Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of Rv0679c and Rv0180c genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical isolates of pulmonary tuberculosis

Context: Two novel proteins/genes Rv0679c and Rv0180c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv were classified as a hypothetical membrane and transmembrane proteins which might have a role in the invasion. Molecular analysis of these genes in human clinical isolates of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients was not well characterised. Aims: To assess the molecular diversity of Rv0679c and Rv0180c genes of MTB from clinical isolates of PTB patients. Settings and Design: DNA from 97 clinical isolates was extracted and subjected to amplification using selective primers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR product obtained was sequenced commercially. Patients and Methods: Clinical isolates obtained from tuberculosis patients were investigated for polymorphisms in the Rv0679c and Rv0180c genes by PCR and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA isolated by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method was used for amplification of genes. Results: Rv0679c gene was highly conserved in 61 out of 65 clinical isolates assessed for sequence homology with wild-type H37Rv gene and was identical using ClustalW. Fifty-five out of 78 (70.5%) clinical isolates assessed for Rv0180c were positive for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 258th position where the nucleotide G was replaced with T (G to T). In clinical isolates of untreated cases, the frequency was 54.5% for SNP at 258th position which is low compared to cases undergoing treatment where the frequency was 73.1%. Conclusions: Molecular analysis of Rv0180c in clinical isolates of PTB assessed in this study was the first report, where an SNP at 258th position G to T was identified within the gene. Rv0679c gene was highly conserved (94%), within Indian clinical isolates as compared to reports from other nations.
Educable Mentally Retarded, Learning Disabled, Emotionally Disturbed: Similarities and Differences

236-245. Haywood, H. C. Labeling: Efficacy, evils, and caveats. Paper presented at the Joseph P. Kennedy, Ir. , Foundation International Symposium on Human Rights, Retardation, and Research, Washington, D. C" October 1971. Lewis, M. , & Brooks, J. Self, other, and fear: Infants' reactions to people. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.], The origin of fear: The origins of behavior (Vol. 2), New York: Wiley, 1974, Lewis, M" & Brooks, j. Infants' social perception: A constructivist view. In L. Cohen & P. Salapatek (Eds.], Infant perception: from sensation to cognition (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press, 1975. Lewis, M. , & Weinraub, M. Sex of parent and sex of child: Socioemotional development. In R C. Friedman, R M. Richart, & R. L. Vande Wiele (Eds.), Sex difference in behavior. New York: Wiley, 1974. MacMillian, D. L. Mental retardation in school and society. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1977. Porter, R H. , Ramsey, B" Tremblay, A. Iaccobo. M. , & Crawley, S. Social interactions in heterogeneous groups of retarded and normally developing children: An observational study. In G. P. Sackett (Ed.), Application of observationallethological methods to the study of mental retardation (Vol. 1). Baltimore: University Park Press, 1978. Prieto, A. G. , & Rutherford, R. B. , Jr. An ecological assessment technique for behaviorally disordered and learning disabled children. Behavioral Disorders, 1977,2,169-175. Ray, ). S. Behavior of developmentally delayed and non-delayed toddler-age children: An ethological study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Peabody College, 1974. Snyder, L. , Apolloni, T. , & Cooke, T. P. Integrated settings at the early childhood level: The role of nonretarded peers. Exceptional Children, 1977, 43, 262-255. Thomas, E. D. , & Marshall, M. J. Clinical evaluation and coordination of services: An ecological model. Exceptionol Children, 1977,44,16-22. Thurman, S. K. Congruence of behavioral ecologies: A model for special education programming. Journal of Special Education, 1977, 11, 329-333. Wiesenfeld, A. R, & Simeonsson, R J. Automatic correlates of the human infant's differential reaction to its mother. Unpublished manuscript, 1976.
Invited The Life Course Epidemiology of Depression

