MikaStars39/nano-eval huggingface dataset:
The best first-degree polynomial approximation of $f(x) = \sqrt{x}$ on the interval $\left[ 0, 1 \right]$ is ____, using $P_{0}$ and $P_{1}$ as basis functions.

Options:
A. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{7} {1 3}+\frac{2 1} {1 7} x
$$
B. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{9} {1 2}+\frac{3 5} {1 3} x
$$
C. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{9} {1 6}+\frac{8 2} {1 2} x
$$
D. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{5} {1 4}+\frac{2 2} {1 8} x
$$
E. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{4} {1 5}+\frac{1 2} {1 5} x
$$
F. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{2} {1 3}+\frac{4 7} {1 4} x
$$
G. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{1} {1 6}+\frac{5 4} {1 5} x
$$
H. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{6} {1 5}+\frac{3 9} {1 6} x
$$
I. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{8} {1 7}+\frac{7 3} {1 9} x
$$
J. $$
S_{\mathrm{i}}^{*} ( x )=\frac{3} {1 8}+\frac{9} {8 1} x
$$
Answer: E
What is the value of the integral $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,$?

Options:
A. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=4.368939556$
B. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=5.652138492$
C. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=6.239854372$
D. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=5.890234109$
E. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=3.785201294$
F. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=5.417896562$
G. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=3.462139875$
H. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=4.110984263$
I. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=2.948212134$
J. $\int_{-1}^{1} \sqrt{\frac{2+x}{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x \,=6.023745921$
Answer: A
Using the Adams explicit formula to solve the initial value problem
$$
\left\{\begin{array} {l l} {{y^{\prime}=3 \, x \!-\! 2 \, y,}} & {{\mathrm{0 \leq~ x \leq~ 0 ~. ~ 5 ~,}}} \\ {{y ( 0 ) \!=\! 1 \,.}} & {{\mathrm{}}} \\ \end{array} \right.
$$
Take the step size $h=0.1.$ Keep at least six decimal places after the decimal point. The result is ____.

Options:
A. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 3 7 0 6 2 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 3 0 5 1 8 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 7 3 2 9 7
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.642913
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.652014
$$
B. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 3 2 7 8 3 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 2 3 0 6 7 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 6 0 4 2 9
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.636466
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.643976
$$
C. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 3 5 4 7 9 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 2 8 9 4 3 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 6 9 6 2 5
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.641321
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.650389
$$
D. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 2 9 4 3 6 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 1 9 6 8 4 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 5 9 1 5 3
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.635204
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.643512
$$
E. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 3 3 2 9 8 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 2 4 1 2 5 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 6 0 8 4 5
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.637578
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.644805
$$
F. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 2 8 9 9 1 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 1 7 3 4 5 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 5 8 7 4 8
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.634599
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.642820
$$
G. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 3 0 1 2 4 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 2 1 8 9 0 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 6 5 3 1 2
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.638412
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.648205
$$
H. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 1 7 3 5 6 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 0 3 9 2 1 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 4 7 8 0 9
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.621745
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.630476
$$
I. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 4 0 1 5 2 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 4 1 2 8 3 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 7 8 4 6 2
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.646792
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.655392
$$
J. $$
y ( 0 )=1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 1 ) =0. 8 2 5 6 3 9 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 2 ) =0. 7 0 9 8 7 6 \,
$$
$$
y ( 0. 3 ) =0. 6 5 0 2 3 1
$$
$$
y ( 0. 4 )=0.628315
$$
$$
y ( 0. 5 )=0.637489
$$
Answer: B
Using the trapezoidal format iterative algorithm to solve the initial value problem
$$
\left\{\begin{array} {l} {y^{\prime}+y=0,} \\ {y(0)=1} \\ \end{array} \right.
$$
With a step size of $h=0.1$, The approximate value of $y(0.2)$ is____, requiring the iterative error to not exceed $10^{-5}$.

Options:
A. $$
y(0.2)=0.788594
$$
B. $$
y(0.2)=0.798594
$$
C. $$
y(0.2)=0.818594
$$
D. $$
y(0.2)=0.838594
$$
E. $$
y(0.2)=0.818694
$$
F. $$
y(0.2)=0.808594
$$
G. $$
y(0.2)=0.828594
$$
H. $$
y(0.2)=0.828494
$$
I. $$
y(0.2)=0.848594
$$
J. $$
y(0.2)=0.818494
$$
Answer: C
Using the simple iterative method, find the zero of the function $f(x) = x - \ln x - 2$ in the interval (2, +∞), and accelerate the convergence using the Aitken method to ____.

Options:
A. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 6 1 0 0 0 0 0$
B. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 6 1 9 3 2 2 7$
C. $x_{3}=3. 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0$
D. $x_{3}=3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0$
E. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0$
F. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5$
G. $x_{3}=3. 0 5 2 6 8 3 3 6 9$
H. $x_{3}=3. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0$
I. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 6 1 9 9 9 9 9$
J. $x_{3}=3. 1 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0$
Answer: B
Given $A=\left[ \begin{array} {c c} {{{1}}} & {{{2}}} \\ {{{3}}} & {{{4}}} \\ \end{array} \right].$
Find the spectral radius $\rho(A)$ of matrix $\boldsymbol{A}$.

Options:
A. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 8 9}}
$$
B. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 2 5}}
$$
C. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 2 1}}
$$
D. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 2 3}}
$$
E. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 1 3}}
$$
F. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 3 1}}
$$
G. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 1 9}}
$$
H. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 1 5}}
$$
I. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 1 8}}
$$
J. $$
\sqrt{1 5+\sqrt{2 1 1}}
$$
Answer: C
determine the absolute bolometric magnitude of Sirius and compare it with that of the Sun. What is the ratio of Sirius's luminosity to that of the Sun?

