Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comprehension and memory representations of r'duced words in Dutch learners of French

In this study, we tested whether second language (hereafter L2) learners can encode in the form of exemplars phonetic variation that does not occur regularly in their native language (hereafter L1). Three groups of Dutch learners of French performed a long-term repetition priming lexical decision task in which words were repeated. The second occurrence (target) of an experimental word either matched or mismatched the pronunciation of its first occurrence (prime). When a target matched its prime, both tokens had a completely devoiced or a completely voiced high vowel in their first syllable. When a target mismatched its prime, the prime had a devoiced high vowel in its first syllable, while the target had a voiced high vowel in its first syllable, and vice versa. In condition AA and in condition BB we reused the same token (albeit different tokens per condition) in case of a repetition match. In condition AB, we used different tokens for prime and target. The results show that L2 learners are able to encode phonetic information that does not occur regularly in their L1 in the form of exemplars, showing that exemplars are formed before the L2 phonological filter applies, but only under very limited conditions: when the prime is difficult to process and when the matching and mismatching tokens are easily distinguishable. Contrary to our expectations, we also found that mismatching devoiced primes significantly accelerated the recognition of the voiced B targets. We hypothesize that this latter result comes from a higher activation of abstract representations after difficult primes. Our results therefore show different processing patterns for identical testing conditions using different tokens (conditions AA and BB). These results question the use of exemplars in everyday speech comprehension, adding to the growing body of evidence that exemplar effects only arise in very restricted unnatural conditions.
Bridging Finite and Super Population Causal Inference

Abstract There are two general views in causal analysis of experimental data: the super population view that the units are an independent sample from some hypothetical infinite population, and the finite population view that the potential outcomes of the experimental units are fixed and the randomness comes solely from the treatment assignment. These two views differs conceptually and mathematically, resulting in different sampling variances of the usual difference-in-means estimator of the average causal effect. Practically, however, these two views result in identical variance estimators. By recalling a variance decomposition and exploiting a completeness-type argument, we establish a connection between these two views in completely randomized experiments. This alternative formulation could serve as a template for bridging finite and super population causal inference in other scenarios.
Atmospheric transport and chemistry of trace gases in LMDz5B: evaluation and implications for inverse modelling

Abstract. Representation of atmospheric transport is a major source of error in the estimation of greenhouse gas sources and sinks by inverse modelling. Here we assess the impact on trace gas mole fractions of the new physical parameterizations recently implemented in the atmospheric global climate model LMDz to improve vertical diffusion, mesoscale mixing by thermal plumes in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and deep convection in the troposphere. At the same time, the horizontal and vertical resolution of the model used in the inverse system has been increased. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of these developments on the representation of trace gas transport and chemistry, and to anticipate the implications for inversions of greenhouse gas emissions using such an updated model. Comparison of a one-dimensional version of LMDz with large eddy simulations shows that the thermal scheme simulates shallow convective tracer transport in the PBL over land very efficiently, and much better than previous versions of the model. This result is confirmed in three-dimensional simulations, by a much improved reproduction of the radon-222 diurnal cycle. However, the enhanced dynamics of tracer concentrations induces a stronger sensitivity of the new LMDz configuration to external meteorological forcings. At larger scales, the inter-hemispheric exchange is slightly slower when using the new version of the model, bringing them closer to observations. The increase in the vertical resolution (from 19 to 39 layers) significantly improves the representation of stratosphere/troposphere exchange. Furthermore, changes in atmospheric thermodynamic variables, such as temperature, due to changes in the PBL mixing modify chemical reaction rates, which perturb chemical equilibriums of reactive trace gases. One implication of LMDz model developments for future inversions of greenhouse gas emissions is the ability of the updated system to assimilate a larger amount of high-frequency data sampled at high-variability stations. Others implications are discussed at the end of the paper.
Crack propagation and fracture toughness of solid balsa used for cores of sandwich composites

To better understand the suitability of balsa wood as a core material for sandwich composites, this paper presents a detailed study of the fracture properties of balsa. The experiments looked at mode I, mode II, and mixed-mode fracture with crack growth both parallel and perpendicular to the wood grain direction. The experiments monitored toughness as a function of crack growth to record crack resistance or R curves. The mode I toughness was lower than most other wood species, but considering its low density, the toughness of balsa is higher than previously expected. The mode I toughness increased as a function of crack growth due to a fiber-bridging process zone at the crack tip. The mode II toughness was higher than mode I toughness, but was much less affected by fiber bridging. The mixed-mode failure envelope had an unusual shape, which could be explained by an influence of fiber bridging. Overall, the toughness of balsa is adequate for sandwich composite core materials and likely better than some alternative core materials.
Carbon isotopes in the ocean model of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1)