Lifetime trajectories of risk for major depression appear to be established early in childhood. Within the broader frameworks of life course epidemiology and developmental psychopathology, Pesonen et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:1126–1133) provide new evidence that traumatic experiences in childhood increase the risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood. They reported on a follow-up study of 1,658 members of the Helsinki Birth Cohort, born in 1934–1944 (Finland), 410 of whom were evacuated to foster care during World War II. More than six decades later, the adults who were evacuated as children had signiﬁcantly higher depressive symptom scores than the adults who were not evacuated. Their study highlights important challenges to determining whether or not speciﬁc childhood experiences have a causal effect on adult depression. This commentary reviews three challenges to causal inference in life course research: unmeasured confounding, sampling bias, and model speciﬁ-cation. Despite the strengths of birth cohort studies for investigating developmental trajectories and for establishing the temporality of exposures, such studies often do not overcome threats to causal inference that are common to observational research in general. The study by Personen et al. provides further motivation for research that can address commonly recognized sources of bias and identify intervening pathways linking early life exposures with adult health outcomes.
Recurrent duplications of 17q12 associated with variable phenotypes

The ability to identify the clinical nature of the recurrent duplication of chromosome 17q12 has been limited by its rarity and the diverse range of phenotypes associated with this genomic change. In order to further define the clinical features of affected patients, detailed clinical information was collected in the largest series to date (30 patients and 2 of their siblings) through a multi‐institutional collaborative effort. The majority of patients presented with developmental delays varying from mild to severe. Though dysmorphic features were commonly reported, patients do not have consistent and recognizable features. Cardiac, ophthalmologic, growth, behavioral, and other abnormalities were each present in a subset of patients. The newly associated features potentially resulting from 17q12 duplication include height and weight above the 95th percentile, cataracts, microphthalmia, coloboma, astigmatism, tracheomalacia, cutaneous mosaicism, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, hypermobility, hypospadias, diverticulum of Kommerell, pyloric stenosis, and pseudohypoparathryoidism. The majority of duplications were inherited with some carrier parents reporting learning disabilities or microcephaly. We identified additional, potentially contributory copy number changes in a subset of patients, including one patient each with 16p11.2 deletion and 15q13.3 deletion. Our data further define and expand the clinical spectrum associated with duplications of 17q12 and provide support for the role of genomic modifiers contributing to phenotypic variability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model for a single ethical and scientific review of multicentre research in New South Wales

The Medical Journal of Australia ISSN: 0025729X 2 July 2007 187 1 7-8 ©The Medical Journal of Australia 2007 www.mja. com.au Editorials research involving humans to be reviewed by an constituted human research ethics committee (H primary role is to protect the welfare, rights and dign research participants. It is also a requirement of Au peutic go ds legislation that all clinical trials that us therapeutic goods obtain approval from an HREC. There are currently 59 HRECs in New South Wa A welcome alternative to the current cumbersome and inefficient system
p53 prevents neurodegeneration by regulating synaptic genes

