Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
City Size and Academic Focus: Exploring Trends in Canadian Urban Geography, Planning and Policy Literature

Between 1996 and 2001 almost half of the cities in Canada lost population. This uneven pattern of growthprompted an examination of the English-language urban geography, planning and policy-related academicliterature, which determined that Canadian urban academic journals fixated on large, growing metropolitanareas. Revisiting this literature a decade later, large cities have continued to dominate the academic discourse. Although articles dedicated to smaller and mid-sized cities are still relatively underrepresented in the literature, research focusing on more than one size of urban area has grown tremendously refl ecting an emerging interest in regional connectivity and a rise in the perception of urban areas as systems, rather than individual entities.
Contextuality under weak assumptions

The presence of contextuality in quantum theory was first highlighted by Bell, Kochen and Specker, who discovered that for quantum systems of three or more dimensions, measurements could not be viewed as deterministically revealing pre-existing properties of the system. More precisely, no model can assign deterministic outcomes to the projectors of a quantum measurement in a way that depends only on the projector and not the context (the full set of projectors) in which it appeared, despite the fact that the Born rule probabilities associated with projectors are independent of the context. A more general, operational definition of contextuality introduced by Spekkens, which we will term ‘probabilistic contextuality’, drops the assumption of determinism and allows for operations other than measurements to be considered contextual. Even two-dimensional quantum mechanics can be shown to be contextual under this generalised notion. Probabilistic noncontextuality represents the postulate that elements of an operational theory that cannot be distinguished from each other based on the statistics of arbitrarily many repeated experiments (they give rise to the same operational probabilities) are ontologically identical. In this paper, we introduce a framework that enables us to distinguish between different noncontextuality assumptions in terms of the relationships between the ontological representations of objects in the theory given a certain relation between their operational representations. This framework can be used to motivate and define a ‘possibilistic’ analogue, encapsulating the idea that elements of an operational theory that cannot be unambiguously distinguished operationally can also not be unambiguously distinguished ontologically. We then prove that possibilistic noncontextuality is equivalent to an alternative notion of noncontextuality proposed by Hardy. Finally, we demonstrate that these weaker noncontextuality assumptions are sufficient to prove alternative versions of known ‘no-go’ theorems that constrain ψ-epistemic models for quantum mechanics.
Superconductivity in metastable phases of phosphorus-hydride compounds under high pressure

Hydrogen-rich compounds have been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally in the quest for novel high-temperature superconductors. Reports on sulfur hydride attaining metallicity under pressure and exhibiting superconductivity at temperatures as high as 200 K have spurred an intense search for room-temperature superconductors in hydride materials. Recently, compressed phosphine was reported to metallize at pressures above 45 GPa, reaching a superconducting transition temperature (T-C) of 100 K at 200 GPa. However, neither the exact composition nor the crystal structure of the superconducting phase have been conclusively determined. In this work, the phase diagram of PHn (n = 1,2,3,4,5,6) was extensively explored by means of ab initio crystal structure predictions using the minima hopping method (MHM). The results do not support the existence of thermodynamically stable PHn compounds, which exhibit a tendency for elemental decomposition at high pressure even when vibrational contributions to the free energies are taken into account. Although the lowest energy phases of PH1,2,3 display T-C`s comparable to experiments, it remains uncertain if the measured values of T-C can be fully attributed to a phase-pure compound of PHn.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Immune-Suppressive Cells That Impair Antitumor Immunity and Are Sculpted by Their Environment

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a diverse population of immature myeloid cells that have potent immune-suppressive activity. Studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated that MDSC accumulate in most individuals with cancer, where they promote tumor progression, inhibit antitumor immunity, and are an obstacle to many cancer immunotherapies. As a result, there has been intense interest in understanding the mechanisms and in situ conditions that regulate and sustain MDSC, and the mechanisms MDSC use to promote tumor progression. This article reviews the characterization of MDSC and how they are distinguished from neutrophils, describes the suppressive mechanisms used by MDSC to mediate their effects, and explains the role of proinflammatory mediators and the tumor microenvironment in driving MDSC accumulation, suppressive potency, and survival.
Effect of seven common supplements on plasma electrolyte and total carbon dioxide concentration and strong ion difference in Standardbred horses subjected to a simulated race test

