Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperation among behaviorally heterogeneous players in social dilemma with stay or leave decisions

Given the substantial evidence of behavioral heterogeneity in social dilemma experiments, in this study we consider how to achieve cooperation in n-player prisoner's dilemma situations where each player has one behavioral type, either selfish or conditionally cooperative. We introduce a two-stage game form called the stay-leave mechanism, where each cooperator has the chance to revise his choice when players' choices are not unanimous. For homogeneous behavioral type cases, theory predicts that the unique outcome is cooperative under the stay-leave mechanism, regardless of the benefit derived from cooperation. For heterogeneous behavioral type cases, we show that the benefits of cooperation shrink such that the unique outcome is cooperative under the stay-leave mechanism if the number of conditionally cooperative players increases. The average cooperation rate in the stay-leave mechanism experiment is 86.6% across 15 periods, which increases to 96.0% after period 5. We also provide evidence that selfish and conditionally cooperative types coexist throughout the sessions, in the proportion that the equilibrium outcome is cooperative. Our results corroborate the importance of incorporating behavioral heterogeneity into institutional design.
Examining Explanatory Biases in Young Children's Biological Reasoning

Despite the well-established literature on explanation in early childhood, little is known about what constrains children's explanations. State change and negative outcomes were examined as potential explanatory biases in the domain of naïve biology, extending upon previous work in the domain of naïve physics. In two studies, preschool children (N = 70, 3- to 5-year-olds) were informed of the distinct health outcomes of characters in four between-subjects conditions (i.e., becoming ill, recovering from illness, continuous health, and continuous illness) and were asked to provide explanations. Whereas children in both studies provided relevant information for health outcomes, they more often explained outcomes that included a salient health-state change. Presence of a state change also influenced the interpretation of potentially relevant information and improved memory for health outcomes. We discuss how biases in children's explanations constrain children's reasoning and may exacerbate difficulties with reasoning about important health-related topics such as illness prevention.
reventing the recovery of extinguished ethanol tolerance

There is substantial evidence that drug-paired cues become associated with drug effects. From a Pavlovian perspective, these cues act as conditioned stimuli and elicit conditioned compensatory responses that contribute to drug tolerance. Here we report two experiments with rats in which we studied the extinction of the associative tolerance to the ataxic effect of ethanol. Experiment 1 evaluated whether changes in the temporal and physical contexts after extinction training provoke recovery of the extinguished tolerance. The results showed successful extinction, spontaneous recovery and renewal of the extinguished tolerance, but no summation of renewal and spontaneous recovery. Experiment 2 evalussociative tolerance
Effect of Co-Digestion of Cow Dung And Poultry Manure on Biogas Yield , Proximate And Amino Acid Contents of Their Effluents

A study was carried out on the effects of co-digestion of cow dung and poultry manure on biogas yields, proximate and amino acid compositions of the by-products. Five mixed substrates: 100:0(cow dung :poultry manure), 0:100 (cow dung :poultry manure), 50:50(cow dung :poultry manure), 75:25(cow dung :poultry manure) and 25:75(cow dung :poultry manure), represented treatments A, B, C, D and E respectively. These in triplicates, were separately loaded into 13.6Ldigesters locally fabricated and kept for an eight week retention period. The average biogas yields obtained ranged from 2961.0 2031.1ml, in the order of 50:50 (cow dung : poultry manure) > 25:75(cow dung : poultry manure) > 0:100(cow dung : poultry manure) > (cow dung : poultry manure) > 75:25 (cow dung : poultry manure). Anaerobic digestion of the wastes led to enhancements of %ash and moisture content, while % reduction in the total lipid, total solid and volatile solid contents ranged from 40.3886. 82%, 11.77 24.82%, and 39.99-59.00%, respectively. The crude protein (CP)content increased for all treatments except B, with 5.74% as % reduction. Similarly, only treatments B and E had 18.05% and 32.11% respectively as % reductions in nitrogen free extract (NFE) after digestion. The mixed digested substrates recorded remarkable reductions in % ash, NFE, TS and VS while there were increases in the CP and MC than the single substrates. The histidine, glycine, cysteine and methione contents were noticeably enhanced for all the by-products. The leusine, threonine and isoleusine contents increased for all digested treatments except B, with 60.14, 6.14 and 16.89% as percentage reductions respectively. Digested 100:0 cow dung had the highest % increase for threonine, proline, glycine, alanine and total amino acid. Among the co-digested substrate, 50:50 ratio recorded the highest % increase for glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and methione; the 75:25 ratio for histidine, serine, isoleusine, leusine total amino acid, total essential amino acid, total nonessential amino acid and total sulphur amino acid, while the 25:75 ratio was for threonine, proline, tyrosine and total aromatic amino acida due to anaerobic digestion.
Sleep Quality among Primary Care Attendees in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria: A Case-Control Study

