Minuri/sinhala-corpus-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
These have a low work function, meaning that they more readily emit electrons than would the uncoated cathode
In a mercury-arc valve, an arc forms between a refractory conductive anode and a pool of liquid mercury acting as cathode
Such units were made with ratings up to hundreds of kilowatts, and were important in the development of HVDC power transmission
Some types of smaller thermionic rectifiers had mercury vapor fill to reduce their forward voltage drop and to increase current rating over thermionic hard-vacuum devices
Throughout the vacuum tube era, valve diodes were used in analog signal applications and as rectifiers in DC power supplies in consumer electronics such as radios, televisions, and sound systems
They were replaced in power supplies beginning in the 1940s by selenium rectifiers and then by semiconductor diodes by the 1960s
Today they are still used in a few high power applications where their ability to withstand transient voltages and their robustness gives them an advantage over semiconductor devices
The recent (2012) resurgence of interest among audiophiles and recording studios in old valve audio gear such as guitar amplifiers and home audio systems has provided a market for the legacy consumer diode valves
අර්ධ සන්නායක දියෝඩ

සංකේත 
The symbol used for a semiconductor diode in a circuit diagram specifies the type of diode
There are alternative symbols for some types of diodes, though the differences are minor
The triangle in the symbols points to the forward direction, i
in the direction of conventional current flow
ස්පර්ශ දියෝඩ 
A point-contact diode works the same as the junction diodes described below, but its construction is simpler
A pointed metal wire is placed in contact with an n-type semiconductor
Some metal migrates into the semiconductor to make a small p-type region around the contact
The 1N34 germanium version is still used in radio receivers as a detector and occasionally in specialized analog electronics
සන්ධි දියෝඩ

p–n සන්ධි දියෝඩ 
A p–n junction diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor, usually silicon, but germanium and gallium arsenide are also used
Impurities are added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called an n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called a p-type semiconductor
When the n-type and p-type materials are attached together, a momentary flow of electrons occur from the n to the p side resulting in a third region between the two where no charge carriers are present
This region is called the depletion region because there are no charge carriers (neither electrons nor holes) in it
The diode's terminals are attached to the n-type and p-regions
The boundary between these two regions, called a p–n junction, is where the action of the diode takes place
When a sufficiently higher electrical potential is applied to the P side (the anode) than to the N side (the cathode), it allows electrons to flow through the depletion region from the N-type side to the P-type side
The junction does not allow the flow of electrons in the opposite direction when the potential is applied in reverse, creating, in a sense, an electrical check valve
Schottky diode 
Another type of junction diode, the Schottky diode, is formed from a metal–semiconductor junction rather than a p–n junction, which reduces capacitance and increases switching speed
ධාරාව හා විභව අන්තරය 

A semiconductor diode's behavior in a circuit is given by its current–voltage characteristic, or I–V graph (see graph below)
The shape of the curve is determined by the transport of charge carriers through the so-called depletion layer or depletion region that exists at the p–n junction between differing semiconductors
When a p–n junction is first created, conduction-band (mobile) electrons from the N-doped region diffuse into the P-doped region where there is a large population of holes (vacant places for electrons) with which the electrons "recombine"
When a mobile electron recombines with a hole, both hole and electron vanish, leaving behind an immobile positively charged donor (dopant) on the N side and negatively charged acceptor (dopant) on the P side
The region around the p–n junction becomes depleted of charge carriers and thus behaves as an insulator
However, the width of the depletion region (called the depletion width) cannot grow without limit
For each electron–hole pair recombination made, a positively charged dopant ion is left behind in the N-doped region, and a negatively charged dopant ion is created in the P-doped region
As recombination proceeds and more ions are created, an increasing electric field develops through the depletion zone that acts to slow and then finally stop recombination
At this point, there is a "built-in" potential across the depletion zone
පසු නැඹුරුව 
If an external voltage is placed across the diode with the same polarity as the built-in potential, the depletion zone continues to act as an insulator, preventing any significant electric current flow (unless electron–hole pairs are actively being created in the junction by, for instance, light
see photodiode)
This is called the reverse bias phenomenon
ඉදිරි නැඹුරුව 
However, if the polarity of the external voltage opposes the built-in potential, recombination can once again proceed, resulting in a substantial electric current through the p–n junction (i
substantial numbers of electrons and holes recombine at the junction)
For silicon diodes, the built-in potential is approximately 0.7 V (0.3 V for germanium and 0.2 V for Schottky)
Thus, if an external voltage greater than and opposite to the built-in voltage is applied, a current will flow and the diode is said to be "turned on" as it has been given an external forward bias
The diode is commonly said to have a forward "threshold" voltage, above which it conducts and below which conduction stops
However, this is only an approximation as the forward characteristic is according to the Shockley equation absolutely smooth (see graph below)
A diode's I–V characteristic can be approximated by four regions of operation
At very large reverse bias, beyond the peak inverse voltage or PIV, a process called reverse breakdown occurs that causes a large increase in current (i
, a large number of electrons and holes are created at, and move away from the p–n junction) that usually damages the device permanently
The avalanche diode is deliberately designed for use in that manner
In the Zener diode, the concept of PIV is not applicable
A Zener diode contains a heavily doped p–n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the Zener voltage), and avalanche does not occur
Both devices, however, do have a limit to the maximum current and power they can withstand in the clamped reverse-voltage region
Also, following the end of forward conduction in any diode, there is reverse current for a short time
The device does not attain its full blocking capability until the reverse current ceases
For a bias less than the PIV, the reverse current is very small
For a normal P–N rectifier diode, the reverse current through the device in the micro-ampere (A) range is very low
However, this is temperature dependent, and at sufficiently high temperatures, a substantial amount of reverse current can be observed (mA or more)
With a small forward bias, where only a small forward current is conducted, the current–voltage curve is exponential in accordance with the ideal diode equation
There is a definite forward voltage at which the diode starts to conduct significantly
This is called the knee voltage or cut-in voltage and is equal to the barrier potential of the p-n junction
This is a feature of the exponential curve, and appears sharper on a current scale more compressed than in the diagram shown here
At larger forward currents the current-voltage curve starts to be dominated by the ohmic resistance of the bulk semiconductor
The curve is no longer exponential, it is asymptotic to a straight line whose slope is the bulk resistance
This region is particularly important for power diodes
The diode can be modeled as an ideal diode in series with a fixed resistor
In a small silicon diode operating at its rated currents, the voltage drop is about 0.6 to 0.7 volts
The value is different for other diode types—Schottky diodes can be rated as low as 0.2 V, germanium diodes 0.25 to 0.3 V, and red or blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can have values of 1.4 V and 4.0 V respectively
At higher currents the forward voltage drop of the diode increases
A drop of 1 V to 1.5 V is typical at full rated current for power diodes
Shockley diode equation 
The Shockley ideal diode equation or the diode law (named after the bipolar junction transistor co-inventor William Bradford Shockley) gives the I–V characteristic of an ideal diode in either forward or reverse bias (or no bias)
The following equation is called the Shockley ideal diode equation when n, the ideality factor, is set equal to 1
I is the diode current,
 IS is the reverse bias saturation current (or scale current),
 VD is the voltage across the diode,
 VT is the thermal voltage, and
 n is the ideality factor, also known as the quality factor or sometimes emission coefficient
The ideality factor n typically varies from 1 to 2 (though can in some cases be higher), depending on the fabrication process and semiconductor material and is set equal to 1 for the case of an "ideal" diode (thus the n is sometimes omitted)
The ideality factor was added to account for imperfect junctions as observed in real transistors
The factor mainly accounts for carrier recombination as the charge carriers cross the depletion region
The thermal voltage VT is approximately 25.85 mV at 300 K, a temperature close to "room temperature" commonly used in device simulation software
At any temperature it is a known constant defined by
where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature of the p–n junction, and q is the magnitude of charge of an electron (the elementary charge)
The reverse saturation current, IS, is not constant for a given device, but varies with temperature
usually more significantly than VT, so that VD typically decreases as T increases
The Shockley ideal diode equation or the diode law is derived with the assumption that the only processes giving rise to the current in the diode are drift (due to electrical field), diffusion, and thermal recombination–generation (R–G) (this equation is derived by setting n = 1 above)
It also assumes that the R–G current in the depletion region is insignificant
This means that the Shockley ideal diode equation doesn't account for the processes involved in reverse breakdown and photon-assisted R–G
Additionally, it doesn't describe the "leveling off" of the I–V curve at high forward bias due to internal resistance
Introducing the ideality factor, n, accounts for recombination and generation of carriers
Under reverse bias voltages the exponential in the diode equation is negligible, and the current is a constant (negative) reverse current value of −IS
The reverse breakdown region is not modeled by the Shockley diode equation
For even rather small forward bias voltages the exponential is very large, since the thermal voltage is very small in comparison
The subtracted '1' in the diode equation is then negligible and the forward diode current can be approximated by
 
