Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Congruent numbers and Heegner points

A positive integer is called a congruent number if it is the area of a rightangled triangle, all of whose sides have rational length. The problem of determining which positive integers are congruent is buried in antiquity (see Chapter 9 of Dickson [6]), with it long being known that the numbers 5, 6, and 7 are congruent. Fermat proved that 1 is not a congruent number, and similar arguments show that also 2 and 3 are not congruent numbers. No algorithm has ever been proven for infallibly deciding whether a given integer n ≥ 1 is congruent. The reason for this is that it can easily be seen that an integer n ≥ 1 is congruent if and only if there exists a point (x, y), with x and y rational numbers and y = 0, on the elliptic curve ny2 = x3− x. Moreover, assuming n to be square free, a classical calculation of root numbers shows that the complex L-function of this curve has zero of odd order at the center of its critical strip precisely when n lies in one of the residue classes of 5, 6, or 7 modulo 8. Thus, in particular, the unproven conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer predicts that every positive integer lying in the residue classes of 5, 6, and 7 modulo 8 should be a congruent number. The aim of this paper is to prove the following partial results in this direction.
Effects of brefeldin A on the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus in the marine red alga Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge

The fungal macrocyclic lactone brefeldin A (BFA) was used to investigate the functional organization and trafficking through the Golgi apparatus of the Erythrocladia subintegra thallus cells. Treatment with increasing concentration and incubation time leads in a distortion of Golgi cisternae which gradually curve until they become round and the Trans-Golgi-Net (TGN) became replaced by the BFA compartment. Examination of the plasma membrane of BFA-treated cells after freeze-fracture revealed a decreased number of linear terminal complexes (TCs). After a 24-hour-incubation in BFA, significant structural and functional changes in the Golgi apparatus are evident. Dictyosomes are no longer visible in their typical form and having almost entirely been replaced by vesicles encountered in the BFA area. TCs and “tetrads” appeared in the plasma membrane. Thus, it is obvious that on the one hand no zymogenic particles (globules) responsible for cellulose synthesis (zymogen precursor of the TC) exist, and on the other hand no synthesis of amorphous polysaccharidic matrix takes place due to the absence of “tetrads”. Both the zymogenic particles and the tetrads, which initially were formed in the Golgi complex, are transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi vesicles.
Patterns of millennial variability over the last 500 ka

Millennial variability is a robust feature of many paleoclimate records, at least throughout the last several glacial cycles. Here we use the mean signal from Antarctic climate events 1 to 4 to probe the EPICA Dome C temperature proxy reconstruction through the last 500 ka for similar millennial-scale events. We find that clusters of millennial events occurred in a regular fashion over half of the time during this with a mean recurrence interval of 21 kyr. We find that there is no consistent link between ice-rafted debris deposition and millennial variability. Instead we speculate that changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic form a viable alternative to freshwater release from icebergs as a trigger for millennial variability. We suggest that millennial changes in the zonality of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic are linked to precession via sea-ice feedbacks and that this relationship is modified by the presence of the large, Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during glacial periods.
on Teacher Self-efficacy in Social Cognitive Perspective

Título: Panorama de las pesquisas sobre autoeficacia docente en la perspectiva social cognitiva. Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un panorama de las pesquisas existentes sobre autoeficacia docente. Para tanto, se buscaron artículos en la base de datos de la CAPES y SCIELO periódicos llevado a cabo desde 2009 hasta 2013. Esto resultó en 26 artículos que contemplaban los criterios de inclusión antes establecidos. Los resultados indican que en el análisis de frecuencia de palabras se destacaron los siguientes termos: autoeficacia docente, satisfacción laboral y rendimiento de alumnos. La autoeficacia es influenciada por factores como agotamiento emocional, despersonalización, satisfacción laboral, relación con los padres, uso de la violencia, presión del tiempo, rendimiento académico, manejo de clase, eficacia colectiva entre otros. Tales resultados contribuyen enseñando el sentido de las pesquisas hechas en el área, indicando algunas tendencias y evidenciando lagunas por investigar, por ejemplo, más estudios que verifiquen la relación entre autoeficacia y rendimiento académico, y además, autoeficacia docente y políticas públicas que favorezcan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Palabras clave: Autoeficacia de profesores, teoría social cognitiva, proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje; panorama de las pesquisas. Abstract: The objective of this study was to present an overview of existing researches on self-efficacy teaching. Therefore, researches on articles in the CAPES-Journals and in the SCIELO database were carried out from 2009 to 2013. The survey resulted in 26 articles which consider the inclusion criteria previously established. The results indicate that in relation to the analysis of the frequency words, the following expressions are highlighted: teaching self-efficacy, job satisfaction and students’ performance. Self-efficacy is influenced by factors such as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, job satisfaction, relationship with parents, use of violence, time pressure, academic performance, class management, collective efficacy, among others. These results contribute to signal the direction of the researches which are conducted in the area, indicating some trends and highlighting gaps to be investigated such as a great number of studies that verify the relation between self-efficacy and academic performance as well as self-efficacy teaching and public policy that favor the teaching and learning process.
THE ABDUS SALAM INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS NON COLOR-SATURATED CROSS-SECTIONS OF NON-LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY AND SEISMICITY

