MikaStars39/nano-eval huggingface dataset:
If red pea flowers are dominant over white pea flowers, what will happen to the offspring when two self-pollinating pea plants are crossed?

Options:
A. Red flowers total to 25%, white flowers to 75%.
B. Red flowers and white flowers, each 50%.
C. All must bloom into white flowers.
D. The offspring will always have one red and one white flower.
E. Each plant will produce only white flowers exclusively.
F. They could produce pink flowers, mixing red and white traits.
G. All blossoms will undoubtedly bloom red.
H. Red flowers account for 75%, white flowers 25%.
I. They might all bloom red flowers, or they might all bloom white flowers.
J. Red flowers dominate, but some offspring may remain flowerless.
Answer: I
Which part of the inner ear plays a primary role in causing motion sickness when a long-distance bus stops and starts intermittently due to traffic congestion on the highway?

Options:
A. Cochlear Duct
B. Semicircular canal
C. Ellipsoidal Capsules and Spherical Capsules
D. Otolith Organs and Hair Cells
E. Corti's Organ
F. Vestibular Maculae and Cristae Ampullares
G. Basilar Fibers and Scala Media
H. Utricular Maculae and Spiral Ligament
I. Cochlear Membrane and Tectorial Membrane
J. Endolymphatic Sac and Perilymphatic Duct
Answer: C
Which of the following participate in photophosphorylation?

Options:
A. P680, P700, chlorophyll c
B. P680, P700, cytochrome f
C. ATP synthase, plastocyanin, P700
D. Cytochrome c, Cytochrome b, NADH
E. P680, P700, ferredoxin
F. P680, P700, carotenoids
G. P680,P700,P450
H. P680, P700, chlorophyll a without magnesium
I. P680, P700, chlorophyll b
J. P680, P700, plastoquinone
Answer: I
Lysine has three pK values: pK₁ = 2.1, pK₂ = 9.0, pK₃ = 10.5. What is the pI of lysine?

Options:
A. 10.5
B. 5.55
C. 7.15
D. 10.0
E. 6.3
F. 8.75
G. 9.75
H. 6.85
I. 7.25
J. 8.25
Answer: G
Japanese scientists proposed the "Neutral Theory of Evolution." What is its primary basis?

Options:
A. Physiological Evidence
B. Evidence of Biomacromolecules
C. Chromosomal Rearrangements
D. Gene Flow Hypothesis
E. Genetic Drift Importance
F. Fossil Evidence
G. Morphological Evidence
H. Molecular Clock Theory
I. Behavioral Evidence
J. Evolutionary Equilibrium Theory
Answer: B
In the estuarine ecosystem where rivers flow into the sea, a species of paramecium has been discovered. Observations indicate that its contractile vacuole contracts approximately 20 times per minute in its natural habitat. This paramecium can also survive for a period of time in freshwater. Based on your knowledge, deduce how many times per minute the contractile vacuole of this paramecium would contract in freshwater.

Options:
A. Greater than 20 times, because paramecia originate from environments with lower osmotic pressure.
B. Fewer than 20 times, because the paramecium is in an environment with lower osmotic pressure.
C. Exactly 20 times, as the osmotic pressure remains constant for the paramecium.
D. More than 20 times, because the paramecium is in a higher osmotic pressure environment.
E. Less than 20 times, as the paramecium is in an environment with lower osmotic pressure.
F. Less than 20 times, due to the stable osmotic balance in freshwater environments.
G. Approximately 20 times, due to similar osmotic conditions between its habitat and freshwater.
H. Fewer than 20 times, as osmotic gradients are lower in freshwater compared to seawater.
I. More than 20 times, since the freshwater environment mirrors the osmotic pressure of its habitat.
J. Exactly 20 times, because the paramecium adapts fully to osmotic pressure changes.
Answer: A
Marine annelids typically have a larval stage during their development. What is it called?

Options:
A. hydroid
B. osculum
C. veliger
D. cystsoma
E. radula
F. chaetae
G. pylorus
H. trochophore
I. chiton
J. coelomate
Answer: H
Primary cultures are established from both normal and cancerous tissues. Which of the following descriptions about the prospects of these two types of cell cultures is correct?

Options:
A. Most normal tissue cells can divide and propagate, but the number of passages is limited.
B. Every normal tissue cell can indefinitely propagate through countless passages.
C. Cells in normal tissues can divide to produce daughter cells, similar to cancer cells, and continue through successive generations.
D. Most normal tissue cells divide indefinitely and propagate like cancer cells.
E. Only stem cells can be cultured and passaged like cancer cells.
F. Normal tissue cells always divide rapidly and are not limited in passage number.
G. Normal tissue cells cannot divide or propagate but can mimic cancer cell behavior.
H. Cells in normal tissues never divide and cannot propagate or be passaged.
I. Except for a few types of cells such as nerve cells and muscle cells that cannot divide, other cells can divide like cancer cells and can be cultured in vitro for cell passaging, similar to cancer cells.
J. Cells in normal tissues have already differentiated, and cultured cells can only survive without dividing, while the cells themselves can divide.
Answer: A
The arrangement of pigment molecules in large lines on the thylakoid membrane is tight and orderly, arranged sequentially from the outside to the inside. This arrangement facilitates energy transfer to the reaction center while ensuring that energy cannot be transmitted in the reverse direction. Which of the following belongs to this type of arrangement?

Options:
A. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a, carotenoids
B. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoids
C. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
D. Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, chlorophyll a
E. Carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b
F. Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, chlorophyll b
G. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll , carotenoids
H. Carotenoids, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a
I. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll b
Answer: E
What does a patient feel under local anesthesia?

Options:
A. Pain disappears fully, tactile sensation also dulls.
B. Pain and touch are both present.
C. Pain remains fully, touch is partially dulled.
D. Pain diminishes partially, touch sensation is absent.
E. Tactile sensation and pain both disappear completely.
F. Tactile sensation remains, pain sensation disappears.
G. Pain is dulled, touch is completely eliminated.
H. Both touch and pain sensations remain intact.
I. The sense of pain and touch has been completely dulled.
J. Pain sensation exists, touch sensation disappears.
Answer: F
Which of the following statements about the changes in structural and functional characteristics during the development of an ecosystem from its juvenile stage to its mature stage is correct?

