Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Miscalibration, Missing Attributions, and Mispredictions: An Exploration of Momentum, Efficacy, and Performance Expectations

Author(s): Habbert, Rachel | Advisor(s): Schroeder, Juliana | Abstract: Momentum and efficacy are important forces to understand for performance-related outcomes in a variety of contexts, from athletic contests to mental challenges to day-to-day tasks. This dissertation explores perceptions and consequences of those forces, in three chapters. In Chapter 1, which includes seven total experiments (N = 3,052), I find that the experience of gaining momentum leads to increased performance expectations (and losing momentum to decreased expectations), but that these expectations are often miscalibrated as compared to actual performance. I further find that participants will bet on their performance expectations when they experience gaining momentum, even though experiencing momentum does not consistently lead to actual performance increases commensurate with expectations. In Chapter 2, I discuss the results of four experiments (N = 1,347). I replicate the findings from Chapter 1 that perceived momentum leads to performance expectations, but I find that link only exists if the performer is judged to have control over the outcome of the contest (i.e., perceiving that the performer has efficacy). When efficacy is either attenuated or not present (e.g., in games of chance), observers no longer believe that gaining momentum will lead to improved performance. In Chapter 3, I present nine experiments (N = 2,729) which uncover and then correct a misprediction about the effect of task ordering on performers’ efficacy. I find that people predict that completing tasks in increasing-difficulty (vs. decreasing-difficulty) order will lead to greater felt efficacy and that people consequently prefer to complete tasks in increasing-difficulty order. I then expose that misprediction and find instead that there is either no effect of task ordering on efficacy, or that the opposite is true: completing tasks in decreasing-difficulty order leads to more reported efficacy. Finally, I explore a potential mechanism to correct the misprediction: clearer simulation of the actual experience of completing tasks in different orders. Across these three chapters and 7,128 total participants, I demonstrate a strong link between momentum perceptions and performance expectations but find that these expectations are often miscalibrated as compared to reality. I also show that perceived momentum must signal efficacy in order to affect performance expectations. Finally, I present evidence that efficacy can be generated by completing tasks in decreasing-difficulty order, despite people’s expectations that completing tasks in increasing-difficulty order will increase perceived efficacy and their preferences for starting with their easiest task.
Professional Collaboration in Teacher Support Teams—A Study of Teacher and Nurse Educators’ Creative Problem-Solving in a Shared Space for Professional Development

ABSTRACT This paper reports on a study of Teacher Support Teams (TSTs) established to generate peer support and collaboration among teacher and nurse educators at a Norwegian university. In TST groups, educators share experiences from their own teaching practices and support one another in solving work-related problems. By the use of interaction analysis, three types of support were identified: (1) sharing solutions to teaching-related problems, (2) providing personal and emotional support and (3) creative problem-solving. The findings show that the participants’ dissimilar professional backgrounds and their positioning as “peers” rather than “experts” functioned as important drivers for creative problem-solving processes.
Party policy diffusion in the European multilevel space: what it is, how it works, and why it matters

ABSTRACT Almost since the end of World War II, transnational cooperation among political parties has been a common feature of European politics. This paper makes the case for studying transnational partisan cooperation in the European multilevel space, focusing in particular on the phenomenon of “party policy diffusion. ” At the heart of the paper is a conceptual discussion of party policy diffusion in the EU. Specifically, we look at the (1) aims that lead parties to learn from or emulate parties in other countries; (2) the mechanisms through which this may work; and (3) the wider implications of this practice both for domestic and European politics. Drawing on this conceptual discussion, the paper then goes on to offer leads as to how the phenomenon of party policy diffusion can be studied in the European multilevel space. To this end, we briefly point to possible ways of testing hypotheses about party policy diffusion using spatially explicit modeling strategies such as spatial regression models and exponential random graph models for transnational party networks.
Taking the measure of measurement in sales research: introduction to the special issue

Abstract In this editorial, we introduce the special issue on measurement in selling and sales management research. We discuss a number of interesting developments in recent measurement theory of importance to sales researchers and bring together a set of key considerations that we believe researchers need to consider. Following this, we summarize the articles submitted to the special issue.
‘It is an attitude’: the normalisation of social screening via profile checking on social media

