MikaStars39/nano-eval huggingface dataset:
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is: Triangle of numbers of hybrid rooted trees normalized by dividing by Fibonacci numbers. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [943174, 546664, 230277, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
B. [943174, 556664, 230277, 78031, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
C. [943174, 556664, 240277, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 2]
D. [943174, 556665, 230277, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
E. [943175, 556664, 230277, 78029, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
F. [943174, 556864, 230277, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
G. [942174, 556664, 230277, 78030, 22412, 5438, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
H. [943174, 556664, 230277, 78030, 22413, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
I. [943174, 556664, 230278, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
J. [943174, 556664, 230277, 78030, 22412, 5439, 1085, 168, 18, 1]
Answer: J
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is: Numerators of table a(n,k) read by antidiagonals: a(0,k) = 1/(k+1), a(n+1,k) = (k+1)*(a(n,k) - a(n,k+1)), n >= 0, k >= 0. The numerators are extracted from the fractions generated by this recurrence relation. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [13, 29, -30, -341, 295, 201, -46, -1017, 690, -692]
B. [15, 27, -28, -344, 296, 203, -42, -1019, 693, -693]
C. [15, 27, -28, -343, 295, 200, -44, -1017, 691, -691]
D. [15, 27, -29, -343, 295, 201, -44, -1016, 690, -691]
E. [17, 25, -28, -345, 293, 202, -44, -1018, 692, -689]
F. [16, 27, -29, -342, 294, 200, -43, -1015, 691, -692]
G. [15, 27, -28, -344, 296, 201, -44, -1018, 691, -692]
H. [16, 28, -29, -344, 295, 199, -45, -1017, 694, -690]
I. [14, 26, -27, -342, 294, 200, -43, -1016, 690, -691]
J. [15, 28, -27, -343, 297, 200, -45, -1015, 691, -690]
Answer: C
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the expansion of 1 + k in powers of q^(1/2) where q is Jacobi's nome and k is the elliptic modulus. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [-3682400, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141808, 1, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
B. [-3682400, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141808, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
C. [-3682400, 0, 5812344, 0, -9141508, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
D. [-3682300, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141807, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
E. [-3682401, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141807, 0, 14194201, 0, -21842368, 0]
F. [-3682400, 0, 5831784, 1, -9141808, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
G. [-3682400, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141808, 0, 14194201, 0, -21842368, 0]
H. [3682400, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141808, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842369, 0]
I. [-3682400, 0, 5831785, 0, -9141808, 0, 14194200, 0, -21842368, 0]
J. [-3682400, 0, 5831784, 0, -9141808, 1, 14194200, 0, -21842268, 0]
Answer: B
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is: Infinitary version of Moebius function: infinitary MoebiusMu of n, equal to mu(n) iff mu(n) differs from zero, else 1 or -1 depending on whether the sum of the binary digits of the exponents in the prime decomposition of n is even or odd. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0]
B. [-1, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1]
C. [-1, 1, 0, -1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1]
D. [0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 1, -1, 1]
E. [1, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1]
F. [1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 1]
G. [0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0]
H. [1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0]
I. [1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1]
J. [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 1, -1]
Answer: I
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the least odd number k such that k * 2^n + 1 is a prime number. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [44, 43, 129, 26, 63, 1, 90, 33, 22, 243]
B. [37, 35, 122, 19, 64, 10, 96, 26, 20, 245]
C. [38, 40, 128, 22, 71, 3, 91, 28, 14, 248]
D. [43, 37, 125, 21, 70, 9, 98, 27, 13, 246]
E. [39, 39, 127, 23, 67, 5, 93, 29, 15, 249]
F. [45, 44, 124, 18, 62, 8, 99, 32, 21, 244]
G. [41, 42, 131, 24, 69, 7, 95, 31, 17, 251]
H. [42, 41, 131, 25, 68, 6, 92, 30, 16, 250]
I. [36, 36, 123, 20, 65, 2, 94, 25, 19, 252]
J. [40, 38, 126, 24, 66, 4, 97, 30, 18, 247]
Answer: E
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the exponent of the highest power of 2 dividing n, also known as the binary carry sequence, the ruler sequence, or the 2-adic valuation of n. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
B. [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
C. [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
D. [0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0]
E. [1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0]
F. [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
G. [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
H. [1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1]
I. [2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0]
J. [2, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0]
Answer: E
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the least common multiple (or LCM) of the set of integers {1, 2, ..., n} for n >= 1, and a(0) = 1. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [232792561, 232792561, 5354228881, 5354228881, 26771144401, 26771144401, 80313433201, 80313433201, 2329089562801, 2329089562801]
B. [232792563, 232792563, 5354228883, 5354228883, 26771144403, 26771144403, 80313433203, 80313433203, 2329089562803, 2329089562803]
C. [232792568, 232792568, 5354228888, 5354228888, 26771144408, 26771144408, 80313433208, 80313433208, 2329089562808, 2329089562808]
D. [232792567, 232792567, 5354228887, 5354228887, 26771144407, 26771144407, 80313433207, 80313433207, 2329089562807, 2329089562807]
E. [232792565, 232792565, 5354228885, 5354228885, 26771144405, 26771144405, 80313433205, 80313433205, 2329089562805, 2329089562805]
F. [232792566, 232792566, 5354228886, 5354228886, 26771144406, 26771144406, 80313433206, 80313433206, 2329089562806, 2329089562806]
G. [232792564, 232792564, 5354228884, 5354228884, 26771144404, 26771144404, 80313433204, 80313433204, 2329089562804, 2329089562804]
H. [232792562, 232792562, 5354228882, 5354228882, 26771144402, 26771144402, 80313433202, 80313433202, 2329089562802, 2329089562802]
I. [232792560, 232792560, 5354228880, 5354228880, 26771144400, 26771144400, 80313433200, 80313433200, 2329089562800, 2329089562800]
J. [232792569, 232792569, 5354228889, 5354228889, 26771144409, 26771144409, 80313433209, 80313433209, 2329089562809, 2329089562809]
Answer: I
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the "amusical permutation" of the nonnegative numbers: a(2n)=3n, a(4n+1)=3n+1, a(4n-1)=3n-1. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [93, 47, 96, 49, 99, 50, 102, 52, 105, 53]
B. [93, 47, 96, 50, 99, 51, 102, 52, 105, 54]
C. [93, 48, 95, 49, 98, 51, 101, 52, 104, 54]
D. [92, 47, 95, 49, 99, 50, 101, 53, 106, 54]
E. [93, 47, 95, 49, 98, 51, 101, 52, 104, 53]
F. [94, 47, 97, 49, 99, 51, 102, 53, 105, 54]
G. [92, 47, 96, 50, 99, 51, 102, 52, 106, 53]
H. [93, 47, 96, 48, 99, 50, 101, 52, 105, 54]
I. [94, 46, 96, 49, 100, 50, 102, 52, 105, 53]
J. [92, 48, 96, 50, 99, 51, 102, 52, 106, 53]
Answer: A
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is: Triangle with subscripts (1,1),(2,1),(1,2),(3,1),(2,2),(1,3), etc. in which entry (i,j) is the floor function of the ratio i/j. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [5, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1]
B. [6, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
C. [5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]
D. [7, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]
E. [6, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]
F. [6, 4, 2, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
G. [6, 4, 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
H. [6, 5, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]
I. [4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0]
J. [5, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Answer: B
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the expansion of exponential generating function exp(x * cosh(x)), where cosh(x) is the hyperbolic cosine function. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [344747673, 2860930822, 23853473320, 213856723204, 1996865965007, 19099352929289, 193406280000070, 2010469524579334, 21615227339380359, 242177953175506940]
B. [344747680, 2860930812, 23853473328, 213856723208, 1996865965016, 19099352929288, 193406280000069, 2010469524579325, 21615227339380358, 242177953175506947]
C. [344747678, 2860930817, 23853473327, 213856723202, 1996865965012, 19099352929284, 193406280000068, 2010469524579331, 21615227339380355, 242177953175506948]
D. [344747669, 2860930824, 23853473321, 213856723207, 1996865965008, 19099352929287, 193406280000064, 2010469524579326, 21615227339380356, 242177953175506943]
E. [344747671, 2860930813, 23853473323, 213856723210, 1996865965011, 19099352929282, 193406280000062, 2010469524579329, 21615227339380354, 242177953175506942]
F. [344747676, 2860930815, 23853473325, 213856723201, 1996865965010, 19099352929281, 193406280000065, 2010469524579327, 21615227339380352, 242177953175506941]
G. [344747682, 2860930845, 23853473322, 213856723205, 1996865965014, 19099352929285, 193406280000066, 2010469524579333, 21615227339380350, 242177953175506949]
H. [344747677, 2860930816, 23853473329, 213856723200, 1996865965009, 19099352929280, 193406280000061, 2010469524579328, 21615227339380357, 242177953175506944]
I. [344747674, 2860930819, 23853473324, 213856723203, 1996865965013, 19099352929286, 193406280000063, 2010469524579332, 21615227339380353, 242177953175506944]
J. [344747675, 2860930821, 23853473326, 213856723206, 1996865965015, 19099352929283, 193406280000067, 2010469524579330, 21615227339380351, 242177953175506945]
Answer: H
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of solutions to the quadratic congruence equation x^2 - x + 1 ≡ 0 (mod n). Given the input x_list (a series of values): [96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1]
B. [2, 3, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 3, 2]
C. [0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]
D. [0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0]
E. [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
F. [0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0]