Options:
A. The resistance and resilience of a mature ecosystem are relatively high.
B. In developing ecosystems, species diversity is relatively high, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively broad.
C. The mineral nutrient cycle of a mature ecosystem is relatively more open.
D. In developing ecosystems, species diversity is relatively low, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively broad.
E. In mature ecosystems, species diversity is relatively low, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively broad.
F. In developing ecosystems, species diversity is relatively high, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively narrow.
G. In developing ecosystems, the ability to resist external disturbances is strong.
H. In mature ecosystems, species diversity is relatively high, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively narrow.
I. In mature ecosystems, species diversity is relatively high, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively broad.
J. In mature ecosystems, species diversity is relatively low, and the ecological niches of each species are relatively narrow.
Answer: D
The k gene in chickens is a recessive lethal gene linked to sex. When male chickens carrying the heterozygous k gene mate with normal female chickens, a total of 120 chicks are hatched. What is the male-to-female ratio among these 120 chicks? (Hint: The sex determination in chickens follows the ZW system.)

Options:
A. Male:Female = 70:50
B. Female:Male = 100:20
C. Female:Male = 95:25
D. Female:Male = 85:35
E. Male:Female = 75:45
F. Female:Male = 80:40
G. Male:Female = 80:40
H. Female:Male = 90:30
I. Female:Male = 60:60
J. Male:Female = 65:55
Answer: G
Which of the following descriptions of bryophytes is correct?

Options:
A. The rhizome contains vascular tissue.
B. Plants exhibit bilateral symmetry.
C. Sperm that exhibit no motility.
D. The plant has radial, rather than bilateral symmetry.
E. The rhizome lacks vascular tissue.
F. The nutrient leaves produce only spores, not gametes.
G. Sperm Without Flagella
H. Sporangia clusters are absent in bryophytes entirely.
I. Sporangia clusters are neatly arranged on the nutrient leaves.
J. The sporangia develop only under water.
Answer: A
What is the microorganism capable of secreting soluble pigments into the extracellular environment during the process of cell growth?

Options:
A. Rhodotorula glutinis (Red Yeast)
B. Sky-blue Streptomyces (Streptomyces coelicolor)
C. Crimson Saccharomyces (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
D. Scarlet Serratia (Serratia marcescens)
E. Black Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger)
F. Staphylococcus aureus (Golden Staphylococcus)
G. Orange Penicillium (Penicillium chrysogenum)
H. Green Trichoderma (Trichoderma viride)
I. Yellow Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis)
J. Purple Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas violacea)
Answer: B
In maize, the allele *b* causes the endosperm color of the kernel to be white, while *b+* represents the wild-type purple. Another gene, *w* (*waxy*), results in waxy endosperm, whereas *wx+* is the wild-type starchy endosperm. A third gene, *cn*, causes the cotyledon to be pink, while *cnt* is the wild-type yellow cotyledon. These three gene heterozygotes underwent a test cross with a female, resulting in 1000 kernels with the following phenotypes and numbers:
- 5 wild-type,
- 6 with white, waxy endosperm and pink cotyledons,
- 69 with waxy endosperm and pink cotyledons,
- 67 with white endosperm,
- 382 with pink cotyledons,
- 379 with white, waxy endosperm,
- 48 with waxy endosperm,
- 44 with white, pink cotyledons.
In the offspring phenotypes, unless otherwise mentioned, all are wild-type.
What is the map distance between the *b* and *cn* genes?

Options:
A. 22.8
B. 20.5
C. 15.2
D. 9.2
E. 12.7
F. 8.9
G. 10.3
H. 11.1
I. 14.7
J. 13.6
Answer: G
Cheetahs were once widely distributed across Africa and Asia, but today there are only very small wild populations in East Africa, Southern Africa, and Iran, and the genetic variation of these populations is extremely low compared to other mammalian populations. What might cheetahs have experienced during evolution?

Options:
A. Adaptation Shift
B. Random Effects
C. Selective Bottleneck
D. Evolutionary Bottleneck
E. Gene Flow
F. Bottleneck Effect
G. Population Drift
H. The Moke Effect
I. Founder Effect
J. Genetic Block
Answer: F
Red-green color blindness is caused by an X-linked recessive single gene. Assuming that out of 50,000 people, 320 women have red-green color blindness, and further assuming random mating, what is the probability of red-green color blindness among men in this population?

Options:
A. 0.06
B. 0.02
C. 0.04
D. 0.05
E. 0.09
F. 0.07
G. 0.01
H. 0.03
I. 0.10
J. 0.08
Answer: J
What does sister chromatid refer to?

Options:
A. A pair of homologous chromosomes
B. A pair of non-homologous chromosomes
C. The pair of chromosomes formed during the interphase of cell division.
D. The pair of chromosomes replicated during the cell division phase
E. The identical chromatids united at the spindle pole
F. A matching chromosome pair from different parental origins
G. A duplicate chromosome in the cytokinesis stage
H. The chromosomal strands paired during mitotic anaphase
I. A singular chromosome forming during DNA synthesis
J. A homologous chromosome replicated in separate cells
Answer: D
Children enjoy sunbathing, but sometimes they experience convulsions. In such cases, which substance should be recommended to prevent the occurrence of convulsions?

Options:
A. Sugar water
B. Vitamin A
C. Potassium iodide
D. Magnesium sulfate
E. Vitamin D
F. Zinc supplements
G. Normal saline
H. Calcium Tablets
I. Sodium chloride
J. Iron tablets
Answer: H
The mutual adaptation between entomophilous flowers and pollinating insects is the result of which type of evolutionary process?

Options:
A. Repeated Evolution
B. Adaptive Speciation
C. Symbiotic Evolution
D. Convergent Evolution
E. Parallel Evolution
F. Divergent Evolution
G. Coevolutionary Drift
H. Reciprocal Evolution
I. Ecological Evolution
J. Collaborative Evolution
Answer: J
Once DDT released into the natural environment enters an organism, its concentration can magnify by 100,000 times within animals at the highest trophic level. What is this phenomenon called in ecology?