The use of the diode equation in circuit problems is illustrated in the article on diode modeling
කුඩා සංඥා හැසිරුවීම 
For circuit design, a small-signal model of the diode behavior often proves useful
A specific example of diode modeling is discussed in the article on small-signal circuits
Reverse-recovery effect 
Following the end of forward conduction in a p–n type diode, a reverse current can flow for a short time
The device does not attain its blocking capability until the mobile charge in the junction is depleted
The effect can be significant when switching large currents very quickly
A certain amount of "reverse recovery time" tr (on the order of tens of nanoseconds to a few microseconds) may be required to remove the reverse recovery charge Qr from the diode
During this recovery time, the diode can actually conduct in the reverse direction
This might give rise to a large constant current in the reverse direction for a short time while the diode is reverse biased
The magnitude of such a reverse current is determined by the operating circuit (i
, the series resistance) and the diode is said to be in the storage-phase
In certain real-world cases it is important to consider the losses that are incurred by this non-ideal diode effect
However, when the slew rate of the current is not so severe (e
Line frequency) the effect can be safely ignored
For most applications, the effect is also negligible for Schottky diodes
The reverse current ceases abruptly when the stored charge is depleted
this abrupt stop is exploited in step recovery diodes for generation of extremely short pulses
අර්ධ සන්නායක 

