Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic complementarities in infant health

A large literature documents that early-life shocks may substantially affect health and labor market outcomes. However, we do not know much about how different shocks interact. In theoretical work, the idea of dynamic complementarities has been put forward, implying that the effect of a positive shock is larger for individuals with a higher baseline level of skills. With dynamic complementarities, negative shocks decrease the returns to subsequent investments for affected children. In this setting, universal interventions may in reality serve to strengthen initial differences. The policy relevance of understanding whether dynamic complementarities exist can therefore hardly be underestimated, but no clear answer has yet emerged from the literature. I utilize two arguably exogenous sources of variation in infant health in Norway between 1935 and 1945 to shed light on this question. The first shock is fetal exposure to seasonal influenza, which has been shown to negatively affect long-term health and labor market outcomes. The second shock is access to well-child visits, which is known to improve similar outcomes. Specifically, I ask whether fetal exposure to influenza reduces the long-term returns to mother and child health care centers. This is a particularly relevant question for policy-making because seasonal influenza is a frequent shock, yet easily preventable by means of vaccination. If influenza lowers the returns to a universal intervention like mother and child health care centers, inequality of opportunity could therefore be reduced by increasing vaccination rates among pregnant women. Using detailed individual-level registry data, I find little evidence of influenza affecting the educational or labor market returns to well-child visits. This lack of significant interaction effects could however be driven by the two shocks not affecting the outcomes of interest in my sample. Further research is therefore necessary in order to understand whether returns to mother and child health care centers are lower for infants who were exposed to maternal influenza.
The Importance of "Working Rules" in the Determination of Traffic Stop Outcomes

Systematic observation of police initiated traffic stops reveal a set of common working rules that guide the decisions made by officers that determine the outcome of the interaction. We uncover a typology that shows that these rules either aggravate or mediate the likelihood of a citizen receiving a ticket. Of the one hundred fifty seven working rules that were described by officers in applying discretion, the citizen’s demeanor and the seriousness of the offense accounted for half of the rules offered. Police reported that polite and/or remorseful citizens were more likely to get warnings and in many instances, the citizen’s behavior was not serious enough to warrant a ticket. Police who offered these rules were likely to act on them by issuing tickets or warnings accordingly. Other important “rules” included the sentiment that ticketing would not produce a useful result or that the citizen’s lack of a prior record was a good reason to not ticket. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENT LEADERSHIP STYLES ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF TM HYPERMARKET IN BULAWAYO, ZIMBABWE

This study sought to investigate the leadership styles on organisational performance at the TM Hypermarket branch in Bulawayo. The purpose of this study was concerned with analysing the effects of leadership styles on performance and establish the extent to which leadership styles are compatible with the required strategy. Finally, the research aimed to assess the effectiveness of the TM Hypermarket employee career promotional policy. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Using convenience sampling, a sample of 90 respondents were included in the study. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics techniques. The findings indicated that corporate leadership style was not highly practiced. Authoritative leadership dominated the organisation, especially in departmental offices, whereas participative leadership was less prevalent. Conclusions were that the lack of corporate leadership, dominating authoritative leadership style and low participative leadership style contribute to the poor performance of the organisation. Recommendations from the study were that visionary leaders and empowerment is necessary to motivate employees at TM Hypermarket in Bulawayo.
Carbon Isotopes in Tree Rings: Climate and the Suess Effect Interferences in the Last 400 Years

New records of δ13C and Δ14C values in annual rings of pine and oak from different sites around the world were obtained with a time resolution of 1 yr. The results obtained for Europe (Poland), east Asia (Japan), and South America (Peru) are presented in this paper. The δ13C and radiocarbon concentration of α-cellulose from annual tree rings of pine and of the latewood of oak were measured by both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and liquid scintillation spectrometry (LSC). The values of 14S, which represent decreasing 14C concentrations caused by the emission of CO2 from fossil fuel use (Suess effect; Suess 1955), were calculated for each site. Low average 14S (about −0.4 to 0.8%) values for clean areas and high values (about 3.4–3.6%) for industrial and/or urbanized areas were noted. Records of the δ13C values obtained for pine and oak from Poland were used to reconstruct climate changes during the last 400 yr. The results clearly indicate the climate cooling during the periods of the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) and the Dalton minimum (1790–1820). The anti-correlation between the δ13C and Δ14C records during those 2 periods is clear if the 14C record is shifted toward older ages by 24 yr.
Uncommon gender : eyes and brains, native and second language learners, & grammatical gender

