Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Filling in the Gaps: Conservation and Reconstruction of Archaeological Mail Armour

Mail armour is made of many interlinking metal rings. It has been a popular type of defensive gear through the centuries, and this popularity has in part been due to mail armour’s flexibility. However, this very flexibility today hinders its conservation, interpretation and display. Mail pieces retrieved from archaeological contexts are often in such poor state of preservation that their original shape is unrecognizable. This poses a challenge not only for conserving these artefacts, but also for understanding them. This paper describes a conservation technique for flexible mail that involves restoring preserved rings to their original position and filling in the remaining gaps with dummy rings. In addition to stabilizing the mesh of mail, this measure also aids the artefact’s interpretation. The advantages of using this method with archaeological specimens are presented by means of a case-study concerning the remains of a Roman mail coat found near Novae, Bulgaria. The case-study shows that the choice of conservation technique greatly influences the amount of information that researchers can obtain from this material.
Blistering barnacles! What language do multilinguals swear in?!

The present contribution focuses on the effects of language dominance / attrition, context of acquisition, age of onset of learning, frequency of general use of a language and sociodemographic variables on self-reported language choice for swearing. The analysis is based on a database to which 1039 multilinguals contributed through a web based questionnaire. Results suggest that, according to the self-reports, swearing happens most frequently in the multilinguals’ dominant language. Mixed instruction, an early start in the learning process, and frequent use of a language all contribute to the choice of that language for swearing. Sociodemographic variables were not found to have any effect. Frequency of language choice for swearing was found to be positively correlated with perceived emotional force of swearwords in that language. Quantitative results based on answers to close-ended
Markups and Misallocation with Trade and Heterogeneous Firms

With non-homothetic preferences, a monopolistic competition equilibrium is inefficient in the way inputs are allocated towards production. This paper quantifies a gains from trade component that is present only when reallocation is properly measured in a setting with heterogeneous firms that charge variable markups. Due to variable markups, reallocations initiated by aggregate shocks impact allocative efficiency depending on the adjustment of the market power distribution. My measurement compares real income growth with the hypothetical case of no misallocation in quantities. Using firm and industry-level data from Chile during a period with large terms of trade gains, I find that cost reductions are associated with losses in allocative efficiency because firms pass-through measured productivity gains into markups. From industry-year variation, there is also evidence that industries that import a larger share of their inputs become more misallocated as a result of exchange rate appreciations compared to open sectors whose output competition becomes fiercer.
A Bird in the House: The Challenge of Being Ecologically Relevant in Captivity

Ecologists have acknowledged the fact that environmental conditions strongly affect life-history strategies in the wild. However, when working in captivity, they appear to overlook these effects. This approach appears precarious, as it likely contributes to increase the inconsistency of results across ecological studies. To illustrate this point, I reviewed here the conditions under which captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are kept in studies examining stress parameters that mediate life-history strategies, and compared these conditions to the conditions their wild counterparts experience in their native habitat. I found that captive zebra finches are typically kept under conditions that mostly reflect a paradoxical season in terms of temperature, light and humidity that would never be encountered in the wild. Most importantly, I also found that these conditions are associated with elevated stress levels. This suggests that most studies using captive zebra finches are conducted under stressful conditions, and therefore give a biased and limited view of how birds regulate life-history strategies. This example strongly suggests that we have to rethink our approach when examining ecological questions in captivity, by carefully considering conditions under which animals are kept in view of their current and future ecology.
METHOD VALIDATION OF (E)-4-(3', 4'-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-BUT-3-EN-1-OL IN ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB. WITH DIFFERENT EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES

Objective: To comparison of the RP-HPLC validation method of (E)-4-(3', 4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol (compound D) from different extraction methods. The compound D is the major compound of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. The compound D was separated by HPLC instrument and separation with column chromatography on silica gel techniques. Methods: First method, the Z. cassumunar powder was dissolved in absolute ethanol and then was injected into HPLC instrument for compound D collection at appropriated time elution. Second method, the Z. cassumunar powder was separated by column chromatography on silica gel technique with different ratio between hexane and ethyl acetate as eluted solvent to compound D collection. Then, the structure of compound D was identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS. The compound D was dissolved in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4, and incubated in isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and new born pig skin by sonication method. It was validated with HPLC in term of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision in ranges of 1-10 µg/mL. Results: The FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and LC-MS were identified structure of compound D which related to previous publication. The validation methods of different techniques were good linearity with good correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999 in ranges of 1-10 µg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.3, 0.8 µg/mL, respectively. The accuracy and precision were 95.38-104.76% and <2%, respectively for intraday preparation. The accuracy and precision were 88.94-102.43% and <5%, respectively for interday preparation. Conclusion: This research successfully compared the RP-HPLC validation method using a gradient elution of 2% acetic acid in ultrapure water and methanol. Keyword: Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. , (E)-4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol, Compound D, HPLC, Method validation.
The Lindeques Drift and Heidelberg Intrusions and the Roodekraal Complex, Vredefort, South Africa : comagmatic plutonic and volcanic products of a 2055 Ma ferrobasaltic magma

