MikaStars39/nano-eval huggingface dataset:
The rate of phylogenetic evolution involves variables such as speciation rate, extinction rate, and net species increase rate. Let $t$ represent time, $\mathrm{N_0}$ represent the initial number of species, $N$ represent the number of species after time $t$, and $N_e$ represent the number of species extinct after time $t$. What is the formula for solving $S$?

Options:
A. S=(lnN-ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+lnNe/t
B. S=(N-$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+lnNe/t
C. S = (lnN-ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t-lnNe/t
D. S = (lnN+ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+Ne/t
E. S = (N-ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+lnNe/t
F. S=(lnN/ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+Ne/t
G. S=(N-$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t+Ne/t
H. S = (lnN - ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t + Ne/t
I. S = (lnN-ln$\mathrm{N_0}$)/t-Ne/t
Answer: H
Which of the following statements about the phosphorus cycle is correct?

Options:
A. Phosphorus cycles are dominated by gaseous processes, playing a major role in weather-related phenomena.
B. Phosphorus is absorbed directly by marine organisms from atmospheric gases, completing the cycle seamlessly.
C. Seabirds preying on fish and shrimp can return phosphorus from the ocean to the land, but the significant decline in seabird populations has made the phosphorus cycle incomplete.
D. Phosphorus is primarily stored on land in the form of organic phosphorus within plants.
E. The phosphorus in the ocean is retained as it forms shells in the form of calcium salts by mollusks, and is therefore referred to as a sedimentary cycle.
F. Phosphorus dissolves uniformly in rainwater, cycling directly into the ocean without resistance.
G. Phosphorus easily travels from land to the ocean with water but has difficulty returning from the ocean to land, making the phosphorus cycle an incomplete cycle.
H. Phosphorus cycles through the atmosphere like carbon and nitrogen, ensuring a complete and balanced cycle.
I. Phosphorus remains abundant in the atmosphere, enabling easy transportation back to terrestrial ecosystems.
J. Phosphorus moves from land to the ocean with equal ease in both directions, forming a completely balanced cycle.
Answer: G
In corn, the allele *b* causes the kernel endosperm to be white, while *b+* is the wild-type purple. Another gene *w* (*waxy*) causes the kernel endosperm to be waxy, while *wx+* is the wild-type starchy. A third gene *cn* causes the cotyledon to be pink, while *cnt* is the wild-type yellow cotyledon. A testcross is performed with the heterozygote female of these three genes, resulting in the following 1000 kernel phenotypes and their counts: 5 wild-type; 6 with white, waxy endosperm and pink cotyledon; 69 with waxy endosperm and pink cotyledon; 67 with white endosperm; 382 with pink cotyledon; 379 with white, waxy endosperm; 48 with waxy endosperm; and 44 with white endosperm and pink cotyledon. Among the phenotypes of the offspring, except where mentioned otherwise, all are wild-type.
What is the map distance between *wx* and *b*?

Options:
A. 10.3
B. 19.3
C. 13.6
D. 25.6
E. 11.1
F. 22.8
G. 9.2
H. 7.5
I. 15.9
J. 14.7
Answer: F
What is the main function of the ciliated corona at the anterior end of the rotifer?

Options:
A. Protection and Locomotion
B. Respiration and Sensory Detection
C. Reproduction and Feeding
D. Reproduction and Perception
E. Exercise and Defense
F. Attachment and Feeding
G. Exercise and Feeding
H. Sensory Detection and Defense
I. Propulsion and Defense
J. Perception and Defense
Answer: G
The anthocyanins in the vacuoles of the fleshy storage roots of beets cause the roots to appear red. When these roots are cut into small pieces and placed in distilled water, there is no significant change in the color of the water. However, if the roots are first treated with hydrochloric acid and then placed in distilled water, the water turns red. What is the reason for this?

Options:
A. Hydrochloric acid destroyed the protoplasmic layer.
B. Hydrochloric acid destroys cellular integrity.
C. Hydrochloric acid dissolves the cytoplasm completely.
D. Hydrochloric acid deactivates all cellular enzymes fully.
E. Hydrochloric acid destroyed the cell membrane.
F. Hydrochloric acid changes the chemical nature of anthocyanins.
G. Hydrochloric acid disrupts the cell wall structure.
H. Hydrochloric acid directly breaks down the vacuole entirely.
I. Hydrochloric acid chemically reacts with the cell's nucleus.
J. Anthocyanins dissolve in hydrochloric acid but are insoluble in water.
Answer: A
What is different about the ventilation of frogs compared to that of mice?

Options:
A. The diameter of frog alveoli is small.
B. The frog's air sacs are well-developed.
C. Frogs use negative pressure to inflate lungs.
D. Frogs completely lack respiratory organs.
E. Frogs depend entirely on lung diffusion.
F. Frogs primarily breathe through their skin.
G. Frogs exchange gases exclusively in water.
H. Frogs rely fully on their gills for breathing.
I. Frogs utilize positive pressure ventilation.
J. Frogs possess a diaphragm for lung ventilation.
Answer: I
The genotype of the endosperm in a certain plant seed is AaaBbb. If the genotype of the paternal parent is AaBb, what is the genotype of the maternal parent?

