Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphine Withdrawal Lowers Host Defense to Enteric Bacteria: Spontaneous Sepsis and Increased Sensitivity to Oral Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection

ABSTRACT Understanding the consequences of drug withdrawal on immune function and host defense to infection is important. We, and others, previously demonstrated that morphine withdrawal results in immunosuppression and sensitizes to lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock. In the present study, the effect of morphine withdrawal on spontaneous sepsis and on oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was examined. Mice were chronically exposed to morphine for 96 h by implantation of a slow-release morphine pellet. Abrupt withdrawal was induced by removal of the pellet. In the sepsis model, bacterial colonization was examined and bacterial species were identified by necropsy of various tissues. It was found that at 48 h postwithdrawal, morphine-treated mice had enteric bacteria that were detected in the Peyer's patches (4/5), mesenteric lymph nodes (4/5), spleens (4/10), livers (6/10), and peritoneal cavities (8/10). In placebo pellet-withdrawn mice, only 2/40 cultures were positive. The most frequently detected organisms in tissues of morphine-withdrawn mice were Enterococcus faecium followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Both organisms are part of the normal gastrointestinal flora. In the infection model, mice were orally inoculated with S. enterica 24 h post-initiation of abrupt withdrawal from morphine. Withdrawal significantly decreased the mean survival time and significantly increased the Salmonella burden in various tissues of infected mice compared to placebo-withdrawn animals. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were observed in spleens of morphine-withdrawn mice, compared to placebo-withdrawn mice. These findings demonstrate that morphine withdrawal sensitizes to oral infection with a bacterial pathogen and predisposes mice to bacterial sepsis.
Aldosterone induces arterial stiffness in absence of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction

Aims Monocyte/macrophages participate in inflammatory responses that may play an important role in mineralocorticoid-induced vascular damage. We hypothesized that monocyte/macrophages modulate aldosterone effects on oxidative stress, endothelial function, and ultimately vascular stiffness. Methods Adult heterozygous osteopetrotic (Op/+) and wild-type mice were infused with aldosterone (600 μg/kg per day s.c. with Alzet osmotic minipumps) and received 1% NaCl in drinking water or were infused with vehicle for 14 days. Blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. Endothelial function was determined in mesenteric arteries on a pressurized myograph by the response to acetylcholine following norepinephrine preconstriction. Extracellular matrix was quantified by immunohistochemistry, reactive oxygen species by image analysis of dihydroethidium staining, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity by chemiluminescence. Results Body weight and blood pressure did not change following aldosterone treatment. Aldosterone induced stiffening of resistance arteries among all treated animals, as reflected by decreased sum of squares of strain from 2.07 ± 0.15 to 1.54 ± 0.29 in wild type, and from 2.68 ± 0.28 to 2.04 ± 0.15 in Op/+, and increased fibronectin-to-elastin ratio from 1.12 ± 0.40 to 4.52 ± 0.47 and 0.92 ± 0.47 to 5.26 ± 0.88, respectively. Endothelial function was impaired and reactive oxygen species increased only in aldosterone-treated wild-type mice. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity was unaffected. Conclusion Monocyte/macrophage deficiency in Op/+ mice results in absence of aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, but does not play a role in aldosterone-induced arterial stiffness. Thus, although monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses play a role in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffening in response to aldosterone may be independent of inflammation.
SECONDARY INORGANIC VERSUS CARBONACEOUS FRACTION AND MASS CLOSURE OF PM 2 . 5 IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT ( ATHENS , GREECE )

Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece. Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, University of Crete, Greece. Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, University Campus GR-45110, Ioannina, Greece. remound@metal.ntua. gr
SALINITY-INDUCED MODULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS IN FABA BEAN ( VICIA FABA ) CULTIVARS

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops. The present study assesses salt-tolerant cultivars of Vicia faba L.on the basis of their growth, biomass and foliar characteristics. Four levels of salt stress (0, 50, 100 and 150mM) were applied to three selected cultivars. Degaga, Dosha and Hachalu. Results revealed significant differences among the cultivars, salt-stress treatments, and their interaction, indicating the cultivars' variability and differential response to salt stress. Salinity stress adversely affected plant growth, plant water status and biomass production. Salt treatments decreased the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, but cultivar Dosha, which was ahead of others in height, leaf number, relative water content, total biomass and leaf-dry-mass ratio, was least affected. Functional leaf characters, such as photochemical efficiency of PSII (maximum quantum yield = Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (E) were also reduced under salt-stress, and againDosha cultivar did better than others except in gs. The relatively less decline in growth, water status, biomass, photosynthetic pigments and functional leaf characters of Dosha exhibits a reasonable tolerance ability of this cultivar, while the other two varieties viz., Degaga and Hachalu proved to be sensitive to salt stress.
The Importance of Understanding Emoji : An Investigative Study

