Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CO Emission in Infrared-selected Active Galactic Nuclei

In order to better understand how active galactic nuclei (AGNs) affect the interstellar media of their host galaxies, we perform a meta-analysis of the CO emission for a sample of z = 0.01–4 galaxies from the literature with existing CO detections and well-constrained AGN contributions to the infrared (67 galaxies). Using either Spitzer/IRS mid-infrared spectroscopy or Spitzer+Herschel colors we determine the fraction of the infrared luminosity in each galaxy that can be attributed to heating by the AGNs or stars. We calculate new average CO spectral line ratios (primarily from Carilli & Walter) to uniformly scale the higher-J CO detections to the ground state and accurately determine our sample’s molecular gas masses. We do not find significant differences in the gas depletion timescales/star formation efficiencies as a function of the mid-infrared AGN strength (f(AGN)MIR or LIR (AGN)), which indicates that the presence of an infrared-bright AGN is not a sufficient signpost of galaxy quenching. We also find that the dust-to-gas ratio is consistent for all sources, regardless of AGN emission, redshift, or LIR, indicating that dust is likely a reliable tracer of gas mass for massive dusty galaxies (albeit with a large degree of scatter). Finally, if we classify galaxies as either AGN or star formation dominated, we do not find a robust statistically significant difference between their CO excitation.
A critique of the DeepSec Platform for Security Analysis of Deep Learning Models

At IEEE SP (2) evaluates attacks and defenses using incorrect implementations that greatly under-estimate their effectiveness; (3) evaluates the robustness of each defense as an average, not based on the most effective attack against that defense; (4) performs several statistical analyses incorrectly and fails to report variance; and, (5) as a result of these errors draws invalid conclusions and makes sweeping generalizations.
Plasmon lifetime enhancement in a bright-dark mode coupled system

Metallic nanoparticles can localize the incident light to hotspots as plasmon oscillations, where the intensity can be increased up to four orders of magnitude. Even though the lifetime of plasmons are typically short, it can be increased via interactions with quantum emitters, e.g. spaser nano-lasers. However, molecules can bleach in days. Here, we study the lifetime enhancement of plasmon excitations due to the coupling with longer lifetime dark plasmon modes. Exact solutions of the 3D Maxwell equations, i.e. FDTD, demonstrates that the lifetime of the coupled system increases, as also predicted by a basic oscillator model. We report an optimum bright-dark plasmon mode coupling, where lifetime enhancement becomes maximum, and show that no precise positioning of the nanostructures is required to obtain enhanced lifetime.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factors: a focus on endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s).

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is defined as the non-nitric oxide (NO) and non-prostacyclin (PGI2) substance that mediates endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Although both NO and PGI2 have been demonstrated to hyperpolarize VSMC by cGMP- and cAMP-dependent mechanisms, respectively, and in the case of NO by cGMP-independent mechanisms, a considerable body of evidence suggests that an additional cellular mechanism must exist that mediates EDH. Despite intensive investigation, there is no agreement as to the nature of the cellular processes that mediates the non-NO/PGI2 mediated hyperpolarization. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), an endogenous anandamide, a small increase in the extracellular concentration of K+, and electronic coupling via myoendothelial cell gap junctions have all been hypothesized as contributors to EDH. An attractive hypothesis is that EDH is mediated via both chemical and electrical transmissions, however, the contribution from chemical mediators versus electrical transmission varies in a tissue- and species-dependent manner, suggesting vessel-specific specialization. If this hypothesis proves to be correct then the potential exists for the development of vessel and organ-selective vasodilators. Because endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is dysfunctional in disease states (i.e., atherosclerosis), selective vasodilators may prove to be important therapeutic agents.
Management of the undescended testis in relation to the development of cancer

The undescended testis carries an increased risk of cancer; however, the exact individual risk of a cryptorchist during his life to develop cancer is unknown. The risk of developing cancer can be calculated from three important figures: (a) the number of cryptorchists in the population; (b) the number of malignant testicular tumors found in undescended testicles; and (c) the number of testicular tumors per annum. In the literature, a 48 times increased chance to develop testicular cancer is accepted; it is a high risk which is contrary to the fact that a malignant cryptorchid testis is a very rare disease. Based on the estimated risk for the cryptorchist in the Netherlands to develop testicular cancer, this article criticizes the value of the figures that are generally used to calculate the individual risk; it is concluded that even today the exact risk is unknown. In giving advice concerning the management of undescended testis, one must appreciate not only the supposed cancer risk, but also take into consideration morbidity and mortality after prophylactic orchidectomy and improved cure rates after electively treated testicular tumors.
Study on a Spinorial Representation of Linear Canonical Transformation

