Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Black migration reversal in the United States.

After almost a century of net out-migration of blacks from the South to other regions the South experienced a net in-migration of blacks during the 1970s a trend that continues in the 1980s. This study examines this reversal at a regional and subregional scale by examining black interstate migration flows. The majority of southern states experienced the black migration reversal during the 1970s. Only the District of Columbia Alabama Mississippi Arkansas and Louisiana recorded net out-migration by blacks 1975-1980. Thus net migration trends at the state level demonstrate that the black migration reversal is occurring throughout the South and the North although its magnitude varies by state. This study examines 2 periods of channelized black migration streams to and from southern states: 1965-1970 and 1975-1980. The author uses transaction-flow analysis to isolate salient movements of blacks between southern and nonsouthern states. Salient flows are identified by comparing the actual flow black migrants between each pair of states to the expected flow based on an indifference model. Results show that 1) channelized flows from the South have strong geographical patterns and 2) the number of salient streams from the South to the Northeast declined significantly between 1965-1970 and 1975-1980. In the late 1960s only 10 counterstreams had sufficient importance to register as salient flows in the black interstate migration system. By the late 1970s the number of southward salient streams had risen to 21. Of the estimated 171176 blacks who migrated to the South between 1965-1970 74735 or 43.7% were returning. Between 1975 and 1980 the figures were 142360 of 438760 moving blacks or 32.4%. New York represented the most important source of southward net in-migration in the 1970s. At the regional level the southern shift to net in-migration by blacks is attributable to social and economic forces that exert pushes and pulls in the migration system. At the subregional level the black migration reversal is occurring within channelized pathways that link specific southern and northern states.
Retrieving and Applying Knowledge to Different Examples Promotes Transfer of Learning

Introducing variability during learning often facilitates transfer to new contexts (i.e., generalization). The goal of the present study was to explore the concept of variability in an area of research where its effects have received little attention: learning through retrieval practice. In four experiments, we investigated whether retrieval practice with different examples of a concept promotes greater transfer than repeated retrieval practice with the same example. Participants watched video clips from a lecture about geological science and answered application questions about concepts: either the same question three times or three different questions. Experiments 3 and 4 also included conditions that involved repeatedly studying the information in the application questions (either the same example or three different examples). Two days later, participants took a final test with new application questions. All four experiments showed that variability during retrieval practice produced superior transfer of knowledge to new examples. Experiments 3 and 4 also showed a testing effect and a benefit from studying different examples. Overall, these findings suggest that repeatedly retrieving and applying knowledge to different examples is a powerful method for acquiring knowledge that will transfer to a variety of new contexts.
Establishment of patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models using samples from CT-guided percutaneous biopsy

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the establishment of a human cancer xenograft model using samples from computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous biopsy. Fresh tumor tissues obtained from 10 cancer patients by CT-guided percutaneous biopsy were subcutaneously inoculated into NOD-Prkdcem26Il2rgem26Nju (NCG) mice to establish human patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models. The formation of first and second generation xenografts was observed, and tumor volume was recorded over time. Tumor tissue consistency between the PDTX model and primary tumors in patients was compared using H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Pharmacodynamic tests of clinically used chemotherapeutic drugs were conducted on second generation xenografts, and their effects on tumor growth and body weight were observed. CT-guided percutaneous biopsy samples were successfully collected from 10 patients with advanced cancers. The PDTX model was established in mice using tumor samples obtained from 4 cancer patients, including one small cell carcinoma sample, two adenocarcinoma samples, and one squamous cell carcinoma sample. The success rate was 40%. The obtained PDTX model maintained a degree of differentiation, and morphological and structural characteristics were similar to primary tumors. The pharmacodynamic test of chemotherapeutic drugs in the PDTX model revealed a therapeutic effect on tumor growth, as expected. CT-guided percutaneous biopsy samples can be effectively used to establish a PDTX model, and test these chemotherapy regimens.
Effect of fatty acids on bilirubin conjugation

The effect of fatty acids on bilirubin conjugation has been studied. Unsaturated fatty acids containing 18 to 20 carbon atoms decreased the rate of conjugation in rat liver slices and microsomes, probably by inhibiting glucuronyl transferase. Since fatty acids may be an important source of energy for the young infant, the relation of these findings to breast milk jaundice is discussed.
REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES OF NITRIC OXIDE REMOVAL BY COMBINED PERSULFATE AND FERROUS-EDTA SYSTEMS

