Minuri/sinhala-corpus-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
සංරක්ෂණය, කතුවරයා ලියා ඇති පරිදි, "ජපාන රජය ජපන් ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය", සහ "ජපන් කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය වෙනිසියුලාවෙන් සැලකිය යුතු ජල හයසින්ත් ප්‍රමාණයක් ආනයනය කරන ලද අතර ඒවා සිහිවටන ලෙස ලබා දෙන ලදී"
[c] [35] මෙම ප්‍රකාශය පසුකාලීන ලේඛකයන් විසින් පුනරුච්චාරණය කර ඇත, විස්තරවල විවිධ මාරුවීම් ඇත
Noel D
Vietmeyer (1975) ලියා ඇත්තේ "ජපන් ව්‍යවසායකයින්" මෙම ශාකය එක්සත් ජනපදයට හඳුන්වා දුන් බවත්, ශාක "වෙනිසියුලාවේ ඔරිනොකෝ ගඟෙන්" එකතු කර ඇති බවත්, [36] එම ප්‍රකාශය යුගලයක් විසින් එම සාරාංශය ඔස්සේ ප්‍රතිරාවය කරන ලදී
ක නාසා පර්යේෂකයන් ( Wolverton සහ මැක්ඩොනල්ඩ් 1979 වන සමරු ශාක නොසැලකිලිමත්ව විවිධ ජල මාර්ග දමා ඇති බව අවධාරණය කරයි සිටි),
[39] කැනේඩියානු ජීව විද්‍යාඥ ස්පෙන්සර් සීඑච් බැරට් (2004) මේ අතර ඔවුන් ප්‍රථමයෙන් උද්‍යාන පොකුණු වල වගා කරන ලද න්‍යායට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ අතර පසුව ඒවා වැඩි වී අවට ප්‍රදේශවලට පලා ගියේය
[40] ළමා කතා කතන්දර කැරොල් මාෂ් විසින් පවසන ලද පරිදි ගිණුම වෙනස් විස්තරයක් ලබා ගනී(1992), ප්‍රදර්ශනය අතරතුර "ජපානය දිය හයසින්ත් බීජ ලබා දුන්නේය" යනුවෙන් පවසන අතර, [41] සහ තවත් දක්ෂිණ රචකයෙකු වන Gaspar J
"Buddy" Stall (1998) ජපන් ජාතිකයින් එම බීජවල පැකේජයක් සෑම පවුලකටම ලබා දුන් බව ඔහුගේ පාඨකයන්ට සහතික විය
[42]

(වෙනත් හඳුන්වාදීමේ ක්‍රම)
ආක්‍රමණික ශාක ව්‍යාප්තියේදී බීජ හා පැලෑටි අලෙවි කිරීම කෙබඳු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළ යුතුද යන්න පිළිබඳව එක් පත්‍රිකාවක් විමසා තිබේ
එය බව සොයා ගෙන ඇති පී crassipes ඉදිරිපත් කෙරිණි 1884 කලාපයේ නිව් ජර්සි, ෙබෝර්ඩන්ටවුන් එඩ්මන්ඩ් ඩී Sturtevant ගේ පරිච්ඡේදය දුර්ලභ දිය මානෙල් හා අනෙකුත් තෝරා ජලජ ශාක නාමාවලි , [43] සහ Haage සහ ෂ්මිට්  [ ද ] ජර්මනියේ ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත 1864 සිට බලාගාරය (සමාගම ආරම්භ කළ දා සිට)
[43] 1895 වන විට, එය NJ, NY, California සහ Florida ප්‍රාන්තවල බීජ පිරිපහදු කරන්නන් විසින් පිරිනමන ලදී
[44] [d]

මෙම හාර්පර්ගේ සතිපතා නිව් ඔර්ලියන්ස් සිට එක්තරා මිනිසෙක් ඔහු කොලොම්බියාව, ඇ සිට එකතු ගෙදර වතුර hyacinths එකතු සහ ගෙනා බව පවසමින් සඟරාව (1895) යනු පෞරාණික ගිණුමක් මුද්රණය කර ඇත
1892, සහ බලාගාරය වසර 2 කින් වැඩි විය
[46]

