Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ocular complications of boxing

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of ocular injuries in a large population of boxers over a period of 16 years, in particular, the most severe lesions that may be vision threatening. Methods: Clinical records of the medical archive of the Italian Boxing Federation were analysed. A total of 1032 boxers were examined from February 1982 to October 1998. A complete ophthalmological history was available for 956, who formed the study population (a total of 10 697 examinations). The following data were collected: age when started boxing; duration of competitive boxing career (from the date of the first bout); weight category; a thorough ocular history. The following investigations were carried out: measurement of visual acuity and visual fields, anterior segment inspection, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and examination of ocular fundus. Eighty age matched healthy subjects, who had never boxed, formed the control group. Results: Of the 956 boxers examined, 428 were amateur (44.8%) and 528 professional (55.2%). The median age at first examination was 23.1 (4.3) years (range 15–36). The prevalence of conjunctival, corneal, lenticular, vitreal, ocular papilla, and retinal alterations in the study population was 40.9% compared with 3.1% in the control group (p⩽0.0001). The prevalence of serious ocular findings (angle, lens, macula, and peripheral retina alterations) was 5.6% in boxers and 3.1% in controls (NS). Conclusions: Boxing does not result in a higher prevalence of severe ocular lesions than in the general population. However, the prevalence of milder lesions (in particular with regard to the conjunctiva and cornea) is noteworthy, justifying the need for adequate ophthalmological surveillance.
The use of stainless steel crowns: a systematic literature review.

PURPOSE The purpose was to review the published literature on stainless steel crowns (SSCs) from 2002 to the present as an update to an earlier review published in 2002. METHODS Included were published papers on clinical studies, case series, and laboratory testing on SSCs (including esthetic SSCs and the Hall technique) in peer-reviewed journals. Study quality and strength of evidence presented were assessed for papers reporting clinical results for SSCs as a primary study outcome using a list of weighting criteria. RESULTS Sixty-one papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria (24 papers on 22 clinical studies, three case reports, 21 reviews and surveys, and 13 laboratory testing reports on SSCs and esthetic preformed metal crowns for primary and permanent molar teeth). Ten clinical studies achieved weighting scores ranging from 68 percent to 26 percent, with the two highest scoring studies (68 percent and 63 percent) considered good quality. CONCLUSIONS Within the confines of the studies reviewed, primary molar esthetic crowns and SSCs had superior clinical performance as restoratives for posterior primary teeth, and the Hall technique was shown to have validity. No clinical studies were available on zirconia crowns. Further well-designed prospective studies on primary molar esthetic crowns and the Hall technique are needed.
The Effect of Polyester MicroParticles Powder Addition on Some Mechanical Properties of Light Cured Denture Base Material

Polymeric denture base materials are widely used in dentistry, since they were introduced in 1937, dental polymers has a wide use in dental applications due to its relatively inexpensive and easy to process in addition to that it has a superior physical and chemical characteristics such as chemical inert nature and high strength. Acrylic plastic has been the most widely used denture base material; almost 95% of the plastics in prosthodontics are polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Light activated polymers in dentistry are not new, however; the commercialization of Photo polymerization technology started at late 1960s. In 1984, visible light – cured base resins became available to profession and was suitable for many prosthodontic applications, removable, fixed and maxillofacial prosthesis.
Image quality affects macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements on fourier-domain optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To investigate whether image quality is an important determinant of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness measurements on Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-five and 56 normal subjects were recruited in RNFL and macular thickness arms of the study, respectively. Each participant was scanned three times using both the 3D OCT-1000 (version 3.01, Mark II; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and the Cirrus OCT (version 3.0, Model 4000; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). The scans for each participant were arranged in order of increasing image qualities, which were correlated with RNFL and macular thicknesses. Subgroup analyses were performed with identical versus different and high versus low image quality metrics. RESULTS Higher image quality was significantly correlated with greater RNFL thickness measurements on the 3D OCT-1000, and when the signal strength was less than 7 on the Cirrus device. Image quality metrics were negatively correlated with measured macular thicknesses on Cirrus OCT but not on 3D OCT-1000. CONCLUSION Image quality metrics should be considered when evaluating thickness measurements derived from Fourier-domain OCT devices.
Center for Research on Economic and Social CREST Working Paper Theory Taxes , Information and Corporate Financing Choices

