Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nota Soil AggregAtioN , orgANic cArboN coNceNtrAtioN , ANd Soil bulk deNSity AS Affected by cover crop SpecieS iN A No-tillAge SyStem

Soil aggregation and the distribution of total organic carbon (toc) may be affected by soil tillage and cover crops. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of crop rotation with cover crops on soil aggregation, toc concentration in the soil aggregate fractions, and soil bulk density under a no-tillage system (NtS) and conventional tillage system (ctS, one plowing and two disking). this was a three-year study with cover crop/rice/cover crop/rice rotations in the brazilian cerrado. A randomized block experimental design with six treatments and three replications was used. the cover crops (treatments) were: fallow, Panicum maximum, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha, and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). An additional treatment, fallow plus ctS, was included as a control. Soil samples were collected at the depths of 0.00-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, and 0.10-0.20 m after the second rice harvest. the treatments under the NtS led to greater stability in the soil aggregates (ranging from 86.33 to 95.37 %) than fallow plus ctS (ranging from 74.62 to 85.94 %). fallow plus ctS showed the highest number of aggregates smaller than 2 mm. the cover crops affected soil bulk density differently, and the millet treatment in the NtS had the lowest values. the cover crops without incorporation provided the greatest accumulation of toc in the soil surface layers. the toc concentration was positively correlated with the aggregate stability index in all layers and negatively correlated with bulk density in the 0.00-0.10 m layer. keywords: Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria ruziziensis, no-tillage system, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum glaucum, soil management. Received for publication on July 3, 2014 and approved on February 9, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/01000683rbcs20140388
Species substitution and question sequencing in contingent valuation surveys evaluating the hunting of several types of wildlife

Abstract One of the first lessons in any economics course is that prices of substitute commodities matter. For example, the magnitude of estimated values for a specific recreation area may be substantially affected by the availability of substitute sites. This basic lesson of economics is often overlooked in the design of contingent‐valuation questions. Assumptions regarding the prices of substitutes become implicit in designing surveys and are rarely made explicit to survey respondents. In this article, hypotheses are formulated about hunter responses to contingent valuation questions under explicit and implicit assumptions regarding prices of substitute hunting opportunities. The hypotheses are tested using data from a statewide survey of Maine hunters. The results indicate that it may not be necessary to specify assumptions that prices of substitutes remain unchanged. In contrast, respondents did not change their statements of value when told that the prices of substitutes had doubled.
Managing through Networks in Investment Banking

Investment bankers have developed management practices that are appropriate for their role in facilitating the flow of assets between issuers and investors. Flexible and dynamic network organizational structures enable firms to process unique deals and to adapt to changing circumstances. Client-oriented measurement systems emphasize the importance of serving customers to build market share in this service business. Rewards, in the form of large bonuses based on an assessment of an individual's contribution to collective outcomes, are a strong incentive for the needed high level of cooperation. The challenge for firms growing larger, more complex, and more geographically dispersed is to sustain these management practices. Commercial banks entering this business must learn a very different way of managing.
Law and Order as a Leftist Project?

Since the 1970s, crime policy has become politicized. Conservative parties have launched the law and order theme and exploited crime in political campaigns. Social Democratic and other leftist parties have more or less reluctantly followed. Since the 1990s, however, the political left itself seems now to take the lead in the reshaping of crime policy in a less liberal direction. Tendencies towards such a development are clearly discernible in Italy, Germany, the UK and the Scandinavian countries. The article discusses a number of elements of and explanations for the sharpening of Social Democratic crime policy in Sweden: a tendency towards alarmism, the tradition of left realism and the politicization of crime policy, the goal of a drug-free society, the practice of an interventionist policy, the increasing use of symbolic legislation, the demand for zero tolerance and the discipline of the market and the increasing inequality. These elements are finally seen as indicators of problems of integration and consensus characterizing Sweden and the political left at the turn of the century.
Neural networks: the panacea in fraud detection?

