Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DOUBLE FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN CERVICAL VERTEBRA : MORPHOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of double foramina transversaria in cervical vertebrae and its morphological and clinical importance. METERIALS AND METHODS: Total 210 human dried cervical vertebrae were taken from the department of Anatomy, Government medical college Bhavnagar. All the vertebrae were observed macroscopically for the presence of double foramen transversarium. RESULTS: Out of 210 cervical vertebrae, double foramen transversarium was observed in 10 vertebrae (4.76%), among them unilateral double foramen was found in 8 vertebrae (3.80%) and the bilateral was found in 2 vertebrae (0.95%). CONCLUSION: Unilateral double foramen transversarium were more common than bilateral. This variation is important for the Neurosurgeon during cervical surgery. Under such condition the course of the vertebral artery may be distorted. It is also useful for Radiologist during CT and
Exploring the acceptance of technology for mobile shopping: an empirical investigation among Smartphone users

Although mobile shopping (m-shopping) has become a popular alternative approach for purchasing goods around the world, research on m-shopping acceptance is still in its early stages and is restricted to specific countries. Moreover, this research is primarily based on data from samples that were collected by persons without m-shopping experience, in general, and, in particular, it has even missed the opportunity offered by Smartphones for this research. Considering that consumer's m-shopping behaviour is more and more stimulated by the use of Smartphones, this study contributes to the literature on that topic by exploring acceptance factors of consumers in Germany who have already experienced shopping using Smartphones. Using a modified technology acceptance model (TAM), the results show that, in addition to the traditional TAM factors, perceived enjoyment and trust in the m-vendor affect the consumer's intention to engage in m-shopping, which, in turn, determines m-shopping behaviour in general. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
An evaluation of the GlideScope®, a new video laryngoscope for difficult airways: a manikin study

Background and objectives: The GlideScope® is a new video laryngoscope. The aim of our study was to assess its use compared to a Macintosh blade in airway scenarios on the Airman™ airway simulator. The scenarios were: ‘normal’ or resting state of the manikin, pharyngeal obstruction, cervical rigidity and tongue oedema. Methods: Thirty anaesthetists from the Christchurch Anaesthetic Department attempted to pass a bougie or stylet through the vocal cords of the manikin with a size 3 Macintosh blade, then the GlideScope. View at laryngoscopy, ease of ‘intubation’ and whether they thought the GlideScope would be useful in clinical practice were recorded. Results: Forty three percent (P = 0.02) found an improved view with the GlideScope in the pharyngeal obstruction scenario. In the other scenarios there was no significant difference in view. Reportage of ease of intubation showed no statistical difference in any scenarios. However, 93% of anaesthetists considered having the GlideScope would be useful if faced clinically with one or more of the studied scenarios. Conclusions: The GlideScope improved the view in one of three difficult airway situations when used by anaesthetists with no formal training in its use. No single airway device offers a solution to all scenarios, however, we consider that the GlideScope is a useful addition to the range of difficult airway devices available.
A retrospective study of 165 cases of rupture of the canine cranial cruciate ligament.

Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the most common orthopedic injury in the dog and comprises 44% of the orthopedic surgery caseload in our hospital (1). A survey of patient records was conducted, consisting of dogs that had been surgically treated by the author for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament between December 14, 1983, and December 31, 1994. The majority of cases were treated using the lateral retinacular imbrication technique (2), or some variation thereof (3).
Ischemic preconditioning attenuates hypoperfusion after retinal ischemia in rats.

PURPOSE Retinal blood flow (RBF) was measured in rats to test the hypotheses that hypoperfusion follows severe ischemia in the retina and that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuates this change in blood flow. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane and mechanically ventilated by tracheostomy to maintain normocarbia and normoxia. Retinal ischemia was induced for 0, 5, 30, 60, 75, or 90 minutes. RBF was measured 60 and 150 minutes after the end of ischemia using the radioactive microsphere blood flow method, and electroretinography was performed during the first 120 minutes after ischemia to quantitate the extent of functional recovery. Additional groups received IPC (5 minutes of ischemia) 24 hours before 30, 60, or 75 minutes of ischemia. RESULTS Control (0 minutes' ischemia) RBF was 22+/-3 ml/100 g per minute (mean +/- SE). At 60 minutes after 5, 30, 60, 75, or 90 minutes of ischemia, RBF was 15+/-2 (NS), 11+/-1, 8+/-2, 8+/-1, and 10+/-1 ml/100 g per minute, respectively (significance, P<0.05 versus control). At 150 minutes after 5, 30, 60, 75, or 90 minutes of ischemia, RBF was 18+/-3 (NS), 13+/-1, 12+/-3, 12+/-2, and 11+/-1 ml/100 g per minute respectively (significance, p<0.05 versus control). With prior IPC, RBF after 30 and 60 minutes of ischemia was 21+/-1 and 19+/-3 ml/100 g per minute (both NS compared with control; P<0.05 compared with 30 or 60 minutes of ischemia without IPC). When ischemia was 75 minutes in duration, IPC did not prevent postischemic hypoperfusion. The extent of recovery of the electroretinogram b wave was inversely related to the length of ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Postischemic hypoperfusion is present in the rat retina 60 minutes after ischemia, does not resolve by 150 minutes after ischemia, and is attenuated by IPC when ischemia is 60 minutes or less in duration. Maintenance of postischemic perfusion in the retina may be one of the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection afforded by IPC.
Tobacco advertising and children′s smoking: a review of the evidence

