Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy Compensation in Direction Finding Using Patch Antenna Array With EBG Structure

This letter discusses a direction finding using a patch antenna array with an electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structure. The super-resolution algorithm MUSIC is considered as an example of an adaptive nulling. Our numerical investigation shows the accuracy and depth of MUSIC spectrum is degraded due to the perturbation of surface wave, which is attributed to the insertion of EBG structure. Then, a simple compensation scheme is proposed for an appropriate direction finding, and its effectiveness is demonstrated computationally.
Contextualizing Immigrant Labor Market Incorporation

This article provides the Work and Occupations readership with an overview of U.S. immigration trends, and it discusses some of the scholarly and public policy debates surrounding the particular labor market patterns of recent immigrants. The first section focuses on how the history of U.S. immigration policy has shaped the flow and composition of today’s foreign-born workers. The second section underscores some of the demographic and economic consequences of recent large-scale immigration. The third section draws on census data to profile contemporary immigrant workers. The remainder of the article highlights the major empirical and theoretical contributions that each article makes toward understanding how different immigrant groups become inserted into U.S. employment structures. Then, it discusses recent debates in the literature on immigration and labor markets with an eye toward the current and future role of immigration policy.
The Use of Literature and Literary Texts in the EFL Classroom; Between Consensus and Controversy

This article provides a review of ideas and research regarding the role of literature in the EFL university classroom. After a brief historical overview of the question of using literature in the language classroom, the article discusses the reasons for the demise and resurrection of literature as an input for language classes. Right after that, the article deals with advantages and drawbacks of using literary texts as language tools by means of drawing on recent ideas on language teaching practice and theories. Finally, in a practical move, this paper depicts the past and current approaches to teaching literature in language teaching classes.
The role of incretins in salt-sensitive hypertension: the potential use of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors

Purpose of reviewIncretin mimetics, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic &bgr; cells, incretins have apparent extrapancreatic functions beyond glycemic control. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the blood-pressure-lowering effects of incretins and DPP-IV inhibitors in patients who are obese, diabetic, or have metabolic syndrome. Recent findingsClinical studies have indicated that GLP-1 and its analogues lower blood pressure in patients with T2DM, particularly in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension. DPP-IV inhibitors also appear to elicit a similar blood-pressure-lowering effect. In animal models of salt-sensitive hypertension, incretins appear to induce their antihypertensive effects by inhibiting the proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, and thereby increasing urinary excretion of sodium. These data suggest that the local actions of incretins may be via their key role in regulating natriuresis and lowering blood pressure. SummaryIncretin mimetics and DPP-IV inhibitors are a novel class of antihypertensive drugs with natriuretic properties. They can be used in the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension, which is characterized by edema.
Time-spread echo method for digital audio watermarking using PN sequences

Conventional watermarking techniques based on echo hiding provide many benefits, but with several weak points, for example, a lenient decoding process, weakness against multiple encoding attack, etc. In this paper, to improve the weak points of conventional echo hiding, we propose a time-spread echo as an alternative to the conventional echo in the echo hiding. Spreading an echo is performed in the impulse response domain using PN sequences. We also evaluate the characteristics of the proposed method as a function of two parameters: gain and length of PN sequences used in spreading an echo. The proposed method is expected to provide more natural and colorless sounds as well as better imperceptibility of distortion as compared with conventional echo hiding.
Estimates of the Social Cost of Carbon: Concepts and Results from the DICE-2013R Model and Alternative Approaches

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is an important concept for understanding and implementing climate change policies. This term represents the economic cost caused by an additional ton of carbon dioxide emissions (or more succinctly carbon) or its equivalent. The present study describes the development of the concept, provides examples of its use in current US regulator policies, examines its analytical background, and estimates the SCC using an updated integrated assessment model, the DICE-2013R model. The study estimates that the SCC is $18.6 per ton of CO2 in 2005 US dollars and international prices for the current period (2015). For the central case, the real SCC grows at 3% per year over the period to 2050. The major open issues concerning the SCC continue to be the appropriate discount rate, the potential for catastrophic damages, the impact of incomplete harmonization of abatement policies, and the effects of distortionary taxes.
Policy, Preferences, and Patriarchy: The Division of Domestic Labor in East Germany, West Germany, and the United States

