Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Emotional Illness and Age upon the Resolution of Discrepant Messages

To determine their ability to interpret messages, normal and disturbed children, adolescents, and adults (ns = 10) were shown videotaped statements containing discrepant verbal and nonverbal components and statements containing consistent verbal and nonverbal components. No significant differences were observed between subjects in response to the consistent messages regardless of age or mental status; however, pronounced differences occurred under the condition with discrepant messages. Among normal subjects a developmental shift was observed, i.e., an inverse relation was found between age and reliance upon verbal content. Younger normal subjects relied upon the verbal content of a message in interpretation, while adults relied upon the nonverbal elements. Disturbed subjects regardless of age relied primarily upon the verbal content of the discrepant message.
Chronic ataxic neuropathy with cold agglutinins

A syndrome of sensory ataxia has been associated with immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies to NeuNAc (alpha2–8), NeuNAc (alpha2–3), and disialylated gangliosides, including GD1b, GD3, GD2, GT1a, GT1b, and GQ1b.1-3⇓⇓ In some patients, cold agglutinins have also been present.4 The acronym CANOMAD encompasses the clinical phenotype of c hronic a taxic n europathy with o phthalmoplegia, M -protein, a gglutination, and anti d isialosyl antibodies.1,4⇓ This condition is distinguished from the Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barre syndrome by the presence of cold agglutinins and occasionally cryoglobulins and by the chronic and progressive nature of the phenotype. A 53-year-old man developed slowly progressive unsteadiness and painful paraesthesias in his extremities during a 5-month period. His examination revealed marked gait disturbance, sensory ataxia, and weakness in the distal extremities. The remainder of his neurologic examination was normal. Lumbar puncture yielded an elevated CSF protein (85 mg%). Neurophysiologic studies revealed temporal dispersion and prolonged distal latencies that were more marked in the sensory nerves than in the motor nerves. Denervation activity was …
Most common diagnoses requiring physical restriction of psychiatric patients: humanity at the test.

INTRODUCTION Attitude about physical restriction has been changing through history. It has always been multidimensional approach, including ethic, medical and judicial aspect. OBJECTIVE The main aim was establishing distribution of physical restrictions of patients for the following years: 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11. METHODS The research included patients that were hospitalized in the Special Hospital for Psychiatric Disorders "Dr. Laza Lazarević" in Belgrade from June 1, 2006 to June 1, 2011. Retrospective review of illness history of hospitalized female patients was done (350 in total) and records were formed containing data on physically restrained patients. RESULTS The largest number of referral diagnoses belonged to groups F20, F23 and F29; it was established that the number of physical restrictions was associated with referral diagnoses on the level of highly statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The average number of restrainees per hospitalized patient which was growing in the studied period, which was also shown by the trend line (y = 0.5x + 1.06; R2 = 0.7242). CONCLUSION Physical restrictions of psychiatric patients must backed up by benevolence, and it is not by any means the doctor's arbitrariness, which is strongly criticized and represents breach of ethical norms, human rights and the rights of the patient as guaranteed by law. This topic, which, indeed, refers to modern psychiatry, deserves more attention by public discussions, as well as by legislative regulations.
Joint attention on actions: acquiring verbs in ostensive and non-ostensive contexts

ABSTRACT Two studies of verb learning are reported. The focus of both studies was on children in their second year of life learning verbs in various pragmatic contexts. Of particular interest was the comparison of ostensive contexts – in which word and referent were simultaneously present in the child's perceptual field – to non-ostensive contexts. In a naturalistic study of 24 children at 1;3 and 1;9, it was found that mothers modelled verbs for their children most often BEFORE the referent action actually occurred. Over 60% of maternal verbs were used to refer to actions that mothers wished children to perform or that they were anticipating their performing (IMPENDING actions). Some verbs were also used to refer to current actions (ONGOING actions) or actions that had just been completed (COMPLETED actions). Children responded with comprehension most often to impending models. Impending and completed models, but not ongoing models, were correlated with children's verb vocabularies at 1;9. The second study was a lexical training study of 48 two-year-olds. Children learned to produce a novel verb best when it was modelled in the impending condition. They learned to comprehend it equally well in the impending and completed conditions. Children showed no signs of superior learning in the ostensive (ongoing) learning context. Results of the two studies are discussed in terms of the different learning processes involved in acquiring nouns and verbs, and, more broadly, in terms of a social-pragmatic view of language acquisition in which the ostensive teaching paradigm is but one of many contexts in which children learn to establish a joint attentional focus with mature language users.
The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells in the Göttingen minipig and the domestic pig brain