With the explosion of social media usage, emoji have become a trending topic in digital communication technological researches. People have started using emoji as a new language in social media to colour and humanise their text messages. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) experts must dedicate their effort to understanding emoji and their related issues, specifically from a design perspective. Therefore, to understand how emoji work and how they affect people’s daily lives, a review has been conducted to discover important facts, including a clear understanding of how and why designers and HCI experts need to evaluate emoji, as well as their implications and limitations.
ENDURANCE EXERCISE AND ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION : SENSE OR NONSENSE ?-PART 2

1 KEY POINTS • Prolonged exercise at 65-80% VO 2 max increases the production of radicals in the contracting skeletal muscles. This exercise-induced radical production often results in oxidative damage to skeletal muscle fibers and contributes to muscle fatigue. • Antioxidant supplements are widely available and are commonly consumed by endurance athletes. Arguments exist both for and against the use of antioxidant supplementation. • The strongest argument supporting antioxidant supplementation exists in endurance athletes who do not consume a well-balanced diet. Specifically, if a nutritional evaluation reveals that the athlete is deficient in antioxidant intake (e.g., consumption below the recommended daily allowance [RDA] for antioxidant vitamins), dietary supplementation designed to achieve the RDA standard for antioxidant vitamins appears warranted. • The major argument against antioxidant supplementation is the possibility that megadoses of antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and C) can diminish the training response to endurance exercise. • Although exercise-induced radical production can contribute to muscle fatigue during endurance exercise, studies demonstrate that supplementation with common antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and C) do not improve exercise performance. Nonetheless, there are some suggestions that treatment with N-acetylcysteine can delay fatigue at work rates between 65-80% VO 2 max.
GEOCHRONOLOGY , GEOCHEMISTRY AND ISOTOPE TRACING OF THE CRETACEOUS MAGMATISM OF EAST SERBIA AS PART OF THE APUSENI TIMOK SREDNOGORIE METALLOGENIC BELT

1 Institute of Isotope Geochemistry and Mineral Resources, ETHZurich, CH8092 Zurich, Switzerland 2 Central Laboratory of Mineralogy and Crystallography, BAS, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 3 Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 4 Geological Survey, GEMINI, Karadjordjeva 48, YU11000 Belgrade 5 Copper Institute BOR, Zeleni Bulevar 3335, YU19210 Bor, Yugoslavia
Paradigmatic Relations and Syntagmatic Relations: Are They Useful in learning Grammatical Structures?

Every item of language has a paradigmatic relationship with every other item which can be substituted for it (such as cat with dog ), and a syntagmatic relationship with items which occur within the same construction (for example, in The cat sat on the mat , cat with the and sat on the mat ). The relationships are like axes. The aim of the current study was to check the impact of teaching syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships on learning grammatical structures among Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To fulfill the objectives of the study a Homogeneity test (Oxford Quick Placement Test) was administered among 90 students at the intermediate level of a private language Institute and finally 60 participants were selected. Then, they were randomly divided into two sub­groups, namely control and experimental groups. Before starting the treatment, a validated teacher-made grammar test was administered to students as pre-test to assess the participants' knowledge of grammar at the beginning of the course. Then, the experimental group received the treatment, which was teaching grammar through using syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations while the control group was taught using traditional methods of teaching. After 20 sessions of treatment, the two groups were administered the same teacher-made grammar test as post-test. Data were analyzed by Paired and Independent Samples t-­test. The findings showed that the experimental group significantly performed better than the control group. Generally, the experimental groups outperformed the control groups. The results suggest that syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations can be used in English classes to develop listening grammar ability among Iranian EFL learners.
Older and contemporary attempts for inertial propulsion

In this paper we review and critically present the state-of-the-art of inertial propulsion means, which may cause motion of the object to which they are attached. At the same time, we indirectly overview some other advanced propulsion systems by direct reference to the main bibliography. First we refer to the rotation of two synchronized masses that move along a circular path (Dean-drive). We prove that they can conditionally cause motion of the object and temporal lift. We also present some of our previous results concerning masses moving along a figure-eight-shaped path on the surface of a hemisphere, which also rotates around the axis of symmetry. We give particular attention to the proper synchronization that may instantly cause loss of weight or create such instability so as the object can be easily displaced by external means. Since the rotation is the key to the inertial propulsion, we discuss the role of the rotation in gyros as well as the possibility of the existence of an aetherometric mesh or the possible influence of time dilation, as claimed by others. This work is an extension of a one-hour presentation at the conference SPESIF-2011 (March 15-17, 2011, at University of Maryland, USA).
On the rotation sets of homeomorphisms and flows on tori