Abstract. Carbon isotopes in the ocean are frequently used as paleoclimate proxies and as present-day geochemical ocean tracers. In order to allow a more direct comparison of climate model results with this large and currently underutilized data set, we added a carbon isotope module to the ocean model of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), containing the cycling of the stable isotope 13C and the radioactive isotope 14C. We implemented the 14C tracer in two ways: in the "abiotic" case, the 14C tracer is only subject to air–sea gas exchange, physical transport, and radioactive decay, while in the "biotic" version, the 14C additionally follows the 13C tracer through all biogeochemical and ecological processes. Thus, the abiotic 14C tracer can be run without the ecosystem module, requiring significantly fewer computational resources. The carbon isotope module calculates the carbon isotopic fractionation during gas exchange, photosynthesis, and calcium carbonate formation, while any subsequent biological process such as remineralization as well as any external inputs are assumed to occur without fractionation. Given the uncertainty associated with the biological fractionation during photosynthesis, we implemented and tested three parameterizations of different complexity. Compared to present-day observations, the model is able to simulate the oceanic 14C bomb uptake and the 13C Suess effect reasonably well compared to observations and other model studies. At the same time, the carbon isotopes reveal biases in the physical model, for example, too sluggish ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean.
Effectiveness of a Self-Administered Training Program for Parents of Children With ADHD

This study examines the effectiveness and integrity of a self-administered version of the Incredible Years: Parents Training program (Webster-Stratton, 2002) as an adjunctive treatment for children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a replicated A-B design across four participants, trendline analysis and examination of mean phase level changes were used to detect parent- perceived improvements in child behavior from baseline to intervention. Preintervention to postintervention changes also were calculated for standardized parent rating scales and parenting practices, and treatment integrity was monitored. Three of four participants evidenced positive changes during the intervention phase. As predicted, changes in core symptoms of ADHD were less consistent than peripheral symptoms. Parents' completion of activities within the self-administered workbooks varied across participants and coincided with child outcomes. Results from this study support future research on this program within the ADHD population. Issues of the transportability of this evidence-based intervention to school-based mental health delivery systems warrant additional consideration.
Determination of solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat using full scale casting experiments: application to corrosion resistant steels and nickel based alloys

Abstract Casting simulation results are only useful to a foundry if they reflect reality, which requires accurate material datasets for the alloys being simulated. Material datasets include property data such as density, specific heat and thermal conductivity as functions of temperature, as well as latent heat of solidification and a solid fraction–temperature relation. Unfortunately, there are a significant number of commonly used metal alloys for which no reliable material data are available. The present study focuses on five such corrosion resistant alloys: superaustenitic stainless steel CN3MN, duplex stainless steels CD3MN and CD4MCuN and nickel based alloys CW6MC and N3M. Initial alloy material datasets are generated using thermodynamic simulation software. Comparisons of temperatures measured in full scale sand castings made from these alloys with temperatures predicted in computer simulations revealed that these initial datasets are inadequate. Therefore, an iterative method is developed to adjust the datasets (in particular the solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat) in order to match measured and predicted temperatures and cooling rates. Uncertainties in the simulation are effectively eliminated through parametric studies. Although more tedious, the present iterative method to determine the solid fraction–temperature relation and latent heat is believed to be more accurate than traditional cooling curve analysis using small experimental castings.
Autonomy Support, Intrinsic Motivation, and Perceived Competence: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages

The purpose of this study was to test three models with regard to the linkages among autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and perceived competence. The first model is based on Cognitive Evaluation Theory and postulates that teachers’ autonomy support influences changes in intrinsic motivation via changes in perceived academic competence. However, the second and the third model are based on the Diathesis Stress Model of Achievement Processes and posit, respectively, that intrinsic motivation could play a mediating and a moderating role in the relation between teachers’ autonomy support and changes in perceived competence. A total of 215 fifth-grade children participated in a longitudinal study over a 1-year period. Results from regression analyses provided some support for the first model but stronger support for the second and third model.
VISCOUS FINGERING IN POROUS MEDIA

