Minuri/sinhala-corpus-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
කෙසේ වෙතත් අයඩින් මිශ්‍ර ලුණු හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණයවීමෙන් අයඩින් විනාශවේ
අයඩින් සහිත මෙස ලුණු පිෂ්ඨය හා එක්වූවිට දම්පැහැයට හැරේ
මෙමගින් ලුණුවල අට අයඩින් මිශ්‍රකර ඇද්ද යන්නවග සොයාබැලිය හැක
අයඩින් ඌනතාවය නිසා ගලගණ්ඩය වැනි රෝග සෑදේ
කුළුබඩුවක් ලෙස 

බොහෝ ආසියානු සංස්කෘතීන්වල කුළුබඩුවක් ලෙස ආහාර රසවත් කරගැනීමට ලුණු භාවිතා කරයි
ලෝකයේ බොහෝ රටවල් වලද විවිධ ආහාර වර්ග නිපදවීමේදී ආහාරවල රසය වැඩිකරගැනීමට ලුණු භාවිත කරයි තවද අයඩින් ඌනතාවය අවමකිරීම සදහා ආහාරයට ගන්නා ලුණු වලට අයඩින් මිශ්‍ර කිරීම සිදුවේ
සෞඛ්‍යමය බලපෑම් 

සෝඩියම්  හා ක්ලෝරයිඩ් යනු මිනිස් සිරුරට අත්‍යවශ ඛනිඩයකි
ලුණු ආහාරයට ගැනීම මගින් සෝඩියම් හා ක්ලෝරයිඩ් මෙන්ම පොටෑසියම් මැග්නීසියම් කැල්සියම් වැනි ඛනිජයන්ද සුළු වශයෙන් සිරුරට ලැබේ
අයඩින් මිශ්‍ර ලුණු ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන් සිරුරට අවශ්‍ය අයඩින් ප්‍රමාණය ලැබේ
ලුණු අධිකව ආහාරයට ගැනීම විවිධ රෝගාබාධ ඇතිවීමට හේතුවේ
හෘදය රෝග ඇතිවීම
අධි රුධිර පීඩනය
 වකුගඩු ආබාධ
පිළිකා
 අම්ලපිත්තය
ඔස්ට්‍රිෙයෝපොරෝසීස්
උදරීය පිළිකා" 
 මරණය 

මේ ආකාරයට අධිකව ලුණු ආහාරයට ගැනීම ශරීර සෞඛ්‍යට ඉතාමත් අහිතකරය
" ඇතැම් ආදිවාසී ජන කොටස් ලුණු ආහාරයට එක්කර ගන්නේ නැත
උදාහරණ ලෙස දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ යනොමාමෝවරු දැක්විය හැක
ප්‍රමිතිගත ආදානය 

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පොෂණය සදහා විද්‍යාත්මක උපදෙස් සපයන කමිටුවක් වන (SACN) ආයතනය විසින් වැඩිහිටියකුගේ දෛනික ආහාරය තුල අඩංගුවියයුතු ලුණු ප්‍රමාණය ලෙස දක්වා ඇත්තේ දෛනික ආහාර වේලක අඩංගු විය යුත්තේ ලුණු ග්රෑම් 4ක් පමණක් බවයි. අධිකව ලුණු ආහාරයට ගැනීම නොයෙක් රෝගිබාධ ඇතිවීමට හේතුවේ
ලේබල්ගත කිරීම 

එක්සත් ජනපදයේ  Food Standards Agency  ආයතනය මගින් ආහාරයක පවතින ලුණු ප්‍රමාණය අනුව ඒ ඒ ආහාරවලට අදාල වර්ණ කේත ක්‍රමයක් හඳුන්වා දුන්හ
ඒ අනුව යම් ආහාර ග්රෑම් 100 ක ලුණු ග්රෑම් 1.5 වඩා වඩියෙන් අඩංගුවේනම් එම ආහාරය අධික ලුණු අඩංගු ආහාරයක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කරයි
යම් ආහාරය ග්රෑම් 100 අඩංගු ලුණු ප්‍රමාණය ග්රෑම් 1.5 සිට 0.3 දක්වා නම් එය මධ්‍යන අගයක් ලෙස සැළකෛ්
මෙම ප්‍රමිතගත කිරීම් අනුව ලුණු අධික ආහාර රතු පැහැ වර්ණ කේතයක් මගින් පෙන්වයි.මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ ලුණු අඩංගු ආහාරයක් නම් කහ පැහැයෙන්ද ලුණු අඩු ආහාරයක් නම් කොළ පැහැයෙන්ද කේතනය කරයි
රතු පැහැයෙන් කේතනය කර ඇති ආහාර ශරීරයට හිතකර නොවන අතර කහ සහ කොළ පැහැයෙන් කේතනය කර ඇති ආහාර පරිභෝජනයට යොදාගැනීම වඩා සුදුසුය
ව්‍යාපාර 

In 2004, Britain's Food Standards Agency started a public health campaign called "Salt - Watch it", which recommends no more than 6g of salt per day
it features a character called Sid the Slug and was criticised by the Salt Manufacturers Association (SMA)
The Advertising Standards Authority did not uphold the SMA complaint in its adjudication
In March 2007, the FSA launched the third phase of their campaign with the slogan "Salt
Is your food full of it
" fronted by comedienne Jenny Eclair
The University of Tasmania's Menzies Research Institute maintains a website to educate people about the problems of a salt-laden diet
Consensus Action on Salt and Health (CASH) established in 1996, actively campaigns to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of salt
The 2008 focus includes raising awareness of high levels of salt hidden in sweet foods and marketed towards children
Taxation of sodium has been proposed as a method of decreasing sodium intake and thereby improving health in countries like the United States where typical salt consumption is high
The Salt Institute, a salt industry body, is active in promoting the use of salt, and questioning or opposing restrictions on salt intake
ආකලනය 