ABSTRACT Daily life has been pervaded by surveillance, not only in the ways in which information is gathered about us but also in how we perceive and experience monitoring in our everyday lives. Contemporary surveillance and its normalisation hinge on us actively engaging with, negotiating and sometimes initiating an array of monitoring practices [Lyon (2018). The culture of surveillance: Watching as a way of life. Cambridge: Polity Press. ]. In this context, this article examines young people’s understandings and deployment of social media profile checking – that is the practices of covertly looking at someone’s profiles on social media platforms to gather and/or corroborate information about this person. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with young people, the article explores how social media profile checking has become taken for granted, not only encouraging surveillance practices as part of social media interactivity but also producing specific understandings of social screening. Combining insights from Foucault and Bourdieu’s works, the article argues that the normalisation of profile checking needs to be understood as a specific type of practical knowledge of the social world which is embedded in broader neoliberal governmentalities and legitimises a greater social sorting of interpersonal sociality.
Control of a robotic knee exoskeleton for assistance and rehabilitation based on motion intention from sEMG

Introduction: This work presents the development of a novel robotic knee exoskeleton controlled by motion intention based on sEMG, which uses admittance control to assist people with reduced mobility and improve their locomotion. Clinical research remark that these devices working in constant interaction with the neuromuscular and skeletal human system improves functional compensation and rehabilitation. Hence, the users become an active part of the training/rehabilitation, facilitating their involvement and improving their neural plasticity. For recognition of the lower-limb motion intention and discrimination of knee movements, sEMG from both lower-limb and trunk are used, which implies a new approach to control robotic assistive devices. Methods: A control system that includes a stage for human-motion intention recognition (HMIR), based on techniques to classify motion classes related to knee joint were developed. For translation of the user’s intention to a desired state for the robotic knee exoskeleton, the system also includes a finite state machine and admittance, velocity and trajectory controllers with a function that allows stopping the movement according to the users intention. Results: The proposed HMIR showed an accuracy between 76% to 83% for lower-limb muscles, and 71% to 77% for trunk muscles to classify motor classes of lower-limb movements. Experimental results of the controller showed that the admittance controller proposed here offers knee support in 50% of the gait cycle and assists correctly the motion classes. Conclusion: The robotic knee exoskeleton introduced here is an alternative method to empower knee movements using sEMG signals from lower-limb and trunk muscles.
Exploring register variation on Reddit

While the language of the internet has been an increasingly popular research topic, there remain many understudied areas and topics which deserve more attention. This study explores register variation within the social media website Reddit using the multi-dimensional approach developed by Douglas Biber. Reddit, the third most popular English-language social media website after the giants Facebook and Twitter, is made up of thousands of user-created ‘subreddits’, subcommunities centered around different topics, where users make posts and comment on them. Many different communities and topic areas under one roof makes Reddit a particularly fruitful source of research material. In this paper, three register dimensions are extracted from data collected over one month from a group of thirty-seven subreddits: ‘On-line Subjective Production’, ‘Informational Style’ and ‘Instructional Focus’. These dimensions describe register variation within Reddit in meaningful ways. They are also in line with suggested register universals (Biber 2014).
Investigation of Elementary Pre-service Teachers’ Arithmetical Operation Skills

In this research, it has been intended to describe pre-service elementary teachers’ arithmetical operation skills by handling in learning environments. Case study method was accepted in the research. 80 pre-service elementary teachers studying at a state university in Turkey constituted the study group. The data were obtained through asking four questions to pre-service teachers and collecting answers in written. When analyzing the data, the error types of pre-service teachers were determined, and the interviews were analyzed through content analysis. It has been pointed out that the pre-service teachers make frequent errors in arithmetical operation process as a conclusion of the research. These errors intensify in multiplication and division. As a matter of fact, it has been figured out that there were some pre-service teachers who did not make any operations in multiplication and division. In the interviews, the pre-service teachers grounded their errors upon elementary education. They stated that they made continuous errors as they did not have a good elementary education and they did simple errors depending on four operations in university entrance exam. Once again, two pre-service teachers who did not make any errors grounded this upon good elementary and middle school education.
Investigating the Relationship between Teacher Quality and Students’ Academic Performance with Empowerment as a Mediator

