Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Homicidal Deaths in the Western Suburbs of Paris: A 15-Year-Study

AbstractThe aim of our study was to analyze the homicide pattern in the Western suburbs of Paris and its evolution between 1994 and 2008. All autopsy reports regarding homicides from the period January 1, 1994, to December 31, 2008, were retrospectively reviewed. Five hundred eleven homicide cases were selected of 4842 autopsy cases. The following data were recorded: assailants and victims characteristics, crime scene location, homicide motive, cause of death, and victim’s postmortem toxicological results. Homicide rate steadily declined over the period at the exception of the number of homicide-suicide per year, which remained constant. Homicide victims remained unidentified after medicolegal investigations in 2% of the cases. Child and elder homicide cases represented, respectively, 10.7% and 8.2% of the cases. Offenders were male in 88% of the cases. Male and female assailants showed distinct homicide patterns: females were involved more frequently in familial quarrel and child abuse. They never killed a stranger and committed homicide exclusively in a private place with a predominance of sharp weapons. Males, in contrast, assaulted almost equally a stranger or an acquaintance, often in a public place with a predominance of firearm. Victim knew the assailant(s) in 57% of the cases. Homicides mostly took place at the residence of the assailant or the victim. Homicide motive was clearly determined in 71% of the cases. Argument was the most common motive in 44% of the cases. Sexual assault was rarely found (10 cases). Gunshot wounds were the most common cause of death (37%), followed by stab wounds (27%), blunt trauma (19%), and asphyxia (13%). A decrease of gunshot wounds as a cause of death was found over the studied period. Alcohol was the most common toxic detected in blood of the victim, in 48.5% of the cases when toxicological results were available. Blood alcohol concentration ranged from 1 to 500 mg/dL with a mean value of 150 mg/dL.
FXYD 1 phosphorylation in vitro and in adult rat cardiac myocytes : threonine 69 is a novel substrate for protein kinase C

William Fuller, Jacqueline Howie, Linda M. McLatchie, Roberta J. Weber, C. James Hastie, Kerry Burness, Davor Pavlovic, and Michael J. Shattock The Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and Division of Signal Transduction Therapy, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate in patients with mild to moderate asthma

BACKGROUND The objective of this multicentre, randomised, double blind, parallel group study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the addition of salmeterol with that of doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate in asthmatic patients not controlled by a low or intermediate dose of inhaled corticosteroids. METHODS After a four week run in period of treatment with fluticasone propionate (100 μg twice daily if pre-trial dose was 400–600 μg inhaled corticosteroids or 250 μg twice daily if pre-trial dose was 800–1200 μg inhaled corticosteroids), 274 patients were randomised to treatment for 12 weeks with either salmeterol 50 μg twice daily plus the run in dose of fluticasone propionate or twice the run in dose of fluticasone propionate (200 or 500 μg twice daily). Outcome measures were daily records of peak expiratory flow (PEF), symptom scores, and clinic lung function. RESULTS The improvements in both the morning and evening PEF were better in the salmeterol than in the fluticasone propionate group, the mean increase in morning PEF being 19 l/min higher (95% CI 11.0 to 26.1) and in evening PEF being 16 l/min (95% CI 18.4 to 24.0) higher in the salmeterol group. The increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 0.09 l greater in the salmeterol group than in the fluticasone propionate group after four weeks of treatment (95% CI 0.01 to 0.18), but not after 12 weeks. Both regimens showed an increase in symptom free days and a reduction in the need for rescue salbutamol both during the day and the night, but these improvements were greater in the salmeterol group. There were no significant differences between the groups in adverse effects or in the number of rescue courses of oral corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients still symptomatic despite 100 or 250 μg fluticasone propionate twice daily, the addition of salmeterol caused a greater improvement in lung function and symptom control than doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate.
Mechanisms of tolerance induction in allergic disease: integrating current and emerging concepts

