Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Metrics-Based Academic Evaluation Could Systematically Induce Academic Misconduct: A Case Study

Abstract This article analyzes a case of postproduction misconduct, that is, the BioMed Central (BMC) retraction incident, which is the beginning of a series of massive retraction incidents that China has encountered in recent years. Our analysis echoes the pioneering research of STS scholar Mario Biagioli, who argues that our academic culture is shifting from “publish or perish” to “impact or perish. ” Getting a good score on the metrics of academic evaluation becomes the goal of some scholars, leading to the emergency of postproduction misconduct. As revealed in the BMC retraction incident, commercial agencies that claimed to be able to facilitate academic publishing manipulated the peer-review process of academic papers by fabricating their peer reviews to help some clinicians meet the requirements of the title assessment system. This article advances Biagioli’s argument by expounding on the following two characteristics of the BMC retraction incident: first, peer reviews were fabricated by agencies instead of the authors themselves; second, the incident was induced systematically by the title assessment system, instead of particularly by individual factors of the authors. Through analyzing this case, we obtain important insight into postproduction misconduct, which is beneficial to more thoroughly understanding and then mitigating this new type of academic misconduct.
3-Methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

The title compound, C9H11N3OS, was prepared by the reaction of 3-methoxybenzaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide. The benzylidene ring and the thiosemicarbazone fragment are slightly twisted, making a dihedral angle of 14.1 (1)°. A weak intramolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond may influence the conformation of the molecule. Intermolecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds build up a three-dimensional network.
Women fs Labor Supply and Taxation?Analysis of the Current Situation Using Data?

Regarding women fs annual income distribution, annual income has declined for low- to medium-income women but increased for high-income women over the past 25 years. It was found that while the annual income decline for low- to medium-income women can be explained by the increase in the number of part-time workers, the annual income increase for high-income women can be explained by factors such as a rise in the level of academic achievement and an increase in the length of tenure. Next, we introduce findings from Yokoyama (2015) that analyzed the effects of the partial abolition of the special spousal exemption on the labor supply of married women. According to Yokoyama (2015), the tax system revision in 2004 increased working hours and income for married women with low income. In contrast, some medium- to high-income wives with annual income of 1.03 million yen or higher, who were not directly affected by the tax system revision, decreased their incomes, in response to the upward trend of their husbands f incomes during the same period, to the kink of the budget line (1.03 million yen), which became more conspicuous due to the tax system revision. Consequently, the tax system revision, which was intended to increase the labor supply of women, increased income for low-income women and reduced the income of some medium- to high-income women toward 1.03 million yen, thereby ironically making more conspicuous the distortion of the income distribution for married women in Japan that is observed around 1.03 million yen.
Blood Samples of Peripheral Venous Catheter or The Usual Way: Do Infusion Fluid Alters the Biochemical Test Results?

Background: Most blood tests require venous blood samples. Puncturing the vein also causes pain, infection, or damage to the blood, and lymph flow, or long-term healing. This study aimed to determine and compare the biochemical laboratory value of the blood samples that were provided through: peripheral vein infusion (PVI) receiving continuous intravenous fluid; and the usual method of blood sampling. Methods: This is an interventional, quasi-experimental, and controlled study. The selected study sample included 60 patients, who were hospitalized during 2014, in the Internal Medicine, part of Martyrs of Persian Gulf, teaching hospital at Bushehr. Three blood samples were taken from each patient that were provided through PVI line (5 ml blood collected at beginning of IVC and then another 5 cc), and another case was prepared by common blood sampling (control). All the samples were analyzed in terms of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine using SPSS Ver.19 software, by paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the amount of sodium and potassium in the first blood samples taken from the intravenous infusion line and vein puncture. However, no significant differences were found among the biochemical amount in the second blood samples taken from the intravenous infusion line and vein puncture. Conclusions: We can use blood samples taken from peripheral intravenous infusion lines after 5cc discarding from the first part of the sample for measuring the value of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine.
XBRL Adoption, Information Asymmetry, Cost of Capital, and Reporting Lags

The voluntary and mandatory introduction of a new information technology, XBRL, in 2006 and 2007 by the Financial Supervisory Services of Korea has significantly affected capital markets, possibly through a reduction in the information asymmetry between firms and users of financial information. This study examines how changes in the information environment attributable to XBRL adoption affect the cost of capital and whether the adoption reduces reporting lags for both voluntary and mandatory filers. Using a 152 firm-year sample, this study finds evidence that the cost of equity capital declined after XBRL adoption, and this decline was greater for voluntary filers with higher information asymmetry. Mandatory filers also experienced incremental reductions in their costs of equity capital after the adoption. Additionally, this study finds evidence that financial reporting lags decrease for both voluntary and mandatory adopters after the adoption. Firms with reduced reporting lags after the adoption experience reduction in cost of capital.
Nordic registry-based cohort studies: Possibilities and pitfalls when combining Nordic registry data