G. [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
H. [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0]
I. [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1]
J. [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
Answer: D
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of terms in the Farey sequence of order n, where the Farey sequence of order n is the set of completely reduced fractions between 0 and 1 which have denominators less than or equal to n, arranged in increasing order. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [698, 712, 756, 774, 808, 830, 884, 900, 942, 964]
B. [695, 715, 753, 778, 805, 834, 881, 903, 939, 967]
C. [699, 714, 754, 776, 809, 829, 882, 902, 940, 966]
D. [700, 711, 757, 773, 806, 832, 885, 899, 943, 963]
E. [703, 709, 760, 770, 802, 837, 888, 896, 948, 970]
F. [697, 713, 755, 775, 807, 831, 883, 901, 941, 965]
G. [701, 710, 752, 779, 808, 828, 883, 904, 945, 961]
H. [696, 716, 758, 777, 804, 833, 886, 898, 944, 962]
I. [702, 717, 759, 772, 803, 835, 880, 897, 946, 968]
J. [694, 718, 751, 771, 810, 836, 887, 895, 947, 969]
Answer: F
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is 1 iff n is of the form 4^m*(8k+7), where m and k are non-negative integers. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]
B. [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
C. [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
D. [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]
E. [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
F. [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]
G. [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
H. [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]
I. [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
J. [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]
Answer: J
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the sequence of denominators obtained by listing the positive rational numbers less than or equal to 1 in simplest form with denominators in increasing order. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14]
B. [13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13]
C. [23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24]
D. [17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18]
E. [20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21]
F. [12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12]
G. [19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19]
H. [15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16]
I. [21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21]
J. [22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23]
Answer: H
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is numbers whose prime divisors are all less than or equal to 11 (also known as 11-smooth numbers). Given the input x_list (a series of values): [58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [111, 113, 119, 122, 129, 131, 133, 137, 138, 141]
B. [108, 111, 119, 122, 128, 130, 132, 134, 137, 138]
C. [108, 110, 115, 116, 119, 123, 127, 129, 136, 141]
D. [107, 114, 118, 126, 129, 132, 135, 136, 138, 141]
E. [109, 113, 117, 122, 126, 129, 132, 133, 137, 139]
F. [107, 112, 117, 120, 124, 128, 130, 133, 136, 139]
G. [100, 102, 115, 118, 123, 124, 127, 130, 134, 139]
H. [110, 112, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128, 132, 135, 140]
I. [109, 114, 116, 117, 122, 127, 130, 131, 133, 138]
J. [111, 115, 118, 121, 122, 125, 129, 131, 134, 138]
Answer: H
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the abundancy of the n-th abundant number, where the abundancy of a number k is defined as sigma(k) - 2k, and sigma(k) represents the sum of the divisors of k. An abundant number is a number for which this value is greater than 0. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [224, 12, 68, 192, 180, 14, 120, 160, 12, 243]
B. [226, 14, 66, 190, 178, 12, 118, 158, 10, 241]
C. [220, 8, 71, 196, 184, 18, 124, 164, 16, 247]
D. [218, 6, 73, 198, 186, 20, 126, 166, 18, 249]
E. [219, 7, 72, 197, 185, 19, 125, 165, 17, 248]
F. [223, 11, 67, 191, 179, 13, 119, 159, 11, 242]
G. [222, 10, 70, 194, 182, 16, 122, 162, 14, 245]
H. [221, 9, 69, 195, 183, 17, 123, 163, 15, 246]
I. [225, 13, 69, 193, 181, 15, 121, 161, 13, 244]
J. [227, 15, 65, 189, 177, 11, 117, 157, 9, 240]
Answer: A
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is: List the positive numbers, remove even digits (including zeros) from each term; sequence = remaining terms. For context, "positive numbers" refers to the natural numbers starting from 1 and continuing in sequence without skipping any numbers. Only the odd digits (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) are retained in each term, and all even digits (0, 2, 4, 6, 8) are removed. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [3, 73, 7, 77, 3, 73, 1, 11, 3, 13]
B. [91, 9, 93, 91, 95, 19, 1, 13, 17, 37]
C. [5, 15, 75, 85, 5, 95, 11, 21, 11, 21]
D. [5, 15, 9, 19, 5, 95, 3, 13, 1, 19]
E. [7, 57, 7, 77, 7, 79, 5, 15, 3, 13]
F. [17, 75, 19, 79, 29, 89, 11, 21, 19, 23]
G. [9, 95, 9, 97, 9, 99, 1, 11, 1, 13]
H. [9, 19, 29, 39, 49, 59, 69, 79, 89, 99]
I. [1, 21, 3, 31, 5, 51, 7, 71, 9, 91]
J. [71, 13, 75, 57, 77, 7, 79, 19, 73, 3]
Answer: G
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the dimension of the space of weight 2n cuspidal newforms for the congruence subgroup Gamma_0( 36 ). Given the input x_list (a series of values): [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [54, 55, 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 60, 62]
B. [52, 53, 53, 55, 55, 56, 57, 58, 58, 60]
C. [53, 54, 54, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 59, 61]
D. [45, 46, 46, 48, 48, 49, 50, 51, 51, 53]
E. [50, 51, 51, 53, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 58]
F. [60, 61, 61, 63, 63, 64, 65, 66, 66, 68]
G. [61, 62, 62, 64, 64, 65, 66, 67, 67, 69]
H. [49, 50, 50, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55, 57]
I. [48, 49, 49, 51, 51, 52, 53, 54, 54, 56]
J. [59, 60, 60, 62, 62, 63, 64, 65, 65, 67]
Answer: C
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is numbers k such that k^2 - k + 41 is prime, where k is a non-negative integer. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [59, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76]
B. [59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 75]
C. [62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72]
D. [58, 60, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73]
E. [58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74]
F. [61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76]
G. [62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75]
H. [61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74]
I. [60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75]
J. [60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73]
Answer: C
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of digits in n! (n factorial) excluding any trailing zeros in its decimal representation. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [82, 83, 86, 87, 87, 89, 91, 93, 93, 95]
B. [81, 82, 85, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 92, 94]
C. [79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 91, 93]
D. [77, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 91, 93]
E. [80, 82, 84, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94]
F. [80, 81, 83, 86, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94]
G. [80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 92, 94]
H. [78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 90, 92]
I. [79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 92, 95]
J. [81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 93, 95]
Answer: G
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of internal nodes in a rooted tree whose Matula-Goebel number is n. The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is defined as follows: (1) The one-vertex tree is assigned the number 1; (2) If T1, T2,..., Tk are the branches of the root of tree T and their respective Matula-Goebel numbers are n1, n2,..., nk, then the Matula-Goebel number of T is the product of the primes with indices n1, n2,..., nk. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [3, 3, 7, 5, 5, 2, 6, 4, 6, 5]
B. [4, 5, 7, 5, 4, 2, 7, 4, 6, 6]
C. [5, 5, 6, 6, 3, 2, 5, 3, 5, 4]
D. [6, 4, 6, 4, 4, 3, 6, 3, 5, 5]
E. [5, 4, 7, 6, 3, 2, 6, 4, 6, 5]
F. [4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 6, 5]
G. [4, 4, 5, 6, 4, 3, 7, 3, 6, 4]
H. [4, 3, 6, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 7, 5]
I. [5, 4, 7, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 6, 4]
J. [3, 4, 6, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 7, 6]
Answer: F
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the triangle T(n,k) where T(n,k) = phi(k) if k divides n, and T(n,k) = 0 otherwise (n >= 1, 1 <= k <= n). Phi(k) represents Euler's totient function. Additionally, T(n,k) represents the number of elements of order k in a cyclic group of order n. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0]
B. [0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]
C. [0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
D. [0, 1, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
E. [1, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
F. [0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]
G. [0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
H. [0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
I. [0, 0, 1, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
J. [0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Answer: J
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of distinct bracelets (also known as turnover necklaces) that can be formed using n beads, of which exactly 5 are black, and the rest are of another color. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [6690, 7450, 8300, 9200, 10190, 11300, 12490, 13680, 15000, 16400]
B. [6680, 7460, 8280, 9240, 10200, 11300, 12430, 13650, 15010, 16390]
C. [6720, 7420, 8380, 9130, 10260, 11390, 12530, 13780, 14980, 16350]
D. [6700, 7500, 8350, 9280, 10280, 11350, 12500, 13750, 15100, 16550]
E. [6710, 7430, 8360, 9140, 10240, 11370, 12510, 13730, 14950, 16510]
F. [6660, 7440, 8270, 9170, 10210, 11240, 12420, 13700, 15060, 16420]
G. [6681, 7467, 8311, 9234, 10222, 11298, 12446, 13691, 15015, 16445]
H. [6670, 7480, 8320, 9260, 10250, 11310, 12480, 13720, 15050, 16490]
I. [6675, 7410, 8265, 9210, 10230, 11280, 12460, 13640, 15040, 16410]
J. [6650, 7400, 8250, 9150, 10150, 11200, 12350, 13550, 14900, 16300]
Answer: G
We now define an algorithm: The definition of a(n) is the number of nonintersecting (or self-avoiding) rook paths joining opposite corners of a 3 X n board, where a rook moves horizontally or vertically. Given the input x_list (a series of values): [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24], determine the corresponding output sequence y_list.