The paper uses a different approach from most capital structure studies, and a large new data set to study many hypotheses of the determinants of financial decisions. We focus on incremental financing choices by firms (new public issues) rather than the debt/assets ratio. We resolve some questions about the role of taxes, by obtaining strong and plausible results after controlling for confounding effects which have been ignored in previous studies. We also find strong support for several predictions of moral hazard and financial distress theories of optimal leverage ratios. Some evidence of signaling costs for equity issues emerges, but the extreme "pecking order" hypothesis (that firms have hierarchical preferences with no optimal debt ratio) is rejected.
The management of risk in a dryland environment

A group of 24 Hawke’s Bay hill country farmers are working with service providers to improve the resilience of their farming systems. An important step in the process was to undertake an inventory of their risk management strategies. Farmers were interviewed about their farming systems and risk management strategies and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics. There was considerable variation in the strategies adopted by the farmers to cope with a dryland environment. Importantly, these strategies had to cope with three types of drought and also upside risk (better than expected conditions), and so flexibility was critical. Infra-structure was important in managing a dryland environment. Farmers chose between increased scale (increasing farm size) and geographic dispersion (owning a second property in another location) through to intensification (investing in subdivision, drainage, capital fertiliser, new pasture species). The study identified that there may be scope for further investment in infra-structural elements such as drainage, deeper rooting alternative pasture species and water harvesting, along with improved management of subterranean clover to improve flexibility. Many of the farmers used forage crops and idling capacity (reduced stocking rate) to improve flexibility; others argued that maintaining pasture quality and managing upside risk was a better strategy in a dryland environment. Supplementary feed was an important strategy for some farmers, but its use was limited by contour and machinery constraints. A surprisingly large proportion of farmers run breeding cows, a policy that is much less flexible than trading stock. However, several farmers had improved their flexibility by running a high proportion of trading cattle and buffer mobs of ewe hoggets and trade lambs. To manage market risk, the majority of farmers are selling a large proportion of their lambs prime. Similarly, cattle are either sold prime or store onto the grass market when prices are at a premium. However, market risk associated with the purchase of supplements and grazing was poorly managed.
Sugar-binding activity of the MRH domain in the ER α-glucosidase II β subunit is important for efficient glucose trimming

Dan Hu2, Yukiko Kamiya3,5, Kiichiro Totani4, Daiki Kamiya5, Norihito Kawasaki2, Daisuke Yamaguchi2, Ichiro Matsuo4, Naoki Matsumoto2, Yukishige Ito4,6, Koichi Kato3,5,6, and Kazuo Yamamoto1,2,6 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562; 3Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787; 4RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama 351-0198; 5Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi 467-8603; and 6CREST, JST, Saitama 332-1102, Japan
Thermal modelling using discrete vasculature for thermal therapy: A review

Abstract Reliable temperature information during clinical hyperthermia and thermal ablation is essential for adequate treatment control, but conventional temperature measurements do not provide 3D temperature information. Treatment planning is a very useful tool to improve treatment quality, and substantial progress has been made over the last decade. Thermal modelling is a very important and challenging aspect of hyperthermia treatment planning. Various thermal models have been developed for this purpose, with varying complexity. Since blood perfusion is such an important factor in thermal redistribution of energy in in vivo tissue, thermal simulations are most accurately performed by modelling discrete vasculature. This review describes the progress in thermal modelling with discrete vasculature for the purpose of hyperthermia treatment planning and thermal ablation. There has been significant progress in thermal modelling with discrete vasculature. Recent developments have made real-time simulations possible, which can provide feedback during treatment for improved therapy. Future clinical application of thermal modelling with discrete vasculature in hyperthermia treatment planning is expected to further improve treatment quality.
Nonlinear ENSOWarming Suppression ( NEWS ) 1 causing a La Niña-like mean-state response to global warming

In global warming experiments, the majority of global climate models warm faster in the eastern equatorial Pacific than in the west and produce a weakening of the Walker circulation. Recently, however, Kohyama, Hartmann, and Battisti (2016) showed that GFDL-ESM2M is an exception that exhibits a La Niña-like mean-state warming with a strengthening of the Walker circulation. This study explores the cause of this exceptional response and proposes a new mechanism, the Nonlinear ENSO Warming Suppression (NEWS), where the transient heating rate difference between the atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs annihilates extreme El Niños, causing a suppression of the mean-state warming in the east. Heat budget analyses of GFDL-ESM2M robustly show that nonlinear dynamical heating, which is necessary for extremely warm El Niños, becomes negligible under warming. An idealized nonlinear recharge oscillator model suggests that, if the temperature difference between the atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs becomes larger than some threshold value, the upwelling becomes too efficient for the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to keep its nonlinearity. Therefore, extreme El Niños dissipate but La Niñas remain almost unchanged, causing a La Niña-like mean-state warming. NEWS is consistent with observations and GFDL-ESM2M but not with the majority of state-of-the-art models, which lack realistic ENSO nonlinearity. NEWS and its opposite response to atmospheric cooling might contribute to the Pacific multi-decadal natural variability and global warming hiatuses. 8
First Time Lucky? An Experiment on Single versus Multiple Bank Lending Relationships