The prevalence of atopy and allergic disease continues to escalate worldwide. Defining immune mechanisms that suppress the underlying Th2‐driven inflammatory process is critical for the rational design of new treatments to prevent or attenuate disease. Allergen immunotherapy has provided a useful framework for evaluating changes in the immune response that occur during the development of tolerance. Despite this, elucidating the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory cells, has proven challenging in humans with allergic disease. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the immune pathways that orchestrate allergen tolerance, with an emphasis on emerging concepts related to human disease. A variety of regulatory cell types, including IL‐10‐secreting T and B cells, play a pivotal role in suppressing allergic responses to inhaled, ingested and injected allergens. These cells may inhibit Th2 effectors directly, or else indirectly, through other cell types and mediators. Protective antibodies, including IgG4, Fc sialylated IgG, and IgA, have the capacity to modulate the response by preventing allergen binding to surface‐bound IgE, or inhibiting dendritic cell maturation. Immune cell plasticity may augment suppression of Th2 cells by T regulatory cells, through mechanisms that involve T cell conversion, or else unconventional roles of classical effector cells. These actions depend upon external cues provided by the in vivo milieu. As such, specific anatomical sites may preferentially favour tolerance induction. Recent scientific advances now allow a global analysis of immune parameters that capture novel markers of tolerance induction in allergic patients. Such markers could provide new molecular targets for assessing tolerance, and for designing treatments that confer long‐lasting protection in a safe and efficacious fashion.
The influence of social preferences and reputational concerns on intergroup prosocial behaviour in gains and losses contexts

To what extent do people help ingroup members based on a social preference to improve ingroup members’ outcomes, versus strategic concerns about preserving their reputation within their group? And do these motives manifest differently when a prosocial behaviour occurs in the context of helping another gain a positive outcome (study 1), versus helping another to avoid losing a positive outcome (study 2)? In both contexts, we find that participants are more prosocial towards ingroup (versus outgroup members) and more prosocial when decisions are public (versus private) but find no interaction between group membership and either anonymity of the decision or expected economic value of helping. Therefore, consistent with a preference-based account of ingroup favouritism, people appear to prefer to help ingroup members more than outgroup members, regardless of whether helping can improve their reputation within their group. Moreover, this preference to help ingroup members appears to take the form of an intuitive social heuristic to help ingroup members, regardless of the economic incentives or possibility of reputation management. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of intergroup prosocial behaviour are discussed.
Expression of c-src in cultured human neuroblastoma and small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines correlates with neurocrine differentiation

Human cell lines with neuronal and neuroendocrine features were examined for their expression of pp60c-src, the cellular homolog of the transforming gene product pp60v-src of Rous sarcoma virus. Four neuroblastoma (LA-N-5, SH-SY5Y, Paju, and SK-N-MC) and three small-cell lung carcinoma (U-2020, U-1690, and U-1285) cell lines were selected on the basis of their stage of neurocrine differentiation, as determined by the expression of neuron-specific enolase. In an immune complex protein kinase assay, all seven cell lines displayed c-src kinase activity which was considerably higher than that found in nonneurocrine cells (human diploid fibroblasts, glioma, and non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines). Furthermore, the c-src kinase activity, as determined by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation of an exogenous substrate, enolase, correlated with the stage of neurocrine differentiation. There was an approximately 30-fold difference in c-src kinase autophosphorylation activity between the cell lines representing the highest and lowest stages of neurocrine differentiation. A similar variation was found in the steady-state levels of the c-src protein of these cell lines. Highly differentiated neuroblastoma cells expressed two forms of the src protein. Digestion by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease did reveal structural diversity in the amino-terminal ends of these c-src molecules. In summary, we found a clear correlation between c-src kinase activity and the stage of neuronal and neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, the phenotypic similarity between neurons and neuroendocrine cells includes high c-src expression.
Transcription in bacteria at different DNA concentrations