Empowerment is the delegation of power to teachers for sustainability of education system. When teachers are empowered, students’ academic performance will improve. The study investigated the relationship between teacher quality and students’ academic performance with empowerment as a mediator. About 379 teachers were selected randomly from public secondary schools, Kwara state, Nigeria. Structural equation model was utilized to test the hypothesized model. Based on the result of the study, teacher quality was positively related to students’ academic performance which meant that quality of teachers determine the success of students. Insignificant relationship was found between teacher quality and principal empowerment practices which showed that the relationship did not exist. Also, the relationship between principal empowerment practices and students’ academic performance was tested of which the results revealed as insignificant. Lastly, the mediating role of principal empowerment practices was tested on the relationship between teacher quality and students’ academic performance which accounted for partial mediator. To be more specific, the empowerment process should be internalized to complement the qualities of teachers in the schools. Synergy should exist between school heads and teachers for the purpose of students achieving educational objectives.
Exploring EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of CLIL and Its Implementation in the Saudi EFL Context

This study aims to explore the perceptions of English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers about the notion of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in the Saudi EFL contexts. The veteran EFL teachers share their views regarding the application and implementation of CLIL approach. This study has looked into this issue from an interpretivist lens employing qualitative data collection technique, i. e. semi-structured interviews. The data were collected from 10 EFL teachers. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed that led to four major themes. The key findings reveal that CLIL is not a frequently used concept in this part of the world; however, its usefulness and effectiveness are recognized by the participants who also express their views about the pros and cons and other practical constraints that might affect the implementation of CLIL programs in the Saudi EFL context. One of the major issues that teachers have highlighted is the training programs that should encompass the idea of CLIL and train EFL teachers on the latest teaching skills to upgrade their pedagogical repertoire. Based on the findings, the study has suggested directions for the future researchers to fill the gap in the existing literature and investigate the phenomenon of CLIL in more depth in order to acknowledge its significance in the light of the Vision 2030.
Linking Principal Leadership to Organizational Growth and Student Achievement: A Moderation Mediation Analysis

Background Although there is a substantial body of literature on school leadership and its relationship with student achievement, few studies have examined how change in leadership is related to organizational growth and school improvement. Also less well studied is the influence of contextual conditions on how leadership and organizational processes evolve to constrain/augment school outcomes. Focus of Study In this study, we use moderation mediation analysis to examine how change in principal leadership relates to achievement growth, mediated via change in multiple organizational processes—parent-teacher trust, school climate (measured by school safety), and professional capacity. We further examine how these mediational relationships are moderated by initial school conditions. Research Design We apply moderation mediation analysis to administrative and survey data of elementary schools from a large urban school district to examine if initial school conditions moderate mediational relationships between school leadership and student outcomes. Conclusions Our results show that improvements in school leadership are related to student learning gains only through improvements in school climate; this relationship is consistent regardless of whether schools initially had strong or weak leadership and regardless of whether schools initially had safe or unsafe school climates.
Adaptive Web Browsing on Mobile Heterogeneous Multi-cores

Web browsing is an important application domain, but it imposes a significant power burden on mobile devices. While the heterogeneous multi-core design offers the potential for energy-efficient computing, existing web browsers fail to exploit the hardware to optimize mobile web browsing. Our work aims to offer a better way to optimize web browsing on heterogeneous mobile devices. We achieve this by developing a machine learning based approach to predict the optimal processor setting for rendering the web content. The prediction is based on the web content, the network status and the optimization goal. We evaluate our approach by applying it to the Chromium browser and testing it on a representative big.LITTLE mobile platform. We apply our approach to the top 1,000 hottest websites across seven typical networking environments. Our approach achieves over 80% of the performance delivered by a perfect predictor. Our approach achieves over 30%, 50%, and 60% improvement respectively for load time, energy consumption and the energy delay product when compared to two state-of-the arts approaches.
Propiedades psicométricas del Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) en mexicanos universitarios

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como propósito analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Pérez-Albéniz et al., 2003) en universitarios, para su adaptación al contexto Mexicano. Material y Método. El IRI se aplicó a 729 estudiantes de pregrado de diversas facultades de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Resultados. Los resultados indican que la adaptación del IRI muestra una adecuada consistencia interna (α=.82), y el análisis confirmatorio corroboró la estructura teórica de cuatro factores, similar a la versión original. Asimismo, se presentaron diferencias de género en las dimensiones afectivas, pero no en las cognitivas. Conclusión. El estudio proporciona una adecuada adaptación del IRI para ser utilizado en población mexicana con características similares a los de esta investigación. Sin embargo, se sugiere ampliar la muestra en otras zonas del país para generalizar su validez en todo el territorio mexicano.
Procedural Justice, Posturing and Defiant Action: Exploring Prisoner Reactions to Prison Authority