Aims: All five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) have nationwide registries with similar data structure and validity, as well as personal identity numbers enabling linkage between registries. These resources provide opportunities for medical research that is based on large registry-based cohort studies with long and complete follow-up. This review describes practical aspects, opportunities and challenges encountered when setting up all-Nordic registry-based cohort studies. Methods: Relevant articles describing registries often used for medical research in the Nordic countries were retrieved. Further, our experiences of conducting this type of study, including planning, acquiring permissions, data retrieval and data cleaning and handling, and the possibilities and challenges we have encountered are described. Results: Combining data from the Nordic countries makes it possible to create large and powerful cohorts. The main challenges include obtaining all permissions within each country, usually in the local language, and retrieving the data. These challenges emphasise the importance of having experienced collaborators within each country. Following the acquisition of data, data management requires the understanding of the differences between the variables to be used in the various countries. A concern is the long time required between initiation and completion. Conclusions: Nationwide Nordic registries can be combined into cohorts with high validity and statistical power, but the considerable expertise, workload and time required to complete such cohorts should not be underestimated.
Importance and usage of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting acute stent thrombosis

ObjectiveThe CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to estimate thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation (AF). Its usefulness in predicting outcome in patients after a percutaneous coronary intervention is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in AF-free patients who have undergone stent implantation. DesignPatients were evaluated retrospectively. Among the 1371 patients, 38 presented with acute stent thrombosis (ST) and were included in the study. The CHA2DS2-VASc score was calculated before percutaneous coronary intervention and the association between the score and stent thrombosis was investigated. ResultsThe patients were grouped into ST (+) and ST (−). The average CHA2DS2-VASc score for the ST (+) group was 3.79, whereas that for the ST (–) group was 2.16 (P<0.001). A direct correlation was observed between CHA2DS2-VASc scores and the rate of ST. When patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of greater than 2 were compared with those with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of up to 2, the higher score had a higher frequency of ST (P<0.001) and multivariate analysis identified the CHA2DS2-VASc score as an independent predictor of acute ST. ConclusionA CHA2DS2-VASc score of greater than 2 was found to be an independent predictor for incidence of ST. The role of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting ST has not been investigated earlier in an AF-free population and our study is the first to explore this aspect.
Correlates of Television Viewing Among African American and Caucasian Women

This study explores the associations between time spent watching television and physical activity, selected eating behaviors, and quality of life variables among 189 African American and Caucasian women aged 18–60 years. Data were collected via a cross-sectional, random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Seventy-two percent and 46% of women reported to “always, often, or sometimes” eating or overeating while watching television, respectively. Significant associations with television time per week included: eating meals or snacks while watching television, number of days per month feeling depressed, number of days per month feeling anxious, self-rated health, and BMI. Results contribute to recent studies finding associations between television viewing, body mass index, and health; and suggest potential points for intervention.
Elevated factor VIII levels and risk of venous thrombosis

Modern thrombophilia testing fails to identify any underlying prothrombotic tendency in a significant number of patients presenting with objectively confirmed venous thromboemboembolism (VTE). This observation has led to a search for other novel inherited or acquired human thrombophilias. Although a number of putative mechanisms have been described, the evidence behind many of these candidates remains weak. In contrast, an increasing body of work supports the hypothesis that increased plasma factor VIII (FVIII) levels may be important in this context. An association between elevated plasma FVIII levels and VTE was first described in the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS). Subsequently, these conclusions have been supported by an increasing number of independent case–control studies. Cumulatively, these studies have clearly demonstrated that high FVIII levels constitute a prevalent, dose‐dependent risk factor for VTE. Furthermore, more recent studies have shown that the risk of recurrent venous thrombosis is also significantly increased in patients with high FVIII levels. In this review, we present the evidence supporting the hypothesis that elevated FVIII levels constitute a clinically important thrombophilia. In addition, we examine the biological mechanisms that may underlie persistently elevated FVIII levels, and the pathways through which high FVIII may serve to increase thrombotic risk.
Developing Human-Nonhuman Chimeras in Human Stem Cell Research: Ethical Issues and Boundaries