Options:
A. Recycling
B. Decomposition
C. Zoom In
D. Biomagnification
E. Trophic Dispersion
F. Energy Flux
G. Concentration Reduction
H. Ecological Shifting
I. Bioaccumulation
J. Nutrient Cycling
Answer: I
Many herbivores have adapted their digestive systems to their diet and feeding behaviors, leading to the development of a complex stomach. Cattle and sheep have a four-chambered stomach; which part is considered the true stomach?

Options:
A. Chambered stomach
B. Crop
C. Abomasum
D. Reticulum
E. Omasum
F. Cecum
G. Rumen
H. Cloaca
I. Esophagus
Answer: G
The bean sprouts we often eat are the seedlings of soybeans or mung beans. Why are their shapes so upright?

Options:
A. Stimulated by light
B. The Impact of Environmental Humidity
C. Possesses well-developed aeration tissue
D. Developed mechanical knitting.
E. The apex produces a special substance.
F. The roots absorb excessive nutrients.
G. Thick stratum corneum
H. Dependence on Photosynthetic Efficiency
I. Cell Expansion Phenomenon
J. Dependence on the size of the seed
Answer: I
What is the molecular mechanism of the Hb β-chain mutation that causes sickle cell anemia?

Options:
A. Transcription Termination
B. Synonymous mutation
C. Amino Acid Deletion
D. Base substitution
E. Base insertion
F. Base deletion
G. Protein Misfolding
H. Nonsynonymous mutation
I. Point Mutation
J. Ribosome Inactivation
Answer: D
What are the effects of the ice layer on the surface of the lake on the fish living in the lake?
① Lack of oxygen is detrimental to fish survival.
② Slows down the decline in water temperature.
③ Increases ammonia in the water.
④ Reduces water temperature.

Options:
A. ①+④
B. ①+②+③
C. ③+④
D. ①+③+④
E. ①+②
F. ③
G. ②+④
H. ②+③
I. ①
J. ①+②+④
Answer: E
What is the main region responsible for regulating motor functions?

Options:
A. Pineal gland
B. Basal Ganglia
C. Frontal lobe
D. Brainstem
E. Ventricle
F. Cerebellum
G. The Right Side of the Brain
H. Corpus callosum
I. Left side of the brain
J. Pituitary gland
Answer: F
In one test tube, spherical yeast is growing, while in another test tube, there are protoplasts of spherical yeast. What is the simplest way to differentiate them?

Options:
A. Add water and observe under a microscope: the yeast enlarges, while the yeast protoplasts shrink.
B. Adding water, observe under a microscope that the yeast disappears, and the yeast protoplast swells.
C. Add water and observe under the microscope: the yeast cells enlarge, and the yeast protoplasts expand.
D. Add water and observe yeast lysis under the microscope; the yeast protoplast remains intact.
E. Add water and observe under the microscope to confirm the presence of yeast; the yeast protoplasts rupture.
F. Under the microscope, after adding saline, the yeast disappears, and the yeast protoplasts remain.
G. Under the microscope, comparing shape changes: yeast remains unchanged, yeast protoplasts become round.
H. Under the microscope, after adding saline, the yeast swells, while the yeast protoplast maintains its size.
I. Under the microscope, when comparing sizes, yeast is smaller, and yeast protoplasts are larger.
J. Under the microscope, yeast is larger, and yeast protoplasts are smaller.
Answer: E
Pea-comb chickens are crossed with rose-comb chickens, $\mathrm{F_1}$ shows a walnut comb, and when $\mathrm{F_1}$ undergoes self-pollination, the $\mathrm{F_2}$ generation exhibits a ratio of 9 walnut combs: 3 pea combs: 3 rose combs: 1 single comb. If the rose-comb chickens from $\mathrm{F_2}$ are crossed with single-comb chickens, what are the phenotypes and their ratios in the offspring?

Options:
A. 2 Roses: 1 Single Crown
B. 1 Walnut : 3 Single Crowns
C. 2 Roses : 2 Single Crowns
D. 2 Walnut : 1 Single Crown
E. 3 Roses : 1 Single Crown
F. 1 Rose : 3 Walnut Comb
G. 1 Rose : 1 Single Comb
H. 1 rose : 2 single crowns
I. 3 Roses : 2 Walnut Combs
J. 3 Rose : 1 Walnut Comb
Answer: A
What is one commonality between non-competitive inhibitors and competitive inhibitors?

Options:
A. Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors require identical conditions to function.
B. Increasing substrate concentration can relieve the inhibition of enzyme activity by both factors.
C. Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors rely on identical mechanisms of action.
D. Both inhibitors enhance the enzyme's substrate affinity equivalently.
E. The smaller the Ki value of the two, the greater the inhibitory effect.
F. Inhibitor binds to the same site as the substrate on the enzyme
G. Substrate binding becomes stronger in the presence of either inhibitor equally.
H. Both types of inhibition are completely irreversible under all conditions.
I. Both lead to an increase in the apparent $K_m$ value.
J. Enzyme's functional efficacy declines equally with either inhibitor type.
Answer: E
In general, the caudal vertebrae of teleost fish possess neural arches, hemal arches, and vertebral bodies. Yichang fish only have a notochord and lack vertebral bones. Sturgeon still have a highly developed notochord, with the presence of neural arches and hemal arches, but no vertebral bodies. Lampreys rely on the notochord as their primary supporting structure, but each segment of the body above the notochord has two pairs of small cartilages. Based on the description above, what is the phylogenetic sequence of the development of vertebral bodies, neural arches, and hemal arches?