Normal (p–n) diodes, which operate as described above, are usually made of doped silicon or, more rarely, germanium
Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used
Their low efficiency required a much higher forward voltage to be applied (typically 1.4 to 1.7 V per "cell", with multiple cells stacked so as to increase the peak inverse voltage rating for application in high voltage rectifiers), and required a large heat sink (often an extension of the diode's metal substrate), much larger than the later silicon diode of the same current ratings would require
The vast majority of all diodes are the p–n diodes found in CMOS integrated circuits, which include two diodes per pin and many other internal diodes
Avalanche diodes
 These are diodes that conduct in the reverse direction when the reverse bias voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage
These are electrically very similar to Zener diodes (and are often mistakenly called Zener diodes), but break down by a different mechanism
the avalanche effect
This occurs when the reverse electric field applied across the p–n junction causes a wave of ionization, reminiscent of an avalanche, leading to a large current
Avalanche diodes are designed to break down at a well-defined reverse voltage without being destroyed
The difference between the avalanche diode (which has a reverse breakdown above about 6.2 V) and the Zener is that the channel length of the former exceeds the mean free path of the electrons, resulting in many collisions between them on the way through the channel
The only practical difference between the two types is they have temperature coefficients of opposite polarities
Cat's whisker or crystal diodes
 These are a type of point-contact diode
The cat's whisker diode consists of a thin or sharpened metal wire pressed against a semiconducting crystal, typically galena or a piece of coal
The wire forms the anode and the crystal forms the cathode
Cat's whisker diodes were also called crystal diodes and found application in the earliest radios called crystal radio receivers
Cat's whisker diodes are generally obsolete, but may be available from a few manufacturers
Constant current diodes
 These are actually JFETs with the gate shorted to the source, and function like a two-terminal current-limiting analog to the voltage-limiting Zener diode
They allow a current through them to rise to a certain value, and then level off at a specific value
Also called CLDs, constant-current diodes, diode-connected transistors, or current-regulating diodes
Esaki or tunnel diodes
 These have a region of operation showing negative resistance caused by quantum tunneling, allowing amplification of signals and very simple bistable circuits
Because of the high carrier concentration, tunnel diodes are very fast, may be used at low (mK) temperatures, high magnetic fields, and in high radiation environments
Because of these properties, they are often used in spacecraft
Gunn diodes
 These are similar to tunnel diodes in that they are made of materials such as GaAs or InP that exhibit a region of negative differential resistance
With appropriate biasing, dipole domains form and travel across the diode, allowing high frequency microwave oscillators to be built
ආලෝක විමෝචක දියෝඩය (LEDs)
 In a diode formed from a direct band-gap semiconductor, such as gallium arsenide, charge carriers that cross the junction emit photons when they recombine with the majority carrier on the other side
Depending on the material, wavelengths (or colors) from the infrared to the near ultraviolet may be produced
The forward potential of these diodes depends on the wavelength of the emitted photons
2.1 V corresponds to red, 4.0 V to violet
The first LEDs were red and yellow, and higher-frequency diodes have been developed over time
All LEDs produce incoherent, narrow-spectrum light
"white" LEDs are actually combinations of three LEDs of a different color, or a blue LED with a yellow scintillator coating
LEDs can also be used as low-efficiency photodiodes in signal applications
An LED may be paired with a photodiode or phototransistor in the same package, to form an opto-isolator
ලේසර් දියෝඩ
 When an LED-like structure is contained in a resonant cavity formed by polishing the parallel end faces, a laser can be formed
Laser diodes are commonly used in optical storage devices and for high speed optical communication
තාප සංවේදී දියොඩ
 This term is used both for conventional p–n diodes used to monitor temperature because of their varying forward voltage with temperature, and for Peltier heat pumps for thermoelectric heating and cooling
Peltier heat pumps may be made from semiconductor, though they do not have any rectifying junctions, they use the differing behaviour of charge carriers in N and P type semiconductor to move heat
Perun's diodes
 This is a special type of voltage-surge protection diode
It is characterized by the symmetrical voltage-current characteristic, similar to DIAC
It has much faster response time however, that's why it is used in demanding applications
ප්‍රකාශ දියෝඩ
 All semiconductors are subject to optical charge carrier generation
This is typically an undesired effect, so most semiconductors are packaged in light blocking material
Photodiodes are intended to sense light(photodetector), so they are packaged in materials that allow light to pass, and are usually PIN (the kind of diode most sensitive to light)
A photodiode can be used in solar cells, in photometry, or in optical communications
Multiple photodiodes may be packaged in a single device, either as a linear array or as a two-dimensional array
These arrays should not be confused with charge-coupled devices
PIN diodes
 A PIN diode has a central un-doped, or intrinsic, layer, forming a p-type/intrinsic/n-type structure
They are used as radio frequency switches and attenuators
They are also used as large-volume, ionizing-radiation detectors and as photodetectors
PIN diodes are also used in power electronics, as their central layer can withstand high voltages
Furthermore, the PIN structure can be found in many power semiconductor devices, such as IGBTs, power MOSFETs, and thyristors
Schottky diodes
 Schottky diodes are constructed from a metal to semiconductor contact
They have a lower forward voltage drop than p–n junction diodes
Their forward voltage drop at forward currents of about 1 mA is in the range 0.15 V to 0.45 V, which makes them useful in voltage clamping applications and prevention of transistor saturation
They can also be used as low loss rectifiers, although their reverse leakage current is in general higher than that of other diodes
Schottky diodes are majority carrier devices and so do not suffer from minority carrier storage problems that slow down many other diodes—so they have a faster reverse recovery than p–n junction diodes
They also tend to have much lower junction capacitance than p–n diodes, which provides for high switching speeds and their use in high-speed circuitry and RF devices such as switched-mode power supply, mixers, and detectors
සුපිරි බාධක දියොඩ
 Super barrier diodes are rectifier diodes that incorporate the low forward voltage drop of the Schottky diode with the surge-handling capability and low reverse leakage current of a normal p–n junction diode
Gold-doped diodes
 As a dopant, gold (or platinum) acts as recombination centers, which helps a fast recombination of minority carriers
This allows the diode to operate at signal frequencies, at the expense of a higher forward voltage drop
Gold-doped diodes are faster than other p–n diodes (but not as fast as Schottky diodes)
They also have less reverse-current leakage than Schottky diodes (but not as good as other p–n diodes)
A typical example is the 1N914.
 Snap-off or Step recovery diodes
 The term step recovery relates to the form of the reverse recovery characteristic of these devices
After a forward current has been passing in an SRD and the current is interrupted or reversed, the reverse conduction will cease very abruptly (as in a step waveform)
SRDs can, therefore, provide very fast voltage transitions by the very sudden disappearance of the charge carriers
Stabistors or Forward Reference Diodes
 The term stabistor refers to a special type of diodes featuring extremely stable forward voltage characteristics
These devices are specially designed for low-voltage stabilization applications requiring a guaranteed voltage over a wide current range and highly stable over temperature
Transient voltage suppression diode (TVS)
 These are avalanche diodes designed specifically to protect other semiconductor devices from high-voltage transients
Their p–n junctions have a much larger cross-sectional area than those of a normal diode, allowing them to conduct large currents to ground without sustaining damage
Varicap or varactor diodes
 These are used as voltage-controlled capacitors
These are important in PLL (phase-locked loop) and FLL (frequency-locked loop) circuits, allowing tuning circuits, such as those in television receivers, to lock quickly on to the frequency
They also enabled tunable oscillators in early discrete tuning of radios, where a cheap and stable, but fixed-frequency, crystal oscillator provided the reference frequency for a voltage-controlled oscillator
සෙනර් දියෝඩ
 These can be made to conduct in reverse bias (backward), and are correctly termed reverse breakdown diodes
This effect, called Zener breakdown, occurs at a precisely defined voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a precision voltage reference
The term Zener diode is colloquially applied to several types of breakdown diodes, but strictly speaking Zener diodes have a breakdown voltage of below 5 volts, whilst avalanche diodes are used for breakdown voltages above that value
In practical voltage reference circuits, Zener and switching diodes are connected in series and opposite directions to balance the temperature coefficient response of the diodes to near-zero
Some devices labeled as high-voltage Zener diodes are actually avalanche diodes (see above)
Two (equivalent) Zeners in series and in reverse order, in the same package, constitute a transient absorber (or Transorb, a registered trademark)
Other uses for semiconductor diodes include the sensing of temperature, and computing analog logarithms (see Operational amplifier applications#Logarithmic output)
අංකනය හා කේතනය 
There are a number of common, standard and manufacturer-driven numbering and coding schemes for diodes
the two most common being the EIA/JEDEC standard and the European Pro Electron standard
EIA/JEDEC 
The standardized 1N-series numbering EIA370 system was introduced in the US by EIA/JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) about 1960. Most diodes have a 1-prefix designation (e
, 1N4003)
Among the most popular in this series were
1N34A/1N270 (germanium signal), 1N914/1N4148 (silicon signal), 1N400x (silicon 1A power rectifier), and 1N580x (silicon 3A power rectifier)
JIS 
The JIS semiconductor designation system has all semiconductor diode designations starting with "1S"
Pro Electron 
The European Pro Electron coding system for active components was introduced in 1966 and comprises two letters followed by the part code
The first letter represents the semiconductor material used for the component (A = germanium and B = silicon) and the second letter represents the general function of the part (for diodes, A = low-power/signal, B = variable capacitance, X = multiplier, Y = rectifier and Z = voltage reference)
AA-series germanium low-power/signal diodes (e
, AA119)
 BA-series silicon low-power/signal diodes (e
, BAT18 silicon RF switching diode)
 BY-series silicon rectifier diodes (e
, BY127 1250V, 1A rectifier diode)
 BZ-series silicon Zener diodes (e
, BZY88C4V7 4.7V Zener diode)
Other common numbering / coding systems (generally manufacturer-driven) include
GD-series germanium diodes (e
, GD9) this is a very old coding system
 OA-series germanium diodes (e
, OA47) a coding sequence developed by Mullard, a UK company
As well as these common codes, many manufacturers or organisations have their own systems too for example
HP diode 1901-0044 = JEDEC 1N4148
 UK military diode CV448 = Mullard type OA81 = GEC type GEX23

