Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Embryonic development and organogenesis in the snail Marisa cornuarietis (Mesogastropoda: ampullariidae). II. Development of the alimentary system.

: The nervous system is ectodermal in origin. All nerve ganglia arise separately by proliferation and later delamination from the ectoderm, not by invagination. They become secondarily connected to one another by commissures and connectives developing as extensions from the peripheral layer of ganglionic nerve cells. Rudiments of the cerebral, pedal, pleural and intestinal (parietal) ganglia arise almost simultaneously at a relatively early stage (Stage V). The cerebral ganglia develop from the ectoderm of the head plates. Rudiments of the pedal and pleural ganglia are separate at their inception. They later fuse (Stage VI) to form a pleuro-pedal ganglionic mass on each side. The 2 intestinal ganglia are symmetrical at the beginning, but they soon lose their symmetry as a result of torsion. The right ganglion crosses to the left over the gut and persists as the supraintestinal ganglion. The left or subintestinal ganglion shifts to the right and forward, and fuses with the right pleural ganglion (Stage VIII), thus obscuring the chiastoneury. The paired buccal and single visceral (abdominal) ganglia start differentiating in Stage VII. The former develop from the ectodermal wall of the stomodaeum, while the visceral ganglion delaminates from the right wall of the visceral sac, then shifts to the left during torsion. The statocysts develop early (Stage V) from 2 ectodermal invaginations on either side of the rudimentary foot. They later separate from the overlying ectoderm and statoconi appear in their lumina. Contrary to earlier reports on related ampullariids, the osphradium proved to be ontogenetically older than the mantle and mantle cavity. It starts differentiating as a thickened ectodermal plate in the right wall of the visceral sac (Stage V). During torsion, it becomes engulfed in the mantle cavity and shifts to the left side, then is carried forward as the mantlegrow. The eyes develop late (Stage IX) as ectodermal invaginations which rapidly separate from the ectoderm to form closed vesicles. Their cells start differentiating before hatching to form the retina, in which pigment is deposited, and the inner cornea. The lens is secreted in the lumen of the eye and grows by addition of concentric layers of secretion.
Homotopia, or, Reading Sagas on an Industrial Estate

ABSTRACT What are the psychological forces that imbue certain spaces with emotional power? Michel Foucault described one such space as “heterotopia. ” Heterotopias are places of extreme color and diversity, where the magical coming-together of usually contradictory forces exerted profound influence on people’s emotions. This article presents spaces in Old Norse literature where it is not difference and strangeness that have dramatic impact, but rather sameness and familiarity. The term “homotopia” is proposed to describe such spaces. Scenes depicting two particular farmsteads from the sagas, Helgafell and Hlíðarendi, are considered as homotopias. Moreover, with reference to Karl Marx’s theory of labor alienation, it is argued that homotopias have the potential to serve as political propaganda, convincing workers that their workplaces are not sites of exploitation, but are instead objects of aesthetic enjoyment. With this political purpose in mind, literary artifacts from the Old Norse-speaking world are integrated into an intellectual genealogy arriving at the present day. In closing it is therefore suggested that some of the homotopias of the Íslendingasögur provide parallels with the homotopian industrial estates and strip malls of late capitalism.
Random walk through fractal environments.

We analyze random walk through fractal environments, embedded in three-dimensional, permeable space. Particles travel freely and are scattered off into random directions when they hit the fractal. The statistical distribution of the flight increments (i.e., of the displacements between two consecutive hittings) is analytically derived from a common, practical definition of fractal dimension, and it turns out to approximate quite well a power-law in the case where the dimension D(F) of the fractal is less than 2, there is though, always a finite rate of unaffected escape. Random walks through fractal sets with D(F)< or =2 can thus be considered as defective Levy walks. The distribution of jump increments for D(F)>2 is decaying exponentially. The diffusive behavior of the random walk is analyzed in the frame of continuous time random walk, which we generalize to include the case of defective distributions of walk increments. It is shown that the particles undergo anomalous, enhanced diffusion for D(F)<2, the diffusion is dominated by the finite escape rate. Diffusion for D(F)>2 is normal for large times, enhanced though for small and intermediate times. In particular, it follows that fractals generated by a particular class of self-organized criticality models give rise to enhanced diffusion. The analytical results are illustrated by Monte Carlo simulations.
Cross-Selling Sequentially Ordered Products: An Application to Consumer Banking Services

Customers have predictable life cycles. As a result of these life cycles, firms that sell multiple products or services frequently observe that, in general, certain items are purchased before others. This predictable phenomenon provides opportunities for firms to cross-sell additional products and services to existing customers. This article presents a structural multivariate probit model to investigate how customer demand for multiple products evolves over time and its implications for the sequential acquisition patterns of naturally ordered products. The authors investigate customer purchase patterns for products that are marketed by a large midwestern bank. Among the substantive findings are that women and older customers are more sensitive to their overall satisfaction with the bank than are men and younger customers when determining whether to purchase additional financial services, and households whose head has a greater level of education or is male move more quickly along the financial maturity continuum than do households whose head has less education or is female.
Quantitative T1 Mapping for Detecting Microvascular Obstruction in Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison with Late Gadolinium Enhancement Imaging.