Options:
A. Vascular lamina, body solely, the arc bow
B. Solely lamina, vascular form, the arc bow
C. Sole body, bow vascular, lamina arc
D. Bow lamina, vascular form, only body
E. Lamina arc, vascular arc, solely the body
F. Form, bow, and vascular arch
G. Arc solely, lamina body, vascular form
H. Vertebral arch, solely vascular, lamina form
I. Aortic arch, vertebral arch, centrum
J. Only the bow, only the form, the pulse of the bow
Answer: E
Age structure is an important characteristic of a population, influencing the future development trends of the population. If within a population, the number of juvenile individuals is the largest, the number of adult individuals is intermediate, and the elderly individuals are the fewest, what is the age structure of this population?

Options:
A. Declining Stage
B. Stagnant Model
C. Stable Type
D. Expansive Form
E. Recessive Type
F. Hybrid Type
G. Transitional Pattern
H. Mature Phase
I. Balanced Structure
J. Growth-oriented
Answer: J
Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal dominant hereditary hemoglobin disorder. When this disease occurs, which of the following changes takes place?

Options:
A. Complete prevention of hemoglobin polymerization
B. Decreased red blood cell flexibility
C. Increase in hemoglobin molecular weight
D. Reduction in hemoglobin molecular weight
E. Enhanced oxygen-binding capacity
F. Deoxyhemoglobin aggregation
G. Overproduction of normal hemoglobin
H. During electrophoresis, the migration rate of hemoglobin toward the anode increases.
I. Increased hemoglobin solubility
Answer: F
The siphon-like mouthparts of a butterfly feature a distinct long tubular food canal, coiled beneath the head. Which part of the primitive mouthparts is it specialized from?

Options:
A. Tongue
B. Hypopharynx
C. Palp
D. Maxilla
E. Proboscis
F. Mandible
G. Upper lip
H. Mandibular Jaw
I. Labrum
J. Lower lip
Answer: F
What structure can be observed under a microscope when cross-section permanent slides are prepared using materials taken from the base of bamboo shoot internodes?

Options:
A. Protoderm, ground tissue, procambium
B. Protoderm, ground meristem, vascular cambium
C. Epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle
D. Protoderm, cortex, vascular bundle
E. Epidermis, fundamental meristem, procambium
F. Epidermis, fundamental meristem, vascular bundle
G. Epidermis, ground tissue, procambium
H. Epidermis, ground meristem, vascular bundle
I. Protoderm, cortex, procambium
J. Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
Answer: J
When plants are zinc-deficient, internodes typically become shortened, leaves become smaller and appear clustered. This is because the synthesis of which enzyme is hindered?

Options:
A. Superoxide Dismutase
B. Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
C. Acetolactate Synthase
D. Pyruvate Decarboxylase
E. Phosphoribosyltransferase
F. Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase
G. Tryptophan Synthase
H. Isocitrate Lyase
I. Glutamate Dehydrogenase
J. Carbonic anhydrase
Answer: G
In a certain ladybug population, there are three genotypic individuals (aa, AA, and Aa) subjected to temperature selection pressure. Their fitness values ($W$) are 2, 0.5, and 1, respectively. What is the approximate selection intensity of temperature on the above genotypic individuals?

Options:
A. 0.5
B. 0.4
C. 0.75
D. 0.8
E. 1.0
F. 3.5
G. 1.2
H. 0.9
I. 0.6
J. 1.5
Answer: C
If a trait is quantitatively inherited but its heritability is 0, which of the following conclusions is correct?

Options:
A. Individuals with identical genotypes exhibit the same phenotype.
B. Fully controlled by epigenetic modifications alone.
C. It is the result of many interacting genes.
D. Entirely driven by natural selection processes.
E. Exclusively dependent on dominant genetic traits.
F. Inherently stable across all diverse populations.
G. Almost entirely influenced by the environment
H. Determined solely by a single genetic mutation.
I. It is indeed not hereditary.
J. Completely unaffected by environmental conditions.
Answer: G
Snakes are a highly specialized group of reptiles, with many of their bones having degenerated. Which of the following bones has disappeared?

Options:
A. Pelvis
B. Tibia
C. Sternum
D. Atlas (C1 vertebra)
E. Scapula
F. Clavicle
G. Rib
H. Ulna
I. Mandible
J. Fibula
Answer: C
Which of the following algal life cycles exhibits a heteromorphic alternation of generations dominated by the sporophyte phase?

Options:
A. Chara
B. Fucus
C. Polysiphonia
D. Water and Clouds
E. Ulva
F. Chlamydomonas
G. Spirogyra
H. Volvox
I. Kelp
J. Laminaria
Answer: I
What causes small leaf syndrome in fruit trees?

Options:
A. Due to a zinc deficiency affecting cytokinin synthesis, leaf growth is subsequently impacted.
B. Due to insufficient nutrition, leaf growth is affected.
C. Soil compaction reduces oxygen availability, impacting leaf health.
D. The growth of leaves is affected due to excessively low temperatures.
E. Fungal infections disrupt vascular transport, impairing leaf expansion.
F. Overwatering dilutes soil nutrients, inhibiting proper leaf development.
G. High salinity alters osmotic balance, restricting proper leaf growth.
H. Excessive sunlight impacts chlorophyll production, altering leaf growth.
I. Pest infestations hinder root absorption, affecting leaf formation.
J. The lack of zinc affects auxin synthesis, thereby influencing leaf growth.
Answer: J
Which of the following statements about zygodactyl feet in bird classification is correct?

Options:
A. Zygodactyl feet refer to the second and fourth toes of a bird pointing forward, while the first and third toes point backward.
B. Zygodactyly refers to the third and fourth toes of a bird pointing forward, while the first and second toes point backward.
C. Zygodactyl feet refer to the first and second toes of a bird pointing backward, while the third and fourth toes point forward.
D. Zygodactyl feet refer to the first and third toes of a bird pointing forward, while the second and fourth toes point backward.
E. Zygodactyl feet refer to the first toe only pointing backward, while the other three toes point forward.
F. Zygodactyl feet refer to the first and second toes of a bird pointing forward, while the third and fourth toes point backward.
G. Zygodactyl feet refer to the second and third toes of a bird pointing forward, while the first and fourth toes point backward.
H. Zygodactyly in birds refers to the first and fourth toes pointing forward, while the second and third toes point backward.
I. Zygodactyl feet refer to all four toes of a bird pointing forward in a symmetric pattern.
J. Zygodactyl feet refer to the third and fourth toes of a bird pointing backward, while the first and second toes point forward.
Answer: G
Which of the following organs does not have an excretory function?