SUMMARY The first mathematically unbiased estimates of neocortical cell numbers are presented from the developing pig brain, including a full description of tissue processing and optimal sampling for application of the stereological optical fractionator method in this species. The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells from the experimental Göttingen minipig was compared with the postnatal development of neocortical neurons in the domestic pig. A significant postnatal development was observed in the Göttingen minipig brain for both neuronal (28%; P=0.01) and glial cells (87%; P<0.01). A corresponding postnatal development of neurons was not detected in the domestic pig brain. The reason for this strain difference is not known. The mean total number of neocortical neurons is 324 million in the adult Göttingen minipig compared with 432 million in the domestic pig. The glial-to-neuron cell ratio is around 2.2 in the adult Göttingen minipig. Based on these results, the domestic pig seems to be a more suitable model for evaluating the effects of developmental insults on human brain growth and neuronal development than the Göttingen minipig.
Distribution of proenkephalin‐derived peptides in the brain of Rana esculenta

The immunocytochemical distribution of authentic proenkephalin‐containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the brain of Rana esculenta was determined with antisera directed toward different epitopes of preproenkephalin. The pattern of proenkephalinlike immunoreactivity was similar with antisera directed toward [Met5]‐enkephalin, [Met5]‐enkephalin‐Arg6, [Met5]‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Phe7, [Leu5]‐enkephalin, and metorphamide; however, the intensity of the labelling varied depending on the target antigen.
The organoleptic and microbial quality of some herbal medicinal products marketed in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

The WHO has advocated for the integration of herbal medicinal products into the primary health care system of developing countries. Safety, however, is a concern to the drug regulatory bodies. This study was carried out to determine the organoleptic properties and the microbial quality of herbal products available to consumers in the Freetown metropolis of Sierra Leone. Twenty herbal preparations purchased within the Freetown metropolis were assessed for taste, colour, odour, and pH. The microbial load and the presence of pathogens were determined. The residual antibacterial activity of two preparations that showed no microbial contamination was determined using the cup plate method. The ability of a combination of methyl- and propyl-parabens to prevent growth in some of the herbal products was studied. The study showed that 80% of the samples contained mean bacterial and fungal counts ranging from 1.47 x 108 to 9.375 x 108cfu/ml and 3.45x108 to 1.6x109cells/ml, respectively. The bacterial contaminants were predominantly Gram-positive organisms of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were among the isolated pathogens. The moulds, Aspergillus spp. and Trichoderma harzianum, and the yeasts, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, were predominant fungal contaminants. The apparently non-contaminated herbal samples inhibited test organisms while the preservative system completely inhibited growth in the tested samples. The results suggest that many of the herbal medicinal preparations marketed in Freetown are likely to be contaminated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The quality of these herbal products may however be improved by the incorporation of appropriate preservatives.
Exfoliation syndrome and occludable angles.

EXFOLIATION SYNDROME IS PRESENTLY THE MOST COMMON IDENTIFIABLE specific disease entity leading to the development of open-angle glaucoma. In some countries, it comprises a majority of open-angle glaucoma patients. This recognition is relatively recent. The disorder was first described in 1917 by Lindberg,' who, with the aid of the newly developed slit lamp, noted grayish flecks, on the pupillary border in 50% of his patients with chronic glaucoma. Vogt2 thought that this material originated from the lens capsule and suggested the terms "senile exfoliation" and "glaucoma capsulare," which remain commonly used in the European literature. Others thought that it was just deposited on the normal lens capsule.3'4 For the next 30 years, relatively little attention was paid to exfoliation syndrome. In 1954, Dvorak-Theobold5 suggested the term "pseudoexfoliation," to distinguish the disorder from the exfoliation found in glassblowers. A number of other terms coined in that period, including "senile uveal exfoliation,"6 "glaucoma senilis," "iridociliary exfoliation with capsular pseudoexfoliation,"8 "exfoliation of the pseudocapsule,"9 and "complex pigmentary glaucoma,"'0 never gained munch acceptance. "Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis," coined by Bertelsen and associates' I to reflect the histopathologic characteristics of exfoliation material, has continued to be used occasionally in the Scandinavian literature. Because of similarity with the ultrastructural appearance and location of basemnent membrane, Eagle and co-workers,'2 in 1979, suggested the term "basement membrane exfoliation syndrome. " Other investigators, on the basis of their histopathologic or histochemical findings, have suggested "exfoliation of the lens capsule," 13 "oxytalanosis of the aqueous,"'14 and "ocuilar elastosis. "15 In 1956, Sundel6 had proposed the term "senile exfoliation syndrome," which may reflect most accurately the combination of
Telling it in Time: Interpreting Consistency and Change in the Life Stories of Holocaust Survivors

