MiniLLM/dolly-processed huggingface dataset:
Instruction: Extract ways to observe a black hole. Separate them with a "-" in multiple lines.
Input: The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light. Any matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction, forming quasars, some of the brightest objects in the universe. Stars passing too close to a supermassive black hole can be shredded into streamers that shine very brightly before being "swallowed."[11] If other stars are orbiting a black hole, their orbits can determine the black hole's mass and location. Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars. In this way, astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A*, at the core of the Milky Way galaxy, contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses.
Response: A black hole can be observed via the following ways:
- Accretion disk heated by friction when matter falls into black hole.
Instruction: What activities are popular among tourists visiting the Texas barrier islands?
Input: The Texas barrier islands are a chain of barrier islands in the Gulf of Mexico along the Texas Gulf Coast. The islands enclose a series of estuaries along the Texas coast and attract tourists for activities such as recreational fishing and dolphin watching. The seven barrier islands, listed from northeast to southwest, are Galveston Island, Follet's Island, Matagorda Island, San José Island, Mustang Island, Padre Island, and Brazos Island.[1]
Response: Tourists enjoy activities such as recreational fishing and dolphin watching when visiting the Texas barrier islands.
Instruction: Extract the ways the asthma is classified and create a bulleted list.
Input: Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[4] Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens.[5] Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers.[5] Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry lung function testing.[6] Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate.[12] It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic, where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.[13][14]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma
Response: -Frequency of symptoms
-FEV1
-Peak expiratory flow rate
-Atopic
-Non-atopic
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the difference in caffeine between a light roast and a dark roast.
Input: Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor. The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is only about 0.1%.
Response: Light roasts and dark roasts differ in caffeine content by about 0.1%.
Instruction: Who were the founding members of id Software?
Input: id Software LLC (/ɪd/) is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. It was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk: programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack.
Response: The founding members of id Software were John Carmack, John Romero, Tom Hall, and Adrian Carmack.
Instruction: What is the typical lifespan of a dog?
Input: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[36][37] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[36][37][38] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[39]
Response: The median lifespan of most dogs is between 10 and 13 years. It varies depending on the breed of the dog.
Instruction: List the architects who designed Klovska station
Input: Klovska — is a station on Kyiv Metro's Syretsko-Pecherska Line. Originally the station was a temporary terminus of the line between its opening date 31 December 1989 and prior to the expansion of the line to Vydubichy in December 1991.

Designed by architects A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk the station is a standard pylon trivault, but with aesthetics resembling the metallic Prague Metro stations, rather than the traditional marble-clad Soviet ones. The emphasis was to give the station monumentalism, which is achieved by giving a bright high contrast gleam to the appearance. The vault ceilings are covered by set of green aluminium planes. Highly contrasting with this are the black niches which hold a line of powerful fluorescent lighting elements. White marble is used for the walls.
Response: A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk
Instruction: Where is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems?
Input: The Adobe World Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems, located in San Jose, California.

The buildings are known for their green design. The West Tower is listed as an Energy Star labeled building by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, all three towers were awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification by the United States Green Building Council for environmental sustainability.
Response: San Jose, California
Instruction: Who were the Ottomans?
Input: The Ottoman Empire,[k] historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire,[24] was an empire[l] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman[25] tribal leader Osman I.[26] After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.[27]
Response: The Ottomans belonged to the Ottoman empire which was founded in Anatolia, a region in Turkey and over the centuries spread more vastly to become a transcontinental empire.
Instruction: What is the minimum weight of a coswain?
Input: It is an advantage for the coxswain to be light as this requires less effort for the crew to propel the boat. In many competitive events there is a minimum weight, 55 kilograms (121 lb) under World Rowing rules, set for the coxswain to prevent unfair advantage. If a coxswain is under the minimum weight allowance (underweight), they may have to carry weights in the boat such as sandbags.[44]
Response: The minimum weight of a coxswain if 55 kilograms (121 pounds) under World Rowing rules.
Instruction: Which team was relegated from the league at the conclusion of the 1991 Season?
Input: Waterside Karori were relegated at the end of the 1990 season, to be replaced by the winner of a play-off series between teams from the northern, central, and southern leagues (Mount Albert-Ponsonby, Nelson United, and Burndale United respectively). Nelson United won the series to gain promotion, but there is some controversy about their participation in the play-offs as they had only finished second in the central regional league, which was won by Petone.[1]  