Options:
A. Gallbladder
B. Skin
C. Liver
D. Lungs
E. Pancreas
F. Heart
G. Stomach
H. Salivary gland
I. Spleen
J. Kidney
Answer: H
In the gene pool of an animal population, there is a locus with heterozygous advantage that contains a pair of alleles A and a, with frequencies p and q, respectively. The fitness of the homozygotes AA and aa are ω and ν, respectively. Under the condition where natural selection is the only evolutionary influence, what will the frequencies be?

Options:
A. When the two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $p=(1-\omega)/(2-\omega-\nu)$.
B. When the two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $p = (1 - \omega) / (2 - \nu - \omega)$.
C. When the two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, \( p = \frac{1 - \nu}{2 - \nu + \omega} \).
D. When two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, \( q = \frac{1 - \nu}{2 - \omega + \nu} \)
E. When two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $q = (1 - \omega) / (2 - \omega - \nu)$
F. When two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, \( q = (1 - \omega) / (2 - \nu - \omega) \).
G. When the two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $q = (1 - \nu) / (2 - \nu - \omega)$.
H. When two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $p = (1 - \nu) / (2 - \nu - \omega)$.
I. When the two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, $p = \frac{1-\nu}{2-\omega+\nu}$.
J. When two alleles reach frequency equilibrium, \( q = \frac{1 - \omega}{2 - \nu + \omega} \).
Answer: E
It is known that a rough Neurospora crassa strain deficient in adenine reverts to prototrophy under the influence of a suppressor gene located 25 map units away from the original mutation. If this strain is crossed with the wild type, what percentage of the offspring will exhibit the adenine-deficient phenotype?

Options:
A. 25%
B. 87.5%
C. 62.5%
D. 75%
E. 50%
F. 0
G. 100%
H. 6.25%
I. 37.5%
J. 12.5%
Answer: J
In an in vitro cell-free protein synthesis system containing SRP and SRP receptors but lacking microsomes, which of the following statements is correct?

Options:
A. Only the signal peptide portion of the polypeptide chain is synthesized.
B. Synthesis occurs but is halted before the signal peptide is produced.
C. Complete synthesis of the polypeptide chain, including the signal peptide portion
D. The polypeptide chain is fully synthesized, excluding the signal peptide segment.
E. No synthesis occurs due to the absence of required microsomal components.
F. Only partial synthesis of the polypeptide chain is achieved in the reaction.
G. The signal peptide is synthesized, while the rest of the chain is absent.
H. The polypeptide chain remains entirely unsynthesized throughout the process.
I. The polypeptide chain cannot be synthesized at all.
J. Synthesis halts midway, preventing the signal peptide from forming.
Answer: C
If the 1 and 4 positions of glucose are labeled with $^{14}\text{C}$, which carbon atoms in the lactic acid molecules are labeled after glycolysis converts it into two molecules of lactic acid?

Options:
A. Both molecules of lactic acid have their carboxyl and hydroxyl carbons labeled.
B. Only the methyl carbon of both molecules of lactic acid is labeled.
C. Only the hydroxyl-bearing carbon is labeled.
D. One molecule of lactic acid has its hydroxyl carbon labeled, while another has its carboxyl carbon labeled.
E. One molecule of lactic acid has its carboxyl carbon labeled, while another molecule has its methyl carbon labeled.
F. Both molecules of lactic acid have their hydroxyl carbons labeled.
G. Only the carboxyl carbon is labeled
H. Both molecules of lactic acid have only their methyl carbons labeled.
I. Both the carboxyl carbon and hydroxyl carbon are labeled.
J. Neither molecule of lactic acid has any carbon atom labeled.
Answer: E
In the study of animal behavior, strictly defining behavior types is the foundation of research work. There is currently an insect that remains completely still in darkness. When subjected to weak light stimulation, it begins to exhibit slight movements. As the light intensity gradually increases and reaches a certain threshold, the insect becomes active. With further increases in light intensity, the insect's activity also increases. When the light intensity reaches the upper threshold, the insect's activity ceases. How can this behavior be strictly defined?

Options:
A. Light adaptation
B. Phototropism
C. Gradual excitation
D. Reflection
E. Static reaction
F. Tropism
G. Sensory response
H. Intensity-driven action
I. Kineses
J. Behavioral reflex
Answer: I
In the waters around the Diaoyu Islands in our country, flying fish are abundant. If the environmental carrying capacity for flying fish in this area is 15,000 tons, and the intrinsic growth rate of the flying fish population is 0.04 tons per ton per year, according to the logistic model, what is the maximum annual catch of flying fish to ensure sustained maximum yield?

Options:
A. 250 tons
B. 300 tons
C. 130 tons
D. 150 tons
E. 7,500 tons
F. 120 tons
G. 180 tons
H. 100 tons
I. 200 tons
J. 600 tons
Answer: D
The agricultural ecosystem is an unstable type of ecosystem. What is the fundamental reason for this?

Options:
A. Farmland environments generally have a higher self-repair capacity.
B. The hydrological cycle in the farmland has hardly been affected.
C. The vegetation coverage rate in farmland is generally high.
D. The climatic conditions within farmland are generally more stable than those in natural ecosystems.
E. The soil quality of farmland is generally superior to that of other ecosystems.
F. A large amount of pesticides and fertilizers has accumulated in farmland soil.
G. The energy flow in the farmland ecosystem is very slow.
H. Farmland is subjected to significant human interference.
I. Non-biological factors in farmland are often unstable.
J. The variety of biological species in farmland is relatively uniform.
Answer: J
What is the function of molecular chaperones?