OBJECTIVE To compare native and post-contrast T1 mapping with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging for detecting and measuring the microvascular obstruction (MVO) area in reperfused acute myocardial infarction (MI). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 20 patients with acute MI who had undergone 1.5T cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) after reperfusion therapy. CMR included cine imaging, LGE, and T1 mapping (modified look-locker inversion recovery). MI size was calculated from LGE by full-width at half-maximum technique. MVO was defined as an area with low signal intensity (LGE) or as a region of visually distinguishable T1 values (T1 maps) within infarcted myocardium. Regional T1 values were measured in MVO, infarcted, and remote myocardium on T1 maps. MVO area was measured on and compared among LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps. RESULTS The mean MI size was 27.1 ± 9.7% of the left ventricular mass. Of the 20 identified MVOs, 18 (90%) were detected on native T1 maps, while 10 (50%) were recognized on post-contrast T1 maps. The mean native T1 values of MVO, infarcted, and remote myocardium were 1013.5 ± 58.5, 1240.9 ± 55.8 (p < 0.001), and 1062.2 ± 55.8 ms (p = 0.169), respectively, while the mean post-contrast T1 values were 466.7 ± 26.8, 399.1 ± 21.3, and 585.2 ± 21.3 ms, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean MVO areas on LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps were 134.1 ± 81.2, 133.7 ± 80.4, and 117.1 ± 53.3 mm², respectively. The median (interquartile range) MVO areas on LGE, native, and post-contrast T1 maps were 128.0 (58.1-215.4), 110.5 (67.7-227.9), and 143.0 (76.7-155.3) mm², respectively (p = 0.002). Concordance correlation coefficients for the MVO area between LGE and native T1 maps, LGE and post-contrast T1 maps, and native and post-contrast T1 maps were 0.770, 0.375, and 0.565, respectively. CONCLUSION MVO areas were accurately delineated on native T1 maps and showed high concordance with the areas measured on LGE. However, post-contrast T1 maps had low detection rates and underestimated MVO areas. Collectively, native T1 mapping is a useful tool for detecting MVO within the infarcted myocardium.
Matters of trust

Hi Amy,” the phone call began, “I'm working ER tonight and there's a guy here with SVC syndrome I think. Could you come by? ” I trotted in to the hospital and met George, a patient with a 75-pack-a-year smoking history, a very large neck and a mass on his chest x-ray. We spoke with the
How does one separate cellular follicular lesions of the thyroid by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy?

(Editor’s Note: There is a lot of controversy regarding the role of cytopathology in the diagnosis of follicular lesions of the thyroid by FNA. Some say it is impossible to differentiate between follicular carcinoma and adenoma. Others believe that even in resected specimens such a distinction is still difficult. Hence, Dr. Suen’s piece is in response to the following question: “Can you offer more guidance regarding the cytologic appearance of follicular lesions of the thyroid? ”)
A Place to Rest Your (Burnt) Bones? Mortuary Houses in Early Anglo-Saxon England

This article presents a fresh interpretation of square and rectangular mortuary structures found in association with deposits of cremated material and cremation burials in a range of early Anglo-Saxon (fifth-/sixth-century AD) cemeteries across southern and eastern England. Responding to a recent argument that they could be traces of pyre structures, a range of ethnographic analogies are drawn upon, and the full-range of archaeological evidence is synthesized, to re-affirm and extend their interpretation as unburned mortuary structures. Three interleaving significances are proposed: (i) demarcating the burial place of specific individuals or groups from the rest of the cemetery population, (ii) operating as ‘columbaria’ for the above-ground storage of the cremated dead (i.e. not just to demarcate cremation burials), and (iii) providing key nodes of commemoration between funerals as the structures were built, used, repaired and eventually decayed within cemeteries. The article proposes that timber ‘mortuary houses’ reveal that groups in early Anglo-Saxon England perceived their cemeteries in relation to contemporary settlement architectures, with some groups constructing and maintaining miniaturized canopied buildings to store and display the cremated remains of the dead.
Accumulation of the hydroxyl free radical markers meta-, ortho-tyrosine and DOPA in cataractous lenses is accompanied by a lower protein and phenylalanine content of the water-soluble phase

