Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depressive symptoms and alcohol and drugs consumption in the female universe

BACKGROUND: The consumption of psychoactive substances has been historically associated to the male population but, there is evidence that the harm caused by these substances are more intense in women, including psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol and drugs in the female universe. METHOD: This is a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study with a sample of 23 women. Data collection was conducted in August and September 2015, in the Basic Health Units of the municipality of Picos - PI. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: predominant age group of 20 to 39 years, of which 39.1% were married and 56.5% are in work activities. We found an association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use (p = 0.031) and other drugs (p = 0.042) and showed that women with depressive symptoms exhibited a pattern of heavier alcohol consumption (mean = 9.36 points). CONCLUSION: it is necessary to train professionals in order to identify the main risk factors, enhance prevention and improve care.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME SMOOTHING AND CONDITIONAL ACCOUNTING CONSERVATISM: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM MOZAMBIQUE.

Tito Tomas Siueia amd Wang Jianling. 1. PhD student, of Xi`an Jiaotong University – P. R. China. 2. Professor Supervisor of Xi`an Jiaotong University – P. R. China. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Investigating Producer Responsibility Organisations for WEEE: Case Study of Nokia in Finland, Sweden and the UK

The WEEE Directive requires the producers to fulfil e-waste compliance according to the extended producer responsibility (EPR) principle. In order for producers to comply with the requirements nationally, collective compliance schemes were formed. Usually the manufacturers join together and form producer responsibility organisations (PROs) which take the responsibility for organising the waste management of products entirely, and allocate costs to the producers fairly, as well as report to the national governments. The main aim of this thesis is to contribute to an understanding on the selected aspects of PROs from the manufacturer’s point of view, by highlighting the similarities and differences in case countries Finland, Sweden and the UK. Specific focus is on the potential for manufacturers to influence the actions of PROs. The thesis maps out the WEEE PROs and the operating environments for the multinational mobile phone manufacturer Nokia. Other producers, municipalities, recyclers and authorities are also considered when viewing the competitive multi-stakeholder system. In order to find out whether the PROs and producers uphold common goals, and whether information is transparent, multiple agent framework by Waterman and Meier (1998) based on agency theory was evaluated in each of the case countries. The national EPR systems were estimated with regard to responsibilities suggested by Lindhqvist (1998). The findings show how the producers’ opportunities to influence their PRO’s decision making processes are seen by both stakeholders. It is further evaluated whether a consensus exists between the producers and the PRO’s views on the WEEE management. Moreover, the thesis found that important aspects for reaching the consensus were shared opinions about economic and physical responsibility, transparent information and the set-up of the PRO.
Chemical cues mediating aphid location by natural enemies

There is increasing evidence that chemical cues play a pivotal role in host selection by the natural enemies of aphids. We use Vinson's (1976) division of the host selection process into habitat location, host location and host acceptance for both parasitoids and predators and review what is known about the role of semiochemicals in aphid selection by natural enemies. For habitat location (i.e. detection of the host plant), volatiles emitted by plants after aphid attack have been described for a number of plant-aphid inter- actions. These synomones indicate not only the presence of an aphid host plant to the predator or parasitoid, but also the presence of aphids. Volatiles emitted from undamaged host plants are often attractive to aphid parasitoids, but less so for predators. Host location by the natural enemy on the food plant is guided by semiochemicals that mostly originate from the aphids, in particular aphid alarm pheromone, honeydew, or the smell of the aphid itself. Host acceptance is guided by contact chemicals for both predators and parasi- toids. In parasitoids, host recognition may be based on visual cues or on contact chemicals on the aphid's cuticle, whereas host acceptance is ultimately based on as yet unknown substances within the aphid's hemolymph. While it appears that many predators and parasitoids are attracted to the same semiochemicals, synergistic and antagonistic interactions among chemical substances have only rarely been investigated. More research into model systems is needed, not only to identify important semiochemicals, but also to determine their range of attraction. Recent progress in the development of analytical techniques has created new opportunities to improve our understanding of the chemical ecology of aphid-natural enemy interactions in the coming years.
Associations between aggression and loneliness: An examination of the mediating role of social preference

iii Acknowledgements.v Background and Literature Review. 1 Proactive and Reactive Aggression. 1 Loneliness in Childhood. 5 Aggression and Loneliness. 6 Role of Child Gender. 9 Study Questions and Aims. 11 Method. 12 Participants. 12 Measures. 14 Loneliness. 14 Proactive and Reactive Aggression. 15 Social Preference. 16 Results . 17 Descriptive Analyses. 17 Data Analytic Strategy. 20 Path Models. 25 Model 1: Single time point model, second time point data. 25 Boys. 25 Girls. 27 Model 2: Multi-time point mediation model. 28 Boys. 28 Girls. 30 Post Hoc Analyses. 33 Discussion. 36 Aim 1: Aggression and Loneliness. 38 Aim 2: Social Preference as a Mediator.38 Aim 3: Role of Child Gender.39 Limitations and Future Directions.40 Measurement of Aggression.40 Timing of Measurement.41 Conclusion.42 References.43 Appendix A.52 Appendix B.53 Appendix C.54
EXAMINING THE LONG TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRUDE OIL AND FOOD COMMODITY PRICES: CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY

Recently a new debate has started regarding food and energy issues because food has become an alternative source of energy and energy becoming the main input of agriculture. However, this study attempts to investigate the possible long-term relationship between the prices of crude oil and food commodities represented by maize, wheat, sorghum, soybean, barley, linseed oil, soybean oil, and palm oil. Time series econometric techniques (Unit root tests, Co-integration, and Granger causality) were applied. The study utilizes monthly data over the period of 1980 to 2009. The results of this study reveal that there is a strong evidence of long-term relationship between crude oil and the food commodities prices. A traditional Granger Causality is used to check whether causality exists between two product prices. The outcome suggests that there is unidirectional causality between the prices crude oil and some of the food commodities under examination.
Forced current sheet structure, formation and evolution: application to magnetic reconnection in the magnetosphere

By means of a simulation model, the earlier predicted nonlinear kinetic structure, a Forced Kinetic Current Sheet (FKCS), with extremely anisotropic ion distributions, is shown to appear as a result of a fast nonlinear process of transition from a previously existing equilibrium. This occurs under triggering action of a weak MHD disturbance that is applied at the boundary of the simulation box. In the FKCS, current is carried by initially cold ions which are brought into the CS by convection from both sides, and accelerated inside the CS. The process then appears to be spontaneously self-sustained, as a MHD disturbance of a rarefaction wave type propagates over the background plasma outside the CS. Comparable to the Alfvenic discontinuity in MHD, transformation of electromagnetic energy into the energy of plasma flows occurs at the FKCS. But unlike the MHD case, ``free" energy is produced here: dissipation should occur later, through particle interaction with turbulent waves generated by unstable ion distribution being formed by the FKCS action. In this way, an effect of magnetic field ``annihilation" appears, required for fast magnetic reconnection. Application of the theory to observations at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail is considered.
Pan-Arctic aerosol number size distributions : seasonality and transport patterns

The Arctic environment has an amplified response to global climatic change. It is sensitive to human activities that mostly take place elsewhere. For this study, a multi-year set of observed aerosol number size distributions in the diameter range of 10 to 500 nm from five sites around the Arctic Ocean (Alert, Villum Research Station – Station Nord, Zeppelin, Tiksi and Barrow) was assembled and analysed. A cluster analysis of the aerosol number size distributions revealed four distinct distributions. Together with Lagrangian air parcel back-trajectories, they were used to link the observed aerosol number size distributions with a variety of transport regimes. This analysis yields insight into aerosol dynamics, transport and removal processes, on both an intraand an inter-monthly scale. For instance, the relative occurrence of aerosol number size distributions that indicate new particle formation (NPF) event is near zero during the dark months, increases gradually to ∼ 40 % from spring to summer, and then collapses in autumn. Also, the likelihood of Arctic haze aerosols is minimal in summer and peaks in April at all sites. The residence time of accumulation-mode particles in the Arctic troposphere is typically long enough to allow tracking them back to their source regions. Air flow that passes at low altitude over central Siberia and western Russia is associated with relatively high concentrations of accumulationmode particles (Nacc) at all five sites – often above 150 cm−3. There are also indications of air descending into the Arctic boundary layer after transport from lower latitudes. The analysis of the back-trajectories together with the meteorological fields along them indicates that the main driver of the Arctic annual cycle ofNacc, on the larger scale, is when atmospheric transport covers the source regions for these particles in the 10-day period preceding the observations in the Arctic. The scavenging of these particles by precipitation is shown to be important on a regional scale and it is most active in summer. Cloud processing is an additional factor that enhances the Nacc annual cycle. There are some consistent differences between the sites that are beyond the year-to-year variability. They are the result of differences in the proximity to the aerosol source regions and to the Arctic Ocean sea-ice edge, as well as in the exposure to free-tropospheric air and in precipitation patterns – to mention a few. Hence, for most purposes, aerosol observations from a single Arctic site cannot represent the entire Arctic region. Therefore, the results presented here are a powerful observational benchmark for evaluation of detailed climate and air chemistry modelling studies of aerosols throughout the vast Arctic region. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 8102 E. Freud et al.: Pan-Arctic aerosol number size distributions
Effectiveness of a community football programme on improving physiological markers of health in a hard-to-reach male population: the role of exercise intensity