We define the structure and the rheology of the lithosphere in Italy and surrounding, combining the cellular velocity model, derived from the non-linear tomographic inversion, with the distribution versus depth of the hypocenters to assess the brittle properties of the fragile Earth. The mechanical properties, and their uncertainties, of the uppermost 60 km of the Earth crust/mantle and the seismicity, grouping hypocenter’s depth with a step of 4 km, are averaged over cells of 1° by 1°. For most of the cells the earthquake energy released has a maximum in the depth range, from 5 to 15 km, i.e. mainly in the upper crust. For some regions, where orogenic processes are in progress, the release of seismic energy is shallower and is concentrated in the uppermost 10 km of the crust. The ambiguities in our structural model are minimized considering the hypocenters distribution, mainly to define the location of the Moho boundary, when the identification of the crust-mantle transition, based on shear-wave velocities, is not straightforward.
Intergenerational Differences in Materialist and Post-materialist Values in a Sample of Hispanic New York City Residents* Diferencias intergeneracionales en valores materialistas y post-materialistas en una muestra de residentes hispanos de la ciudad de Nueva York

a B s t R a c t The present study evaluates the personal values reported by a sample of New York Hispanic residents using an open evaluation format in which the participants identified and prioritized their personal values. Four hundred and forty-five participants were assigned to one of three groups: Young (n= 159), Adult (n= 168) and Senior (n= 118). The values reported were categorized into post-materialist, materialist or non-classifiable. The Per centage Difference Index between post-materialist and materialist values was calculated in order to determine the value profile for each age group. The results showed that reports of personal values and values attributed to the participants’ own generation were similar in Adult and Senior groups, but were very different in the Young Group, with a differential report of post-materialist values. Furthermore, exposure to American culture did not appear to have a significant effect on the reported values of NYC Hispanics. To confirm these findings, we need to conduct additional studies with larger samples of culturally diverse populations.
Free-space laser communications for satellite downlinks: Measurements of the atmospheric channel

Future satellite communications can benefit greatly from the usage of frequencies in the optical spectrum. These allow data-rates comparable to fiber optical communications and provide additional advantages over traditional radio-frequency carriers like more power efficiency, small weight and size, and usage of frequency bands without ITU regulation. However, optical satellite downlinks are affected by the degradation of signal quality due to atmospheric turbulence. In fact, a profoundly verified channel model for this scenario does not exist yet, as there is no satisfying database of channel measurements so far. To contribute in disposing this lack of data, the Optical Communications Group at DLR performed laser downlinks from the Japanese OICETS to the DLR Optical Ground Station in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, Germany, in 2006 and 2009. The trials in 2006 were in cooperation with JAXA, NICT and DLR, whereas in 2009 they were part of a downlink-campaign comprising JAXA, NICT, ESA, NASA/JPL, and DLR. Measurements of intensity scintillations and wave-front distortions were undertaken that show the development of atmospheric turbulence over the elevation angle. Measurement devices like the differential image motion monitor, pupil camera, Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor, and power meters were applied. Metrics that may be derived from the measurements are Fried parameter, scintillation index, intensity correlation length, and complex wave-front. The measurements may support the refinement of the common channel models. The applied communication scheme was a 50-Mbit/s on-off keying at a wavelength of 847 nm. Bit-error rates were recorded in parallel to the atmospheric measurements. In ten trials out of eighteen, signals were received while the others were hindered by cloud blockage. Seven of these trials were found to have useful data for analysis. The elevation angle of the analyzed links ranges between 4 and 55 deg. The present paper contains a description of the experiments in 2006 and 2009 and highlights the results so far. In this paper, the setup of the optical ground station is outlined as well as the measurement devices and results. Emphasis is put on analysis of the measurements of received optical power and complex wave-fronts.
Medium term dynamics and inequalities under epidemics

