Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postcopulatory sexual selection: Darwin's omission and its consequences

In one of his few major oversights, Darwin failed to appreciate that male–male competition and sexual selection can continue even after copulation has begun. The postcopulatory equivalents of both direct male–male battles (sperm competition) and female choice (cryptic female choice) occur within the female's body. Recognition of this hidden, but intense, sexual competition provides new insights into a variety of fields. These include the hyperdiverse and paradoxically elaborate morphology of both sperm and male genitalia, the equally puzzling and elaborate morphology of nongenitalic male structures that are specialized to grasp and stimulate females, powerful manipulative effects of substances in male semen on female reproductive physiology, paradoxical male courtship behavior that occurs after copulation has already begun, variability in parental investments, and the puzzlingly complex and diverse interactions between sperm and female products that surround animal eggs and between male gametophytes and female tissues in flowering plants. Many bizarre traits are involved, including male genitalia that are designed to explode or fall apart during copulation leaving behind parts within the female, male genitalia that “sing” during copulation, potent seminal products that invade the female's body cavity and her nervous system to influence her behavior, and a virtual Kama Sutra of courtship behavior performed after rather than before genital coupling, including male–female dialogues during copulation.
Ignorance is bliss : The role of observer expectation in dynamic spatial tuning of the attentional focus

1162 Brief stimuli presented in rapid sequence may exceed the processing capability of the visual system. This gives rise to a deficit known as the attentional blink (AB), which is typically obtained when observers are required to identify two targets inserted in a stream of distractors presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Identification accuracy for the second target is most impaired when the temporal lag between the two targets is short, and it improves as the intertarget lag is increased (Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992). Theoretical accounts of the AB have relied on some form of limited attentional resource that is allocated to the leading target to the detriment of the trailing target. For example, in the interference model (Shapiro, Raymond, & Arnell, 1994) resources are said to be allocated in large part to the first target, and in diminishing amounts to the ensuing items in the RSVP stream. Similar assumptions underlie the bottleneck models of Chun and Potter (1995) and Jolicœur and Dell’Acqua (1998) in which the AB deficit is said to occur when the second target arrives while the resources at a high-level stage are preempted by the first target. On all these accounts, the AB deficit is expected to be most pronounced when the second target is presented directly after the first, in the ordinal position known as lag 1. Contrary to this expectation, a meta-analysis by Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo (1999) revealed that in about half of the studies the AB deficit was much reduced or failed to occur when the second target was presented directly after the first. This yielded the characteristic U-shaped function of performance over lags often found in AB studies. Potter, Chun, Banks, and Muckenhoupt (1998) referred to this highly accurate performance at lag 1 as lag-1 sparing. Lag-1 sparing has been ascribed to the sluggish closing of an attentional gate that serves the selective function of rejecting distractors and passing target items (Chun & Potter, 1995; Shapiro & Raymond, 1994). The gate is said to remain closed while the distractors prior to the first target are on display. Upon presentation of the first target, the gate is said to open rapidly, but to close sluggishly, thus allowing the next item in the stream (i.e., the lag-1 item) to gain access to processing resources along with the first target. If the trailing item happens to be the second target, both targets are processed together, and lag-1 sparing ensues. An important detail that emerged from Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo’s (1999) analysis was that lag-1 sparing occurs only when the two targets are presented at the same spatial location; it never occurs when they are presented at different locations. Such location specificity is exceptionally robust: Of the 41 relevant studies in which Ignorance is bliss: The role of observer expectation in dynamic spatial tuning of the attentional focus
Characterization of Hepatic Abnormalities in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

&NA; We sought to characterize the incidence, nature, and course of liver disease in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chart review identified 555 subjects (318 Crohn's disease [CD], 237 ulcerative colitis [UC]). An alanine aminotransferase measurement of ≥80 U/L was used to identify the presence of a hepatic abnormality. Seventy‐five patients (47 CD, 28 UC) had at least one ALT level ≥80 U/L. Persistent ALT elevation (>6 months) was found in 14 patients: 10 with sclerosing cholangitis (SC) (eight UC, two CD) and four with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (one UC, three CD). One patient with SC has had hepatic transplantation, and one other has end‐stage liver disease. The remainder are clinically well. Two patients with CAH have developed cirrhosis. Nonpersisting ALT elevations (<250 U/L) were noted during disease course in 61 patients and were associated with medications, parenteral nutrition, bowel obstruction, and flare‐ups of disease. Most ALT elevations in children with IBD are transient and appear to relate to medications or disease activity. Sclerosing cholangitis was noted in 3.5% of UC patients and <1% of CD patients, while CAH was found in <1% of UC or CD patients. Unless evidence of chronic liver disease is present, the initial finding of mild to moderate ALT elevation (80‐250 U/L) should prompt observation before extensive evaluation.
Src family kinase phosphorylation of the motor domain of the human kinesin‐5, Eg5