Individual agency observed in the gendered division of labor is shaped by structural factors, but only recently has evidence emerged that the effect of women's resources varies systematically in its sociopolitical context. Here we use the 1994 International Social Survey Program to assess whether the relative effect of a proxy for women's and men's preferences—hallmark of individual choice—varies as well across three countries with divergent historical policy approaches regarding the private sphere. East German socialist policies required and supported women's employment; West German policy promulgated a male breadwinner model, and U.S. policy primarily remains silent on the private sphere. The division of domestic tasks and relative strength of individual preferences on shifting it vary by region. In the former East Germany the division of domestic labor is more egalitarian and the effect of preferences is small but equal for the genders. In West Germany the division is more traditional and preference effects are greater, but gender differences in these are insignificant. The U.S. division of domestic task falls between the two German regions, and the gender difference in preference effects is the greatest, with U.S. men's preferences predicting significantly more variance than do U.S. women's. Consequently, allowing the market to dominate does not yield equal strength of preferences in the individual-level models used to predict the division of domestic tasks. This supports the dual-system feminist claims that capitalism can exacerbate nonmarket patriarchal hierarchies.
Modelling Trade Duration in U.S. Treasury Markets

This paper models the trading intensity of the US Treasury bond market, which has a unique expandable limit order book that distinguishes it from other asset markets. The results indicate that trade duration exhibits significant clustering and that the time taken to expand the tradable volume, known as 'workup', significantly decreases the time between the initiation of consecutive trades. Finally, we find that trade duration falls in the presence of scheduled news releases, but the size of the surprise in that news release is not found to be important.
Operational and contextual drivers of hospital costs.

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically how operational performance and contextual factors contribute to differences in overall patient care costs across different hospitals. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Administrative data are employed from a sample of hospitals in New York State to construct measures of contextual factors, operational performance, and cost per patient. Operational performance and cost variables are adjusted to account for case mix differences across hospitals. Hierarchical regression is used to analyze the effects of contextual and operational variables on cost performance. FINDINGS Increased length of stay, increased patient volume, and educational mission were associated with higher cost per patient. Mortality performance was associated with lower cost per patient. However, it was not found that location, size, or ownership status had a significant relationship with cost performance. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This paper identifies several significant relationships between contextual and operational variables and hospital costs. From a managerial perspective, these findings highlight the fact that some drivers of cost in hospitals are under the control of managers. One of the primary cost drivers in the study is length of stay, which implies that there is significant room for improvement in healthcare performance through a focus on operational excellence. ORIGINALITY/VALUE For researchers, the present study highlights the relative importance of operational versus contextual factors, with respect to cost performance in hospitals. The results of this study also provide direction for additional research into the role operational performance might play in determining the overall organizational performance in a hospital.
What Moves the Stock and Bond Markets? A Variance Decomposition for Long-Term Asset Returns

This paper uses a vector autoregressive model to decompose excess stock and 10-year bond returns into changes in expectations of future stock dividends, inflation, short-term real interest rates, and excess stock and bond returns. In monthly postwar U.S. data, stock and bond returns are driven largely by news about future excess stock returns and inflation, respectively. Real interest rates have little impact on returns, although they do affect the short-term nominal interest rate and the slope of the term structure. These findings help to explain the low correlation between excess stock and bond returns.
The impact of the financial crisis on happiness in affluent European countries

The impact of income on happiness has received much academic attention. In general, countries with a higher income per capita have higher levels of happiness; nevertheless, as Easterlin has observed, an increase in income is not necessarily correlated with an increase in happiness. Easterlin's paradox has been central to the debate. By contrast, studies do not, in general, analyse the opposite situation; that is, whether a decline in income will have a negative impact on the level of happiness. Based upon recent data from the European Social Survey this article tries to fill this gap by looking at changes in happiness in the wake of the recent financial crisis and consequent change in income as measured by gross domestic product per capita. The article, using data for 15 European countries released in 2011 covering the year 2010, concludes that such a causal relationship cannot be confirmed on the basis of the present limited data. The reason why the relationship cannot be confirmed needs to be explored further.
Benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide-haemoglobin and albumin adducts at low levels of benzo(a)pyrene exposure