This work is a continuation of our previous works concerning linear canonical transformations and phase space representation of quantum theory. It is mainly focused on the description of an approach which allows to establish spinorial representation of linear canonical transformations. This description is started with the presentation of a suitable parameterization of linear canonical transformations which permits to represent them with special pseudo-orthogonal transformations in an operator space. Then the establishment of the spinorial representation is deduced using the well-known relation existing between special pseudo-orthogonal and spin groups. The cases of one dimension and general multidimensional theory are both studied.
Availability-Based Production Predicts Speakers' Real-time Choices of Mandarin Classifiers

Speakers often face choices as to how to structure their intended message into an utterance. Here we investigate the influence of contextual predictability on the encoding of linguistic content manifested by speaker choice in a classifier language. In English, a numeral modifies a noun directly (e.g., three computers). In classifier languages such as Mandarin Chinese, it is obligatory to use a classifier (CL) with the numeral and the noun (e.g., three CL.machinery computer, three CL.general computer). While different nouns are compatible with different specific classifiers, there is a general classifier "ge" (CL.general) that can be used with most nouns. When the upcoming noun is less predictable, the use of a more specific classifier would reduce surprisal at the noun thus potentially facilitate comprehension (predicted by Uniform Information Density, Levy & Jaeger, 2007), but the use of that more specific classifier may be dispreferred from a production standpoint if accessing the general classifier is always available (predicted by Availability-Based Production; Bock, 1987; Ferreira & Dell, 2000). Here we use a picture-naming experiment showing that Availability-Based Production predicts speakers' real-time choices of Mandarin classifiers.
The association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the nuclear factor erythroid derived-2 like 2 (Nrf-2) gene with adverse drug reactions, multimorbidity and frailty in older people.

Susceptibility to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), multimorbidity, and frailty are associated with human ageing, yet there is wide variation in the severity and age at which individuals are afflicted. Identifying genetic markers of increased risk of this phenotype would help stratify individuals to specialist interventions. Nuclear factor erythroid derived-2 like 2 (Nrf2) regulates a cell's response to stressors, including the expression of enzymes involved in drug-metabolism. Its expression has been shown to decline in animal ageing models. In this study we tested the hypothesis that Nrf2 gene transcription/translation decline in human ageing, and that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Nrf2 gene are associated with increased ADR risk, multi-morbidity, and frailty in older people. Gene expression and protein levels were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) donated from healthy patients aged 18-80 years old. Nrf2 genotypes were determined at three loci in a sub-population of patients recruited to the PRIME study (a multicentre prospective cohort study that followed older adults for 8-weeks post-discharge to determine ADR). Both Nrf2 gene and protein expression declined significantly with age in human PBMCs. In the PRIME sub-study population, the rs35652124 Nrf2 SNP was associated with increased ADR risk, and decreased frailty and multi-morbidity scores.
NEOPLASTIC RISK AMONG WORKERS EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE

As early as 1930 the first adverse health effects of vinyl chloride (VC) were reported. ' Since then, numerous observations and studies have indicated a wide range of toxicity attributable to the effects of VC on the central nervous system, the liver, the bones of the fingers, and the Lately, the spectrum of known toxic effects of VC broadened to include malignant neoplasms. Viola et al.," in 1971, reported the induction of tumors of the skin, lungs, and bones in rats exposed by inhalation to 30,000 ppm of VC for twelve months. However, widespread acceptance of the carcinogenic activity of VC did not occur until early in 1974 after the announcement of three cases of liver angiosarcoma among workers at a single VC polymerization facility in the U.S.A. " About the same time, Maltoni reported the same cancerous hepatic effect in animals following exposure by inhalation to VC.13 Shortly thereafter, Maltoni and Lefemine l 4 and Keplinger et al.15 reported the induction of tumors of the brain, kidney, liver, lung, and lymphatic system in mice, rats, and hamsters exposed to VC by inhalation. Consequently, an epidemiological evaluation was undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to assess the magnitude and spectrum of neoplastic effects in workers exposed to VC. This study included industrial hygiene surveys, retrospective cohort analyses of mortality patterns, and histopathologic evaluation of tumors.
Quality of life and psychological morbidity in patients with superficial cutaneous dermatophytosis

We are facing an onslaught of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis in epidemic proportions never encountered previously. There is a dearth of studies assessing the quality of life (QoL) and psychological morbidity in patients with superficial dermatophytosis. Our aim was to assess QoL and psychological morbidity in a sample of Indian patients suffering from dermatophytosis by using Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), respectively. This was a single‐centre, cross‐sectional study where consecutive patients of first episode, chronic or recurrent dermatophytosis were invited to participate. In addition to DLQI and GHQ12, patients' demographic data, duration and symptoms of dermatophyte infection, were also documented and recorded in the case record form. We recruited 196 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria. The mean total DLQI score was 13.41 ± 7.56 (range 0‐30). The main items in the questionnaire influenced by the disease were “symptoms and feelings,” followed by “daily activities,” “leisure” and “personal relationships. ” Age of the patient and body surface area involved had a significant impact on the QoL in our study (P ≤ 0.05). The mean GHQ‐12 score was 16.98; 84.9% of patients had a score higher than or equal to 12 indicating significant psychological distress. GHQ‐12 was found to have significant correlation with the DLQI score. Quality of life issues and psychosocial aspect should be considered while managing dermatophytosis as education about the disease, its management and prognosis may go a long way in improving the adherence to treatment and overall outcome in these patients.
How do first‐line managers in elderly care experience their work situation from a structural and psychological empowerment perspective? An interview study