අග්නිදිග ආසාදනය හා පාලනය	සංස්කරණය කරන්න
හයසින්ත් පැදුරු බවට ප්‍රජනනය වන විට ඔවුන් මත්ස්‍යයින් සිටීම ඉවත් කරන අතර බෝට්ටු සහ නැව් ගත කිරීම සඳහා ජල මාර්ග හිර කරයි
[47] මෙම බලපෑම 20 වැනි සියවස ආරම්භය වන විට ලුසියානා ප්‍රාන්තයේ හොඳින් ග්‍රහණය විය
[32]

මෙම බලාගාරය 1890 දී [48] ෆ්ලොරිඩා ආක්‍රමණය කළ අතර ඇස්තමේන්තු ගත පරිදි කිලෝග්‍රෑම් 50/කි 2 ක් ස්කන්ධයෙන් ෆ්ලෝරිඩාවේ ජල මාර්ග අවහිර විය
[49] ශාන්ත ජෝන්ස් ගඟ අවහිර වීම බරපතල තර්ජනයක් විය, 1897 දී රජය විසින් ෆ්ලොරිඩා සහ ලුසියානා වැනි ගල්ෆ් රාජ්‍යයන් පීඩාවට පත් කරන ජල හයසින්ත් ගැටලුව විසඳීම සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදා ඉංජිනේරු බලකායේ කාර්ය සාධක බලකායක් යවන ලදී
[e] [51] [50]

මේ අනුව මුල් 20 වන සියවසේ දී, එක්සත් ජනපද යුද්ධය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව (එනම්, ඉංජිනේරු හමුදාවේ ඉංජිනේරු බලකායේ) එම ගුවන් යානා-streaming වාෂ්ප හා උණුසුම් ජලය, විවිධ වන ඉල්ලුම් ඇතුළුව, ශාක තුරන් විවිධ උපක්රම අත්හදා ශක්තිමත් අම්ල , හා අයදුම් ඛනිජ තෙල් අනුගමනය පුළුස්සා දැමීමෙන්
[F] ඉසීම සංතෘප්ත ලුණු විසඳුමක් (නමුත් තනුක විසඳුම් නොවේ) ඵලදායී ලෙස ශාක මරුට අවාසනාවන්ත ලෙස මෙය මිල අධික ලෙස සැලකූ අතර, ඉංජිනේරුවන් විසින් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා ප්‍රශස්ත පිරිවැය ඵලදායී මෙවලමක් ලෙස ආසනික් අම්ලය වූ හර්වෙස්ටා සන්නාම වල් නාශකය තෝරා ගත්හ
[52] [53]මෙම වල් නාශකය 1905 වන තෙක් භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර එය වෙනස්, සුදු ආසනික් පදනම් වූ සංයෝගයක් සමඟ ආදේශ කරන ලදී
[53] ඉසීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් චෝදනා ලැබූ ඉංජිනේරුවෙකු වස විෂ වීම ගැන නොසිතුවේ, ඉසින බෝට්ටුවේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය තම වැඩ කරන ප්‍රදේශවලින් නිතිපතා මසුන් අල්ලාගෙන ඒවා පරිභෝජනය කරන බවයි. [54] කෙසේ වෙතත්, පලා ගිය ජනපදවල විශාලත්වය සහ සමහර ආසාදිත ප්‍රදේශවලට ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වීම හේතුවෙන් ජල හයසින්ත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම තුරන් කිරීමට ඉසීමට බලාපොරොත්තු නොවූ අතර, ඉංජිනේරුවරයා යෝජනා කළේ යම් ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක පාලන ක්‍රම අවශ්‍ය විය හැකි බවයි. [55]