Gisborne City were relegated at the end of the 1991 season
Response: Gisborne City were relegated at the end of the 1991 season.
Instruction: Extract the most recent owner of the Seattle Storm from this Wikipedia article.
Input: Owners
Further information: Category:Seattle Storm owners
Barry and Ginger Ackerley, owners of the Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)[43][44]
Howard Schultz, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2001–2006) [45]
Clay Bennett, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2007) [45]
Force 10 Hoops LLC, composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder (2008–present)[46]
Response: The current owner of the Seattle Storm is Force
Instruction: What are the chess pieces that a player starts out with?
Input: Chess pieces are divided into two different colored sets. While the sets might not be literally white and black (e.g. the light set may be a yellowish or off-white color, the dark set may be brown or red), they are always referred to as "white" and "black". The players of the sets are referred to as White and Black, respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. Chess sets come in a wide variety of styles; for competition, the Staunton pattern is preferred.

The game is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks) and eight columns (called files). By convention, the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as light and dark squares; common colors for chessboards are white and brown, or white and dark green.
Response: 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks, 1 queen, and 1 king
Instruction: From this passage, what is the main benefit of TCP?
Input: At the lower levels of the protocol stack, due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or unpredictable network behaviour, IP packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. TCP detects these problems, requests re-transmission of lost data, rearranges out-of-order data and even helps minimize network congestion to reduce the occurrence of the other problems. If the data still remains undelivered, the source is notified of this failure. Once the TCP receiver has reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted, it passes them to the receiving application. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking details.
Response: TCP attempts to ensure that data is sent in the proper order under non-optimal and unpredictable network conditions, and informs the source if it was not successful.
Instruction: Is black hole truly black?
Input: A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape its event horizon. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.
Response: According to general relativity, a black hole emits no lights at all. Thus it is 100% black by definition. However, when quantum effects are included, a black hole has finite temperature,  emitting lights called Hawking radiation. In this sense, a black hole is not truly black.
Instruction: Was Michael Flavin wealthy at the time he wrote Benjamin Disraeli?
Input: Michael Flavin's Benjamin Disraeli: The Novel as a Political Discourse suggests that Venetia was largely a commercial endeavour for Disraeli, who was deep in debt at the time that he wrote it.
Response: No, he was deep in debt at the time.
Instruction: Where is the annual indoor rowing World Championship?
Input: Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially ergs or ergo) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially "ergs don't float"), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season.[39]
Response: The indoor rowing world championship is held annually in Boston during the winter off-season.
Instruction: Extract the year that the Balloon typeface was created from the following Wikipedia article.
Input: Balloon was a brush script commonly used for signage or display purposes. It was designed in 1939 by Max R. Kaufmann, for American Type Founders, in response to Howard Allen Trafton's Cartoon, cut for Bauer Type Foundry in 1936. It had no lowercase letters and was cast in Light, Bold, and Extra Bold.[1][2] The two lighter weights were identical with Kaufmann Script and so could be used as alternate capitals for that face. It was most notably used in the Madeline books, TV series and film. The font was most famously known for the typeface of the Nickelodeon logo from late 1984 to 2009 in white letters with an orange splat background.

This font was digitized by the now-defunct Bitstream Inc.
Response: Balloon typeface was created in 1939 by Max R. Kaufmann.
Instruction: How many people died in the Cloquet fire of Illinois according to the text?
Input: The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires. It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. In total, 453 people died[1] and 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.315 billion in 2023 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered. Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed.
Response: 453 people died in the Cloquet fire that occurred in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918.