අශ්‍රිත උපාංගRelated devices 
 Rectifier
 Transistor
 Thyristor or silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
 TRIAC
 DIAC
 Varistor
In optics, an equivalent device for the diode but with laser light would be the Optical isolator, also known as an Optical Diode, that allows light to only pass in one direction
It uses a Faraday rotator as the main component
භාවිතයන්

විමූර්ජනය 

The first use for the diode was the demodulation of amplitude modulated (AM) radio broadcasts
The history of this discovery is treated in depth in the radio article
In summary, an AM signal consists of alternating positive and negative peaks of a radio carrier wave, whose amplitude or envelope is proportional to the original audio signal
The diode (originally a crystal diode) rectifies the AM radio frequency signal, leaving only the positive peaks of the carrier wave
The audio is then extracted from the rectified carrier wave using a simple filter and fed into an audio amplifier or transducer, which generates sound waves
ඍජුකරණය 

Rectifiers are constructed from diodes, where they are used to convert alternating current (AC) electricity into direct current (DC)
Automotive alternators are a common example, where the diode, which rectifies the AC into DC, provides better performance than the commutator or earlier, dynamo
Similarly, diodes are also used in Cockcroft–Walton voltage multipliers to convert AC into higher DC voltages
අධි විභව පාලනය 
Diodes are frequently used to conduct damaging high voltages away from sensitive electronic devices
They are usually reverse-biased (non-conducting) under normal circumstances
When the voltage rises above the normal range, the diodes become forward-biased (conducting)
For example, diodes are used in (stepper motor and H-bridge) motor controller and relay circuits to de-energize coils rapidly without the damaging voltage spikes that would otherwise occur
(A diode used in such an application is called a flyback diode)
Many integrated circuits also incorporate diodes on the connection pins to prevent external voltages from damaging their sensitive transistors
Specialized diodes are used to protect from over-voltages at higher power (see Diode types above)
තාර්කික ද්වාර 
Diodes can be combined with other components to construct AND and OR logic gates
This is referred to as diode logic
Ionizing radiation detectors 
In addition to light, mentioned above, semiconductor diodes are sensitive to more energetic radiation
In electronics, cosmic rays and other sources of ionizing radiation cause noise pulses and single and multiple bit errors
This effect is sometimes exploited by particle detectors to detect radiation
A single particle of radiation, with thousands or millions of electron volts of energy, generates many charge carrier pairs, as its energy is deposited in the semiconductor material
If the depletion layer is large enough to catch the whole shower or to stop a heavy particle, a fairly accurate measurement of the particle's energy can be made, simply by measuring the charge conducted and without the complexity of a magnetic spectrometer, etc
These semiconductor radiation detectors need efficient and uniform charge collection and low leakage current
They are often cooled by liquid nitrogen
For longer-range (about a centimetre) particles, they need a very large depletion depth and large area
For short-range particles, they need any contact or un-depleted semiconductor on at least one surface to be very thin
The back-bias voltages are near breakdown (around a thousand volts per centimetre)
Germanium and silicon are common materials
Some of these detectors sense position as well as energy
They have a finite life, especially when detecting heavy particles, because of radiation damage
Silicon and germanium are quite different in their ability to convert gamma rays to electron showers
Semiconductor detectors for high-energy particles are used in large numbers
Because of energy loss fluctuations, accurate measurement of the energy deposited is of less use
උෂ්ණත්වය මැනීම 
A diode can be used as a temperature measuring device, since the forward voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a silicon bandgap temperature sensor
From the Shockley ideal diode equation given above, it might appear that the voltage has a positive temperature coefficient (at a constant current), but usually the variation of the reverse saturation current term is more significant than the variation in the thermal voltage term
Most diodes therefore have a negative temperature coefficient, typically −2 mV/˚C for silicon diodes
The temperature coefficient is approximately constant for temperatures above about 20 kelvins
Some graphs are given for 1N400x series, and CY7 cryogenic temperature sensor
Current steering 
Diodes will prevent currents in unintended directions
To supply power to an electrical circuit during a power failure, the circuit can draw current from a battery
An uninterruptible power supply may use diodes in this way to ensure that current is only drawn from the battery when necessary
Likewise, small boats typically have two circuits each with their own battery/batteries
one used for engine starting
one used for domestics
Normally, both are charged from a single alternator, and a heavy-duty split-charge diode is used to prevent the higher-charge battery (typically the engine battery) from discharging through the lower-charge battery when the alternator is not running
Diodes are also used in electronic musical keyboards
To reduce the amount of wiring needed in electronic musical keyboards, these instruments often use keyboard matrix circuits
The keyboard controller scans the rows and columns to determine which note the player has pressed
The problem with matrix circuits is that, when several notes are pressed at once, the current can flow backwards through the circuit and trigger "phantom keys" that cause "ghost" notes to play
To avoid triggering unwanted notes, most keyboard matrix circuits have diodes soldered with the switch under each key of the musical keyboard
The same principle is also used for the switch matrix in solid-state pinball machines
Waveform Clipper 
Diodes can be used to limit the positive or negative excursion of a signal to a prescribed voltage
Clamper 

