Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limitation of One-Dimensional Ocean Models for Coupled Hurricane–Ocean Model Forecasts

Abstract Wind stress imposed on the upper ocean by a hurricane can limit the hurricane’s intensity primarily through shear-induced mixing of the upper ocean and subsequent cooling of the sea surface. Since shear-induced mixing is a one-dimensional process, some recent studies suggest that coupling a one-dimensional ocean model to a hurricane model may be sufficient for capturing the storm-induced sea surface temperature cooling in the region providing heat energy to the hurricane. Using both a one-dimensional and a three-dimensional version of the same ocean model, it is shown here that the neglect of upwelling, which can only be captured by a three-dimensional ocean model, underestimates the storm-core sea surface cooling for hurricanes translating at <∼5 m s−1. For hurricanes translating at <2 m s−1, more than half of the storm-core sea surface cooling is neglected by the one-dimensional ocean model. Since the majority of hurricanes in the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean translate at <5 m s−1, the.
A class of measure-valued Markov chains and Bayesian nonparametrics

Measure-valued Markov chains have raised interest in Bayesian nonparametrics since the seminal paper by (Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 105 (1989) 579–585) where a Markov chain having the law of the Dirichlet process as unique invariant measure has been introduced. In the present paper, we propose and investigate a new class of measure-valued Markov chains defined via exchangeable sequences of random variables. Asymptotic properties for this new class are derived and applications related to Bayesian nonparametric mixture modeling, and to a generalization of the Markov chain proposed by (Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 105 (1989) 579–585), are discussed. These results and their applications highlight once again the interplay between Bayesian nonparametrics and the theory of measure-valued Markov chains.
Antimicrobial use in dairy cattle

Antimicrobials are among the most important advances in human and veterinary medicine. However, the use of virtually any antimicrobial that continue to grow leads to some potential for antimicrobial resistance, and concerns about the epidemic of resistance in human and animal pathogens, as well as the environment (Wernli et al ., 2011) . The impacts of antimicrobial resistance in dairy production are multiple, including treatment difficulties, the need for more expensive drugs or intensive treatments and negative public perceptions. It is well accepted that the main risk factor for this increase in resistance in pathogenic bacteria is the use of antimicrobials, prudent use, overuse and misuse all included (van den Bogaard and Stobberingh, 2000). This review aims to describe the current knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic usage in calves with diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease and cows with mastitis.
Variability of stratospheric mean age of air and of the local effects of residual circulation and eddy mixing

We analyze the variability of mean age of air (AoA) and of the local effects of the stratospheric residual circulation and eddy mixing on AoA within the framework of the isentropic zonal mean continuity equation. AoA for the period 1988–2013 has been simulated with the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS driven by ERA‐Interim winds and diabatic heating rates. Model simulated AoA in the lower stratosphere shows good agreement with both in situ observations and satellite observations from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, even regarding interannual variability and changes during the last decade. The interannual variability throughout the lower stratosphere is largely affected by the quasi‐biennial‐oscillation‐induced circulation and mixing anomalies, with year‐to‐year AoA changes of about 0.5 years. The decadal 2002–2012 change shows decreasing AoA in the lowest stratosphere, below about 450 K. Above, AoA increases in the Northern Hemisphere and decreases in the Southern Hemisphere. Mixing appears to be crucial for understanding AoA variability, with local AoA changes resulting from a close balance between residual circulation and mixing effects. Locally, mixing increases AoA at low latitudes (40°S–40°N) and decreases AoA at higher latitudes. Strongest mixing occurs below about 500 K, consistent with the separation between shallow and deep circulation branches. The effect of mixing integrated along the air parcel path, however, significantly increases AoA globally, except in the polar lower stratosphere. Changes of local effects of residual circulation and mixing during the last decade are supportive of a strengthening shallow circulation branch in the lowest stratosphere and a southward shifting circulation pattern above.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Oxygen Surface Exchange on La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-delta Thin Films