Options:
A. [19383672, 64019918, 311443425, 798350194, 2306494009, 8617832222, 35159990674, 83097804243, 274453403400, 906458014440]
B. [19383673, 64019918, 211443426, 698350194, 2306494009, 7617832222, 25159990674, 83097804243, 274453403399, 906458014440]
C. [29383672, 64019918, 211443425, 698350194, 2306494010, 7617832222, 25159990674, 93097804242, 374453403399, 1006458014440]
D. [19383672, 64019919, 311443425, 698350194, 2306494009, 8617832223, 25159990675, 83097804242, 274453403399, 906458014441]
E. [19383673, 64019918, 211443425, 698350195, 2306494010, 7617832222, 25159990675, 83097804243, 274453403399, 906458014441]
F. [19383672, 64019919, 211443426, 698350195, 2306494010, 7617832223, 25159990675, 83097804243, 274453403400, 906458014441]
G. [29383772, 74019918, 311443425, 798350194, 3306494009, 8617832222, 35159990674, 93097804242, 374453403399, 1006458014440]
H. [19383672, 64019919, 211443426, 698350194, 2306494010, 7617832223, 25159990674, 83097804242, 274453403400, 906458014440]
I. [19383672, 64019918, 211443425, 698350194, 2306494009, 7617832222, 25159990674, 83097804242, 274453403399, 906458014440]
J. [29383772, 64019919, 211443425, 698350194, 2306494010, 7617832222, 25159990675, 83097804242, 274453403400, 1006458014440]
Answer: I
Microbial diseases in plants can cause dysfunction, metabolic disorder, and lead to a decline in plant viability, even resulting in death or significantly reduced yield. Which fungi are less likely to cause plant diseases?