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to test the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a tool in fraud detection. Design/methodology/approach - Following a review of the relevant literature on fraud detection by auditors, the authors developed a questionnaire which they distributed to auditors attending a fraud detection seminar. The questionnaire was then used to develop seven ANNs to test the usage of these models in fraud detection. Findings - Utilizing exogenous and endogenous factors as input variables to ANNs and in developing seven different models, an average of 90 per cent accuracy was found in the fraud detection prediction model. It has, therefore, been demonstrated that ANNs can be used by auditors to identify fraud-prone companies. Originality/value - Whilst previous researchers have looked at empirical predictors of fraud, fraud risk assessment methods and mechanically fraud risk assessment methods, no other research has combined both exogenous and endogenous factors in developing ANNs to be used in fraud detection. Thus, auditors can use ANNs as complementary to other techniques at the planning stage of their audit to predict if a particular audit client is likely to have been victimized by a fraudster.
Sheep Red Blood Cell Instillation at Palatine Tonsil Effectively Induces Specific IgA Class Antibody in Saliva in Rabbits

We have shown that the palatine tonsil effectively incorporates exogenous foreign substances instilled at its surface. It is not clear whether antigen‐specific IgA can be induced by the instillation. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were instilled at the palatine tonsil every three days as the antigen, and the agglutination titer of specific IgA in saliva was examined. Nasal or intragastric administration, which have been shown to induce specific antibody in saliva, were done as control experiments. Anti‐SRBC antibody in saliva from the tonsillar instillation group was detected in the second week, and the agglutination titer reached a maximum in the 6th week after the instillation. The maximum titers in the tonsillar instillation group and nasal administration group were 16 (P<0.01, n=7) and 4 times (P<0.01, n = 7) higher, respectively, than that in the intragastric administration group. In the tonsillar instillation group, the number of specific antibody‐producing cells per 105 lymphocytes was the highest in the parotid glands compared with the lymphoid tissues such as the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, nasal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, cervical lymph nodes, palatine tonsil and spleen. In the nasal administration group, the number of lymphocytes was the highest in the nasal mucosa. The results indicate that tonsillar instillation was more effective than nasal administration in inducing specific IgA in saliva.
The Dividend Puzzle

W hy do corporations pay dividends? Why do investors pay attention to dividends? Perhaps the answers to these questions are obvious. Perhaps dividends represent the return to the investor who put his money at risk in the corporation. Perhaps corporations pay dividends to reward existing shareholders and to encourage others to buy new issues of common stock at high prices. Perhaps investors pay attention to dividends because only through dividends or the prospect of dividends do they receive a return on their investment or the chance to sell their shares at a higher price in the future. Or perhaps the answers are not so obvious. Perhaps a corporation that pays no dividends is demonstrating confidence that it has attractive investment opportunities that might be missed if it paid dividends. If it makes these investments, it may increase the value of the shares by more than the amount of the lost dividends. If that happens, its shareholders may be doubly better off. They end up with capital appreciation greater than the dividends they missed out on, and they find they are taxed at lower effective rates on capital appreciation than on dividends. In fact, I claim that the answers to these questions are not obvious at all. The harder we look at the dividend picture, the more it seems like a puzzle, with pieces that just don’t fit together.
Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae strains by multilocus enzyme genotype and serotype: identification of multiple virulent clone families that cause invasive neonatal disease

The chromosomal genotypes of 277 isolates of 16 serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae were characterized by analysis of electrophoretically demonstrable allele profiles at 12 metabolic enzyme loci. The collection comprised the type strain and 276 strains recovered from French symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Sixty-one distinctive electrophoretic types (ETs), representing multilocus clonal genotypes, were identified. Cluster analysis of the ETs revealed two primary phylogenetic divisions separated by a genetic distance of 0.62, Division I contained 67 isolates which could be assigned to 13 ETs. Twenty-seven of these isolates were from samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from neonatal meningitis patients. Two ETs, separated by a genetic distance of 0.217, contained 26 of these 27 isolates. Division II contained 210 isolates, of which 27 were isolated from CSF. This division was more polymorphic and included 48 ETs. Spanning a genetic distance of 0.3, three clusters and one ET were identified within this group. Twenty-four of 27 strains isolated from CSF belonged to one cluster, and 19 of them belonged to two adjacent ETs with a genetic distance of 0.083. Fifty-five of the 68 serotype Ia strains and 24 of the 26 serotype Ib strains were each confined to one of the evolutionary lineages, and 85 of the 86 strains which carried protein antigen c belonged to phylogenetic division II. Most of the type III organisms were assigned to two clone families. The characteristics of this French population argue for the existence of particular groups of strains responsible for neonatal meningitis and demonstrate that serotyping can supply information about the genetic distribution of strains.
Nutritional counseling in German general practices: a holistic approach.