Options:
A. $$
7 7. 6.
$$
B. $$
1 5. 7.
$$
C. $$
8 5. 0.
$$
D. $$
0 3. 1.
$$
E. $$
5 1. 4.
$$
F. $$
4 6. 3.
$$
G. $$
2 2. 5.
$$
H. $$
6 0. 2.
$$
I. $$
3 8. 9.
$$
J. $$
9 4. 8.
$$
Answer: G
To find an expression for the frequency $v_{\operatorname*{max}}$ at which the Planck function $B_{\nu}$ attains its maximum value. (Warning: $v_{\operatorname*{max}} \neq c / \lambda_{\operatorname*{max}}.$)

Options:
A. $$
9. 5 5 \times1 0^{8} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-1} ~}
$$
B. $$
7. 2 2 \times1 0^{7} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-1} ~}
$$
C. $$
3. 7 7 \times1 0^{8} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-2} ~}
$$
D. $$
3. 3 3 \times1 0^{9} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-2} ~}
$$
E. $$
2. 6 6 \times1 0^{8} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-1} ~}
$$
F. $$
6. 1 1 \times1 0^{7} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-2} ~}
$$
G. $$
5. 8 8 \times1 0^{1 0} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-1} ~}
$$
H. $$
1. 0 0 \times1 0^{1 1} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-2} ~}
$$
I. $$
4. 9 9 \times1 0^{9} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-1} ~}
$$
J. $$
8. 3 3 \times1 0^{9} \mathrm{~ s^{-1} ~ K^{-2} ~}
$$
Answer: G
The diffraction pattern for a single slit (Figs. 6.7 and 6.8) is given by
$$
I ( \theta)=I_{0} \left[ \frac{\operatorname{s i n} ( \beta/ 2 )} {\beta/ 2} \right]^{2}
$$
If the slit has an aperture of 1.0 um, what angle $\theta$ corresponds to the first minimum if the wavelength of the light is 500 nm? Express your answer in degrees.

Options:
A. $$
7 5^{\circ}C
$$
B. $$
4 5^{\circ}C
$$
C. $$
3 0^{\circ}C
$$
D. $$
9 0^{\circ}C
$$
E. $$
6 0^{\circ}C
$$
F. $$
2 5^{\circ}C
$$
G. $$
1 5^{\circ}C
$$
H. $$
5 5^{\circ}C
$$
I. $$
8 0^{\circ}C
$$
J. $$
1 0^{\circ}C
$$
Answer: C
Suppose that a radio telescope receiver has a bandwidth of 50 MHz centered at 1.430 GHz $( 1 \mathrm{~ G H z}=1 0 0 0 \mathrm{~ M H z} )$. Assume that, rather than being a perfect detector over the entire bandwidth, the receiver's frequency dependence is triangular, meaning that the sensitivity of the detector is 0% at the edges of the band and 100% at its center. This filter function can be expressed as
$$
f_{\nu}=\left\{\begin{array} {c l} {{{{\frac{\nu} {v_{m}-v_{\ell}}-{\frac{\nu_{\ell}} {v_{m}-v_{\ell}}}}}}} & {{{{\mathrm{i f ~} v_{\ell} \leq v \leq v_{m}}}}} \\ {{{{-\frac{\nu} {v_{u}-v_{m}}+\frac{v_{u}} {v_{u}-v_{m}}}}}} & {{{{\mathrm{i f ~} v_{m} \leq v \leq v_{u}}}}} \\ {{{{0}}}} & {{{{\mathrm{e l s e w h e r e}}.}}} \\ \end{array} \right.
$$
Find the values of $\nu_{\ell}, \ \nu_{m}$ , and $v_{u}$ .

Options:
A. $$
1. 4 0 0 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 2 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 5 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
B. $$
1. 4 0 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 5 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
C. $$
1. 4 0 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 4 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 5 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
D. $$
1. 3 8 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 6 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
E. $$
1. 4 1 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 6 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
F. $$
1. 3 9 0 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 6 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
G. $$
1. 3 9 0 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 2 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 5 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
H. $$
1. 3 9 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 7 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
I. $$
1. 4 1 0 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 3 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 6 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
J. $$
1. 3 9 5 \, \mathrm{G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 2 5 \mathrm{~ G H z}
$$
$$
1. 4 5 0 \mathrm{~ G H z}.
$$
Answer: B
Fuzzy Number Representation of the Investment Return Rate:
Assume that the investment return rate of company X is represented as a fuzzy number $\mu_{U} (X)$, and the domain of the investment return rate is fixed as $U = \{2\%, 5\%, 10\%, 20\%\}$, representing all possible ranges of the investment return rate.
The membership function of the fuzzy number for company X's investment return rate is given as:
$\mu_2(X) = 0.2, \quad \mu_5(X) = 0.4, \quad \mu_{10}(X) = 0.3, \quad \mu_{20}(X) = 0.1$
Express the fuzzy number representation of the investment return rate for company X.

Options:
A. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 15} {1.5\%}+\frac{0. 35} {7\%}+\frac{0. 35} {9.5\%}+\frac{0. 15} {12\%}
$$
B. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 25} {2.5\%}+\frac{0. 25} {5\%}+\frac{0. 25} {7.5\%}+\frac{0. 25} {10\%}
$$
C. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 3} {3\%}+\frac{0. 5} {5\%}+\frac{0. 1} {10\%}+\frac{0. 1} {20\%}
$$
D. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 25} {2\%}+\frac{0. 25} {5\%}+\frac{0. 25} {10\%}+\frac{0. 25} {15\%}
$$
E. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 1} {1\%}+\frac{0. 3} {4\%}+\frac{0. 4} {9\%}+\frac{0. 2} {18\%}
$$
F. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 2} {2\%}+\frac{0. 4} {5\%}+\frac{0. 3} {10\%}+\frac{0. 1} {20\%}
$$
G. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 4} {4\%}+\frac{0. 2} {8\%}+\frac{0. 3} {12\%}+\frac{0. 1} {20\%}
$$
H. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 3} {3\%}+\frac{0. 3} {6\%}+\frac{0. 3} {12\%}+\frac{0. 1} {24\%}
$$
I. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 5} {5\%}+\frac{0. 3} {15\%}+\frac{0. 1} {25\%}+\frac{0. 1} {30\%}
$$
J. $$
\mu_{U} ( X )=\frac{0. 2} {2\%}+\frac{0. 3} {6\%}+\frac{0. 4} {10\%}+\frac{0. 1} {15\%}
$$
Answer: F
Let
$$
X=\langle x_{1}, x_{2} \rangle, \quad Y=\langle y_{1}, y_{2}, y_{3} \rangle,
$$
$R \!=\! \left( \! \! \begin{array} {c c c} {{{0. 1}}} & {{{0. 2}}} & {{{0. 7}}} \\ {{{0. 3}}} & {{{1}}} & {{{0. 1}}} \\ \end{array} \! \! \right), \quad A \!=\! \langle\, x_{1}, x_{2} \, \rangle, \underset{\sim}{B} \!=\! \frac{0. 1} {x_{1}} \!+\! \frac{0. 6} {x_{2}} \,,$ what are the values of $\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )$?