In this article, I inquire into the life of a single Holocaust survivor in order to give a “thick description” of the dynamics of talking about the past over time. David K. , born in 1928 in Gheorgheni Hungary, was deported to Auschwitz in 1944, where he spent one month before entering slave labor camps in Mühldorf and Mittergars. My reading of David's life is based upon two interviews, the first from 1982 (at age 54) and the second from 1995 (at age 67). I employ a method of structural interpretation, “narrative mapping,” which is based upon the work of Labov and Waletzky (1967), in order to visualize the amount of overall consistency between the two interviews. I also carefully study individual narratives that are repeated over time. My reading of David's interviews suggests strong consistency along with significant changes. There is enormous consistency in the structure and content of narratives but differences in the point or evaluations of narratives. I also argue that David's later interview is more fully developed; David's later interview contains several new narratives and integrates historical insights into his account of the past. I discuss the merits of two explanations for this change, culture and time in development. Finally, I suggest possible strategies for researchers interested in working with the vast archives of survivor interviews.
Colossal Magnetoresistance

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect was discovered among the manganese oxide class of materials, i.e. La1−xCaxMnO3. It shows large magnetoresistance by orders of magnitude, however several environmental requirements limit CMR toward general applications. Recently people have been focused on understanding a fundamental physics because of complex correlations between electron-lattice and electron–electron interactions, which gives rise to a rich variety of physical phenomena. Basic theories which have been published to explain CMR are introduced in the paper.
Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A retrospective cohort study

The simultaneous detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B surface (anti‐HBs) is unusual in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but may be related with more advanced liver diseases. This retrospective long‐term cohort study was aimed to investigate whether coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV infection. A total of 1,042 non‐HCC patients were recruited and followed up for a median 4.3 years (range 1.0–22 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for HCC development. The prevalence of coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs was 7.0% (73/1,042). In univariate analysis, the 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year cumulative incidences of HCC were significantly higher in coexistence group than in HBsAg only group (12.7%, 23.4%, 69.4% vs. 4.9%, 13%, 20.6%, respectively; P = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs [Hazard ratio (HR), 2.001; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.023–3.912; P = 0.043] as well as male gender [HR, 1.898; 95% CI, 0.31–0.896; P = 0.018], age over 40 years [HR, 14.56; 95% CI, 4.499–47.08; P = 0.0001], and cirrhosis [HR, 7.995; 95% CI, 4.756–13.439; P = 0.0001] was identified as the independent factor for HCC development. Also, the cumulative incidence of HCC increased in proportion to the number of the risk factors. In conclusion, coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs may increase independently the risk of HCC development in chronic HBV infection. Therefore, consideration of HCC development is required in patients with coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs. J. Med. Virol. 86:124–130, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The question of cultural bias in assessment and diagnosis of ethnic minority clients: Let's reject the null hypothesis.

Cultural bias in the mental health assessment and psychiatric diagnosis of ethnic minorities has been asserted and challenged on the basis of clinical impression and a variety of psychometric criteria. The lack of a definitive empirical basis to resolve issues of assessment and diagnostic bias means that the null hypothesis (no bias or cross-cultural uniformity) prevails. This article argues that the traditional hypothesis to be nullified should be challenged. The consequences associated with its incorrect retention (Type II error = disservice to minority clients) may be more serious than its incorrect rejection (Type I error = misdirection to the mental health service system). If a clientcentered error is judged more serious than a service system error, then a statement of bias or crosscultural variance should be the null hypothesis until such time as empirical data suggest otherwise. The presumptions of valid measurement of psychological symptomatology and accurate diagnosis of psychiatric disorders are fundamental to the integrity of mental health research and to the delivery of effective mental health services. The fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Associations^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; 1994) reflects an increasing recognition of the importance of considering the cultural diversity of clients in rendering psychiatric diagnoses. Yet limited empirical data and even sparser theoretical preconceptions hinder researchers, professional practitioners, and policymakers in deciding whether or not—and, if so, how—a culturally informed mental health assessment ought to take place (Lopez, 1988; Lopez & Hernandez, 1987; Malgady, 1994). This issue is of special concern because effective psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment planning and continuity of care are predicated, in part, on accurate evaluation of symptom severity and diagnosis.
OsLYP4 and OsLYP6 play critical roles in rice defense signal transduction