Objective: To assess sleep quality and its determinants among primary care patients in a Northern Nigerian setting. Methods: We administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to 217 consecutive patients attending the General Outpatient Clinic of Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital, Kaduna, and PSQI to 223 age-matched controls to evaluate their sleep quality and levels of anxiety and depression. A data collection sheet was used to record the sociodemographic characteristics of patients and controls, and the clinical characteristics of the patients. Results: The mean ages of all the subjects, patients, and controls were 33.7 (SD 10.6), 33.5 (SD 10.6), and 34.0 (SD 10.5) years respectively; 54.4% of the patients were females, 54.8% were Muslims, 56.2% admitted they had pain, 60.8% and 46.5% had anxiety and depressive symptoms respectively, while 68.7% had poor sleep quality. The mean global score of sleep quality for patients was 9.2 (SD 3.6) while that of the control was 3.8 (SD 1.4). The difference was statistically significant (t = 20.834, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 4.891–5.910). Islamic religious faith, presence of pain, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with poor quality of sleep (P value < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis identified being a Muslim (OR 6.422, P value 0.027, 95% CI 0.196–0.907), pain (OR 8.038, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 0.016–0.091), and anxiety symptoms (OR 5.253, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 0.136–0.473) as predictors of poor sleep quality among the patients. Conclusion: Poor quality of sleep is common in primary care patients. Efforts should be made to improve its recognition, identify associated factors, and consider a holistic approach to patients' care.
Fruit and vegetable intake and breast cancer risk: a case for subtype-specific risk?

In this issue of the Journal, Jung et al. (1) report no overall effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on breast cancer risk among women in the large, long-term Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer (Pooling Project). When the authors considered hormone-responsive, estrogen receptor (ER)–positive patients separately from the nonhormonal, ER-negative patients under a hypothesis of separate etiology, a statistically significant protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption was observed for risk of ER-negative, but not ER-positive breast cancer. Most striking, the authors provide evidence that the protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption for ER-negative breast cancer, in terms of magnitude and direction, were largely consistent across the 20 pooled studies. With these findings, Jung et al. (1) add to the growing number of studies reporting the differential effect of risk factors, including the classic breast cancer reproductive risk factors such as age of first pregnancy, when breast cancer is considered as separate subgroups such as ER-positive, ER-negative and triple negative breast cancer (2). These studies indicate that considering ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer as a single disease in diet association studies has likely resulted in an underestimation of risk and a possible failure to detect even modest effects that may modify ER-negative breast cancer risk. These findings support the concept of distinct natural histories of hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors, as has been suggested by molecular profiling studies (3) and as heralds back to the findings from the Iowa Women’s Study, which described differences in reproductive factors and risk for ER-positive, progesterone receptor–positive, and ER-negative breast cancers (4).
Protein-deficient diet, fluoride and amelogenesis