A diode clamp circuit can take a periodic alternating current signal that oscillates between positive and negative values, and vertically displace it such that either the positive, or the negative peaks occur at a prescribed level
The clamper does not restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the signal, it moves the whole signal up or down so as to place the peaks at the reference level
Abbreviations 
Diodes are usually referred to as D for diode on PCBs
Sometimes the abbreviation CR for crystal rectifier is used
මේවාත් බලන්න 
 Active rectification
 Diode modelling
 Junction diode
 Lambda diode
 p–n junction
 Small-signal model

යොමුව

බාහිර යොමු 
 Diodes and Rectifiers – Chapter on All About Circuits
 Structure and Functional Behavior of PIN Diodes  – PowerGuru
 Interactive and animations
 Interactive Explanation of Semiconductor Diode, University of Cambridge
 Schottky Diode Flash Tutorial Animation 
 Datasheets / Databooks
 Discrete Databook (Historical 1978), National Semiconductor (now Texas Instruments)
 Discrete Databook (Historical 1982), SGS (now STMicroelectronics)
 Discrete Databook (Historical 1985), Fairchild
උපසිරැසි යනු රූපවාහිනි තිරයේ පහළ කොටසෙහි තිරස් පතුලේ හෝ දිස්වන තිරය මත විදෙස් භාෂාවක සංවාදයක් දක්වන ලිඛිත පරිවර්තනයකි
ලිංගික සංසර්ගික ඉරියව් යනු පුද්ගලයන් දෙදෙනකු හෝ ඊට වැඩි පිරිසක් එක්වී ලිංගික සංසර්ගයේ යෙදෙනවිට පවත්වා ගන්නා ශාරීරික ඉරියව්ය
'''ලිංගික ඉරියව්ව'''ක් යනු පුද්ගලයෙකු හෝ යුවලක් සංසර්ගයේ හෝ වෙනත් ලිංගික ක්‍රියාකාරකම්හි හෝ යෙදෙන අතර නැතහොත් එය අරමුණු කර ගෙන හෝ තෝරා ගන්නා ඉරියව්වකි
ලිංගික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සඳහා ඊට සහභාගි වන්නන් තෝරා ගන්නා පිළිවෙළ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ලිංගික ඉරියව් ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පෙන්වා දෙයි
පුද්ගලයෙකුට අනෙකා ලිංගික උත්තේජනය කළ හැකි ආකාරයට හෝ ලිංගික  අවයව උත්තේජනය කළ හැකි පරිදි සංසර්ගය සිදුවන අතර එකී ඉරියව් අනීවාර්ය නොවේ
ලිංගික සංසර්ගික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කොටස් තුනකට වර්ගීකරණය කෙරේ
ඒවානම් ශිෂ්න-යෝනි සංසර්ගය,ගුද සංසර්ගය,මුඛ සංසර්ගය  වශයෙනි
මීට අමතරව ලිංගික පෙදෙස් ස්පර්ශ කිරීම් මගින් ද ලිංගික තෘප්තිය ලබයි
උදාහරණ ලෙස ස්වයං වින්දනය , දැක්විය හැක
ඉතිහාසය 
මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ යුරෝපයේ ලියැවුන ඇතැම් ග්‍රන්ත තුල ලිංගික ඉරියවු ගැන ලියැවී ඇත
සංස්කෘත බසින් ලියැවුන  ග්‍රන්තයක් වූ කාමසූත්‍ර ග්‍රන්තය තුලද ලිංගික ඉරියවු ගැන සදහන්වේ
ප්‍රමුඛ ලිංගික ඉරියව්

මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිදුකරන ඉරියව් 
ඉතා බහුලව භාවිතා වන ඉරියව්වක් ලෙස මිෂනරි ඉරියව්ව  දැක්විය හැක
මෙහිදී ලිංගික සහකරු හා සහකාරිය මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිටිති
ලිංගික සහකාරිය නිදාගෙන සිටින ඉරියව්වෙන් සිටින අතර ලිංගික සහකරු ඇගේ සිරුර මත සිටියී
තවත් ඉරියව්වක්ලෙස සමනල ඉරියව්ව දැක්විය හැකමෙහිදී පුරුෂයා සිටගන සිටින ඉරියවෙන් සිටියී
කාන්තාව යහනක හාන්සිවී ලිංගික පෙදෙස යහනේ කෙරවලට වන්නට සිටිනසේ හිද ඇගේ දෙපා පුරුෂයාගේ කරමත තබාගතයුතුය
එසේ නොමැතිනම් දෙපා ලිහිල්ව තබාගත හැක
ස්ත්‍රිය යහනක් මත උඩුබැලි අතට වැතිරී ඇගේ දණහිස් පුරුෂයාගේ හිස ආසන්නයට ඔසවා සිටින අතර පුරුෂයා යහන මත දණහිස තබාගෙන ඇය දෙසට නැඹුරුවී මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය ඇගේ දෙපා කන ආසන්නයට සිටිනසේ තබාගෙන සිටියදී පුරුෂයා ඇය දෙසට පාත්වී දෙඅත් යහනමත රුවාගෙන සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
එකිකොට පිටුපා කරන ඉරියව් 

මෙම ඉරියව් මගින් යොනි - ශිශ්න සංසර්ගය මෙන්ම ගුද ශිශ්න සංසර්ගයේද යෙදිය හැකිය
මෙම ඉරියව් සුනඛ ඉරියව්ව ලෙස නම්කර ඇත
ස්ත්‍රිය දෙඅත් හා දෙදණ බිමහොවා ගෙන සිටියදී පුරුෂයා ඇගේ පිටුපසින් සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
මෙම සුනඛ ඉරියව්වේ සිටින අයුරින්ම සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රියගේ දෙඅත් තවදුරටත් පහත් කරමින් උකුල් පෙදෙස එසවීම මගින් මෙම ඉරියච්වේ වැඩි වින්දනයක් ලබාගතහැකි බව පැවසේ
එකිනෙකාට පිටුපා කරන තවත් ඉරියව්වකි හැදි ඉරියව්ව.මෙහිදී දෙදෙනාම එකම දිශාවට හැරී වැතිරී සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදෙයි
එවන් ඉර්යව් කිහිපයක් පහත දැක්වේ
 ස්ත්‍රිය පැත්තකට හැරී වැතිර සිටිනවිට පුරුෂයා අගේ පිටුපසින් වැතිරී සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය මුනින් අතට හැරී මුහුණ පහළට සිටිනසේ වැතිර සිටියදී පුරුෂයා ඇගේ සිරුර උඩට නැග සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
මෙම ඉරියව්වේදී ස්ත්‍රියගේ උකුල දෙසට කොට්ටයක් තැබීමෙන් සංසර්ගයට වඩාත් පහසුවේ
ස්ත්‍රිය උඩ සිටින ඉරියව් 

මෙම ඉරියව්ව ඉතා වැදගත් ඉරියල්ව්වකි
මෙහිදී සංසර්ගයේදී ස්ත්‍රියගේ සක්‍රීය දායකත්වය ලැබේ
යොනි මෙන්ම ගුද සංසර්ගයද මෙම ඉරියව්වෙන් සිදුකලහැක
ස්ත්‍රිය පුරුෂයාගේ සිරුර උඩ සිටිමින් මුහුණට මුහුණලා දිගාවී පුරුෂයා නිශ්චලව සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රිය ක්‍රියාකාරීවෙමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය පුරුෂයාට පිටුපා පුරුෂයාගේ සිරුරමත වාඩිවී ශිශ්නය යොනි මාර්ගයට ඇතුළු කර පුරුෂයා නිසලව සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රිය ක්‍රියාකාරීව සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය පුරුෂයාට පිටුපා හිදගන සිටින අයුරින් නොව ආරුක්කු හැඩයට නැමී දෑත බිම ඔබාගෙන ඇගේ උකුල් පෙදෙස සොලවමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය පුරුෂයාගේ සිරුර මත ඇන තියාගෙන සිටින ඉරියව්වෙන් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
ස්ත්‍රිය පුරුෂයා මත දිගාවී ඇගේ දණහිස හා දෑත් බිමරුවාගෙන සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
පුරුෂයා මේසයක්මත යහනක් මත හෝ පුටුවක්මත දිගාවී උකුල පෙදෙස යහනේ කෙලවරට වෙන්නට තබාගෙන සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රිය ඔහු අසල සිටගෙන සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
වාඩිවී සිටන ඉරියව් 
මෙම වාඩිවී සිටින ඉරියව් වලින් ද යොනි මෙන්ම ගුද සංසර්ගයද කලහැකිය
පුරුෂයා යම් පසුබිමක වාඩිවී දෙපා දෙපසට විහිදුවා සටින අතර ස්ත්‍රිය ඔහුගේ උකුල මත වාඩිවී දෙපා පුරුෂයාගේ බඳ වටා දමාගෙන සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
මෙම ඉරියව්වේදී ක්‍රියාකාරී වන්නේ ස්ත්‍රියයි
පුරුෂයා පුටුවක වාඩිවී සිටින අතර ස්ත්‍රිය පාද බිමතබා මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිටගෙන සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
මෙම ඉරියව්වේද ක්‍රියාකාරී වන්නේ ස්ත්‍රියයි
පුරුෂයා පුටුවක වාඩිවී දෙඅත් ලිහිල්ව තබාගෙන සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රිය ද පුටුව මත ඔහුගේ උකුලේ වාඩිවී සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
පුරුෂයා දණ හිස් බිමතබා වාඩිවී සිටියදී ස්ත්‍රිය දෑත් පිටුපසට දමා දෑත් බිමහොවා පිටුපසට බරවී සිටිමින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම
මෙහිදී ක්‍රියාකාරී වන්නේ පුරුෂයාය
සිටගෙන 
සිටගෙන සිටින ඉරියව්වෙන්ද යොනි මෙන්ම ගුද සංසර්ගයද සිදුකල හැකිය
දෙදෙනාම සමාන උසකින් යුක්ත නම් මුහුණට මුහුණලා සිටගෙන ශිශ්න - යොනි සංසර්ගය පහසුවෙන් සිදුකල හැකිය
එහෙත් දෙදෙනා අසමාන උසකින් යුක්තනම් උසින් අඩු ලිංගික සහකරු/සහකාරියට උස් සපත්තු පැළදීම,බංකුවක් හෝ එවන් දෙයක් උඩට නැග සංසර්ගය සිදු කිරීමට සිදුවේ
ඇතැම් විට එක් අයකු බිත්තියක් වැනි ආධාරකයකට හේත්තුවී සංසර්ගය සිදුකළ හැකිය
එය වඩා ආරක්ෂිතය
 ලිංගික සහකරුවන් අතරින් එක් අයකු උසින් හා බරින් අඩුනම් අනෙක් පුද්ගලයා ශක්තිමත් නම් බරින් අඩු සහකරු/සහකාරිය වඩාගෙන සිටින අයුරින් සංසර්ගයේ යෙදිය හැක
ලිංගික සහකරුවන් එකිනෙකාට පිටුපා සිටින අයුරින් සිටගෙන ද සංසර්ගයේ යෙදිය හැක මෙය ගුද සංසර්ගයේදී යොදාගනී
සංසර්ගය පහසු වීමට සහකාරිය මදක් ඉදිරිපසට නැවී සිටිය හැකිය
ගුද ලිංගික ඉරියව් 

