Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deaths among humanitarian workers

The nature of humanitarian relief has changed dramatically in the past decade as conflicts have ceased being wars between states and are now largely internal conflict taking place amid the anarchy of weakened or collapsed states.1 Increasingly, civilians and those who try to protect and assist them are seen as legitimate targets for extortion, harassment, rape, and brutality.2 Providing assistance while protecting the providers is the dilemma facing all international aid organisations. 3 4 To gain a better understanding of deaths in this group, we analysed 382 deaths in humanitarian workers between 1985 and 1998. Most humanitarian organisations believe that the number of deaths among relief workers has been increasing.5 Although data exist for deaths among development workers, Peace Corps volunteers, and other expatriates, there have been no data on deaths among humanitarian workers.6–9 #### Summary points Wars between states have been largely replaced by internal conflict and anarchy, which have put the lives of civilians and humanitarian workers at ever increasing risk Between 1985 and 1998 nearly a half of deaths traced were in workers from UN programmes, and a quarter were in UN peacekeepers Most deaths were due to intentional violence (guns or other weapons), many associated with banditry One third of deaths occurred in the first 90 days of service, with 17% dying within the first 30 days; the timing of death was unrelated to previous field experience The number of deaths peaked with the Rwanda crisis in 1994 and has been decreasing for all groups except for non-governmental organisations, where it continues to increase We collected information from the records of aid agencies and organisations. We included any death between 1985 and 1998 occurring in workers in the field or as a result of them having worked in the field during emergency or …
[Fatty acid composition of colostrum and mature human milk in Hungary].

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Because of the lack of up-to-date data on fatty acid composition of human milk in Hungary, the authors analysed fatty acid composition of colostrum (n = 18, one hind milk sample on day 5 after delivery) and mature milk (n = 15, pooled 24 h collections repeated twice with 2 weeks intervals at median duration of lactation of 4 months) samples with high-resolution capillary gas chromatography. RESULTS Fat content and fatty acid compositions did not differ in 24 h pooled mature human milk samples obtained with 2 weeks intervals. Significantly lower values of linoleic acid [10.98 (4.81) vs. 14.70 (5.32), % w/w, median (range from the 1st to the 3rd quartile), colostrum vs. mature human milk, p < 0.001] and alpha-linolenic acid [0.22 (0.09) vs. 0.68 (0.21), p < 0.0001], and significantly higher values of arachidonic acid [0.70 (0.56) vs. 0.50 (0.12), p < 0.001] and docosahexaenoic acid [0.22 (0.15) vs. 0.18 (0.06), p < 0.05] were found in colostrum than in mature human milk. Significant and positive correlations were seen between linoleic and arachidonic (r = 0.71, p = 0.001) as well as between alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic (r = 0.59, p = 0.01) acid values in colostrum, but not in mature human milk. CONCLUSION While mature human milk linoleic, arachidonic and alpha-linolenic acid values in this study were in the range usually reported in the literature, the contribution of docosahexaenoic acid to the fatty acid composition of human milk was considerably lower in Hungary than in several other populations.
Pyruvate Oxidase Is a Determinant of Avery's Rough Morphology

ABSTRACT In pioneering studies, Avery et al. identified DNA as the hereditary material (A. T. Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty, J. Exp. Med. 79:137-158, 1944). They demonstrated, by means of variation in colony morphology, that this substance could transform their rough type 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain R36A into a smooth type 3 strain. It has become accepted as fact, from modern textbook accounts of these experiments, that smooth pneumococci make capsule, while rough strains do not. We found that rough-to-smooth morphology conversion did not occur in rough strains R36A and R6 when the ability to synthesize native type 2 capsule was restored. The continued rough morphology of these encapsulated strains was attributed to a second, since-forgotten, morphology-affecting mutation that was sustained by R36A during strain development. We used a new genome-PCR-based approach to identify spxB, the gene encoding pyruvate oxidase, as the mutated locus in R36A and R6 that, with unencapsulation, gives rise to rough colony morphology, as we know it. The variant spxB allele of R36A and R6 is associated with increased cellular pyruvate oxidase activity relative to the ancestral strain D39. Increased pyruvate oxidase activity alters colony shape by mediating cell death. R36A requires a wild-type spxB allele for the expression of smooth type 2 morphology but not for the expression of smooth type 3 morphology, the phenotype monitored by Avery et al. Thus, the mutated spxB allele did not impact their use of smooth morphology to identify the transforming principle.
Lipid Clearing in Premature Infants during Continuous Heparin Infusion: Role of Circulating Lipases