Iodized salt (BrE
iodised salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide, or sodium iodate
Iodized salt is used to help reduce the incidence of iodine deficiency in humans
Iodine deficiency commonly leads to thyroid gland problems, specifically endemic goiter, a disease characterized by a swelling of the thyroid gland, usually resulting in a bulbous protrusion on the neck
While only tiny quantities of iodine are required in the diet to prevent goiter, the United States Food and Drug Administration recommends (21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)) 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women
Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used
Iodine is important to prevent the insufficient production of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), which can cause goitre, cretinism in children, and myxedema in adults
Table salt is mainly employed in cooking and as a table condiment
The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country
In the United States, iodized salt contains 46-77 ppm, while in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm
Today, iodized salt is more common in the United States, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව and නවසීලන්තය than in the United Kingdom
In some European countries where drinking water fluoridation is not practiced, fluorinated table salt is available
In France, 35% of sold table salt contains either sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride
Another additive, especially important for pregnant women, is folic acid (Vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color
In Canada, at least one brand (Windsor salt) contains invert sugar
Sodium ferrocyanide, also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anti-caking agent
The additive is considered safe for human consumption
ආදේශක 

Salt intake can be reduced by simply reducing the quantity of salty foods in a diet, without recourse to salt substitutes
Salt substitutes have a taste similar to table salt and contain mostly potassium chloride, which will increase potassium intake
Excess potassium intake can cause hyperkalemia
Various diseases and medications may decrease the body's excretion of potassium, thereby increasing the risk of hyperkalemia
Those who have kidney failure, heart failure or diabetes should seek medical advice before using a salt substitute
One manufacturer, LoSalt, has issued an advisory statement that those taking the following prescription drugs should not use a salt substitute
amiloride, triamterene, Dytac, spironolactone (Aldactone), and eplerenone (Inspra)
ලුණු අඩු ආහාර 

වර්තමානයේ අධික ලුණු පරිභෝජනය නිසා ඇතිවන රෝග තත්වයන් හේතුවෙන් ලුණු අඩුවෙන් යොදා සකක් කරගන්නා ආහාර පරිභෝජනයට පුද්ගලයන් යොමුකිරීම සෞඛ්‍ය අංශ මගින් සිදුකරයි
නිෂ්පාදනය 

ගෝලීය වශයෙන් ලුණු නිෂ්පාදනය අතින් 2002 වසරේදී ඉහලින්ම සිටියේ ඇමරික එක්සත් ජනපදයයි
මීට අමතරව චීනය ජර්මනිය ඉන්දියාව හා කැනඩාව යන රටවල්ද ගෝලීය ලුණු නිෂ්පාදනයේ ඉහලින්ම පිහිටි රටවල්ය
2007 වසර වනවිට ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ලුණු නිෂ්පාදකයා ලෙස චීනය ඉදිරියට ආවේය

ආහාර නොවන භාවිතයන් 

ආහාර රසවත් කිරීම අමතරව විවිධ කාර්මික නිෂ්පාදන සදහා අමු ද්‍රව්‍යයක් ලෙස ලුණු යොදාගනී

ආගමික මත 
In the Hebrew Bible, thirty-five verses mention salt, the earliest being the story of Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19
26) as the 'Lord' destroyed them
When King Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it
(Judges 9
45)

In the Christian New Testament, six verses mention salt
In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth"
The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4
In one of the Hadith recorded in Sunan Ibn Majah, Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said that
"Salt is the master of your food
God sent down four blessings from the sky - fire, water, iron and salt"

Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass
Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (cf
Gallican rite) that is employed in the consecration of a church
Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water
Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hindu mythology, and is used in particular religious ceremonies like housewarmings and weddings
In Judaism, it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing Kidush for Shabat
It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread around the table after the Kidush
To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the Sabbath bread in salt
In Wicca, salt is symbolic of the element Earth
It is also believed to clense an area of and harmful or negative energies
In the native Japanese religion Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people, such as in sumo wrestling
In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water
The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water
Some think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith
මේවාත් බලන්න

සටහන්

යොමුව
වැඩිදුර කියවීම් 
 Kurlansky, Mark, and S
Putnam's Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-399-23998-7—a children's book about salt
Laszlo, Pierre
Grain of Life
Arts and traditions of the table
Columbia University Press, 2001.
 Department of Health, Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the UK
Report of the Panel on DRVs of the Committee on the Medical Aspects of Food Policy , The Stationery Office
බාහිර යොමු 

 Salt production methods and practices
 Salt Institute 
 Cook's Thesaurus
Salt (Summary and descriptions of edible salts)
 Richard Cowen, Salt in History  (Draft book chapter)
 Salt City Beneath Detroit 

රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය
රසායන විද්‍යාව
සොඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් (Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate) යනු NaHCO3.යන රසායනික සූත්‍රයෙන්  දක්වන පරිධි සංයෝජනය

ඉතිහාසය

අතීත ඊජිප්තියානු ජාතිකයින් ස්වභාවික තැන්පතු භාවිතා කළ අතර එය සෝඩියම් කාබනේට් ඩයහිදීඩ්රේට් සහ සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් අඩංගු විය
මෙම නැනන් සබන් වැනි පිරිසිදු කාරකයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලදී
1791 දී ප්රංශ ජාතික රසායන විද්යාඥ නිකොලස් ලෙලන්ට්ස් විසින් සොඩියම් කාබනේට් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී
1846 දී නිව් යෝර්ක් බේකරිකරුවන්, ජෝන් ඩිව්ට් සහ ඔස්ටින් පල්ලිය යන දෙදෙනා විසින් සෝඩියම් කාබනේට් සහ කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ්වලින් ෙබ්කිං සෝඩා වර්ධනය කිරීමට ආරම්භ කළ පළමු කර්මාන්ත ශාලාව ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී
නිෂ්පාදනය