 ගුද සංසර්ගයේදී බොහෝවිට සුනඛ ඉරියව්ව යොදාගනී
විරුද්ධ ලිංගිකයන් අතර ඇතිවන ගුද සංසර්ගය එතරම් හානිදායක නොවුනත් පුරුෂයින් දෙදෙනකු අතර ඇතිවන ගුද සංසර්ගයක්නම් සංසර්ගයට භාජනයවන පුරුෂයාගේ පුරස්ථි ග්‍රන්ථියට හානිවීමේ අවදානම පවතී
ගුද සංසර්ගය වේගයෙන් කිරීම මගින් ගුදය තුවාලවීමට ඇති ඉඩකඩ වැඩිය
In the missionary positions, to achieve optimal alignment, the receiving partner's legs should be in the air with the knees drawn towards their chest
Some sort of support (such as a pillow) under the receiving partner's hips can also be useful
The penetrating partner positions themselves between the receiving partner's legs
The penetrating partner controls the thrusting rhythm
This position is often cited as good for beginners, because it allows them to relax more fully than is usual in the doggy style position
The spoons position allows the receiving partner to control initial penetration and the depth, speed and force of subsequent thrusting
The receiving partner on top positions allow the receiving partner more control over the depth, rhythm and speed of penetration
More specifically, the receiving partner can slowly push their anus down on the penetrating partner, allowing time for their muscles to relax
වෙනත් පොදු ඉරියව් 

These positions are more innovative, and perhaps not as widely known or practiced as the ones listed above
The receiving partner lies on their back with knees up and legs apart
The penetrating partner lies on their side perpendicular to the receiver, with the penetrating partner's hips under the arch formed by receiver's legs
This position is sometimes called the T-square
The receiving partner's legs are together turning to one side while looking up towards the penetrator, who has spread legs and is kneeling straight behind the other's hips
The penetrator's hands are on the other's hips
This position can be called the modified T-square
The Seventh Posture of Burton's translation of The Perfumed Garden is an unusual position not described in other classical sex manuals
The receiving partner lies on their side
The penetrating partner faces the receiver, straddling the receiver's lower leg, and lifts the receiver's upper leg on either side of the body onto the crook of penetrating partner's elbow or onto the shoulder
While some references describe this position as being "for acrobats and not to be taken seriously", others have found it very comfortable, especially during pregnancy
The piledriver is a difficult position sometimes seen in porn videos
It is described in many ways by different sources
In a heterosexual context, the woman lies on her back, then raises her hips as high as possible, so that her partner, standing, can enter her vaginally or anally
The position places considerable strain on the woman's neck, so firm cushions should be used to support her
The receiver lies face down legs spread on the edge of the bed and parallel to the floor, while the penetrator stands behind, holding both legs
The rusty bike pump is similar to a piledriver where penetration is achieved from above at a downward angle with the receiving partner bottom side up
වෙනත් 
 The receiving partner is on the bottom
The penetrating partner lies on top perpendicularly to them
The penetrating partner lies on their back, legs spread
The receiving partner is on their back on top of the penetrator, legs spread, facing the opposite direction
The penetrator and the receiver lie on their backs, heads pointed away from one another
Each places one leg on the other's shoulder (as a brace) and the other leg out somewhat to the side
The receiving partner lies on their back with the penetrating partner lying perpendicular
The receiving partner bends the knee closest to the penetrating partner's head enough so that there is room for the penetrating partner's waist to fit beneath it, while the penetrating partner's legs straddle the receiving partner's other leg
The in-and-out thrusting action will move more along a side-to-side rather than top-to-bottom axis
This is sometimes called the scissors position
This position allows for breast stimulation during sex, for partners to maintain eye contact if they wish, and for a good view of both partners as they reach orgasm
The penetrating partner sits on edge of a bed or chair with feet spread wide on floor
The receiving partner lies on their back on the floor and drapes their legs and thighs over the legs of the penetrating partner
The penetrating partner holds the knees of the receiving partner and controls thrusts
ගෘහ භාණ්ඩ සහ වස්ත්‍ර 
බොහෝවිට ලිංගික ක්‍රියාවන් සදහා ඇඳක් හෝ එවන් වෙදිකාවක් යොදාගනී
ලිංගික සංසර්ගයට ඔවුන් තෝරා ගන්නා වේදිකාව ඉතා වැදගත්ය
එමගින් ලිංගික ක්‍රියාව පහසුවෙන් සිදුකරගෙ යාහැක
විශේෂයෙන් ලිංගික ඉරියවි පවත්වා ගැනීමේදීත තොරා ගන්නා වේදිකාව විශේෂ තැනක් ගනී
මේ සදහා නිවසේ ගෘහ භාණ්ඩ යොදාගනී
ලිංගික ක්‍රියාව පහසු කිරීම සදහාම විවිධ ඉරියවු පවත්වාගතහැකි උපතරණ පවතී
ලිංගික ඉරියව් පිළිබද අදහස් 
Pregnancy is a potential result of any form of sexual activity where sperm comes in contact with the vagina
this is typically during vaginal sex, but pregnancy can result from anal sex, digital sex (fingering), oral sex, or by another body part, if sperm is transferred from one area to the vagina between a fertile female and a fertile male
Men and women are typically fertile during puberty
Though certain sexual positions are believed to produce more favorable results than others, none of these are effective means of contraception
ගැබිනි සමයේ මෛථුන්‍ය 
The goal is to prevent excessive pressure on the belly and to restrict penetration as required by the particular partners
Some of the positions below are popular positions for sex during pregnancy
takes the pressure off of the woman's abdomen and allows her to control the depth and frequency of thrusting
Woman on back
like the missionary, but with less pressure on abdomen or uterus
The woman lies on her back and raises her knees up towards her chest
The partner kneels between her legs and enters from the front
A pillow is placed under her bottom for added comfort
also keeps pressure off of her abdomen while supporting her uterus at the same time
Spooning
very popular positions to use during the late stages of pregnancy
allowing only shallow penetration and relieves the pressure on the stomach
she mounts the sitting partner, relieving her stomach of pressure
allowing her to support stomach and breasts
විශේෂිත නොවූ ඉරියව්