ABSTRACT: The nature of the lipases released into the circulation during low level continuous infusion of heparin (1 unit/ml total parenteral nutrition) and after bolus heparin injection (10 units/kg) was investigated in a group of 11 low birth weight infants (gestational age 27–34 wk, and postnatal age of 7–26 days) receiving total parenteral nutrition with Intralipid (0.5 g/kg). Hepatic lipase and extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase were differentiated with the aid of an antibody specific for human hepatic lipase. The data show that continuous low level heparin infusion leads to a constant baseline postheparin lipolytic activity of 0.77 ± 0.18 μmol free fatty acids released per milliliter serum per hour. Bolus heparin injection leads to peak lipolytic activity levels of 3.77 ± 0.46 μmol free fatty acids per milliliter serum per hour, 10 min after injection. About two-thirds of the total postheparin lipolytic activity was of the hepatic type during low level continuous infusion or after bolus injection of heparin.
A comparative study on the effect of different codecs on speech recognition accuracy using various acoustic modeling techniques

In this work, we study the effect of codec induced distortion on the speech recognition performance in the TIMIT corpus using eleven codecs and five acoustic modeling techniques (AMTs) including several state-of-the-art methods. This study is performed in a single round of encoding-decoding and various tandem scenarios. Experiments from the single encoding-decoding case reveal that the acoustic models from G.711A, a narrowband high bit rate codec yields lower phone error rate (PER) compared to low bit rate codecs for most AMTs. It is observed that among the eleven codecs based acoustic models, G.711A, G.728, G.729B, AMR-WB and G.729A codecs consistently result in the least five PERs across AMTs. It is found that the model trained on ‘clean’ speech data (PCM) performs poorly in three of the five AMTs compared to these five codec based acoustic models. These five models are then used in six different tandem scenarios comprising three unseen codecs. Similar to the single round of encoding-decoding case, the PER for each of the tandem scenarios turns out to be the lowest consistently for all AMTs when the acoustic model from the G.711A codec is used. However, when the acoustic model is trained with mixed speech data from all tandem scenarios, the PER is found to perform better than the matched condition in the case of four out of five AMTs.
Zinc in danish women during late normal pregnancy and pregnancies with intra‐uterine growth retardation

Zinc and alkaline phosphatase were examined in 41 pregnant women (gestational weeks 35‐41) and in 12 women within 24 h of delivery. The serum‐zinc level was reduced in all the women, though to a lesser degree in women giving birth to small for gestational age (SGA) babies than in the control mothers. The difference between the two groups was significant (p = 0.019). Erythrocyte‐zinc increased during pregnancy, more in control mothers than in SGA mothers (p = 0.020). Granulocyte‐zinc was not significantly reduced in pregnancy and no difference was found between SGA mothers and control mothers. Alkaline phosphatase levels in serum and granulocytes were elevated equally in the two groups. These findings show that zinc level changes occur in pregnancy, but that the changes do not appear to be a dominant cause of SGA pregnancy, in Danish women.
PENGEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA DINI

setiap individu memiliki beragam kemampuan yang berbeda. Bercermin dari keragaman kemampuan yang berbeda itu, hendaknya perlu dilakukan pelbagai cara dalam mengembangkan kemampuan tersebut. Salah satu kemampuan individu adalah kreativitas. Kreativitas merupakan suatu kemampuan yang penting untuk dikembangkan, pun di berbagai elemen pendidikan. Dalam hal ini, para pendidik memegang peranan yang penting untuk mengembangkan kemampuan tersebut. Kreativitas sangat penting untuk dikembangkan, karena kreativitas memiliki pengaruh besar dan cukup memberi andil dalam kehidupan seseorang, misalnya dalam prestasi akademik. Kreativitas merupakan suatu kemampuan yang tidak dibawa sejak lahir, namun dapat dipelajari dan dikembangkan, sehingga seyogyanya kemampuan ini dapat dikembangkan sejak dini. Hal tersebut dikarenakan masa-masa usia dini merupakan masa golden age, yang merupakan pondasi dari tahapan usia yang selanjutnya.
Constituição e feminismo entre gênero, raça e direito: das possibilidades de uma hermenêutica constitucional antiessencialista e decolonial

