Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manuscript Title: A Multidisciplinary Consensus on Dehydration: definitions, diagnostic methods and clinical implications Running head: Multidisciplinary Consensus on Dehydration

Background: Dehydration appears prevalent, costly and associated with adverse outcomes. We sought to generate consensus on such key issues and elucidate need for further scientific enquiry. Materials and Methods: A modified Delphi process combined expert opinion and evidence appraisal. 12 relevant experts addressed dehydration’s definition, objective markers and impact on physiology and outcome. Results: Fifteen consensus statements and seven research recommendations were generated. Key findings, evidenced in detail, were that there is no universally-accepted definition for dehydration; hydration assessment is complex and requires combining physiological and laboratory variables; ‘dehydration’ and ‘hypovolaemia’ are incorrectly used interchangeably; abnormal hydration status includes relative and/or absolute abnormalities in body water and serum/plasma osmolality (pOsm); raised pOsm usually indicates dehydration; direct measurement of pOsm is the gold standard for determining dehydration; pOsm >300 and ≤280 mOsm/kg classifies a person as hyper or hypo-osmolar; outside extremes, signs of adult dehydration are subtle and unreliable; dehydration is common in hospitals and care homes and associated with poorer outcomes. Discussion: Dehydration poses risk to public health. Dehydration is under-recognised and poorly managed in hospital and community-based care. Further research is required to improve assessment and management of dehydration and the authors have made recommendations to focus academic endeavours.
Dysferlin deficiency alters lipid metabolism and remodels the skeletal muscle lipidome in mice[S]

Defects in the gene coding for dysferlin, a membrane-associated protein, affect many tissues, including skeletal muscles, with a resultant myopathy called dysferlinopathy. Dysferlinopathy manifests postgrowth with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, early intramyocellular lipid accumulation, and a striking later replacement of selective muscles by adipocytes. To better understand the changes underpinning this disease, we assessed whole-body energy homeostasis, skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism, lipolysis in adipose tissue, and the skeletal muscle lipidome using young adult dysferlin-deficient male BLAJ mice and age-matched C57Bl/6J WT mice. BLAJ mice had increased lean mass and reduced fat mass associated with increased physical activity and increased adipose tissue lipolysis. Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism was remodeled in BLAJ mice, characterized by a partitioning of fatty acids toward storage rather than oxidation. Lipidomic analysis identified marked changes in almost all lipid classes examined in the skeletal muscle of BLAJ mice, including sphingolipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and most glycerolipids but, surprisingly, not triacylglycerol. These observations indicate that an early manifestation of dysferlin deficiency is the reprogramming of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue lipid metabolism, which is likely to contribute to the progressive adverse histopathology in dysferlinopathies.
Alterations in protein expression patterns of spinal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors after spinal cord injury

ABSTRACT Objectives: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control wound healing processes in damaged tissues. PPAR agonists have neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury (SCI); however, isotype-specific roles of PPARs are not well understood. Therefore, we evaluated protein expression changes for three isotypes of PPARs at different time points and locations relative to the epicenter after SCI in rats. Methods: A 10-g rod was dropped on the spinal cord which located at the T10 vertebra of rats from a height of 6.25, 12.5, or 50 mm using New York University impactor. We collected the spinal cord at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h and 1, 3, and 5 weeks after SCI. The protein expression of PPARs was analyzed using western blot. Results: The protein expression of PPAR-α declined gradually up to 5 weeks at the epicenter. PPAR-β/δ expression increased from 3 days to 5 weeks at the caudal region, but decreased at the epicenter in the severe injury group. PPAR-γ expression increased significantly at all regions in all three injury groups up to 5 weeks after SCI and increased to a greater extent in the severe injury group. In addition, PPAR-β/δ controlled protein expression of PPAR-α positively, and -γ negatively. Conclusions: The present results suggest that different PPAR isotypes have varied protein expression patterns at the epicenter and in adjacent regions after SCI. Our results suggest that PPARs may have overlapping but distinct roles. These findings will be useful for further studies investigating PPARs in neurological disorders including SCI.
Does Abatacept Increase Postoperative Adverse Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared with Conventional Synthetic Disease-modifying Drugs?