The Lindeques Drift and Heidelberg Intrusions and the volcanic Roodekraal Complex belong to a high-Ti mafic igneous suite (HITIS) that was emplaced in the Kaapvaal Craton as km-sized bodies, to the north and north-east of the Vredefort impact structure, prior to impact. New zircon SHRIMP ages for the Lindeques Drift Intrusion (2054.8 ± 5.7 Ma) and Roodekraal Complex (2053 ± 9.2 Ma) are indistinguishable from that of the Bushveld magmatic event (~2.06 to 2.05 Ga). The dominant rock types in the Lindeques Drift and Heidelberg Intrusions are even-grained and porphyritic spessartites which essentially are clinopyroxene-magnetite (-ilmenite) ± olivine cumulates with variable fractions (estimated 15 to 30%) of interstitially crystallized magma. The concentration of magmatic amphibole (edenite-magnesiohastingsite), responsible for the porphyritic texture of the spessartite, is directly proportional to the fraction of trapped magma, which also crystallized interstitial plagioclase, sphene, sulphide, apatite, microperthite and biotite. The Lindeques Drift spessartite is cut by fine-grained dykes and sills(? ) of diorite and syenodiorite. Low-silica diorite in the Lindeques Drift Intrusion was produced by the reaction of the parental magma with the dolomitic country rock of the Chuniespoort Group through desilicificaton and de-alumination. The Roodekraal Complex is composed of multiple flows of predominantly mugearite lava with sub-flow intrusions of diorite. The diorite of Lindeques Drift and the lava and diorite of Roodekraal are chemically comparable in terms of both major and trace elements, suggesting a co-magmatic derivation. The magma parental to the three bodies is proposed to be a low-Al ferrobasalt with alkaline affinities (MgO = 4.8%, TiO 2 =1.8%, P 2 O 5 = 0.52%, Zr/(P 2 O 5 · 10 4 ) = 0.02, Nb/Y=1.47, K 2 O/Yb =1.3, Ta/Yb = 1.1). The latter was probably derived by deep crustal fractionation of amphibole and plagioclase from an alkali basalt(? ) precursor in an embryonic continental rift setting. The probability that a gabbro dyke, stratigraphically below and perpendicular to the Lindeques Drift Intrusion, is a feeder to the latter is regarded as small.
Importance of Investigating Mild Hyperglycaemia Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in the Setting of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Prospective Investigational Study

The aim of this article is to estimate the prevalence of true dysglycaemic syndromes (DS) (includes presence of diabetes mellitus [DM], impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and mild fasting hyperglycaemia from an area in New Zealand with the country’s highest prevalence of dysglycaemia. Cardiac risk factor data and laboratory findings for 565 consecutive ACS patients were obtained from the hospital database between January 2007 and August 2008. On admission, 175 patients had DS and 168 were normoglycaemic (FBG 3 months post-discharge to eliminate cases of stress hyperglycaemia. 121 patients underwent OGTT and 41 patients (a third) were found to have true DS (DM in 13, IGT or IFG in 28). Patients who did not undergo OGTT due to a variety of reasons (n=101) had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, and higher concentrations of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and therefore might be at a higher risk for true DS than those tested. The conclusion is that a third of the OGTT cohort had true DS and therefore even mild hyperglycaemia in this setting should be carefully investigated.
Exhumation of metamorphic rocks in N Aegean: the path from shortening to extension and extrusion

The Olympos-Ossa-Pelion (OOP) ranges, in NW Aegean, encompass Greece highest summit and are located near the extremity of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). Structural and thermochronological data gathered in the OOP ranges show that the main exhumation of metamorphic nappes occurred in the Eocene, at ca. 43-39 Ma. This early exhumation, associated with ductile, then brittle-ductile normal faulting with northeastward transport, is nearly coeval with orogenic shortening in the close area. Cooling rates, and likely exhumation, have been low between ~40 Ma and ~20 Ma. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar crystallization ages (between 20 and 15 Ma) appears related to brittle-ductile normal faulting and likely associated with the onset of Aegean back-arc extension. The dating of a diabase dyke, and the geometry of associated brittle jointing, of onshore and offshore active normal faults imply a shift in extension direction after 4 Ma. Such a shift is probably related the propagation of the NAF in northern Aegean known to have occurred around 5 Ma.
Association of Polymorphisms Calpastatin Gene with Body Weight of Local Sheep in Jonggol, Indonesia