1910 දී නිව් ෆුඩ්ස් සමිතිය විසින් නිර්භීත විසඳුමක් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී
ඔවුන්ගේ සැලසුම වූයේ අප්‍රිකාවෙන් හිපපොටේමස් ගෙන්වා ලුසියානා බොක්ක වෙත ආනයනය කර මුදා හැරීමයි
හිපපොටේමස් පසුව වතුර හයසින්ත් අනුභව කරන අතර එවකට තිබූ තවත් බරපතල ගැටලුවක් වූ ඇමරිකානු මස් අර්බුදය විසඳීම සඳහා මස් නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය
[32]

ඇමරිකානු හිපෝ පනත ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එච්ආර් 23621 ලුසියානා කොංග්‍රස් සභික රොබර්ට් බ්‍රෝසාර්ඩ් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර එක්සත් ජනපද නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික කමිටුව විසින් විවාදයට ගන්නා ලදී
නිව් ෆුඩ්ස් සමිතියේ ප්‍රධාන සහයෝගිතාකරුවන් සහ බ්‍රෝසාර්ඩ්ගේ පනත් කෙටුම්පතට පක්ෂපාතී වූයේ ඇමරිකානු ප්‍රකට බාලදක්ෂ මේජර් ෆ්‍රෙඩ්රික් රසල් බර්න්හැම් සහ කැප්ටන් ෆ්‍රිට්ස් ඩුකේස්නේ ය
, පසුව ජර්මනියේ කුප්‍රකට ඔත්තුකරුවෙකු බවට පත් වූ දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු බාලදක්ෂයෙකි
කෘෂිකාර්මික කමිටුව ඉදිරියේ ඉදිරිපත් කරමින්, බර්න්හැම්, ඇමරිකානුවන් ආහාරයට ගත් කුකුළන්, ඌරන්, එළදෙනුන්, බැටළුවන්, බැටළු පැටවුන් කිසිවක් එක්සත් ජනපදයට ආවේණික නොවන බව පෙන්වා දුන්නේය
සියල්ල සියවස් ගණනාවකට පෙර යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් ආනයනය කර ඇත, එබැවින් හිපපොටේමස් සහ අනෙකුත් විශාල සතුන් ඇමරිකානු ආහාර වේලට හඳුන්වා දීමට ඇමරිකානුවන් පසුබට විය යුත්තේ ඇයි
දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ඉපදී හැදී වැඩුණු Duquesne තවදුරටත් සඳහන් කළේ එම මහාද්වීපයේ යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන්ට හිපපොටේමස්, පැස්බරා, ඇන්ටිලෝප් සහ අනෙකුත් අප්‍රිකානු වන සතුන් ඔවුන්ගේ ආහාර වේලට ඇතුළත් කර ඇති අතර කිසිදු අහිතකර ප්‍රතිවිපාක අත්විඳ නැති බවයි. ඇමරිකානු හිපෝ පනත බොහෝ දුරට සම්මත වූ නමුත් එක් ඡන්දයක් අඩු විය
[32]

උත්ප්රාසාත්මකව, ජලය hyacinths ද වාසය කරන ජලය බවට හඳුන්වා දී ඇති විශේෂවලට චීටාවන් ෆ්ලොරිඩා, අරමුණ සඳහා bioremediation (cf
Phytoremediation පහත දක්වා ඇති) කිරීමට දූෂිත හා වැටී ගොදුරක් බවට පත්ව ඇති ජලය ඇල්ගී වීමයි
[56] මැන්ටේටීස් සතුන්ගේ ආහාරයට හයසින්ත් ඇතුළත් වේ, [56] නමුත් එය ඔවුන් සඳහා පළමු තේරීමේ ආහාරය නොවිය හැකිය
[57]

එක්සත් ජනපදයේ විකිණීම සහ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ නීත්‍යානුකූලභාවය	සංස්කරණය කරන්න
In 1956 E
crassipes was banned for sale or shipment in the United States, subject to a fine and/or imprisonment
[58] This law was repealed by HR133 [59][60][116th Congress (2019-2020)] on 12/27/2020.

