Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Outcome of Resection versus Reconstruction in Mason II-III Radial Head Fractures; A Short-Term Prospective Study.

Objective To compare the short-term functional outcome between resection and reconstruction in Mason Type II and Type III radial head fractures using Broberg and Morrey score. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of SMS Medical College and attached Hospitals. A total of 29 patients (15 in resection group, 14 in reconstruction group) between the age group of 20-60 years with Mason Type II and Type III fresh closed radial head fractures were included in the study. The functional outcome including the range of motion, extension lag and Broberg Morrey score were determined and compared between two groups. Results The mean age of resection group was 44.5 ± 6.6 years and mean age of reconstruction group was 37.1 ± 6.2 years. The baseline characteristics . At 12-months follow-up, in Mason type II fracture, radial head reconstruction group with mean extension lag of 9.4 ± 4.1 and mean Broberg Morrey score of 94.9 ± 5.1 showed better results compared to radial head resection group with mean extension lag of 15.7 ± 4.1 (p=0.022) and mean Broberg Morrey score 88.3 ± 5.1 (p=0.045) respectively. In Mason type III fractures, radial head resection with mean supination of 79.4 ± 4.7, mean pronation of 74.4 ± 4.1 and mean Broberg Morrey score of 89.8 ± 6 showed better results when compared with radial head reconstruction group with mean supination of 64.2 ± 4 (p<0.001), mean pronation of 59.2 ± 8.4 (p=0.003) and mean Broberg Morrey score of 81.9 ± 5 (p=0.031). Conclusion The procedure suggested in Mason type II, is reconstruction of radial head. In Mason type III due to difficulty in achieving anatomical reduction results were not good with reconstruction when compared with resection. We recommend radial head excision in Mason type III fractures where anatomical and stable fixation is not possible.
International Technology Diffusion: Theory and Measurement

We model the invention of new technologies and their diffusion across countries. In our model all countries grow at the same steady-state rate, with each country's productivity ranking determined by how rapidly it adopts ideas. Research effort is determined by how much ideas earn at home and abroad. Patents affect the return to ideas. We relate the decision to patent an invention internationally to the cost of patenting in a country and to the expected value of patent protection in that country. We can thus infer the direction and magnitude of the international diffusion of technology from data on international patenting, productivity, and research. We fit the model to data from the five leading research economies. A rough summary of our findings is that the world lies about two-thirds of the way from an extreme of technological autarky to an extreme of free trade in ideas. Research performed abroad is about two-thirds as potent as domestic research. Together the United States and Japan drive at least two-thirds of the growth in each of the countries in our sample. Copyright 1999 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Risk factors of breast cancer in kyzylorda oblast of Kazakhstan: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer in Kazakhstan and its Kyzylorda oblast is the most prevalent cancer in women and features increasing trends of incidence. The aim of study was to reveal risk factors for breast cancer among women of Kyzylorda oblast of Kazakhstan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Kyzylorda oblast Oncology Center, including 114 cases of breast cancer and 196 controls. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Social and behavioral risk factors for breast cancer were evaluated, among which unfavorable living conditions, chronic stress, unilateral breastfeeding, breastfeeding less than 3 months and over 2 years, abortions, and hereditary predisposition were found to be related with increased breast cancer risk. Breastfeeding for 6-24 months was found to be protective. CONCLUSIONS The findings may have significant impact on activity planning aimed towards breast cancer reduction among women in Kazakhstan.
The Bystander Effect in Radiation Oncogenesis: II. A Quantitative Model

Abstract Brenner, D. J., Little, J. B. and Sachs, R. K. The Bystander Effect in Radiation Oncogenesis: II. A Quantitative Model. There is strong evidence that biological response to ionizing radiation has a contribution from unirradiated “bystander” cells that respond to signals emitted by irradiated cells. We discuss here an approach incorporating a radiobiological bystander response, superimposed on a direct response due to direct energy deposition in cell nuclei. A quantitative model based on this approach is described for α-particle-induced in vitro oncogenic transformation. The model postulates that the oncogenic bystander response is a binary “all or nothing” phenomenon in a small sensitive subpopulation of cells, and that cells from this sensitive subpopulation are also very sensitive to direct hits from α particles, generally resulting in a directly hit sensitive cell being inactivated. The model is applied to recent data on in vitro oncogenic transformation produced by broad-beam or microbeam α-particle irradiation. Two parameters are used in analyzing the data for transformation frequency. The analysis suggests that, at least for α-particle-induced oncogenic transformation, bystander effects are important only at small doses—here below about 0.2 Gy. At still lower doses, bystander effects may dominate the overall response, possibly leading to an underestimation of low-dose risks extrapolated from intermediate doses, where direct effects dominate.
Early infection with Marek’s disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study MDV-induced immunosuppression