The thermodynamic properties as well as oxygen exchange kinetics were examined on mixed ionic and electronic conducting (cid:1) La 0.6 Sr 0.4 (cid:2) 0.99 FeO3 − (cid:1) (cid:1) LSF64 (cid:2) thin ﬁlms deposited on MgO single crystals. It is found that thin ﬁlms and bulk material have the same oxygen stoichiometry for a given temperature and oxygen partial pressure (cid:3) i.e., the incorporation reaction has the same reaction enthalpy (cid:1) (cid:2) H 0 = −105 KJ / mol (cid:2) and entropy (cid:1) (cid:2) S 0 = −75.5 J / mol / K (cid:2) as found for bulk material (cid:4) . The thin ﬁlm shows smaller apparent electrical conductivity than reported for bulk. This is due to imperfections in the ﬁlm, which is not totally dense and contains closed porosity. Electrical conductivity relaxation was used to determine the surface exchange coefﬁcient and its dependence on the temperature and oxygen partial pressure. Relaxation curves showed a good ﬁt to a simple exponential decay. The vacancy surface exchange coefﬁcient (cid:1) k V (cid:2) determined from K chem shows a slope (cid:1) log k V vs log P O 2 (cid:2) between 0.51 and 0.85. It is further found that k V is proportional to the product of the oxygen partial pressure and the vacancy concentration (cid:1) k V (cid:3) P O 2 (cid:1) (cid:4) (cid:2) . Different reaction mechanisms that can account for the observed P O 2 and (cid:1) -dependence of k V are analyzed. It is proposed that the vacancies are the active sites of adsorption of molecular oxygen This paper concentrates on investigation of thermodynamic as well as kinetic properties of an LSF64 thin ﬁlm and discusses possible reaction paths for the oxygen incorporation reaction. In the theory section and Appendix C different reasonable one-, two-, three-, and multistep mechanisms for the incorporation reaction are analyzed and expressions for the expected dependence on defects concentration and P O 2 of the exchange coefﬁcient are formulated.
Gross Anatomy of The Aortic Valve of Indigenous Cattle ( Bos indicus ) of Bangladesh

Nazmul 11.6568 Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} The present research work was carried out to study the gross anatomy of the aortic heart valve of indigenous cattle ( Bos indicus ) for future bioprosthetic use in human in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from January to December 2004. A total of 32 (thirty two) aortic heart valves of cattle were fixed in 10% formalin for the present study. The components of the aortic valve studied were the aortic leaflets, sinuses, interleaflet (in between the cusps) triangles, aortic root, annulus and ossa cordis. In the present study, the aortic valve leaflets or cusps of the cattle heart were semilunar in shape and three in number e.g. right coronary, left coronary and noncoronary cusp. Each leaflet of the valve had a central lamina fibrosa at their free margin. The lamina fibrosa was most of the thickened part of the cusps in the mid point of the lunula, which forms the fibrous nodules, or corpus arantii of each leaflet. When the valve was closed, the three nodules meet centrally. The leaflets were thicker than those of the pulmonary valve and were attached to the ventricular myocardium by aortic annulus.The aortic root of bovine heart contained the three cusps, sinotubular junction, vulsalva's sinuses, commissures and interleaflet triangles. The left and right coronary arteries were emerged from the left and the right coronary ostium located in the aortic or vulsalva's sinuses of aortic valve respectively. The annulus in the cattle heart had three arches, e.g. anterior arch, left arch and right arch. The findings of the present research work revealed the similarities of the anatomical structures of the aortic valve cusps of the cattle heart as compared with other animals and human being. The variation was only the presence of ossa cordis in cattle species in the present study. Key words: Gross anatomy, aortic valve, heart, indigenous cattle doi:10.3329/bjvm.v4i1. 1522 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (1): 31-37
Analysis based on AFLP markers of the genetic variations and their relationships for pummelo cultivars grown in the central region of Thailand