The widespread evidence of multiple bank lending relationships in credit markets suggests that firms are interested in setting up a diversity of banking links. However, it is hard to know from the empirical data whether a firm's observed number of lenders is symptomatic of financial constraints or rather a well-designed strategy. We design an experimental credit market to analyze the determinants of multiple bank lending relationships, both from the demand and the supply side. Our results show that borrowers prefer multiple lending when they are credit rationed and unable to stabilize their lending source, whatever their risk level. Moreover, rationed borrowers are less likely to repay and display a higher tendency to switch between lenders. At the same time, we observe that the determinants of lending change according to the type of information available on the loan applicants. Overall, our findings support the view that the number of banking relationships is mainly determined by the supply side.
MT‐1 melatonin receptor expression increases the antiproliferative effect of melatonin on S‐91 murine melanoma cells

Abstract: Melatonin, a derivative of tryptophan that is present in all vertebrates, was first described in bovine pineal gland. It is known that melatonin is a highly conserved molecule, present also in unicellular organisms and plants. Several effects of melatonin have been described, including receptor‐ and non‐receptor‐mediated actions. Herein, we studied the effects of melatonin on in vitro and in vivo cell proliferation of Cloudman S‐91 murine melanoma cells. We demonstrated that melatonin treatment significantly inhibits S‐91 melanoma cell proliferation in vitro (EC50 = 10−7 m) as well as reduces tumor growth in vivo. We also demonstrated that melatonin directly increases the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These effects are most likely triggered through the direct intracellular action of melatonin, since the presence of receptors could not be demonstrated in this cell line. Expression of MT‐1 melatonin receptor by stable transfection, mediated a dramatic antiproliferative melatonin effect (EC50 = 10−10 m) in S‐91 cells. The expressed receptor is negatively coupled to the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP signaling pathway via Gi protein. These results suggest that expression of the MT‐1 melatonin receptor in melanoma cells is a potential alternative approach to specifically target cells in cancer therapeutic treatment.
Lesotho Grade R teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching numeracy

Background: It is important that mathematics teachers have a robust knowledge of the mathematics they teach. They need more than just knowledge of the content because they are expected to facilitate understanding of the content with their learners. This study focused on the knowledge of practising Grade R teachers from Lesotho. Aim: The purpose of this exploratory study was to explore practising Grade R teachers’ mathematical knowledge for the teaching of numeracy. Setting: The study was conducted with 48 practising Grade R teachers while they were enrolled in an in-service programme at a College of Education in Lesotho. Methods: Data was generated through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaire included items focusing on the four domains of knowledge, namely common content knowledge, special content knowledge, knowledge of content and students, and knowledge of content and teaching. Results: The findings revealed that some teachers were unable to carry out division problems accurately and many struggled to explain the possible modification of a teaching plan. Only 27% of the group were able to explain that there were levels of understanding numeracy. With respect to ordering a sequence of three topics, only 15% of the teachers produced a reasonable sequence. Conclusion: These teachers’ difficulties raise concerns about the effectiveness of their teaching of numeracy. Despite the Lesotho government’s commitment to improving the learning of mathematics at the Grade R level, much more work is required to be conducted with teachers so that their mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) numeracy can be improved.
[Sexual violence in young men and women in Chile: results from a 2005 survey of university students].