Objective. To investigate whether abatacept (ABA) causes more adverse events (AE) than conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARD) after orthopedic surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. A retrospective multicenter nested case–control study was performed in 18 institutions. Patients receiving ABA (ABA group) were matched individually with patients receiving csDMARD and/or steroids (control group). Postoperative AE included surgical site infection, delayed wound healing, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, flare, and death. The incidence rates of the AE in both groups were compared with the Mantel-Haenszel test. Risk factors for AE were analyzed by logistic regression model. Results. A total of 3358 cases were collected. After inclusion and exclusion, 2651 patients were selected for matching, and 194 patients in 97 pairs were chosen for subsequent comparative analyses between the ABA and control groups. No between-group differences were detected in the incidence rates of each AE or in the incidence rates of total AE (control vs ABA: 15.5% vs 20.7% in total, 5.2% vs 3.1% in death). Conclusion. Compared with csDMARD and/or steroids without ABA, adding ABA to the treatment does not appear to increase the incidence rates of postoperative AE in patients with RA undergoing orthopedic surgery. Large cohort studies should be performed to add evidence for the perioperative safety profile of ABA.
Molidustat for the treatment of renal anaemia in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: design and rationale of two phase III studies

Introduction Anaemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Owing to the limitations of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), the current standard of care, there is a need to develop new therapies. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase (HIF-PH) inhibitors might be a promising new treatment option. Molidustat is an oral HIF-PH inhibitor that stimulates the endogenous, predominantly renal, production of erythropoietin and was generally well tolerated in phase IIb clinical trials. Here, we report the design and rationale of two studies from the molidustat phase III programme: MolIdustat once dailY improves renal Anaemia By Inducing erythropoietin (MIYABI). Methods and analysis MIYABI Non-Dialysis-Correction (ND-C) and MIYABI Non-Dialysis-Maintenance (ND-M) are randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre studies that aim to demonstrate the efficacy of molidustat treatment compared with darbepoetin alfa in patients with anaemia and non-dialysis-dependent CKD. The secondary objectives are to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of molidustat treatment. MIYABI ND-C will recruit patients currently untreated with ESAs, whereas patients treated with an ESA will enter MIYABI ND-M. Each study will recruit 150 patients who will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either molidustat or darbepoetin alfa for 52 weeks, with efficacy evaluated during weeks 30–36. Study drug doses will be titrated regularly using an interactive voice/web response system with the aim of maintaining the patients’ haemoglobin (Hb) levels between ≥110 and <130 g/L. The primary objective will be achieved if, in molidustat-treated patients, the mean Hb level remains within the target range during the evaluation period, and if the change in the mean Hb level at evaluation time points from baseline is non-inferior to darbepoetin alfa. Ethics and dissemination The protocols were approved by ethics committees at all participating sites. These studies will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Results arising from these studies will be published in peer-reviewed journal(s). Trial registration numbers NCT03350321; Pre-results, NCT03350347; Pre-results.
Budget Rules and Resource Booms and Busts: A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper develops a dynamic, stochastic, general-equilibrium model to analyze and derive simple budget rules in the face of volatile public revenue from natural resources in a low-income country like Niger. The simulation results suggest three policy lessons or rules of thumb. When a resource price change is positive and temporary, the best strategy is to save the revenue windfall in a sovereign fund and use the interest income from the fund to raise citizens’ consumption over time. This strategy is preferred to investing in public capital domestically, even when private investment benefits from an enhanced public capital stock. Domestic investment raises the prices of domestic goods, leaving less money for government to transfer to households; public investment is not 100 percent effective in raising output. In the presence of a negative temporary resource price change, however, the best strategy is to cut public investment. This strategy dominates other methods, such as trimming government transfers to households, which reduces consumption directly, or borrowing, which incurs an interest premium as debt rises. In the presence of persistent (positive and negative) shocks, the best strategy is a mix of public investment and saving abroad in a balanced regime that provides a natural insurance against both types of price shocks. The combination of interest income from the sovereign fund, transfers to households, and output growth brought about by public investment provides the best protective mechanism to smooth consumption over time in response to changing resource prices.
Towards the Limits of Nonlinearity Compensation for Fiber-Optic Channels