This study used a randomized crossover design, with investigators blind to the treatment given, to test the hypothesis that seven commercially available electrolyte supplements would alter plasma concentrations of Na + , K + , Cl − , lactate, total protein (TP) and total carbon dioxide (tCO 2 ) as well as plasma strong ion difference (SID) and haematocrit (HCT). Ten unfit Standardbred mares (∼450 kg, 4–9 years) completed a series of simulated race exercise tests (SRT) during which venous blood was collected at five sampling intervals (prior to receiving electrolyte treatment, prior to the SRT, immediately following exercise and at 60 and 90 min post-SRT). Plasma electrolyte and tCO 2 concentrations were measured in duplicate using a Beckman EL-ISE electrolyte analyser. No difference ( P >0.05) between treatments was detected at any of the five sampling intervals for plasma [Na + ], [K + ], [Cl − ] or [tCO 2 ]. Similarly, no significant difference was detected between treatments across each of the five sampling intervals for plasma SID, HCT or TP concentration. There were differences ( P + ], [K + ] and [tCO 2 ] (as well as plasma SID, HCT, and TP concentration) in the immediately post-SRT samples that were attributable to the physiological pressures associated with acute exercise. No differences ( P >0.05) were detected between treatments across the pre-electrolyte and pre-SRT sampling intervals for plasma lactate concentration. There was, however, a significant time by treatment interaction during the 0, 60 and 90 min post-SRT sampling intervals for this parameter. The electrolyte supplements featured in this investigation did not affect either plasma tCO 2 concentration or SID; however, this result does not rule out the potential for other supplements, especially those containing alkalinizing ingredients, to exert an effect that could push a horse towards threshold values.
Adoption of Innovation within Universities: Proposing and Testing an Initial Model

This study discusses the need for improvement and innovation in universities so they can effectively serve students and stay ahead in competition. Many technologies and innovations are already being used in universities. However, in order to diffuse or spread technologies or innovations effectively, it is important to understand the reasons leading to the adoption of technologies and innovations in universities. Based on a number of established theories and models on innovation and technology adoption and acceptance, this study proposes a theoretical model that helps explain the factors responsible for innovation adoption within universities. Measures for the study were adopted from previous studies, and an online questionnaire was used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test and better understand the underlying structure of the proposed model. Reliability and validity of the proposed model were also examined. The initially proposed model seems to help in explaining the adoption of innovations within universities and is of value to researchers when investigating adoption within universities.
Comparative analysis of the $\Lambda_b \rightarrow \Lambda \ell^+ \ell^-$ decay in the SM, SUSY and RS model with custodial protection

We comparatively analyze the rare $\Lambda _b\rightarrow \Lambda \ell^+ \ell^-$ channel in standard model, supersymmetry and Randall-Sundrum model with custodial protection (RS$_c$). Using the parametrization of the matrix elements entering the low energy effective Hamiltonian in terms of form factors, we calculate the corresponding differential decay width and lepton forward-backward asymmetry in these models. We compare the results obtained with the most recent data from LHCb as well as lattice QCD results on the considered quantities. It is obtained that the standard model, with the form factors calculated in light-cone QCD sum rules, can not reproduce some experimental data on the physical quantities under consideration but the supersymmetry can do it. The RS$_c$ model predictions are roughly the same as the standard model and there are no considerable differences between the predictions of these two models. In the case of differential decay rate, the data in the range $4 $ GeV$^2/$c$^4\leq$ $q^2 \leq 6$ GeV$^2/$c$^4$ can not be described by any of the considered models.
The Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Sardine Fish Silage on Broiler Performance, Meat Quality and Sensory Characteristics under Closed and Open-sided Housing Systems

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fish silage prepared from Indian oil sardines, Sardinella longiceps, as partial replacement of soybean meal as a sole source of protein for growing broiler chickens. The main objective of Experiment 1, an ileal digestibility assay, was to assess the nutritional value of fish silage compared with soybean meal for feeding broiler chickens. The two test ingredients, soybean meal and dried fish silage, were incorporated into semi-synthetic diets, as the only component containing protein. The ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids of fish silage were considerably higher than those of soybean meal (p<0.001). The lower digestibility of amino acids from soybean meal was related to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors. Fish silage had higher levels of sulphur-containing amino acids than soybean meal. The objective of Experiment 2, a growth study, was to evaluate the effect of feeding fish silage on performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens raised under closed and open-sided housing systems. Four diets containing various levels of fish silage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of Experiment 2, 96 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate meat quality characteristics. Housing type had significant effects on feed intake and body weight gain (p<0.01). Birds in the open-sided house consumed 4.7% less amount of feed and gained 10.6% less than their counterparts in a closed house. Birds in both houses fed diets containing 10 and 20% fish silage gained more than birds fed 30% fish silage. The current study produced evidence that fish silage can replace up to 20% of soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting either growth performance or the sensory quality of broiler meat.
Nurse Delegation Decision Making