සොල්වේ ක්රියාවලිය

NaHCO3 ප්රධාන වශයෙන් Solvay ක්රියාවලිය මගින් සකස් කර ඇත
කැල්සියම් කාබනේට්, සෝඩියම් ක්ලෝරයිඩ්, ඇමෝනියා සහ ජල කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් වල ප්රතික්රියාවයි. එය 2001 ටොන් ටොන් 100,000 ක පරිමාණයක් මත නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි
සෝඩියම් හයිඩ්රොක්සයිඩ්වල ජලීය ද්රාවණයකින් කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ් ප්රතික්රියාව මගින් NaHCO3 ලබාගත හැක
මූලික ප්රතික්රියාව සෝඩියම් කාබනේට් නිපදවයි
CO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

අමතර කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ් එකතු කිරීම සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි, ප්රමාණවත් තරම් ඉහළ සාන්ද්රණයකින් ද්රාවණය විසිරී යනු ඇත
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

ෙබ්කි සෝඩා වාණිජමය ප්රමාණවලට සමාන ආකාරයකින් ද නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලැබේ
සෝඩා අළු, ඔලස් ටෝනා ආකෘතියෙන් නිපදවන ලද, ජලයෙන් දිය වී කාබන්ඩයොක්සයිඩ් සමග ප්රතිකාර කරනු ලැබේ
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් මෙම ක්රමය මගින් ඝන ලෙස ඝන ලෙස දියවන අතර,

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

Mining 
Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO3) are found in the Eocene-age (55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado
Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin
It is commercially mined using in-situ leach techniques involving dissolution of the nahcolite by heated water which is pumped through the nahcolite beds and reconstituted through a natural cooling crystallization process
Chemistry 
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound
Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion
HCO +  H2O   →   + OH−

Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample
Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid to give a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2CO3
H2CO3 → H2O + CO2(g) 

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar) and presents a simple and showy demonstration of a chemical reaction
The products of the ensuing two-stage reaction are sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH  →  CH3COONa + H2O + CO2(g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates
NaHCO3 + NaOH  →  Na2CO3 + H2O 

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the formation of
This reaction is used to test for the presence of carboxylic groups in protein
Thermal decomposition 

Above 70 C, sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide
The conversion is fast at 200 C
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction
Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (at around 1000 C)
Na2CO3 → Na2O  +  CO2

These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO3 as a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry powder fire extinguishers
Applications

Cooking 

Sodium bicarbonate is primarily used in cooking (baking) where it reacts with other components to release carbon dioxide, that helps dough rise
The acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, vinegar, etc
Sodium bicarbonate can be substituted for baking powder provided sufficient acid reagent is also added to the recipe
Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with one or more acidic phosphates (especially good) or cream of tartar
It can also be used for softening peas (⅛ tsp
per pint of water and bring to boil for one hour)

Thermal decomposition causes sodium bicarbonate alone to act as a raising agent by releasing carbon dioxide at baking temperatures
The mixture for cakes using this method can be allowed to stand before baking without any premature release of carbon dioxide
Neutralization of acids and bases 
Many laboratories keep a bottle of sodium bicarbonate powder within easy reach, because sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases
Furthermore, as it is relatively innocuous in most situations, there is no harm in using excess sodium bicarbonate
Lastly, sodium bicarbonate powder may be used to smother a small fire
A wide variety of applications follows from its neutralization properties, including reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted soldier's wounds
Sodium bicarbonate can be added as a simple solution for raising the pH balance of water (increasing total alkalinity) where high levels of chlorine (2-5 ppm) are present  as in swimming pools and aquariums
Medical uses 
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් හයිඩ්රජන් ද්රාවණයක දී අම්ල භ්රෑණය සහ හෘද ස්පන්දනයට ප්රතිකාර කිරීම සඳහා වාචික ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි
නිදන්ගත වකුගඩු අකර්මණ්යතාව හා වකුගඩු නාලිකා ඇසිඩෝසිස් වැනි ක්ෂුද්ර ජීවීන් ආබාධවලට ප්රතිකාර කිරීම සඳහා මුඛ පිළිවෙළක් ද භාවිතා කළ හැකිය
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට්, ඇස්ප්රීන් අධිරුධිර පීඩනය හා මුත්ර අම්ල වකුගඩු ගල් සඳහා ප්රතිකාර කිරීම සඳහා මුත්රා ඇල්කයිලීකරණයට ප්රයෝජනවත් විය හැක
ජලීය ද්රාවණයක් සමහර විට ඇසිඩෝසයිඩ් අවස්ථාවන් සඳහා එන්නත් හෝ සෝඩියම් හෝ බයිකාබනේට් අයන ප්රමාණවත් අයහපත් නොමැති අවස්ථාවලදී රුධිරයේ අඩංගු වේ
[7] ශ්වසන ඇසිඩෝසිස් වලදී, ප්ලාස්මා හි වානේ කාබොනික් අම්ලය / බයිකාබනේට් බෆරය වමනය කර ඇති අතර, එමගින් pH අගය ඉහළ යයි
මේ හේතුව නිසා සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට්හි වෛද්යමය වශයෙන් අධීක්ෂණය කරන ලද හෘද උරස් ප්රජනන වලදී භාවිතා වේ
රුධිරයේ pH අගය සටහන් කර ඇති විට (<7.1-7.0) අඩුයි [8]