Calpastatin (CAST) gene is located on the fifth chromosome of sheep and plays important roles in formation of muscles and meat tenderness after slaughtering. Association of genetic polymorphism in the CAST gene locus MspI and NcoI with body weight was examined in local sheep from Jonggol Animal Science Teaching and Research Unit (JASTRU), Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University. The genotypes for CAST were determined by the PCR-RLFP method. Blood samples were collected from 264 local sheep belonging to JASTRU located in Singosari Village, Bogor District, West Java Province. Extraction of genomic DNA was based on the phenol chloroform method. CAST locus MspI had three genotypes including in MM, MN and NN with frequencies of 0.75, 0.23, and 0.02 respectively. CAST locus NcoI had two genotypes including in MM and MN with frequencies of 0.92, 0.08 respectively. Chi-square test confirmed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the CAST locus MspI and NcoI. There was no significant effects (P>0.05) of CAST locus MspI and NcoI genotypes on body weight of local sheep in JASTRU.
Does mode of delivery make a difference to criminal case outcomes and clients' satisfaction? The public defence solicitor experiment

Among UK criminal lawyers few subjects tend to give vent to as much passionate debate as the introduction of public defence solicitors. Although the public defender pilot has only recently begun in England and Wales, north of the border in Scotland the evaluation of the public defence experiment has recently been completed. This article explains some of the key findings on case outcomes achieved by "private" and "public" defence solicitors for similar cases; and also in terms of client satisfaction. In so doing, the research also raises broader questions about summary justice.
Estimating growth of SMES using a logit model: Evidence from manufacturing companies in Italy

Article history: Received: June 1, 2016 Received in revised format: November 16, 2016 Accepted: December 12, 2016 Available online: December 12, 2016 In this paper, an effort has been put to develop a model for estimating growth based on logit regression (logit) and implemented the model to Italian manufacturing companies. Our data set consists of 8232 SMEs of Italy. To estimate the growth of the firm an innovative approach that considers annual statements issued the year before the accelerated growth has been considered as the effective estimators of firm growth. The result of the logit showed that return on asset, log (cash flow) and log (Inventory) positively affect in estimating the growth of the high growth firm whereas working capital turnover times negatively affects in estimating the growth of the firm. The discriminant power of the model using Receiver Operating Characteristics curve shows 72.35%, which means the model is fair in terms of estimating the growth. © 2017 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Predictive Equations for Dimensions and Leaf Area of Coastal Southern California Street Trees

Tree height, crown height, crown width, diameter at breast height (dbh), and leaf area were measured for 16 species of commonly planted street trees in the coastal southern California city of Santa Monica, USA. The randomly sampled trees were planted from 1 to 44 years ago. Using number of years after planting or dbh as explanatory variables, mean values of dbh, tree height, crown width, and leaf area responses were modeled using two equations. There is strong correlation (adjusted R2 > 0.70) between dbh as a function of number of years after planting, and total height, crown diameter, and leaf area as a function of dbh. Correlation is weaker between measures of crown height and dbh. This is probably due to crown pruning increasing the variability among measurements for trees having the same or similar dbh. Equations for less-intensively pruned species displayed adjusted R2 greater than 0.70. Equations are presented for predicting dimensions and leaf area and applied to compare tree sizes and growth for all species 15 and 30 years after planting.
The Impact of Corporate Reputation and Information Sharing on Value Creation for Organizational Customers

Abstract The importance of corporate communication to build, protect and maintain corporate reputation has been advocated in numerous publications in recent years. The main goal of this paper is to provide an understanding of the impact of corporate reputation and information sharing on value creation. Both reputation and information sharing represent signals that customers observe in the process of value creation, which is seen as the end focus for corporate marketing. The paper draws on signaling theory and corporate marketing literature from the European and American schools of thought. The empirical test of the hypothesized model focuses on the banking industry. Organizational customers from a South East European country shared their views about banks they currently cooperate with. The research instrument contained multi-item scales adapted from the existing literature. An analysis using structural equation modeling confirmed that corporate reputation positively and significantly influences customer perceived value. The effect of information sharing on customer perceived value is not direct but mediated by corporate reputation. This finding contributes to the existing discussion on the role of corporate reputation and communication as antecedents in the process of value creation.
The Relationship between Iranian Male and Female EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking Ability and Autonomy