Using 15 selected AFLP primers, this investigation looks at the genetic diversity and relationships among pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill) cultivars grown in the central region of Thailand, resulting in amplification of 133 reproducible polymorphic fragment products out of 295 band score. The percentages of polymorphic markers for AFLP ranged from 33.33% for E-CGT/M-TGA and E-AAG/M-AGA to 62.50% for E-TAC/M-TCG. The phylogenetic tree dendrogram showed that the 97 leaf samples from 15 pummelo cultivars grown in central region of Thailand could be classified into two groups. The first group consisted of two sub-groups. The first sub-group consisted of Khaopuang, Takoi, Toolkaol, and Khaojook cultivar. The second one consisted of Khaopan, Khaohom, Khaonamphueng, Khaoyai, Phaiseethong, Khaotanggwa, Kkewmorakot, and seedless cultivar. The second group consisted of Thongdee, Bangkhunnon and Tabtim cultivar. Moreover, the results indicate that the samples collected from the same cultivar in different locations were for the main part genetically similar.
Using time- and temperature-dependent Preisach models to investigate the limitations of modelling isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves with cumulative log Gaussian functions

SUMMARY A number of recent studies have applied the cumulative log Gaussian (CLG) modelling tech- nique to bulk isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) curves to investigate the coercivity contributions of different minerals contained within a natural sample. Here, we present a series of Preisach-Neel models used to investigate how robust the assumption of fitting lognormal coercivity distributions is in the presence of local interaction fields and thermal relaxation. Our models indicate that the starting state of the magnetic system, magnetic interaction and thermal relaxation have a strong influence on the form of IRM curve, meaning that in a sub- stantial number of cases the lognormal assumption fails and the CLG procedure can produce misleading interpretations. In some cases the failure of the CLG assumptions produces models which introduce spurious additional coercivity components into the fitted curve.
Does Income Inequality Lead to Terrorism? Evidence from the Post-9/11 Era

We study the influence of income inequality on terrorism. Using cross-national data for 79 countries for the 2002-2012 period, we show that endogeneity matters to the inequalityterrorism relationship, e.g., because of the distributional effects of terrorism. Once endogeneity is properly accounted for by means of an instrumental-variable approach, higher levels of income inequality result in more terrorist activity. This finding is robust to different definitions of the dependent variable, different estimation techniques and different instruments for income inequality. Our finding that inequality fuels terrorism is consistent with relative deprivation theory which argues that conflict results from frustration over the actual distribution of economic resources within a society.
Detecting changes in marine responses to ENSO from 850 to 2100 C.E.: Insights from the ocean carbon cycle

It is open whether El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) varies under climate change and how potential changes in the marine system are detectable. Here differences in the influence of ENSO on biogeochemical tracers, pH, productivity, and ocean temperature are analyzed in a continuous 850–2100 Common Era (C.E.) simulation with the Community Earth System Model. The modeled variance in ENSO amplitude is significantly higher during the Maunder Minimum cold than during the 21st century warm period. ENSO‐driven anomalies in global air‐sea CO2 flux and marine productivity are two to three times lower, and ocean tracer anomalies are generally weaker in the 21st century. Significant changes are detectable in both surface and subsurface waters and are earlier verifiable and more widespread for carbon cycle tracers than for temperature. This suggests that multitracer observations of both physical and biogeochemical variables would enable an earlier detection of potential changes in marine ENSO responses than temperature‐only data.
Electron petrography of high-temperature oxidation in olivine from the Rhum Layered Intrusion

Summary Electron-microscope observations of the oxidation products of olivine suggest that oxidation results in the formation ofplatelets of an ‘oxidized olivine’ phase, which has a superstructure of the olivine structure. Subsequently this intermediate phase breaks down by a cellular decomposition process to a eutectoidal intergrowth of magnetite and pyroxene. This intergrowth is responsible for the dendritic magnetite inclusions commonly observed in some olivines from Rhum.
Additive potentials of Zingiber officinale on the aflatoxin secreted in wastemould feed fed to Clarias gariepinus (burchell, 1822)