Options:
A. Assisting the transport of proteins into the mitochondria or chloroplasts.
B. Stabilizing DNA molecules in cells to assist replication
C. Binding to the specific structure of the polypeptide helps it form the correct two-dimensional structure.
D. Assisting in the precise allocation of replicated chromosomes during cell division
E. Prevent nonspecific interactions between proteins and RNA
F. Assist individual proteins in forming complexes.
G. Providing energy during the synthesis of amino acids into polypeptides.
H. Regulation of the activation process of cellular signal transduction pathways
I. Decomposition and aggregation form abnormal macromolecular protein complexes
J. Transporting rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Answer: C
Under normal physiological conditions, if an increase in the ineffective chamber of the respiratory system will cause?

Options:
A. Improved Breathing Efficiency
B. Oxygen concentration decreases
C. Gas exchange ceases
D. Respiratory Muscle Strengthening
E. Lung capacity increase
F. Increased respiratory rate
G. Increased concentration of carbon dioxide
H. Reduction in oxygen consumption
I. Reduced breathing rate
J. Blood flow velocity slows down
Answer: F
If sweet potatoes, apples, bananas, and similar items are improperly stored, what is the first smell likely to be detected?

Options:
A. Pungent flavor
B. Fragrant wood scent
C. Odor
D. Fragrance
E. Sourness
F. Metallic taste
G. Tasteless
H. The Smell of Smoke
I. Sweet scent of sugar
J. Alcohol Flavor
Answer: J
Fish that feed exclusively on dragonfly larvae (nymphs) belong to which level in the simplest corresponding food chain?

Options:
A. Primary Consumers
B. Decomposers
C. Apex Consumers
D. Primary Producers
E. Tertiary Consumers
F. Quaternary Consumers
G. Secondary trophic level
H. Secondary Consumers
I. Secondary Consumer
J. Trophic Level Three
Answer: E
In the prehistoric era of humankind, there are four critical phases, one of which is the emergence of the genus Human. What signifies the appearance of the genus Human?

Options:
A. Domestication of wild species
B. Advent of complex grooming behaviors
C. Evolution of social structures
D. Development of stone tools
E. Bipedal walking
F. Increase in brain capacity
G. Migration to colder climates
H. Discovery of controlled fire
I. With language, consciousness, and artistic imagination
J. Adaptive Radiation of Bipedal Animals
Answer: F
Mammals with different living habits show significant variation in the number and types of teeth. Among the following animals, which group lacks canine teeth?

Options:
A. Ox and Rabbit
B. The Fox and the Little Dormouse
C. Camel and Kangaroo
D. Wild Boar and Giant Panda
E. Monkey and Horse
F. Deer and Giraffe
G. Goat and Hamster
H. Elephant and Tapir
I. Horse and Rhinoceros
J. Sheep and Guinea Pig
Answer: A
Given that an mRNA contains 1200 nucleotides, what is the total number of G and T in its gene's double strand?

Options:
A. 1800
B. 600
C. 800
D. 300
E. 900
F. 1400
G. 1200
H. 1000
I. 700
J. 1500
Answer: G
Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic disorder with an incidence rate of 1 in 360,000. The carriers of the causative gene make up what proportion of the total population?

Options:
A. 1/2
B. 1/100
C. 1/300
D. 1/200
E. 1/400
F. 1/250
G. 1/180,000
H. 1/150
I. 1/600
Answer: D
If an integral membrane glycoprotein is transported from the Golgi apparatus via the vesicular secretion pathway, and the oligosaccharide chains and the N-terminus of the protein face the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, where will the oligosaccharide chains and the N-terminus of this glycoprotein face on the plasma membrane?

Options:
A. Intracellular and Extracellular Interfaces
B. The oligosaccharide chain is on the extracellular side, and the N-terminus is on the cytoplasmic side.
C. Extracellular compartment
D. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane lumen
E. The oligosaccharide chain is on the cytoplasmic side, and the N-terminus is on the extracellular side.
F. Maxillary Sinus
G. Inner surface of the cell
H. Intracellular lumen
I. Extracellular surface
J. Cytoplasmic side
Answer: I
What are the unique components in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria?

Options:
A. Lipoteichoic Acids
B. Calcium Layer
C. Phosphorus Wall
D. Crystal Violet Stain
E. Peptidoglycan
F. Glycoprotein Layer
G. Protein
H. Outer Membrane
I. Lipopolysaccharide
Answer: C
Why is warm saline-soaked gauze often used to compress the wound during surgery to facilitate physiological hemostasis?

Options:
A. Enhancing platelet aggregation through cooling
B. Rough surfaces promote the activation of coagulation factors
C. Enhancing the breakdown of fibrin clots
D. Increasing the dilution of clotting factors
E. Promoting vasodilation in the injured vessels
F. Inhibiting tissue repair signaling pathways
G. Reducing Enzymatic Reactions
H. Slowing blood flow by causing vessel constriction
I. Reducing Thrombin Activity
J. Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator
Answer: B
Under the condition of 20°C, cells undergoing initial plasmolysis (Ψs = -0.732 MPa) are placed into 0.1 mol/L sucrose solution and 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution, respectively. When the movement of water in and out of the cells reaches dynamic equilibrium, the cell pressure potential (Ψp) is measured using a cell pressure probe. Which of the following results is reasonable? (Hint: Gas constant R = 0.0083 L·MPa·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹)

Options:
A. Ψp, sucrose < 0 MPa, Ψp, NaCl > 0 MPa
B. Ψp, sucrose = Ψp, NaCl = 0 MPa
C. Ψp, sucrose > 0 MPa, Ψp, NaCl < 0 MPa
D. Ψp, sucrose = 0 MPa, Ψp, NaCl = 0 MPa
E. Ψp, sucrose = 0 MPa, Ψp, NaCl < 0 MPa
F. Ψp, sucrose = Ψp, NaCl
G. Ψp, sucrose < 0 MPa, Ψp, NaCl < 0 MPa
H. Ψp, sucrose > Ψp, NaCl
I. Ψp, sucrose < Ψp, NaCl
J. Unable to determine
Answer: H
What is the genetic basis that determines the sex of a fruit fly?