Het ongewone geslacht. Het Nederlandse geslachtensysteem, waarbij woorden worden opgedeeld in de-woorden en het-woorden, is extreem moeilijk om te leren. Dit heeft te maken met de scheve verdeling van de- en het-woorden (75% - 25%), de onduidelijke toewijzing van de naamwoorden aan deze twee categorieen (‘de kluis’, ‘het huis’) en de onduidelijke grammaticale regels van het systeem (men zegt bijvoorbeeld ‘het mooie paard’, maar ‘een mooi paard’). Gebruikt men geslacht tijdens het luisteren naar taal? En kunnen tweede taalleerders, die na hun puberteit Nederlands hebben geleerd, een dergelijk abstract systeem nog onder de knie krijgen? Uit de onderzoeken in dit proefschrift blijkt dat het abstracte Nederlandse geslachtensysteem wel degelijk nut heeft tijdens taalverwerking: moedertaalsprekers gebruiken het lidwoord ‘de’ om te voorspellen wat het volgende woord zal zijn. Het lidwoord ‘het’ kan echter niet voorspellend gebruikt worden, waarschijnlijk omdat alle woorden voorafgegaan kunnen worden door ‘het’ wanneer zij als verkleinwoord worden gebruikt (zoals in ‘het autootje’). Ondanks deze asymmetrie reageerden moedertaalsprekers wel even sterk op fouten van de- en het-woorden (zoals ‘*het tuin’ en ‘*de huis’). De asymmetrie had echter wel weer gevolgen voor de reacties van late tweede taalleerders: na langdurige blootstelling aan het Nederlands konden zij fouten van de-woorden herkennen en repareren, maar fouten van het-woorden (zoals ‘*de brood’) werden niet als fout herkend. Ook konden de late leerders geslachtsmarkering niet gebruiken om woorden te voorspellen. Het leren van een asymmetrisch en abstract systeem lijkt alleen mogelijk na jarenlange ervaring. En zelfs dan blijft het ongewone geslacht, de het-woorden, een immens struikelblok.
Goodwill and Accounting Discretion

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to investigate earnings management practices related to goodwill accounting, focusing on its first recognition as well as its write-offs, due to the impairment test.Design/methodology/approach: The study refers to a sample of Italian listed firms and the analysis covers three years, with a total of 591 firm-year observations. The modified Jones’ regression model has been used in estimating discretionary accruals, as a proxy of earnings management practices.Findings: A positive relationship between discretionary accruals and yearly changes in goodwill has been proved. Findings also show an incidence of leverage and performance.Research limitations/implications: The study focuses on a single context (Italy) and it is essentially based on financial-economic variables.Practical implications: Findings of the study could be relevant for standard-setters in future revisions of goodwill accounting.Social implication: The study could support investors in evaluating the incidence of first recognition as well as goodwill impairment on the quality of earnings.
The Efficiency of EU Merger Control During the Period 1990–2008

The main goal of this paper is to empirically test the function of European merger control in light of the 2004 regulatory reform, which was expected to introduce a more efficient regulatory framework for the assessment of mergers within the EU. We use stock market data to identify cases where there are discrepancies between the European Commission’s decisions compared to market evaluations of the mergers in question. Using the PROBIT model, these cases are further investigated to discover the sources of these discrepancies. In line with previous studies, our results suggest that the discrepancies are caused by procedural and institutional factors. Nevertheless, the regulatory reform introduced in 2004 has, to some extent, enhanced the efficiency of European merger control in the sense that the Commission’s assessments of mergers under the new regulation are more consistent with the market evaluations. We found that the probability of an anti-competitive deal being cleared decreases significantly under the new regulatory framework. Nevertheless, the occurrence of unnecessary remedies has not decreased as the result of the new merger control system. To the authors’ best knowledge, this paper is the first study using stock market data to evaluate the recent reform of European merger control.
EVALUATION OF SOME ECONOMIC TRAITS IN KHILLAR CATTLE