We study the rotation sets for homeomorphisms homotopic to the identity on the torus T, d ≥ 2. In the conservative setting, we prove that there exists a Baire residual subset of the set Homeo0,λ(T) of conservative homeomorphisms homotopic to the identity so that the set of points with wild pointwise rotation set is a Baire residual subset in T, and that it carries full topological pressure and full metric mean dimension. Moreover, we prove that, for every d ≥ 2, the rotation set of C-generic conservative homeomorphisms on T is convex. Related results are obtained in the case of dissipative homeomorphisms on tori. The previous results rely on the description of the topological complexity of the set of points with wild historic behavior and on the denseness of periodic measures for continuous maps with the gluing orbit property (on chain recurrent classes).
Clinico-Surgical Factors Affecting Surgical Site Infection in Colorectal Surgical Procedures

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the third most common nosocomial infections, accounting for 38% of nosocomial infections among surgical patients. SSIs after colorectal surgical procedures are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, hospital stay and cost of treatment. The various risk factors for the development of SSI depend upon the patient characteristics as well as the surgical procedure. Aims and objectives: To study the incidence of SSI and various clinico-surgical factors affecting the occurrence of SSI in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Material and methods: This 2 year prospective study included total of 350 patients who underwent different types of colorectal surgical procedures depending on the underlying pathology. Parameters studied were age, sex, BMI, nutritional status, smoking history, ASA grade, associated co-morbidities, type of surgical approach (open or laparoscopic) and mean operating time. Postoperatively patients were followed for development of any SSI and data as such collected was subjected to various statistical analysis tests and preoperative risk factors were correlated with postoperative SSI taking into consideration the statistically significant results only where p-value was <0.05. Results: Total of 350 patients were included in this hospital based prospective study from June 2013 to May 2015. The overall incidence of SSI in our study was 17.4%. Rate of SSI in patients with some associated co-morbidity was 21.5% while as it is about 14.1% in the patients without any comorbidity. However we did not find any statistically significant correlation of SSI with smoking status, surgical settings (elective vs emergency) and surgical approach (open vs laparoscopic). SSI rate in patients with BMI>25 was 29.2% while it was 11.3% in patients with BMI<25 (p-value of 0.01). SSI developed in 14.1% patients with ASA grade-I and 21.9% patients with ASA grade-II and none in ASA grade-III. With respect to age group the incidence of SSI in our study was highest in age group 75-95 (66.7%) and lowest in youngest age group 15-35 (10.6%); (p-value of 0.001). Also mean operating time was higher in patients that developed SSI (179.54±37.21) as compared to those that didn’t develop SSI (156.33±49.58); (p value=0.012). Incidence of SSI in our study was 5.9% in well built patients and 33.3% in under-nourished patients (p-value 0.0001). Conclusion: Overall incidence of SSI in our study (17.4%) is comparable to that reported in literature. The incidence of SSI is significantly higher in patients with higher BMI (obese patients), with higher mean operating time, higher age-group patients and in under-nourished patients. Keywords
The Tahoe Study: bias in the interpretation of Papanicolaou test results when human papillomavirus status is known.

CONTEXT Knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) status is expected to bias the morphologic evaluation of Papanicolaou (Pap) test results. OBJECTIVE To characterize Pap test result interpretive bias when the HPV status is known at the microscopic evaluation. DESIGN Forty HPV-positive liquid-based Pap test results initially interpreted as negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion or malignancy were selected from a quality assurance program, separated into 2 groups of 20 slides each, and circulated in 2 groups to 22 members of the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee. Each member reviewed each case and indicated whether the result was negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion or malignancy or was an epithelial cell abnormality (ECA). The participants assessed the severity of ECAs using the Bethesda System. The participants were not informed of the HPV status in the initial review round. Each group of 20 slides was then distributed to the opposite group (to avoid slide recall), and the participants were informed that all slides were from patients who were high-risk HPV positive. Differences in the responses between groups were analyzed by χ(2) test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test at the . 05 significance level. RESULTS Without knowledge of the HPV status, slides were more often categorized as negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion or malignancy and less likely identified as an ECA (P < .001). There was an increase across all categories of ECAs in the biased responses compared with the unbiased responses (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of positive HPV status biases morphologic Pap test result interpretation. If the HPV status is positive, observers are more likely to report a Pap test result as abnormal across all categories of ECAs.
International Literature Review on WHODAS II (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II)