The effect of changing the DNA concentration on RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell growth rate was studied in Escherichia coli B/r. The DNA concentration was varied by changing the replication velocity or by changing replication initiation in a thymine-requiring strain with a mutation in replication control. The results demonstrate that changes in DNA concentration (per mass) have no effect on the cell growth rate and the rates of synthesis (per mass) of stable RNA (rRNA, tRNA), bulk mRNA, or protein or on the concentration of RNA polymerase (total RNA polymerase per mass). Thus, transcription in E. coli is not limited by the concentration of DNA, but rather by the concentration of functional RNA polymerase in the cytoplasm. Changing the DNA concentration does, however, affect fully induced lac gene activity, here used as a model for constitutive gene expression. The magnitude of the effect of DNA concentration on lac gene activity depends on the distribution of replication forks over the chromosome, which is a function of the replication velocity. Analysis of these date reinforces the conclusion that transcription is limited by the concentration of functional RNA polymerase in the cytoplasm.
Radical right-wing movements: Who, when, how and why?

Despite the increasing academic interest in the radical right (Mudde, 2016, and as Figure 1 shows), which has accompanied its recent success all around Europe, research on the topic is still ‘biased’ towards some types of organizations and forms of political action (Goodwin, 2012; Hutter and Kriesi, 2013). On the one hand, as other articles in Sociopedia.isa have pointed out (e.g. Muis and Immerzeel, 2016), the literature on the radical right has been focused mainly on political parties, elections and electoral behaviour (e.g. Carter, 2005; Ignazi, 2003; Norris, 2005), paying little attention to the non-partisan milieu and cultural phenomena that surround (and often support) the success of radical parties. On the other hand, the scholarship on social movements has often neglected right-wing radicalism (for some exceptions, see Caiani et al., 2012; Koopmans et al., 2005; Leeson et al., 2012; Minkenberg, 2011; Mudde, 2007; Rydgren, 2005, 2007). As noted by Della Porta (2013), right-wing extremist movements have been examined mainly within studies of political violence and terrorism, and are associated with socioeconomic or political pathologies (e.g. breakdown theories, relative deprivation), whereas work on social movement, emphasizing actors’ strategic choices and the contextual opportunities for mobilization, has been more interested in analysing left-wing radicalism. This dichotomy also holds true for research on the radical right in East Central Europe, which has concentrated mainly on explaining the emergence and electoral contours of post-Soviet countries’ radical right populism (e.g. Auers-Kasekamp, 2013; Hanley et al., 2008; Kovács, 2013; but for some exceptions, see Minkenberg, 2015; Mudde, 2005). Moreover, although there are numerous empirical studies within the field of political violence and terrorism investigating the causes and conditions of the emergence of extremism (among others, Della Porta, 2013), the attention to radical right-wing movements is less than that paid to other types of (extremist) organizations (e.g. Islamic religious organizations). A abstract This article provides an overview of the existing research on the causes of radical right-wing movements, a topic often neglected in the literature in comparison with the academic attention paid to radical right political parties and elections. It illustrates individual, organizational and contextual explanations for the emergence and mobilization (including violence) of right-wing movements in Europe and beyond, providing comparative empirical studies and data as illustration. The article concludes by discussing possible future directions for right-wing movement research.
The Quantitative Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Phenolics Accumulation in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

The quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on accumulation of phenolics were examined on greenhouse-grown plants of Hypericum perforatum L. Plants were grown in a greenhouse separated into two parts: shaded by 50% transparent polyethylene cover and un-shaded. Temperature values and light intensities were measured daily during the experiment, while plants were harvested weekly for HPLC analyses. Multi regression analyses were performed to describe the quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on phenolics accumulation. According to the results, increases in temperatures from 24°C to 32°C and light intensities from 803.4 μMm−2s−1 to 1618.6 μMm−2s−1 resulted in a continuous increase in amentoflavone, apigenin-7-glucoside, cholorogenic acid, hyperoside, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin and quercitrin contents. The relationships between temperature, light intensity and phenolics accumulation were formulized as P= [a + (b1 x t) + (b2 x l) + [b3 x(t x l)]] equition, where P is the content of the corresponding phenolic, t temperature (°C), l light intensity (μMm−2s−1) and a, b1, b2 and b3 the coefficients of the produced equation. The regression coefficient (R2) value for amentoflavone was 0.84, for apigenin-7-glucoside 0.87, for cholorogenic acid 0.83, for hyperoside 0.95, for kaempferol 0.76, for rutin 0.70, for quercetin – 0.93, and for quercitrin – 0.86. All R2 values and standard errors of the equations were found to be significant at the p<0.001 level. The mathematical models produced in the present study could be applied by Hypericum researchers as useful tools for the prediction of phenolics content instead of routine chemical analyses.
Microstructural properties of premotor pathways predict visuomotor performance in chronic stroke

Microstructural properties of the corticospinal tract (CST) descending from the motor cortex predict strength and motor skill in the chronic phase after stroke. Much less is known about the relation between brain microstructure and visuomotor processing after stroke. In this study, individual's poststroke and age‐matched controls performed a unimanual force task separately with each hand at three levels of visual gain. We collected diffusion MRI data and used probabilistic tractography algorithms to identify the primary and premotor CSTs. Fractional anisotropy (FA) within each tract was used to predict changes in force variability across different levels of visual gain. Our observations revealed that individuals poststroke reduced force variability with an increase in visual gain, performed the force task with greater variability as compared with controls across all gain levels, and had lower FA in the primary motor and premotor CSTs. Our results also demonstrated that the CST descending from the premotor cortex, rather than the primary motor cortex, best predicted force variability. Together, these findings demonstrate that the microstructural properties of the premotor CST predict visual gain‐related changes in force variability in individuals poststroke. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2039–2054, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha induces vitamin D‐1‐hydroxylase activity in normal human alveolar macrophages

The induction of 1‐hydroxylase in alveolar macrophages by tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF) was examined in view of recent evidence suggesting that local production of 1,25‐(OH)2D3 may play a role in the regulation of immune functions. Incubation of pulmonary alveolar macrophages from normal human subjects with recombinant TNF caused a 2‐ to 10‐fold increase in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐1‐hydroxylase activity. The dose‐response curve was linear over the range 0.05—5.0 IU/ml, and no further increase was seen at higher concentrations. The increase in 1‐hydroxylase activity was present after 12 h and reached a maximum after 3 days. The effect of TNF was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 (10−10−10−8 M) in the incubation media for 5 days but was unaffected by 10−9 M 1,25(OH)2D3 after 12 h. The enhancement of macrophage 1‐hydroxylase activity by TNF was comparable to that induced by gamma interferon (IFN) but the effects of maximal doses of both agents were not additive. The presence of antibody to TNF resulted in a 76% inhibition of TNF‐induced 1‐hydroxylase but had no significant effect on IFN‐induced 1‐hydroxylase activity.
Sagital abdominal diameter, but not waist circumference is strongly associated with glycemia, triacilglycerols and HDL-C levels in overweight adults.

AIM To correlate the sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and waist circumference (WC) with metabolic syndrome-associated abnormalities in adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included onehundred twelve adults (M=27, F=85) aging 54.0±11.2 yrs and average body mass index (BMI) of 30.5±9.0 kg/m². The assessment included blood pressure, plasma and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS In both men and female, SAD and WC were associated positively with body fat% (r=0.53 vs r=0.55), uric acid (r=0.45 vs r=0.45), us-PCR (r=0.50 vs r=0.44), insulin (r=0.89 vs r=0.75), insulin resistance HOMA-IR (r=0.86 vs r=0.65), LDL-ox (r=0.51 vs r=0.28), GGT (r=0.70 vs r=0.61), and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.35 vs r=0.33), and negatively with insulin sensibility QUICKI (r=-0.89 vs r=-0.82) and total cholesterol/TG ratio (r=-0.40 vs r=-0.22). Glycemia, TG, and HDL-c were associated significantly only with SAD (r=0.31; r = 39, r=-0.43, respectively). CONCLUSION Though the SAD and WC were associated with numerous metabolic abnormalities, only SAD correlated with dyslipidemia (TG and HDL-c) and hyperglycemia (glycemia).
Considering the Linkage Between the Theory of Trust and Classical Rural Sociology’s Concepts