There has been a long debate about whether there is a link between tobacco advertising and children′s smoking. Reviews the evidence for such a link drawing on a wide range of academic research that has adopted three approaches to the problem: studies of consumer response; studies using econometric methods; and studies of the impact of advertising bans. Preaches the conclusion that, within the inevitable confines of social science research, it is no longer tenable to deny that cigarette advertising does influence children′s smoking.
A Comparison of Market Exit Prices between Kentucky Dairy Producers and Average United States Dairy Producers

The number of dairy operations and cow numbers in the United States is declining. This leads to the question of whether the decline is nationwide or in specific areas of the country and what regional effects may cause a drop in cow cumbers. This question was analyzed in many ways. Using the GLM procedure in SAS it was determined that total operating cost and profit margin were significantly different in regions of the country. Change in cow numbers however was not significantly affected by the total operating cost or profit margin received by dairy producers. Even though the southeast region experienced the highest profit margins they also accounted for the highest drop in cow numbers. These results suggest that region of the country is significant when analyzing operating costs and profit margins but does not explain the drop in dairy cattle.
Continuous fertilization on non-humiferous acid Oxisols in Rwanda “Plateau Central”: Soil chemical changes and plant production

Crop rotation system of maize and beans, established at Rubona (Rwanda) from 1984 to 1992, was used to evaluate different types and rates of fertilizers in improving the productivity of acid Oxisols. Continuous cropping of maize followed by beans for a period of 8 years gave no yield in control plots. Asingle application of 2 t per ha of lime increased significantly (p = .01) the soil pH, Ca2+ content, cationic exchange capacity, and decreased the level of the exchangeable aluminium. This quantity of lime when applied every two years for a period of eight years led to overliming. The application of more than 8 t per ha of fresh farmyard manure (annually), combined to 300 kg per ha of NPK 17:17:17 (every six months) significantly improved soil organic C and crop production at Rubona. The high rate (35 t per ha) of fresh manure or the combination of "lime, manure and NPK fertilizers" gave the best crop performance. Ten tons of farmyard manure (dry matter) per ha and per year seems to be the minimum acceptable amount which can effectively substitute for inorganic fertilizers.
p53 In tumour pathology: Can we trust immunohistochemistry?—revisited!

In an editorial 18 months ago, WynfordThomas raised a series of important issues concerning the application of antibodies for the immunohistological assessment of p53 protein. ' Of particular note was the range of circumstances in which detectable p53 expression might not correlate with the presence of mutation of the p53 gene, whether giving rise to false-positive or falsenegative results. Since the publication of that important cautionary note, many papers have appeared on the topic of p53 immunohistochemistry and in this issue of the journal, another two papers are published which rovide some further insight into these points? 3 Moreover, since Wynford-Thomas's editorial, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of p53, and other caveats to the immunohistological assessment of p53 have also been recognized. The relationship between molecular abnormalities of p53 and neoplasia has been well reviewed elsewhere and there is strong evidence that abnormalities of p53 represent the most common molecular change in human Such abnormalities can be detected in a number of ways. For example, chromosomal changes may be detected directly by fluorescence in-situ hybridization or indirectly by conventional RFLP analyses. Mutations can be demonstrated by sequencing of the commonly mutated exons or inferred by SSCP analysis. Finally, abnormalities of the protein can be investigated by immunochemical methods including immunohistochemistry, a key point being the clear association between increased p53 protein stability and mutation.236" To be of value in clinical practice, immunohistological assessment of p53 should provide clinical relevant information, particularly with regard to diagnosis or prognosis. The idea that there is, in general, a correlation between detectable expression of p53 protein and neoplasia comes from retrospective and descriptive studies of archival pathological materia18,9 supported by some experi-
Ownership Structure of the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market