Abstract Background The work situation for first‐line managers in elderly care is complex and challenging. Little is known about these managers' work situation from a structural and psychological empowerment perspective. Aim To describe first‐line managers' experiences of their work situation in elderly care from a structural and psychological empowerment perspective. Method Interviews from 14 female first‐line managers were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results The theme described the managers' work situation as “It's not easy, but it's worth it. ” In the four subthemes, the managers described their work in terms of “Enjoying a meaningful job,” “A complex and demanding responsibility that allows great authority within set boundaries,” “Supported by other persons, organisational preconditions and confidence in their own abilities” and “Lacking organisational preconditions, but developing strategies for dealing with the situations. ” Conclusion The managers described having various amounts of access to structural empowerment and experienced a feeling of meaning, competence, self‐determination and impact, that is, psychological empowerment in their work. Implications for nursing management It is vital that first‐line managers have access to organisational support. Therefore, upper management and first‐line managers need to engage in continuous dialogue to customize the support given to each first‐line manager.
Promoter polymorphism at the tumour necrosis factor/lymphotoxin-alpha locus is associated with type of diabetes but not with susceptibility to sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy

Aim: To investigate, in a large cohort of 2494 individuals with diabetes mellitus, whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) genes are associated with type of diabetes or presence of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A total of 334 type 1 diabetes and 999 type 2 diabetes participants with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and 260 type 1 diabetes and 901 type 2 diabetes participants with no diabetic retinopathy or minimal non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1800629 and rs361525). Results: The A allele of rs1800629 was associated with type 1 diabetes (p < 0.001; odds ratio = 0.62). After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, hypertension and nephropathy, no significant association was found between rs1800629 or rs361525 and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: An association between the A allele of rs1800629 and type of diabetes was found. No association was found between two promoter variants of TNF and LTA, and diabetic retinopathy in a large cohort of Caucasian patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Time‐dependent enhancement or inhibition of endotoxin‐induced vascular injury in rat intestine by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

1 The effects of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) and NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA), on the vascular damage induced by the endotoxin, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the ileum and colon were investigated in the conscious rat over a 5 h period. 2 Administration of LPS (3 mg kg−1, i.v.) increased ileal and colonic vascular injury after a lag period of 2 h, as determined by the leakage of radiolabeled albumin. 3 Administration of l‐NAME (1–5 mg kg−1, s.c.) concurrently with LPS, produced a dose‐dependent increase in vascular albumin leakage in the intestinal tissues, when determined over a 5h period. Vascular albumin leakage with LPS and l‐NAME (5 mg kg−1) was substantially increased after 1 h, reached maximal levels 3 h after administration, and then slowly declined. 4 l‐NMMA (50 mg kg−1, s.c.), likewise elevated intestinal albumin leakage when administered concurrently with LPS, but this reached maximal levels after 1 h and rapidly declined over the subsequent 2 h. 5 In control rats, in the absence of LPS challenge, neither l‐NAME (5 mg kg−1, s.c.) nor l‐NMMA (50 mg kg−1, s.c.) increased intestinal vascular leakage of albumin over a 5h period. 6 By contrast, when l‐NAME (1–5 mg kg−1, s.c.) or l‐NMMA (12.5–50 mg kg−1, s.c.) was injected 3 h after LPS, a dose‐dependent reduction in the LPS‐provoked vascular albumin leakage was observed. 7 Pretreatment with l‐arginine (300 mg kg−1, s.c.) 15 min prior to the NO synthase inhibitors, reversed either the potentiation or the inhibition by l‐NAME (5 mg kg−1, s.c.) or l‐NMMA (50 mg kg−1, s.c.) of the LPS‐induced intestinal vascular damage. 8 These findings indicate that initial suppression of the constitutive NO synthase by l‐NAME or l‐NMMA following challenge with LPS aggravates the acute vascular injury in the ileum and colon, suggesting a defensive role of NO. By contrast, the delayed administration of NO synthase inhibitors, at a time of known expression of the inducible NO synthase, provides protection against the subsequent damage to the intestinal vasculature.
An alternative method of particulate fluorescent tracer analysis in sediments using a microplate fluorimeter