Significance The transcription factor p53 plays a critical role in the cellular response to DNA damage and has thus been studied intensively in oncogenesis research. However, the role that p53 plays in the response of postmitotic neurons to cellular stress has received less attention. Here we describe an unexpected neuroprotective role for p53 in an in vivo model of tau-mediated neurodegeneration relevant to Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Further, we identify synaptic function as a novel target pathway for p53 in aging neurons, consistent with the growing evidence for synaptic pathology as an early event in neurodegenerative disease. Our study defines mechanistically a new, conserved role for p53 in protecting postmitotic neurons from degeneration during aging and disease. DNA damage has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies, but the consequences of genotoxic stress to postmitotic neurons are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that p53, a key mediator of the DNA damage response, plays a neuroprotective role in a Drosophila model of tauopathy. Further, through a whole-genome ChIP-chip analysis, we identify genes controlled by p53 in postmitotic neurons. We genetically validate a specific pathway, synaptic function, in p53-mediated neuroprotection. We then demonstrate that the control of synaptic genes by p53 is conserved in mammals. Collectively, our results implicate synaptic function as a central target in p53-dependent protection from neurodegeneration.
Elevated soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in obesity: relationship to insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha system activity.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is 1 of the possible factors linking obesity and diabetes with cardiovascular disease, however, the mechanism of the increase in ICAM-1 concentration in obesity remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess plasma soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance and to evaluate whether those levels may be related to insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) system activity. The study was performed in 8 lean and 15 obese subjects. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured, and insulin sensitivity was evaluated using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique (insulin infusion, 50 mU x kg(-1) x h(-1)). Obese subjects were markedly more hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant and had higher plasma soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNFR2) and sICAM-1 levels. sICAM-1 was related positively to body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percent of body fat, glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), plasma insulin and triglycerides (TG), TNFalpha, and sTNFR2 and negatively to insulin sensitivity. Multiple regression analysis showed that only sTNFR2 and insulin sensitivity were independent predictors of sICAM-1 concentrations and were responsible for 66% of sICAM-1 variability. We conclude that an increase in plasma sICAM-1 concentration in obesity is related to TNFalpha system activation and insulin resistance.
Effects of tree shape on the accuracy of maximum likelihood-based ancestor reconstructions.

Ancestral state reconstruction is a powerful tool for testing theories of the order and timing of character evolution (Maddison, 1994, 1995; Yang et al., 1995; Schluter et al., 1997; Cunningham et al., 1998). Reconstruction methods that include explicit information both on the relative probabilities of change and the opportunity for change now exist for molecular sequences and amino acids (Yang et al., 1995; Koshi and Goldstein, 1996) and for both multistate discrete and continuous data (Martins, 1994, 1999; Schluter, 1995; Schluter et al., 1997; Pagel, 1997, 1999, personal communication; Mooers and Schluter, 1999). These latter model-based methods have been utilized successfully in ecological and evolutionary studies (see, e.g., Ryan and Rand, 1999; Hoekstra and Edwards, 2000; Morales, 2000; Matyjasiak et al., 2000; Oakley and Cunningham, 2002; Berendonk et al., 2003), but their behaviors are still largely unknown. Preliminary work highlighted that reconstructions for characters for which there is only a single observation per tip have large confidence limits, and this uncertainty increases with the inferred rate of evolution (Schluter, 1995; Schluter et al., 1997; note one recent study using fossils suggests such confidence limits may be too broad for continuous characters, Polly, 2001); as expected, larger trees offer better (in the sense of more strongly supported) ancestral estimates (Yang et al., 1995; Mooers and Schluter, 1999). The shape of a phylogenetic tree affects both the ease with which it is properly reconstructed (see, e.g., Rohlf et al., 1990; Heijerman, 1993; Salisbury, 1999) and the ease with which simple Markov traits can be reconstructed under maximum parsimony (Salisbury and Kim, 2001). Tree shape also affects the performance of various comparative tests (see, e.g., Martins and Garland, 1991; Harvey and Rambaut, 1998; Lorch and Eadie, 1999), and offers important clues to the process of macroevolution (see, e.g., Purvis, 1996): for instance, adaptive radiations might be associated with bursts of speciation early in a clade’s history, leading to starlike phylogenies (Schluter, 2000). Tree shape also has implications for conservation biology (Nee and May, 1997; Heard and Mooers, 2000). What aspects of a tree’s shape affect our ability to reconstruct history in the likelihood framework? Here I use simple computer simulation and a small set of test trees to explore the effects of aspects of tree shape (balance and stemminess) and the average rate of change on the accuracy of ancestor reconstructions for a simple two-state character.
Helsinki's New Clinical Rules: Fewer Placebos, More Disclosure

After 3 years of intense debate, medical researchers and ethicists have agreed on international standards that would dramatically tighten the rules for clinical research and put new limitations on the risks to which patients may be exposed. Meeting in Edinburgh, U.K., on 7 October, the general assembly of the World Medical Association voted to approve a revised version of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, the cornerstone of clinical research ethics, that reduces ambiguity in existing guidelines and could force changes in the design of future drug trials.
Chip-scale High-speed Fourier-transform Spectrometer Based on a Combination of a Michelson and a Fabry-Perot Interferometer