This paper provides a first look at the ownership structure in the Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) of China which is a new market launched in 2009. By analyzing the unique dataset, I find that 46% of firms in our sample are created through pyramids. I identify the status of ultimate owner of each firm, and find that the ultimate owners in the GEM are entrepreneurs while in the main board the state is the ultimate owners in most of companies. My results suggest that pyramidal ownership structures have a detrimental effect on firm performance.
Time‐lapse analysis reveals local asymmetrical changes in C‐looping heart tube

Heart development has long served as a model system of left–right asymmetrical morphogenesis, and many key laterality genes have been shown to be involved in the process of asymmetrical heart looping. We established a time‐lapse imaging system to observe the process of C‐looping during chick heart development, and our observations showed that the C‐looping is a very complicated process that involves several local changes in shape: the process can be divided into dextral rotation of the rostral and caudal segments with ventral bending in the rostral part and horizontal anti‐clockwise rotation with enlargement of the left part in the caudal segment. Further experimental manipulations revealed characteristics of these morphological changes and regional interactions for the events, and we propose that asymmetrical enlargement of the caudal part is one of the targets of the laterality genes in the C‐looping process. Developmental Dynamics 237:3545–3556, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Sinus Surgery on Visual Disturbance Caused by Spheno-ethmoid Mucoceles

Fifteen patients suffering from visual disturbance of varying degrees caused by a mucocele of the posterior ethmoid and/or sphenoid sinuses underwent marsupialization of a mucocele into the nasal cavity. Five of the eight patients with severe visual loss worse than 20/200 showed recovery of measurable vision. Two of these five were operated on within 24 hours after the onset of visual loss and showed marked recovery to 20/25 and 20/15. The other seven patients who had relatively mild visual disturbance experienced improvement of visual acuity or remission of subjective complaints such as blurred vision postoperatively. During operation partial bony defect was found in the optic canal in 12 patients and in the skull base in 12 patients. A good understanding of this disease by ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists is essential for early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment to avoid permanent visual dysfunction and operative sequelae.
Ongoing export motivation: differences between regular and sporadic exporters

In addressing certain important gaps in the export marketing field, reports on a systematic study of the factors stimulating the current exporting activities of manufacturing firms from a small European country. Investigates potential differences in ongoing export motivators between two distinct groups of exporters differentiated by level of export development. Suggests that both proactive and reactive factors stimulate these firms’ decisions to continue and maintain exporting, and also identifies certain significant differences in export stimuli between the two exporter categories. Discusses the implications of the study findings for business practitioners and public policy makers, and considers future research directions alongside the limitations of the study.
Concentrated Control: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Dual Class Structures on Corporate Value

This study directly examines the empirical relationship between corporate value and three distinct ownership structures using data from Canada, where the securities laws and shareholder protection conditions are similar to those of the US (La Porta et al., 1999) but corporate control tends to be more concentrated (Holderness et al., 1999). Ownership structure is classified in three ways: dual class firms, single class closely-held firms, and widely-held firms. The focus of this paper is to test for the impact of concentrated control on corporate value using either dual class or single class closely-held ownership structure. The empirical results show that after controlling for size, financial leverage, percentage of outside directors, and industry differences, dual class companies sell at a significant discount compared to closely-held single class companies. Consistent with Claessens et al. (2002), dual class structure in Canada lessens corporate value because it lowers shareholder and manager alignment and increases agency problems. We also find that pyramid structure has a negative impact on value in the case of single class closely-held companies.
Oxygen consumption of an asteroid and an echinoid from the Antarctic.

The mean oxygen consumption, QO2, in µlO2/g/hr at -1.8° C (ambient temperature), of the antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri and the antarctic asteroid Odontaster validus, determined with an oxygen electrode, were recorded as follows: neumayeri (whole body) 3.5±2.1, (body wall) 5.6±0.9; and O. validus (whole body) 4.9±1.5, (body wall) 9.6±2.0. The oxygen consumption fell with the decline in partial pressure of oxygen as the oxygen was used by the organisms. Small increases in temperature, from -1.8° C to 3° C, had no significant effect on the QO2 of whole animals, and at 3° C only a small effect on the QO2 of the body wall. Comparisons indicate that some temperate species have QO2 values in the same range as the antarctic species. Tropical species cited, however, consume oxygen at a higher rate than the antarctic species.
Macrophage-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 utilize the CD4 receptor

To characterize the role of CD4 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of macrophages, we examined the expression of CD4 by primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and studied the effect of recombinant soluble CD4 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies on HIV-1 infection of these cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot (immunoblot) studies demonstrated that both monocytes and macrophages display low levels of surface CD4, which is identical in mobility to CD4 in lymphocytes. Recombinant soluble CD4 and the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody Leu3a blocked infection of macrophages by three different macrophage-tropic HIV isolates, and the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 infection were similarly prevented. Dose-response experiments using a prototype isolate which replicates in both macrophages and T lymphocytes showed that recombinant soluble CD4 inhibited infection of macrophages more efficiently than in lymphocytes. These results indicate that CD4 is the dominant entry pathway for HIV-1 infection of macrophages. In addition, recombinant soluble CD4 effectively blocks HIV-1 infection by a variety of macrophage-tropic strains and thus has the potential for therapeutic use in macrophage-dependent pathogenesis in HIV disease.
Neuromuscular and endocrine responses of elite players to an Australian rules football match.