ABSTRACT Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphomas and immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is divided into two phases: early-MDV-IS occurring mainly in chickens lacking maternal antibodies (MAb) against MDV and associated with lymphoid organ atrophy; and late-MDV-IS occurring once MDV enters latency and during tumour development. Our objectives were to document the impact of late-MDV-IS on commercial poultry (meat-type chickens bearing MAb against MDV and that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against MD) and to optimize a model to study late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. The impact of late-MDV-IS was evaluated by assessing the effect of early infection (day of age) with a very virulent plus MDV (vv+MDV) on the efficacy of chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus vaccine against ILT challenge. The CEO ILT vaccine was administered in water at 14 days of age and ILT virus (ILTV) challenge was done intratracheally at 30 days of age. Development of ILT was monitored by daily evaluation of clinical signs, development of gross and histological lesions in trachea, and quantification of ILTV transcripts in trachea. Infection with vv+MDV strain 648A resulted in total abrogation of protection conferred by the CEO vaccine against ILTV challenge even in chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age with either HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988. Chickens exposed to vv+MDV prior to vaccination with CEO ILTV vaccine had similar (P < 0.05) clinical scores, gross lesions, histopathologic lesion scores, and load of ILTV transcripts in trachea after ILTV challenge, as chickens that were not vaccinated with CEO ILTV vaccine.
Preparing future English teachers: The use of personal voice in developing English student teachers' identities as language teachers

This article will examine the dynamic process which occurs for secondary English student teachers whilst working for their Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) at London Metropolitan University and will use extensive data in the form of English student teachers' voices to do this. It will explore the impact of an innovative language teacher education programme, which focuses on developing student teachers' knowledge and understanding of language through a cross-subject dialogue with modern languages. It will show how this contributes to the development of a language teacher identity and the relationship between this and previously held notions of English subject identity. It will suggest that through participation in the language teacher education programme, English student teachers are able to begin the construction of a personal theory as a language teacher in preparation for their roles as early-career English teachers.
Impacts of the European Emissions Trading Scheme Directive and Permit Assignment Methods on the Spanish Electricity Sector

This paper assesses the economic impact of the European Emissions Trading Scheme Directive on the Spanish electricity sector. Although some other studies have been carried out before, our approach uses a more detailed model for the Spanish electricity sector, which provides more realistic results both for the expected price of the carbon allowance and for the evolution of electricity prices, installed power and firms’ revenues in Spain. Results show that the implementation of the Directive will result in a significant increase of electricity prices, and also, due to the Spanish pricing system, in a large increase in the revenues of generating firms, unless the regulator intervenes. Results also show the different implications of different assignment methods. This is especially relevant currently given that most European countries are approving their national assignment plans for 2005-07 and have to revise them for 2008.
The Politics and Policy of Economic Restructuring in Australia: Understanding Government Responses to the Closure of an Automotive Plant

Abstract In April 2004, Mitsubishi Motors Australia Ltd (MMAL) announced the closure of its foundry and engine-making plant at Lonsdale in southern Adelaide. The closure resulted in 700 involuntary redundancies with a further 400 positions lost at MMAL's Tonsley Park plant through voluntary redundancies. The loss of jobs and associated economic activity were a major shock to southern Adelaide, a relatively poor region with few large manufacturing establishments, a limited economic infrastructure and a relatively unskilled labour force. The region had suffered setbacks in the previous three years with a downturn in the wine industry and the closure of the nearby Mobil Oil Refinery at Port Stanvac. This paper draws on debates around multiscalar governance in order to understand how governments have responded to employment loss in southern Adelaide. The paper pays particular attention to the balance between regional and industry-focused initiatives and suggests that regions need to ensure they occupy a central position within the strategies and actions of governments. The paper also highlights the vulnerability of regions that lack growth coalitions able to operate as effective advocates for their region.
Auditor Industry Specialization and Market Segmentation: Evidence from Hong Kong

