the factors that influence offshore location decisions from an institutional theory perspective. In the years, emerging economies have shown great growth potential and have attracted significant foreign direct investment, especially from companies willing to set up operations. Despite such a seemingly favourable trade environment, not all companies that entered an emerging economy have been successful. Thus, there is a need to understand the factors that influence the success of any offshore location decision. It is also important to understand the relative importance of these factors, in order to develop novel insights useful to practitioners. There is a lack of literature addressing this issue, which this study aims to fill. We conducted a multi-case analysis with examples of European companies entering India. The findings indicate that successful companies employed locally focused business strategies that enabled them to acquire important relationships and knowledge, and also to adapt to formal institutions, including governmental and regulatory procedures. It was found that, irrespective of size, disregarding collaborative strategies was the main reason for exiting India. These findings are highly relevant for managers and policy makers.
Experimental simulation of tsunami surge and its interaction with coastal structure

Following the tsunamis occurred in Japan (2011) and Indian Ocean (2004), investigating interaction between coastal structures and tsunamis became necessary. Although several attempts have been made to estimate the tsunami forces acting on the coastal structures, there still remain inconsistencies among the published design guidelines. This research includes an experimental study to investigate the interaction between a tsunami surge and a coastal structure. The tsunami surge was generated using a novel dam-break system, capable of generating higher tsunami surges than the previous simulations. The relations between surge velocity, surge depth, and surge-induced pressure on the structure were presented. In the surge-induced pressure–time histories, there were three identified force components, namely, run-up, impulsive and quasi-steady hydrodynamics. Furthermore, this research presents a comparison made between the experimental results and existing tsunami guidelines. The ratio of impulsive force to hydrodynamic force was found around 2.4 for each tsunami surge. The hydrodynamic forces were found to be higher with respect to those determined using the ‘Federal Emergency Management Agency’ FEMA P646 guidelines, whereas they were approximately in agreement with those obtained by FEMA 55. Moreover, the results showed that the ‘Structural Design Method of Building for Tsunami Resistance’ overestimates the impulsive force.
The Effectiveness Of The Implementation Of Independent Community Empowerment Programs In Bone District

The implementation in Bone Regency from the aspect of community development, direct community assistance, capacity building for the government, local actors, management assistance, and program development showed effective results. Implementation has been carried out by the organizers well in carrying out development programs starting with the construction of road infrastructure, irrigation, lending business funds to the community. The program provides changes to the economy and social life of the city. The implementation of this program has several obstacles, such as the community lacking understanding of the aims and objectives of the program, the lack of responsibility of some communities in returning the revolving funds that have given.
Voluntary and FES-Induced Finger Movement Estimation Using Muscle Deformation Features

It is practically crucial to estimate dexterous hand movement for applications such as prosthetics and rehabilitation, especially scenarios actively assisted with functional electrical stimulation (FES). This paper attempts to estimate hand finger movement through forearm muscle deformation for both clinical scenarios with voluntary and FES-induced muscle contractions based on A-mode ultrasound sensing approaches. Six healthy subjects participated in the experiment of middle finger movement. In order to evaluate the sensing approach, a least-squares support-vector-machine (LS-SVM) model and a linear-ridge (LR) model were developed to estimate the hand finger movement for datasets captured from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle belly, extensor digitorum muscle belly with or without FES. The average results of using FDS datasets as inputs revealed excellent evaluation performance ($R^2>0.9$ and $\text{RMSE}< 10\%$) both for LR and LS-SVM regression technologies. Furthermore, finger-movements-related muscle deformation features corresponding to voluntary and FES-induced contraction were proved to be different. These results demonstrated the potential application of the forearm muscle deformation in wearable A-mode ultrasound-based prosthesis finger movements control and optimizing the closed-loop FES system for motor function rehabilitation.
Toward improving indoor magnetic field–based positioning system using pedestrian motion models

Indoor magnetic field has attracted considerable attention in indoor location–based services, because of its pervasive and stable attributes. Generally, in order to harness the location features of the magnetic field, particle filters are introduced to simulate the possibilities of user locations. Real-time magnetic field fingerprints are matched with model fingerprints to adjust the location possibilities. However, the computation overheads of the magnetic matching are rather high, thus limiting their applications to mobile computing platforms and indoor location–based service providers that serve massive users. In order to reduce the computation overhead, the article presents a low-cost magnetic field fingerprint matching scheme. Based on the low-frequency features of the magnetic field, the scheme updates particle weights according to the mass center of the magnetic field deltas of pedestrian steps. The proposed low-cost scheme decreases the complexity of real-time fingerprints without harming the positioning performance. In order to further improve the positioning accuracy, not asking users to hold the smartphone in fixed attitudes, we also present a smartphone attitude detection method that enables the proposed scheme to automatically select proper fingerprints. Experiments convincingly reveal that the proposed scheme achieves about 1 m accuracy at 80% with low computation overheads.
Estimation of ionospheric reflection height using long wave propagation

Abstract. Phase height measurements of low frequency radio waves are used to study the long-term variability of the mesosphere over Europe. Phase height measurements use a characteristic pattern in field strength registration of radio waves interpreted as phase relations between sky wave and surface wave to obtain the apparent height of the reflection point, the Standard Phase Height (SPH). Based on this SPH-method a homogenized daily series was generated since 1959 at Kühlungsborn. Improvements of the measuring method show that the signal is significantly influenced by lower atmospheric layers. Mesospheric reflection is not the exclusive source of the measured behavior. Tropospheric influence can not be neglected. Taking this into account one has to conclude that the strong coherency of the SPH data to mesospheric heights is not as significant as previously assumed.