Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the role of building value models for flood risk analysis

Abstract. Quantitative flood risk analyses support decisions in flood management policies that aim at cost efficiency. Risk is commonly calculated by a combination of the three quantified factors: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Our paper focuses on the quantification of exposure, in particular on the relevance of building value estimation schemes within flood exposure analyses at regional to national scales. We compare five different models that estimate the values of flood exposed building. Four of them refer to individual buildings, whereas one is based on values per surface area, differentiated by land use category. That one follows an approach commonly used in flood risk analyses at regional or larger scales. Apart from the underlying concepts, the five models differ in complexity, in data and in computational expenses required for parameter estimations, and in the data they require for model application. The model parameters are estimated by using a database of more than half a million building insurance contracts in Switzerland, which are provided by 11 (out of 19) Cantonal insurance companies for buildings that operate under a monopoly within the respective Swiss Cantons. Comparing the five models' results with the spatially referenced insurance data applied directly suggests that models based on individual buildings produce better results than the model based on surface area, but only when they include an individual building's volume. Applying the five models to all of Switzerland produces results that are very similar with regard to the spatial distribution of exposed building values. Therefore, for spatial prioritizations, simpler models are preferable. In absolute values, however, the five models' results differ remarkably. The two simplest models underestimate the overall exposure, and even more so the extreme high values, upon which risk management strategies generally focus. In decision-making processes based on cost-efficiency, this underestimation would result in suboptimal resource allocation for protection measures. Consequently, we propose that estimating exposed building values should be done based on individual buildings rather than on areas of land use types. In addition, a building's individual volume has to be taken into account in order to provide a reliable basis for cost-benefit analyses. The consideration of other building features further improves the value estimation. However, within the context of flood risk management, the optimal value estimation model depends on the specific questions to be answered. The concepts of the presented building value models are generic. Thus, these models are transferrable with minimal adjustments according to the application's purpose and the data available.
Influence of dietary mannan oligosaccharides supplementation on fingerling clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier, 1830)

*Corresponding author: Hoang Do Huu, Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology (VAST) Institute of Oceanography, 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang, Vietnam. Tel: +84 914258171 E-mail: dohuuhoang2002@yahoo.com Foundation Project: Supported by Institute of Oceanography and Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (Grant No. DTCS-2013). The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members.
Classification of valence using facial expressions of TV-viewers

Emotion has been shown to have a large impact on our interactions with people and devices. In our daily lives, however, these emotions are not taken into account when working with our computers and other machines. If our devices could pick up on social cues, for instance in relation to disinterest, the usability of various systems could be improved. Current software allows us to detect specific movements in people's faces from video recordings. Using these movements, facial expressions can be linked to specific emotions, allowing for the incorporation of this information in various systems. One application would be to allow a TV to monitor its viewer, suggesting alternative videos to watch when negative emotions are shown. An often used system to describe these specific facial muscle movements is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been conducted on the use of FACS measurements to classify viewer emotion of entire videos. In this thesis we evaluated whether it is possible to use FACS measurements to perform classification on emotional labels in real-world environments. To assess the possibility of this application, we conducted a wide range of experiments. We selected an existing method that uses a public dataset of naturally occurring emotions and reproduced this method. Additionally, we developed our own, alternative method. In a novel comparison we evaluated the performance of both methods on three different datasets, selected to cover a range of demographics and experimental settings (highly controlled to near-living-room conditions). Furthermore we evaluated the inclusion of the TV viewer's head orientation. This proved to be beneficial for two datasets. One of the datasets used in our work provided access to heart rate data of the subjects. Based on this data, we included the subject's heart rate and other derived features. We found that this improved performance when training using the history of a specific person. Finally we performed a novel experiment in which we asked a crowd of laymen to annotate videos from each of the three datasets. This multi-dataset evaluation provided us with a reference of how well humans were able to detect the emotion experienced by the subjects using their facial expressions, allowing for a direct comparison with automatic classification methods. Overall we found that (1) using different data processing and aggregation, classification performance can improve and (2) that human annotation of emotional responses offers a way to compare classification difficulty between datasets and performance between classification methods.
Identification of resistance sources against Soybean mosaic virus in soybean (Glycine max (L.)Merr.2n=40).