Options:
A. Mold
B. Nematodes
C. Algae
D. Lichens
E. Bacteria
F. Actinomycetes
G. Protozoa
H. Plant Viruses
I. Yeast
J. Cyanobacteria
Answer: F
What is the role of agar in the growth medium during solid culture of microorganisms?

Options:
A. Coagulant
B. Buffer Component
C. Nutrient Solution
D. Growth Regulator
E. Binding Agent
F. Nutrient Carrier
G. Growth Inhibitor
H. Stabilizer Element
I. Inorganic Salt
J. Antimicrobial Agent
Answer: A
During the restoration process of wooden artifacts, it is often necessary to isolate fragments for microscopic examination to determine what plant material the artifact is made from. Which of the following type of cell is observed, it can be determined that the artifact could not have been made from cypress wood?

Options:
A. Vascular bundle
B. Molecular Conduit
C. Tracheid
D. Leaf epidermis
E. Xylem vessel
F. Filter cells
G. Dermal layer
H. Resin duct
I. Fiber
J. Cork cambium
Answer: B
From a reproductive perspective, what similarities exist between the flowers of angiosperms and the sporangia of ferns?

Options:
A. Capable of asexual reproduction to produce gametes
B. Enable asexual reproduction to form spores
C. Enable sexual reproduction to form gametes
D. Essential for sexual reproduction to produce spores
E. Can undergo asexual reproduction forming gametes
F. Capable of asexual reproduction to produce spores
G. Can participate in asexual reproduction forming spores
H. Participate in sexual reproduction forming spores
I. Capable of undergoing sexual reproduction to produce gametes.
J. All can undergo sexual reproduction to produce spores.
Answer: F
The sponge isopod (*Paracerceis sculpta*) resides in the central cavity of marine sponges. The females all have the same appearance, while the males exhibit three morphological forms: large, medium, and small. These three different forms adopt distinct reproductive strategies: large males tend to defend multiple females in the central cavity of the sponge through combat; medium males mimic females and coexist in the same space as the large males; small males avoid large males and lie in ambush nearby, waiting for an opportunity to mate with the females. Research indicates that the size differences among large, medium, and small males are primarily determined by three alleles of a single gene. Which of the following inferences is correct?