Audit fees of Big 6 and non‐Big 6 accounting firms are examined for 348 publicly listed Hong Kong companies. Using more recent data than prior studies, we find evidence of Big 6 premiums for both general brand name and for industry specialization. In addition, we find that the large local firm Kwan Wong Tan & Fong, which is the market leader in the property sector, has significantly lower fees than both Big 6 and other non‐Big 6 auditors in that industry. Specialization thus leads to different results for Big 6 and non‐Big 6 firms and suggests a market segment not previously identified: non‐Big 6 specialization, which leads to production economies and the capture of market share through lower fees for a clientele seeking low‐priced audits. These results also suggest that prior studies do not recognize sufficiently that Big 6 brand‐name reputation is a necessary foundation on which to achieve higher priced quality‐differentiated audits based on industry specialization.
Urban-rural migration, tourism entrepreneurs and rural restructuring in Spain

There is considerable debate about the contribution of counter-urbanization processes in the restructuring of rural areas in Europe. This paper focuses on the impact of counter-urbanization on outdoor rural activities in the context of rural development programmes, a subject on which there has been relatively little research. The participation of urban-rural migrants in new tourism developments is studied in three Spanish case studies: Girona (coastal model), Guadalajara (a very depopulated province near Madrid) and Ciudad Real (a province with a substantial number of endogenous initiatives). This microanalysis examines three main areas of concern : experiences of previous urban activity and the migration process; the main characteristics of the new businesses and their relationship with the local community; and socio-economic characteristics. The results demonstrate a stronger presence of urban-rural migrants in rural tourism activities, compared to other activities included in rural development programmes. The main reason for the urban-rural migration is the desire to be self-employed, although there are also a number of other secondary motives.
Bargaining, Search Costs and Equilibrium Price Distributions

This paper studies a bargaining model of equilibrium price distributions. Consumers choose a seller at random and face search costs to switching to another store. In the market equilibrium, the prices at all stores are determined simultaneously as the perfect equilibrium of a bargaining game. In this game, the buyer has the outside option to search for another seller. Differences between the sellers' types create price dispersions; typically the number of active sellers increases with higher search costs. The market equilibrium converges to the competitive equilibrium under perfect information when search costs become small.
A Multiscale-Linking Algorithm for the Simulation of Irreversible Deposition

A multiscale-linking algorithm has been developed for the efficient simulation of irreversible deposition of particles on a two-dimensional substrate. The algorithm combines Brownian dynamics simulation (BDS) for the evaluation of particle trajectories with the solution of the continuum-level conservation law for particle concentration. This allows for the use of a simulation box with relatively small dimensions in the flux direction, resulting in significant CPU-time savings. The instantaneous flux of particles into the box is computed from the solution of the transient diffusion equation with an adaptive Neumann boundary condition. The incoming particles are placed in the box in accordance with the probability distribution function associated with the motion of particles. The algorithm is applied for the simulation of irreversible monolayer deposition of noninteracting hard spheres. Results are presented for the kinetics (fractional surface coverage, $\theta$) and the surface structure (radial distribut.
Party Structure and Backbench Dissent in the Canadian and British Parliaments

Abstract. In this paper we analyze intra-party determinants of dissenting behaviour using samples of British and Canadian government backbenchers. Controlling for the range of factors traditionally considered to be important predictors of dissenting behaviour, we find that the major factor determining cross-voting, next to MPs' tenure, is perceptions of isolation from party communication and influence channels. This effect is particularly visible among Labour MPs with long tenure, as their ideological position is more extreme than that of party leaders, which reinforces the effect of isolation. The results suggest that the difference of dissent levels between the Canadian and British Houses of Commons can be explained by the frontbenchers' approach to managing the major resource of the party, i.e., the backbenchers. Résumé. Cet article traite des déterminants intra-partis du comportement de dissidence en examinant des groupes de députés d'arrière-ban des gouvernements britannique et canadien. En contrôlant pour la gamme de facteurs qui sont traditionnellement considérés comme étant les prédicteurs importants du comportement de dissidence, nous trouvons qu'à part la durée de service du député, la perception d'isolement des voies de communication et d'influence du parti constitue le principal facteur incitant le député à voter pour un autre parti. Cet effet est particulièrement visible parmi les députés du Parti travailliste ayant de longs états de service, car leur position idéologique est plus extrême que celle des chefs du parti, ce qui renforce l'effet d'isolement. Les résultats suggèrent que les différences de niveaux de dissidence entre les Chambres des communes canadienne et britannique s'expliquent par la façon dont les députés de premier plan gèrent la ressource principale du parti, c'est-à-dire les députés d'arrière-ban.
Synthetic polycations with controlled charge density and molecular weight as building blocks for biomaterials