A biomonitoring study was conducted to simultaneously measure individual benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) exposure in 50 office employees, not occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), using personal samplers and the formation of (+) r-7, t-8-dihyroxy-t-9,t-10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) adducts to haemoglobin (BPDE–Hb) and serum albumin (BPDE–SA). The population enrolled was exposed to an average of 0.58 ± 0.46 ng BaP m−3 (mean ± SD). The concentration of BaP collected from smokers' samples was double that from non-smokers (P = 0.007). BPDE adducts to Hb and SA were quantified as BaP tetrols released from hydrolysis of macromolecules and measured by high-resolution gas chromatography–negative ion chemical ionization–mass spectrometry. BPDE–Hb adducts were detected in 16% of the population and BPDE–SA adducts in 28%. Smoking did not affect adduct formation. When BaP personal monitoring data were used as the criterion of exposure, no correlation was found with the presence and the levels of BPDE–Hb and BPDE–SA adducts. Undetected sources of PAH, such as the diet, might markedly alter the exposure profile depicted by individual air sampling and affect the frequency and levels of protein biomarkers. This is the first comparative analysis of BPDE–Hb and BPDE–SA adducts, providing reference values for these biomarkers in a general urban population. However it is difficult to establish which biomarkers would be the more relevant in assessing low BaP exposure, due to undetectable factors such as dietary PAHs, that might have influenced the results to some degree.
Flexible Work and Flexible Fathers

The expansion of the parental leave scheme in Norway, which now grants extensive rights to employed fathers, has occured in a period of great changes in working life. The equality politics of the welfare state have been explicitly focussed on bringing reproduction more into the open in working life by allowing mothers and fathers the right to stay at home on leave when they have children. To have working life adapt to family life is, however, in contrast with the new trends in working life whereby some workplaces are becoming more and more seductive and greedy. In this article we examine two different types of leave with regard to standardisation and flexibilisation, and ask what type is most successful considering central characteristics of late-modern working life such as individualism and choice, flexible working hours and boundless jobs. Findings show that the majority of fathers use the compulsory leave while the uptake of the flexible leave is inhibited by considerations of its impact on men's employment.
The horizontal vestibulo‐ocular reflex gain during active and passive high‐frequency head movements

Patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular loss complain of varying degrees of oscillopsia and balance difficulties. Some are able to engage in sporting activities while others are completely disabled. An assumption that other inputs are available to the vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) enabling it to achieve some degree of visual stability during high‐frequency head movement is reasonable. In this study, the gain of the horizontal vestibulo‐ocular reflex in 10 healthy subjects was examined during active high‐frequency head‐on‐body rotation (head free), and compared to high‐frequency passive whole‐body rotation (head fixed). A statistical difference in the gain (P<.002) was noted for all frequencies between the two groups. In those individuals undergoing passive whole‐body high‐frequency movements, the gain was observed to rise (above unity) with increasing frequency of rotation, while the gain during active head‐on‐body rotation remained close to 1.
Switzerland as a Single Metropolitan Area? A Study of its Commuting Network

Out of the many ingredients that together build urban areas, three deserve particular consideration as their relationship is evolving: the functional centrality, the morphology of built-up areas and the way of life. Those three characteristics do not necessarily match along territorial lines anymore. To overcome this limitation, this article suggests approaching urbanity in terms of cohesion. To illustrate this approach under a specific analytical point of view, the paper describes a cohesion index based on the commuter relationships between the Swiss communes from 1970 to 2000. For 2000, further distinction is made between car-based and public transport-based commuting patterns, which allowed discrimination between two scales of cohesiveness between the Swiss agglomerations.
Market Structure and Local Signal Carriage Decisions in the Cable Television Industry: Results From Count Analysis

Using historical data collected by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) in 1990 (GAO, 1990), a time when the must-carry rules were not in effect, this study empirically tested the effects of horizontal concentration, vertical integration, and other system-specific variables on cable operators' carriage decisions regarding local television stations. Results from the negative binomial regression model (a count model) indicate that horizontal concentration or firm size had a negative effect on cable system carriage of local broadcast stations, holding other factors constant. However, the study did not find any significant vertical integration effects on such carriage.
Structural Elucidation with NMR Spectroscopy: Practical Strategies for Organic Chemists