Options:
A. The average reproductive rate of male small insects is the highest.
B. The genetic differences among males arise primarily from environmental factors.
C. The average reproductive rate of male middle-ranked insects is the highest.
D. The medium male's combat strategy secures most of the mates.
E. The average reproductive rate of the male giant insect is the highest.
F. The average reproductive rates of the three male insects showed no significant differences.
G. The largest male uses chemical signals to attract every female.
H. The smallest male exhibits higher survival rates due to mimicry behavior.
I. The reproductive success of each male form depends entirely on its aggression.
J. All females prefer mating exclusively with the smallest males available.
Answer: F
Most marine invertebrates go through certain larval stages during their individual development. Which animal groups correspond to Müller's larva, planktonic larva, trochophore larva, and veliger larva, respectively?

Options:
A. Annelids, flatworms, mollusks, cnidarians
B. Flatworms, annelids, cnidarians, mollusks
C. Flatworms, cnidarians, annelids, mollusks
D. Mollusks, annelids, cnidarians, flatworms
E. Cnidarians, flatworms, annelids, mollusks
F. Annelids, Cnidarians, Mollusks, and Platyhelminthes
G. Flatworms, coelenterates, mollusks, annelids
H. Cnidarians, mollusks, platyhelminths (flatworms), annelids
I. Cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids
J. Flatworms, mollusks, cnidarians, annelids
Answer: C
What shared characteristics can be observed between complex invertebrates and chordates?

Options:
A. There are a neural tube, three germ layers, and bilateral symmetry.
B. Gill slits, post-anal tail, neural tube
C. Bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom, exoskeleton
D. Deuterostome, three germ layers, coelom
E. Exoskeleton, multiple limbs, radial symmetry
F. Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, radial symmetry
G. Segmented body, paired legs, dorsal nerve cord
H. Anterior tentacles, hind mouth, true coelom
I. Jointed appendages, exoskeleton, hemocoel
J. Tentacles, radial symmetry, protostome
Answer: D
Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ?

Options:
A. Parathyroid gland
B. Pancreatic islet
C. Tonsil
D. Dirty cards
E. Thyroid cartilage
F. Bone marrow
G. Adenoid gland
H. Pronephros
I. Appendix tissue
J. Posterior spleen
Answer: A
Which statement points out the true difference between coelomates and vertebrates?

Options:
A. One type develops a tail, and the other does not develop a tail.
B. One type has an open circulatory system, and the other has a closed circulatory system.
C. One type is deuterostomes, and the other is those with a dorsal nervous system.
D. One type is protostomes, and the other is deuterostomes.
E. One type is true coelomate animals, and the other type is acoelomate animals.
F. One type includes animals with endoskeletons, and the other includes those with exoskeletons.
G. One type is characterized by radial symmetry, and the other by bilateral symmetry.
H. One type is vertebrates, and the other is invertebrates.
I. One type is defined by their body segments, and the other by their exoskeleton.
J. One type pertains to the epithelial nervous system, while the other relates to the subnervous system.
Answer: D
Different plant organs have varying sensitivity to auxin concentration; generally speaking, it might be?

Options:
A. Root > Bud < Stem
B. Root > Bud > Stem
C. Root <Sprout> Stem
D. Bud < Stem > Root
E. Root < Stem < Bud
F. Root < Bud < Stem
G. Bud > Root > Stem
H. Stem > Bud > Root
I. Bud < Root < Stem
J. Stem < Bud < Root
Answer: B
What signals the completion of a peptide chain during protein synthesis?

Options:
A. A tRNA corresponding to a chain-terminating codon cannot carry an amino acid.
B. mRNA forms a secondary structure halting peptide chain assembly.
C. Includes a start codon instead of a termination sequence on tRNA.
D. Ribosome cannot recognize the chain-terminating tRNA sequence present.
E. Due to the presence of a stop codon on the tRNA.
F. Encodes a release factor that matches the peptide chain directly.
G. mRVA stops synthesis at the termination triplet in the key.
H. Does not possess an anticodon on tRNA corresponding to the chain-terminating triplet.
I. Lacks a ribosomal factor pairing with the chain-terminating triplet.
J. A tRNA missing an amino acid blocks elongation before chain termination.
Answer: H
What happens when the potassium ion equilibrium potential is reached?

Options:
A. The flow of potassium ions is driven solely by active transport mechanisms.
B. The voltage gradient across the cell membrane is zero.
C. The sodium ions outnumber potassium ions both inside and outside the cell.
D. The concentration of K ions outside the cell membrane is greater than the concentration of K ions inside the cell membrane.
E. The potassium ions (K⁺) on the inner side of the cell membrane no longer flow outward.
F. The potassium ion concentration gradient across the cell membrane is zero.
G. The potassium ions move in and out of the cell at an unequal rate.
H. The potassium ions stop contributing to the cell membrane potential entirely.
I. The equilibrium potential results in potassium ions accumulating inside the cell.
J. The potassium ion concentration outside the cell equals the concentration inside the cell.
Answer: D
Which component in the electron transport chain is lipid-soluble?

Options:
A. Flavoprotein
B. Cytochrome c oxidase
C. Cytochrome
D. Coenzyme Q
E. Succinate dehydrogenase
F. Iron-sulfur protein
G. Complex III
H. FADH₂
I. Ubiquinone
J. NADH dehydrogenase
Answer: C
What are the two important processes associated with alternation of generations and characteristic of them in the plant life cycle?

Options:
A. Germination, mutation
B. Meiosis, Fertilization
C. Pollination, germination
D. Amitosis, mitosis
E. Spore formation, cloning
F. Respiration, pollination
G. Embryogenesis, differentiation
H. Mitosis, meiosis
I. Photosynthesis, respiration
J. Mitosis, fertilization
Answer: B
The recessive genes a, b, and c in fruit flies are sex-linked. The F1 generation produced by crossing two parents is a+b+c+ and abc. When these two F1 individuals (abc Y) are crossed, what is the correct outcome?