Abstract Prison staff are vital for enforcing order in prisons. However, order is not only maintained by what prison staff do, but also relies on prisoners willingly following the directives of prison staff and complying with prison rules and procedures. This article puts forward the idea that how prison staff treat prisoners can affect the social distancing prisoners put between themselves and prison staff, potentially making defiance and non-compliance more difficult to manage. Social distancing is operationalised in this article as motivational posturing. Using survey responses from 177 Australian prisoners, the article shows a strong association between prisoners’ perceptions of procedural justice in prison and their self-reported compliance with prison rules. It also shows for the first time that motivational postures exist in a corrections context, and are associated with both procedural justice perceptions and self-reported compliance behaviour. Postures are also found to mediate the procedural justice/compliance relationship.
PENGARUH PERCEIVED USEFULNESS, PERCEIVED EASE OF USE, DAN KUALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN UNTUK MEMBANGUN LOYALITAS

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, dan kualitas layanan terhadap kepuasan pengguna untuk membangun loyalitas pengguna aplikasi GO-JEK di Kota Denpasar. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 170 orang pengguna yang sudah pernah menggunakan aplikasi layanan GO-JEK minimal 3 kali dalam 3 bulan terakhir yang berdomisili di Kota Denpasar dengan teknik nonprobability sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis PLS (Partial Least Square). Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa perceived usefulness, dan perceived ease of use memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna, perceived ease of use memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perceived usefulness, kualitas layanan memiliki pengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna, kualitas layanan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas. Selanjutnya, kepuasan pengguna memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas.
Barriers to Hispanic Parent Involvement in a Rural School District

Barriers to Hispanic Parent Involvement in a Rural School District Josh T. Beattie Department of Educational Leadership and Foundations, BYU Doctor of Education As the Hispanic student population continues to increase at a rapid rate, schools in the United States are tasked with closing the achievement gap between Hispanic students and their white counterparts. Federal education policy and researchers alike call for schools to increase the involvement of Hispanic parents in their children’s education as one way to close the achievement gap. This study focused on the involvement activities and barriers to involvement among a group of Hispanic parents in a rural school district in the state of Idaho. This study uses a qualitative approach to gather and analyze information from parents of 20 Hispanic families through semi-structured interviews. Interview questions covered participants’ own educational experiences as children, their experiences with involvement in their children’s schools, and barriers they perceived to involvement in their children’s education. Findings from this study suggest that these parents’ involvement activities are limited, with one exception being attendance at parent-teacher conferences. An unexpected finding of this study is the limited social networks among these Hispanic parents. Parents report having few relatives or friends with whom they associate or rely on for support. A second barrier to parent involvement identified in this study is the language barrier. Parents report difficulty communicating with schools when interpreters are not made available and communication with their children’s teachers are limited to notes home and at parent-teacher conferences. Other barriers to involvement include these Hispanic parents’ limited education in Mexico, differences between involvement activities in Mexico and the United States, and parents’ current life circumstances such as lack of transportation and working jobs that do not allow time off for involvement at the school during the school day. Overall, findings suggest that Hispanic parents in rural school settings face unique barriers to involvement in their children’s education. Implications for schools are proposed such as creating opportunities for parents to interact with one another and with teachers and also making interpreters available at the school for times when Spanish-speaking parents visit the school.
Moving to Communicate, Moving to Interact: Patterns of Body Motion in Musical Duo Performance

Skilled ensemble musicians coordinate with high precision, even when improvising or interpreting loosely defined notation. Successful coordination is supported primarily through shared attention to the musical output; however, musicians also interact visually, particularly when the musical timing is irregular. This study investigated the performance conditions that encourage visual signaling and interaction between ensemble members. Piano and clarinet duos rehearsed a new piece as their body motion was recorded. Analyses of head movement showed that performers communicated gesturally following held notes. Gesture patterns became more consistent as duos rehearsed, though consistency dropped again during a final performance given under no-visual-contact conditions. Movements were smoother and interperformer coordination was stronger during irregularly timed passages than elsewhere in the piece, suggesting heightened visual interaction. Performers moved more after rehearsing than before, and more when they could see each other than when visual contact was occluded. Periods of temporal instability and increased familiarity with the music and co-performer seem to encourage visual interaction, while specific communicative gestures are integrated into performance routines through rehearsal. We propose that visual interaction may support successful ensemble performance by affirming coordination throughout periods of temporal instability and serving as a social motivator to promote creative risk-taking.