එය හයිපර්ලාභියා රෝගයට ප්රතිකාර කිරීම සඳහා ද භාවිතා වේ
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් නිසා ඇල්කේලොස් හටගත හැකි නිසා, එය ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදී ඇස්ප්රින් අධිමානුකූලව ප්රතිකාර කිරීමට භාවිතා කරයි
ඇසිජිරින් නිසි ලෙස අවශෝෂණය සඳහා ආම්ලික පරිසරයක් අවශ්ය වන අතර, මූලික පරිසරය අධික ලෙස අධික ලෙස අධෝරක්ත අවෙශෝෂණය අඩු කරයි
ට්රයිසයික්ලික් ප්රතිජීවක ඖෂධ භාවිතා කිරීම සඳහා සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් ද භාවිතා කර ඇත
[9] එය කෘමි හාන්ට් ලිහිල් කිරීම සඳහා එය එක් පැත්තකට වතුරට සෝඩාට කොටස් තුනකට කොටස් තුනකට සාදා ඇත
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් පරිපාලනය කෙරෙහි අහිතකර ප්රතික්රියාවන් සෝඩියම් අධික බද්ධය, හෘද රෝගියෙකු, හයිපෝසොලොලයික් සින්ඩ්රෝම්, අධි රුධිර පීඩනය, සෝඩියම් වැඩි වීම නිසා අධි රුධිර සංසරණය, ස්රාවය වේ
කැල්සියම් කාබනේට් (උදා
ටූම්ස්) වැනි අධික කැල්සියම් හෝ කිරි ආහාර සහිත ආහාරයට ගන්නා කැල්සියම් අතිරේකයක් හෝ කැල්සියම් අඩංගු ප්රතිදේහ වේ
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් භාවිතා කිරීම කිරිවල ක්ෂාරීය සින්ඩ්රෝමයක් විය හැක
වකුගඩු ගල් හා වකුගඩු ආබාධය
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් ඇතැම් මුඛ මුඩි වල අමුද්රව්යයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි
එය දත් සහ විදුරුමස්වල යාන්ත්රික සවිශක්තියක් ලෙස ක්රියා කරයි
ආම්ලික නිශ්පාදනය නහර සහ ආසාදන වැලැක්වීම සඳහා විෂබීජ නාශකයක් ලෙස නිෂේධනය කරයි
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් හයිඩ්රොකොටිසෝන් ක්රීම් මිලදී ගැනීම සඳහා විකල්පයක් වශයෙන් විෂබීජ වලින් සමහරක් ඇල්සන්, ඕක් හෝ සුමක් ආසාධන ප්රතික්රියාවක් ආවරණය කිරීමට යොදා ගත හැකිය
[11]

සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් භාවිතා කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැක
එහි අංශු වටේට හා වර්ණයෙන් හොඳයි
එය කොළ මත ඵලදායී සහ මෘදුයි
සිහින් සෝදා පෝෂ්ය පදාර්ථයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කිරීම මගින් මළ සමේ සෛල ඉවත් කරනු ලැබේ
Personal hygiene 
A paste made from sodium bicarbonate and a 3%  hydrogen peroxide solution can be used as an alternative to commercial non-fluoride toothpastes, and sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant
Sodium bicarbonate is a common ingredient in alternative and natural brands of toothpaste and deodorant
It may also be used as a shampoo
Soda loading 
Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate have been shown to be useful as a supplement for endurance athletes, but overdose is a serious risk
As a cleaning agent 
A paste from baking soda can be very effective when used in cleaning and scrubbing
For cleaning aluminium objects, the use of sodium bicarbonate is discouraged as it attacks the thin unreactive protective oxide layer of this otherwise very reactive metal
A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil
Baking soda is commonly added to the rinse cycles of washing machines (together with the detergent) as a replacement for softener and also to remove odors
Sodium bicarbonate is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water
Cattle feed supplement 
Sodium bicarbonate is sold as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen
විවිධ

සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් කුඩා ගින්නේ හෝ විදුලි ගිනි නිවා දැමීමට යොදාගත හැකිය
කෙසේවෙතත්, එය ග්රීස් දිරා යෑමට හේතු විය හැකි බැවින් ගැඹුරු ෆ්රයිටර්වල ඇති ගිනි හටගැනීම සඳහා එය යෙදිය යුතුය
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් ABC ගිනි නිවීමේ උපකරණවල වැඩි දියවන ඇමෝනියම් ෆොස්ෆේට් සඳහා විකල්පයක් ලෙස BC වියළි රසායනික ගිනි නිවන උපකරණ භාවිතා කරයි
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් (Alumini nature of Sodium bicarbonate) වාණිජ කුස්සෙල්වල ස්ථාපිත කර ඇති විශාල පරිමාණයේ ගිනි නිවාරක පද්ධතිවල භාවිතා කරන ලද Purple-K හැරුණු විට, එය වියළි රසායනික ද්රවව්යයකි
එය ඇල්කේලි ලෙස ක්රියා කළ හැකි නිසා, නියෝජිතයා උණුසුම් ග්රීස් මත මෘදු මෘදු සනීපාරක්ෂක බලපෑමක් ඇති අතර, එය මනාව මුසු කරන ලද පෙනුමක් සෑදෙයි
වියළි රසායනික ද්රව්ය එවැනි උපද්රවයන් සඳහා විශේෂයෙන්ම නිර්මාණය කර ඇති අතිශයින්ම ඵලදායී තෙත් රසායනික නිපැයුම් වලට සාපේක්ෂව කුස්සියට උපකරණ ගිනි ඇතිවීම සඳහා අනුග්රහය නොලැබී ඇත
සෝඩියම් බයිකාබනේට් සෝදා පවිත්ර කිරීම සඳහා තීන්ත පිරිසිදු කිරීමේ ක්රියාවලියක දී භාවිතා වේ
පීඑල් මට්ටම් ඉහළ නැංවීම සඳහා පොකුරු, සනීපාරක්ෂක සහ උද්යාන පොකුණු සඳහා පාලනය කළ හැකිය
එය විෂබීජ නාශක සහ විෂබීජනාශක ගුණ ඇති අතර ඇතැම් ජීවීන්ට එරෙහිව ක්රියාකාරී දිලීර නාශකයක් විය හැකිය
එය උදාසීනකාරක කාරකයක් ලෙස ක්රියා කරන නිසා ප්රබල අම්ල නිසා ඇතිවන අපිරිසිදු ජලය අවශෝෂණය කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගත හැකිය
එය ප්රකාෂකයන්ගේ භාවිතා කරන ලද අත්හදා බැලීමේ ක්රමයකි
මෙම ෙබ්කිං සෝඩා එම කැඩුණු සුවඳ අවශෝෂණය කර ඇත, පොත අඩු ආලේප කිරීම
බලන්න 