We are concerned by the dynamic demographic and economic consequences of epidemics, and to this end, we consider a general overlapping generations model which allows for several epidemic configurations. People live for three periods, successively as children, junior adults and senior adults. A junior adult has an exogenous number of children and is perfectly altruistic in that is he only cares for the survival of his children and the social position they will get. He invests in his own health and education, and in the health and education of his children. Because we take into account both child and adult mortality, we are in principle able to investigate the implications of epidemics for any age-mortality profile. First, we fully analytically characterise the short run and long run economic and demographic properties of the model, which allows us to do the same for the distributions of human capital and thus income. Second, we analyse the consequences of one-period long epidemics in two polar cases: an epidemic hitting only children Vs an epidemic only killing adults. Both are shown to have permanent demographic and economic effects. In contrast to epidemics only killing children, â€˜adultâ€™ epidemics are additionally shown to distort the income distribution in the medium run, creating more poverty. Such distributional effects vanish in the long run. To analyse the medium term effects of HIV/AIDS, we assume that the epidemic hit junior adults, increase the number of deaths among children and reduces fertility. Then, we show that the size of the total population will decrease in the medium term, and that the share of the active population in the total population will also lower. In the active population, the proportion of people with a high level of human capital will decrease and the proportion holding a low level of human capital will increase. Finally output per worker and per capita will decrease.
Minireview: Optimization of Human Dendritic Cells for Antitumor Vaccination

Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells and provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Encounter with the antigen in the periphery primes dendritic cells to migrate to the lymph nodes, where they present antigens to naive B and T-cells for the induction of suitable immune response. Owing to their capacity to induce T-cell mediated cytotoxic responses in antigen-specific manner, dendritic cells have long been envisioned as suitable candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Ex vivo generated, antigen-loaded DCs present a powerful cell-based immunization technique for the induction of specific antitumor immunity, and various DC-based vaccines are now in the clinical phase trials. In this mini review, we describe the existing methods to generate and activate clinical grade DCs for cancer immunotherapy.
Persistent Electrophysiological Identity of Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell

Electrophysiology is an important technique using chronically-implanted electrode arrays, which allow for recording of neural activity in vivo during behavioral tasks that require cue and reward associations. Recordings are used to study how patterns of neural activity encode behaviorally-relevant information and how the disruption of this encoding can occur following cocaine experience. Behavioral testing and acute manipulations (such as chemogenetics) of associative behaviors can take place over several days. To precisely assess the progress of neural encoding over time, it is important to identify single unit neurons across multiple recording sessions. Here, we examined neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell of Sprague-Dawley rats during a Pavlovian first-order conditioning task. To establish whether neurons are identifiable across multiple sessions, cells were identified using multiple metrics. These included principal component analysis, waveform voltage patterns, inter-spike interval patterns, and autocorrelation. We demonstrate that cells show specific, regular features across each metric and could therefore be identified across multiple sessions. Next, we analyzed the associative learning-related encoding of an individual neuron under two conditions: CNO-induced inhibition of hM4Di-expressing DREADDs in the shell on one day, and a control saline injection on the other. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, we us as an example a single unit that was determined to be the same across CNO and saline conditions by waveform and autocorrelogram analysis. We found that this cell exhibited differential firing patterns under each condition, indicating variable selectivity of cue encoding and motivated approaches to cues and foodcups.
On void nucleation and growth in metal interconnect lines under electromigration conditions

Electromigration failure in rigidly passivated metal interconnect lines is studied with particular reference to the vacancy supersaturations and hydrostatic stresses that can be developed at blocking grain boundaries under electromigration conditions. It is shown that the high stresses needed for homogeneous void nucleation to occur are probably too high to be developed by electromigration and that failure is more likely to involve the growth of pre-existing voids. We also show that the amount of void growth that can occur at a blocking grain boundary by electromigration of vacancies down the adjoining grain boundaries is small relative to the dimensions of the line unless the adjoining grain boundaries are continuous in a very long section of the line. This suggests that other mechanisms of void growth are responsible for electromigration failure. An analysis of the electromigration of small pre-existing voids shows that above a critical size, large voids migrate faster than smaller ones. This leads to a catastrophic process in which large voids can catch up with and coalesce with smaller ones, growing in size and migrating more rapidly as they do so. We conclude that the migration and coalescence of preexisting voids is a more likely mechanism of electromigration failure.
Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand?: A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption

Sustainable Development Goal 16 is explicitly committed to measuring aspects of corruption over time, and the identification of robust indicators to do so is an important endeavor. This paper critically reviews the strengths and weaknesses of various objective and subjective indicators of corruption, using the standard criteria of validity and reliability to identify indicators most salient to measuring Sustainable Development Goal 16. Consistent with the large literature in the field, the paper finds that the aggregate survey-based indicators of corruption, especially the Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank's Control of Corruption indicator, despite some important reservations and limitations, are the most valid measures of the magnitude of overall corruption in many country contexts. However, in every case, the initial results using one indicator should be cross checked with the use of the other indicator, as there are some minor differences between how the two indicators are constructed, and in practice it is difficult to establish a priori which indicator is marginally more efficient. Furthermore, whenever possible, subjective indicators should be cross checked with objective indicators, even when the latter may be of a more narrow scope and time limited availability.
Otomycosis - A Management Challenge In Calabar, South-South Nigeria