Md Arif Khan obtained his BS in chemical engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in 2008. Arif is currently a Chemical Engineering graduate student at North Carolina A&T State University. He completed his coursework in 2012, and is working on his thesis entitled: “Chemical Reactive Separations in Energy and Environmental Processes”, under the supervision of Dr. Adewuyi. He plans to pursue a Ph.D upon graduation.
Wavelet Phase Synchronization Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation

The dynamic relationship between beat-to-beat mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) fluctuations and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) variations have been intensively studied. The experimentally observed low coherence in the low-frequency band has previously indicated that the assumptions of linearity and/or stationarity, the preconditions of the linear transfer function analysis, are not valid in that frequency region. Latka et al. [M. Latka, M. Turalska, M. Glaubic-Latka, W. Kolodziej, D. Latka, and B. J. J. West, ? Phase dynamics in cerebral autoregulation,? Amer. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. , vol. 289 pp. H2272-H2279, Jul. 2005] used a wavelet phase synchronization method to identify the instantaneous phase difference between ABP and CBFV, and low values of synchronization index were found in the low-frequency range, seeming to provide further evidence that the cerebral autoregulation system is nonstationary. Here, we focus on another possible factor corresponding for this low synchronization index-unmeasured variability. We demonstrate analytically and with a physiologically based cerebral hemodynamic model that, in the case of multiple inputs, the phase difference between one input, ABP, and the output, CBFV, will be distorted by an additional input, end-tidal CO2 ( P ETCO2), and no longer accurately represent the true ABP-CBFV system phase shift. We also prove that this phase distortion can be corrected if the transfer functions for ABP-CBFV and P ETCO2-CBFV are known or can be estimated. A significantly increased value of synchronization index in the low-frequency band is found by using the CO2 correction term with experimental data on 13 subjects. This essentially indicates that the lack of synchronization between ABP and CBFV previously identified by Latka et al. [M. Latka, M. Turalska, M. Glaubic-Latka, W. Kolodziej, D. Latka, and B. J. J. West, ? Phase dynamics in cerebral autoregulation,? Amer. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. , vol. 289, pp. H2272-H2279, Jul. 2005] can be partly attributed to unmeasured variability.
AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEUROBEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF PORTUGUESE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

In this study normative data were obtained on measures of IQ, visual/motor, motor and memory functions among Portuguese elementary school children. Subjects were 228 females and 275 males, 8.0 to 11.9 years of age, in grades 2 through 4, who participated in a dental study. Performance on all tests improved with increasing age. Females performed better in rote verbal learning, psychomotor speed, and speed of information processing. Males had higher scores on tests of visual learning, visual memory, and fine motor speed and coordination. Nonverbal IQ had a significant impact on all tests except motor speed and coordination. Results represent an initial attempt to evaluate Portuguese children in educational and medical settings.
Herbal and food folk medicines of the Russlanddeutschen living in Künzelsau/Taläcker, South‐Western Germany

An urban ethnobotanical study was carried out among a community of Russlanddeutschen (Germans from Russia) who in recent years have moved from Russia and Central Asia to Künzelsau, a small town located in Württemberg, in South‐Western Germany. Thirty‐six in‐depth interviews were conducted with the women in this community, and 62 homemade medicinal preparations derived from 46 botanical species were recorded. As well as common medicinal plant uses that are well known in modern evidence‐based German and Western European phytotherapy, we were able to record traces of the community's Russian and Central Asian (Turkic) heritage through the very popular use of sorrel as a depurative or for preventing and treating colds and flu; the use of dill as a digestive; watermelon as a diuretic; birch to relieve rheumatism and arthritis; buckwheat as a tonic; rye‐based fermented beverages as a stimulant and as a depurative, diverse berries to prevent colds and flu; coriander as a digestive, and other medicinal foods. Traces of archaic German preparations were also recorded, which were probably Swabian in origin. Nearly half of the overall quoted items represented folk functional foods. The researchers believe that the findings in this study could stimulate public health policies aimed at improving both the phyto‐pharmacovigilance of lesser‐known herbal drugs, and the health and well‐being of migrants by promoting a better understanding of emic health beliefs and newcomers' healing strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro Convulsive Therapy: Impact of an Educational Program in Developing Knowledge and Attitude of Psychiatric Nurses Working at Psychiatric Hospital Jeddah