 Carbonic acid
 Baking powder
 List of minerals
 Nahcolite
 Natron
 Natrona (disambiguation)
 Trona

References

Further reading

External links 

 International Chemical Safety Card 1044
 Differences between Baking Soda and Baking Powder

Sodium compounds
Bases
Antacids
Bicarbonates
Acid salts
Fire suppression agents
Household chemicals
Leavening agents
1924 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමයේ  දුර්වලකම් සොයා බල වාර්තා කිරීම සඳහා 1927 දී ඩොනමෝර් සාමිගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුතු කොමිසන් සභාවක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවට එවන ලදී
එම කොමිසමේ වගකීම වුයේ එවකට පවතී ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන ආකාරය සොයා බලා එය සංශෝධනය සඳහා යෝජනා ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමයි
1928 දී   එම කොමිසන් සභා වාර්තාව පිහිටවූ අතර 1931 දී ක්‍රියාත්මක විය
මෙය 1947 දක්වා පැවැතියේය
මෙහි ප්‍රධානතම ලක්ෂණ 4 ක් ඇති අතර මෙරට දේශපාලන විකාශනයේ වැදගත්ම සන්ධිස්ථානයක් වුයේය
රටේ ජනතාවට ද මෙරට පාලන කටයුතු වලට සම්බන්ධ වීමේ හැකියාව ඇති කරමින් සර්වජන ජන්ද බලය ලැබීමත්, ආසියාවේ සර්වජන ජන්ද බලය ලැබූ ප්‍රථම ප්‍රදේශය   බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව වීමත් විශේෂ වේ
ඩොනමෝර් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයන් වාර්ගික නියෝජන ක්‍රමය අහෝසි කොට ප්‍රාදේශීය නියෝජන ක්‍රමය ශක්තිමත් කිරීම ද ඉතා වැදගත් කරුණකි
ප්‍රධාන යෝජනා 
 සර්වජන ජන්දබලය
 රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවක් පිහිටුවීම
 විධායක කාරක සභා ක්‍රමයක් හා අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලයක් ඇති කිරීම
 ආණ්ඩුකාරතුවරයාගේ බලතල සීමා කිරීම
වාර්ගික නියෝජනය අහෝසි 
කිරීම

ඇමති මණ්ඩලය 
අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය 10 දෙනකුගෙන් සමන්විත විය
( විධායක කාරක සභා 07 හි සභාපතිවරුන් 07 දෙනා සහ රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් තිදෙනා ) අගමැතිවරයකු නොමැති වු අතර කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයක් ද නොවිය
සභානයකයකුවරයකු හා අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලයක් පමනක් විය
විධායක කමිටු 7ක් යොජනා කල අතර ඒ එක් එක් කමිටුවෙ සභාපති ලෙස කමිටු සාමාජිකයන් පත්කළ මන්ත්‍රිවරයාම අමාත්‍යවරයා විය
ස්වදේශ කටයුතු 
 ඉඩම් හා ක්‍රුෂිකර්ම
 සෞඛ්‍යය
 අධ‍‍ය්‍යාපන
 පළාත් පරිපාලන 
 වාණිජ හා කර්මාන්ත
 පොදු වැඩ හා සංනිවේදන

එම කමිටු වේ
රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීන් තිදෙනා 
 මහ ලේකම් (රාජ්‍ය ලේකම්) - පරිපාලන කටයුතු,
 මුදල් ලේකම් - මූල්‍ය කටයුතු,
 නීති ලේකම් - නීති කටයුතු

ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ උද්ඝෝෂණ 

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව

ආශ්‍රිත 
 ඩොනමෝර් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව
මැනිං ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමයෙන් ද ආණ්ඩුකාරයාගේ බලතල අඩුනොවිණි
නිෂේධ බලතල රැසක් ඔහු සතුවී ය
එබැවින් සංශෝධන ඉල්වූ නායකයෝ මින් සංතුෂ්ඨි නොවූහ
මෙම සංවිධානය ලංකා ජාතික සංගමය නමින් හැඳින්වුණු අතර ඒ වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රීමත් ජේම්ස් පීරිස් මැනිං ආණ්ඩුකාරයා වෙත තම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ යෝජනා ඉදිරිපත් කළේය
ව.1924දී ක්‍රියාත්මක විණි
ප්‍රධාන ලක්‍ෂණ
 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ මුළු සාමාජික සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් අඩකට වැඩි පිරිසක් මහජන ඡන්‍දයෙන් තෝරාගැනීම
 ආණ්ඩුව පිළිබඳ වගකීම තවදුරටත් ආණ්ඩුකාරයා වෙත පැවැරිණි
බලය හා වගකීම බෙදී පැවතිණි
ජනවාර්ගික නියෝජනය එසේ ම පැවතිණි
විධායක සභාවට නිල නොලත් සභිකයන් තිදෙනෙකු ඇතුලත් කෙරිණි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම
කෲව් මැකලම් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ මඟින් ලබාදුන් නාමමාත්‍රික බලය ගැන ලාංකිකයෝ සතුටට පත් නොවූහ
එනිසා 1919දී ජාතික සංගමය පිහි‍ටුවාගෙන ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම උද්ඝෝෂණ කෙරිණි
ඊට ප්‍රතිචාර ලෙස මෙම මැනිං ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය ඉදිරිපත්වූ අතර එය ක්‍රි
ව.1920 සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක විණි
විශේෂ ලක්‍ෂණ
 ප්‍රථමවරට නිලනොලත් නියෝජිතයන් බහුතරයක් පත්කෙරිණි
පළාත්බද ඡන්‍ද කොට්ඨාශ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදිනි
ඡන්‍ද බලය පුළුල් කෙරිණි
ජනවාර්ගික නියෝජනය එලෙස ම පැවැතිණි
ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලයේ බලතල පුළුල් කෙරිණි
රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලන කටයුතු ආණ්ඩුකාරයා සතුවීය
The Indian National Congress () (abbreviated INC, and also known as the Congress party) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party
It is the largest and one of the oldest democratic political parties in the world
The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in Indian political spectrum
Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, Mahadev Govind Ranade and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against British rule in India
After independence in 1947, it became the nation's dominant political party, led by the Nehru-Gandhi family for the most part
major challenges for party leadership have only recently formed
In the 2009 general elections, the Congress emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha, with 206 of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house
Consequently, it along with a coalition of allies called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), was able to gain a majority and form the government
ඉතිහාසය 

The history of the Indian National Congress falls into two distinct eras
The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence and was instrumental in  the whole of India
The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.

In the pre-independence era, the congress was divided in two groups, moderate and activist
The moderates were more educated and wanted to win people's faith to lead the nation to independence without bloodshed
the activists however wanted to follow a revolutionary path and make it a militant organization
නිදහසට පෙර සමය 

Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule
The Congress met once a year during December
Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy
Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was the first President of the INC
The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay
The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates
A few years down the line, the demands of INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party became very active in the independence movement
By 1907 the party was split into two halves
the Garam Dal (literally "hot faction") of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists , and the Naram Dal (literally "soft faction") of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates, distinguished by their attitude towards the British
Under the influence of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Congress became the first integrated mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people against the British
The Indian National Congress was the only political party to provide harmony to all the sects of the Indian society 

In its time as the nation's leader in the freedom struggle, it produced the nation's greatest leaders
Before the Gandhi Era came leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Mohammed Ali Jinnah (later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan), all starting with the first legendary icon of Indians
Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the sister Indian National Association and later the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons
The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadesi Movement
Gandhi came back from South Africa in 1915 and with the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale became the President of the Congress and formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement
In protest a number of leaders went out of Congress
Khilafat movement ended up in a disaster and the Congress was split
A number of leaders Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, Motilal Nehru, went out of The Congress to set up the Swaraj Party
With the rise of Mahatma Gandhi's popularity and his Satyagraha art of revolution came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the nation's first Prime Minister), Dr
Rajendra Prasad (the nation's first President), Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Jivatram Kripalani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
With the already existing nationalistic feeling combined with Gandhi's popularity the Congress became a forceful mass organization in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries
Although predominantly Hindu, it had members from virtually every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group
In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 was expelled from the Congress for his socialist views and The Congress was reduced to a pro-Business group financed by the business houses of Birla and Bajaj
At the time of the Quit India movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest political and revolutionary organization in India, but the Congress disassociated itself from the Quit India movement within a few days
The Indian National Congress could not claim to be the true representative of the Indian people as other parties were there as well particularly the Hindu Mahasabha, Azad Hind Sarkar, Forward Bloc
The 1929 Lahore session  under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of INC
26 January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas," Independence Day although the British remained in India a number of years longer
It was to commemorate this date particularly that The Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950 (even though it was passed on 26 November 1949)
However in 1929 Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the Congress for demanding full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi
After the පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය the party became associated with Mahatma Gandhi, who  remained its unofficial, spiritual leader and mass icon even as younger men and women became party president
The party was in many ways an umbrella organization, sheltering within itself radical socialists, traditionalists and even Hindu and Muslim conservatives, but all the socialists (including the Congress Socialist Party, Krishak Praja Party, Swarajya Party members) were expelled along with Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939 by Gandhi
Members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
However they withdrew support at the critical juncture, when the mutiny failed
During the INA trials of 1946, the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee, which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government
The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru
නිදහසට පසු සමය 
The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the national level) in 1977.

ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු 
 
Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947. However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was a major political organization in the country, and was established as the major political party
The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the terrible chaos and confusion following the Partition of India and Independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India
Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterrupted until 1977, and has remained a major political force
After the murder of Gandhi in 1948, and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic national leader, and soon the situation became so that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress
Nehru embraced secularism, socialist economic policies and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party
Nehru's policies challenged the landed class, the business class and improved the position of religious minorities and lower caste Hindus
A generation of freedom fighting leaders were soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru
Nehru led the Congress Party to consecutively majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962. 

