Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teachers' perspectives of emergent teacher leadership in an elementary school

The purpose of this study was to describe teachers' perspectives of emergent teacher leadership in an elementary school. This study was guided by a symbolic interactionist framework and grounded theory research design. Data were collected in an elementary school in which emergent teacher leadership was supported and was thriving. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, audio-taped, and transcribed. Constant comparative analysis was utilized to generate a theory, grounded in the data, explaining teachers' perspectives of emergent teacher leadership. Findings from this study indicate that teacher empowerment is the underlying theme to teachers' experiences with emergent teacher leaders. Teachers are empowered to direct their own learning as they take initiative to form relationships with emergent teacher leaders based on shared experiences, expertise, and availability. These relationships provide support for meaningful interactions to take place. Teacher-teacher leader interactions were found to occur at the classroom-level and school-level. Classroom-based interactions include curriculum support, instructional support, collaboration, and observation. School-based interactions include inquiry and shared decision making. Teachers indicate that these relationships and interactions result in teacher improvements, student benefits, "collective ownership," increased leadership capacity, stability, and improved morale. Based on the findings, several theoretical ideas are discussed. First, when teachers are empowered to direct their own learning, they seek out emergent teacher leader peers to improve their instruction. Second, when teachers interact with emergent teacher leaders, they focus on instructional and school improvement. Third, when teachers are empowered to collaborate with emergent teacher leaders, they experience a sense of collective ownership. Fourth, when teachers interact with emergent teacher leaders, leadership capacity increases. Fifth, when teachers are empowered to lead, they feel trusted, valued, and validated. Implications for future research, practitioners, higher education, and policy makers are discussed. Principals should consider creating an environment that cultivates and supports emergent teacher leadership. Teachers can take responsibility for developing themselves as leaders. Colleges and universities should consider offering coursework to develop teachers as leaders. INDEX WORDS: Teacher leadership, Informal leadership, Emergent teacher leadership, Leadership capacity, Teacher collaboration, Teacher empowerment, Staff development, Teacher improvement, School improvement TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES OF EMERGENT TEACHER LEADERSHIP IN AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
The Reciprocal Relations Between Teachers’ Perceptions of Children's Behavior Problems and Teacher–Child Relationships in the First Preschool Year

ABSTRACT To examine the reciprocal relations between teacher–child relationships and children's behavior problems, the authors analyzed cross-lagged longitudinal data on teacher–child relationships and children's internalizing and externalizing problems using a structural equation modeling approach. The homeroom teachers of 105 first-year preschoolers aged 2–3 years filled in the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3, first at 3 months after the children's preschool entrance and then at the end of the first preschool year. Results showed significant cross-wave reciprocal relations between externalizing problems and teacher–child conflict and significant cross-wave relation from early internalizing problems to later teacher–child conflict. However, the cross-wave associations between internalizing and externalizing problems and teacher–child closeness were not significant.
Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infection in dogs and cats: 7 cases (1996-2003).

OBJECTIVE To identify clinical features of Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infection in dogs and cats and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of C urealyticum isolates. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 5 dogs and 2 cats. PROCEDURE Medical records of dogs and cats for which C urealyticum was isolated from urine samples were reviewed. Isolates from clinical cases, along with previously lyophilized unsubtyped isolates of Corynebacterium spp collected between 1977 and 1995, were examined and, if subtyped as C urealyticum, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS Signalment of infected animals was variable. Prior micturition disorders were common, and all animals had signs of lower urinary tract disease at the time C urealyticum infection was diagnosed. Median urine pH was 8.0; WBCs and bacteria were variably seen in urine sediment. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 14 C urealyticum isolates revealed that all were susceptible or had intermediate susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and vancomycin and most were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Thickening of the bladder wall and accumulation of sediment were common ultrasonographic findings. Contrast radiography or cystoscopy revealed findings consistent with encrusting cystitis in 3 dogs. Infection resolved in 2 dogs following surgical debridement of bladder plaques and antimicrobial administration. In 2 other dogs and 1 cat treated with antimicrobials, infection with C urealyticum resolved, but urinary tract infection with a different bacterial species developed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that preexisting urinary tract disorders are common in dogs and cats with C urealyticum infection. Treatment with appropriate antimicrobials in combination with surgical debridement might eliminate C urealyticum infection.
Which Institutional Investors Matter for Firm Survival and Performance?