Abstract A series of polycations prepared by RAFT copolymerization of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (APM) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, with molecular weights of 15 and 40 kDa, and APM content of 10–75 mol%, were tested as building blocks for electrostatically assembled hydrogels such as those used for cell encapsulation. Complexation and distribution of these copolymers within anionic calcium alginate gels, as well as cytotoxicity, cell attachment, and cell proliferation on surfaces grafted with the copolymers were found to depend on composition and molecular weight. Copolymers with lower cationic charge density and lower molecular weight showed less cytotoxicity and cell adhesion, and were more mobile within alginate gels. These findings aid in designing improved polyelectrolyte complexes for use as biomaterials.
THE ECONOMIC EXPOSURE OF U.S. MULTINATIONAL FIRMS

In this paper we find that the exchange rate exposure of individual firms increases with the return horizon. Also, the cross-sectional differences in the magnitude of exposure of individual firms are significantly related to firm size but not to the relative portion of foreign sales to total sales. The empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that hedging activities exhibit economies of scale, and, consequently, the magnitude of economic exposure is less for larger firms than for smaller firms.
Does family involvement foster IPO value? Empirical analysis on Italian stock market

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the relationship between family involvement and Initial Public Offering (IPO) value in the Italian context. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a unique hand-collected data set, the authors test the hypotheses on companies that went public between 2000 and 2011, making inference on 113 firms using OLS hierarchical regressions. The authors quantify the IPO value from an outside investors’ perspective with two measures to proxy for IPO value in the short-term and apply robustness checks for long-run performance. In a stewardship framework, the authors examine demographic variables including family firm status, family involvement in managerial positions and family generations. Findings – The results suggest that family firm status positively influences IPO value, that greater family involvement corresponds to higher IPO value and lastly, that the beneficial effect of family control is mainly attributable to the first generation. The results are robus.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid-dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Activity of Nuclei and Plastids from Etiolated Peas and their Response to Red and Far Red Light in Vivo.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity has been found in both the nuclei and etioplasts of dark-grown pea seedlings (Pisum sativum). Although these enzymes had similar over-all characteristics with respect to substrate, pH, and inhibitor responses, they could be distinguished by their different sensitivities to sonication.Brief irradiation of the seedlings with red light resulted in an increase in the activity of both the nuclear and plastid enzymes, but the time course of this response showed it to be too slow to be considered an early result of phytochrome control of metabolism. Far red light following red treatment largely prevented the increase in the activity of the nuclear enzyme. The plastid enzyme responded to far red light in a manner similar to its response to red light so that no reversal was observed when far red treatment followed red.
Potential Role of an Endothelium-Specific Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, on Endothelial Damage in Diabetes

Endothelial cells are known to secrete various antiproliferative and vasodilating factors. Although injury of endothelial cells has been postulated as an initial trigger of the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes, the mechanisms of endothelial injury in diabetes are not yet clarified. Therefore, it is important to know the effects of high glucose on the factors that may influence endothelial cell growth. A novel member of endothelium-specific growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is produced in vascular cells. To investigate the effects of high glucose on vascular cells, we examined 1) the effects of high glucose on endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and 2) the effects of high glucose on local HGF production in endothelial cell and VSMC. Treatment of human aortic endothelial cell with a high concentration of D-glucose, but not mannitol and L-glucose, resulted in a significant decrease in cell number. Interestingly, addition of recombinant HGF attenuated high D-glucose–induced endothelial cell death. Therefore, we measured local HGF secretion of endothelial cell. Importantly, local HGF production was significantly decreased by high D-glucose treatment. In contrast, high D-glucose treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number of human aortic VSMCs, whereas local HGF production was significantly decreased in accordance with increase in D-glucose concentration. No significant changes in numbers were observed in VSMC treated with high mannitol and L-glucose. We also studied the mechanisms of local HGF suppression by high D-glucose. High D-glucose treatment stimulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) concentration in endothelial cell and VSMC. Decreased local vascular HGF production was abolished by addition of anti-TGF-β antibody. As TGF-β inhibited local HGF production in endothelial cell and VSMC, increased TGF-β induced by high D-glucose may suppress local HGF production. This study demonstrated that high D-glucose induced endothelial cell death, stimulated VSMC growth, and decreased local HGF production through the stimulation of TGF-β production both in endothelial cell and VSMC. Overall, decrease in a local endothelial stimulant, HGF, by high D-glucose may be a trigger of endothelial injury in diabetes, potentially resulting in the progression of atherosclerosis.