Options:
A. The mating value can be determined solely based on the female fruit flies in F2.
B. The exchange value cannot be estimated based on the resulting F2.
C. The exchange value cannot be determined solely based on the female fruit flies in F2.
D. Alleles *a* and *c* in the male F1 are in a cis configuration.
E. The exchange value can be estimated based on all the offspring produced.
F. Alleles *a* and *b* in the female F1 are in a trans configuration.
G. The alleles *b* and *c* in the female F1 are in a trans configuration.
H. The mating value cannot be determined based on any of the F2 offspring.
I. The mating value can be determined solely based on the male fruit flies in F2.
J. The exchange value can be estimated solely based on the male fruit flies in F1.
Answer: I
If dark red flowers are dominant over both white and light red flowers, and a light red wild jasmine is crossed with a white wild jasmine, resulting in offspring all bearing dark red flowers, what could be the possible reason?

Options:
A. Gene Mutation
B. Genetic Drift
C. Gene Complementation
D. Epigenetic Modification
E. Heterozygote Advantage
F. Contaminated by other pollen
G. Horizontal Gene Transfer
H. Chromosomal Deletion
I. Superposition effect
J. Reversion Mutation
Answer: C
When cells grow, they need to expand their cell membrane. Through which of the following life activities can this be achieved?

Options:
A. Migration
B. Fermentation
C. Autophagy
D. Endocytosis
E. Exocytosis
F. Apoptosis
G. Osmosis
H. Photosynthesis
I. Division
J. Phagocytosis
Answer: E
Which of the following microorganisms has no strain that produces toxins?

Options:
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Rhizobium leguminosarum
C. Clostridium botulinum
D. Vibrio cholerae
E. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
F. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
G. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
H. Bacillus subtilis
I. Lactobacillus acidophilus
J. Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: G
Which of the following hormones needs to bind with amino acids to maximize its biological activity?

Options:
A. Indole-3-acetic acid
B. Brassinosteroid
C. Gibberellin
D. Abscisic acid
E. Salicylic acid
F. Jasmonic acid
G. Ethylene
H. Zeatin
I. Auxin
J. Cytokinin
Answer: F
In Liu Jisun's "Verse on the Screen"-"The chirping swallows speak between the beams, disrupting idle dreams for no reason. Sharing this with others, they hardly understand; leaning on my cane and carrying wine, I gaze at Mount Zhi."-which of the following behaviors described by "chirping swallows" is most likely not included?

Options:
A. The Chirping Behavior of Swallows
B. The Feeding Behavior of Swallows
C. The Seasonal Habits of Swallows
D. The Flight Patterns of Swallows
E. The Parenting Behavior of Swallows
F. The Nest Building of Swallows
G. Swallows' Social Behavior
H. The Migration Behavior of Swallows
I. The Mating Rituals of Swallows
J. The Territorial Behavior of Swallows
Answer: H
In a tetraploid organism, if an individual with the genotype Bbbb is crossed with an individual with the genotype bbbb, what is the genotype ratio of their offspring?

Options:
A. 2:2
B. 1:2
C. 1:4
D. 1:8
E. 3:1
F. 2:1
G. 1:1
H. 1:5
I. 1:3
J. 4:1
Answer: G
Where does the dark reaction of photosynthesis primarily occur?

Options:
A. Outer side of the chloroplast membrane
B. Lateral surface of the thylakoid.
C. Internal space between cell plates
D. In the thylakoid.
E. The stroma of the chloroplast
F. In the chloroplast stroma
G. Mitochondrial matrix
H. Inner membrane of the chloroplast
I. The lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum
J. The cytoplasmic membrane
Answer: F
In the venous system of chordates, which blood vessel persists from amphioxus to mammals?

Options:
A. Renal Portal Vein
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Carotid artery vein
D. Dorsal aorta vein
E. Anterior cardinal vein
F. Coeliac mesenteric vein
G. Sinus venosus vein
H. Subclavian artery vein
I. Pulmonary vein
J. Hepatic portal vein
Answer: J
Under light conditions, which of the following plant organs or structures will not have any cells forming chloroplasts?

Options:
A. Roots of the Peanut Plant
B. The "cotyledon" of soybeans after germination
C. Filaments in Wheat Anthers
D. Seeds of the Rice Plant Unexposed
E. The tomato with petals just fallen off
F. The aerial roots of the spider plant
G. Petals of the Soybean Flower
H. Potatoes stored for a long time
I. Pod Walls of Pea Flowers
J. Stalks of Golden Corn
Answer: G
What in the meristematic tissues can differentiate into vascular bundles?

Options:
A. Secondary phloem cortex
B. Epidermal cambium
C. Lateral root hairs
D. Cambium
E. Adjacent pith cells
F. The original cambium
G. Mature xylem tissue
H. Peridermal layer
I. Primary meristem
J. Original epidermis
Answer: F
In the defense of cells, which of the following changes in factors align with normal variations and can promote stomatal opening?

Options:
A. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ concentration increases, pH value decreases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ concentration decreases, and water potential rises.
B. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ concentration increases, pH value increases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ concentration rises, and water potential increases.
C. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ levels increase, pH value rises, $\mathrm{K^+}$ levels decrease, and water potential increases.
D. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ content decreases, pH value increases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ levels decrease, and water potential rises.
E. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ concentration decreases, pH value increases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ concentration decreases, and water potential increases.
F. $\mathrm{CO_2}$ levels increase, pH rises, $\mathrm{K^+}$ levels decrease, and water potential decreases.
G. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ concentration increases, pH value decreases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ concentration rises, and water potential decreases.
H. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ content increases, pH value drops, $\mathrm{K^+}$ content rises, and water potential rises.
I. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ content decreases, the pH value drops, the $\mathrm{K^+}$ content increases, and the water potential decreases.
J. The $\mathrm{CO_2}$ concentration decreases, pH value increases, $\mathrm{K^+}$ concentration rises, and water potential decreases.
Answer: J
Which of the following groups of animals all have internal nostrils?