One of the main aims of the education agenda in the last decade has been to develop critical thinking and autonomy among children, in order to educate them to be activeand involved persons in society. The present study sought to examine the relationship between Iranian male and female EFL learners’ autonomy and their critical thinking ability. To this aim, the researcher used a language proficiency test, a questionnaire of autonomy, and a questionnaire of critical thinking. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 242 third-grade high school students of Urmia city were provided with a Key English Test (KET). Afterwards, 162 of them were selected as the homogenizedgroup and were given a questionnaire of autonomy and questionnaire of critical thinking. Finally, the results of 144(because some of participants did not complete their critical thinking questionnaire) participants were analyzed. The Pearson coefficient of correlation revealed that Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy and critical thinking were significantly related. The findings offered important pedagogical implications for teachers, learners, and syllabus designers.
Capital Structure of Internet Companies: Case Study

The financing decisions and capital structure of Internet companies are analyzed, and observed findings are related to the common capital structure theories. Large Internet companies usually have low debt, and small Internet companies have high debt. It was found that the trade-off theory of capital structure, pecking order theory, market timing theory, and other theories cannot individually explain a firm's capital structure. However, they can complement each other in describing some patterns of observed behavior. A number of recommendations for capital structure theory and practice are suggested.
Transfer Employability Skills through e-Training as Nonlinear Processes Carried Out in Organizations Networks : An Empirical Examination from Innovation Perspective

Despite the positive effect of e-training, limited empirical works examined factors influencing employees’ intention to use e-training as a prerequisite for any successful implementation. This research aimed to address the gap by examining empirically these factors, developing a model combining multiple sets of key influence factors which are significant in predicting employees’ intention to use e-training as well as examining the mediatory impact of this intention on the effectiveness of transferring employability skills. This study expands the research scope by integrating the critical factors, identified in prior research, into one framework to examination simultaneously for validation and relationship. A research methodology is used combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Reliability and validity were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and multicollinearity was assessed. Conclusions, implications and limitations were presented then future research was highlighted
FINANCE AND INEQUALITY: HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION CHANGE THEIR RELATIONSHIP?

This research demonstrates that international financial integration changes the way in which financial development affects inequality within a country. Specifically, both cross-country analysis and dynamic panel data analysis using data collected from more than 100 countries provide evidence indicating that if the financial market of a country is strongly closed to the world market, financial development narrows inequality within that country, whereas if the financial market of a country is strongly open to the world market, financial development widens inequality within that country. Our theoretical framework provides a possible explanation for our empirical findings.
The greying church: the impact of life expectancy on religiosity

Many churches are concerned about older and dwindling congregations. We develop a theoretical framework to explain not only the downward trend in church attendance, but also the increase in the proportion of older people in the congregations. Religiosity depends positively on the expected social and spiritual benefits attached to religious adherence, as well as the probability of entering heaven in the afterlife. While otherworldly compensation in terms of salvation and spiritual benefits motivates religiosity, the costs of formal religion in terms of time allocated to communal activities and foregone income work in the opposite direction. We show that higher life expectancy discounts expected benefits in the afterlife and is hence likely to lead to postponement of religiosity. For this reason, religious organizations should be prepared to attract older members to their congregations, while emphasizing contemporaneous religious benefits to increase overall church attendance.
Discovering how Advertising Grows Sales and Builds Brands

Advertising nudges consumers along the think–feel–do hierarchy of intermediate effects of advertising to induce sales. Because intermediate effects—cognition, affect, and experience—are unobservable constructs, brand managers use a battery of mind-set metrics to assess how advertising builds brands. However, extant sales response models explain how advertising grows sales but ignore the role of intermediate effects in building brands. To link these dual contributions of advertising, the authors propose an integrated framework that augments the dynamic advertising–sales response model by integrating the hierarchy, dynamic evolution, and purchase reinforcement of intermediate effects. Methodologically, the new approach incorporates the intermediate effects as factors from mind-set metrics while filtering out measurement noise, extracts the factor loadings, estimates the dynamic evolution of the factors, and infers their sequence in any hypothesized hierarchy by embedding their impact in a dynamic advertising–sales response model. The authors apply the proposed model and associated method to a major brand to discover the brand's operating hierarchy (advertising → experience → cognition → affect ↔ sales). The results provide the first empirical evidence that intermediate effects are indeed dynamic constructs, that purchase reinforcement effects exist not only for experience but also for other intermediate effects, and that advertising simultaneously contributes to both sales growth and brand building. Thus, both researchers and managers should consider using the proposed framework to capture advertising's dual contributions of building brands and growing sales.