Abstract The paper presents a multi-theoretical argument by linking the mid-range concepts of risk and trust to some core, classical approaches of rural sociology. The main assumption is that risk and trust, two essential features of social interactions in late modernity are influenced by the rural and urban forms of coexistence. Based on the typological grand theories of early rural sociology, countryside-like milieu reduces risks, and by this, supports the individual abilities of showing trust. The paper analyzes this assumption on European countries’ data through a quantitative empirical inquiry. The findings do not strengthen the basic hypothesis which conclusion suggests that the classical typological approach of rural sociology should be seen through a critical lens – just as the new theoretical interpretations from the field recommend it.
Further investigation in europeans of susceptibility variants for polycystic ovary syndrome discovered in genome-wide association studies of Chinese individuals.

CONTEXT Two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have identified 11 susceptibility loci in Chinese individuals. Some of the risk loci identified in Chinese cohorts, mostly from the first GWAS, have been replicated in Europeans. Replication of the loci from the second GWAS in European cohorts is necessary to determine whether the same variants confer risk for PCOS in multiple ethnicities. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of the Chinese GWAS loci in European-origin individuals. DESIGN This was a genetic association study. SETTING The study was conducted at a tertiary care academic center. PATIENTS Eight hundred forty-five European subjects with PCOS and 845 controls participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONS included blood sampling and genotyping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The association between PCOS and 12 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms mapping to seven of the Chinese GWAS loci in a European cohort was measured. RESULTS Variants in DENND1A (P = .0002), THADA (P = .035), FSHR (P = .007), and INSR (P = .046) were associated with PCOS in Europeans. The genetic risk score, generated for each subject based on the total number of risk alleles, was associated with the diagnosis of PCOS (P < .0001) and remained associated (P = .02), even after exclusion of the four variants individually associated with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS At least four of the PCOS susceptibility loci identified in the Chinese GWAS are associated with PCOS in Europeans. The overall genetic burden for PCOS, as demonstrated by the risk score, is also associated with the diagnosis of PCOS in Europeans. The PCOS susceptibility loci identified in the Chinese GWAS are thus likely to play an important role in the etiology of PCOS across ethnicities.
The functions of art-making in CISD with children and youth.

Very little has been written about the use of art materials in the debriefing process with young children apart from the familiar assumptions of increasing comfort in the situation and providing a more concrete way for young children to communicate. In this study, art-making was introduced as an integral, although optional, component of the debriefing process in order to examine more fully the functions of art-making in this context. This paper describes a research process and findings from a series of debriefings with four different groups of children and adolescents who had experienced either primary traumatic effects (i.e., were present during a traumatic event) or secondary traumatic effects (i.e., were impacted by a trauma that happened to someone else). The analysis of the artwork and of the comments of the participants are integrated within a theoretical framework combining ideas from the fields of art therapy and the treatment of trauma. From this analysis, there is a description of four functions of art-making in CISD with this population: (a) to increase comfort and emotional safety, (b) to promote expression of thoughts and feelings, (c) to enhance appropriate containment of emotion, and (d) to support ego-strengths. The primary contribution of this research is to offer a clear articulation of the rationale for the consistent use of art-making in CISD with children and youth, and to do so in a way that makes this option available for all debriefers, not just those who are trained as art therapists.