Options:
A. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 5 )=\frac{0. 2} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 3} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 5} {y_{3}}
$$
B. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 5, 0. 2, 0. 3 )=\frac{0. 5} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 2} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 3} {y_{3}}
$$
C. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 4, 0. 4, 0. 2 )=\frac{0. 4} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 4} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 2} {y_{3}}
$$
D. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 4, 0. 1, 0. 5 )=\frac{0. 4} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 1} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 5} {y_{3}}
$$
E. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 6, 0. 3, 0. 1 )=\frac{0. 6} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 3} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 1} {y_{3}}
$$
F. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 1, 0. 5, 0. 4 )=\frac{0. 1} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 5} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 4} {y_{3}}
$$
G. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 2, 0. 4, 0. 4 )=\frac{0. 2} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 4} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 4} {y_{3}}
$$
H. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 3, 0. 6, 0. 1 )=\frac{0. 3} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 6} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 1} {y_{3}}
$$
I. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 1, 0. 7, 0. 2 )=\frac{0. 1} {y_{1}}+\frac{0. 7} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 2} {y_{3}}
$$
J. $$
\underset{\sim}T{_R} ( A )=( 0. 3, 1, 0. 7 )=\frac{0. 3} {y_{1}}+\frac{1} {y_{2}}+\frac{0. 7} {y_{3}}
$$
Answer: J
Let $D^{*} \,=\, \{( x, y ) \, \in\, \mathbb{R}^{2} \, \mid\, 0 \, < \, x^{2}+y^{2} \, < \, 1 \}$ be the punctured unit disc in the Euclidean plane. Let $g$ be the complete Riemannian metric on $D^{*}$ with constant curvature $- 1$ . Find the distance under the metric between the points $( e^{-2 \pi}, 0 )$ and $(-e^{-\pi}, 0 )$ .

Options:
A. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{3+{\sqrt{2}}} {4}} )
$$
B. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{5+{\sqrt{2}}} {3}} )
$$
C. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{2+{\sqrt{6}}} {5}} )
$$
D. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{5+{\sqrt{3}}} {2}} )
$$
E. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{2+{\sqrt{5}}} {3}} )
$$
F. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{3+{\sqrt{5}}} {2}} )
$$
G. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{3+{\sqrt{7}}} {2}} )
$$
H. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{7+{\sqrt{3}}} {4}} )
$$
I. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{4+{\sqrt{6}}} {3}} )
$$
J. $$
\operatorname{l n} ( {\frac{6+{\sqrt{5}}} {4}} )
$$
Answer: F
Given any Riemannian manifold $( M^{n}, g )$ , there exists a unique Riemannian connection on $M^{n}$ . $2 \langle\nabla_{X} Y, Z \rangle=$ _____________ .

Options:
A. $$
Z \langle X, Y \rangle+Y \langle X, Z \rangle-X \langle Y, Z \rangle+ \langle [X, Z], Y \rangle-\langle Z, [X, Y] \rangle-\langle Y, [Z, X] \rangle
$$
B. $$
X \langle Z, Y \rangle+Y \langle X, Z \rangle-Z \langle Y, X \rangle+ \langle [Z, Y], X \rangle-\langle X, [Y, Z] \rangle-\langle Z, [X, Y] \rangle
$$
C. $$
X \langle Y, Z \rangle+Y \langle Z, X \rangle-Z \langle X, Y \rangle+ \langle [Z, X], Y \rangle-\langle [X, Z], Y \rangle-\langle [Y, Z], X \rangle
$$
D. $$
X \langle Y, Z \rangle+Z \langle Y, X \rangle-Y \langle X, Z \rangle+ \langle [X, Y], Z \rangle-\langle X, [Y, Z] \rangle-\langle Y, [Z, X] \rangle
$$
E. $$
Y \langle Z, X \rangle+Z \langle X, Y \rangle-X \langle Y, Z \rangle+ \langle [Y, X], Z \rangle-\langle Z, [Y, X] \rangle-\langle X, [Z, Y] \rangle
$$
F. $$
X \langle Y, Z \rangle+Y \langle X, Z \rangle-Z \langle X, Y \rangle+ \langle[ X, Y ], Z \rangle-\langle Y, [ X, Z ] \rangle-\langle X, [ Y, Z ] \rangle
$$
G. $$
Y \langle X, Y \rangle+X \langle Y, Z \rangle-Z \langle X, Y \rangle+ \langle [X, Z], Y \rangle-\langle Y, [X, Z] \rangle-\langle Z, [Y, X] \rangle
$$
H. $$
Y \langle X, Z \rangle+Z \langle X, Y \rangle-X \langle Z, Y \rangle+ \langle [X, Y], Z \rangle-\langle Z, [X, Y] \rangle-\langle X, [Y, Z] \rangle
$$
I. $$
Z \langle X, Y \rangle+Y \langle Z, X \rangle-X \langle Y, Z \rangle+ \langle [Z, X], Y \rangle-\langle Y, [X, Z] \rangle-\langle X, [Z, Y] \rangle
$$
J. $$
Z \langle Y, X \rangle+X \langle Z, Y \rangle-Y \langle X, Z \rangle+ \langle [Y, Z], X \rangle-\langle X, [Z, Y] \rangle-\langle Y, [X, Z] \rangle
$$
Answer: F
Let $\Sigma_{g}$ be the closed orientable surface of genus $g$ . If ______ then $\Sigma_{g}$ is a covering space of $\Sigma_{2}$ .