Africa	Edit
See also
Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria
 
Water hyacinth at Kisumu Port
The water hyacinth may have been introduced into Egypt in the late 18th to early 19th century during Muhammad Ali of Egypt's era, but was not recognized as an invasive threat until 1879.[61][62] The invasion into Egypt is dated between 1879 and 1892 by Brij Gopal
[63] Gopal
Davis (2000) , Biodiversity in Wetlands 2p
109.</ref>

The plant (Afrikaans
waterhiasint[64]) arguably invaded South Africa in 1910,[66][67][68] although earlier dates have been claimed
[71][g]

The plant was introduced by Belgian colonists to Rwanda to beautify their holdings
It then advanced by natural means to Lake Victoria where it was first sighted in 1988.[73] There, without any natural enemies, it has become an ecological plague, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish reservoir, and hurting the local economies
It impedes access to Kisumu and other harbors
The water hyacinth has also appeared in Ethiopia, where it was first reported in 1965 at the Koka Reservoir and in the Awash River, where the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority has managed to bring it under moderate control at considerable cost of human labor
Other infestations in Ethiopia include many bodies of water in the Gambela Region, the Blue Nile from Lake Tana into Sudan, and Lake Ellen near Alem Tena
[74] By 2018, it has become a serious problem on Lake Tana in Ethiopia
The water hyacinth is also present on the Shire River in the Liwonde National Park in Malawi
Asia	Edit
 
Haldia Municipality Pool, a public water reservoir is being choked by growing water hyacinth population as in December 2019.
Water hyacinth was introduced to North America in 1884 and later to Asia, Africa, and Australia
Since there are no natural enemies in the new location, it can multiply quickly and cause disaster
The water hyacinth was introduced to Bengal, India because of its beautiful flowers and shapes of leaves, but turned out to be an invasive weed draining oxygen from the water bodies and resulted in devastation of fish stock
[75] The water hyacinth was referred to as the "(Beautiful) Blue Devil" in Bengal, and "Bengal Terror" elsewhere in India
it was called "German weed" (Bengali
Germani pana) in Bangladesh out of belief the German Kaiser submarine mission[76] was involved in introducing them at the outbreak of World War I
and called "Japanese trouble" in Sri Lanka, due to the rumor that the British had planted them in order to entice Japanese aircraft to land on the insecure pads
[77][78]

In Bangladesh, projects have begun to utilize water hyacinth for the construction of floating vegetable gardens
[79]

Water hyacinth has also invaded the Tonl Sap lake in Cambodia
An Osmose project in Cambodia is trying to fight it by having local people make baskets from it
The plant entered Japan in 1884 for horticultural appreciation, according to conventional wisdom,[80][81] but a researcher devoted to the study of the plant has discovered that ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kunisada (aka Utagawa Toyokuni III, d
1865) produced a wood-block print featuring the water hyacinth, goldfish, and beautiful women, dated to 1855.[82] The plant is floated on the water surface of filled (glassware) fishbowls,[83] or glazed earthenware waterlily pots (hibachi pots serving as substitute)
[84]

In the 1930s, water hyacinth was introduced into China as a feed, ornamental plant and sewage control plant, and it was widely planted in the south as an animal feed
Beginning in the 1980s, with the rapid development of China's inland industry, the eutrophication of inland waters has intensified
With the help of its efficient asexual reproduction and environmental adaptation mechanisms, water hyacinth has begun to spread widely in the river basin
The hyacinths blocked the river and hindered the internal water traffic
For example, many waterways in Zhejiang and other provinces were blocked by the rapidly growing water hyacinth
In addition, a large number of water hyacinths floating in the water will block sunlight from entering the water, and its decay consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen in the water, pollutes the water quality, and can kill other aquatic plants
The outbreak of water hyacinth has seriously affected the biodiversity of the local ecosystem and threatened the production, life and health of community residents
In Iraq, water hyacinth which was imported in the 1990s as a decorative plant, caused major problems for water supply systems and fishermen at the Euphrates
Europe	Edit
In 2016, the European Union banned any sales of the water hyacinth in the EU
[85] The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern
[86] This means that not only the sales but also importation, cultivation, or intentional release into the environment are forbidden in the whole of the European Union
[87]