PURPOSE To examine the acute and short-term responses of variables obtained during a single countermovement jump (CMJ1); repeated countermovement jump involving 5 consecutive efforts without a pause (CMJ5); and cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T:C) to an elite Australian Rules Football (ARF) match with a view to determining which variables may be most useful for ongoing monitoring. METHODS Twenty-two elite ARF players participating in a preseason cup match performed a CMJ1 and a CMJ5 and provided saliva samples 48 h before the match (48pre), prematch (Pre), postmatch, 24 h post (24post), 72 h post (72post), 96 h post (96post), and 120 h post (120post). The magnitude of change in variables at each time point compared with Pre and 48pre was analyzed using the effect size (ES) statistic. RESULTS A substantial decrement in the pre- to postmatch comparison occurred in the ratio of CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time (ES -0.65 +/- 0.28). Cortisol (ES 2.34 +/- 1.06) and T:C (ES -0.52 +/- 0.42) displayed large pre- to postmatch changes. The response of countermovement variables at 24post and beyond compared with prematch and 48pre was varied, with only CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time displaying a substantial decrease (ES -0.32 +/- 0.26) postmatch compared with 48pre. Cortisol displayed a clear pattern of response with substantial elevations up to 24post compared with Pre and 48pre. CONCLUSION CMJ1 Flight time:Contraction time appears to be the most useful variable for monitoring neuromuscular status in elite ARF players due to its substantial change compared with 48pre and prematch. Monitoring cortisol, due to its predictable pattern of response, may provide a useful measure of hormonal status.
A conceptual framework of relationship commitment: e‐travel agencies

Purpose – The paper aims to develop a theory‐based model of relationship commitment in an online travel domain. The model seeks to explain in detail the antecedents and outcomes of commitment.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive review of relationship marketing and commitment literature helps to develop a model of commitment.Findings – A model is developed based on existing literature. Quality of alternatives, investment size, satisfaction and trust are antecedents of both calculative and affective commitment. Two dimensions of commitment have different impact on word‐of‐mouth communications.Practical implications – Given the intense competition among online travel agents, the proposed model can be used by e‐vendors to develop and maintain long‐term relationships with customers.Originality/value – Commitment has been studied as a unidimensional construct in existing marketing relationship literature. Few research studies relating to this topic have been conducted in online travel context. This paper.
How has confocal microscopy helped us in refractive surgery?

Purpose of review To summarize the known uses of in-vivo confocal microscopy in refractive surgery, highlighting the current developments in the field. Recent findings Examination of the cornea after laser in-situ keratomileusis demonstrated that the keratocyte density within the laser in-situ keratomileusis flap and anterior residual corneal bed continued to decline during the entire 3-year period of the study. The progressive loss of keratocytes in the flap and anterior portion of the residual corneal bed could have long-term implications in terms of corneal stability, refractive stability and cellular integrity after laser in-situ keratomileusis. Additional studies showed that the density of sub-basal nerves decreased by 90% 1 month after laser in-situ keratomileusis. At some point between 3 and 6 months after laser in-situ keratomileusis, the sub-basal nerves began to recover and by 2 years they had reached approximately 50% of their original preoperative density. Analysis of sub-basal nerve density after photorefractive keratectomy reported that the nerve density completely recovered to preoperative levels by 2 years. Other confocal microscopic studies demonstrated that the microscope can detect infectious organisms in vivo, without stains or dyes. Summary The confocal microscope is a unique diagnostic instrument that can be used to evaluate corneal healing, long-term stability and to assess complications after refractive surgery. The ability of the device to view in-vivo cellular detail, microorganisms, inflammatory cells, epitheliod cells, fibrosis and measure the postoperative thickness of the residual corneal bed after laser in-situ keratomileusis, in a noninvasive manner, highlights the unique capabilities of this instrument.
Mutation analysis of CACNA 1 A gene in Iranian migrainous and review literatures

Rokhsareh Meamar1,2, Maryam Ostadsharif3, Mohammad Saadatnia1,4, Abbas Ghorbani1,4, Nayereh Nouri5, Leila Dehghani2, Mansoor Salehi5,6,7 1Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, 2Department of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad Branch, 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 4Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Science, 5Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 6Division of Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 7Medical Genetics Center of Genome, Isfahan, Iran