Objective: Despite the evidence based effectiveness of ECT in treating mental disorders, there are many misconception and lack of knowledge among nurses who are typically at the forefront of providing care before, during and after the procedure. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of educational program on the knowledge and attitudes towards ECT among nursing staffs working in psychiatric hospital, Jeddah. Participants and Methods: Quasi-experimental design was used with a convenient sample of 20 nurses' working at psychiatric hospital Jeddah affiliated to Ministry of Health. Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire consists 28 - items was administered before and after the educational program. Results: 80% of participants had more than 3 years of work experience The paired Test sample showed the significant difference the mean score of participants on ECT program pre-test was 65.4 and that their mean score of the total post-test was 71.4 and the difference is statistically significant in favor of the post-test ( t = 2.80, P 0.05) difference with their demographic background. Conclusion: Providing and expanding accurate knowledge about ECT is necessary in order to improve the attitudes towards ECT. Despite the limitations of the study, the findings were extremely promising.
Polykaryocytes and Rheumatoid Disease

The enigma of rheumatoid disease is sufficient reason for examining any aspect of this condition that might have some bearing upon aetiology. This article draws attention to the presence of polykaryocytes within tissues involved by the rheumatoid process and among cells grown in culture from both articular synovium and from synovial fluid. The terms 'polykaryocyte', 'giant cell', and 'multinucleated cell' are used synonymously. No well-defined distinction between large polykaryocytes and syncytial masses has been made, but the latter are very large, contain 100 to 300 nuclei, and are of irregular outline.
Promoting Professionalism through an Online Professional Development Portfolio: Successes, Joys, and Frustrations

Medical educators strive to promote the development of a sound professional identity in learners, yet it is challenging to design, implement, and sustain fair and meaningful assessments of professionalism to accomplish this goal. The authors developed and implemented a program built around a Web-based Professional Development Portfolio (PDP) to assess and document professional development in medical students at New York University School of Medicine. This program requires students to regularly document their professional development through written reflections on curricular activities spanning preclinical and clinical years. Students post reflections, along with other documents that chronicle their professional growth, to their online PDP. Students meet annually with a faculty mentor to review their portfolios, assess their professional development based on predetermined criteria, and establish goals for the coming year. In this article, the authors describe the development of the PDP and share four years of experience with its implementation. We describe the experiences and attitudes of the first students to participate in this program as reported in an annual student survey. Students’ experiences of and satisfaction with the PDP was varied. The PDP has been a catalyst for honest and lively debate concerning the meaning and behavioral manifestations of professionalism. A Web-based PDP promoted self-regulation on an individual level because it facilitated narrative reflection, self-assessment, and goal setting, and it structured mentorship. Therefore, the PDP may prepare students for the self-regulation of the medical profession—a privilege and obligation under the physician’s social contract with society.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the first year after HAART: influence on long-term clinical outcome

Little is known about the effect of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) on the long-term clinical outcome. Of 52 opportunistic infections (OI) occurring within one year after the start of HAART in 387 HIV patients, 33 (63%) were classified as having IRIS. The patients with IRIS showed no significant difference in the AIDS event-free survival curve compared with the matched control group without OI and in contrast to non-IRIS OI.
Advanced Necrotizing Enterocolitis Part 1: Mortality

Abstract Aim of the Study The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with mortality in infants referred for the surgical treatment of advanced necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Methods Retrospective review of all infants with confirmed (Bell stage II or III) NEC treated in our unit during the past 8 years (January 2002 to December 2010). Data for survivors and nonsurvivors were compared using Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test and are reported as median (range). Results Of the 205 infants with NEC, 35 (17%) were medically managed; 170 (83%) had surgery; 66 (32%) infants died; all had received surgery. Survivors and nonsurvivors were comparable for gestational age, birth weight, and gender distribution. Overall mortality was 32%, the highest mortality was in infants with pan-intestinal disease (86%) but remained significant in those with less severe disease (multifocal 39%; focal disease 21%). The commonest cause of mortality was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and nearly half of the nonsurvivors had care withdrawn. Conclusion Despite improvement in neonatal care, overall mortality (32%) for advanced NEC has not changed in 10 years. Mortality is significant even with minimal bowel involvement.
A Capacity Comparison Between MC-CDMA and CP-CDMA

In this paper, we consider the capacity behaviors of MC-CDMA and CP-CDMA systems by the uses of MMSE receivers. The averaged capacities are derived for the two systems, having a finite spreading factor, in Rayleigh fading environment. The closed-form solutions have been obtained, which show that the capacity of the MC-CDMA is slightly larger than that of the CP-CDMA. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by the simulation results.
Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the 1944–45 Dutch famine

We previously showed that maternal under‐nutrition during gestation is associated with increased metabolic and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. Also, we found increased neonatal adiposity among the grandchildren of women who had been undernourished during pregnancy. In the present study we investigated whether these transgenerational effects have led to altered body composition and poorer health in adulthood in the grandchildren.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solutions Using Pillared Clays