Plant innate immunity relies on successful detection of trespassing pathogens through recognizing their microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at the cell surface. We recently reported two rice lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6, as dual functional PRRs sensing bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and fungal chitin. Here we further demonstrated the important roles of OsLYP4 and OsLYP6 in rice defense signaling, as silencing of either LYP impaired the defense marker gene activation induced by either bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzaecola or fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Moreover, we found that OsLYP4 and OsLYP6 could form homo- and hetero-dimers, and could interact with CEBiP, suggesting an unexpected complexity of chitin perception in rice.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation in adenocarcinoma of the lung a possible role

Seventy‐eight patients with modified Stage II or Stage IIIM0 adenocarcinoma of the lung were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the impact of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) (30 Gy in 15 fractions) in preventing central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Twenty patients received PCI and 58 did not. There were no significant differences between these groups with respect to age, sex, stage, or median survival (17.4 months with PCI versus 16.9 months without PCI; P = 0.6). One (5%) of 20 patients receiving PCI developed CNS metastases, compared with 14 (24%) of 58 patients not receiving PCI (P = 0.06). The time from diagnosis to development of CNS metastases and survival after CNS involvement was 51 weeks and 14 weeks, respectively, for the patient who received PCI; and a median time of 50 weeks and 26 weeks, respectively, for the patients not receiving PCI. In nine (64%) of the 14 non‐PCI patients the CNS was the first and only site of relapse. A Cox regression analysis demonstrated that nodal involvement was significantly associated with an increased risk of CNS metastases. These data suggest that PCI may decrease the incidence of CNS metastases, and that it may be beneficial in the management of patients with NI or N2 disease.
Phonological whole‐word measures in 3‐year‐old bilingual children and their age‐matched monolingual peers

The present study investigated phonological whole‐word measures and consonant accuracy in bilingual and monolingual children to investigate how target approximations drive phonological acquisition. The study included eight bilingual Spanish‐ and English‐speaking 3‐year‐olds and their monolingual peers (eight Spanish and eight American English). Phonological whole‐word measures (pMLU and Proximity) and consonant accuracy (PCC) were calculated on elicited single words. Differences were found on each measure between bilinguals and monolinguals in English, but in Spanish, only the PCC displayed differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Bilinguals displayed language separation on the pMLU and the PCC but not the Proximity, indicating structural phonological differences between the Spanish and English of bilinguals but commensurate target approximations. This suggests that maintaining a consistent level of phonological proximity to the target is an important factor in phonological acquisition. The measures and their relationships are also discussed.
A substitution at His-120 in the LasA protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa blocks enzymatic activity without affecting propeptide processing or extracellular secretion

The LasA protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa can degrade elastin and is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of this organism. LasA (20 kDa) is a member of the beta-lytic endopeptidase family of extracellular bacterial proteases, and it shows high-level staphylolytic activity. We sequenced the lasA gene from strain FRD1 and overexpressed it in Escherichia coli. The lasA gene encodes a precursor, known as pre-proLasA, of 45,582 Da. Amino-terminal sequence analysis allowed the identification of the signal peptidase cleavage site and revealed that the 31-amino-acid signal peptide was removed in E. coli. The remaining proLasA (42 kDa) did not undergo autoproteolytic processing and showed little staphylolytic activity. However, it was readily processed to a 20-kDa active staphylolytic protease by incubation with trypsin or with the culture filtrate of a P. aeruginosa lasAdelta mutant. Thus, removal of the propeptide (22 kDa) was required to convert proLasA into an active protease. Although LasA protease was critical for staphylolytic activity, other proteases like elastase were found to enhance staphylolysis. Under the control of an inducible trc promoter, lasA was overexpressed in P. aeruginosa and the processing intermediates were examined. Compared with wild-type cells, the overproducing cells accumulated more 42-kDa proLasA species, and the culture supernatants of the overproducing cells showed increased levels of active 20-kDa LasA protease. Small amounts of a 25-kDa extracellular LasA-related protein, which could represent a potential processing intermediate, were also observed. To better understand the structure-function relationships in LasA protease, we tested whether His-120-X-His-122 in the mature portion of LasA plays a role in activity. This motif and surrounding sequences are conserved in the related beta-lytic protease of Achromobacter lyticus. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to change His-120 to Ala-120, thus forming the lasA5 allele. The product of lasA5 expressed from the chromosome of P. aeruginosa was processed to a stable, secreted 20-kDa protein (designated LasA-H120A) which was devoid of staphylolytic activity. This suggests that His-120 is essential for LasA activity and favors the possibility that proLasA processing and secretion in P. aeruginosa can proceed via mechanisms which do not involve autoproteolysis.