espanolEn el intento de utilizar genero y raza como categorias de la lectura e interpretacion de la Constitucion brasilena, en estos 30 anos de existencia, el presente articulo promueve, en primer lugar, una discusion sobre el lenguaje juridico para asentarla como performatividad. Al lado de eso, presenta el Derecho como parte de la colonialidad. Con estas dos bases teoricas, la performatividad y la colonialidad, entiende la Constitucion como texto performativo que crea realidades y que, para que pueda ser interpretada de modo feminista anti-esencialista y decolonial, necesita revelar y reinscribir esa su herencia colonial. La defensa de una hermeneutica constitucional de genero y raza, asi, pasara por pensar el cuerpo como categoria juridica, desnaturalizando las comprensiones que tenemos a su respecto y tomandolo en sus multiples formas y vivencias para permitir mas en nuestras lecturas sobre lo humano en Derecho y en el constitucionalismo. EnglishIn the attempt to using gender and race as categories of reading and interpretation of the Brazilian Constitution, in its 30 years of existence, this article brings, at first a discussion about legal language to establish it as performativity. Alongside this, it presents Law as part of coloniality. With these two theoretical bases, performativity and coloniality, it understands the Constitution as a performative text that creates realities and that, in order to be interpreted in an anti-essentialist and decolonial feminist way, must reveal and reinscribe its colonial heritage. The defense of a constitutional hermeneutic of gender and race, will then be written by thinking the body as a legal category, denaturalizing the understandings we have about it and taking it in its multiple forms and experiences to allow more in our readings about the human in Law and constitutionalism. portuguesNa tentativa de utilizar genero e raca como categorias de leitura e interpretacao da Constituicao brasileira, nesses seus trinta anos de existencia, o presente artigo promove, em primeiro lugar, uma discussao sobre a linguagem juridica, para assenta-la como performatividade, e, em segundo, apresenta o direito como parte da colonialidade. Com essas duas bases teoricas, a performatividade e a colonialidade, entende-se a Constituicao como texto performativo que cria realidades e que, para que possa ser interpretada de modo feminista, antiessencialista e decolonial, precisa revelar e reinscrever essa sua heranca colonial. A defesa de uma hermeneutica constitucional de genero e raca, assim, passara por pensar o corpo como categoria juridica, desnaturalizando as compreensoes que temos a seu respeito e tomando-o em suas multiplas formas e vivencias, para permitir mais em nossas leituras sobre o humano no direito e no constitucionalismo.
The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Lesions in Badminton Players – a Study Regarding the Primary and Secondary Prevention Strategies

The practice of badminton predisposes to certain injuries, in addition to the many benefits it brings to the body. Our purpose was to identify those specific prevention means which can improve physical training and recovery sessions in order to obtain a more effective prevention of the specific injuries. A questionnaire designed in order to assess the particularities of warming, post-exercise recovery and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was applied to 35 players. From the musculoskeletal declared injuries, 77.35% were joint damages, 18.87% - muscle damages and 3.78% - bone lesions. The prevalence of traumatic injuries was not correlated with the particularities of age, sex, body mass index, the level of hydration, the presence of stretching as part of the physical training or warming duration. We concluded that the training must include some primary and secondary prevention methods and techniques and the main elements should be the stretching, proprioceptive coordination and plyometric exercises associated with an appropriate post-exercise recovery.
Evaluation of optimized variable area transect sampling using totally enumerated field data sets