BACKGROUND Experiences of sexual violence in adolescence and young adulthood have received little attention in Chilean public health research and practice. AIM To describe the prevalence and contexts of sexual violence victimization in a sample of university students in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS A self-administered, quantitative survey including items on sexual violence was completed by 484 female and 466 male students at a public university in Chile in 2005. RESULTS Thirty-one percent of women and 21 % of men reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual violence since age 14; the corresponding percentages for the past 12 months were 17% and 12%, respectively. The perpetrators were identified predominantly as an acquaintance; another important fraction corresponded to a partner or a date. Alcohol or other substances were involved in most cases. Among students who indicated having been assaulted, the incident was reported to the police by none of the men and 2% of women. Twenty one percent of women and 9% of men reported having experienced sexual violence before age 14. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of sexual violence found in this study indicates that this issue merits further public health attention in Chile.
Clinical characteristics and medication use patterns among hospitalized patients admitted with psychotic vs nonpsychotic major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND In routine practice, major depressive disorder (MDD) with psychotic features often goes under-recognized and undertreated. Previous research has specified several demographic and clinical differences in MDD patients with psychotic features compared with those without psychosis in routine outpatient practice, but there is little systematic research in modern routine hospital settings. METHODS We conducted a retrospective electronic medical records chart review of 1,314 patients diagnosed with MDD who were admitted consecutively to a major psychiatric hospital over a 1-year period. We examined the prevalence of psychotic features in the sample and investigated the differences in demographic variables, clinical characteristics, and medication use patterns among patients with and without psychosis. RESULTS The prevalence of psychotic features was 13.2% in the current hospital sample. Patients with psychotic depression were more likely to be older, male, a member of a racial/ethnic minority, and have more medical comorbidities and certain Axis I disorders compared with nonpsychotic patients. In addition, patients with psychotic depression were more likely to be prescribed antipsychotics and hypnotics before admission. CONCLUSIONS Several demographic and clinical characteristics differentiate MDD patients with psychosis from those without psychosis in hospital settings that may be helpful in identifying these patients. Comparisons with outpatient samples and treatments implications are discussed.
Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression

Background. There is little evidence to support possible structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus of patients with severe depression. Methods. Quantitative MRI of the amygdala and hippocampus, as well as proton spectroscopy (MRS) of mesial temporal structures were studied in 34 drug-resistant in-patients with major depression and compared with 17 age-matched controls. Volumetric MRI data were normalized for brain size. Results. The volume of the left hippocampus was significantly smaller in the patients compared with the controls. Both groups exhibited similar significant hippocampal asymmetry (left smaller than right). The patients, but not the controls, had significant asymmetry of the amygdalar volumes (right smaller than left). No differences were observed between the patients and controls in the T2 relaxation times for the hippocampus and amygdala. Mesial temporal lobe MRS revealed a significantly elevated choline/creatine ratio in the patients compared with the controls. Conclusions. This quantitative MRI study provides support for a possible association between structural and biochemical substrates and severe drug-resistant major depression.
Social Support and Social Conflict as Predictors of Prenatal Depression

OBJECTIVE: To estimate how social support and social conflict relate to prenatal depressive symptoms and to generate a brief clinical tool to identify women at increased psychosocial risk. METHODS: This is a prospective study following 1,047 pregnant women receiving care at two university-affiliated clinics from early pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. Structured interviews were conducted in the second trimester of pregnancy. Hierarchical and logistic regressions were used to examine potential direct and interactive effects of social support and conflict on prenatal depressive symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of the sample reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms predicted from sociodemographic factors, social support, and social conflict. Social support and conflict had independent effects on depressive symptoms although social conflict was a stronger predictor. There was a “dose–response,” with each increase in interpersonal risk factor resulting in consequent risk for probable depression based on symptom reports (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Scale greater than or equal to 16). A composite of one social support and three conflict items were identified to be used by clinicians to identify interpersonal risk factors for depression in pregnancy. Seventy-six percent of women with a composite score of three or more high-risk responses reported depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Increased assessment of social support and social conflict by clinicians during pregnancy can identify women who could benefit from group or individual interventions to enhance supportive and reduce negative social interactions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
A Meta-Analysis of Cross Sectional Studies Investigating Language in Maltreated Children.

Purpose In this review article, meta-analysis was used to summarize research investigating language skills in maltreated children. Method A systematic search of published studies was undertaken. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they investigated language skills in groups comprising maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Studies were selected if these 2 groups of children were of comparable age and from a similar socioeconomic background. Results A total of 26 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Results from the meta-analysis showed that maltreated children demonstrated consistently poorer language skills with respect to receptive vocabulary (k = 19; standardized mean difference [SMD] = .463; 95% confidence interval [CI; .293, .634]; p < .001), expressive language (k = 4; SMD =.860; 95% CI [.557, 1.163]; p < .001), and receptive language (k = 9; SMD =.528; 95% CI [.220, .837]; p < .001). Conclusion Together, these results indicate a reliable association between child maltreatment and poor language skills.