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of participation in recreational football during a community health programme, on physiological markers of health within a hard to reach population. Nine men (Age: 33 ± 9 years, Mass: 75.4 ± 13.7 kg, Height: 1.74 ± 0.07 m and Body Fat: 19 ± 2%) were recruited to participate in the study in collaboration with an English Premier League Football Club. Participants completed the 12-week football-based programme which included two coached football sessions each week. Physiological tests for blood pressure, resting heart rate, cholesterol and an anthropometrical test for body composition were completed at three time points during the study (Weeks – 1, 6 and 12) in an attempt to evaluate the impact of the intervention on health. During each training session, measurements of intensity (%HRmax, identified from the yoyo intermittent level 1 test), duration and rating of perceived exertion were made. The 12-week programme (mean HRmax throughout programme = 75 ± 4% beats min−1; mean RPE throughout programme = 6 ± 1) elicited few changes in physiological markers of health with the only significant change been a decrease in resting heart rate from weeks 6 to 12 (87 ± 22 beats min−1 at week-6, to 72 ± 17 beats min−1; p < 0.05). These data would suggest that the current community football-related health project was not effective in improving physiological markers of health, but was able to maintain their level of health. A lack of improvement may be due to the low intensity of sessions and a lack of coach education for the promotion of sessions that aim to improve health.
Late Summer chlorophyll blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

In the late summer of 1997, 1999, and 2000 satellite observations of surface chlorophyll from SeaWiFS recorded large blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) near 30°N and between 130–160°W. The largest blooms covered more than 350,000 km2 and lasted as long as 4 months. They are distinct from the surface seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in both timing and amplitude. The blooms are not associated with either SSH or SST anomalies indicative of changes in subsurface structure, nor do they appear to be forced by nutrient fertilization from dust deposition or rainfall. These blooms are compared with summer blooms that have been previously observed in this region by in situ studies, and some potential causes for them are discussed.
Impact of Climate Change on Large Cardamom-Based Livelihoods in Panchthar District, Nepal

The paper aims at analyzing the impact of climate change on large cardamom-based livelihoods in Panchthar district by reviewing literature and compiling perceptions of local people. Large cardamom, a newly introduced high-value cash crop grown in 36 hill and mountain districts in Nepal, is cultivated in all 41 Village Development Committees of Panchthar district concentrating largely in its northern and eastern parts at the elevations of roughly between 500 to 2000 meters above sea level. Though area coverage and production of large cardamom is limited compared to other crops, its contribution on people’s livelihood is significant as it has high market value. Production of large cardamom contributes much on people’s livelihoods as it is the main source of household income and provides seasonal employment to thousands of people from farm to the market. Some local cultural producers have also been using bi-products of large cardamom for production of handicrafts such as baskets, tablemats, bags, and window blinders. Besides, it has numerous indirect implications such as reduction in soil erosion and landslides, and increase in biodiversity and carbon’s tock. In recent years, production of large cardamom has been declining as a result of climate change induced factors. The decline adversely affects people’s livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0. 11544 The Third Pole Vol. 13, 2013 page : 33-38
Phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of Hyptis spicigera plant

The present study reports the screening of phytochemical constituents of the leaf extracts of Hyptis spicigera using hexane, ethylacetate and methanol and the leaf powder of the plant. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical constituents showed the presence of the following secondary metabolites vitannins, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, quinones, coumarin, terpenoids, resins and cardiac glycosides. The quantitative analysis of total phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids carried out using standard protocols revealed the presence of flavonoids (8.82%), saponins (6.23%), terpenoids (16.10%), alkaloids (7.55%) and phenolics (20.75%) respectively. Phenolics showed the highest content (20.75%) while saponins (6.23%) gave the least content. The high content of phenolics in the plant showed that H. spicigera plant may contain antioxidant properties and could be a good source of natural antioxidants. Also, the richness in flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids in this plant can be correlated with its medicinal properties used by traditional herbal healers in Northern Nigeria. Key words: Hyptis spicigera, phytochemical screening, secondary metabolites.
Public Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Disaggregated Approach

This study examines the effects of the components of public education expenditure on both education attainment and economic growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010.The Instrumental Variable Two Stage Least Squares estimation technique is employed to test the hypothesis that both recurrent and capital expenditure on education have different effects on education attainment and economic growth. The result reveals that public education expenditure has both direct and indirect effects on economic growth. The indirect channel has been more relevant for economic growth in Nigeria. Thus, total public education expenditure can promote economic growth without necessarily first improving education attainment. The study also reveals that recurrent and capital expenditure on education have different effects on economic growth. While recurrent expenditure had a negative impact on education, capital expenditure was found to have appositive impact. On the contrary, recurrent education expenditure had a positive and significant impact on economic growth while capital expenditure had a negative impact. However, to maximize the benefits from public education expenditure, strategies that ensure greater efficiency of public education expenditure are suggested.
The role of inherited extensional fault segmentation and linkage in contractional orogenesis: a reconstruction of Lower Cretaceous inverted rift basins in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