Khillar is draft purpose breed of Maharashtra, and males are famous for fast transport and speedy farm operations. In the present study data on 302 Khillar cows for 1000 lactations were considered for evaluation. The Least Square Means (LSM) for Age at First Calving (AFC), Age at Second Calving (ASC) and Breeding Efficiency (BE) in Khillar cattle were 1361.96+14.49 days, 1914.64+20.55 days and 75.48+0.64 per cent, respectively. The heritability (h2) values for AFC, ASC and BE recorded as 0.03+0.03, 0.01+0.06 and 0.03+0.07 respectively. The phenotypic correlation (rp) recorded among AFC and BE, AFC and ASC and ASC and BE were -0.58, -0.767 and -0.591, respectively. The season showed non-significant effect on AFC, ASC and BE whereas period had significant effect (P<0.01) on these traits.
Study of prenatal, natal, and neonatal risk factors associated with autism

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder is one of the common developmental disabilities. Underlying autism etiology is most likely polygenic but environmental factors may also contribute. Obstetrical and neonatal risk factors have been considered for the development of autism. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to know the presence of antenatal, perinatal and neonatal complications in autistic children. Materials and Methods: Children who were diagnosed with autism were included in the study. Visits were made to the special school for the collection of data with prior consent, and birth details were collected from the parents. Results: A total of 54 children were included in the study. Age of the children ranged from 3 years to 17 years with the mean age of 10.93 years. 39 (72.2%) were boys and 15 (27.8 %) were girls. Advanced maternal age at delivery was noted in 24% of the cases. Antenatal risk factors were seen in 24% of cases and natal risk factors in 20% of the cases. 17% had birth asphyxia. Neonatal intensive care unit admission was noted in 20% of cases, neonatal seizures in 5.6%, respiratory distress in 9.3%, and low birth weight in 17% of cases. 60% of them were first born. Overall, the presence of antenatal, natal, and postnatal risk factors were noted in 57% autism cases. Conclusion: In children with autism, there is increased prevalence of obstetric and neonatal risk factors. These variables should be examined in future for precise assessments of exposures.
The heterogeneity of firms: A challenge for theories of the diversity of capitalism. The case study of Japan during the Lost Decade

Summary: Most of institutional theories of the diversity of capitalism (at least implicitly) assume the existence of a representative firm in each type of capitalism. Based on the case study of Japan during the Lost Decade (1992-2005), this paper aims at showing that this assumption introduces severe drawbacks in the analysis of the Japanese capitalism in crisis. After having proposed a survey of theories of the Japanese capitalism and of its crisis, we assess the increasing heterogeneity of Japanese firms since the beginning of the 1990s, in terms of performances and in term of “models”. We also propose some explanations of this increasing heterogeneity, which concerns firms of similar size and belonging to the same sectors. Then, we show how important it is to take into account this fact to understand the crisis of the Japanese capitalism during the Lost Decade. We propose an alternative interpretation of this crisis ‐ the lack of coordination of an increasing heterogeneity ‐ and argue that it requires a new characterization of the Japanese capitalism. In a final part, we extend our analysis beyond the Japanese case in criticizing the inability of most theories of the diversity of capitalism to take into account the heterogeneity of firms within a given form of capitalism.
Nutritional Status and Determinants of Malnutrition of Under Five Years of Age Children in Scattered Settlement of Tehsil Takht Bhai, Mardan, Pakistan