"Viscous fingering" generally refers to the onset and evolution of insta­ bilities that occur in the displacement of fluids in porous materials. In most but not all cases, the mechanism of the instability is intimately linked to viscosity variations between phases or within a single phase containing a solute-hence the term "viscous fingering. " Shown in Figure I are three examples of the complex and intriguing patterns that evolve as a result of this instability. Figure la shows the fingering pattern that occurs when a more viscous material is displaced by a less viscous one fully miscible with it by injecting from one corner and withdrawing from the diagonal corner of a horizontal square Hele-Shaw cell; in this case the fluid consists of water injected into glycerine. Although the mixture is fully miscible, it is obvious that less viscous material tends to penetrate and finger through the more viscous material. In this particular example, the patterns are driven by the difference in viscosity and influenced by the diffusive mixing between the fluids. In Figure Ib, we show an example of the extreme patterns that are formed when a less dense, less viscous fluid penetrates a more dense, more viscous fluid immiscible with it when a large Rele-Shaw cell is tipped into a vertical position. In this case both gravity and viscosity are important forces in driving the instability. Finally, in Figure Ie we show the pattern that results when a low-viscosity Newtonian fluid injected from a source penetrates a Rele-Shaw cell filled with a miscible but strongly non-Newtonian fluid. We discuss these examples in more detail below, but even though the experiments were done in the relatively simple geometry of Rele-Shaw cells, the detailed dynamics leading to the observed patterns
Updated marine mammal distribution and abundance estimates in British Columbia

Information relating to the distribution and abundance of species is critical for effective conservation and management. For many species, including cetacean species of conservation concern, abundance estimates are lacking, out of date and/or highly uncertain. Systematic, line-transect marine mammal surveys were conducted in British Columbia’s (BC) coastal waters over multiple years and seasons (summer 2004, 2005, 2008, and spring/autumn 2007). In total, 10,057km of transects were surveyed in an 83,547km2 study area. Abundance estimates were calculated using two different methods: Conventional Distance Sampling (CDS) and Density Surface Modelling (DSM). CDS generates a single density estimate for each stratum, whereas DSM explicitly models spatial variation and offers potential for greater precision by incorporating environmental predictors. Although DSM yields a more relevant product for the purposes of marine spatial planning, CDS has proven to be useful in cases where there are fewer observations available for seasonal and inter-annual comparison, particularly for the scarcely observed elephant seal. The summer abundance estimates (with lower and upper 95% confidence intervals; all DSM method unless otherwise stated), assuming certain trackline detection (underestimates true population size) were: harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 8,091 (4,885–13,401); Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) 5,303 (4,638–6,064); Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) 22,160 (16,522–29,721); humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 1,092 (993–1,200); fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 329 (274–395); killer whale (all ecotypes; Orcinus orca), 371 (222–621); common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) 522 (295–927); harbour seal (total; Phoca vitulina) 24,916 (19,666–31,569); Steller sea lion (total; Eumetopias jubatus) 4,037 (1,100–14,815); and northern elephant seal (CDS method; Mirounga angustirostris) 65 (35–121). Abundance estimates are provided on a stratum-specific basis with additional estimates provided for Steller sea lions and harbour seals that were ‘hauled out’ and ‘in water’. This analysis updates previous estimates by including additional years of effort, providing greater spatial precision with the DSM method over CDS, novel reporting for spring and autumn seasons (rather than summer alone), and providing new abundance estimates for Steller sea lion and northern elephant seal. In addition to providing a baseline of marine mammal abundance and distribution, against which future changes can be compared, this information offers the opportunity to assess the risks posed to marine mammals by existing and emerging threats, such as fisheries bycatch, ship strikes, and increased oil spill and ocean noise issues associated with increases of container ship and oil tanker traffic in British Columbia’s continental shelf waters.
Efficient Lanczos–Fourier expansion-based transmission line formulation for full-wave modal analysis of optical waveguides

The Fourier expansion-based transmission line (TL) formulation has been modified using the Lanczos correction factor for the full-wave modal analysis of dielectric optical waveguides. Also, an algorithm for systematic determination of the optimum values for the main simulation parameters of the presented formulation has been proposed. These optimum parameters provide a trade-off between accuracy, speed, and memory usage and consequently improve the efficiency of simulations. This algorithmic formulation has been applied for the modal analysis of optical channel, strip, and strip-based slot waveguides, and good results have been obtained for dispersion characteristics and electromagnetic (EM) field distributions of their guided modes.
Climatological Estimates of Daily Local Nontornadic Severe Thunderstorm Probability for the United States