Conservative particulate fluorescent tracers (e.g. luminophores and microspheres) are commonly used in a wide range of sediment transport studies. Traditionally, their spatial redistribution is estimated by counting them in sediments under ultraviolet light (e.g. by epifluorescence microscopy), a time‐consuming but effective method. While alternative methods have recently been developed (e.g. photodetection, digital image analyses), this ‘classical’ counting method remains the most commonly used. This article describes an alternative procedure for measuring the concentration of fluorescent tracers (here, microspheres) using a microplate fluorimeter. This technique enables simultaneous analysis of numerous samples while reducing the sediment preparation and quantification time. After a calibration step from sediment samples with known microsphere content, the method was validated by comparing results from the epifluorescence microscopy method. Different adjustments were also reported, as well as application examples. The different calibration tests showed high linear relationships between the microsphere concentration of sediment samples and the measured fluorimetric intensities (R2 ∼0.99) with a detection limit of 6%. In comparison with the previously used method, very similar results were obtained, as illustrated in recent studies using both luminophores and microspheres. The rapid and reliable method proposed here will enable increasingly complex experiments to be performed with less time‐consuming qualitative analyses.
PARALLEL ORGANIZATION OF SOMATOSENSORY CORTICAL AREAS I AND II FOR TACTILE PROCESSING

1. The two principal tactile processing areas in the cerebral cortex, somatosensory areas I and II, receive direct projections from the thalamus and, as well, are linked through intracortical reciprocal connections. Tactile information may therefore be conveyed to SII, for example, over either a direct path from the thalamus or an indirect, or serial, path from the thalamus via SI.
A comprehensive map of human elastin cross‐linking during elastogenesis

Elastin is an essential structural protein in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates. It is the core component of elastic fibers, which enable connective tissues such as those of the skin, lungs or blood vessels to stretch and recoil. This function is provided by elastin's exceptional properties, which mainly derive from a unique covalent cross‐linking between hydrophilic lysine‐rich motifs of units of the monomeric precursor tropoelastin. To date, elastin's cross‐linking is poorly investigated. Here, we purified elastin from human tissue and cleaved it into soluble peptides using proteases with different specificities. We then analyzed elastin's molecular structure by identifying unmodified residues, post‐translational modifications and cross‐linked peptides by high‐resolution mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis. The data revealed the presence of multiple isoforms in parallel and a complex and heterogeneous molecular interconnection. We discovered that the same lysine residues in different monomers were simultaneously involved in various cross‐link types or remained unmodified. Furthermore, both types of cross‐linking domains, Lys‐Pro and Lys‐Ala domains, participate not only in bifunctional inter‐ but also in intra‐domain cross‐links. We elucidated the sequences of several desmosine‐containing peptides and the contribution of distinct domains such as 6, 14 and 25. In contrast to earlier assumptions proposing that desmosine cross‐links are formed solely between two domains, we elucidated the structure of a peptide that proves a desmosine formation with participation of three Lys‐Ala domains. In summary, these results provide new and detailed insights into the cross‐linking process, which takes place within and between human tropoelastin units in a stochastic manner.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Enrofloxacin in Southern Crested Caracaras (Caracara plancus)

Abstract: To determine the dosage of enrofloxacin in southern crested caracaras (Caracara plancus), plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after intravenous (IV) (5 mg/kg) and intramuscular (IM) (10 mg/kg) administration. This compound presented a relatively high volume of distribution (2.09 L/kg), a total body clearance of 0.24 L/kg·h, and a long permanence as shown by an elimination half-life of 7.81 hours after IV administration and a terminal half-life of 6.58 hours after IM administration. The areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC) were 21.92 and 34.38 μg·h/mL for IM and IV administration, respectively. Enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed after IM administration with a time to reach maximum concentration of 0.72 hours and bioavailability of 78.76%. After IM administration, the peak drug concentration (Cmax) was 3.92 μg/mL. Values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Cmax, and AUC have been used to predict the clinical efficacy of a drug in treating bacterial infections, with a Cmax/MIC value of 10 and an AUC/MIC ratio of 125–250 associated with optimal bactericidal effects. By using the study data and a MIC breakpoint of 0.25 μg/mL, values of Cmax/MIC were 13.74 and 15.94 and for AUC/MIC were 90.73 and 139.63, for the IV and IM routes respectively. For the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms with MIC ≤0.25 μg/mL, the calculated optimal dosages were 7.5 and 9.5 mg/kg q24h by the IV and IM routes, respectively. For less susceptible bacteria, a dose increase should be evaluated. To treat caracara by the IV route against microorganisms with MIC ≤0.25 μg/mL, the dose should be higher than the 5 mg/kg used in our study, but possible side effects derived from an increase in the IV dose and efficacy in sick birds should be assessed.