After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question
No leader was competitive enough to touch Nehru's iconic status, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri
Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress Party election opted for Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai
ඉන්‍දිරා ගාන්‍ධි 

The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a united opposition, under the banner of Samyukt Vidhayak Dal, won control over several states in the Hindi belt
Indira Gandhi, the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership
The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC
Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the New Congress
The official party became known as Indian National Congress (Organisation) led by Kamaraj
It was informally called the Old Congress
As Indira Gandhi had control over the state machinery, her faction was recognized as the "real" INC by the Election Commission of India, although her organization was the break-away group
The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division
Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilize popular support for the party
She raised slogans such as Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the සෝවියට් සංගමය
The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help
INC(O) later merged into the Janata Party
Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more and more authoritarian
Following allegations of widespread rigging in the general elections, a court overturned Indira Gandhi's victory in the Parliamentary constituency
Facing growing opposition she proclaimed a state of National Emergency in 1975, curtailed the powers of the courts, and unleashed a police state
After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira
The Congress (I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party, but the coalition government fell apart in two years
The Congress party returned to power in the ensuing 1980 elections
In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, in revenge for Operation Blue Star
In the following days more than six thousand Sikhs were killed in the 1984 riots, mainly in Delhi, by activists and leaders of the Congress Party
පසු ඉන්‍දිරා සමය 

Afterward, former treasurer Sitaram Kesri took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the United Front governments that ran from 1996–1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left
In 1998, Sonia Gandhi finally accepted the post of Congress President, in a move that may have saved the party from extinction
After her election as party leader, a section of the party, which objected to the choice, broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party
The use of "Congress (I)" continues to denote the party run by Indira Gandhi's successors
There have been repeated attempts by the Indian nationalist groups (such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, BJP) to discredit Sonia Gandhi's leadership on the basis of her foreign origin - she is of Italian ethnicity
Although the Congress expedited the downfall of the NDA government in 1999 by promising an alternative, Ms
Gandhi's decision was followed by fresh elections and the Congress party's worst-ever tally in the lower house
The party spent the interval period forging alliances and overseeing changes in the state and central organizations to revive the party
It has had many electoral successes which led up to the formation of a Congress-led government in 2004. In the next general election in 2009 which made Manmohan Singh the Prime Minister once again, and Congress was the first party to get 206 seats during a coalition era of politics
Indian Prime Ministers from the Congress Party 
 Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964)
 Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June 1964 and in January 1966) 
 Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–1966)
 Indira Gandhi (1966–1977, 1980–1984) 
 Rajiv Gandhi (1984–1989)
 P
Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
 Manmohan Singh (2004 -2014)

Controversies and criticisms 

Since the party has dominated the political landscape of India for over a century, there are many charges of corruption and similar charges against it
Some examples are
1947 - anti-Godse riots 
After the knowledge that the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse, was a Maharashtrian Brahmin, some workers of the Congress Party went on a rampage, against the supporters of Savarkar and Nathuram Godse, burning their houses and putting thousands in jail
1975-1977 - State of Emergency 

On 12 June 1975 the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha void on grounds of electoral malpractice
But Mrs Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court
Indira had already been accused of authoritarianism
By using her strong parliamentary majority, her ruling Congress Party had amended the Constitution and altered the balance of power between the Centre and the States in favour of the Central Government
She had twice imposed "President's Rule" under Article 356 of the Constitution by declaring states ruled by opposition parties as "lawless and chaotic", and thus seizing control
In response to her new tendency for authoritarian use of power, public figures and former freedom-fighters like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Acharya Jivatram Kripalani toured India, speaking actively against her and her government
Indira Gandhi moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest
Her Cabinet and government then recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a state of emergency, because of the disorder and lawlessness following the Allahabad High Court decision
Accordingly, Ahmed declared a State of Emergency caused by internal disorder, based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution, on 26 June 1975.
It is one of the most controversial periods in the history of independent India
1984 anti-Sikh riots 

After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by 2 of her Sikh Body Guards following Operation Bluestar, many Congress workers including Jagdish Tytler and Sajjan Kumar were accused of inciting and participating in Sikh riots
Rajiv Gandhi's remarks 
Then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira Gandhi, made a statement at Boat Club in New Delhi on 19 November 1984, on the birthday of Indira Gandhi, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji
We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken
But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little
Allegations of conspiracy and cover-ups 
There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty
The Asian Age front page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups" There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers during the riots
The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticized for doing very little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator
The conspiracy theory is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families
Allegations of religious bias 
The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party and also many right-wing Hindus have repeatedly accused the Congress Party and its allies of being pro-Muslim, pro-Islam supporting Sharia Laws and showing unnatural favouritism to the Indian Muslim community and toleration, or even promotion of Islamic conservatism and Obscurantism
The BJP and many Indian Hindus have often accused Congress party and their allies of being soft on Islamic extremism, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic terrorism and Islamism by scrapping Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (POTA) immediately after it won the elections in 2004, refusing death penalty to hard-core Islamic terrorists like Afzal Guru, Abdul Subhan Qureshi, Safdar Nagori, Ajmal Kasab and trying to scrap the ban on Students Islamic Movement of India in order to appease Indian Muslim community
It has also been accused of being soft on Indian terrorist groups like Indian Mujahideen which resulted in the resignation of  then Home Minister Shivraj Patil in 2008.