Invasive species	Edit
Water hyacinth breeds quickly, is easy to float and spread, and can quickly cover the water body, resulting in poor water transparency
Therefore, in natural waters, water hyacinth competes with other aquatic (floating and submerged) plants and algae for mineral nutrition, sunlight, etc
resources, thereby inhibiting the growth of other aquatic and algal organisms
In 2011, Wu Fuqin et al
[88] tracked the results of Yunnan Dianchi Lake and also showed that water hyacinth could affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, submerged plants and algae by water environment quality and inhibit its growth
In addition, the outbreak of water hyacinth and its decay stage will consume a large amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body at the same time, and the space for reproduction of underwater animals such as fish will be reduced, and even a large number of fish will die
It is similar to changing the original food chain in the water body, thereby reducing the stability of the ecosystem in this water area
[citation needed]

The massive growth of water hyacinth often covers the water body where it is located, blocking river channels and waterways, and impeding water transportation
According to reports, a large area of water hyacinth has appeared in the lower reaches of the Han River in Wuhan for 20 consecutive days, posing a direct threat to the safe navigation of ships in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River
On the waters of the Yaojiang, Fenghua, and Minjiang rivers in Ningbo, Zhejiang, ships were also unable to sail because of the masses of vegetation
[89] Secondly, water hyacinth can absorb a large amount of harmful heavy metals and other substances
After death, it will rot and sink to the bottom of the water, causing secondary pollution to the water body, destroying the natural water quality, and may even affect the quality of residents' drinking water in severe cases
Third, due to the dense growth of water hyacinth, it brings great difficulties to fishermen and often destroys fishing gear, resulting in a large increase in fishing costs
[90] The surface of the water body where water hyacinth grows heavily is often a breeding place for mosquitoes and harmful pathogens, posing a potential threat to the health of local residents
[91]

The invasion of water hyacinth also has socioeconomic consequences
Since water hyacinth is comprised up of 95% water, the evapotranspiration rate is high
[92] As such, small lakes that have been covered with the species can dry out and leave communities without adequate water or food supply
In some areas, dense mats of water hyacinth prevents the use of a waterway, leading to the loss of transportation (both human and cargo) as well as a loss of fishing possibilities
[93] Large sums of money are allocated to the removal of water hyacinth from the water bodies as well as figuring out how to destroy the remains harvested
[94] Harvesting water hyacinth mechanically requires a lot of effort
A million tons of fresh biomass would require 75 trucks with a capacity of 40m^3, per day, for 365 days to get rid of a million tons of water hyacinth
[95] The water hyacinth would then be transferred to a dumping site and allowed to decompose which releases CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxides which would all negatively impact the air quality and contribute to global warming
[96]

Control	Edit
Control depends on the specific conditions of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth infestation, regional climate, and proximity to human and wildlife
[97]

Chemical control	Edit
Chemical control is the least used out of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term effects on the environment and human health
The use of herbicides requires strict approval from governmental protection agencies of skilled technician to handle and spray the affected areas
The use of chemical herbicides is only used in case of severe infiltration of water hyacinth
[98] However, the most successful use of herbicides is when it is used for smaller areas of infestation of water hyacinth
This is because in larger areas, more mats of water hyacinths are likely to survive the herbicides and can fragment to further propagate a large area of water hyacinth mats
In addition, it is more cost-effective and less laborious than mechanical control
Yet, it can lead to environmental effects as it can penetrate into the ground water system and can affect not only the hydrological cycle within an ecosystem but also negatively affect the local water system and human health
It is also notable that the use of herbicides is not strictly selective of water hyacinths
keystone species and vital organisms such as microalgae can perish from the toxins and can disrupt fragile food webs
[97]