Spindle formation in mammalian cells requires precise spatial and temporal regulation of the kinesin‐5, Eg5, which generates outward force to establish spindle bipolarity. Our results demonstrate that Eg5 is phosphorylated in cultured cells by Src family kinases (SFKs) at three sites in the motor head: Y125, Y211, and Y231. Mutation of these sites diminishes motor activity in vitro, and replacement of endogenous Eg5 with phosphomimetic Y211 in LLC‐Pk1 cells results in monopolar spindles, consistent with loss of Eg5 activity. Cells treated with SFK inhibitors show defects in spindle formation, similar to those in cells expressing the nonphosphorylatable Y211 mutant, and distinct from inhibition of other mitotic kinases. We propose that this phosphoregulatory mechanism tunes Eg5 enzymatic activity for optimal spindle morphology.
Arctic ozone depletion in 2002–2003 measured by ASUR and comparison with POAM observations

We present ozone loss estimated from airborne measurements taken during January-February and March in the Arctic winter 2002/2003. The first half of the winter was characterized by unusually cold temperatures and the second half by a major stratospheric sudden warming around 15-18 January 2003. The potential vorticity maps show a vortex split in the lower stratosphere during the major warming (MW) in late January and during the minor warming in mid-February due to wave 1 amplification. However, the warming can be termed as a vortex displacement event as there was no vortex split during the MW period at 10 hPa. Very low temperatures, large areas of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), and high chlorine activation triggered significant ozone loss in the early winter, as the vortex moved to the midlatitude regions. The ozone depletion derived from the ASUR measurements sampled inside the vortex, in conjunction with the Mimosa-Chim model tracer, shows a maximum of 1.3 +/- 0.2 ppmv at 450-500 K by late March. The partial column loss derived from the ASUR ozone profiles reaches up to 61 +/- 4 DU in 400-550 K in the same period. The evolution of ozone and ozone loss assessed from the ASUR measurements is in very good agreement with POAM observations. The reduction in ozone estimated from the POAM measurements shows a similar maximum of 1.3 +/- 0.2 ppmv at 400-500 K or 63 +/- 4 DU in 400-550 K in late March. Our study reveals that the Arctic winter 2002/2003 was unique as it had three minor warmings and a MW, yet showed large loss in ozone. No such feature was observed in any other Arctic winter in the 1989-2010 period. In addition, an unusually large ozone loss in December, around 0.5 +/- 0.2 ppmv at 450-500 K or 12 +/- 1 DU in 400-550 K, was estimated for the first time in the Arctic. A careful and detailed diagnosis with all available published results for this winter exhibits an average ozone loss of 1.5 +/- 0.3 ppmv at 450-500 K or 65 +/- 5 DU in 400-550 K by the end of March, which exactly matches the ozone depletion derived from the ASUR, POAM and model data. The early ozone loss together with considerable loss afterwards put the warm Arctic winter 2002/2003 amongst the moderately cold winters in terms of the significance of the ozone loss.
Tonsillar Biopsy Test for Chronic Wasting Disease: Two Sampling Approaches in Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer

Preclinical antemortem testing of deer (Odocoileus spp.) for chronic wasting disease (CWD) can be important for determining prevalence rates and removing infected individuals from wild populations. Because samples with high numbers of tonsillar follicles are likely to provide earlier detection of CWD than samples with fewer follicles, the method of obtaining follicular samples may be critical when investigating disease prevalence. Between January 2003 and January 2005, white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) in southeast and southwest Minnesota and white-tailed and mule deer (O. hemionus) in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, were sampled using dorso-lateral and ventral-medial approaches for collecting tonsillar follicles. We obtained significantly more follicles using a dorso-lateral (median number of follicles=19) rather than a ventral-medial (median number of follicles=5.5) approach. No differences were observed in collection of tonsillar follicles that were related to sex, age class, or species of deer. We recommend the dorso-lateral approach for assessing CWD prevalence in deer populations.
A Grounded Theory of Collaborative Synchronizing in Relation to Challenging Students

The aim of this study was to investigate multiprofessional collaboration as well as collaboration between professionals and challenging students and their parents in which the focus for these collaborations was on handling the challenging students’ academic and social behavior. A grounded theory study of collaboration between a prereferral resource team and teachers, principals, challenging students, and their parents was conducted. Qualitative interview and focus group methods were used. The findings presented a grounded theory of collaborative synchronizing in relation to challenging students around two ideal types, human resource synchronizing and human resource desynchronizing.
Relevant factors of innovation contests for SMEs