Congress has been accused of deliberately fragmenting Hindus while consolidating conservative Muslim votes (by opposing the Uniform Civil Code and allowing Muslims a separate personal code, etc
)

The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and previous Congress-led governments have been accused of revising history textbooks to present a Marxist bias, and whitewashing the record of Atrocities committed by Muslim Emperors and Kings on Hindus during six-hundred years of Islamic Rule over India and during the Partition of India in order to "de-saffronize" textbooks and acquire Muslim votes
Congress has been accused of funding the Indian Muslims' Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and subsidies for their religious schools (Madrassas) at the cost of the taxpayers' money
On one hand, Government of India provides subsidy to Muslims to perform Hajj
on other hand, Government of India bound them to fly through government airlines and also gets subsidy from Saudi Arabia for services providing to Indian Muslims, whereas Hindus claim they are accorded no similar privilege for their own pilgrimages or religious schools by the Government of India
The Congress party and its allies are accused of showing "partial" secularism, in which only Hindus are expected to be secular while Muslims and other minorities remain free to practice exclusionary practices
Congress and its allies are often accused of ignoring the plea of Kashmiri Pandits for action against Islamic terrorists in Kashmir and solely focusing on the issues of the Indian Muslim community to gain Muslim votes
Kashmiri Pandits have been in exile since January 1990 following the outbreak of terrorism in Kashmir
The Congress-led UPA government has been accused by both Hindu and Christian organizations for completely ignoring the Love Jihad activity allegedly perpetrated by and Islamic party Popular Front of India and its umbrella organizations under which young Muslim boys in Kerala and coastal Karnataka reportedly target college girls belonging to Hindu and Christian communities for conversion to Islam by feigning love
It has been reported that the Congress government is calling the Love Jihad activity as dubious and the allegations by Hindu and Christian organizations as un-secular for the fear of losing Muslim votes
It has been reported that local Muslim politicians have been silently supporting and promoting the 'Love Jihad' campaign in Kerala and Karnataka
Charges for bidding for seats 
In November 2008, senior Congress leader, Margaret Alva, made a charge that congress seats for the elections were up for bidding as opposed to a meritocratic appointment to run
The party responded to the charge by denying such a claim, as well as dropping her as general secretary of the party, the Congress Working Committee and the party's Central Election Committee
She was also stripped of her charge of the congress party in Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and Mizoram
Congress spokesperson, Shakeel Ahmad, added that "Congress president Mrs Sonia Gandhi has taken the decision on the report submitted by Mr AK Antony, chairperson of the Disciplinary Action Committee
" This followed an outburst by the son of the congress chairperson, Rahul Gandhi, that "Democracy in political parties is non-existent in India
You cannot enter unless you are well connected
" In response the recent allegations he said, "I had made some recommendations to include some younger boys
I am not unhappy with the distribution of tickets
"

Formation of present Government of India 
 
In the 2004 general elections, the Congress alliance won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the Atal Behari Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance, which was variously forecast to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance
Shortly thereafter, Sonia Gandhi was nominated by the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance to be the next Prime Minister
But in what was described as the dropping of a political bombshell, Sonia Gandhi refused to take the position based on her "inner voice"
She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr
Manmohan Singh for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on 22 May 2004. Veerappa Moily, the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, was named the Honourable Minister for Law, Justice, and Company Affairs and was appointed to be the All India Congress Committee's General Secretary in charge of Andhra Pradesh
Despite strong opposition from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), AIADMK, SP, RJD, LJP, TDP, Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Indian National Congress won the elections again in 2009, the people gave their mandate to the Congress party and it was the only party to achieve 206 seats in 20 years
The youth supported the Congress under the leadership of Rahul Gandhi
The Congress's popularity has increased by 61% during the elections
Ideology and policies 
Historically, the party has favored farmers, laborers, labor unions, and religious and ethnic minorities
it has opposed unregulated business and finance, and favored progressive income taxes
However, in recent years the party had adopted centrist economic and social democratic agenda
Today, the INC advocates neo-liberal policies which includes populism, social liberalism, secularism and free enterprise system with government regulations such as public–private partnership (PPP) model
Though it still believes in eradicating poverty, illiteracy and strongly supports the weaker section of the society
Social policy 
Social policy of the INC is based on Gandhian concept of Sarvodaya (upliftment of all sections of the society
) In particular INC gives special emphasis on the welfare of the economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the society
This includes "affirmative action" reservations for weaker sections of the society in education and employment, emphasis on employment generation for rural population (through schemes such as National Rural Employment Generation Scheme) etc
The party supports family planning with birth control but opposes elective abortion, in particular sex selective abortions and late term abortions
Economic policy 
Traditionally, Economic policy of the INC emphasized on the importance of the public sector aimed at establishing a "socialistic pattern of society"
However, since the economic liberalizations initiated by Dr
Manmohan Singh, the then Finance Minister in the early 1990s, the economic policy of INC has been changed somewhat and it is now adopted free market policies, though at the same time it is in favour of taking a cautious approach in proceeding with liberalization to ensure that the weaker sections are not affected too hard by the liberalization process
Foreign policy 
Traditionally, nonalignment has been the bedrock of the foreign policy of the INC
Internal organization 
The organization developed by Mohandas Gandhi's reorganization of the Congress in the years of 1918 to 1920 has largely been retained till today
In every Indian state and union territory or pradesh, there is a Pradesh Congress Committee, which is the provincial unit of the party, responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels and assisting the campaigns for Parliamentary constituencies
Each PCC has a Working Committee of 10-15 key members, and the state president is the leader of the state unit
The Congressmen elected as members of the states legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies, and their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership
The All India Congress Committee is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country
The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the Congress Working Committee, which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions
The President of the Indian National Congress is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the Prime Minister of India
Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC
However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as an emergency measure
The Congress Parliamentary Party is the group of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
It is headed by senior Congress leader Pranab Mukherjee
Since the current Prime Minister Dr