Post-translational modifications of lens proteins play a crucial role in the formation of cataract during ageing. The aim of our study was to analyze protein composition of the cataractous lenses by electrophoretic and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Samples were obtained after extracapsular cataract surgery performed by phacoemulsification technique from cataract patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM CAT, n = 22) and cataract patients without diabetes (non-DM CAT, n = 20), while non-diabetic non-cataractous lenses obtained from cadaver eyes served as controls (CONTR, n = 17). Lens fragments were derived from the surgical medium by centrifugation. Samples were homogenized in a buffered medium containing protease inhibitor. Soluble and insoluble protein fractions were separated by centrifugation. The electrophoretic studies were performed according to Laemmli on equal amounts of proteins and were followed by silver intensification. Oxidized amino acid and Phe content of the samples were also analyzed by HPLC following acid hydrolysis of proteins. Our results showed that soluble proteins represented a significantly lower portion of the total protein content in cataractous lenses in comparison with the control group (CONTR, 71.25%; non-DM CAT, 32.00%; DM CAT, 33.15%; p < 0.05 vs CONTR for both). Among the proteins, the crystallin-like proteins with low-molecular weight can be found both in the soluble and insoluble fractions, and high-molecular weight aggregates were found mainly in the total homogenates. In our HPLC analysis, oxidatively modified derivatives of phenylalanine were detected in cataractous samples. We found higher levels of m-Tyr, o-Tyr and DOPA in the total homogenates of cataractous samples compared to the supernatants. In all three groups, the median Phe/protein ratio of the total homogenates was also higher than that of the supernatants (total homogenates vs supernatants, in the CONTR group 1102 vs 633 μmol/g, in the DM CAT group 1187 vs 382 μmol/g and in the non-DM CAT group 967 vs 252 μmol/g; p < 0.05 for all). In our study we found that oxidized amino acids accumulate in cataractous lenses, regardless of the origin of the cataract. The accumulation of the oxidized amino acids probably results from oxidation of Phe residues of the non-water soluble lens proteins. We found the presence of high-molecular weight protein aggregates in cataractous total homogenates, and a decrease of protein concentration in the water-soluble phase of cataractous lenses. The oxidation of lens proteins and the oxidative modification of Phe residues in key positions may lead to an altered interaction between protein and water molecules and thus contribute to lens opacification.
On singularity formation in three-dimensional vortex sheet evolution

It is shown that if a doubly-infinite vortex sheet has cylindrical shape and strength distributions at some initial time, then this property is retained in its subsequent evolution. It is also shown that in planes normal to the generator of the cylindrical sheet geometry, the nonlinear evolution of the sheet is the same as that of an equivalent strictly two-dimensional sheet motion. These properties are used to show that when an initially flat vortex sheet is subject to a finite-amplitude, three-dimensional normal mode perturbation, weak singularities develop along lines which are oblique to the undisturbed velocity jump vector at a time that can be inferred from an extension of Moore’s [Proc. R. Soc. A 365, 105 (1979)] result for two-dimensional motion.
How Creative are You? – An Experimental Study on Self-Selection in a Competitive Incentive Scheme for Creative Performance

Economic theory suggests that performance pay may serve as an effective screening device to attract productive agents. The existing evidence on the self-selection of agents is largely limited to job tasks where performance is driven by routine, well-defined procedures. This study presents evidence for a creative task and studies how agents self-select into a tournament-based scheme vs. a fixed pay scheme. The experiment allows for the measurement of creative productivity, risk preferences, self-assessments, gender, and other socio-economic characteristics such as the Big Five personality traits. Results show that the two payment schemes systematically attract agents with different characteristics. However, results differ fundamentally from previously found patterns. Agents did not self-select into the tournament scheme according to their creative productivity, but only according to their risk attitudes and self-assessments. The reason for the absence of a selection of the most creative agents into the tournament is that there exist substantial misjudgments of relative creative productivity. Further evidence from a representative German survey data set provides additional support for the experimental results suggesting external validity.
Characterization of friction force dynamics

Friction modeling has been steadily gaining in interest over the last two decades. Despite persistent and painstaking efforts, however, no satisfactory, comprehensive, practicable friction model that captures all of the experimentally observed aspects of friction force dynamics in one formulation is available. Friction comprises multiscale processes requiring multiscale theories. This article presents an example of comprehensive model building, which, starting from the generic mechanisms behind friction, leads to the construction of a model that explains observed macroscopic friction behavior. Effective physics-based models at multiple scales can facilitate future work on the inter-relationships among models by furthering the understanding of emergent, collective frictional properties. Moreover, predictive physical models facilitate the derivation of simple models for control purposes. An example is the generalized Maxwell-slip (GMS) model, which is discussed in this article. Considering friction as a mechanical system, a close examination of the sliding process reveals two friction regimes, namely, the presliding regime and the gross sliding regime. In the presliding regime the adhesive forces owing to asperity contacts are dominant, and thus the friction force is primarily a function of displacement rather than velocity. The reason for this behavior is that the asperity junctions deform elastoplastically, thus behaving as nonlinear hysteretic springs.
Occurrence of patulin in conventional and organic fruit products in Italy and subsequent exposure assessment