Nurse practice in today's world requires that nurses be adept at directing a multi-skilled and diverse workforce. In the U.S. the registered nurse must be clinically competent while simultaneously be knowledgeable of their practice guidelines to ensure safe and effective patient care delivery. In South Africa nurses practice under the South Africa Nursing Council Nursing Act guidelines; in the United States the National Council for State Board of Nursing provides rules and regulations for nurse practice. Nursing care practice guidelines, including delegation, are regulated by individual state boards of nursing with written nurse practice acts in the United States of America. The shortage of nurses may have an impact on safe and effective care to individuals with complex, acute, and chronic health care. Delegation of nursing procedures must be done in both countries to facilitate prudent use of the nurses' time for higherlevel duties. In the United States increased longevity and expensive interventions directed toward preventable disease, and in South Africa the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome epidemic are taxing health delivery resources in our respective countries. Clearly, the nurse must include management expertise, and especially nurse delegation in their practice skills repertoire. This article will share delegation via patient care management and decision-making models; review the nurses' role in specialty nursing areas; and offer strategies to best use the existing workforce, which includes unlicensed health care workers.
Hydraulic responses to height growth in maritime pine trees

As trees grow taller, decreased xylem path conductance imposes a major constraint on plant water and carbon balance, and is thus a key factor underlying forest productivity decline with age. The responses of stomatal conductance, leaf area: sapwood area ratio ( A L : A S ) and soil‐leaf water potential gradient ( DY Y Y S‐L ) to height growth were investigated in maritime pine trees. Extensive measurements of in situ sap flow, stomatal conductance and (non-gravitational) needle water potential ( L = Y L - r w gh ) were made during 2 years in a chronosequence of four even-aged stands, under both wet and dry soil conditions. Under wet soil conditions, L was systematically lower in taller trees on account of differences in gravitational potential. In contrast, under dry soil conditions, our measurements clearly showed that L was maintained above a minimum threshold value of - 2.0 MPa independently of tree height, thus limiting the range of compensatory change in DY Y Y S‐L . Although a decrease in the A L : A S ratio occurred with tree height, this compensation was not sufficient to prevent a decline in leaf-specific hydraulic conductance, K L (50% lower in 30 m trees than in 10 m trees). An associated decline in stomatal conductance with tree height thus occurred to maintain a balance between water supply and demand. Both the increased investment in non-productive versus productive tissues ( A S : A L ) and stomatal closure may have contributed to the observed decrease in tree growth efficiency with increasing tree height (by a factor of three from smallest to tallest trees), although other growthlimiting responses (e.g. soil nutrient sequestration, increased respiratory costs) cannot be excluded.
The inferred evolution of the cold gas properties of CANDELS galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.0

We derive the total cold gas, atomic hydrogen, and molecular gas masses of approximately 24 000 galaxies covering four decades in stellar mass at redshifts 0.5 <z <3.0, taken from the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey survey. Our inferences are based on the inversion of a molecular hydrogen based star formation law, coupled with a prescription to separate atomic and molecular gas. We find that: (1) there is an increasing trend between the inferred cold gas (H I and H-2), H I, and H-2 mass and the stellar mass of galaxies down to stellar masses of 10(8)M(circle dot) already in place at z = 3; (2) the molecular fractions of cold gas increase with increasing stellar mass and look-back time; (3) there is hardly any evolution in the mean H I content of galaxies at fixed stellar mass; (4) the cold gas fraction and relative amount of molecular hydrogen in galaxies decrease at a relatively constant rate with time, independent of stellar mass; (5) there is a large population of low stellar mass galaxies dominated by atomic gas. These galaxies are very gas rich, but only a minor fraction of their gas is molecular; 6) the ratio between star formation rate (SFR) and inferred total cold gas mass (H I + H-2) of galaxies (i.e. star formation efficiency; SFE) increases with star formation at fixed stellar masses. Due to its simplicity, the presented approach is valuable to assess the impact of selection biases on small samples of directly observed gas masses and to extend scaling relations down to stellar mass ranges and redshifts that are currently difficult to probe with direct measurements of gas content.
Embedding Preschool Assessment Methods into Digital Learning Games to Predict Early Reading Skills