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relevant factors that influence the implementation of innovation contests, an open innovation (OI) practice that has been extensively reported in the literature as a managerial tool for external knowledge search. The authors focus the study on the context of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach The approach is a retrospective case study. This methodology allows an in-depth view into a Spanish SME that successfully undertook two new product development processes thanks to the deployment of innovation contests. Findings The main context factors influencing innovation contests as managerial tool are ambidexterity, technological and marketing turbulence and intermediaries, among others. Regarding design factors, this work highlights the role of attraction and facilitation. Additionally, the repetitive implementation of innovation contests creates a corporate culture that promotes OI activities. Practical implications Managers will understand that they can use innovation contests as a managerial tool, and knowing the factors that need to be taken into account when implementing an innovation contest will help SMEs managers to make better use of this practice. Originality/value This case study enriches the literature of both innovation contests and topics relevant to SMEs. Based on a theoretical framework of the design factors that influence the implementation of innovation contests, the authors propose a research framework that incorporates those context factors in association with an SME.
Odiparcil, a potential glycosaminoglycans clearance therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VI—Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a class of lysosomal storage diseases, characterized by enzymatic deficiency in the degradation of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Pathological accumulation of excess GAG leads to multiple clinical symptoms with systemic character, most severely affecting bones, muscles and connective tissues. Current therapies include periodic intravenous infusion of supplementary recombinant enzyme (Enzyme Replacement Therapy–ERT) or bone marrow transplantation. However, ERT has limited efficacy due to poor penetration in some organs and tissues. Here, we investigated the potential of the β-D-xyloside derivative odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, MPS VI). In vitro, in bovine aortic endothelial cells, odiparcil stimulated the secretion of sulphated GAG into culture media, mainly of chondroitin sulphate (CS) /dermatan sulphate (DS) type. Efficacy of odiparcil in reducing intracellular GAG content was investigated in skin fibroblasts from MPS VI patients where odiparcil was shown to reduce efficiently the accumulation of intracellular CS with an EC50 in the range of 1 μM. In vivo, in wild type rats, after oral administrations, odiparcil was well distributed, achieving μM concentrations in MPS VI disease-relevant tissues and organs (bone, cartilage, heart and cornea). In MPS VI Arylsulphatase B deficient mice (Arsb-), after chronic oral administration, odiparcil consistently stimulated the urinary excretion of sulphated GAG throughout the treatment period and significantly reduced tissue GAG accumulation in liver and kidney. Furthermore, odiparcil diminished the pathological cartilage thickening observed in trachea and femoral growth plates of MPS VI mice. The therapeutic efficacy of odiparcil was similar in models of early (treatment starting in juvenile, 4 weeks old mice) or established disease (treatment starting in adult, 3 months old mice). Our data demonstrate that odiparcil effectively diverts the synthesis of cellular glycosaminoglycans into secreted soluble species and this effect can be used for reducing cellular and tissue GAG accumulation in MPS VI models. Therefore, our data reveal the potential of odiparcil as an oral GAG clearance therapy for MPS VI patients.
Modeled natural and excess radiocarbon: Sensitivities to the gas exchange formulation and ocean transport strength

Observation‐based surface ocean Δ14C distributions and regional inventories for excess, bomb‐produced radiocarbon are compared with results of two ocean models of intermediate complexity. By applying current descriptions of the air‐sea gas exchange the models produce similar column inventories for excess 14C among all basins. This result is robust across a wide range of transport parameter settings, but inconsistent with data‐based inventories. In the absence of evidence of fundamentally different gas exchange mechanisms in the North Atlantic than in the other basins, we infer regional North Atlantic 14C inventories which are considerably smaller than previous estimates. The results further suggest that the gas exchange velocity field should be reduced by (19 ± 16)%, which corresponds to a global mean air‐sea gas transfer rate for CO2 in seawater of 17.1 ± 3.3 cm h−1, to find good agreement of simulated quantities with a range of data‐based metrics.
Identification of porins in outer membrane of Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia spp. and their role in outer membrane permeation of beta-lactams

Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, and Providencia alcalifaciens, which were once classified into the same genus, Proteus, were studied. Cefoxitin-resistant mutants from these species were isolated, and it was confirmed that the resistance was attributed to the lack of an outer membrane protein, resulting in a significant decrease in the penetration of hydrophilic cephalosporins through the outer membrane. Comparison of the mutant strains with their parental strains in the diffusion rates of six monoanionic cephalosporins, a zwitterionic cephalosporin (cephaloridine), and a divalent anionic cephalosporin (cephalosporin C) suggested that each species had only one kind of porin protein, with molecular weights of 40,000 (Proteus mirabilis) or 37,000 (the other four species) and that the porins formed channels with cation selectivity, except for Proteus vulgaris. Porin proteins were purified from all the bacterial species except Providencia alcalifaciens, and the radius of the pores formed by the purified porins was estimated by the use of the liposome swelling assay. The pore radii were estimated to be approximately 0.59 nm (Proteus mirabilis), 0.63 nm (Proteus vulgaris), 0.58 nm (Providencia rettgeri), and 0.60 nm (M. morganii), similar to the size of the pore radius of Escherichia coli porins.
A method for eliminating articles by homonymous authors from the large number of articles retrieved by author search