In addition to the 453 people that died, 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.315 billion in 2023 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered.
Instruction: When did the golden age for Jewish culture start and where was it?
Input: A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the Muslim conquest of Iberia.
Response: The golden age for jewish culture started somewhere around 711-718 and it was in Spain.
Instruction: What is the Krusty Krab?
Input: The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is famous for its signature burger, the Krabby Patty, the formula to which is a closely guarded trade secret.
Response: The restaurant was founded by Eugene H. Krabs (often referred to as Mr. Krabs), who is also the owner and manager. SpongeBob SquarePants (who works as the fry cook) and Squidward Tentacles (the cashier) are the only full-time employees. The primary competitor to the Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket across the street, which is operated by Plankton, a plankton and Karen, a waterproof supercomputer and Plankton's wife.
Instruction: From the given text, provide a couple of points on Supreme Court of Iran
Input: The Supreme Court of Iran is the highest juridical authority in Iran, established to supervise the correct implementation of laws by courts of justice and consisting of the most prominent judges of the country. The head of the judiciary assigns criteria to ensure uniformity of judicial procedure and to carry out all legal responsibilities.
Response: 1. The Supreme Court of Iran, which is composed of the most eminent judges in the nation and was founded to oversee the proper application of laws by courts of justice, is the highest legal authority in Iran.
2. To ensure judicial procedure is uniform and to fulfil all legal obligations, the head of the court assigns standards.
Instruction: Was the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth first described in the 18th century or the 19th century?
Input: Macroglossum insipida, the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875.
Response: The hermit hummingbird hawkmoth was first described in 1875, which is in the 19th century.
Instruction: What are the five biggest centers of Sufism?
Input: Sufism in Bangladesh is more or less similar to that in the whole Indian subcontinent. India, it is claimed, is one of the five great centers of Sufism, the other four being Persia (including central Asia), Baghdad, Syria, and North Africa. Sufi saints flourished in Hindustan (India) preaching the mystic teachings of Sufism that easily reached the common people, especially the spiritual truth seekers in India.[1] Sufism in Bangladesh is also called pirism, after the pirs or teachers in the Sufi tradition[2] (also called Fakir).[3]
Response: The five main centers of Sufism are India, Persia, Baghdad, Syria, and North Africa.
Instruction: According to this paragraph, what records did Stevens break as a basketball coach?
Input: In 2010, his third year as head coach, Stevens broke the NCAA record for most wins in a coach's first three years, exceeding the previous record by eight wins. In the NCAA Tournament, Stevens coached Butler to the first Final Four in school history, while also becoming the second-youngest head coach to make an NCAA National Championship game, losing 61–59 to Duke. With the following season's team also making the Final Four, Stevens became the youngest coach to go to two Final Fours.[2] Stevens coached the Bulldogs in their second consecutive national championship game on April 4, 2011, where the team again lost, this time to the Connecticut Huskies. Stevens was regularly named a finalist for Horizon League Coach of the Year award, winning twice, and was also a nominee for both the Hugh Durham Award and Jim Phelan Award in every year of his college career.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stevens
Response: According to this paragraph, Stevens has the most wins as an NCAA coach in his first three years and took Butler to its first Final Four in the history of the school. He was also the youngest men's college basketball coach ever to take his team to the NCAA championship game and to two consecutive Final Fours.
Instruction: Where is Pleasanton?
Input: Pleasanton is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. Located in the Amador Valley, it is a suburb in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 79,871 at the 2020 census.[8] In 2005 and 2007, Pleasanton was ranked the wealthiest middle-sized city in the United States by the Census Bureau.[9][10] Pleasanton is home to the headquarters of Safeway, Workday, Ellie Mae, Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Blackhawk Network Holdings, and Veeva Systems. Other major employers include Kaiser Permanente, Oracle and Macy's.[11] Although Oakland is the Alameda County seat, a few county offices are located in Pleasanton. The Alameda County Fairgrounds are located in Pleasanton, where the county fair is held during the last week of June and the first week of July. Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park is located on the west side of town.
Response: Pleasanton is city in California, United States. It is located about 30-45 miles east of San Francisco. It is known for being Headquarter for multiple tech companies like veeva, workday and safeway.
Instruction: Who is the company ABB
Input: ABB Ltd. is a Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland.[5] The company was formed in 1988 when Sweden's Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA) and Switzerland's Brown, Boveri & Cie merged to create ASEA Brown Boveri, later simplified to the initials ABB. Both companies were established in the late 1800s and were major electrical equipment manufacturers, a business that ABB remains active in today. The company has also since expanded to robotics and automation technology.
Response: ABB Ltd. is a Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland. The company was formed in 1988 when Sweden's Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA) and Switzerland's Brown, Boveri & Cie merged to create ASEA Brown Boveri, later simplified to the initials ABB. 