Options:
A. Lancelet, toad, lungfish, carp
B. Catfish, finches, frogs, newts
C. Lamprey, dog, cat, and skink
D. Grass carp, tortoise, platypus, finch
E. Trout, geckos, chickens, dolphins
F. Frogs, turtles, ostriches, lungfish
G. Rays, crocodiles, hawks, eels
H. Sharks, salamanders, lizards, pigeons
I. Goldfish, turkeys, snakes, salamanders
J. Stingrays, penguins, iguanas, storks
Answer: F
What substances inhibit gastric juice secretion?

Options:
A. Lipase
B. Cholecystokinin
C. ACh
D. Hydrochloric acid
E. Gastrin
F. Insulin
G. Glucagon
Answer: D
A gene on two autosomes of a long-tailed parrot (located on different chromosomes, respectively) controls feather color. The B gene controls the production of blue, and the Y gene controls the production of yellow. A recessive mutation in each gene can cause the corresponding color to disappear. When two green parrots are crossed, they produce green, blue, yellow, and white offspring. Based on this information, what are the genotypes of the green parents?

Options:
A. BbYy
B. BBYy
C. BByy
D. BbYY
E. BBYY
F. Bbyy
Answer: F
When testing the internal distribution pattern of a population, if the variance equals the mean, i.e., $\mathrm{A^2}$/m = 1, what type of distribution does the population exhibit?

Options:
A. Random and Uniform Distribution
B. Stochastic Distribution
C. Uniform Distribution
D. Poisson Distribution
E. Normal Distribution
F. Exponential Distribution
G. Negative Binomial Distribution
H. Homogeneous Distribution
I. Binomial Distribution
J. Clustered Distribution
Answer: B
Different groups of animals have unique characteristics. What are the specific characteristics of modern echinoderms, sponges, mammals, and birds, respectively?

Options:
A. Hydraulic system, porous cells, single jawbone structure, keratin scales
B. Posterior mouth, bone needles, viviparous reproduction, feathers
C. Water vascular system, ossicles, a single dentary bone in the lower jaw, flight
D. Vascular canal network, porous architecture, bone fusion in jaw, downy tuft
E. Deuterostome, water vascular system, viviparity, flight
F. Piping system, drainage system, mandible as a single dentary bone, feathers
G. Water-based system, fibrous body structure, dual jawbones, membranous wings
H. Aquatic channels, symmetrical body layout, fused jawbone, flight feathers
I. Fluid transport system, calcium spicules, mandibles, gizzard
J. Circulatory network, sponge-like body, fused bones, scaled skin
Answer: F
What is the primary cause of leaf curling in corn during dry periods due to water deficiency?

Options:
A. Mesophyll cells
B. Blister-like (motile) cells located on the upper epidermis
C. Parenchyma cells in the mesophyll layer
D. Sclereid cells in the leaf midrib region
E. Bulliform cells situated on the lower epidermis
F. Trichomes on the leaf epidermis
G. Fiber-like cells located in the vascular bundle
H. Bladder-like (motile) cells located in the lower epidermis
I. Palisade cells directly beneath the upper epidermis
J. Guard cells within the stomatal complex
Answer: B
Shells are structures secreted by the mantle of mollusks, serving to protect their soft parts. However, the shape and number of shells vary greatly among different groups of mollusks. The number of shells for chitons, scallops, tusk shells, squids, and abalones are, respectively?

Options:
A. 8, 1, 0, 1, 1
B. 8, 2, 0, 1, 1
C. 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
D. 8, 2, 0, 2, 1
E. 2, 2, 0, 1, 1
F. 8, 1, 0, 0, 2
G. 8, 2, 0, 0, 2
H. 2, 1, 1, 0, 2
I. 8, 2, 1, 1, 0
Answer: B
The human eye has three types of cone cells. Which three colors are they most sensitive to?

Options:
A. Red, Yellow, Purple
B. Blue, Red, Yellow
C. Blue, Yellow, Green
D. Red, Purple, Green
E. Yellow, Blue, Orange
F. Blue, Orange, Green
G. Green, Red, Yellow
H. Red, blue, green
I. Green, Blue, Orange
J. Purple, Yellow, Green
Answer: C
Which of the following groups represents the correct human evolutionary relationships?

Options:
A. Paranthropus robustus → Australopithecus afarensis → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens → Humans
B. Australopithecus afarensis → Australopithecus robustus → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens → Human
C. The Australopithecus afarensis → Homo erectus → Robust Australopithecus → Homo sapiens → Humans
D. Robust Australopithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens → Humans
E. Australopithecus afarensis → Paranthropus → Homo habilis → Homo neanderthalensis → Humans
F. Australopithecus africanus → Paranthropus boisei → Homo habilis → Homo neanderthalensis → Modern Human
G. The Southern Ape (Australopithecus) → Robust Southern Ape (Paranthropus) → Homo habilis (Handy Man) → Homo erectus (Upright Man) → Homo sapiens (Modern Human).
H. Paranthropus boisei → Australopithecus africanus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens
I. Homo habilis → Australopithecus afarensis → Homo erectus → Homo neanderthalensis → Human
J. Homo rudolfensis → Australopithecus robustus → Paranthropus → Homo sapiens → Modern Human
Answer: B
Which of the following descriptions about C4 plants is correct?