The present investigation was undertaken to study the variability for seed transmission in genotypes showing different degree of resistance to adult plant infection and to identify genotypes showing high and low rate of virus transmission through seed. Forty two genotypes were screened for resistance to SMV under natural incidence. None of the lines screened were found to be absolutely resistant to SMV under natural incidence. SMV infection ranged from 11.1 % to 88.9%. Out of these 42 lines, 12 lines showing different levels of field infection were selected for seed transmission studies. The percent infection in the seedlings of the infected genotypes varied from 0 percent to 40 per cent. Three genotypes namely PS 1477 (0%), SL 778 (0%) and DS 12-5 (0%) showed low seed transmission as the level of field infection was also low in these genotypes (22.2 to 33.3%). The rate of seed transmission varies depending on the genotype, the viral strain and the interaction between the viral strain and the genotype. The three genotypes identified in the study can be used as a source of resistance to seed transmission as well as for inheritance studies.
A Review of Wind Tunnel Based Virtual Flight Testing Techniques for Evaluation of Flight Control Systems

Wind tunnel based Virtual Flight Testing (VFT) is a dynamic wind tunnel test for evaluating flight control systems (FCS) proposed in recent decades. It integrates aerodynamics, flight dynamics, and FCS as a whole and is a more realistic and reliable method for FCS evaluation than traditional ground evaluation methods, such as Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (HILS). With FCS evaluated by VFT before flight test, the risk of flight test will be further reduced. In this paper, the background, progress, and prospects of VFT are systematically summarized. Specifically, the differences among VFT, traditional dynamic wind tunnel methods, and traditional FCS evaluation methods are introduced in order to address the advantages of evaluating FCS with VFT. Secondly, the progress of VFT is reviewed in detail. Then, the test system and key technologies of VFT for FCS evaluation are analyzed. Lastly, the prospects of VFT for evaluating FCS are described.
Influence of turbidity on social structure in guppies, Poecilia reticulata

30 Introduction 30 Methods 32 Results 36 Discussion 38 References 41 Supplementary Material 46 Chapter II Turbidity-induced changes in shoal structure of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) reflect origin-specific experience with turbidity 52 Abstract 54 54 Introduction 54 Methods 56 Results 59
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR: ISLAMIC APPROACH

Many theories have been made on human behaviour and the factors governing it, and one popular explanation behind the trending of human behaviour is religion. Religion is believed to have an immense power in influencing human behaviour due to its close link to human’s spiritual self, and the reasons are obvious. Rules and knowledge which comes together with religion is seen as a guide where people who believe in their religion adhere religiously regardless
Extremely Small Sizes for Faint z ∼ 2–8 Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: A Key Input for Establishing Their Volume Density and UV Emissivity

We provide the first observational constraints on the sizes of the faintest galaxies lensed by the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) clusters. Ionizing radiation from faint galaxies likely drives cosmic reionization, and the HFF initiative provides a key opportunity to find such galaxies. However, we cannot assess their ionizing emissivity without a robust measurement of their sizes, since this is key to quantifying both their prevalence and the faint-end slope to the UV luminosity function. Here we provide the first size constraints with two new techniques. The first utilizes the fact that the detectability of highly magnified galaxies as a function of shear is very dependent on a galaxy’s size. Only the most compact galaxies remain detectable in high-shear regions (versus a larger detectable size range for low shear), a phenomenon we quantify using simulations. Remarkably, however, no correlation is found between the surface density of faint galaxies and the predicted shear, using 87 high-magnification ( –100) –8 galaxies seen behind the first four HFF clusters. This can only be the case if faint ( mag) galaxies have significantly smaller sizes than more luminous galaxies, i.e., mas or 160–240 pc. As a second size probe, we rotate and stack 26 faint high-magnification sources along the major shear axis. Less elongation is found even for objects with an intrinsic half-light radius of 10 mas. Together, these results indicate that extremely faint –8 galaxies have near point-source profiles (half-light radii <30 mas and perhaps 5–10 mas). These results suggest smaller completeness corrections and hence shallower faint-end slopes for the –8 LFs than derived in some recent studies (by –0.3).
Entrepreneurial attitudes of Andalusian university students