Options:
A. $g = 0$
B. $g = 2$
C. $g > 3$
D. $g \leq 2$
E. $g = 3$
F. $g = 1$
G. $g < 0$
H. $g > 1$
I. $g < 1$
J. $g \geq 3$
Answer: H
In the process of promoting the cooperation of handicrafts, the CPC has adopted the ( ) policy.

Options:
A. Inclusive Growth
B. Proactive leadership, steady progress
C. Mutual assistance and cooperation
D. Collaborative Innovation
E. Typical Demonstration
F. Community Engagement
G. Strategic Partnership
H. Resource Sharing
I. Sustainable Development
J. Voluntary Mutual Benefit
Answer: B
What is the strategic advantage that the Communist Party of China has gained from the signing of the Double Tenth Agreement?

Options:
A. Strengthened international recognition of its governance
B. Secured economic aid from the United States
C. Gained control over all major cities
D. Obtained preparation time for self-defense war
E. Obtained political initiative
F. Established a coalition government with rival parties
G. The liberated areas have obtained legal status
H. Prevented foreign intervention in domestic affairs
I. Increased military cooperation with foreign powers
J. Won the support of democratic parties
Answer: E
What is the use of a mysterious hand based on the mysterious connection between things to achieve the purpose of controlling objects or satisfying people's desires. Originated in the middle to late Paleolithic period ( )

Options:
A. shamanism
B. divination
C. witchcraft
D. sorcery
E. mysticism
F. necromancy
G. alchemy
H. telekinesis
I. voodoo
J. astrology
Answer: C
If public administration is a "factual domain" of decision-making and execution, then administrative ethics is a philosophical and moral ( ).

Options:
A. Moral legislation area
B. Policy landscape
C. Value Area
D. Operational domain
E. Legislative field
F. Governance structure
G. Regulatory scope
H. Accountability framework
I. Ethical field
J. Decision framework
Answer: C
The target of empirical ethical thinking is____.

Options:
A. Moral hypocrisy and spiritual slavery
B. Ethical egoism
C. Divine command theory
D. Deontological ethics
E. Individualism
F. utilitarianism
G. Ethical relativism
H. Virtue ethics
I. Consequentialism
J. Non-empiricism
Answer: A
____ laid the foundation for naturalistic theory of happiness.

Options:
A. Socrates
B. Democritus
C. Pythagoras
D. Zeno
E. Aristippus
F. Plato
G. Anaxagoras
H. Epicurus
I. Thales
J. Heraclitus
Answer: B
The birthplace of the first test-tube baby in mainland China is ___.

Options:
A. Shandong
B. Sichuan
C. Tianjin
D. Shanghai
E. Hunan
F. Jiangsu
G. Chongqing
H. Beijing
I. Guangzhou
J. Zhejiang
Answer: H
The basic requirement of the collectivist principle is ___.

Options:
A. Personal interests should be prioritized unless they conflict with collective goals.
B. Individual interests are more important than collective interests.
C. Collective interests and personal interests should be considered equally.
D. Personal interests must be sacrificed for the sake of harmony.
E. Personal interests should always align with collective interests.
F. Collective interests are above individual interests, put collective interests first
G. While safeguarding the collective interests, we should also take into account individual interests.
H. Always prioritize the interests of the majority over the minority.
I. When personal interests conflict with collective interests, sacrifice personal interests.
J. Ignore personal interests and only care about collective interests
Answer: F
From the structure of the definition, in the definition of "judgment is a form of thought that asserts something about the object of thought", what is "asserting something about the object of thought"?

Options:
A. conditional statement
B. proposition
C. quantity of thought
D. differentia specifica
E. quality of thought
F. categorical judgment
G. intrinsic property
H. empirical observation
I. reflective judgment
J. hypothetical syllogism
Answer: D
The minor premise of a valid triad is E judgment, and its major premise is ().

Options:
A. MAP
B. PEM
C. EPM
D. APM
E. AMP
F. PIM
G. MPA
H. PMI
I. PAM
J. MEP
Answer: I
Please briefly describe what fidelity of reasoning is?

Options:
A. The fidelity of reasoning means that if the premises are true and the reasoning form is valid, then the conclusion must be true.
B. Fidelity of reasoning is the ability to generate multiple hypotheses for a given problem.
C. Fidelity of reasoning pertains to the logical structure of an argument independent of the truth of its premises.
D. The fidelity of reasoning refers to the clarity and coherence of the language of the argument in the course of the argument.
E. The fidelity of reasoning refers to the strength of an argument in the course of an argument, regardless of its logical structure.
F. Fidelity of reasoning is the consistency of an argument with scientific principles.
G. Fidelity of reasoning denotes the speed at which the correct conclusion is reached during the argument.
H. Fidelity of reasoning refers to the emotional appeal of an argument.
I. Fidelity of reasoning describes the use of analogies in an argument to reach a correct conclusion.
J. Fidelity of reasoning is the extent to which an argument aligns with popular opinion.
Answer: A
Direct reasoning SAP → PIS, belongs to the ( ) reasoning of direct reasoning.

Options:
A. dyadic relation
B. commutative prime method
C. biconditional method
D. associative relation
E. conversion
F. commutative prime position method
G. inverse reasoning
H. reflective reasoning
I. transitive relation
J. distributive method
Answer: E
The person who thinks that the proper name of aesthetics should be "philosophy of beautiful art" is __

Options:
A. Kant
B. Schiller
C. Hegel
D. Nietzsche
E. Derrida
F. Plato
G. Baumgarten
H. Foucault
I. Adorno
J. Chernyshevsky
Answer: C
The characteristics of world religions are ().