There is consensus among all German health professionals, including primary care physicians, that a holistic approach to healthy living begins with good nutrition. In northern Baden, 2100 general practitioners and internists were asked about their nutritional attitudes and preventive counseling in daily practice. Of responding physicians, 75% attributed great importance to prevention in general and 92% to nutrition in particular, 65% were providing special programs such as "How to treat diabetes by myself" or "Reducing hypertension by losing weight. " Together with the highest German Committee of Physicians, the Lectures in General Medicine of the University of Heidelberg held a meeting on nutritional counseling in general practice. The 23 participants collected statements and information on the topics of education and counseling, support for improved teaching, and knowledge about nutritional attitudes and food. The Heidelberg agreements are as follows: 1) good nutritional counseling can reduce morbidity of important diseases, 2) nutritional counseling must be improved in general practice, 3) diagnosis-related written cases for systematic counseling should be available, 4) family doctors should cooperate with nutritionists, and 5) for quality assurance, the three-level strategy of primary care should be recommended because of the positive results of the Bruchsal-Oestringen program (reduction of obesity and hypercholesterolemia). General practice can become a place of improved nutritional counseling and education if the use of programs proven to be successful, additional exercise-based community approaches, and quality assurance can be facilitated. The outcome of practice-based studies may encourage primary care physicians to spend more time and training on nutrition guidance.
Negotiating the morass: measuring and explaining variation in co-ordination mechanisms in the European Union

ABSTRACT This contribution examines the co-ordination mechanisms which central governments have established to develop positions and cast votes in negotiations in the European Union (EU). Conceptually, the contribution discusses how different traits of EU co-ordination mechanisms can be defined and measured. Empirically, it utilizes a novel data set to map the defined traits of the co-ordination mechanisms in EU-28. Analytically, the contribution demonstrates that some of the variation in the traits of the EU co-ordination mechanisms is connected to public Euroscepticism. Therefore the analysis supports studies that have argued that a sceptical attitude towards European integration is associated with more centralized co-ordination mechanisms.
Testing the Validity of Contingent Behavior Trip Responses

While a number of validity tests exist for contingent valuation data, to date there are very few literature examples for contingent behavior (CB) data. The objective of this study is to test the validity of CB trip data for different levels of rock climbing access using data from surveys implemented before and after a policy restricting recreational access was imposed. Results from generalized Negative Binomial and seemingly unrelated Poisson regression models show significant sensitivity to scope, and suggest that CB data may be a valuable supplement to revealed preference data when policy proposals are outside the range of historical conditions. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Patterns of Brain Activation During Craving in Heroin Dependents Successfully Treated by Methadone Maintenance and Abstinence-Based Treatments

Objective:Abstinence-based therapy (ABT) and methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) are common methods of treatment in heroin dependence as both suppress subjective feeling of drug craving. However, it is not clear whether the neural basis of craving suppression is similar in both types of treatments. In this study, we compared brain activation during pictorial presentation of heroin-related cues in ABT and MMT groups to understand the neural basis of drug craving in these groups. Methods:Three groups of subjects (successful ABT and MMT clients and healthy control) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, while heroin-related cues and neutral cues were presented to them. In addition, subjective cue-elicited craving has been measured using drug drive questionnaire before and after imaging. Result:Self-report of craving was not different between ABT and MMT groups before and after scanning. Anterior cingulate cortex and inferior frontal gyrus showed higher activations in ABT than in healthy control. Inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus showed higher activity in ABT than in MMT. Lingual gyrus and cerebellum showed higher activity in MMT than in healthy control. Conclusions:Heroin avoidance may be achieved by MMT or ABT; however, the neural mechanism underlying these therapeutic methods differs.
Managing the Social Acceptance of Business: Three Core Competencies in Business Ethics

The public support of corporations is continuously declining. The view that the system of free enterprise and profit-making are at odds with societal interests is becoming more and more prevalent. Business's associated loss of social acceptance poses a serious threat to the future viability of the system of free enterprise. Thus, cor - porate leaders face the task of regaining and sustainably securing the social acceptance of business. This paper presents three interrelated business ethics competencies which corporate leaders require to be able to accomplish this task: (1) the ability to prove that business and profit-making do have a societal function, (2) the knowledge of what defines responsible business, and (3) the ability to organize responsible decision- making within their corporations.
The Determination of Price and Output Quotas in a Heterogeneous Cartel