At the present time, the entrepreneur's essential role in the process of regional economic development is generally recognized. A greater degree of entrepreneurial dynamism in a region is usually associated with higher growth rates and development levels in the long run. In particular, there seems to be a greater participation in firm creation processes among highly educated people, as well as those aged 25 to 34 years. Therefore, this segment of the population would be the one with the greatest entrepreneurial potential. It would be a strategic segment for the design of more effective entrepreneurial development measures. In the case of the Spanish region of Andalusia, it has an income level well below the national and, especially, the European Union average. At the same time, the entrepreneurial activity is also one of the lowest nationally. Thus, whether we measure the share of the labour force working for themselves, or the mean size of the firms, both indicators are clearly under to the national average. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the degree of entrepreneurship of the population or, at least, of that segment with highest entrepreneurial potential. Only starting from an accurate diagnosis will it be possible to act in a really effective way. From this standpoint, the objective of this paper is to know the attitudes of the Andalusian university students towards entrepreneurial activity and the creation of enterprises. Those students are especially relevant, since they belong to that strategic segment of higher entrepreneurial potential individuals. In fact, they are both highly educated and around the age of 25. Besides, universities constitute centres of knowledge and excellence. Therefore, their role in the regional economic transformation should be essential. To achieve that objective we have analyzed the situation of two very different centres within the region. The University of Seville is large (more than 60.000 students), old, and located in the greatest metropolitan area in the region. The University of JaA©n is new, small (15.000 students), and located in a medium-sized city. Therefore, the existing differences among them may explain some of the factors that would be influencing those entrepreneurial attitudes. From that viewpoint, universities would play a very significant role in entrepreneurial promotion. Indeed, they cannot only guide their students toward self-employment. They can also offer specific training for the creation and dynamism of enterprises -Â“entrepreneurial educationÂ”-. However, Andalusian universities are playing a very limited role in this field so far. Finally, this work is framed within a research project aimed at contributing to the development of economic policy measures that might be more effective to promote the emergence of new entrepreneurs, especially of more dynamic entrepreneurs. Therefore, this project would move along the lines of reports as that of the European Commission (2003): Green Paper Entrepreneurship in Europe.
Stable isotope (δ13C) profiling of xylitol and sugar in South Africa

Xylitol is an alternative sweetener to sucrose, glucose and fructose, and is available under a number of brands in South Africa. Carbon stable isotope values (δ13C) of a selection of commercially available xylitol products (n=28) were analysed and compared with sugar samples (n=29). Sugarcane (C4) and beet sugar (C3) derived sugar samples aligned with published values of source, although two samples that indicated a sugarcane origin suggested a beet sugar origin. Control corn-derived samples defined a stepwise xylose to xylitol discrimination of +0.7‰. The distinction between C3- and C4-derived xylitol was less clear with three samples difficult to define (range = -14.8 to -17.1‰). The values for a suite of xylitol samples (-22.3‰ to -19.7‰; n=8) that aligned closely with a suspected C3-derived xylose, were ~8‰ more positive than known birch isotope values. Some xylitol samples may thus represent (1) a mixture of C3- and C4-derived products, (2) derivation from a CAM species source or (3) different processing techniques in which the discrimination values of xylose from corn, and xylose from birch, may differ because of the respective chemical processing techniques. No samples that claimed a birch bark origin were within the range of samples suggested to be corn derived (i.e. -13.0‰ to -9.7‰, n=16). We suggest that the threshold values provided are relatively robust for defining the origins of xylitol and sugar, and can be used in determining the authenticity and claims of suppliers and producers.
Exogenous and endogenous crashes as phase transitions in complex financial systems

In this paper we provide a unifying framework for a set of seemingly disparate models for exogenous and endogenous shocks in complex financial systems. Markets operate by balancing intrinsic levels of risk and return. This remains true even in the midst of transitory external shocks. Changes in market regime (bearish to bullish and bullish to bearish) can be explicitly shown to represent a phase transition from random to deterministic behaviour in prices. The resulting models refine the empirical analysis in a number of previous papers.
The contribution of epiphytes to the abundance and species richness of canopy insects in a Mexican coffee plantation

Abstract: The abundance of epiphytes has been assumed to be important in explaining the high diversity of tropical canopy arthropods. In this study we assessed the possible role that the presence of epiphytes may have on the diversity and abundance of canopy insects in an experimental study conducted in a coffee plantation in Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico. Epiphytes were removed from trees in one of two plots in two sites of the coffee plantation. In each plot we collected insects from three Inga jinicuil trees by knockdown insecticide fogging. Insects were sorted to morphospecies, counted and measured. Trees with epiphytes had significantly higher numbers of species and individuals and insects larger than 5 mm were also more species-rich and abundant in trees with epiphytes. The magnitude of the enhancement was surprisingly large with the epiphyte plot samples having on average 90% more individuals and 22% more species than plots without epiphytes. These differences were even greater for large (>5 mm) insects (184% and 113% respectively). Our results support the tenet that epiphytes provide valuable resources to arthropods, which we have illustrated for canopy insects in shade trees of coffee plantations.
Simulations of Snow , Ice , and Near-Surface Atmospheric Processes on Ice Station Weddell