Options:
A. C4 plants cannot function in high-temperature environments.
B. Oxygen is the primary regulator of $\mathrm{CO_2}$ fixation.
C. The C4 pathway operates entirely independent of RuBisCO activity.
D. C4 plants require higher oxygen concentrations for photosynthesis.
E. The leaf blades only undergo the C4 photosynthetic pathway.
F. $\mathrm{CO_2}$ released during photorespiration can be efficiently utilized.
G. Oxygen has a relatively small impact on its $\mathrm{CO_2}$ fixation.
H. Only woody plants exhibit the C4 photosynthetic pathway.
I. All are monocotyledons.
J. All C4 plants avoid photorespiration entirely under all conditions.
Answer: G
If A/a, B/b, C/c, D/d, and E/e each determine a pair of contrasting traits, the following hybridization is now conducted: First parent (A/a; B/b; C/c; D/d; E/e) × Second parent (a/a; B/b; c/c; D/d; e/e). Among the offspring produced, the proportion with the same phenotype as the first parent is: ___.

Options:
A. 7/64
B. 7/128
C. 3/32
D. 9/64
E. 1/16
F. 9/128
G. 1/32
H. 5/64
I. 11/256
J. 1/8
Answer: F
In which vertebrates did the neocortex first appear?

Options:
A. Amphioxus
B. Primates
C. Birds
D. Reptiles
E. Fish
F. Insects
G. Amphibians
H. Marsupials
I. Cartilaginous fish
J. Mammals
Answer: D
The best stage to observe tetrads of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is?

Options:
A. Coarse Line Stage
B. Prophase of meiosis
C. Diplotene stage of meiosis
D. Zygotene pair checkpoint
E. Quaternary association stage
F. Double-Line Period
G. Synaptic merging phase
H. Haploid alignment phase
I. Equational division phase
J. Thin thread phase
Answer: F
What is the process of formation for unicellular pollen grains during anther development?

Options:
A. Sporogenous cell → Microspore cell → Pollen mother cell → Binucleate pollen grain
B. Sporogenous cell → pollen mother cell → sporocyte → uninucleate pollen grain
C. Sporogenous cell → Spore mother cell → Uninucleate cell → Mature pollen grain
D. Sporogenous cell → Archesporial cell → Microspore mother cell → Uninucleate pollen grain
E. Microsporocyte → Microspore mother cell → Uninucleate pollen grain
F. Sporogenous cell → Archesporial cell → Pollen mother cell → Binucleate pollen grain
G. Sporogenous cell → Microspore cell → Tetrad cell → Uninucleate pollen grain
H. Sporogenous cell → Archesporial cell → Tetrad cell → Mature pollen grain
I. Sporogenous cell → Spore mother cell → Tetrad cell → Binucleate pollen grain
J. Sporogenous cell → Spore mother cell → Pollen mother cell → Uninucleate pollen grain
Answer: J
During the observation of the hydra slide, you can first focus on the areas where relevant cells are concentrated to clearly observe the structure of these cells. In the hydra, where are gland cells and nematocysts concentrated?

Options:
A. Base, projections
B. Mouth, Base Plate
C. Cavity, buds
D. Foundation, foundation
E. Foundation, tentacles
F. Surface, limbs
G. Bud body, tentacle
H. Head, stalks
I. Column, cap
J. Digestive, structure
Answer: E
In the natural environment, which type of ecosystem has the thickest layer of litter?

Options:
A. Mediterranean Chaparral
B. Alpine Grasslands
C. Broadleaf Shrubland
D. Temperate Grasslands
E. Northern Coniferous Forest
F. Boreal Deciduous Woodland
G. Tundra Biome
H. Tropical Rainforest
I. Temperate Evergreen Forest
J. Mangrove Wetlands
Answer: E
Inversion refers to a phenomenon where two breaks occur simultaneously on a chromosome, the intermediate segment rotates 180° and reconnects, resulting in the reversal of the gene sequence within this segment. During synapsis of homologous chromosomes, various scenarios may arise, including?

Options:
A. When the inversion segment is large (including most of the chromosome), the inverted chromosome may pair in reverse orientation with the normal chromosome.
B. When the inversion segment is large, the chromosomes may undergo continuous misalignment rather than forming visible loops.
C. When the inversion segment is small, the homologous chromosome may fail completely to pair with the inverted chromosome during meiosis.
D. When the inversion region is small, homologous chromosomes may preferentially pair within the inversion region.
E. When the inversion region is moderately sized, both chromosomes pair perfectly without any structural disturbances during synapsis.
F. As long as there is an inversion, a typical inversion loop will form during the pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis (with the inverted chromosomal segment looping over within the ring).
G. When the inversion segment is too short, the homologous chromosomes pair randomly without following any typical inversion-related pattern.
H. When the size of the inverted chromosome differs significantly from the normal chromosome, homologous pairing of the homologous regions occurs through the formation of an inversion loop.
I. When the inversion occurs on non-homologous chromosomes, pairing will proceed normally in the absence of inversion loops.
J. When the inversion segment is very small (including an extremely short portion of the chromosome), the normal chromosome may pair with the inverted chromosome in a reversed orientation.
Answer: A
Closely related species H and G diverged from a common ancestor. If the nucleotide substitution rate of a certain gene is z per unit of time, and the total number of nucleotide substitutions between H and G is found to be X, what can be inferred about the divergence time of H and G?

Options:
A. y=0.5x/2z
B. y=x/2z
C. y=0.5x/z
D. y=$\mathrm{x^{1/2}}$/z
E. y=2z/x
F. y=2x/z
G. y=0.5z/x
H. y=x/z
I. y=z/0.5x
J. y=x/(0.5z)
Answer: C