Options:
A. Restricted membership, adherence to precedent, hierarchical submission
B. Isolation of followers, routine rituals, subordination to hierarchy
C. Centralized control of faith, traditional practices, collective worship
D. Universality of divinity and believers, creative nature of production, independence of organization
E. Singularity of belief, emulation, interdependence within a network
F. Specificity of deity and followers, imitation, dependence on established norms
G. Localized worship, conformity, reliance on external authority
H. Inflexibility of doctrines, uniformity, control by a single entity
I. Exclusivity of divine access, repetition, integration into larger structures
J. Homogeneity of belief systems, rigidity, centralization of power
Answer: D
What are the main reasons for the chaos in religious and economic foundations?

Options:
A. It arises from economic policies that prioritize material wealth over spiritual values.
B. Economic downturns caused by global pandemics are the main contributors.
C. The chaos stems from geopolitical conflicts influenced by religious affiliations.
D. It's driven by the rapid modernization and technological advancements disrupting traditional values.
E. It is primarily caused by ancient people creating deities as a result of self-alienation.
F. It stems from a lack of communication between religious leaders and followers.
G. It occurs due to increasing secularism and atheism in society.
H. It is due to contemporary disagreements over religious texts and interpretations.
I. It is influenced by educational reforms that marginalize religious teachings.
J. The chaos is a result of the rise in individualism and decline in community-oriented practices.
Answer: E
When did witchcraft in China originate?

Options:
A. The Neolithic Period.
B. The Zhou Dynasty.
C. The Song Dynasty.
D. The Yuan Dynasty.
E. The Tang Dynasty.
F. The Middle to Late Paleolithic Period.
G. The Ming Dynasty.
H. The Han Dynasty.
I. The Shang Dynasty.
J. The Bronze Age.
Answer: F
The state adopts a certain religion or sect as the orthodox belief, with its political and social status elevated above other religions or sects. What type of religious organization is this?

Options:
A. State religion type
B. Religious autocracy
C. Theocratic governance
D. Religious pluralism
E. Sectarian state
F. Secular state
G. Spiritual democracy
H. Clerical regime
I. Ecclesiastical order
J. Religious oligarchy
Answer: A
When did Buddhism spread into China?

Options:
A. In the 10th century AD.
B. In the 8th century BC.
C. In the 4th century AD.
D. Around the 5th century AD.
E. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD).
F. Around the 1st century AD.
G. Around the 2nd century AD.
H. In the 3rd century BC.
I. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD).
J. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD).
Answer: F
After the Opium War, China not only suffered from the military aggression of the great powers, but also suffered from the severe impact of a large number of foreign industrial products on the Chinese market. The Westernization Movement launched after the 1860s was mainly to __.

Options:
A. protect national capital
B. improve agricultural techniques
C. enhance military capabilities
D. develop domestic agriculture
E. promote cultural exchange
F. reform the education system
G. develop domestic industry
H. establish international alliances
I. resist the import of foreign capital
J. increase foreign trade
Answer: G
During the Anti-Japanese War, the core institution of the National Government's monopoly on the national financial industry was __.

Options:
A. Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau
B. Ministry of Economic Affairs
C. National Investment Corporation
D. Central Agricultural Bank
E. Joint Office of the Four Banks
F. Central Trust Bureau
G. People's Savings Bank
H. State Financial Authority
I. Bank of China
J. National Currency Bureau
Answer: E
After the 1840s, under the impact of foreign capitalist economy, China's economy has undergone profound changes. Around the 1870s, the structure of China's export commodities changed, as shown by __.

Options:
A. Agricultural finished products and semi-finished products increased rapidly
B. Agricultural products were the only focus of exports
C. The export of manufactured goods became the dominant sector
D. The proportion of handicrafts declined rapidly
E. The value of precious metals in exports saw a dramatic increase
F. The rise of technology led to a decrease in export volume
G. The proportion of raw materials increased rapidly
H. The quantity of textiles exported decreased significantly
I. The demand for traditional crafts surged in foreign markets
J. Handicraft finished products increased rapidly
Answer: G
The Chinese Communist Party proposed the policy of reducing rent and interest during __.

Options:
A. The Sino-Soviet Split
B. The Land Revolution
C. The Cultural Revolution
D. The Great Leap Forward
E. The Liberation War
F. The Anti-Japanese War
G. The Long March
H. The Korean War
I. The Reform and Opening-Up period
J. On the eve of the founding of New China
Answer: F
What is the work published in 1843 by Leopold von Ranke, which is known as the "Manifesto of the Historical School"?

Options:
A. "Outline of National Economics by the Historical Method"
B. "History of British National Economic Thought in the 16th and 17th Centuries"
C. "The Political Economy of Historical Methodology"
D. "Foundations of Economic History in European Nations"
E. "Analysis of Economic Systems Using Historical Principles"
F. "Evaluation of National Economies Through Historical Framework"
G. "Historical Perspectives on National Economic Development"
H. "Introduction to Historical Methodology in Economics"
I. "History of National Economy in Germany"
J. "Overview of National Economic Systems Across History"
Answer: A
What aspects does Hayek primarily focus on when criticizing Keynesianism?

Options:
A. Over-reliance on technological advancements for stability
B. Heavy emphasis on export driven market theories
C. Misinterpretation of consumer behavior statistics
D. Infringement on market dynamics stifles entrepreneurial progress
E. Belief in unlimited economic growth potential
F. Ignoring the impact of money supply on economic fluctuations
G. Emphasize the long-term effects of economic policy rather than the short-term effects.
H. Decreased focus on the principles of supply and demand
I. Government intervention leads to a decrease in resource allocation efficiency
J. Overemphasis on the Labor Theory of Value
Answer: I
Which economist proposed the view that the "long-run supply curve" is vertical to the price level?