Options:
A. Chromosomal Ratio
B. Sex Determination
C. Y Chromosome
D. SRY Gene
E. Dominant Gene
F. Genomic Sequencing
G. Allelic Variation
H. Haploid Nature
I. X chromosome
J. Sexual Index
Answer: J
The yellow body color of fruit flies is controlled by a sex-linked recessive gene, and the wild-type color is produced by a dominant allele. In a sample from a Hardy-Weinberg population, there are 1,021 wild-type male flies, 997 wild-type female flies, and 3 yellow male flies. What is the estimated frequency of the yellow allele in the gene pool?

Options:
A. None of the above is correct.
B. 1.67%
C. 1.98%
D. 2.25%
E. 1.80%
F. 2.50%
G. 2.70%
H. 1.45%
I. 2.76%
J. 2.04%
Answer: A
What is the fruit of a strawberry,and what does it develop from?

Options:
A. Multiple fruit, compound pistil with fused carpels
B. Aggregate fruit, pistils with apocarpous carpels.
C. Aggregate fruit, ovary with fused carpels
D. Simple fruit, pistils with compound carpels
E. Aggregate fruit, compound pistil with multiple carpels
F. Simple fruit, ovary with multiple carpels
G. Multiple fruit, pistils with apocarpous carpels
H. Simple fruit, apocarpous pistil
I. Multiple fruit, compound pistil with multiple carpels
J. Aggregate fruit, apocarpous pistil
Answer: B
If the water potential in the intercellular spaces of a sunflower is A, the water potential of the cell sap is B, and the water potential of the cytoplasm is C, what is the relationship between these three water potentials when the sunflower wilts due to water deficiency?

Options:
A. A < C < B
B. C > A > B
C. B > A > C
D. A > B > C
E. A > B = C
F. A > C > B
G. A = B = C
H. B = C = A
I. B > C > A
J. C > B > A
Answer: I
What is the correct description of chordates?

Options:
A. The phylum Chordata lacks species with a notochord in any life stage.
B. Amphioxus loses its notochord upon transitioning from larva to adult.
C. Urocordates develop a notochord exclusively during adulthood.
D. The adult urocordates possess a notochord extending throughout their bodies.
E. The notochord of cephalochordates is most developed in their head region.
F. The larvae of urocordates have a highly developed notochord in their tail.
G. The species of the phylum Chordata possess a notochord throughout their entire lives, hence the name.
H. Amphioxus belongs to the prototypical group of cephalochordates.
I. Cephalochordates are characterized by the complete absence of a notochord.
J. The notochord in vertebrates fully disappears during their larval stage.
Answer: F
Using RNA as a template, that is, synthesizing DNA according to the nucleotide sequence in RNA (called reverse transcription), what enzyme is required in this process?

Options:
A. RNA-templated Genetic Transcriptor
B. DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
C. RNA-Guided RNA Polymerase
D. Reverse RNA-directed DNA Synthase
E. DNA-derived RNA Synthesizer
F. DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase
G. RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase
H. RNA-directed Transcriptase Enzyme
I. DNA-dependent DNA Ligase
J. RNA-guided DNA polymerase
Answer: J
A diploid gamete (AA, A being a set of chromosomes) combines with the normal haploid gamete (A) of this species. What will its offspring be?

Options:
A. The Three-Body Problem
B. Chromosomal mismatch
C. Non-homologous triploid
D. Haploid duplication
E. Homologous triploid
F. Hybrid tetraploid
G. Allotriploid
H. Haploid carrier
I. Autotetraploid genome
J. Diploid
Answer: E
What are the main differences between the upper and lower epidermis of rice?

Options:
A. The Thickness of the Stratum Corneum
B. Number of Stomata
C. The shape of epidermal cells
D. The presence or absence of vacuolated cells
E. The Amount of Water Evaporation
F. The thickness of the cell wall
G. The Color of Epidermal Cells
H. Distribution of Chloroplasts
I. The Structure of the Valve
J. The number of cell nuclei
Answer: D
Which organ in plants has the highest respiration rate?

Options:
A. Bud
B. Flower
C. Root
D. Petiole
E. Stem
F. Blade
G. Branches
H. Seed
I. Fruit
J. Bark
Answer: B
After ovulation, which of the following changes might occur to the follicle?

Options:
A. Corpus Luteum → Corpus Hemorrhagicum
B. Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Luteum → Corpus Albicans
C. Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Albicans
D. Corpus Albicans → Corpus Luteum
E. Corpus Luteum → Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Albicans
F. Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Luteum
G. Corpus Luteum → Corpus Albicans → Corpus Hemorrhagicum
H. Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Albicans → Corpus Luteum
I. Corpus Albicans → Corpus Hemorrhagicum → Corpus Luteum
J. Corpus Albicans → Corpus Hemorrhagicum
Answer: B
A student who enjoys fishing once caught two scaleless grass carp from the lake. She wanted to determine whether this special phenotype had a genetic basis, so she conducted a series of experiments. What should she do first?

Options:
A. Observe the fish reproduction rate to determine healthy patterns.
B. Cultivate a large number of scaleless fish and study their phenotypic traits.
C. Analysis of the Impact of Lake Water Composition on Scaleless Phenotype
D. Comparative Study on the Ecological Habits of Two Fish Species
E. Hybridization of Scaleless Fish and Scaled Fish
F. Determining the true inheritance of the scaled phenotype in wild-type fish
G. Verify that all the fish in the lake are of the same species.
H. Measuring Fish Volume to Determine Whether They Have the Same Diet
I. Collect more scaleless fish to observe behavioral changes
J. Cultivate a large number of wild-type fish
Answer: F
The nucleolar organizing region is the central structure of the nucleolus. What are its components?

Options:
A. Transcription of rRNA and DNA
B. Synthesis of rRNA and enzymes
C. Ribosomal protein
D. Transcription of rRNA and lipids
E. Translation of rRNA and DNA
F. Transcription of tRNA and DNA
G. Transcription of mRNA and proteins
H. rRNA and proteins
I. Translation of rRNA and proteins
J. rRNA
Answer: A
The oligosaccharide chains in glycoproteins and glycolipids exhibit highly variable sequences and rich structural information, surpassing even nucleic acids and proteins. What is the primary mode of linkage between the reducing-end residue of the oligosaccharide chain in glycoproteins and the amino acid residue of the peptide chain?