The chemical regulation of water hyacinths can be done using common herbicides such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, and diquat
The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves and leads to direct changes to the physiology of the plant
[99] The use of the herbicide known as 2,4-D leads to the death of water hyacinth through inhibition of cell growth of new tissue and cellular apoptosis
[100] It can take almost a two-week period before mats of water hyacinth are destroyed with 2, 4-D
Between 75,000 and 150,000 acres (30,000 and 61,000 ha) of water hyacinth and alligator weed are treated annually in Louisiana
[101]

The herbicide known as diquat is a liquid bromide salt that can rapidly penetrate the leaves of the water hyacinth and lead to immediate inactivity of plant cells and cellular processes
For the herbicide glyphosate, it has a lower toxicity than the other herbicides
therefore, it takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be destroyed (about three weeks)
The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant decay
[98]

Physical control	Edit
Physical control is performed by land-based machines such as bucket cranes, draglines, or boom or by water based machinery such as aquatic weed harvesters,[102] dredges, or vegetation shredder
[103] Mechanical removal is seen as the best short-term solution to the proliferation of the plant
A project on Lake Victoria in Africa used various pieces of equipment to chop, collect, and dispose of 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of water hyacinth in a 12-month period
It is, however, costly and requires the use of both land and water vehicles, but it took many years for the lake to become in poor condition and reclamation will be a continual process
[citation needed]

It can have an annual cost from $6 million to $20 million and is only considered a short-term solution to a long-term problem
Another disadvantage with mechanical harvesting is that it can lead to further fragmentation of water hyacinths when the plants are broken up by spinning cutters of the plant-harvesting machinery
The fragments of water hyacinth that are left behind in the water can easily reproduce asexually and cause another infestation
[99]

However, transportation and disposal of the harvested water hyacinth is a challenge because the vegetation is heavy in weight
The harvested water hyacinth can pose a health risk to humans because of the plant's propensity for absorbing contaminants, and it is considered toxic to humans
Furthermore, the practice of mechanical harvesting is not effective in large-scale infestations of the water hyacinth, because this aquatic invasive species grows much more rapidly than it can be eliminated
Only one to two acres (1⁄2 to 1 ha) of water hyacinth can be mechanically harvested daily because of the vast amounts of water hyacinths in the environment
Therefore, the process is very time-intensive
[104]

 
In 2010 the insect Megamelus scutellaris was released by the Agricultural Research Service as a biological control for water hyacinth
[105]
Biological control	Edit
As chemical and mechanical removal is often too expensive, polluting, and ineffective, researchers have turned to biological control agents to deal with water hyacinth
The effort began in the 1970s when USDA researchers released into the United States three species of weevil known to feed on water hyacinth, Neochetina bruchi, N
eichhorniae, and the water hyacinth borer Sameodes albiguttalis
The weevil species were introduced into the Gulf Coast states, such as Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, where thousands of acres were infested by water hyacinth
It was found that a decade later in the 1980s that there was a decrease in water hyacinth mats by as much as 33%
However, because the life cycle of the weevils is ninety days, it puts a limitation on the use of biological predation to efficiently suppress water hyacinth growth
[101] These organisms regulate water hyacinth by limiting water hyacinth size, its vegetative propagation, and seed production
They also carry microorganisms that can be pathological to the water hyacinth
These weevils eat stem tissue, which results in a loss of buoyancy for the plant, which will eventually sink
[99] Although meeting with limited success, the weevils have since been released in more than 20 other countries
[citation needed] However, the most effective control method remains the control of excessive nutrients and prevention of the spread of this species
[citation needed]

In May 2010, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service released Megamelus scutellaris as an additional biological control insect for the invasive water hyacinth species
Megamelus scutellaris is a small planthopper insect native to Argentina
Researchers have been studying the effects of the biological control agent in extensive host-range studies since 2006 and concluded that the insect is highly host-specific and will not pose a threat to any other plant population other than the targeted water hyacinth
Researchers also hope that this biological control will be more resilient than existing biological controls and the herbicides that are already in place to combat the invasive water hyacinth
[105]