OPSOMMING Drie groepe albinorotte van die Wisiar-tipe is in die ondersoek gebruik. Die een groep het ’n voldoende dieet ontvang terwyl die oorblywende groepe ’n prote'ientekort-dieet ontvang het. n Maand na die aanvang van die proefneming is natriumfluoried onderhuids aan die rotte toegedien en die veranderinge (indien enige) wat in glasuurvorming en in die ameloblaste na periodes van 6, 24 en 48 uur voorgekom het, is ondersoek. Veranderinge in die mandibulere snytande het soos volg voorgekom: klein globules of ’n reeks oneweredige uitgroeisels op die vormingsoppervlak van die glasuurmatrys, klein vormingsdefekte in ’n skuins lyn in die glasuurmatrys gerangskik, enkele uitgroeisels van die glasuurmatrysoppervlak en morfologiese veranderinge in die ameloblaste. Uit die groep van 15 rotte wat glasuurafwykinge getoon het, was slegs 2 uit die groep wat op ’n voldoende dieet was terwyl onderskeidelik 4 en 9 uit die ander 2 groepe afkomstig was. Die feit dat 6 rotte afwykinge na 6 uur getoon het, 6 na 24 uur en slegs 3 na 48 uur, laat die vermoede ontstaan dat die nadelige gevolge van 'n enkele toediening van fluoor van tydelike aard is. Bevindinge in die huidige ondersoek dui ook daarop dat ’n geskikte dosis natriumfluoried om ’n uitwerking, deur middel van onderhuidse toediening, op glasuurvorming in rotte te veroorsaak, 17 mg per kg liggaamsgewig is; dat ’n proteientekort in die dieet die vatbaarheid van ameloblaste vir die skadelike invloed van Jluoor verhoog en dat sodanige skade spoedig na die toediening van fluoor sigbaar word.
Decellularized matrices for tissue engineering

Importance of the field: Biomimetic scaffolds and substrates of extracellular matrices (ECMs) play an important role in the regulation of cell function and in the guidance of new tissue regeneration, as an ECM has the intrinsic cues necessary to communicate with and dictate to cells. Areas covered in this review: This paper reviews the latest developments in ECM scaffolds and substrates obtained from decellularized tissues, organs or cultured cells and their application in tissue engineering. The ECM composition, structure, interaction with surrounding cells, preparation method and usage in the regeneration of various tissues and organs are summarised. What the reader will gain: The advantages and challenges of decellularized matrices are highlighted. Take home message: Similarity in the composition, microstructure and biomechanical properties of the decellularized scaffolds and substrates to those of the native tissues and organs maximizes the promotion effect in the regeneration of both structural and functional tissues and organs. Simple tissues as well as complicated organs have been decellularized and decellularization methods have been optimized to completely remove the cellular components while keeping the ECM intact.
[Effect of EBV encoded BARF1 gene on malignant transformation of human epithelial cell line HBE].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The BARF(1) (BamHI A right frame1)gene,encoded by Epstein-Barr virus(EBV),may have oncogenic properties,which leaded to immortalization of a monkey kidney epithelial cell line and malignant transformation of human B lymphocytes and murine fibroblasts. This study was designed to evaluate effect of BARF(1) on cell transformation and tumorgenesis on human epithelia and its mechanisms. METHODS BARF(1) was amplified from B95-8 cell line by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eukaryotic recombinant vector pcDNA(3)-BARF(1) was constructed,and transfected into human bronchial epithelial cell line HBE,and expression of BARF(1) in the transfected cells was detected by Western blot. Growth status,proliferation rate,ability of colony formation in soft agar,and tumorigenicity of HBE cells transfected with BARF(1) were studied. RESULTS BARF(1) gene promoted proliferation and transformation of HBE cells. After injected with 1 x 10(7) HBE cells transfected with BARF(1),tumor nodes were observed in 2 of 6 mice at the 10th day. CONCLUSION BARF(1),as a virus oncogene,may play an important role in malignant transformation of HBE cells.
A mouse model for nonsyndromic deafness (DFNB12) links hearing loss to defects in tip links of mechanosensory hair cells