Abstract The probability of nontornadic severe weather event reports near any location in the United States for any day of the year has been estimated. Gaussian smoothers in space and time have been applied to the observed record of severe thunderstorm occurrence from 1980 to 1994 to produce daily maps and annual cycles at any point. Many aspects of this climatology have been identified in previous work, but the method allows for the consideration of the record in several new ways. A review of the raw data, broken down in various ways, reveals that numerous nonmeteorological artifacts are present in the raw data. These are predominantly associated with the marginal nontornadic severe thunderstorm events, including an enormous growth in the number of severe weather reports since the mid-1950s. Much of this growth may be associated with a drive to improve warning verification scores. The smoothed spatial and temporal distributions of the probability of nontornadic severe thunderstorm events are presented in.
Nitrate leaching and residual soil nitrogen supply following outdoor pig farming

Abstract. Large nitrogen (N) inputs to outdoor pig farms in the UK can lead to high nitrate leaching losses and accumulation of surplus N in soil. We investigated the residual effects of three contrasting outdoor pig systems as compared to an arable control on nitrate leaching and soil N supply for subsequent spring cereal crops grown on a sandy loam soil during 1997/98 and 1998/99 harvest seasons. Previously, the pig systems had been stocked for 2 years from October 1995 and were designated current commercial practice (CCP, 25 sows ha−1 on stubble), improved management practice (IMP, 18 sows ha−1 on undersown stubble) and best management practice (BMP, 12 sows ha−1 on established grass). Estimated soil N surpluses by the end of stocking in September 1997 were 576, 398, 265 and 27 kg ha−1 N for the CCP, IMP, BMP and continuous arable control, respectively. Nitrate leaching losses in the first winter were 235, 198, 137 and 38 kg ha−1 N from the former CCP, IMP and BMP systems and the arable control, respectively. These losses from the former pig systems were equivalent to 41–52% of the estimated soil N surpluses. Leaching losses were much smaller in the second winter at 21, 14, 23 and 19 kg ha−1 N, respectively. Cultivation timing had no effect (P>0.05) on leaching losses in year 1, but cultivation in October compared with December increased nitrate leaching by a mean of 14 kg ha−1 N across all treatments in year 2. Leaching losses over the two winters were correlated (P<0.001) with autumn soil mineral N (SMN) contents. In both seasons, spring SMN, grain yields and N offtakes at harvest were similar (P>0.05) for the three previous pig systems and the arable control, and cultivation timing had no effect (P>0.05) on grain yields and crop N offtake. This systems study has shown that nitrate leaching losses during the first winter after outdoor pig farming can be large, with no residual available N benefits to following cereal crops unless that first winter is much drier than average.
Seasonal dry deposition and canopy leaching of base cations in a subtropical evergreen mixed forest, China

We evaluated the dry deposition and canopy leaching fluxes of base cations in the growing and the dormant seasons using the Na-ratio method based on the 4-year (2000–2003) monitoring data in Shaoshan subtropical evergreen mixed forest, China. The dry deposition of base cations in the growing seasons was lower than that in the dormant seasons, while the canopy leaching of base cations was higher in the growing seasons than that in the dormant seasons. The precipitation quantity and H+ significantly impacted the canopy leaching processes. The annual canopy leaching of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ accounted for 88, 46 and 38% of net throughfall flux, respectively. The canopy retention of proton (H+ and NH4) is close to the canopy leaching of base cations calibrated by weak acids, indicating that the canopy cations leaching is neutralizing acid precipitation.
Linkages between cultural and scientific indicators of river and stream health

Scientific monitoring of river health is well established and has a significant role to play in environmental assessment by communities, managers and policy makers. Cultural indicators help to articulate cultural values, assess the state of the environment from a cultural perspective and assist with establishing a role for Māori in environmental monitoring. We reviewed the philosophies behind cultural and scientific monitoring of river health and compared the results from the two approaches at 25 sites in the Motueka and Riwaka catchments. Both scientific and cultural indicators suggested a decrease in river health in relation to increased land-use pressure. There were also correlations between the results from the two approaches suggesting cultural indicators could be used in a similar manner as scientific indicators to set environmental benchmarks. Using scientific approaches alongside culturally based monitoring provides a wealth of knowledge to understand better what we mean by river health. The two approaches can be regarded as complementary and reflect two different knowledge systems and perspectives.