Both companies were established in the late 1800s and were major electrical equipment manufacturers, a business that ABB remains active in today. The company has also since expanded to robotics and automation technology.
Instruction: Given this reference about the Battle of Okinawa during WW2, what was the difference in between the US (77th Infantry Division) and the Japanese casualties and wounded?
Input: The land battle took place over about 81 days beginning on 1 April 1945. The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division who landed in the Kerama Islands, 15 mi (24 km) west of Okinawa on 26 March. Subsidiary landings followed, and the Kerama group was secured over the next five days. In these preliminary operations, the 77th Infantry Division suffered 27 dead and 81 wounded, while the Japanese dead and captured numbered over 650. The operation provided a protected anchorage for the fleet and eliminated the threat from suicide boats.
Response: The difference was about 542
Instruction: From the text provided, find all the names of game consoles. Separate them with a comma.
Input: Redout is a science fiction racing video game developed and published by Italian studio 34BigThings, and co-published by Nicalis and 505 Games.[2] It is inspired by racing games such as F-Zero, Wipeout, Rollcage, and POD as stated on the game page on Steam.

The game was released for Microsoft Windows in September 2016, while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One released in August 2017.[3] The Nintendo Switch port was originally slated for a Q2 2017 release, but got delayed and was released in May 2019.[4] The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020.[5]
Response: PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch
Instruction: What specie is the Anachemmis sober?
Input: Anachemmis sober is a species of false wolf spiders & wandering spiders in the family Zoropsidae. It is found in the United States.[1][2][3][4]
Response: Anachemmis sober is part of the family of spiders of the species of false wolf.
Instruction: Given the reference text about Bodo Tümmler, who was he?
Input: Tümmler was born in Thorn, West-Prussia, now Toruń, Poland. He entered the 1968 Olympics as the reigning European Champion. The 1500 m final was run at a fast pace and at the start of the last lap the eventual Olympic Champion Kipchoge Keino had already established a substantial lead. Tümmler and his countryman Harald Norpoth were in second and third place but were outsprinted by the world-record holder Jim Ryun on the last lap.[2]
Response: Bodo Tümmler is a middle-distance runner who was born in Thorn, West-Prussia (now Poland).
Instruction: Who is Romulo Betancourt?
Input: Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈromulo betaŋˈkuɾ]), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the president of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.
Response: Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈromulo betaŋˈkuɾ]), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the president of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.

Betancourt, one of Venezuela's most important political figures, led a tumultuous career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the most prominent international leaders to emerge from 20th-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela.
Instruction: What is the name of the family at the centre of the TV show Succession?
Input: Succession is an American satirical black comedy-drama television series created by Jesse Armstrong. It premiered on June 3, 2018, on HBO.[8][9] The series centers on the Roy family, the owners of Waystar RoyCo, a global media and entertainment conglomerate, who are fighting for control of the company amid uncertainty about the health of the family's patriarch, Logan Roy (Brian Cox). The series has been renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on March 26, 2023.[10][11]
Response: Succession centres on the Roy family, the owners of Waystar RoyCo
Instruction: Given this paragraph, who wrote and directed Heads I Win, Tails You Lose
Input: Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (Italian: Testa o Croce, also known as Heads or Tails) is a 1982 Italian comedy film written and directed by Nanni Loy.