We report on a cascade combination of a micromachined Michelson interferometer and Fabry-Perot interferometer for compact and high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometry. The micromirror in the Michelson interferometer is driven near its resonance frequency for large optical path length modulation and high-speed interferogram measurements. A simple bulk micromachining process is used to fabricate all optical components on a silicon optical bench platform.
Mycorrhizal Fungi Can Dominate Phosphate Supply to Plants Irrespective of Growth Responses1

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are vital components of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, forming mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbioses with the roots of around 80% of vascular plants and often increasing phosphate (P) uptake and growth. We present novel data showing that AM fungi can
The role of prohormone convertase‐2 in hypothalamic neuropeptide processing: a quantitative neuropeptidomic study

Prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and 2 are involved in the generation of neuropeptides from their precursors. A quantitative peptidomic approach was used to explore the role PC2 plays in the processing of hypothalamic peptides. In this approach, extracts from mice lacking PC2 activity and from wild‐type littermates were labeled with isotopic tags, combined, fractionated on a reverse phase HPLC column, and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Altogether, 53 neuropeptides or other peptides derived from secretory pathway proteins were identified and sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry. These peptides arise from 21 distinct proteins: proenkephalin, proopiomelanocortin, prodynorphin, protachykinin A and B, procholecystokinin, promelanin‐concentrating hormone, proneurotensin, proneuropeptide Y, provasopressin, pronociceptin/orphanin, prothyrotropin‐releasing hormone, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript, chromogranin A and B, secretogranin II, prohormone convertase 1 and 2, propeptidyl‐amidating monooxygenase, and proteins designated proSAAS and VGF. Approximately one third of the peptides found in wild‐type mice were not detectable in PC2 knock‐out mice, and another third were present at levels ranging from 25 to 75% of wild‐type levels. Comparison of the cleavage sites suggests that sequences with a Trp, Tyr and/or Pro in the P1′ or P2′ position, or a basic residue in the P3 position, are preferentially cleaved by PC2 and not by other enzymes present in the secretory pathway.
The mass of an asymptotically flat manifold

We show that the mass of an asymptotically flat n-manifold is a geometric invariant. The proof is based on harmonic coordinates and, to develop a suitable existence theory, results about elliptic operators with rough coefficients on weighted Sobolev spaces are summarised. Some relations between the mass, scalar curvature and harmonic maps are described and the positive mass theorem for n-dimensional spin manifolds is proved.
Optimal Coordination Mechanisms for Unrelated Machine Scheduling

We investigate the influence of different algorithmic choices on the approximation ratio in selfish scheduling. Our goal is to design local policies that minimize the inefficiency of resulting equilibria. In particular, we design optimal coordination mechanisms for unrelated machine scheduling, and improve the known approximation ratio from Θ(m) to Θ(log m), where m is the number of machines. A local policy for each machine orders the set of jobs assigned to it only based on parameters of those jobs. A strongly local policy only uses the processing time of jobs on the same machine. We prove that the approximation ratio of any set of strongly local ordering policies in equilibria is at least Ω(m). In particular, it implies that the approximation ratio of a greedy shortest-first algorithm for machine scheduling is at least Ω(m). This closes the gap between the known lower and upper bounds for this problem and answers an open question raised by Ibarra and Kim (1977) [Ibarra OH, Kim CE (1977) Heuristic algori.
Transformation of the Pinched Column at a Period of the Neutron Production

A PF-1000 device working with a deuterium gas filling and a current on the order of 1 MA was used for studies of the pinch-column structure by means of a laser interferometric system at a period of hard X-ray (HXR) and neutron production. Three different phases of the plasma-column evolution, corresponding to the intense HXR and neutron emission, were studied for discharges with neutron yields equal to about 1011 neutrons/shot. First, the start of the stagnation of a pinch column was considered; as the second phase, the development and disruption of constrictions was studied, and as the third phase, the decrease of the plasma density in a part of the plasma column during its stagnation was considered. Regions of the probable electron and ion acceleration and possible neutron production were identified.
Acrokeratosis verruciformis (Hopf)—a clinical entity?