The transplantation of adult human neural stem cells into prenatal non-humans offers an avenue for studying human neural cell development without direct use of human embryos. However, such experiments raise significant ethical concerns about mixing human and nonhuman materials in ways that could result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras. This paper examines four arguments against such research, the moral taboo, species integrity, "unnaturalness," and human dignity arguments, and finds the last plausible. It argues that the transfer of human brain or retinal stem cells to nonhuman embryos would not result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras that denigrate human dignity, provided such stem cells are dissociated. The article provides guidelines that set ethical boundaries for conducting such research that are consonant with the requirements of human dignity.
A guide to the design and analysis of small clinical studies

Clinical studies, which have a small number of patients, are conducted by pharmaceutical companies and research institutions. Examples of constraints that lead to a small clinical study include a single investigative site with a highly specialized expertise or equipment, rare diseases, and limited time and budget. We consider the following topics, which we believe will be helpful for the investigator and statistician working together on the design and analysis of small clinical studies: definitions of various types of small studies (exploratory, pilot, proof of concept); bias and ways to mitigate the bias; commonly used study designs for randomized and nonrandomized studies, and some less commonly used designs; potential ethical issues associated with small underpowered clinical studies; sample size for small studies; statistical analysis methods for different types of variables and multiplicity issues. We conclude the paper with recommendations made by an Institute of Medicine committee, which was asked to assess the current methodologies and appropriate situations for conducting small clinical studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long term clinical and angiographic outcomes with the Wingspan stent for treatment of symptomatic 50–99% intracranial atherosclerosis: single center experience in 51 cases

Background and aim Two independent post-approval registries have reported favorable periprocedural and short term outcomes with the use of the Wingspan stent for treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis. Data on long term clinical and imaging outcomes after Wingspan stent placement are limited. Methods All patients treated with the Wingspan stent in a single academic center from January 2006 to February 2008 were identified. Data on stenting indication, severity of stenosis, technical success, re-stenosis and clinical outcome were collected. Results 51 patients were treated with the Wingspan stent system for a symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis of 50–99%. The technical success rate was 98%. The mean pre- and post-stent stenoses were 73 (11)% and 21 (7)%. Any stroke or death within 24 h of the procedure occurred in 1/51 (2%). The frequency of any stroke or death within 30 days or ipsilateral stroke beyond 30 days was 5/51 (10.0%) at a mean follow-up time of 14.6 months (range 8–30). The frequency of ≥ 50% re-stenosis on follow-up imaging was 7/29 (24%) at 8.6 (4.4) months (range 3–20); all were detected on the initial imaging within 3–6 months, and only one was symptomatic. Conclusion The use of the Wingspan stent in patients with ≥50% symptomatic intracranial stenosis is associated with good long term clinical outcome. One stroke occurred after the first 30 days, suggesting a significant stabilization of the adverse event rate after the first month.
Generalized stability boundary locus for PI controller design for controlling integrating processes with dead time

This work represents a new approach for plotting generalized stability boundary loci to achieve all stabilizing PI controllers for integrating processes plus dead time. For this purpose, integrating processes with dead time are modeled by integrating plus first order plus dead time model (IFOPDT). Normalized form of the obtained IFOPDT model and PI controller transfer functions are used together for plotting the stability boundary loci plane. This allows achieving all stabilizing PI controllers from the generalized stability boundary loci plots for processes that can be modeled by an IFOPDT model. The approach eliminates the requirement of plotting the stability boundary locus again and again as the process transfer function changes where this is the case in the literature being followed so far. The effectiveness of the approach is shown by simulation examples.
Recessions and the Stock Market

Why do stock prices fall more sharply than dividends around recessions? One possible explanation is that stock prices fall in anticipation of low future cash flows. I find that prices and cash flows drop contemporaneously, which speaks against such a channel. Alternatively, prices drop because expected returns are rising. I find that price volatility increases substantially more than cash flow volatility during recessions, which suggests that changes in the price of risk play an important role. However, the magnitude necessary is difficult to reconcile by standard models. Studying the stock market around recessions allows for a fresh empirical assessment of competing asset pricing theories.
VOLUME‐ACTIVATED TAURINE TRANSPORT IS DIFFERENTIALLY ACTIVATED IN HUMAN CERVICAL CANCER HT‐3 CELLS BUT NOT IN HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS‐IMMORTALIZED Z183A AND NORMAL CERVICAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

1. Previous studies demonstrate that volume‐sensitive chloride currents are distinctly activated in cervical cancer cells, but not in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐immortalized and normal cervical cells. In the present study, the Na+‐independent volume‐activated transport of taurine in three cervical cell types was investigated.
Force‐induced globule–coil transition in laminin binding protein and its role for viral–cell membrane fusion