The performance of long-haul coherent optical systems is fundamentally limited by fiber nonlinearity and its interplay with chromatic dispersion and noise. Due to nonlinearity, the signal propagating through the fiber interacts with itself and with the noise generated from the inline amplifiers. This process results in nonlinear inter-symbol interference (NISI) and nonlinear signal–noise interaction (NSNI). The state-of-the-art algorithm for combating these impairments is digital backpropagation (DBP) and is typically used as a benchmark against other detectors. However, DBP compensates only for NISI, while studies have revealed that NSNI limits the capacity of the coherent optical communications. The goal of the thesis is to use a methodical approach to develop a near-optimal nonlinearity compensation algorithm that also accounts for NSNI. This allows us to identify the fundamental performance limits of the fiber-optic channel. Starting from the maximum a posteriori principle, we develop an algorithm called stochastic digital backpropagation (SDBP) using the framework of factor graphs. In contrast to DBP, SDBP accounts not only for NISI but also for NSNI. To account for the effects of pulse shaping, we propose three variants of SDBP in this thesis. In the first variant, the output of SDBP is processed using a matched filter (MF) followed by sampling, and decisions are taken on a symbol-by-symbol (SBS) basis. In terms of symbol error rate (SER), SBS-SDBP has better performance than DBP. However, residual memory remains after performing the MF as the MF operation need not be the optimal processing for the fiber-optic channel. This is accounted for in the second variant of SDBP, where the Viterbi algorithm is used after the MF to compensate for the residual memory. The SER of this variant is further improved compared to SBS-SDBP. In the third variant of SDBP, we use Gaussian message passing to account for the effect of pulse shaping, instead of using the MF. The SER of this third variant of SDBP is better than SBS-SDBP. For estimating the achievable throughput in a typical transmission system, mutual information is a better metric than error rate for soft-decision coded optical systems. We show that SDBP can be used as a tool to compute lower bounds on the mutual information, which are tighter than those obtained using DBP.
Eberlein almost periodic functions that are not pseudo almost periodic

We construct Eberlein almost periodic functions $ f_j : J \to H$ so that $||f_1(\cdot)||$ is not ergodic and thus not Eberlein almost periodic and $||f_2(.)||$ is Eberlein almost periodic, but $f_1$ and $f_2$ are not pseudo almost periodic, the Parseval equation for them fails, where $J=\r_+$ or $\r$ and $H$ is a Hilbert space. This answers several questions posed by Zhang and Liu [18].
Germination of Spotted Spurge (Chamaesyce maculata) Seeds in Response to Different Environmental Factors

Abstract Spotted spurge, a C4 species, is a summer annual weed, introduced to the Golestan province of Iran in 2006. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on seed germination of spotted spurge. Seeds germinated over a constant temperature range of 25 to 45 C with a 14-h photoperiod and at 30 to 50 C in continuous darkness. Seeds germinated at alternating day/night temperature regimes of 25/15 to 45/35 C, with maximum germination (> 80%) at alternating day/night temperatures of 35/25, 40/30, and 45/35C. Germination increased from 23.5 to 98% as water potential increased from −0.6 to 0 MPa (control). Germination was > 85% at sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations up to 80 mM, with no germination at 160 mM NaCl. Germination was not affected by pH, and it was > more than 95% at pH ranging from 4 to 9. The germination of seeds submerged in water for a period less than 3 wk was > 60%, whereas no germination was observed after 9 wk of submergence in water. The results of our study could help to develop effective management strategies for this species. The results also suggest that spotted spurge could invade most tropical regions of Iran. Nomenclature: Spotted spurge, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small EPHMA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Association of Blood Component Ratios With 24-Hour Mortality in Injured Children Receiving Massive Transfusion.

OBJECTIVES To determine if higher fresh frozen plasma and platelet to packed RBC ratios are associated with lower 24-hour mortality in bleeding pediatric trauma patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Trauma Quality Improvement Program Database from 2014 to 2016. SETTING Level I and II pediatric trauma centers participating in the Trauma Quality Improvement Program PATIENTS:: Injured children (≤ 14 yr old) who received massive transfusion (≥ 40 mL/kg total blood products in 24 hr). Of 123,836 patients, 590 underwent massive transfusion, of which 583 met inclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ratios of fresh frozen plasma:packed RBC and platelet:packed RBC. Of the 583 patients, 60% were male and the median age was 5 years (interquartile range, 2-10 yr). Overall mortality was 19.7% (95% CI, 16.6-23.2%) at 24 hours. There was 51% (adjusted relative risk, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.87; p = 0.02) and 40% (adjusted relative risk, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39-0.92; p = 0.02) lower risk of death at 24 hours for the high (≥ 1:1) and medium (≥ 1:2 and < 1:1) fresh frozen plasma:packed RBC ratio groups, respectively, compared with the low ratio group (< 1:2). Platelet:packed RBC ratio was not associated with mortality (adjusted relative risk, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.51-1.71; p = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Higher fresh frozen plasma ratios were associated with lower 24-hour mortality in massively transfused pediatric trauma patients. The platelet ratio was not associated with mortality. Although these findings represent the largest study evaluating blood product ratios in pediatric trauma patients, prospective studies are necessary to determine the optimum blood product ratios to minimize mortality in this population.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Dual Diagnosis Patients: A Review