Contrary to the Unitarian concept of acrokeratosis verruciformis and Darier's disease, a comparative familial, clinical and histopathological analysis of six cases each of these two diseases has suggested that they are separate entities. Though clinically similar, acrokeratosis remained non‐dyskeratotic throughout life, whereas the acral lesions of Darier's disease showed, on careful scrutiny and follow‐up, various gradations of benign acantholytic dyskeratosis. Malignant transformation indicated that dyskeratosis in Hopf's disease would be very rare and of a different nature. The probability of a genetic linkage between the two genodermatoses is reviewed and discussed.
Severity assessment in maximally treated ICH patients – the max-ICH score

Objective: As common prognostication models in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are developed variably including patients with early (<24 hours) care limitations (ECL), we investigated its interaction with prognostication in maximally treated patients and sought to provide a new unbiased severity assessment tool. Methods: This observational cohort study analyzed consecutive ICH patients (n = 583) from a prospective registry over 5 years. We characterized the influence of ECL on overall outcome by propensity score matching and on conventional prognostication using receiver operating characteristic analyses. We established the max-ICH score based on independent predictors of 12-month functional outcome in maximally treated patients and compared it to existing models. Results: Prevalence of ECL was 19.2% (n = 112/583) and all of these patients died. Yet propensity score matching displayed that 50.7% (n = 35/69) theoretically could have survived, with 18.8% (n = 13/69) possibly reaching favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0–3). Conventional prognostication seemed to be confounded by ECL, documented by a decreased predictive validity (area under the curve [AUC] 0.67, confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.73 vs AUC 0.80, CI 0.76–0.83; p < 0.01), overestimating poor outcome (mortality by 44.8%, unfavorable outcome by 10.1%) in maximally treated patients. In these patients, the novel max-ICH score (0–10) integrates strength-adjusted predictors, i.e., NIH Stroke Scale score, age, intraventricular hemorrhage, anticoagulation, and ICH volume (lobar and nonlobar), demonstrating improved predictive accuracy for functional outcome (12 months: AUC 0.81, CI 0.77–0.85; p < 0.01). The max-ICH score may more accurately delineate potentials of aggressive care, showing favorable outcome in 45.4% (n = 214/471) and a long-term mortality rate of only 30.1% (n = 142/471). Conclusions: Care limitations significantly influenced the validity of common prognostication models resulting in overestimation of poor outcome. The max-ICH score demonstrated increased predictive validity with minimized confounding by care limitations, making it a useful tool for severity assessment in ICH patients.
ACCESSORY BREAST TISSUE IN THE AXILLA IN A PUERPERAL WOMAN- CASE STUDY

Ectopic or accessory breast tissue (EBT) is an uncommon residual tissue that persists from normal embryonic development, found in 2-6% of the female population. EBT may occur anywhere along the embryonic mammary streak, but is most commonly located in the axillary region. EBT can consist of any or all components of the breast and may be functional or non-functional. The development of this tissue is hormonedependent, similar to normal breast tissue. EBT presents as asymptomatic mass and may prove to be a diagnostic challenge in the absence of areola and nipple. The identification and distinction of EBT from other breast pathologies occurring in the area, both benign and malignant, is essential for proper management. In most of the cases, these lesions are asymptomatic and do not warrant any intervention unless they produce discomfort. In this report, we present a case of an ectopic breast tissue in the left axilla of an 24-year-old Asian Indian primipara patient. The importance of FNAC as diagnostic tool in suspected cases of polymastia without nipple/areola and the conservative approach through regular follow-up for management of proven benign ectopic breast tissue are highlighted.