Practical strategies for the structural elucidation of small organic molecules are described for typical organic chemists. The analysis of an unknown is divided into three stages. First, structural connectivity is deduced from through-bond correlation experiments. Next, the relative stereochemistry is determined from NOE correlations and coupling constants (both proton–proton and proton–carbon). Finally, the proposed structure is verified by a careful inspection of all of the observed data. Tactics for the management of overlapping peaks, low sample concentrations, and high molecular weights are also described. This approach is illustrated by the step-by-step analyses of a simple test compound, menthol, and a complex polycyclic natural product, salvinorin A. Detailed procedures and sample data for menthol are provided as a practical tutorial. This will enable organic chemists to elucidate a wide range of complex structures by using modern NMR spectroscopic experiments. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Money and physical capital are complementary in kenya

In this paper, two models have been used to test the relevance of McKinnon's complementarity hypothesis in Kenya. In the first model, the demand for money has been included in the savings function and, simultaneously, the savings rate has been included in the real money balances function. In the second model, the investment variable has been included in the money demand function. Contrary to the results obtained from some previous studies, the paper finds strong support for McKinnon's complementarity hypothesis in both models. This applies irrespective of whether the models are estimated in a static long‐run formulation (cointegration model) or in the dynamic formulation (error correction model). The paper therefore concludes that money and physical capital are complementary in Kenya.
Structural Adjustment and the Fragile Nation: the Demise of Social Unity in Tanzania

Tanzania is one of the few African countries that has remained relatively calm since independence. However, its long history of ethnic, racial, and religious cohesion has begun to fray as the Government attempts to reform its ailing economy in accordance with World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionalities. This process offers an opportunity to explore the degree to which there is a causal link between liberal economic reform and social unity. This is especially relevant as many African régimes are implementing similar policy prescriptions in the form of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), the terms of which often depend on the minimal financial leverage that African negotiators have vis-à-vis the advanced industrial countries of the North.1 York Bradshaw and Zwelakhe Tshandu have argued that ‘the burgeoning debt crisis may represent the “new dependency” for many African countries which cannot acquire capital from other sources besides the IMF and the World Bank. ’
Seasoned Equity Offerings: What Firms Say, Do, and How the Market Reacts

Using a sample of 438 firms that issued seasoned equity, we investigate the ex ante reasons stated by the firm for the use of capital, the actual ex post use of funds, and the market reaction to this information. We find that, regardless of the stated use of funds, firms increase capital expenditures and research and development following an SEO. In addition, firms increase their long term debt following an SEO, even when the stated reason for the capital is to pay down debt. The market reacts more favorably to the anticipated investment increases if the firm provides specific plans for the use of the soon-to-be-raised capital. The evidence is consistent with the view that agency issues are important factors in SEOs.
The Correlation of the Perceived Leadership Style of Middle School Principals to Teacher Job Satisfaction and Efficacy.

This quantitative study addressed the idea that a middle school principal could possibly impact teacher effectiveness in the classroom through the relationship of the teacherperceived leadership style of the principal to teacher job satisfaction and efficacy. The sample consisted of 142 certified teachers from 8 public middle schools in an East Tennessee school district. Teachers completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, (Bass & Avolio, 2004) and the Job Satisfaction Survey, (Spector, 1994). Findings from this study suggest that the middle school teachers’ perceptions of their principal’s leadership did not have a statistically significant relationship to teacher job satisfaction. A new insight from this study suggests that principals should find ways to lead beyond teacher perceptions to address the needs of teachers in order to promote and encourage higher levels of teacher job satisfaction. Furthermore, findings from this study suggest that the middle school teachers’ perceptions of their principal’s leadership style had a statistically significant relationship to teacher efficacy. Findings from the exploratory question at the end of the surveys further validated this study by indicating teachers perceived their need for principal leadership to help them become more effective in the classroom by incorporating elements of both transformational and transactional leadership. This research may assist in developing leadership style training for principals desiring to indirectly influence academic achievement by influencing teacher job satisfaction and efficacy within their schools.
Refections on a Belfast Bus Tour

This reflexive essay considers how the continuity and change which are manifested in Belfast’s built environment in the present day were narrated during a guided bus tour of Belfast that I undertook as a part of my studies at Queen’s University, in February 2012. I suggest that while undoubtedly Belfast is changing for the better, many negative aspects remain, or are exacerbated, in the ‘post conflict’ city. Yet, I argue that what was presented by the tour guide was a skewed image of the city which did not take into account the everyday lived experiences of its inhabitants and offered a sanitised version of political, class and ethno-national divisions.