The growth and pathological effect of aflatoxin in waste-mould feeds fed to juvenile Clarias gariepinus and the additive nature of Zingiber officinale was studied. Clarias gariepinus juveniles (58.19±1.8 g) were distributed at the rate of 10 per happa net in earthen ponds. There were 5 Treatments with 3 replicates – control diet TRT 1 (Good feed, without mould), TRT 2 (Mould feed only), TRT 3 (60 g of Z. officinale + 1 kg of mould feed), TRT 4 (30 g of Z. officinale + 1 kg of mould feed), and TRT5 (10 g of Z. officinale + 1 kg of mould feed). The fish were fed to satiation at 5% body weight twice per day for 8 weeks (56 days) and the fish growth parameters measured. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in mean weight gain of TRT 1, TRT 3, and TRT 4 compare to TRT 2 and TRT 5. The experimental fish at TRT1, TRT 3, TRT 4 and TRT 5 were significantly different (P<0.05) compared to TRT 2 in weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR). The gills and liver of the control group (TRT1) of fish appeared with single layer of epithelial cells covering the secondary lamellae and uniform distribution of the hepatocytes respectively. In the TRT 2 and TRT 5, there was haemorrhage of the capillaries in the interlamellar space of the gills. Kidney of the fish in the TRT 1, TRT 3 and TRT 4 had normal glomeruli which are not the same with the TRT 2 and TRT 5. These findings showed that Z. officinale has the capacity to suppress the toxic effects of the aflatoxin (secondary metabolites) secreted by the mould feeds on the growth and vital organs of C. gariepinus . © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Clarias gariepinus , mould feed, Zingiber officinale , treatments.
Human Mycobiota-Selected Ontocenoses of Students of Natural Science andMedicine

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of yeast-like fungi and yeasts on the mucous membranes of a group of students of Natural Sciences and Medicine. Materials and methods: The study involved 156 students of the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology (FB&B) and 37 students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS). Material samples were collected with sterile cotton swab from the nose, mouth and throat. The identification of fungi was carried out by the evaluation of macrocultures and microcultures on Nickerson agar and biochemical features. Results: Yeast-like fungi and yeast were isolated from 41.97% of the subjects (81 people). The fungal colonization of the mucous membrane was observed in 59 students of the Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology (37.82%) and 22 students (56.46%) of the Faculty of Medical Sciences. The obtained fungi were classified into 31 taxonomic units. The predominant species were Candida dubliniensis and Lachancea thermotolerans (syn. Kluyveromyces thermotolerans). 14 species with defined status of BSL were recorded. Conclusions: Yeast and yeast-like fungi were more frequent among students of Biology and Biotechnology, than students of Medical Sciences. In students of FB&B greater taxonomic diversity of fungi was found than in students of FMS. The species diversity and prevalence of fungi observed in students of the Life Sciences are determined not only by lifestyle, but mainly by the possibility and frequency of contact with a variety of reservoirs and sources of potentially pathogenic fungi. The occurrence in human ontocenoses of 14 species classified to 1st and 2nd class of Biosafety Level is also very important.
Emerging Stock Market Comovements and the Third-Country Effects

This paper investigates the effects of financial globalization; in particular cross-border capital flows in financial markets, on excess pairwise stock return comovements in emerging Asian countries during 2001-2012. Increased comovements in excess stock returns are mainly explained by the third-country effect from G7 countries, not by bilateral capital flows between Asian countries. That is, a high correlation of stock returns in emerging Asia is the result of synchronized capital flows from G7 countries into Asian financial markets, not by portfolio investment among Asian countries. This result provides evidence that “coupling” is still a reality in terms of stock returns in emerging Asia. JEL classification: C33, C58, F41, F42, F62, G1
Measuring a Pig's Preference for Suspended Toys by Using an Automated Recording Technique