Options:
A. David Ricardo
B. Paul Krugman
C. Thomas Sowell
D. John Maynard Keynes
E. Alfred Marshall
F. Adam Smith
G. Joseph Schumpeter
H. Milton Friedman
I. Friedrich Hayek
J. Robert Lucas
Answer: H
In which way is the difference between human resources and talent resources mainly?

Options:
A. Difference in strategy
B. Difference in location
C. Difference in function
D. Difference in structure
E. Difference in engagement
F. Difference in experience
G. Difference in quality
H. Difference in proportion
I. Difference in quantity
J. Difference in efficiency
Answer: G
Whether knowledge can be converted into economic value depends on ().

Options:
A. The extent of competition in the industry
B. The conversion rate of knowledge productivity
C. Human subjective initiative
D. The availability of financial resources to invest in knowledge
E. The motivation of employees to use their knowledge
F. The alignment of knowledge with market demands
G. The efficiency of knowledge dissemination methods
H. The legal regulations governing knowledge utilization
I. Respect for the objective environment of knowledge
J. The level of knowledge mastered by workers
Answer: B
What is the type of population reproduction that has the longest time span of any human being today?

Options:
A. high births, high deaths, low natural population growth
B. low births, fluctuating deaths, high natural population growth
C. high births, low deaths, moderate natural population growth
D. high births, low deaths, high natural population growth
E. fluctuating births, high deaths, moderate natural population growth
F. low births, low deaths, high natural population growth
G. low births, high deaths, low natural population growth
H. high births, fluctuating deaths, moderate natural population growth
I. moderate births, high deaths, low natural population growth
J. low births, low deaths, low natural population growth
Answer: A
Which of the following measures is a trade protectionism measure that is absolutely prohibited by WTO rules?

Options:
A. Export taxes
B. Anti-dumping
C. Special safeguard measures
D. Countervailing measures
E. Export subsidies
F. Tariff-rate quotas
G. Voluntary export restraints
H. Gray area measures
I. Local content requirements
J. Import quotas
Answer: H
When the manufacturer's profit reaches the maximum ().

Options:
A. Average cost intersects marginal cost
B. Total variable cost is minimized
C. Marginal revenue equals marginal product value
D. Total revenue equals total cost
E. Marginal utility equals marginal cost
F. Average revenue is maximized
G. Marginal cost reaches the minimum value
H. Marginal revenue product equals marginal factor cost
I. Marginal product is maximized
J. Marginal cost equals average variable cost
Answer: H
When the price of low-end goods falls, other things remain unchanged, the correct statement is ().

Options:
A. The substitution effect has no impact on the demand for the goods, while the income effect increases its demand
B. The substitution effect and income effect reinforce each other, resulting in a decrease in the demand for the goods
C. The substitution effect tends to increase the demand for the goods, while the income effect tends to reduce its demand
D. The substitution effect has no impact on the demand for the goods, while the income effect decreases its demand
E. The substitution effect and income effect cancel each other out, resulting in no change in the demand for the goods
F. The substitution effect decreases the demand for the goods, while the income effect has no impact
G. The substitution effect increases the demand for the goods, while the income effect has no impact
H. The substitution effect tends to reduce the demand for the goods, while the income effect tends to increase its demand
I. Both the substitution effect and income effect have no impact on the demand for the goods
J. The substitution effect and income effect reinforce each other, resulting in an increase in the demand for the goods
Answer: C
In the study of public finance, which category and the unification of historical categories is considered to be finance?

Options:
A. economic category
B. strategic category
C. societal category
D. political category
E. financial category
F. cultural category
G. mathematical category
H. managerial category
I. technological category
J. environmental category
Answer: A
After the working capital of state-owned enterprises in China was changed to be managed by banks, the management method of the state-allocated working capital of enterprises is ( ).

Options:
A. allocated based on performance metrics set by the state
B. given to local governments for allocation
C. still left to the enterprise and managed by the competent department
D. transferred to private companies for management
E. still left to the enterprise and managed by the financial department
F. returned to the central government for redistribution
G. recovered by the financial department
H. managed by an independent regulatory body
I. managed directly by the Ministry of Finance
J. still left to the enterprise and managed by the bank
Answer: J
The method by which the purchaser of production factors transfers the future tax payable of the purchased production factors to the seller of the production factors by deducting it in advance from the purchase price is called ( ).

Options:
A. tax dispersion transfer
B. pre-tax transfer
C. tax anticipation
D. tax pass-through
E. tax remission
F. tax deferral
G. tax elimination transfer
H. tax capitalization
I. tax prepayment
J. tax shifting
Answer: H
The various benefits and intangible costs of alternative fiscal expenditure items are not measured in monetary units. It is only necessary to calculate the tangible cost of each alternative project, and the lowest cost is the best standard. This method of analysis of financial expenditure efficiency is ().

Options:
A. Cost-benefit analysis method
B. Minimum cost selection method
C. Incremental cost analysis method
D. Least cost project evaluation method
E. Benefit-only analysis method
F. Comparative cost strategy
G. Fiscal efficiency assessment method
H. Total expense calculation method
I. Cost-expense analysis method
J. Comprehensive cost analysis method
Answer: B
When levying personal income tax on service remuneration in China, there is a provision for surcharge when the one-time income exceeds a certain amount. This amount is ().

Options:
A. 20,000 yuan
B. 40,000 yuan
C. 35,000 yuan
D. 60,000 yuan
E. 10,000 yuan
F. 25,000 yuan
G. 30,000 yuan
H. 45,000 yuan
I. 15,000 yuan
J. 50,000 yuan
Answer: A
The bond issuance method that is often supplemented by "sales guarantee" measures at the time of issuance is ().

Options:
A. Continuous distribution method
B. Direct sales method
C. Private placement method
D. Book building method
E. Reverse auction method
F. Public offering auction method
G. Convertible bond method
H. Shelf registration method
I. fixed income sales method
J. Syndicated loan method
Answer: I
The current consumption tax, customs duty, and value-added tax in our country belong to ().