Deafness is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans and is frequently caused by single gene mutations. Interestingly, different mutations in a gene can cause syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of deafness, as well as progressive and age-related hearing loss. We provide here an explanation for the phenotypic variability associated with mutations in the cadherin 23 gene (CDH23). CDH23 null alleles cause deaf-blindness (Usher syndrome type 1D; USH1D), whereas missense mutations cause nonsyndromic deafness (DFNB12). In a forward genetic screen, we have identified salsa mice, which suffer from hearing loss due to a Cdh23 missense mutation modeling DFNB12. In contrast to waltzer mice, which carry a CDH23 null allele mimicking USH1D, hair cell development is unaffected in salsa mice. Instead, tip links, which are thought to gate mechanotransduction channels in hair cells, are progressively lost. Our findings suggest that DFNB12 belongs to a new class of disorder that is caused by defects in tip links. We propose that mutations in other genes that cause USH1 and nonsyndromic deafness may also have distinct effects on hair cell development and function.
The Adoption and Use of the Internet in South Korea

Recent surveys indicate that the rapid rate of Internet use in South Korea is one of the highest in the world. Indeed, as the one of leading nations for high-speed broadband access, South Korean Internet users virtually dominate the entire gamut of Internet activities-everything from web searches to games to Instant Messenger (IM) chatting-and are one of the leading consumers of on-line shopping for services and goods (“e-commerce”). Even popular social movements have gone “on-line” in South Korea with civil organizations effectively mobilizing their resources through Internet networking. However, a widespread disparity in Internet use has recently come to light in South Korea. In particular, Internet use has been clearly divided by generations, which threatens to create a “new” generation gap and the possibility of further generational conflict in a society already marked by deep generational cleavages. In this paper, we touch upon the adoption of the Internet on the basis of research data that examines the digital divide on a national scale. We examine socio-demographic factors, attitudes toward the Internet, social supports (family support, in particular), and the influence that Internet access has had on the South Korean populace, paying particular attention to diffusion theory which has been considered the most feasible explanation for South Korea's rapid Internet adoption. This research indicates that Internet adoption in South Korea is influenced more by family support than by other characteristics. On the basis of this analysis, this study suggests that comparative studies need to be conducted on a macro level as well as within the socio-cultural context of the particular country.
Skin infections in high school wrestlers: A nurse practitioner's guide to diagnosis, treatment, and return to participation

Purpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with a current guide for the diagnosis and treatment of high school wrestlers who present with common skin infections and to familiarize NPs with the National Federation of High School Associations Sports Medicine Advisory Committee return to participation guide and medical release form. Data sources: Literature review of evidence‐based research, journal articles, and reference texts related to skin lesions and high school wrestlers. Conclusions: High school wrestlers with skin infections present in a variety of clinical settings. Improperly diagnosed and/or managed skin infections have the potential to get worse and continue to spread among teammates. Accurate diagnosis and treatment in combination with the use of a return to participation guide can improve outcomes and return the wrestler to participation sooner. Implications for practice: NPs have a responsibility to accurately diagnose and treat skin lesions in a timely, safe, and efficient manner. In wrestling, athletes are exposed to unique opportunities to develop skin infections. With a working knowledge of the clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, and return to participation recommendations for common skin diseases, spread of skin infections to other wrestlers can be prevented and the athlete can return to play safely.
Retrospective study of 99 cases of bone fractures in cattle treated by external coaptation or confinement