මුඛ සංසර්ගික ඉරියව් 
Oral sex is the term given to genital stimulation by the mouth
It may be penetrative or non-penetrative, and may take place before, during, as, or following intercourse
It may also be performed simultaneously (for example, when one partner performs cunnilingus, while the other partner performs fellatio), or only one partner may perform upon the other
this creates a multitude of variations
ෆෙලැටියෝ ඉරියව්ව 
මෙම ක්‍රමයේදී ශිශ්නය හා මුඛය යොදාගෙන ලිංගික තෘප්තිය ලබයි
හිඳගෙන
 The receiver lies on his back while the partner kneels between his legs
The receiver lies on his back while the partner lies off to the side of their legs
The receiver sits in a chair the partner kneels in front of them between their legs
Standing
 The receiver stands while the partner either kneels in front of them or sits (in a chair or on the edge of a bed, etc
) and bends forward
The receiver stands while the partner, also standing, bends forward at the waist
The receiver stands or crouches at the edge of the bed, facing the bed
The active partner lies on the bed with their head hanging over the edge of the bed backward
The receiver inserts their penis into the partner's mouth, usually to achieve deep throat penetration
Lying
 While the active partner lies on their back, the receiver assumes the missionary position but adjusted forward
The active partner (with breasts) lies on their back, and the receiver inserts their penis between the breasts, and into the mouth
Cunnilingus 
Cunnilingus is oral sex performed on the vulva and vagina
Possible positions include
The receiver lies on her back as in the missionary position
The active partner lies on their front between their legs
The active partner sits
The receiver stands facing away and bends at the hips
The receiver stands or squats facing towards partner and may arch her back, to create further stimulation
The active partner lies on their back while the receiver kneels with their legs at their sides and their genitals on their mouth
In other words, the receiver sits on the face of her partner
The receiver rests on all fours as in the doggy style position
The partner lies on their back with his head under their genitalia
Their feet may commonly extend off the bed and rest on the floor
The receiver services their own genitals
Although rarer, some people still find this possible
see autofellatio
The receiver stands, possibly bracing themself against a wall
The active partner kneels in front of them
The receiver sits on the bed with her their open, the active partner kneels in front of them
The receiver is upside-down (standing on hands, held by partner, or using support, such as bondage or furniture), with the active partner standing or kneeling (depending on elevation) in front or behind
Such a position may be difficult to achieve, or maintain for extended time periods, but the rush of blood to the brain can alter stimulation's effect
The receiver stands on hands, resting each leg on either side of the active partner's head, with the active partner standing or kneeling facing them
Depending on which way up the receiver is facing, different stimulation and levels of comfort may be available
Sixty-nine 

Simultaneous oral sex between two people is called 69. Partners may be female or male
They can lie side-by-side, lie one on top of the other, or stand with one partner holding the other upside down
Anilingus 

Positions for anilingus, also known as butt licking, rimming, anal-oral sex, rimjob, or tossing the salad, are often variants on those for genital-oral sex
Anilingus can be performed in a number of sex positions including
The passive partner is on all fours in the doggy position with the active partner behind
The passive partner is on their back in the missionary position with their legs up
The passive partner on top in the 69 position
The rusty trombone, in which a male stands while the active partner performs both anilingus from behind, generally from a kneeling position, and also performs masturbation on the standing partner, thus somewhat resembling someone playing the trombone
වෙනත් 
 Fingering of the vulva, vagina or anus
simultaneous fingering of the vagina and anus using one hand
The index and middle finger are inserted in the vagina, and the pinky in the anus
A number of variations are possible by using different combinations of fingers in each orifice
This act figures prominently in the Story of O
shortly after O's arrival at the Chateau, a man grabs her in this way
O is shocked, but she learns to accept this and ruder intrusions
Sometimes colloquially referred to as "Two in the pink, one in the stink
"
 Fisting
inserting the entire hand into the vagina or anus
This usually requires large amounts of lubricant and relaxation
The hand is usually not actually made into a fist, but instead the thumb is placed between the middle and ring fingers