The aim of this pilot study was to explore the predictive accuracy of computerbased assessment tasks (embedded within the GraphoLearn digital learning game platform) in identifying slow and normal readers. The results were compared to those obtained from the traditional paper-and-pencil tasks currently used to assess school readiness in Finland. The data were derived from a cohort of preschool-age children (mean age 6.7 years, N = 57) from a town in central Finland. A year later, at the end of first grade, participants were categorized as either slow (n = 11) or normal readers (n = 46) based on their reading scores. Logistic regression analyses indicated that computer tasks were as efficient as traditional methods in predicting reading outcomes, and that a single computer-based task—the letter–sound knowledge task,—provided an easy method of accurately predicting reading achievement (sensitivity 95.7%; specificity 81.8%). The study has practical implications in classrooms.
1 NEWS AND STOCK PRICES : NEW INSIGHTS *

A basic tenet of rational finance is that asset prices change in response to unexpected fundamental information. This paper revisits this topic in a novel way. Using textual analysis, we are better able to identify fundamental information by parsing news into those that include unidentified events, identified events and complex events. Once news is correctly identified in this manner, there is considerably more evidence of a strong relationship between stock price changes and information. As applications, we revisit seminal facts from the literature, including an analysis of the relation between stock-return volatility and different types of news during trading and non-trading hours; an investigation of volatility persistence conditional on news types; and a reinvestigation of an infamous result that market model Rs are the same on news and no news days. *Corresponding author: Shimon Kogan, Arison Business School, IDC Herzliya, Tel: +972 (9) 966-2741, email skogan@idc.ac. il. A related version of the paper was previously circulated under the title “Which News Moves Stock Prices? A Textual Analysis. ” For comments and suggestions on that paper which were helpful for this paper, we would like to thank John Griffin and seminar participants at the University of Texas, Austin, NYU Stern School of Business, Wharton School of Business, University of Zurich, University of Lausanne, ESMT Berlin, the 2nd Luxembourg Asset Management Summit and the discussant Guido Baltussen, WFA 2013 and the discussant Paul Tetlock, and the AQR Insight Award finalists’ panel. a Arison School of Business, IDC Herzliya. b School of Business Administration, The Hebrew University. c Arison School of Business, IDC Herzliya and the University of Texas at Austin. d Stern School of Business, New York University and NBER.
The impact of perceived high performing work practices on employee engagement: a study on multinational corporations operating in Sri Lanka

Investigating the impact of perceived high performing work practices (HPWP) on employee engagement (EE) in multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Sri Lanka is the main purpose of this study. There was very few research studies conduct to estimate this relationship, yet none examines the impact of perceived HPWP on dimensions of employee engagement; vigor, dedication and absorption. A self-administered questionnaire, which developed using standard measures, and distributed employees above executive level in MNCs. The data were collected from 348 employees. Finding reveals a positive impact of perceived HPWP on employee engagement and with each dimension; vigor, dedication and absorption. The study contributes to employee engagement and high performance work practices literature by focusing on an untouched area.
Effects of Dietary Combinations of Vitamin A, E and Methionine on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Immunity in Commercial Broilers

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary combinations of vitamin A (VA), vitamin E (VE) and methionine (Met) on growth performance, meat quality and immunity in commercial broilers. Ross chicks (n=3,630) were allocated to five experimental treatments with three replicates per diet. The dietary treatments were: VA 8,000 IU, VE 10 IU (diet 1); VA 12,000 IU, VE 10 IU (diet 2); VA 8,000 IU, VE 100 IU (diet 3); VA 12,000 IU, VE 100 IU (diet 4) and; VA 12,000 IU, VE 100 IU/kg diet and 20% Met higher than other groups (diet 5). The Met content in diet 1 to diet 4 were as per the requirement suggested by NRC. Separate vitamin premixes were prepared for each treatment diet as per the requirement of study. The 35 d study revealed significantly (p<0.0001) higher weight gains in broilers fed diet 3 and diet 5, than in the rest of the groups during starter phase (0-3 weeks) only. The feed intake did not vary significantly at all phases of study, but feed efficiency was significantly (p<0.05) lower in diet 1 during starter and overall phase (4-5 weeks). The bone strength and bone composition, except bone calcium, remained unaffected due to experimental diets studied after 35 d of experimental feeding. The thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly (p=0.0013) lower in the breast meat in group 5, followed by group 3, than in the rest of the groups. The immune studies conducted, antibody titers to sheep red blood cells, thickness index to phytohaemagglutinin-P, and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio, did not show any significant difference among treatments. It could be concluded that supplementation of VA, VE and Met at higher levels could be beneficial to broilers only during the starter phase. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 4 : 516-523)