Using data that spans three decades, we assess the diverse roles of institutional investors in impacting survival and performance of chronically underperforming firms and contrast the results for consistently overperforming firms. We find material differences in investor roles and investment returns between these samples. Differentiating among institutional types, controlling for prior performance and attrition bias provides insights unattainable by examining aggregated holdings. For underperformers, results are negative for activist pension funds and long-term institutions, positive for activist hedge funds and short-term institutions, and mixed for institutional blockholders.
Intracranial Atherosclerosis: From Microscopy to High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Intracranial atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of ischemic stroke and occurs more commonly in patients of Asian, African or Hispanic origin than in Caucasians. Although the histopathology of intracranial atherosclerotic disease resembles extracranial atherosclerosis, there are some notable differences in the onset and severity of atherosclerosis. Current understanding of intracranial atherosclerotic disease has been advanced by the high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI), a novel emerging imaging technique that can directly visualize the vessel wall pathology. However, the pathological validation of HRMRI signal characteristics remains a key step to depict the plaque components and vulnerability in intracranial atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this review is to describe the histological features of intracranial atherosclerosis and to state current evidences regarding the validation of MR vessel wall imaging with histopathology.
Inducible Galanin and GalR2 Receptor System in Motor Neuron Injury and Regeneration

Abstract: Galanin has been ascribed several physiological roles that are thought to be mediated via multiple galanin receptors. Recently, two galanin receptors—galanin receptor‐1 (GalR1) and galanin receptor‐2 (GalR2)—have been cloned and characterized and shown to have differences in amino acid sequence, pharmacology, and second messenger signaling systems. Previous studies have demonstrated an up‐regulation of galanin expression in damaged neurons of several different types. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry this study investigated whether adult cranial motor neurons express mRNAs encoding GalR1 and/or GalR2 and explored possible time‐dependent changes in these transcripts following facial nerve injury. GalR2 mRNA levels were increased in the ipsilateral facial nucleus 3 (∼1.8‐fold) and 7 days (∼3.7‐fold) after unilateral facial nerve crush and had returned to levels equivalent to those in contralateral controls by 14–21 days. GalR1 mRNA was not detected in facial nuclei of naive, sham‐operated, or operated rats but was present in adjacent reticular nuclei. Galanin mRNA levels were also increased eight‐ to 10‐fold in the ipsilateral facial nucleus following nerve injury. These experiments confirm the putative importance of galanin signaling systems after nerve injury by demonstating a differential response of galanin receptor subtypes and suggest an important “autoreceptor” role for the GalR2 receptor in these processes.
Assessing the implications of human land-use change for the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions

Recent research has shown evidence of a linear climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions, which implies that the source, timing, and amount of emissions does not significantly influence the climate response per unit emission. Furthermore, these analyses have generally assumed that the climate response to land-use CO2 emissions is equivalent to that of fossil fuels under the assumption that, once in the atmosphere, the radiative forcing induced by CO2 is not sensitive to the emissions source. However, land-cover change also affects surface albedo and the strength of terrestrial carbon sinks, both of which have an additional climate effect. In this study, we use a coupled climate-carbon cycle model to assess the climate response to historical and future cumulative land-use CO2 emissions, in order to compare it to the response to fossil fuel CO2. We find that when we isolate the CO2-induced (biogeochemical) temperature changes associated with land-use change, then the climate response to cumulative land-use emissions is equivalent to that of fossil fuel CO2. We show further that the globally-averaged albedo-induced biophysical cooling from land-use change is non-negligible and may be of comparable magnitude to the biogeochemical warming, with the result that the net climate response to land-use change is substantially different from a linear response to cumulative emissions. However, our new simulations suggest that the biophysical cooling from land-use change follows its own independent (negative) linear response to cumulative net land-use CO2 emissions, which may provide a useful scaling factor for certain applications when evaluating the full transient climate response to emissions.
Lower-dose perioperative steroid protocol during endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resection