Between 2000 and 2003, 99 cattle with limb fractures were treated. Over 50 per cent were tibial fractures, with the femur and os calcis being the second and third most frequently affected bones. Eight of the cattle were slaughtered because of their poor prognosis, 10 were treated by stall confinement, 76 were treated by external coaptation with a Thomas splint-cast combination and three were treated with a simple or reinforced half limb cast; these 79 cattle were usually discharged immediately. One calf was treated with internal fixation, and another by amputation. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone, and the treatments were classified as either completely successful (return to previous production level), partially successful (return to lower production level) or failure. Forty (52·6 per cent) of the cattle treated with the Thomas splint-cast combination were classified as a complete success and 14 (18·4 per cent) as a partial success; the treatment failed in 19 of the cattle and three were lost to follow-up. The animals’ bodyweight, age and sex, and whether the fracture was open or closed, had no significant influence on the outcome. Among the 10 cattle treated for proximal fractures by stall confinement, there were five survivors, four non-survivors and one was lost to follow-up.
Vagal tone as a resilience factor in children with prenatal cocaine exposure

Studies have investigated the potential effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (CE) on children's development. However, few studies have examined predictors of resilient outcomes in this population. We examined vagal tone (VT) as a resilience factor in prenatal CE. Utilizing data from the Maternal Lifestyle Study, a cumulative risk index was derived for children with and without prenatal CE. Presence of CE and other prenatal drugs was summed with postnatal risks in infancy to yield a 15-item risk index. Preschool cognitive outcomes, problem behaviors, and adaptive behaviors were measured. VT was assessed during an infant exam at 1 month and toy exploration at 36 months. We included children with complete physiologic data (217 CE, 333 non-CE). Children were classified as having consistently high, consistently low, or fluctuating VT at 1 and 36 months. Children were also classified as high versus low risk. High-risk children had lower IQ scores, more problem behaviors, and lower ratings of adaptive behaviors than low-risk children. A significant risk by VT–stability interaction indicated that for high-risk children, those with stable low VT had higher ratings of adaptive behaviors at 36 months. This is consistent with theory linking reduced VT during tasks to adaptive regulation and indicates that such regulatory functioning may serve as a protective factor in prenatal CE.
Postnatal differentiation of the ductus deferens, tail of the epididymis, and distal body of the epididymis in goats occurs independently of rete testis fluid

Observations from extratesticular rete‐ligated, mature goats indicated that epithelial morphology in the tail of the epididymis can be maintained without any input from testicular fluid (Goyal et al., Acta Anat., 1994;150:127–135). Hence, the objective of this study was to determine whether the tail of the epididymis and/or other regions of the male excurrent ducts can differentiate prior to the appearance of lumen in the seminiferous tubules, which is an indicator for the onset of seminiferous tubular fluid secretion. Based on age and scrotal circumference (SC), 20 male goats were divided into four groups of five animals each: 1–4 weeks (SC, 6.5–7.5 cm), 7–10 weeks (SC, 8.5–11.0 cm), 12–15 weeks (SC, 11.0–14.0 cm), and 15–25 weeks (SC, 16.0–19.0 cm). Tissues were collected from the testis, six regions of the epididymis (proximal, middle and distal head; proximal and distal body; and tail), and the ductus deferens, and were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Changes in epithelial height and cytological features associated with absorption (microvilli, pinocytotic and coated vesicles) and protein secretion (RER, Golgi body) were used as markers for differentiation. Differentiation of all of these features was comparable to that observed in the 15–25‐week‐old animals in the ductus deferens by ≥1 week, in the tail of the epididymis by ≥7 weeks, in the distal body of the epididymis by ≥12 weeks, and in the proximal body of the epididymis and all three regions of the head of the epididymis by ≥15 weeks. Seminiferous tubules developed lumens between 12 and 15 weeks. In conclusion, epithelial differentiation in the ductus deferens, tail of the epididymis, and distal body of the epididymis follows a time‐dependent, spatial, ascending order and is achieved before lumen formation in the seminiferous tubules. Conversely, epithelial differentiation in all three regions of the head and the proximal body of the epididymis occurs simultaneously and after lumen formation in the seminiferous tubules. Anat Rec 254:508–520, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.