The film consists in two back-to-back stories that deals with two "taboo" themes, the celibacy of the clergy in the episode of Renato Pozzetto and the homosexuality in the one with Nino Manfredi.[1][2]
Response: Based on this passage of text, Nanni Loy wrote and directed the movie Heads I Win, Tails You Lose.
Instruction: Given this paragraph about London, give me a reason why the London Docklands became a focus for regeneration in the 1980s.
Input: Greater London's population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.[117] The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was born out of London's increasing role as an international financial centre in the 1980s.[118] The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.[119]
Response: One reason why the London Docklands became a focus for regeneration in the 1980s is that London had an increasing role as an international financial centre.
Instruction: Who were Hank Williams early musical influences?
Input: Born and raised in Alabama, Williams learned guitar from African-American blues musician Rufus Payne in exchange for meals or money. Payne, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb, had a significant influence on Williams' musical style. Williams began his professional career in Montgomery in 1937 when local radio station WSFA hired him to perform on a 15-minute program. He formed the Drifting Cowboys backup band, which was managed by his mother, and dropped out of school to devote his time to his career. When several of his band members were drafted during World War II, he had trouble with their replacements, and WSFA terminated his contract because of his alcoholism.
Response: As a child Hank Williams was influenced by popular country artists such as Roy Acuff and Earnest Tubb, but he was also influenced by African-American blues musician Rufus Payne. Payne taught Williams how to play guitar, and was a significant influence on his musical style.
Instruction: Where will the third Summer Olympic Games be held?
Input: It will be the third Summer Games to be held in Australia after the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales.[2] It will also be the fourth Summer Games to be held in the Southern Hemisphere, after the aforementioned games in Australia and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This will also be the second Summer Games to be held entirely in a host country's meteorological winter, after Rio de Janeiro.
Response: The third Summer Games to be held in Australia will be hosted in Brisbane, Queensland.
Instruction: When would a railway be considered a heritage railway?
Input: A heritage railway or heritage railroad (US usage) is a railway operated as living history to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Heritage railways are often old railway lines preserved in a state depicting a period (or periods) in the history of rail transport. The British Office of Rail and Road defines heritage railways as follows:[1]...'lines of local interest', museum railways or tourist railways that have retained or assumed the character and appearance and operating practices of railways of former times. Several lines that operate in isolation provide genuine transport facilities, providing community links. Most lines constitute tourist or educational attractions in their own right. Much of the rolling stock and other equipment used on these systems is original and is of historic value in its own right. Many systems aim to replicate both the look and operating practices of historic former railways companies.
Response: Generally speaking, a railway can be considered a heritage railway when it assumes the appearance, characteristics, and operations of that railway from a period(s) in its past. These railways are often old and have been intentionally preserved to maintain its operating practices from prior times, purposely keeping equipment and processes original to a period in the past. Many of these heritage railways are preserved for educational purposes or as tourist attractions.
Instruction: What happened at the 1936 United States presidential election
Input: The 1936 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 3, 1936, as part of the 1936 United States presidential election. State voters chose three[2] representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nevada was won by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D–New York), running with Vice President John Nance Garner, with 72.81% of the popular vote, against Governor Alf Landon (R–Kansas), running with Frank Knox, with 27.19% of the popular vote.[3][4]

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion Douglas County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate,[5] and the last time a Democratic nominee won every single county in the state.
Response: The 1936 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 3, 1936, as part of the 1936 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nevada was won by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D–New York), running with Vice President John Nance Garner, with 72.81% of the popular vote, against Governor Alf Landon (R–Kansas), running with Frank Knox, with 27.19% of the popular vote.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion Douglas County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate,[5] and the last time a Democratic nominee won every single county in the state.
Instruction: Given a reference text about LIV Golf, tell me what "LIV" means, when it was started and who financed it.
Input: LIV Golf  is a professional golf tour. The name "LIV" refers to the Roman numerals for 54, the score if every hole on a par-72 course were birdied and the number of holes to be played at LIV events.[1] The first LIV Golf Invitational Series event started on 9 June 2022, at the Centurion Club near London, England. The Invitational Series became the LIV Golf League in 2023.

LIV Golf is financed by the Public Investment Fund, the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia.
Response: LIV refers to the Roman numerals for 54. The first tournament was hosted June 2022 and s funded by the wealth fund of Saudi Arabia
Instruction: What is the Six Flags Great Escape Lodge
Input: Six Flags Great Escape Lodge & Indoor Waterpark is a resort and waterpark, located in Queensbury, New York that first opened in 2006. The resort is owned and operated by Six Flags.

History
The resort officially opened on February 7, 2006 and became the first one in the state of New York to feature an indoor waterpark. It features 200 rooms and a 38,000-square-foot water park called White Water Bay. The park is opened year-round and constant 80-degree water temperature.[1] On the other side across US 9 is the Six Flags theme park, Great Escape. This is the second resort the company has built, the first being Lodge on the Lake next to Darien Lake that opened in 1998. In November 2012, it announced an annual event, Holiday in the Lodge, to celebrate Christmas.
Response: Six Flags Great Escape Lodge & Indoor Waterpark is a resort and waterpark, located in Queensbury, New York that first opened in 2006. The resort is owned and operated by Six Flags.
Instruction: what is the Bieh State
Input: Bieh State (previously named Eastern Bieh State) was a state in South Sudan that existed between 2 October 2015 and 22 February 2020.[1] It was located in the Greater Upper Nile region and it bordered Fangak to the west, Central Upper Nile to the north, Latjoor and Akobo to the east, and Jonglei to the south.