This review is a critical analysis regarding the study and utilization of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II) as a basis for establishing specific criteria for evaluating relevant international scientific literature. The WHODAS II is an instrument developed by the World Health Organisation in order to assess behavioural limitations and restrictions related to an individual’s participation, independent from a medical diagnosis. This instrument was developed by the WHO’s Assessment, Classification and Epidemiology Group within the framework of the WHO/NIH Joint Project on Assessment and Classification of Disablements. To ascertain the international dissemination level of for WHODAS II’s utilization and, at the same time, analyse the studies regarding the psychometric validation of the WHODAS II translation and adaptation in other languages and geographical contests. Particularly, our goal is to highlight which psychometric features have been investigated, focusing on the factorial structure, the reliability, and the validity of this instrument. International literature was researched through the main data bases of indexed scientific production: the Cambridge Scientific Abstracts ‐ CSA, PubMed, and Google Scholar, from 1990 through to December 2008. The following search terms were used: “whodas”, in the field query, plus “title” and “abstract”.
Risk factors for complications in donors at first and repeat whole blood donation: a cohort study with assessment of the impact on donor return.

BACKGROUND First-time donation is among recognised risk factors for vasovagal reactions to blood donation and reactions are known to reduce donor return. We assessed associations between potential risk factors and vasovagal reactions and needle-related complications in first-time whole blood donation in comparison to repeat donation and analysed the impact of complications on donor return. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a cohort study on whole blood donations in The Netherlands from 1/1/2010 to 31/12/2010 using data extracted from the blood service information system. Donation data up to 31/12/2011 were used to ascertain donor return. RESULTS In 2010 28,786 donors made first whole blood donations and there were 522,958 repeat donations. Vasovagal reactions occurred in 3.9% of first donations by males and 3.5% of first donations by females compared to in 0.2% and 0.6%, respectively, of repeat donations. Associations of vasovagal reactions with other factors including age, body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were similar in first-time and repeat donors. Needle-related complications occurred in 0.2% of male and 0.5% of female first-time donations and in 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, of repeat donations. Among first-time donors, the return rate within 1 year was 82% following an uncomplicated first donation, but 55% and 61% following vasovagal reactions and needle-related complications, respectively; the corresponding percentages among repeat donors were 86%, 58% and 82%. DISCUSSION Among first-time donors, females suffered less than males from vasovagal reactions. Other risk factors had similar associations among first-time and repeat donors. Vasovagal reactions and needle-related complications in both first-time and repeat donors are followed by reduced donor return.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Genetic and Inherited Diseases Induction of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation in Mice Transgenic for Mutant Human P301S Tau Protein

Mice transgenic for human P301S tau protein exhibit many characteristics of the human tauopathies, including the formation of abundant filaments made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and neurodegeneration leading to nerve cell loss. At 5 months of age, the pathological changes are most marked in brainstem and spinal cord. Here we show that these changes are accompanied by marked neuroinflammation. Many tau-positive nerve cells in brainstem and spinal cord were strongly immunoreactive for interleukin-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, indicating induction and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes. In parallel , numerous activated microglial cells were present throughout brain and spinal cord of transgenic mice, where they concentrated around tau-positive nerve cells. These findings suggest that inflammation may play a significant role in the events leading to neurodegeneration in the tauopathies and that anti-inflammatory compounds may have therapeutic potential. (Am J Pathol 2004, 165:1643–1652)
Latent Membrane Protein 1 Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle Induction and Progress via Different Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a potent growth-transforming agent of human B cells. It has previously been shown that viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is essential for EBV-induced transformation of normal B cells and contributes to maintenance of latency in vitro. Using the EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma line P3HR1-c16, which lacks LMP1 during latency and which can readily be activated into virus-productive lytic cycle, we found that LMP1 inhibits lytic cycle induction via the transcription factor NF-κB. In addition, LMP1 inhibits lytic cycle progress via two distinct NF-κB-independent mechanisms: one involving the cytosolic C-terminal activating regions and the other involving the transmembrane region of LMP1. These findings indicate that in B cells EBV self-limits its lytic cycle via three distinct LMP1-mediated mechanisms.