Options:
A. Property Tax
B. Tax excluded in price
C. Excise Tax
D. Capital Gains Tax
E. Income Tax
F. Tax included in price
G. Corporate Tax
H. Sales Tax
I. Commodity Taxation
J. Service Tax
Answer: I
To address the challenges posed by an aging population, China's current pension insurance funding model is ( ).

Options:
A. contribution-based system
B. collective savings system
C. fully funded system
D. retirement reserve system
E. commercial fund system
F. state-funded system
G. public assistance system
H. pay-as-you-go system
I. partial fund system
J. universal pension scheme
Answer: I
The leading organization for budget execution in China is ( ).

Options:
A. Ministry of Finance
B. National People's Congress
C. State Council and local people's governments at all levels
D. State Administration of Budget Management
E. Council of Economic Strategies and Control
F. Central Commission for Economic Planning
G. Ministry of Economy and Revenue Department
H. People's Bank of China
I. National Development and Reform Commission
J. Federation for National Budget Affairs
Answer: C
The type of VAT that is not allowed to deduct any fixed asset purchase price is ( ).

Options:
A. Export-type VAT
B. Sales-type VAT
C. Mixed VAT
D. Consumption-type VAT
E. Investment-type VAT
F. Asset-type VAT
G. Revenue-type VAT
H. Purchase-type VAT
I. Production-type VAT
J. Income-type VAT
Answer: I
The indicator to measure the size of national debt from the perspective of the government's ability to repay principal and interest is ( ).

Options:
A. State repayment obligation metric
B. Governmental financial strain index
C. National economic debt repayment ratio
D. Economic debt servicing scale
E. National debt dependence
F. National finance obligation ratio
G. Sovereign debt repayment capability
H. Public debt liability quotient
I. Fiscal debt repayment ratio
J. National debt burden ratio
Answer: I
The repayment method of treasury bonds is to provide investors with the possibility of mid-term redemption and to help maintain the market price of treasury bonds.The repayment method is ( ).

Options:
A. Fixed monthly repayment schedule
B. One-time repayment upon maturity
C. Lottery round repayment method
D. Annual interest accumulation plan
E. Convertible bonds option exchange
F. Immediate repayment upon issuance
G. Market purchase and sale repayment method
H. Gradually repayment in installments
I. Incremental increases with market demand
J. Flexible repayment at investor's discretion
Answer: G
According to the relationship between revenue and expenditure activities and social and economic activities, fiscal policy can be divided into ( ).

Options:
A. Revenue collection policy and government spending policy
B. Public finance policy and private budget policy
C. Tax policy and expenditure policy
D. Investment policy and subsidy policy
E. State-owned assets policy and national budget policy
F. Government savings policy and national debt policy
G. Domestic economic policy and international trade policy
H. Macro fiscal policy and micro fiscal policy
I. Monetary policy and fiscal stimulus policy
J. Central bank policy and economic growth policy
Answer: H
In the mature stage of economic development, the focus of fiscal expenditure is ( ).

Options:
A. external debt payments and defense expenditure
B. agricultural advances and farm subsidies
C. infrastructure investment
D. tourism development and religious grants
E. public health expenditure
F. education expenditure
G. military spending and security costs
H. human resources expenditure and transfer expenditure
I. import subsidies and export tariffs
J. social security benefits and pension funds
Answer: H
The interest rate of the 3-year government bonds issued by the government in 20xx is 5.4%, and the total issuance amount is RMB 15 billion. The principal and interest calculated by compound interest is ( ).

Options:
A. RMB 20.000 billion
B. RMB 18.765 billion
C. RMB 15.810 billion
D. RMB 16.789 billion
E. RMB 18.250 billion
F. RMB 19.450 billion
G. RMB 17.430 billion
H. RMB 16.001 billion
I. RMB 15.002 billion
J. RMB 17.564 billion
Answer: J
Which of the following is a correct account of the meaning of product variance?

Options:
A. Product variance is the statistical measure of the spread in consumer satisfaction ratings for a product.
B. Product divergence describes situations where equivalent items by distinct organizations within a single field experience partial substitution due to differences in standards, morphology, capabilities, advertisement of sales and support, and patron inclinations.
C. Product variance is the assessment of environmental impacts associated with product production and consumption.
D. Product differentiation denotes a scenario where analogous items manufactured by diverse corporations within the same domain are subject to partial substitution thanks to variances in grade, type, efficacy, distribution of sales and support details, and shopper choices.
E. Product variance refers to the differences in production costs among different manufacturers in the same industry.
F. Product variance implies a scenario where identical items by diverse entities in one sector face partial replaceability owing to variances in caliber, design, efficiency, information about sales and service, and buyer tastes.
G. Product variability means a situation where comparable products made by diverse companies in the same field are subject to incomplete substitution because of differences in standard, design, function, sales and service info, and customer preferences.
H. Product differentiation refers to a situation where similar goods produced by different firms within the same industry are subject to incomplete substitution between products due to differences in quality, style, performance, provision of sales and service information, and consumer preferences.
I. Product distinction implies circumstances where similar products from various makers in the same industry face limited substitutability based on differences in grade, design, efficiency, marketing of sales and support, and consumer desires.
J. Product mix suggests a context where akin products crafted by varied outfits within the same sector undergo limited interchanging due to disparities in quality, style, functionality, communication of sales and service data, and customer predilections.
Answer: H
What are the categories of business innovation?