Another insect being considered as a biological control agent is the semi-aquatic grasshopper Cornops aquaticum
This insect is specific to the water hyacinth and its family, and besides feeding on the plant, it introduces a secondary pathogenic infestation
This grasshopper has been introduced into South Africa in controlled trials
[30]

The introduction of manatees into waterways was reportedly successful in controlling the plant's growth in Guyana
[57]

The Rhodes University Center for Biological Control is rearing Megamelus scutellaris en masse for biocontrol at dams in South Africa
[106][107]

Uses	Edit
Bioenergy	Edit
Because of its extremely high rate of development, Pontederia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass
One hectare (2.5 acres) of standing crop thus produces more than 70,000 m3/ha (1,000,000 cu ft/acre) of biogas (70% CH
4, 30% CO
2)
[108] According to Curtis and Duke, one kg (2.2 lb) of dry matter can yield 370 litres (13 cu ft) of biogas, giving a heating value of 22,000 kJ/m3 (590 Btu/cu ft) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3)[109]

Wolverton and McDonald report approximately 0.2 m3/kg (3 cu ft/lb) methane,[h] indicating biomass requirements of 350 t/ha (160 short ton/acre) to attain the 70,000 m3/ha (1,000,000 cu ft/acre) yield projected by the National Academy of Sciences (Washington)
[111] Ueki and Kobayashi mention more than 200 t/ha (90 short ton/acre) per year
[112] Reddy and Tucker found an experimental maximum of more than 1⁄2 tonne per hectare (1⁄4 short ton/acre) per day
[113]

Bengali farmers collect and pile up these plants to dry at the onset of the cold season
they then use the dry water hyacinths as fuel
The ashes are used as fertilizer
In India, one tonne (1.1 short tons) of dried water hyacinth yields about 50 liters ethanol and 200 kg residual fiber (7,700 Btu)
Bacterial fermentation of one tonne (1.1 short tons) yields 26,500 ft3 gas (600 Btu) with 51.6% methane (CH
4), 25.4% hydrogen (H
2), 22.1% carbon dioxide (CO
2), and 1.2% oxygen (O
2)
Gasification of one tonne (1.1 short tons) dry matter by air and steam at high temperatures (800 C or 1,500 F) gives about 40,000 ft3 (1,100 m3) natural gas (143 Btu/ft3) containing 16.6% H
2, 4.8% CH
4, 21.7% CO (carbon monoxide), 4.1% CO
2, and 52.8% N
2 (nitrogen)
The high moisture content of water hyacinth, adding so much to handling costs, tends to limit commercial ventures
[111][114] A continuous, hydraulic production system could be designed, which would provide a better utilization of capital investments than in conventional agriculture, which is essentially a batch operation
[10][115]

The labor involved in harvesting water hyacinth can be greatly reduced by locating collection sites and processors on impoundments that take advantage of prevailing winds
Wastewater treatment systems could also favorably be added to this operation
The harvested biomass would then be converted to ethanol, biogas, hydrogen, gaseous nitrogen, and/or fertilizer
The byproduct water can be used to irrigate nearby cropland
[10]

Phytoremediation, waste water treatment	Edit
Water hyacinth removes arsenic from arsenic-contaminated drinking water
It may be a useful tool in removing arsenic from tube well water in Bangladesh
[116]

Water hyacinth is also observed to enhance nitrification in wastewater treatment cells of living technology
Their root zones are superb micro-sites for bacterial communities
[24]

Water hyacinth is a common fodder plant in the third world especially Africa though excessive use can be toxic
It is high in protein (nitrogen) and trace minerals and the goat feces are a good source of fertilizer as well
Water hyacinth is reported for its efficiency to remove about 60–80% nitrogen[117] and about 69% of potassium from water
[118] The roots of water hyacinth were found to remove particulate matter and nitrogen in a natural shallow eutrophicated wetland
[119][120]

The plant can also screen heavy metals and various other toxins from contaminated water
[121]