Lower Cretaceous early syn‐rift facies along the eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, their provenance, and structural context, reveal the complex interactions between Cretaceous extension, spatio‐temporal trends in associated sedimentation, and subsequent inversion of the Cretaceous Guatiquía paleo‐rift. South of 4°30′N lat, early syn‐rift alluvial sequences in former extensional footwall areas were contemporaneous with fan‐delta deposits in shallow marine environments in adjacent hanging‐wall areas. In general, footwall erosion was more pronounced in the southern part of the paleorift. In contrast, early syn‐rift sequences in former footwall areas in the northern rift sectors mainly comprise shallow marine supratidal sabkha to intertidal strata, whereas hanging‐wall units display rapid transitions to open‐sea shales. In comparison with the southern paleo‐rift sector, fan‐delta deposits in the north are scarce, and provenance suggests negligible footwall erosion. The southern graben segment had longer, and less numerous normal faults, whereas the northern graben segment was characterized by shorter, rectilinear faults. To the east, the graben system was bounded by major basin‐margin faults with protracted activity and greater throw as compared with intrabasinal faults to the west. Intrabasinal structures grew through segment linkage and probably interacted kinematically with basin‐margin faults. Basin‐margin faults constitute a coherent fault system that was conditioned by pre‐existing basement fabrics. Structural mapping, analysis of present‐day topography, and balanced cross sections indicate that positive inversion of extensional structures was focused along basin‐bounding faults, whereas intrabasinal faults remained unaffected and were passively transported by motion along the basin‐bounding faults. Thus, zones of maximum subsidence in extension accommodated maximum elevation in contraction, and former topographic highs remained as elevated areas. This documents the role of basin‐bounding faults as multiphased, long‐lived features conditioned by basement discontinuities. Inversion of basin‐bounding faults was more efficient in the southern than in the northern graben segment, possibly documenting the inheritance and pivotal role of fault‐displacement gradients. Our observations highlight similarities between inversion features in orogenic belts and intra‐plate basins, emphasizing the importance of the observed phenomena as predictive tools in the spatiotemporal analysis of inversion histories in orogens, as well as in hydrocarbon and mineral deposits exploration.
Salt stress-mineral nutrient relations in olive (Olea europaea L.) plant

In order to investigate the effect of salt stress on mineral nutrients, one year-old olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Gemlik) seedlings were exposed to increasing levels of NaCl salinity (4 dS m-1, 8 dS m-1 and 12 dS m-1, respectively) in pot culture and Na, K, Ca, Mg, N, P, Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations, ratios of K/Na and (K+Ca+Mg)/Na of the plants were ascertained. Sodium and Cl concentrations of plant parts increased with the salinity and the level in the aerial parts of the plants were lower than that of root. Salinity led to a general decrease in K concentrations in the all organs with the exception of subsoil trunk. Calcium concentrations of the plant parts decreased significantly by salinity with the exception of roots and subsoil trunk. Salinity affected Mg concentrations only in trunk and leaves. Treatments significantly decreased the ratios of K/Na and (K+Ca+Mg)/Na of all the plant organs. Compared to control application the highest salinity level (12 dS m-1) decreased the N concentrations of all the plant organs statistically except roots. Similarly salinity increased the concentrations of P in all plant parts except trunks compared to control treatment. Concentrations of all the micronutrients detected in the study were found lower in aerial parts than the roots.
Switching behavior of finnish farmers

The globalization and industrialization trends in agricultural sector changed the scene of the cooperative institutions. The notion of “traditional” cooperative appears to be outmoded; within the Finnish agricultural model, a cooperative is a multinational organization open to stock exchange markets yet still controlled by the members. A key factor determining the successful operation of the organization is membership. As the data indicate, the majority of the farmers decide to remain royal to the organization hence they never switch to an Investor Owned Firm (IOF). Is there any profound reasoning for this behavior? Does cooperative ideology still holds an important impact, when it comes to selection of a cooperative or an IOF partner? How farmers assess the information they received from their cooperatives? Farmers who raise their voices are indeed more loyal? Using a zero inflated Poisson model on data retrieved from a sample of Finnish farmers, this project attempts to clarify “soft” factors that influence the decision of farmers to join and remain royal to a cooperative. Farmers, who will use the organization to advance their own interest, will not mind to switch if they get the same benefits or complain to the cooperative is less likely to be part of the group of farmers that never switched to an IOF. At the same time, previous good experiences, making proposal to the organization and the process of ageing appears to reduce the switching behavior among the “switchers.