The 4-month drift of Ice Station Weddell (ISW) produced over 2000 h of nearly continuous measurements in the atmospheric surface layer and in the snow and sea ice in the western Weddell Sea. This paper reports simulations, based on these data, of processes in the air, snow, and sea ice at ISW using SNTHERM, a onedimensional mass and energy balance model. An earlier version of SNTHERM had to be adapted, however, to treat the flooding that often occurs on sea ice in the western Weddell Sea. To treat this layer of slush and brine, SNTHERM holds the brine salinity constant at its initial value of 31.5 psu until 80% of this slush layer freezes. The current version of SNTHERM also incorporates a new parameterization for the roughness length for wind speed, z0, derived from analyses of ISW eddy-covariance data. SNTHERM’s simulations are validated with temperature measurements within the ice and snow and with eddy-covariance measurements of the surface momentum and sensible and latent heat fluxes. The simulated turbulent fluxes agree fairly well with the measured fluxes, except the simulated sensible heat flux is biased low by 4–5 W m22 for both stable and unstable stratification. The simulated temperature profiles in the snow and ice also agree well with the measured temperatures. In particular, allowing seawater to flush the slush layer until it is 80% frozen delays the freezing of this layer such that its behavior mirrors the data.
Stability of Traveling Waves for Reaction-Diffusion Equations with Multiplicative Noise

We consider reaction-diffusion equations that are stochastically forced by a small multiplicative noise term. We show that spectrally stable travelling wave solutions to the deterministic system retain their orbital stability if the amplitude of the noise is sufficiently small. By applying a stochastic phase-shift together with a time-transform, we obtain a semilinear sPDE that describes the fluctuations from the primary wave. We subsequently develop a semigroup approach to handle the nonlinear stability question in a fashion that is closely related to modern deterministic methods.
Maximum SNR Detection for Selection-Relaying Cooperative System

The cooperative communication is to realize the MIMO system. The optimum receiver is a highly-complex ML receiver. Hence, the major issue is to design a receiver with low complexity at the destination node with comparable performance as that of the ML receiver. Therefore, we design a receiver to combine the received signals at the Destination node under Decode-and-Forward protocol. The proposed scheme uses the threshold-selection Relay and also uses the maximum SNR detection at the Destination node to minimize the effect that Relay made wrong decision. With this proposed scheme, we also try to find out the optimum threshold value of the Relay. Besides, we derive theoretical bit-error-rate (BER) with BPSK signals for the proposed scheme. We also show that the theoretical BER is tight to the simulated results. The high SNR approximation is made to simplify the theoretical BER, from which we could know that the diversity order of the proposed system lies in 1.5~2 which agrees with previous work.
Individual Reactions to New Technologies in the Workplace: The Role of Gender as a Psychological Construct

Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), individual reactions to a new technology and technology usage behavior were studied over a 12-month period among 552 employees being introduced to a new computer-based system in the workplace. When considering gender as a psychological construct by employing Bern's Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), important distinctions were revealed. Specifically, masculine gender-typed individuals exhibited the same pattern as did men in previous research; feminine gender-typed individuals were different from women in that they were influenced only by subjective norm and PBC. The balanced decision-making process was observed only in the case of individuals categorized as androgynous. The high percentage of women who tested to be androgynous explains the divergence in results from the previous work, and provides evidence of changing gender roles for women in today's organizations and society.
Changes in Prostate Cancer Pattern according to Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Test

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the clinical and prognostic parameters of prostate cancer in Korean men in the eras before and after prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 303 patients treated for prostate cancer between 1982 and 2005 were reviewed with respect to age, chief complaints, clinical stage, tumor grade, treatment options, and prognosis. We classified the patients as follows: those treated in the prePSA era (1982-1995, n=81), and those treated in the PSA era (1996-2000, PSA era phase 1, n=92; and 2001-2005, PSA era phase 2, n=130). Results: There was no significant difference in age or clinical stage between patients treated before and those treated during the PSA era, although there was a downward migration of grade. The cancer-specific survival rates were also not different in all cases and in metastatic prostate cancer cases between the pre-PSA era and the PSA era, although the overall survival rates were significantly greater in all cases in phase 2 of the PSA era than in the pre-PSA era or in phase 1 of the PSA era (p＜0.05). However, the cancer-specific survival rates for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer were significantly greater in phase 2 of the PSA era than in the pre-PSA era or in phase 1 of the PSA era (p＜0.05). Conclusions: We observed a downward migration of tumor grade, but there were no migrations in the age of patients or clinical stage, and these findings have not contributed to changes in the cancer survival of Korean men with prostate cancer after the advent of PSA testing. (Korean J Urol 2009;50:439-444)