Not all suspended materials for finishing pigs are equally suited to meet the natural behavior of the animal, but the required physical properties of the toys have yet to be identified. The present study aimed to develop a labor saving electronic recording device for animal-material interactions. Furthermore, the study tested the attractiveness to pigs of a small number of material characteristics: orientation (horizontal vs vertical), destructibility and flexibility. These characteristics were combined in a factorial design with materials wood, rope, chain and pipe, either suspended horizontally or vertically. To test behavioral responses to the toys offered, video recordings of animal-material interactions were taken three times during the finishing period. No difference between horizontal and vertical suspension of the toys was found. The rope treatment gave the highest level of animal-material interactions, but the separate effects of its properties ‘destructible’ and ‘flexible’ could not be identified. Furthermore, because the rope had to be replaced regularly, the result was confounded by a degree of novelty. The electronic recording device, the ‘play sensor’, functioned well. However, when comparing different toys with unequal probability of accidental animalmaterial interaction, the calculation of a correction factor with which the device can be calibrated is necessary.
Camouflage of Seeds, a Control Method of the Bird Mortality in Grain Crops

This chapter discusses the development of a mitigation measure against impacts caused by the ingestion of poisoned seeds by insecticides like carbofuran and carbosulfan in wheat, corn and rice fields. In accordance with Brazilian Federal Decree no 4.074 of January 2002, agrotoxins should be added to seeds mixed with dye to avoid the risk of being ingested by humans. The toxic dye rhodamine B, whose reddish-purple colour has been used for this purpose, it’s apparent and attractive to granivorous wild birds such as Columbidae and Icterinae.
Learning Parameters by Prediction Markets and Kelly Rule for Graphical Models

We consider the case where a large number of human and machine agents collaborate to estimate a joint distribution on events. Some of these agents may be statistical learners processing large volumes of data, but typically any one agent will have access to only some of the data sources. Prediction markets have proven to be an accurate and robust mechanism for aggregating such estimates (Chen and Pennock, 2010), (Barbu and Lay, 2011). Agents in a prediction market trade on futures in events of interest. Their trades collectively determine a probability distribution. Crucially, limited trading resources force agents to prioritize adjustments to the market distribution. Optimally allocating these resources is a challenging problem. In the economic spirit of specialization, we expect prediction markets to do even better if agents can focus on beliefs, and hand o↵ those beliefs to an optimal trading algorithm. Kelly (1956) solved the optimal investment problem for singleasset markets. In previous work, we developed e cient methods to update both the joint probability distribution and user’s assets for the graphical model based prediction market (Sun et al., 2012). In this paper we create a Kelly rule automated trader for combinatorial prediction markets and evaluate its performance by numerical simulation.
Integrated atomistic modelling of interstitial defect growth in silicon

A new theoretical approach that combines Metropolis Monte Carlo, tight-binding molecular dynamics, and density functional theory calculations is introduced as an efficient technique to determine the structure and stability of native defects in crystalline silicon. Based on this combined approach, the growth behaviour of self-interstitial defects in crystalline Si is presented. New stable structures for small interstitial clusters (I n , 5 ≤ n ≤ 16) are determined and show that the compact geometry appears favoured when the cluster size is smaller than 10 atoms (n < 10). The fourfold-coordinated dodeca-interstitial (I12) structure with C 2h symmetry is identified as an effective nucleation centre for larger extended defects. This work provides the first theoretical support for earlier experiments that suggest a shape transition from compact to elongated structures around n = 10. We also provide some theoretical evidence that suggests that {3 1 1} extended defects grow slowly along ⟨2 3 3⟩ and relatively faster along ⟨1 1 0⟩, which is consistent with typical defect aspect ratios observed through transmission electron microscopy.