This paper proposes a methodology which discriminates the articles by the target authors (“true” articles) from those by other homonymous authors (“false” articles). Author name searches for 2,595 “source” authors in six subject fields retrieved about 629,000 articles. In order to extract true articles from the large amount of the retrieved articles, including many false ones, two filtering stages were applied. At the first stage any retrieved article was eliminated as false if either its affiliation addresses had little similarity to those of its source article or there was no citation relationship between the journal of the retrieved article and that of its source article. At the second stage, a sample of retrieved articles was subjected to manual judgment, and utilizing the judgment results, discrimination functions based on logistic regression were defined. These discrimination functions demonstrated both the recall ratio and the precision of about 95% and the accuracy (correct answer ratio) of 90–95%. Existence of common coauthor(s), address similarity, title words similarity, and interjournal citation relationships between the retrieved and source articles were found to be the effective discrimination predictors. Whether or not the source author was from a specific country was also one of the important predictors. Furthermore, it was shown that a retrieved article is almost certainly true if it was cited by, or cocited with, its source article. The method proposed in this study would be effective when dealing with a large number of articles whose subject fields and affiliation addresses vary widely. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). Neurotoxic syndromes caused by the ingestion of plants, seeds and fruits].

INTRODUCTION A wide range of plants, seeds and fruits used for nutritional and medicinal purposes can give rise to neurotoxic symptoms. DEVELOPMENT We review the neurological pathology associated with the acute or chronic consumption of plants, seeds and fruits in human beings and in animals. Of the plants that can trigger acute neurotoxic syndromes in humans, some of the most notable include Mandragora officinalis, Datura stramonium, Conium maculatum (hemlock), Coriaria myrtifolia (redoul), Ricinus communis, Gloriosa superba, Catharanthus roseus, Karwinskia humboldtiana and Podophyllum pelatum. We also survey different neurological syndromes linked with the ingestion of vegetable foodstuffs that are rich in cyanogenic glycosides, Jamaican vomiting sickness caused by Blighia sapida, Parkinson dementia ALS of Guam island and exposition to Cycas circinalis, Guadeloupean parkinsonism and exposition to Annonaceae, konzo caused by ingestion of wild manioc and neurolathyrism from ingestion of Lathyrus sativus, the last two being models of motor neurone disease. Locoism is a chronic disease that develops in livestock feeding on plants belonging to Astragalus and Oxytropis sp. , Sida carpinifolia and Ipomea carnea, which are rich in swainsonine, a toxin that inhibits the enzyme alpha mannosidase and induces a cerebellar syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of neurotoxic seeds, fruits and plants included in the diet and acute poisoning by certain plants can give rise to different neurological syndromes, some of which are irreversible.
La mémoire sémantique bilingue : étude des liens entre équivalents de traduction

De tres nombreux travaux en psycholinguistique du bilinguisme postulent l'existence d'une memoire semantique commune aux deux langues. Malgre tout, dans des activites comme la traduction (passage d'un mot d'une langue a un mot d'une autre langue), les liens semantiques entre les mots des deux langues paraissent particulierement complexes et ont probablement une incidence sur les traitements effectues. Cette recherche examine l'influence de nombreux facteurs semantiques (concretude des mots, nombre de traductions, dominance de la traduction, proximite semantique entre les differentes traductions d'un meme mot, langue par laquelle le niveau se��mantique est atteint) sur la qualite et la rapidite de la traduction. Les resultats montrent un effet de ces facteurs semantiques dans le traitement des mots lors de la tâche de reconnaissance en traduction chez des participants francophones qui ont un niveau de competence eleve en anglais, et ce dans les deux sens de la traduction. Ce travail souleve la complexite mais aussi la flexibilite de la memoire semantique bilingue. Les resultats sont essentiellement interpretes dans le cadre du modele de la memoire semantique bilingue distribuee partage entre les deux langues (De Groot, 1992 ; Van Hell et De Groot, 1998).
Bendtroller:: An Exploration of In-Game Action Mappings with a Deformable Game Controller

We explore controller input mappings for games using a deformable prototype that combines deformation gestures with standard button input. In study one, we tested discrete gestures using three simple games. We categorized the control schemes as binary (button only), action, and navigation, the latter two named based on the game mechanics mapped to the gestures. We found that the binary scheme performed the best, but gesture-based control schemes are stimulating and appealing. Results also suggest that the deformation gestures are best mapped to simple and natural tasks. In study two, we tested continuous gestures in a 3D racing game using the same control scheme categorization. Results were mostly consistent with study one but showed an improvement in performance and preference for the action control scheme.