The specific interactions of the pairs laminin binding protein (LBP)–purified tick‐borne encephalitis viral surface protein E and certain recombinant fragments of this protein, as well as West Nile viral surface protein E and certain recombinant fragments of that protein, are studied by combined methods of single‐molecule dynamic force spectroscopy (SMDFS), enzyme immunoassay and optical surface waves‐based biosensor measurements. The experiments were performed at neutral pH (7.4) and acid pH (5.3) conditions. The data obtained confirm the role of LBP as a cell receptor for two typical viral species of the Flavivirus genus. A comparison of these data with similar data obtained for another cell receptor of this family, namely human αVβ3 integrin, reveals that both these receptors are very important. Studying the specific interaction between the cell receptors in question and specially prepared monoclonal antibodies against them, we could show that both interaction sites involved in the process of virus–cell interaction remain intact at pH 5.3. At the same time, for these acid conditions characteristic for an endosome during flavivirus–cell membrane fusion, SMDFS data reveal the existence of a force‐induced (effective already for forces as small as 30–70 pN) sharp globule–coil transition for LBP and LBP–fragments of protein E complexes. We argue that this conformational transformation, being an analog of abrupt first‐order phase transition and having similarity with the famous Rayleigh hydrodynamic instability, might be indispensable for the flavivirus–cell membrane fusion process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A time bomb for the Euro? Understanding Germany's current account surplus

The paper analyses the rise of the current account balance in Germany by around ten percentage points (relative to GDP) in the period 1999-2016. A big part of the rise is due to subdued domestic final demand which tends to suppress growth of imports. This demand-side effect has to do with weak wage dynamics, unequal income distribution and fiscal restraint. Despite ups and downs, the trend seems to be persistent. On the supply side, the cost and price competitiveness of the German economy is superior in European comparison. However, much more important is the superior non-price competitiveness in various dimensions. Exports grow in line with world exports which tend to grow markedly faster than imports and GDP in Germany. If this wedge between growth rates of imports and exports continues, the current account tends to rise, irrespective of short-term ups and downs. Germany follows an unsustainable trend.On the supply side, it is the strength of German manufacturing, the basis of the country's surplus. It has emerged in parallel with a process of creeping deindustrialisation in other EMU member states. The export championship, seemingly the crown jewel of the economy, has the mirror image of an Achilles heel. The surplus cannot be understood without the dysfunctions of the EMU which has no mechanisms to prevent and correct current account imbalances. Many policy makers are blinded by export success and vested interests of German export industries. They trust in "laisser-faire" and "no activism" advice, in contrast to concerns from the European Commission and the IMF. In this sense, there exists a time-bomb for the cohesion of the Euro area.
Macroeconomics of bargain hunting

In most macroeconomic models prices for consumption goods are competitive and consumers are treated as price-takers, which gives rise to the law of one price. However, as the empirical literature documents, prices for the same products are substantially dispersed. The consumers facing the price heterogeneity can affect the effective prices they pay by employing different shopping strategies. In this thesis, I investigate whether price dispersion matters for shaping macroeconomic aggregates. In chapter 1, I study how income fluctuations are transmitted to consumption decisions in the presence of price dispersion. To this end, I propose a novel and tractable framework to study search for consumption as part of the optimal savings problem. The search protocol can be easily embedded into a standard incomplete-market model. As I show, frictions in the purchasing technology generate important macroeconomic implications for modeling inequality and, in general, household consumption. In economies with those frictions, consumers feature smoother consumption responses to income shocks and the level of wealth inequality is amplified.
Are the Wealthy Also Healthy? An Empirical Evaluation of the Financial Health of Chinese Foundations

Since the enactment of the 2004 Regulations of Management of Foundations, only limited research has focused on the financial health of Chinese foundations. However, given their importance in the nonprofit sector, study of these foundations is essential. This study comprised an empirical evaluation of the financial health of Chinese foundations based on a sample of 2,763 foundations and 10,102 observations. The Tuckman and Chang (1991) model, which measures adequacy of equity, revenue diversification, administrative cost ratio, and operating margin, revealed three major findings: (1) two-thirds of the Chinese foundations were financially unhealthy; (2) from 2008 to 2013, foundations’ overall financial health experienced moderate improvement, with public foundations outperforming private foundations; and (3) newer foundations may improve their health more quickly than older foundations. However, because their level of improvement ranged from low to moderate, these financial health scores should be interpreted conservatively. The decreased number of unhealthy foundations does not mean foundations have improved on all measures. Public foundations did not perform better on all measures than private foundations. In the period mentioned above, newer foundations improved on equity ratio and revenue diversification.