Applying a selection criterion that uses both subgame perfection and the Nash bargaining solution, this paper investigates the relationship between firms' cost functions and collusive behavior. It is found that the optimal collusive price exceeds the price that the low-cost firm would set if it was a monopolist. Comparative statics reveal that the optimal collusive price is increasing in the low-cost-firm's unit cost, but is decreasing in the high-cost-firm's unit cost when the cost differential between firms is sufficiently large. Copyright 1991 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Strengthening Field Education in Aging Through University-Community Agency Partnership

Abstract The Practicum Partnership Program (PPP), an innovative field education model developed and implemented by six demonstration sites over four years (2000-2004), uses a structured university-community partnership, or consortium, as the foundation for designing, implementing, and evaluating internships for graduate social work students specializing in aging. This paper describes the site consortia and PPP programs, presents evaluation findings, and identifies future directions for the PPP. Student learning outcomes were positive and both students and consortia agencies reported positive PPP experiences. The PPP model underscores the value of the community agencies as equal partners in educating future geriatric social workers.
THE ASSESSMENT:CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE CONTROL

Patterns of corporate control vary markedly across countries. This paper examines the reasons for these differences and their consequences for corporate performance. It finds that they primarily result from differences in the ownership of firms and their legal forms. These affect the relative abilities of financial systems to sustain implicit contracts with stakeholders and to respond flexibly to differing views about corporate policy. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
The Determinants of Australian Exchange Rate: A Time Series Analysis

The paper analyzes Australian exchange rate and its determinants by providing an insight into the economic and non-economic factors. By drawing a comparison between quarterly and annual data over the period of 1975 to 2012, it is suggested that Australia’s trade components and macroeconomic indicators such as output and liquidity relative to the US, play a significant role in determination of its exchange rates. However, interest rate and inflation appear insignificant in this relationship. The study also emphasizes on the pertinence of unobservable effects such as political events and external shocks in influencing the exchange rate. Engle-Granger Cointegration test exhibits a long run relationship between exchange rate and its determinants, and corroborates the substantial role of macroeconomic indicators in diminishing the uncertainty in foreign exchange market.
Vaccination Coverage Among Adults Aged 65 and Over: United States, 2015.

KEY FINDINGS Data from the National Health Interview Survey ? Among adults aged 65 and over, more than two-thirds had an influenza vaccine in the past 12 months (69.0%). More than one in two adults aged 65 and over had a tetanus vaccine in the past 10 years (56.9%). More than 6 of 10 adults aged 65 and over had ever had a pneumococcal vaccine (63.6%), while a little more than one-third had ever had a shingles vaccine (34.2%). Among adults aged 65 and over, vaccination coverage was highest for non-Hispanic white adults compared with non- Hispanic black and Hispanic adults. Vaccination coverage was lowest among poor adults aged 65 and over.
The Role of the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Ocular Motor Behavior

Abstract: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in the preparation of saccadic eye movements. Lesion studies and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest that the human DLPFC is located in area 46 of Brodmann. The DLPFC has direct connections with the main cortical ocular motor areas, that is with the frontal eye field (FEF) and the supplementary eye field (SEF) in the frontal lobe; with several (associative, attentional, and motor) areas in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), including the parietal eye field (PEF); with the cingulate eye field in the anterior cingulate cortex; and directly downstream with the superior colliculus in the brainstem. Lesion and fMRI studies using the antisaccade paradigm have shown that the DLPFC is involved in the inhibition of unwanted reflexive saccades (triggered toward the target by the PEF), whereas the triggering of correct intentional antisaccades (made in the direction opposite to the target) may depend mainly upon the FEF. The DLPFC also controls short‐term spatial working memory involved in memory‐guided saccades, as shown by lesion and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies. By contrast, medium‐term spatial memory (after 25 s) may be controlled by the medial temporal cortex (MTC). Recently, TMS studies have suggested that the transmission of memorized information from the integrative parietal areas (PPC) to the MTC is performed via both an indirect pathway comprising the DLPFC (i.e., transmission in series) and a direct pathway bypassing the DLPFC (i.e., transmission in parallel). Furthermore, the DLPFC is involved in the preparation of predictive saccades (i.e., saccades made before the appearance of an expected target) and saccade sequences, and, therefore, also controls some aspects of temporal working memory. Lastly, the involvement of the DLPFC has recently been reported in tasks comprising a target selection or a directional decision to make for the forthcoming saccade. These different functions suggest that the DLPFC plays a major role in the decisional processes governing ocular motor behavior.