Options:
A. C-phosphate bond
B. S-lipid bond
C. C-glycopeptide bond
D. O-sulfate bond
E. N-acetamide bond
F. O-galactosyl bond
G. S-glycopeptide bond
H. O-glycopeptide bond
I. N-glycopeptide bond
J. N-glycosidic bond
Answer: H
Given that genes a and b are 20 map units apart, the recombination value measured in the hybrid offspring is 19%. What is the double crossover value between the two genes?

Options:
A. 3.0%
B. 0.8%
C. 2%
D. 4%
E. 1.5%
F. 0.5%
G. 1.2%
H. 1%
I. 3.5%
J. 2.5%
Answer: F
Where does the assembly of functional ribosomes in eukaryotic organisms occur?

Options:
A. Nuclear matrix
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes
D. Plasma membrane
E. Peroxisomes
F. Vacuoles
G. Nucleolus
H. Endoplasmic reticulum
I. Cytoplasm
J. Golgi apparatus
Answer: I
In the denaturation and renaturation experiments of inclusion body proteins, which of the following experimental techniques is most likely to be used?

Options:
A. Spectrophotometry
B. Sonication
C. Electrophoresis
D. Flow Cytometry
E. Lyophilization
F. Ultrafiltration
G. Centrifugation
H. Chromatography
I. Salting Out
J. Dialysis
Answer: J
What does oxygen represent for aquatic animals?

Options:
A. Limiting Factor
B. Variable Element
C. Comprehensive Factor
D. Surplus Resource
E. Stimulating Factor
F. Neutral Influence
G. Substitute Factor
H. Supporting Component
I. General Ecological Factors
J. Prominent Indicator
Answer: A
Most animals have red-colored blood, but some animals' blood appears in different colors. What is the reason for this?

Options:
A. Related to the pressure at which blood circulates.
B. Related to the temperature of the animal's body.
C. Related to the type of food the animal consumes.
D. The mechanism remains unclear.
E. Related to the blood cells' ability to regenerate quickly.
F. Related to the pigments contained in the blood.
G. Related to the size of the animal's blood vessels.
H. Related to the amount of water present in blood cells.
I. Related to the element in the blood responsible for transporting oxygen.
J. Related to the color of plasma
Answer: I
What is the mechanical tissue outside the vascular bundles of a corn stalk?

Options:
A. Lignified outer sheath
B. Central Column Sheath
C. Peridermal tissue sheath
D. Vascular bundle sheath
E. Cortical fiber sheath
F. Collenchyma fiber layer
G. Epidermal bundle sheath
H. Myelin sheath
I. Starch Sheath
J. Protective vascular sheath
Answer: D
Gastropods exhibit a phenomenon of torsion during phylogenetic development, resulting in positional changes of the internal organs, with some organs even disappearing. What are the two nerve cords twisted into a "figure-8" shape?

Options:
A. Neural crosslinks of anterior ganglia
B. Centralized cranial cord connectors
C. Lateral Neural Connections
D. Ventral cerebral neural pathways
E. Pedal-visceral nerve rotations
F. Visceral neural torsion loop
G. Lateral plantar nerve connection
H. Neurocranial-pedal neural linkage
I. Posterior ganglionic nerve links
J. Nerve connections between the connecting side and visceral ganglia
Answer: J
Drought, high temperatures, low temperatures, and salinity stress primarily cause common damage to plant cells, which is first reflected in which of the following aspects?

Options:
A. Water Stress
B. Stomatal Closure Irregularity
C. Genetic Coding Alteration
D. Protein Synthesis Disruption
E. Chlorophyll Decomposition Increase
F. Photosynthesis Abnormality
G. Cellular Respiration Decline
H. Root System Growth Halt
I. Membrane Structure Failure
J. Metabolic Disorders
Answer: I
The Euglena exhibits phototaxis during movement. What structure allows it to perceive light?

Options:
A. The spindle-like structure at the edge of the cell
B. The swelling near the base of the flagellum close to the ocular point
C. The photoreceptive layer beneath the cell wall
D. The protein cluster near the chloroplast base
E. The membrane-like structure surrounding the flagellum
F. Savings Bubble
G. Sub-starch granule
H. The elongated tip near the light-sensitive region
I. Focus point
J. The pigment sac located within the upper cell region
Answer: B
Where does the loss of water primarily occur that causes the inward curling of corn leaves during drought conditions?

Options:
A. The motor cells located in the subepidermal pulvinus.
B. Stomatal guard cells on the lower epidermis
C. Thin, elongated cells on the leaf margin
D. Bubble-like (motile) cells located on the upper epidermis
E. Chlorenchyma cells in the mesophyll layer
F. Compact cuticle cells on the leaf surface
G. Trichomes on the epidermis of leaves
H. Hydathodes positioned at the leaf tips
I. Mesophyll cell
J. Vascular bundles deep within the leaf tissue
Answer: D
What are the main substances that make up the pollen wall?

Options:
A. Sporopollenin and Lignin
B. Sporopollenin and Callose
C. Sporopollenin and Callus Walls
D. Callose and Hemicellulose
E. Lipids and Cellulose
F. Callus Tissue and Cellulose
G. Proteins and Pectin
H. Proteins and Cellulose
I. Sporopollenin and Pectinaceous Substances
J. Sporopollenin and Cellulose
Answer: J
If the true flower theory regarding the origin of angiosperms is taken as the basis, which of the following groups appeared first?

Options:
A. Orchid
B. Bamboo
C. Chrysanthemum
D. Lotus
E. Plum Blossom
F. Tulip
G. Maple
H. Lily
I. Pine Tree
J. Magnolia
Answer: E
Different types of plants require varying numbers of days to complete photoperiod induction. Short-day plants such as cocklebur, rice, duckweed, and rapeseed need the minimum number of photoperiods to complete induction. How many photoperiods are required at minimum?

Options:
A. 7
B. 6
C. 1
D. 9
E. 3
F. 8
G. 2
H. 5
I. 10
J. 4
Answer: C