History
On 2 October 2015, President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states.[2] The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society groups challenged the constitutionality of the decree. Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment.[3] In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.[4]
Response: Bieh State (previously named Eastern Bieh State) was in South Sudan between 2 October 2015 and 22 February 2020.[1] It was located in the Greater Upper Nile region, bordering Fangak to the west, Central Upper Nile to the north, Latjoor and Akobo to the east, and Jonglei to the south. On 2 October 2015, President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states instead of the ten constitutionally established states.[2] The legislation established the new states primarily along ethnic lines.
Instruction: What is the timeline for the band Level 42?
Input: Level 42 is an English jazz-funk band formed on the Isle of Wight in 1979. They had a number of UK and worldwide hits during the 1980s and 1990s.

Their highest-charting single in the UK was "Lessons in Love", which reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, upon its release in 1986. An earlier single, "Something About You", was their most successful chart-wise in the United States, reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

After much success as a live and studio band in the 1980s, Level 42's commercial profile diminished during the early 1990s following a series of personnel changes and musical shifts. Disbanding in 1994, the band reformed in 2001.
Response: Level 42 formed on 1979. They enjoyed success throughout the 1980s but had disbanded by 1994. The band reformed in 2001.
Instruction: These actors appeared in a film as certain characters.  What are the names of the actors sorted in order of last name?
Input: Deepak Paramesh as Karthik
Jaqlene Prakash as Pooja
Gunalan Morgan as Shiva
Mime Gopi as Mathew
Response: Mime Gopi
Gunalan Morgan
Deepak Paramesh
Jaqlene Prakash
Instruction: Who is Antonello Padovano
Input: Antonello Padovano, is an Italian film director and producer. He is currently[when?] the director of Hands That Should Be Farming Productions based in England.[1] Padovano won the 2019 Bayern 2 - Audience Prize at the Tegernsee International Mountain Film Festival for his documentary The Ascent of Everest which featured footage of Sir Edmund Hillary.[2]