Plotless density estimators (PDEs) can be efficient alternatives to quadrat sampling for estimating the density of stationary objects. Variable area transect (VAT) sampling had been identified, and optimized relative to effort, in previous Monte Carlo simulated population studies as a low‐labor field method that demonstrated superior estimation properties among many PDEs considered. However, natural populations tend to be much more complex and less predictable in spatial distribution than computer generated populations. Therefore, we carried out a Monte Carlo simulation study that used 17 fully enumerated field populations rather than simulated populations. These natural populations represented a variety of population densities and spatial patterns. We focused on assessing the effect of the number of population members searched for along each transect (r), sample size, and transect width on estimation quality. Using relative root mean‐squared error and relative bias as criteria, the optimal range for r was 5 to 7 population members encountered from each start point. Sample size was best if n > 20, but returns in estimation quality diminished by n = 40. Transect width was previously uninvestigated and found to be the most important design factor affecting estimation quality. Field studies should strive for transects as wide as logistically reasonable. Published in 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Endocytic Vesicles Using Magnetic Microbeads Coated with Signalling Ligands

Iron microbeads coated with the protein ligands insulin and EGF (Fe‐INS and Fe‐EGF) were prepared. Examination of the traffic of these ligand‐coated microbeads demonstrated their internalization via clathrin‐coated vesicles. Using magnetic methods, we have purified vesicles derived from the endocytic pathway. Vesicles prepared by this method are essentially free of contamination with other endomembrane compartments. Examination of the vesicles derived from cells treated with Fe‐INS beads demonstrated the presence of the components of the Ras/Erk cascade on their surface. We conclude that the coupling of the Erk‐signalling cascade induced by insulin takes place on the surface of endocytic vesicles derived from the internalization of the insulin receptor.
Circulating Angiogenic Factors and Abnormal Uterine Artery Doppler Velocimetry in the Second Trimester

Objective: Circulating angiogenic growth factors (such as vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and placental growth factor [PlGF]) and their interaction may be associated with vascular remodeling of spiral arteries in normal pregnancy. Soluble Flt-1, an antagonist of both VEGF and PlGF, has been shown to be increased, while PlGF is decreased in women prior to the onset of preeclampsia. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal soluble Flt-1 and PlGF levels in the second trimester with a marker of abnormal placentation, abnormal uterine artery Doppler (UAD). Method: A prospective cohort of women, 16 to 24 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA), with singleton pregnancies, underwent UAD and phlebotomy. Maternal soluble Flt-1 and free PlGF were measured by ELISA in samples from women with abnormal UAD with a group, controlled for EGA, with normal UAD. Mann-Whitney Rank-Sum test was used to compare maternal serum levels of both soluble Flt-1 and PlGF between women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler versus women with normal uterine artery Doppler. Results: Of the 222 study subjects enrolled, 34 (15%) had abnormal UAD. The mean EGA at enrollment of subjects in each group was 18 weeks. There was no difference in PlGF between subjects with abnormal UAD (median, 191 pg/mL; range, 187 to 337 pg/mL) versus controls (median, 171 pg/mL; range, 169 to 289 pg/mL) (p = 0.59) or soluble Flt-1 (median, 780 pg/mL; range, 280 to 3200 pg/mL) or between subjects with abnormal UAD versus controls (median, 720 pg/mL; range, 220 to 1980 pg/mL) (p = 0.36). Conclusion: Concentrations of maternal soluble Flt-1 and free PlGF in the second trimester do not appear to be altered in women with abnormal UAD. This suggests that these biochemical markers are independent of the increased placental resistance seen with abnormal uterine artery Doppler.
Increased ovulation rate in the cyclic guinea-pig after a single injection of an antiserum to LH.

Cyclic guinea-pigs were injected s.c. on Day 12 (Day 1 = day of ovulation) of the cycle with 0.4 or 0.8 ml equine antiserum to bovine LH or with 0.4 ml normal horse serum (NHS). Treatment with 0.4 or 0.8 ml anti-LH delayed vaginal opening by 3 days and prolonged the oestrous cycle to 20 days compared with 16 days in controls; ovulation rates for these treatments were 5.6 +/- 0.6 ova (P < 0.01), 4.5 +/- 0.9 ova and 2.9 +/- 0.3 ova respectively. Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were not affected but androgen values were decreased by treatment with LH antiserum. The number of antral follicles (< 520 micron diam./ovary) 48 h after 0.4 ml anti-LH (Day 14) was similar to that observed in controls, but on Day 18 6.0 +/- 1.4 follicles/ovary were present in antiserum-treated guinea-pigs, whereas in controls on Day 16 there were only 2.4 +/- 0.5 antral follicles. The results indicate that the increased ovulation rate induced in the guinea-pig by LH antiserum is not associated with recruitment of increased numbers of antral follicles but may be related to reduced atresia at the end of the cycle.
Effects of human state park visitation rates on escape behavior of white-tailed deer