Background: Perioperative steroid management for pituitary adenoma resections is multifaceted due to possible hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis disruption. Although many different strategies have been proposed, there is no standard protocol for prophylaxis of potential hypocortisolemia. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive endoscopic endonasal pituitary adenoma resections. Before March 2016, patients received ≥100 mg of hydrocortisone intraoperatively followed by 2 mg of dexamethasone immediately postoperatively in most of the patients. Subsequently, patients received only 50 mg of hydrocortisone intraoperatively. A morning cortisol level was checked on postoperative day (POD) 2, and if it was <10 mcg/dL, patients remained on maintenance hydrocortisone. At 6 weeks, serum cortisol was redrawn and low-dose therapy was weaned when indicated. Results: Of those who received ≥100 mg of hydrocortisone, 8 of 24 (33.3%) were discharged on hydrocortisone compared to 1 of 14 (7.1%) who received 50 mg. 18 of 24 (75%) of ≥100 mg group received dexamethasone on POD 1, and of those, 8 (44.4%) were discharged on hydrocortisone. Of those who received ≥100 mg and were on outpatient steroid therapy initially, 3 of 8 (37.5%) required continuation after 6 weeks compared to none who received 50 mg. There was an association between patient’s intraoperative/immediate postoperative steroid use and steroid continuation at discharge. Conclusion: Through our experience, we hypothesize that ≥100 mg of hydrocortisone intraoperatively followed by postoperative dexamethasone may be overly suppressive in patients with otherwise normally functioning HPA. A 50 mg intraoperative dose alone may be considered to lower rates of unnecessary steroid regimens postoperatively.
Putative Neuroimmunological Mechanisms in Cluster Headache. An Integrated Hypothesis

During the last decade, numerous studies have been carried out to explore the function of the immune system in cluster headache and the release of reciprocal informational molecules from pain‐sensitive structures. These neuroimmunological findings in cluster headache syndrome, although carefully considered, have varied from genetic aspects (HLA antigens) to functional activity of the immune system (NK cytotoxicity), and from study of the receptor expression of classical neurotransmitters of pain (5‐HT, histamine) on immunocompetent cells, to the study of cytokines with a potent pro‐inflammatory activity (interleukin‐1). Other aspects considered have ranged from the study of the effectiveness of substances possessing a well‐known activity on the immune system (prednisone, lithium carbonate) in shortening cluster attacks to the 5‐HT receptor expression changes observed on a peripheral substrata (monocytes) after the administration of sumatriptan.
Frequency-Adaptive Filtering of Low-Frequency Harmonic Current in Fuel Cell Power Conditioning Systems

Based on one of the most researched multiinput dc-dc converter topologies for renewable energy systems, the multi-input dual-active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter, the effectiveness of harmonic current absorption by the energy storage branch in fuel cell power conditioning systems is critically evaluated. The closed-loop output impedances of the converter under single-voltage-loop and dual-loop controls are derived and compared. It is shown that both control strategies can effectively reduce the converter's closed-loop output impedance, thus favoring the flow of harmonic current and prevent it from being drawn from either the fuel cell branch or the dc-link capacitor. However, as shown by experimental results, the use of conventional PI control alone still produces noticeable voltage ripple on the dc voltage bus due to harmonic current being drawn from the dc-link capacitor. Proportional-resonant control is proposed to effectively compensate for the dc-bus voltage variation by generating an extremely low impedance path for harmonic current flow at specific frequency. An analog-based frequency tracking circuit is further proposed to adjust the resonant frequency for compensating the effect of harmonic frequency variation.
A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND JOB SATISFACTION IN A RELIGIOUS EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION

The theory of servant leadership is gaining in credibility and support. The purpose of this mixed methods research study was to determine the extent that employee job satisfaction was correlated with perceptions of servant leadership in the Church Educational System (CES) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), a large private religious education organization headquartered in the Rocky Mountain Region. The literature review of this research demonstrates the teachings and doctrines unique to the LDS Church that promote living in harmony with the principles of servant leadership. This quantitative portion of the study used the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) tool to discover a strong correlation exists between individual job satisfaction and perceptions of servant leadership. Given the high response rate from the participants of this study (78%), the results from this study may be applicable to other organizations.
Information Value and Investor Wealth: The Case of Earnings Announcements

This paper empirically investigates the relation between investor wealth and the value of annual and quarterly earnings announcements as implied by (1) the behavior of mean stock trade transaction sizes at announcement dates, and (2) transaction size-stratified trading activity in postannouncement time periods. Announcement-period mean transaction sizes are found to exceed expected mean transactions sizes estimated from trading activity occurring in nonannouncement periods. This result is attributed to a greater relative trading response to earnings announcements by wealthier investors, consistent with Ohlson's [1975] proposition that information value increases with investor wealth in a security market setting. Further evidence of a positive relation between value and wealth is found when postearnings announcement stock transactions are stratified by share size into three strata, where the first stratum (small stratum) is transactions of 100 and 200 shares, the second stratum (large stratum) is transactions of 300 to 900 shares, and the third stratum (institutional
Metropolitan Sources of Political Behavior in Comparative Perspective: Results from a Ten-Country Study