Filmography
Joe Petrosino: A Shot in the Dark (2006)[3]
Le quattro porte del deserto (2006)[4][5]
The Ascent of Everest (2019)[6][7][8][9]
Response: Antonello Padovano, is an Italian film director and producer. He has been the director of Hands That Should Be Farming Productions based in England. Padovano won the 2019 Bayern 2 - Audience Prize at the Tegernsee International Mountain Film Festival for his documentary The Ascent of Everest which featured footage of Sir Edmund Hillary.
Instruction: Who does what in U2?
Input: U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin, formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono (lead vocals and rhythm guitar), the Edge (lead guitar, keyboards, and backing vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar), and Larry Mullen Jr. (drums and percussion). Initially rooted in post-punk, U2's musical style has evolved throughout their career, yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono's expressive vocals and the Edge's chiming, effects-based guitar sounds. Bono's lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal and sociopolitical themes. Popular for their live performances, the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career.
Response: The rock band U2 features Bono on lead vocals and guitar, the Edge on lead guitar, keyboard and vocals, Adam Clayton on bass guitar and Larry Mullen Jr. on drums and percussion.
Instruction: Given this paragraph about the tour de france, how many riders are in the tour
Input: There are usually between 20 and 22 teams, with eight riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times.[1] The rider with the lowest cumulative finishing times is the leader of the race and wears the yellow jersey.[1][13] While the general classification garners the most attention, there are other contests held within the Tour: the points classification for the sprinters, the mountains classification for the climbers, young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the team classification, based on the first three finishers from each team on each stage.[1] Achieving a stage win also provides prestige, often accomplished by a team's sprint specialist or a rider taking part in a breakaway.
Response: The are approximately between 160 and 176 riders start the tour de france. Each team has 8 member riders with between 20 and 22 teams participating.
Instruction: What was the twist in this short story?
Input: Matilda is woken up by the wind; she looks out the window; her neighbour, Marie, is fetching flowers from the garden and then Matilda’s mother is called for the telephone by Bogey, Matilda’s brother. Matilda is off to Mr Bullen's for her music lesson. Her mom does not want her to go due to the strong wind, but she goes anyway. After the lesson, she goes for a walk with her brother to the esplanade. Here, the story changes from present to past narrative as Mansfield shows that the music lesson, the walk etc. all occurred in Matilda's past, and she and her brother are actually sailing away on board a ship several years down the line, that all that went before were memories.
Response: In the middle of the short story, the story changes from present to past narrative as Mansfield shows that events such as the music lesson, the walk, etc. all occurred in Matilda's past, and she and her brother are actually sailing away on board a ship several years down the line. The reader finds out that all that went before were memories.
Instruction: Where in Australia is Palm Cove located?
Input: Palm Cove is located in Far North Queensland on the Australian coast. It has a long sandy beach along most of its seafront except for the rocky headland around Buchan Point in the north of the suburb.[3]
Response: Palm Cove is located in Far North Queensland on the Australian coast.
Instruction: Based on this passage about Ted Kennedy, at the time of his death, who were the three longest-serving senators of all time?
Input: When Kennedy died in August 2009, he was the second-most senior member of the Senate (after President pro tempore Robert Byrd of West Virginia) and the third longest-serving senator of all time, behind Byrd and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Later that same year, he was passed by Daniel Inouye of Hawaii.[48] Kennedy therefore held the record as the longest-serving Democratic member of Congress to solely serve as a senator until October 2021, when he was surpassed by fellow Democrat Patrick Leahy of Vermont.
Response: Based on this passage, Robert Byrd, Strom Thurmond and Kennedy were the three longest-serving senators of all time.
Instruction: Whose life is the 1965 film 'The Sound of Music' based on?
Input: The Sound of Music is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the 1949 memoir of Maria von Trapp, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers. Set in Austria on the eve of the Anschluss in 1938, the musical tells the story of Maria, who takes a job as governess to a large family while she decides whether to become a nun. She falls in love with the children, and eventually their widowed father, Captain von Trapp. He is ordered to accept a commission in the German navy, but he opposes the Nazis. He and Maria decide on a plan to flee Austria with the children
Response: It is based on the 1949 memoir of Maria von Trapp
Instruction: Is it easy for American technology companies to open an office in Dubai?
Input: Dubai has also developed Internet and Media free zones, offering 100% foreign ownership, no tax office space for the world's leading ICT and media companies, with the latest communications infrastructure to service them. Many of the world's leading companies have now set up branch offices, and even changed headquarters to there.
Response: Yes, the United Arab Emirates - especially the Emirate of Dubai - is investing heavily in diversifying their economy away from their previous reliance on Petroleum and natural gas exports and revenue. This has resulted in investments to grow tourism, creating a regulatory environment to attract financial services into Dubai and developing free zones to attract technology and media companies to invest in opening offices and hiring people in the country. These free zones enable foreign technology companies to own 100% of the local subsidiary, and benefit from tax free office space supported by latest communications infrastructure to create regional headquarters supporting their broader Middle East and Africa customers and operations.
Instruction: List the principles that are used in chemical engineering where each new line starts with "- ". Do not say anything else.
Input: Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, and economics to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy and materials. The work of chemical engineers can range from the utilization of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the laboratory to large-scale industrial processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms, and energy into useful forms and products. Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation, including safety and hazard assessments, process design and analysis, modeling, control engineering, chemical reaction engineering, nuclear engineering, biological engineering, construction specification, and operating instructions.
Response: - chemistry
- physics
- mathematics
- biology
- economics
Instruction: From the passage provided, which runways are used in the West Plan?
Input: During normal operations (approximately 81% of the time), domestic departures use Runways 1L and 1R for departure while overseas international departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R, taking advantage of the prevailing west-northwesterly wind coming through the San Bruno Gap. During periods of heavy winds or if operations at Oakland International Airport conflict with SFO departures (approximately 15% of the time), Runways 1L and 1R cannot be used, and so all departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R. These configurations are known collectively as the West Plan, and accommodate arrivals at a rate of up to 60 aircraft per hour.[73][75] Under visual flight rules, aircraft may safely land side-by-side essentially simultaneously on 28L and 28R while maintaining visual separation.[73][76]
Response: Runways 28L and 28R
Instruction: What is Freeride snowboarding?
Input: Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.
Response: Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.
Instruction: Based on the paragraph below, the failure to uphold the commitments outlined in Magna Carta lead to what war?
Input: Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.
Response: First Barons' War
Instruction: What is Sir Charles Lyell best known for?
Input: Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the earth and environment.
Response: Sir Charles Lyell is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830-1833)
Instruction: From the passage identify the names of Zeus’s Roman counterpart. Display the results in a comma separated format.
Input: Zeus (Ζεύς, Zeús)

King of the gods, ruler of Mount Olympus, and god of the sky, weather, thunder, lightning, law, order, and justice. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea. He overthrew Cronus and gained the sovereignty of heaven for himself. In art he is depicted as a regal, mature man with a sturdy figure and dark beard. His usual attributes are the royal scepter and the lightning bolt. His sacred animals include the eagle and the bull. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter, also known as Jove.
Response: Jupiter, Jove