Objective: The main objective of the study was to measure the nutritional status of under five years of age children of scattered settlement in Tehsil Takht Bhai.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehsil Takht Bhai. All the children under 5 years of age were included in the study. The study population was the scattered settlements of Tehsil Takht Bhai. All children from 6-60 months were included in the study.Results: Data has showed that 26.7% population was malnourished in Takht Bhai community that was an alarming figure. The prevalence of malnutrition was very high in female as compare to male. In males the prevalence was 28%, while in females the prevalence was almost 42%. There is a positive association between malnutrition and different study variables.Conclusion: It was concluded that nutritional status of under five children was not satisfactory. The association of nutritional status with the mother’s working status shows that the prevalence of malnourished and border line children is very high in children whose mother were working. The prevalence of malnutrition is very high in children whose birth weight was low than those having normal birth weight.
RESPONS SUPEROVULASI SAPI PESISIR DAN SAPI SIMMENTAL

Superovulasi merupakan kunci keberhasilan TE dan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh tingginya laju ovulasi dan jumlah embrio yang diperoleh, tetapi superovulasi dipengaruhi juga oleh berbagai faktor seperti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi respon superovulasi pada induk donor, faktor yang mempengaruhi fertilisasi dan viabilitas embrio serta faktor yang berhubungan dengan manajemen induk donor. Respon individu sapi donor banyak dipengaruhi kecermatan memilih waktu yang tepat, saat terjadinya gelombang folikuler yang terjadi pada setiap siklus birahi. Gelombang folikuler diperkirakan terjadi pada pertengahan siklus birahi yang sekaligus pertengahan fase luteal, yaitu berkisar antara hari ke 9 sampai ke 12 mengacu pada lamanya siklus birahi sapi yang rata-rata 21 hari (18- 24 hari). Hari-hari antara 9-12 diyakini sebagai hari-hari baik untuk melaksanakan program superovulasi. Embrio yang telah disuperovulasi dapat dievaluasi yang dibagi menjadi beberapa grade yaitu grade A, B, C, Uf(unfertilized) dan Dg(degenerated) (Saito, 1997). Melihat peran penting superovulasi dalam TE serta adanya perbedaan bobot badan yang besar antara sapi Pesisir dibandingkan sapi Simmental dapat dijadikan suatu topik yang menarik dalam melihat respon superovulasi diberbagai dosis yang diberikan pada sapi Pesisir sebagai objek dan sapi Simmental sebagai kontrol maka telah dilakukan suatu penelitian dengan judul “ Respons Superovulasi pada Sapi Pesisir dan Sapi Simmental”.
TOXICITY OF CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. (CHENOPODIACEAE) PRODUCTS FROM NIGERIA AGAINST THREE STORAGE INSECTS

Tests were carried out to study the toxicity, oviposition suppression, ovicidal and larvicidal effects of Chenopodium ambrosioi- des L. as powder, extracts and essential oil against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum Jacqueline du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The powder formulation was more toxic to S. zeamais than either C. maculatus or T. castaneum with 48 h LC 50 values of 0.46 g/kg, 1.60 g/kg and 2.14 g/kg, respec- tively. Ethanol extract was more toxic to C. maculatus with a 48 h LC 50 value of 0.023 g/l, than other test insect species. The essential oil treatment demonstrated higher fumigant toxicity against C. maculatus than S. zeamais with 24 h LC 50 values of 1.33 µl/l and 1.90 µl/l respectively. The oil vapour showed activity against C. maculatus egg, but had no appreciable larval mortality. The weight loss of grains admixed with C. ambrosioides powder was lower than the controls after 150 days of field storage.
Origin and fate of the single‐island endemic moss Orthotrichum handiense

Our aims were: to determine the evolutionary origin of the single‐island endemic moss Orthotrichum handiense; to assess whether its endemicity results from a recent origin or founder event, a loss of dispersal ability, specific habitat requirements, or contraction of a formerly wider range; and to make predictions about its ability to face ongoing climate change.
PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) BETWEEN CHINA AND THE U.S.: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY

This study investigates the validity of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) in explaining China's real exchange rate with regard to the US over the period 2000-2012. It applies traditional unit root tests, and the procedure developed by Zivot and Andrews and Lee-Strazicich to endogenously determine potential structural breaks. The results indicate that while the PPP hypothesis holds under China's former fixed (“pegged”) exchange regime, that, in the long run, it no longer holds under China's current managed floating exchange rate regime. In general, the findings lend support to the position that the exchange rate regime affects the validity of PPP theory for explaining exchange rates between countries.
The Properties of Bound and Unbound Molecular Cloud Populations Formed in Galactic Disc Simulations

We explore the effect of galactic environment on properties of molecular clouds. Using clouds formed in a large-scale galactic disc simulation, we measure the observable properties from synthetic column density maps. We confirm that a significant fraction of unbound clouds forms naturally in a galactic disc environment and that a mixed population of bound and unbound clouds can match observed scaling relations and distributions for extragalactic molecular clouds. By dividing the clouds into inner and outer disc populations, we compare their distributions of properties and test whether there are statistically significant differences between them. We find that clouds in the outer disc have lower masses, sizes, and velocity dispersions as compared to those in the inner disc for reasonable choices of the inner/outer boundary. We attribute the differences to the strong impact of galactic shear on the disc stability at large galactocentric radii. In particular, our Toomre analysis of the disc shows a narrowing envelope of unstable masses as a function of radius, resulting in the formation of smaller, lower mass fragments in the outer disc. We also show that the star formation rate is affected by the environment of the parent cloud, and is particularly influenced by the underlying surface density profile of the gas throughout the disc. Our work highlights the strengths of using galaxy-scale simulations to understand the formation and evolution of cloud properties - and the star formation within them - in the context of their environment.
Signatures of habitats and life in Earth's high-altitude lakes: clues to Noachian aqueous environments on Mars

14.1 IntroductionA series of astrobiological high-altitude expeditions to the South AmericanAndean Mountains were initiated in 2002 to explore the highest perenniallakes on Earth, including several volcanic crater lakes at or above 6000 min elevation. During the next five years, they will provide the first integratedlong-term astrobiological characterization and monitoring of lacustrineenvironments and their biology at such an altitude. These extreme lakesare natural laboratories that provide the field data, currently missingabove 4000 m, to complete our understanding of terrestrial lakes and biota.Research is being performed on the effects of UV in low-altitude lakesand models of UV flux over time have been developed (Cockell, 2000). Thelakes showing a high content of dissolved organic material (DOM) shieldorganisms from UV effects (McKenzie et al., 1999; Rae et al., 2000). DOMacts as a natural sunscreen by influencing water transparency, and thereforeis a determinant of photic zone depth (Reche et al., 2000). In sparselyvegetated alpine areas, lakes tend to be clearer and offer less protectionfrom UV to organisms living in the water. Transparent water, combinedwith high UV irradiance may maximize the penetration and effect of UVradiation as shown for organisms in alpine lakes (e.g., Vincent et al., 1984;Vinebrook and Leavitt, 1996). Shallow-water benthic communities in theselakes are particularly sensitive to UV radiation. Periphyton, which definescommunities of microorganisms in bodies of water, can live on varioussusbtrates. While on rocks, they include immobile species that cannot seeklow UV refuges unlike sediment-dwelling periphyton (Happey-Wood, 1988;Vincent et al., 1993) or alpine phytoflagellates (Rott, 1988) which bothundergo vertical migration. Inhibition of algal photosynthesis by UV radia-tion has been documented in the laboratory (Ha ¬der, 1993) and it has beenshown that phytoplankton production is reduced by formation of nucleic acidlesions (Karentz et al., 1991) or production of peroxides and free oxygenradicals (Cooper et al., 1989). Most of the experiments that have demon-strated in situ suppression of algal growth by UV radiation have eitherused artificially enhanced UV irradiance (Worrest et al., 1978) or shallowsystems (<1 cm) that lack significant natural attenuation of UV radiation(Bothwell et al., 1993, 1994). Our project is providing the field data thatare missing from natural laboratories above 4000 m and will complementthe postulation of the effects of UV on life and its adaptation modes(or lack thereof). The exploration of high-altitude lakes could shed light on early EarthOsbiological evolution as well. For two billion years, EarthOs atmosphere