Emerging contaminants in the environment have caused enormous concern in the last few decades, and among them, antibiotics have received special attention. On the other hand, adsorption has shown to be a useful, low-cost, and eco-friendly method for the removal of this type of contaminants from water. This work is focused on the study of ciprofloxacin (CPX) removal from water by adsorption on pillared clays (PILC) under basic pH conditions, where CPX is in its anionic form (CPX−). Four different materials were synthetized, characterized, and studied as adsorbents of CPX (Al-, Fe-, Si-, and Zr-PILC). The highest CPX adsorption capacities of 100.6 and 122.1 mg g−1 were obtained for the Si- and Fe-PILC (respectively), and can be related to the porous structure of the PILCs. The suggested adsorption mechanism involves inner-sphere complexes formation as well as van der Waals interactions between CPX− and the available adsorption sites on the PILC surfaces.
Reduced cerebellar gray matter is a neural signature of physical frailty

Physical frailty has been recognized as a clinical syndrome resulting from declines in various physiological systems; however, the role of the central nervous system in the pathophysiology of frailty remains unclear. The I‐Lan Longitudinal Aging Study randomly sampled community‐dwelling people aged 50 or older for a brain magnetic resonance imaging study. All participants were assessed for frailty status (robust, prefrail, and frail) based on the presence of five frailty components: slow walking speed, muscle weakness, low physical activity, exhaustion and weight loss (Fried criteria). Gray matter volume (GMV) changes associated with frailty status and individual frailty components were examined. Overall, 456 participants (64.0 ± 8.5 years, 47.6% women) were included in this study. The prefrail (n = 178, 39.0%) and frail (n = 19, 4.2%) subjects were grouped for analysis. The prefrail–frail group showed reduced GMV, compared to the robust group (n = 259, 56.8%), in the cerebellum, hippocampi, middle frontal gyri, and several other cerebral regions (corrected P < 0.05). Each frailty component was associated with GMV changes in functionally related brain areas. Hierarchical cluster analysis categorized these components into three subsets. Motor‐related components, including weakness, low activity, and slowness, comprised one subset with a common cerebellar involvement. Exhaustion and weight loss were the other two subsets without cerebellar changes. To conclude, physical frailty is associated with a decreased reserve in specific brain regions, especially cerebellum. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore if the cerebellum‐ and noncerebellum‐based frailty components reflect a distinctive future risk for developing frailty. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3666–3676, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Porous fibres with encapsulated functional materials and tunable release

Abstract A novel sequential processing approach to fabricate versatile fibres containing encapsulated materials is presented. It is based on developing highly porous fibres, to be filled with functional materials and coated with protective layers. Applicability of the approach to develop porous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fibres with encapsulated antibacterial salts within a coating is demonstrated. The salt was introduced to the fibre via a sacrificial solvent. Desired solvent properties to ensure successful filling was discussed. The salt was encapsulated via spray coating. The coating characteristics were tuned via vapour treatment to facilitate controllable radial salt release. Large volume axial release was also achieved due to the axial pore connectivity. Compared to state-of-the-art methods to produce fibres with functional material inclusions such as emulsion electrospinning, the method presented herein, due to its sequential processing nature, offers greater freedom in material selection and thus broad applications of the fibres.
Histology of Primary Brain Tumors

Pathological classification of brain tumors is the corner stone upon which the management plan and treatment strategy depends. It is the pathologist who defines the “target” at which the rest of the clinical team members aim their “weapons”. Despite of the great advancement of the ancillary studies, the simple H&E stained slide remains an invaluable mean in the diagnosis, classification and stratification of primary brain tumors. Slides should be interpret‐ ed in correlation with patient’s age and clinical presentation. Radiological findings substitute the macroscopic/gross description in other organs and assessment of the location (supraten‐ torial, infratentorial, intra-ventricular), growth pattern (circumscribed versus infiltrative, solid versus cystic), enhancement pattern (non-enhancing versus enhancing), and the presence or absence of edema, necrosis, calcification should all be consolidated with the microscopic findings in formulating the final diagnosis. The need for an expert neuropathologist is becoming crucial in reviewing the cases before commencing on treatment [1-3]. The impor‐ tance of multidisciplinary clinics/teams cannot be overemphasized and neuropathologist plays a central role in these clinics [4, 5]. In less developed countries, telemedicine and twinning programs as well as affiliation with recognized international experts may offer an accessible and relatively affordable tool which can help narrowing the knowledge and practice gaps, thus providing patients in these countries with better standards of care [6, 7].