Introduction: Dual Diagnosis (DD), defined as the co-occurrence of a Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and a Severe Mental Illness (SMI), is associated with several negative outcomes. Typical antipsychotics (TAP) are not of great value for patients with DD as they are associated with poorer responses and can worsen SUD. Atypical antipsychotics (AAP) offer several advantages compared to TAP. In DD, they have been found to be effective in treating both, psychiatric symptoms and substance use. The aim of this article is to review the use of AAP for treating DD patients. Methods: A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Pubmed was performed in order to identify publications that examined the use of AAP in the treatment of DD. Results: The largest number of studies focuse on clozapine, with consistently positive data. Data regarding aripiprazole are also consistent but less substantial. Olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine have given inconclusive and inconsistent results. Finally, there is little use of amisulpride, ziprasidone, paliperidone and asenapine or it is has not been documented. Discussion: Today, there is a consensus on using AAT instead of TAP for treating patients with DD. Patients with DD show a poorer response to treatment with TAP, and TAP may even worsen the addictive behaviour. AAP are as effective as TAP in treating psychiatric symptoms, but they are more effective in reducing substance use in DD patients. Because with the exception of CLO none of the AAP have shown to be superior to the others, when choosing between the different AAP agents clinicians should take into account other variables such as medical comorbidity, possible pharmacological interactions of concomitant treatments and profile of side effects. Even though a growing body of evidence suggests the beneficial effects of AAP in DD patients, further randomized, blinded, controlled trials, with larger sample sizes and longer followups are needed.
Adhesion mechanism of water droplets on hierarchically rough superhydrophobic rose petal surface

Extremely hydrophobic surfaces, on which water droplets sit in a spherical shape leaving air entrapped into the roughness of the solid, are often called superhydrophobic. Hierarchically rough superhydrophobic surfaces that possess submicron scale fine structures combined with micron scale structures are generally more hydrophobic, and water droplet adhesion to those surfaces is lower in comparison with surfaces possessing purely micrometric structures. In other words, usually a fine structure on a superhy-drophobic surface reduces liquid-solid contact area and water droplet adhesion. Here we show that this does not apply to a high-adhesive superhydrophobic rose petal surface. Contrary to the present knowledge, the function of the fine structure on the petal surface is to build up the high adhesion to water droplets. Understanding of the specific adhesion mechanism on the rose petal gives insight into an interesting natural phenomenon of simultaneous superhydrophobicity and high water droplet adhesion, but, in addition, it contributes to more precise comprehension of wetting and adhesion mechanisms of superhydrophobic surfaces overall.
Four Phases of Mediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics

Two concepts that have been used to describe the changes with regards to media and politics during the last fifty years are the concepts of mediation and mediatization . However, both these concepts are used more often than they are properly defined. Moreover, there is a lack of analysis of the process of mediatization, although the concept as such denotes a process.Thus the purpose of this article is to analyze the concepts of mediated and mediatized politics from a process-oriented perspective. The article argues that mediatization is a multidimensional and inherently process-oriented concept and that it is possible to make a distinction between four phases of mediatization. Each of these phases is analyzed.The conclusion is that as politics becomes increasingly mediatized, the important question no longer is related to the independence of the media from politics and society. The important question becomes the independence of politics and society from the media.
Attitudes Toward Long-Term Medication Use-A Comparison Between Concerned Populations and a Sample From the German General Population: An Example of Real World Evidence.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to investigate the difference in attitudes toward psychiatric drugs, long-term medication, and depot formulations between psychiatric patients and patient-related groups and the German general public. METHODS/PROCEDURES Different groups (n = 50 patients, n = 34 relatives of patients, n = 42 psychiatrists, n = 70 medical students, and n = 58 psychiatric nursing professionals) were surveyed using a questionnaire to investigate their attitude toward depot medication and compared with matched participants from the German general public. FINDINGS/RESULTS Patients did not differ from their matched controls regarding their attitude toward potential reasons to reject a depot, whereas psychiatrists (P = 0.002) and nursing staff (P = 0.003) were more concerned about patients fearing an injection than their matched controls. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS Psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses were significantly more concerned about giving an (intragluteal) injection because of concerns about patients' fears of this administration method than their matched controls. In contrast, patients' concerns about receiving an injection did not differ from their matched controls. Furthermore, we found that psychiatrists tended to believe that giving an injection might be time-consuming than giving oral medication. These results may emphasize the fact that the low rate of depot medication use is derived from subjective reservations of medical staff rather than actual negative attitudes or fears of patients.
The association of grip strength with depressive symptoms and cortisol in hair: A cross‐sectional study of older adults

Low handgrip strength has been shown to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. One area of mental health that is understudied in relation to grip strength is chronic stress, which can exist independently to depression, or as a comorbidity or precursor to this condition. The present study examined cross‐sectional associations between grip strength, an established marker of physical function, and (a) depressive symptoms and (b) chronic stress utilizing hair cortisol concentrations, while accounting for multiple pertinent confounding variables.