This paper concludes a ten-country collaborative study of metropolitan regions and their consequences for political behavior. The analysis summarizes results from multilevel or ordinary least squares regression models of partisanship, national election turnout and local election turnout over the 1990s and early 2000s. Across most advanced industrial countries and beyond, the findings reveal an emerging new political geography that is rooted in metropolitan places. Divisions within and between metropolitan regions have increasingly replaced both urban-rural cleavages and national class interests as the determinants of electoral participation and partisanship. These new patterns help to account for the expanding bases of support for neoliberalism in most advanced industrial societies, and for emerging political cleavages linked to cultural divergences and globalization. In ways that vary with national systems of institutions, disparities in local and national voter turnout are also rooted not just in the socioeconomic composition of communities, but in the contextual conditions of metropolitan places.
[Expression of survivin in different stages of carcinogenesis and progression of breast cancer].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Survivin is one of the newly identified apoptosis inhibitor; it can block the cell apoptosis by inhibiting the function of the enzyme caspase-3 and caspase-7. Present studies indicate that survivin is overexpressed in malignant tumor. This current study was designed to investigate the effects of survivin in tumorigenesis and progression of breast carcinoma through observing the expression of survivin in the tissue of normal mammary, cystic hyperplasia mammary, atypical hyperplasia mammary and breast carcinoma. METHODS The expression of survivin in the tissue of normal mammary (96 cases), cystic hyperplasia mammary (56 cases), atypical hyperplasia mammary (12 cases), and breast carcinoma (119 cases) were evaluated by SP immunohistochemistry. The relationship between survivin expression and the pathologically biological features of breast cancer was assessed. RESULTS The positive rates of survivin were 4.2%(4/96),5.4% (3/56),42.7% (5/12), and 72.3%(86/119)in the tissue of normal mammary, cystic hyperplasia mammary, atypical hyperplasia mammary, and breast carcinoma, respectively. The positive rates in the last two groups were higher than those in the former two groups (P< 0.005). Survivin was more expressed in the infiltrative nonspecial breast carcinoma (82.0%, 73/89) than in the special and early stage infiltrative breast carcinoma (37.5%,3/8)(P< 0.05). Expression of survivin was correlated with lymph node metastasis although the difference is not significant (P >0.05). CONCLUSION Overexpression of survivin is common in tumorigenesis and progression of breast carcinoma. Altered expression of survivin may contribute to tumorigenesis and progression of breast carcinoma by inhibiting cell apoptosis, its overexpression indicates worse prognosis.
Stability and coexistence in a lawn community: mathematical prediction of stability using a community matrix with parameters derived from competition experiments

Community matrix theory has been proposed as a means of predicting whether a particular set of species will form a stable mixture. However, the approach has rarely been used with data from real communities. Using plant competition experiments, we use community matrix theory to predict the stability and competitive structuring of a lawn community. Seven species from the lawn, including the six most abundant, were grown in boxes, in conditions very similar to those on the lawn. They were grown alone (monocultures), and in all possible pairs. The species formed a transitive hierarchy of competitive ability, with most pairs of species showing asymmetric competition. Relative competitive ability (competitive effect) was positively correlated with published estimates of the maximum relative growth rate (RGR max ) for the same species. A seven-species community matrix predicted the mixture of species to be unstable. Simulations revealed two topological features of this community matrix. First, the matrix was closer to the stability/instability boundary than predicted from a range of null (random) models, suggesting that the lawn may be close to stability. Second, the tendencies of the lawn species to compete asymmetrically, and to be arranged in competitive hierarchies, were found to be positively associated with stability, and hence may be contributing factors to the near-stability seen in the matrix. The limitations of using competition experiments for constructing community matrices are discussed.
Response Asymmetry in Return and Volatility Spillover from the US to Indian Stock Market

Empirical studies show that the return and volatility shocks in the US stock market have significant impact on the return and volatility dynamics of emerging stock markets including India. This study examines whether the spillover effects from the US to Indian stock market display asymmetric characteristics. Precisely, it addresses the following two issues: (1) whether the Indian stock market reacts differently towards positive and negative shocks from the US market, and (2) whether there is a different response pattern of the Indian stock market towards the return and volatility shocks from the US market during the bear and the bull market phases. The study is based on daily closing values of SP however, there seems some interaction taking place between stock market trends and asymmetric response to positive and negative shocks.