State parks are typically established to preserve natural or native habitats for wildlife while simultaneously providing recreational experiences for humans. However, because of their proximity to urban centers, the level of human visitation associated with state parks may be highly variable. Little information has been published regarding the eff ect of human visitation levels on wildlife escape behavior in state parks. We evaluated fl ight initiation distances (FIDs) and buff er distances (i.e., the diff erence between alert and fl ight distances) for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; deer) from September 2013 to August 2014 at 3 state parks in east-central Illinois with diff erent human visitation rates. Deer FIDs were lower in a high-visitation park and higher in a low-visitation park. The buff er distances were higher in a high-visitation park and lower in a low-visitation park. Other social (sex, group size, presence of juveniles) and environmental (cover, weather, season) variables that might aff ect escape behavior did not account for the relationships with park attendance. These results suggest that deer within state parks either habituate to human activity or spatially segregate based on personality (e.g., degree of shyness or boldness). Based on our fi ndings, high levels of human visitation in parks can have a signifi cant impact on the behavior of local wildlife.
Medication incidents in an outpatient emergency service: documental analysis.

OBJECTIVE To characterize medication incidents occurred in an outpatient emergency service. METHOD Descriptive, documental, retrospective and quantitative research. The International Classification for Patient Safety was the theoretical reference for the construction of the instrument used to collect and analyze the data from 119 notification and investigation forms of incidents occurred in 2014 in a teaching hospital. Data were collected twice, compared, corrected and transcribed to an Excel worksheet. The SPSS 19.0 Software and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used in the analysis; p<0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 142 incidents were analyzed, most of them involving the nursing team; 93.7% were avoidable; one-third involved high-alert medications; the majority involved parenteral administration. Harm was rare but proportional to the time elapsed for error detection. Management failures prevailed, especially omission. CONCLUSION Most of the incidents analyzed were characterized as potentially harmful and avoidable, with emphasis on personnel factors as contributors.
Risk Assessment of the Public Health Impact of Escherichia coli O 157 : H 7 in Ground Beef

The Office of Public Health and Science in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS)—with input from other federal agencies, industry, and the public—conducted an assessment of the risk of illness associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. This risk assessment details our current state of knowledge about (1) the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, carcasses, and beef trim; in retail ground beef; and in ground beef servings consumed in the United States; and (2) the subsequent risk of illness associated with consuming ground beef contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. This Interpretive Summary provides an overview of the E. coli O157:H7 risk assessment. Its purpose is to briefly describe the material covered in the complete risk assessment, including background information on E. coli O157:H7 and related illness, the techniques and data used to develop the risk assessment, the results of the risk assessment, and the limitations and implications of those findings.
Correction: TTC26/DYF13 is an intraflagellar transport protein required for transport of motility-related proteins into flagella

Cilia/flagella are assembled and maintained by the process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), a highly conserved mechanism involving more than 20 IFT proteins. However, the functions of individual IFT proteins are mostly unclear. To help address this issue, we focused on a putative IFT protein TTC26/DYF13. Using live imaging and biochemical approaches we show that TTC26/DYF13 is an IFT complex B protein in mammalian cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Knockdown of TTC26/DYF13 in zebrafish embryos or mutation of TTC26/DYF13 in C. reinhardtii, produced short cilia with abnormal motility. Surprisingly, IFT particle assembly and speed were normal in dyf13 mutant flagella, unlike in other IFT complex B mutants. Proteomic and biochemical analyses indicated a particular set of proteins involved in motility was specifically depleted in the dyf13 mutant. These results support the concept that different IFT proteins are responsible for different cargo subsets, providing a possible explanation for the complexity of the IFT machinery.