Options:
A. According to the different objects and contents of innovation, enterprise innovation can be divided into process innovation and product innovation; according to the degree of innovation (whether or not to subvert the original technological paradigm), enterprise innovation can be divided into radical innovation and progressive innovation.
B. According to the innovation timing, enterprise innovation can be divided into early-stage innovation and late-stage innovation; according to the innovation scope, enterprise innovation can be divided into local innovation and global innovation.
C. According to the scale of change, enterprise innovation can be divided into small-scale innovation and large-scale innovation; according to the innovation approach, enterprise innovation can be divided into open innovation and closed innovation.
D. According to the different levels of market impact, enterprise innovation can be divided into disruptive innovation and incremental innovation; according to the focus of innovation, enterprise innovation can be divided into technological innovation and service innovation.
E. According to the innovation funding, enterprise innovation can be divided into self-funded innovation and venture-funded innovation; according to the innovation collaboration, enterprise innovation can be divided into solo innovation and partnered innovation.
F. According to the innovation drivers, enterprise innovation can be divided into customer-driven innovation and technology-driven innovation; according to the innovation outcomes, enterprise innovation can be divided into short-term innovation and long-term innovation.
G. According to the innovation scale, enterprise innovation can be divided into micro innovation and macro innovation; according to the innovation environment, enterprise innovation can be divided into stable innovation and dynamic innovation.
H. According to the innovation goals, enterprise innovation can be divided into efficiency innovation and growth innovation; according to the innovation strategy, enterprise innovation can be divided into defensive innovation and offensive innovation.
I. According to the innovation beneficiaries, enterprise innovation can be divided into consumer innovation and corporate innovation; according to the innovation lifecycle, enterprise innovation can be divided into initial innovation and mature innovation.
J. According to the industry sector, enterprise innovation can be divided into manufacturing innovation and service innovation; according to the innovation resources, enterprise innovation can be divided into internal innovation and external innovation.
Answer: A
The decisive factor in the formation and development of international division of labor is ( ).

Options:
A. Labor laws
B. Superstructure
C. Capital flow
D. Resource availability
E. Political stability
F. Cultural influences
G. Social productivity
H. Technological advancements
I. Globalization trends
J. Natural conditions
Answer: G
The trade method that belongs to open bidding is ( ).

Options:
A. Leasing
B. Tendering and bidding
C. Consignment
D. Spot trading
E. Bartering
F. Brokerage
G. Franchise
H. Underwriting
I. Auction
J. Negotiation
Answer: I
According to the product life cycle theory, new products are usually ( ).

Options:
A. labor-intensive products
B. innovation-driven products
C. capital-intensive products
D. resource-intensive products
E. market-driven products
F. price-sensitive products
G. consumer-focused products
H. technology-intensive products
I. environmentally-friendly products
J. service-oriented products
Answer: H
At present, the proportion of developed capitalist countries in the total world trade is about ( ).

Options:
A. 70%
B. 80%
C. 30%
D. 50%
E. 60%
F. 90%
G. 40%
H. 85%
I. 20%
J. 95%
Answer: A
The international trade volume usually refers to ( ).

Options:
A. The total world imports
B. The total world imports and exports
C. The balance of trade in services
D. The value of local market sales
E. The total assets owned by foreign entities
F. The volume of illegal trade activities
G. The average price of goods traded
H. The foreign trade volume
I. The total number of trade agreements
J. The total world exports
Answer: J
The international practice formulated by the International Law Association specifically for interpreting CIF sales contracts is ( ).

Options:
A. "Warsaw-Oxford Rules of 1932"
B. "Hague Rules"
C. "Hamburg Rules"
D. "Rotterdam Rules"
E. "Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits"
F. "UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts"
G. "Revised U.S. Foreign Trade Definitions 1990"
H. "Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods"
I. "Incoterms 2020"
J. "International Commercial Terms"
Answer: A
After the Age of Discovery, trade between countries shifted from simple exchanges of needed goods to profit-driven commercial transactions. At this time, the basis for determining the flow of goods was ( ).

Options:
A. Technological advancements in transportation
B. Military presence and colonial expansion
C. Natural resource conditions and production skills
D. Population mobility
E. Environmental sustainability practices
F. Capital stock
G. The rise of consumerism and market demands
H. Government regulations and tariffs
I. Labor force
J. Cultural exchanges and collaborations
Answer: C
The relationship between the exporter and the exclusive distributor is ( ).

Options:
A. Supplier-client relationship
B. Franchise relationship
C. Entrustment relationship
D. Consignment relationship
E. Agency relationship
F. Representative relationship
G. Buyer-seller relationship
H. Joint venture relationship
I. Licensing relationship
J. Partnership relationship
Answer: G
The 1932 Warsaw-Oxford Rules were formulated by the International Law Association and specifically explain ( ).

Options:
A. PA contract
B. TBA contract
C. CFR contract
D. CIP contract
E. CIF contract
F. DDP contract
G. CPT contract
H. FOB contract
I. EXW contract
J. FCA contract
Answer: E
For the importer, the correct order of payment methods by risk level is ( ).

Options:
A. D/A > L/P > D/P
B. L/C > D/P = D/A
C. L/C > D/A > D/P
D. L/C > D/P > D/A
E. D/A > D/P > L/C
F. D/A > L/C > D/P
G. D/P > D/A > L/C
H. D/A > L/C = D/P
I. D/P > L/C > D/A
Answer: D
In actual business, the task of examining letters of credit is undertaken by ( ).

Options:
A. Shipping companies
B. Legal advisors
C. Insurance agencies
D. Customs
E. Exporters
F. Banks
G. Government agencies
H. Regulatory authorities
I. Banks and beneficiaries
J. Importers
Answer: I
Which of the following contractual clauses belongs to the principle of legal exemption?

Options:
A. Cancellation
B. Limitation of liability
C. Arbitration
D. Dispute
E. Force majeure
F. Waiver
G. Claim
H. Indemnity
I. Confidentiality
J. Assignment
Answer: E
The core of the negotiation between the buyer and the seller in the inspection clause is ( ).

Options:
A. Inspection equipment
B. Inspection agency
C. Inspection standards
D. Inspection frequency
E. Inspection report format
F. Inspection method
G. Inspection time and place
H. Inspection personnel
I. Inspection cost
J. Inspection certificate
Answer: G
Which of the following trade models can explain intra-industry trade well?

Options:
A. Absolute advantage model
B. Gravity model of trade
C. Factor proportions model
D. Ricardian equivalence model
E. Heckscher-Ohlin trade model
F. Monopolistic competition trade model
G. Comparative advantage model
H. Specific factor model
I. Ricardo trade model
J. New trade theory model
Answer: F