Otomycosis is a common clinical problem in our region of sub Saharan African because of the hot, humid, dusty and wet climate of this region. The infection can be diagnosed clinically on the basis of symptoms like pruritus, otalgia, discharge, blockage, hearing loss and presence of murky debris resembling wet newspaper in the external auditory meatus. It is commoner in females and occurs more in the 21-30 year age range. The most common symptoms in our review were pruritus followed by hearing loss, Murky otorrhoea and blockage. Otomycosis was predominantly unilateral with both ears almost equally affected. Our study highlights a management challenge in the treatment of otomycosis in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. The species of fungus causing the disease in our center could not be established because of poor access to mycological facilities. However, cure rates following antifungal treatment was high (86%) even in the absence of mycological identification of causative fungal agent. Drugs like Clioquinone/flumethasone (eardrops/cream), Beclomethasone dipropionate/clotrimazole/lidocaine hydrochloride (eardrops) or Gentian violet are indespensible topical agents in the management of otomycosis in the Third World. Gentian violet should only be used as treatment of last resort because it discolors the external auditory canal giving a poor cosmetic appearance during treatment. Although confirmatory test to identify causative fugal agent is important, in the absence of adequate mycological diagnostic facilities, presumptive clinical diagnosis and treatment based on signs and symptoms has a high (86%) cure rate.
What Influences the Choice Between Private Car and Public Transport for Shopping Trips? Impact of Socio-economic and Built Environment Factors

Shifting toward sustainable daily travel will play a significant role in the future of sustainable development and the lowering of carbon emissions. This study provides an in-depth comparison of transport mode choice and corresponding CO2 emissions between private cars and public transport used for shopping trips based on individual data from a travel survey conducted in Shenyang, China. The analysis found that bus travel accounted for the majority of motorized transportation. Public transport users were closely distributed along the bus or metro lines, and aggregated private car users were mainly clustered within the second circumferential road. Furthermore, average per trip emissions for private car travel were 8-fold that of public transport. Binary logistic regression modeling was employed to examine factors that were related to the choice between private car and public transport, and the results indicated that car ownership and gender were the most important factors in explaining the preference of car driving. Age and per capita monthly income were negatively correlated with car driving. In addition, there were also negative impacts associated to the built environment factors of access to the closest metro stations and the number of bus stops near the residence on car driving. This study is vital to formulate more effective transportation policy measures in the future development for a sustainable low-carbon city.
Secnidazol treatment to improve milk yield in sheep with giardiasis.

Giardia duodenalis ile dogal enfekte sutcu koyunlar uzerine yapilan bu multidisipliner calismada tek dozda seknidazol sagaltim etkinliginin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Giardiasisli 30 sutcu koyun, 3 esit gruba ayrilmistir. Grup I ve Grup II’de tek doz seknidazol (sirasiyla 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg p.o.) sagaltimi uygulanmis ve Grup III kontrol grubu olarak belirlenmistir. Calisma suresince kontrol grubu olan grup III’deki sutcu koyunlar Giardia yonunden pozitivitelerini surdurmuslerdir ve baslangic degerleri (5600-274600) ile 10. gundeki (1300-241650) kist sayilari karsilastirildiginda gruptaki bazi hayvanlarda istatistiksel onemi bulunmayan artis gozlenlenmistir. Sifirinci ve 10. gunlerindeki kist saciliminin en kucuk kare ve standart hata degerlerine bakildiginda farkli doz seknidazol ile sagaltimi yapilan GI ve GII’deki hayvanlarin kist atiliminda onemli derecede azalma (P<0.001) oldugu gorulmustur. Gerek GI, gerekse GII’deki koyunlar, GIII’dekilere oranla istatistiksel olarak belirgin sekilde daha fazla sut uretmislerdir (P<0.001). Sut verimi ortalamalarinda GI ve GII’de istatistiksel olarak anlamli (P<0.001) degisiklikler saptanirken, GIII’deki koyunlarda sut veriminde azalma (P<0.001) gozlemlendi. Seknidazol sagaltiminin kist atiliminda azalma ve sut veriminde artis gibi etkileri nedeniyle; Giardiasis’in, enfekte koyunlarin sut verimini olumsuz derecede etkiledigi rahatlikla soylenebilinir.