The occurrence of patulin was investigated in 100 conventional and 69 organic fruity foodstuffs samples commercially available in Italy by using an HPLC method with a limit of quantification of 0.5 µg kg−1. Patulin was detected in 26 (26%) conventional and 31 (45%) organic products with a significantly higher (p < 0.01) mean concentration in the organic products (4.78 vs. 1.15 µg kg−1). Mean patulin concentrations in conventional apple juices, pear juices, other juices and fruits purees were 3.14, 0.22, 0.19, 0.11 µg kg−1, respectively, and 7.11, 11.46, 2.10, 0.18 µg kg−1 in the relevant organic products. Four samples of juices (one conventional and two organic apple, and one organic pear) contained patulin at concentrations above the limit of 50 µg kg−1, four at concentrations between 10 and 25 µg kg−1, and the remaining ones below 10 µg kg−1. Patulin was detected (<1 µg kg−1) in only three of the 23 fruity baby food samples tested (homogenized fruits, 11 conventional and 12 organic). Based on the available data on Italian intakes of fruit juices, the estimated daily intakes of patulin, were 0.38 and 1.57 ng kg−1 body weight (bw) from conventional and organic products, respectively. Estimated daily intakes of patulin for children were higher, 3.41 ng kg−1 bw from conventional and 14.17 ng kg−1 bw from organic products, but largely below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 400 ng kg−1 bw. Patulin was also found in two samples of organic apple vinegar (<5 µg kg−1) and in fresh apples with rotten spots (12 out of 24 samples) with maximum levels at 16 402 and 44 572 µg kg−1 for conventional and organic apples, respectively.
Fluid pressure may cause periprosthetic osteolysis. Particles are not the only thing.

Early prosthesis migration predicts late clinical failure, as also does the shape or position of, e.g., a femoral stem. These factors appear unrelated to wear particles. Thus, the initiation of the loosening process has other causes. After this process has started (i.e., the prosthesis migrates), particles may play a role, at least by inhibiting new bone formation at the membrane, but the hypothesis of pressure-induced bone resorption appears easier to support by animal experiments and accords with mechanical risk factors.
Correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in forensic psychiatric outpatients in the Netherlands.

Using a sample of 154 Dutch forensic psychiatric outpatients aged 18-62 years, this study investigated whether risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mainly identified in nonforensic research, forensic psychiatric factors, and potential comorbid mental disorders were associated with PTSD. Data on demographics, victimization during childhood or adolescence, and forensic psychiatric factors were derived from electronic medical records. Mental disorders were assessed using structured psychiatric interviews and consensus diagnoses were established during weekly case consultations. The PTSD rate was 75% in the sample. Whereas the PTSD group was significantly more likely to be older, female, not Dutch, and to have a history of victimization, previously perpetrated family violence, and lower psychosocial and occupational functioning than the non-PTSD group, the latter group had significantly higher rates of psychiatric history, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder, drug abuse, and previous repeated nonfamily violence perpetration. Effect sizes ranged from Nagelkerke R(2) = . 04 for psychosocial and occupational functioning to Nagelkerke R(2) = . 70 for ADHD. This study demonstrated differences between those with and without PTSD in demographic, victim, forensic, and psychological characteristics. Future studies should examine the complexity between early victimization, delinquency patterns, and psychopathology regarding the prediction of PTSD among forensic psychiatric outpatients.
Influence of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy combined with hyperthermia on the quality of life in rectum cancer patients

Purpose: The present study compares quality of life (QoL) after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with or without hyperthermia in patients with advanced rectal cancer. Methods: Between April 1994 and May 1999, 137 patients were treated by neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with (69 patients (50.4%)) or without (68 patients (49.6%)) hyperthermia. Forty-six patients (33.6%) filled-out a ‘Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index’ (GIQLI) questionnaire at four time points (before and after neoadjuvant therapy, early after surgery and after long-term follow-up) and were included in the present study. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the global GIQLI index between patients treated with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with and without hyperthermia at any time point. The longitudinal analysis of GIQLI values in both treatment groups showed specific profiles that were identical in both treatment groups. Occurrence of severe toxicity during the neoadjuvant therapy in both arms lead to a significant temporary reduction of QoL scores at TP2 without any detrimental long-term effects. Patients with sphincter preservation and patients with sphincter resection reported similar QoL scores during long-term follow-up. Conclusion: Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with and without hyperthermia has similar effects on the QoL of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The addition of hyperthermia during the neoadjuvant therapy with the potentially associated inconveniences has no negative effects on QoL.