The roots of Pontederia crassipes naturally absorb pollutants, including lead, mercury, and strontium-90, as well as some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water
[122] Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment (especially dairy waste water)
[10][failed verification]

Agriculture	Edit
In places where water hyacinth is invasive, overabundant, and in need of clearing away, these traits make it free for the harvesting, which makes it very useful as a source of organic matter for composting in organic farming
It is used internationally for fertilizer and as animal feed
[123]

In Bengal, India the kachuri-pana has been used primarily for fertilizer, compost or mulch, and secondarily as fodder for livestock and fish
[124] In Bangladesh, farmers in the southwestern region cultivate vegetables on "floating gardens" usually with a bamboo-built frame base, with dried mass of water hyacinth covered in soil as bedding
As a large portion of cultivable land goes under water for months during monsoon in this low-lying region, farmers have grown this method for many decades now
The method of this agriculture is known by many names including dhap chash and vasoman chash
[125]

In Kenya, East Africa, it has been used experimentally as organic fertilizer, although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer
[126]

Other uses	Edit
In various places in the world, the plant is used for making furniture, handbags, baskets, rope, and household goods/interior products (lampshades, picture frames) by businesses launched by NGOs and entrepreneurs
[123][56]

Woven products	Edit
American-Nigerian Achenyo Idachaba has won an award for showing how this plant can be exploited for profit as woven procuts in Nigeria
[127]

Paper	Edit
Though a study found water hyacinths of very limited use for paper production,[128] they are nonetheless being used for paper production on a small scale
Goswami pointed out in his article that water hyacinth has the potential to make tough and strong paper
He found that adding water hyacinth pulp to the raw material of bamboo pulp for anti-grease paper can increase the physical strength of paper
Edibility	Edit
The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan
Javanese sometimes cook and eat the green parts and inflorescence
[10] Vietnamese also cook the plant and sometimes add its young leaves and flower to their salads
Medicinal use	Edit
In Kedah (Malaysia), the flowers are used for medicating the skin of horses
[10] The species is a "tonic"
[129][130]

Potential as bioherbicidal agent	Edit
Water hyacinth leaf extract has been shown to exhibit phytotoxicity against another invasive weed Mimosa pigra
The extract inhibited the germination of Mimosa pigra seeds in addition to suppressing the root growth of the seedlings
Biochemical data suggested that the inhibitory effects may be mediated by enhanced hydrogen peroxide production, inhibition of soluble peroxidase activity, and stimulation of cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in the root tissues of Mimosa pigra
[131]

Gallery	Edit
 
Floating plant

 
 
Flowers

 
 
Close-up of flowers

 
 
Large pond covered with water hyacinth

 
 
Inflated petiole

 
 
Huge swamp field populated by Pontederia crassipes

Explanatory notes	Edit
 Including indication that these were grown in nurseries and landscapes soon after the American Civil War (ended 1865)
[31]
 Note that military engineers were tasked with the removal of water hyacinths in the South, as explained below
Brown (1941) also wrongly claims the species to be "a native to Japan", p
9. Brown appears in a photograph on p
12.
 It might be also noted that when the World's Fair returned to the U
in 1993 and was held in Chicago (World's Columbian Exposition), Edmund D
Sturtevant was there displaying his water-lilies
[45]
 The term "board of engineer officer" is used, but the biography from one of its members, in the West Point graduate roll, shows he was from the Army Corps of Engineers
[50]
 The 1903 Experiment Report has "petroleum", whereas Klorer 1909, p
443 writes "Beaumont fuel oil"
The more ambitious by Kitunda (2017), p
xv dating to 1829 due to William Townsend Aiton of Kew Gardens does not pan out, since the pointed source, Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1829) merely states Aiton made the plant available then to Glasgow Botanic Gardens
[72]
 i
, 200 liters out of the "350 to 411 liters of biogas per kg dry weight of water hyacinths (5.7 to 6.6 scf per dry lb)" reported by this team with Barlow
[110]
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