Options:
A. AABB
B. aaBb
C. aaab
D. AAbb
E. aaBB
F. AabB
G. AABb
H. AaBB
I. AaBb
Answer: I
There are two existing wheat varieties, A and B. What measures should be taken to obtain a new individual with cytoplasm from variety A and a nucleus from variety B?

Options:
A. The descendants of AXB were successively backcrossed with A.
B. The descendants of AXB are continuously backcrossed with A.
C. The descendants of AXB were continuously backcrossed with A.
D. The descendants of BXA were successively backcrossed with B.
E. The descendants of BXA were continuously backcrossed with A.
F. The offspring of AXB are continuously backcrossed with B.
G. The offspring of BXA are continuously backcrossed with A.
H. The descendants of BXA were successively backcrossed with A.
I. The offspring of BXA are successively backcrossed with B.
J. The offspring of AXB are continuously backcrossed with A.
Answer: F
The neocortex of the brain is a part of the vertebrate nervous system that appears at an advanced stage of development. From which class of animals did it first begin to appear?

Options:
A. Arthropoda
B. Aves
C. Class Amphibia
D. Class Pisces
E. Cnidaria
F. Mollusca
G. Mammalia
H. Class Reptilia
I. Annelida
J. Class Insecta
Answer: G
Biologists consider viruses to be living organisms. What is their main reasoning?

Options:
A. Viruses maintain a stable internal environment through homeostasis.
B. The virus can complete the self-replication of its genetic material within the host organism.
C. Viruses perform cellular respiration independently within their structure.
D. Viruses have organelles for metabolism and energy production.
E. The virus can transcribe mRNA without host machinery.
F. The virus can undergo evolution in a complex ecosystem.
G. The virus can infect other organisms.
H. Viruses independently undergo growth and development processes.
I. Viruses are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.
J. Viruses can control the synthesis of proteins.
Answer: B
What is one of the important reasons why the compound eyes of moths can form images even in very dim light?

Options:
A. Special reflective surface on the wings
B. The structure of the crystal cone is unique.
C. Corneal lens
D. The structure of pigment cells is unique.
E. The structure of rod cells is unique.
F. The antenna structure is used for light convergence.
G. The morphology of the lens is sensitive to light.
H. Special Reflective Properties of Polarized Light
I. Special Arrangement of Elytra Structures
J. The surface of the compound eye is locally smooth.
Answer: D
If you collected 167 snails from a 5-square-meter area, what value do you need to calculate the biomass of these snails? ① Total quantity ② Total weight ③ Total area ④ Total volume

Options:
A. ③+④
B. ①+②+④
C. ①+④
D. ②+③
E. ①+③+④
F. ②+④
G. ②
H. ①+②
I. ①+③
J. ④
Answer: D
To prevent soil compaction, what nitrogen fertilizers can be applied?

Options:
A. Magnesium sulfate
B. $\mathrm{NaNO_3}$
C. Urea, $\mathrm{NH_4NO_3}$
D. Calcium nitrate
E. $\mathrm{(NH_4)_2SO_4}$
F. Ammonium phosphate
G. Potassium chloride
H. $\mathrm{NH_4CL}$
I. Sodium bicarbonate
J. Ammonium carbonate
Answer: C
In a certain population, the proportion of people who can roll their tongues is 64%. Tongue rolling is determined by alleles. What is the probability of having a tongue-rolling child from the marriage between a tongue roller and a non-tongue roller?

Options:
A. 7/8
B. 8/8
C. 3/8
D. 2/8
E. 4/8
F. 5/8
G. 6/8
H. 9/8
I. 10/8
J. 1/8
Answer: F
To observe the ciliary system (sensory system) of Paramecium, there are 5 steps, which are:
① Observe under a microscope
② Expose to strong light
③ Add 3-5% silver nitrate stain
④ Apply protein adhesive on the slide
⑤ Place a drop of Paramecium solution and let it air dry
What is the observation sequence?

Options:
A. ④⑤③②①
B. ④⑤②③①
C. ⑤④②①③
D. ⑤③④①②
E. ⑤④③②①
F. ②⑤④③①
G. ③⑤④②①
H. ⑤④②③①
I. ④③②⑤①
J. ④③⑤②①
Answer: A
Which of the following organelles is a single-membrane structure?

Options:
A. Chloroplast
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
E. Cell nucleus
F. Centrosome
G. Mitochondrion
H. Endoplasmic reticulum
I. Vacuole
J. Peroxisome
Answer: I
Which of the following proteins is transported via a post-translational mechanism?

Options:
A. Hormones
B. Myosin
C. Elastin
D. Actin
E. Peroxisome
F. Hemoglobin
G. Immunoglobulin
H. Tubulin
I. Hydrolase
J. Collagen
Answer: E
In agricultural biotechnology, virus-free plants can be obtained through nucellar tissue culture. Why is this the case?

Options:
A. The collenchyma tissue and the phloem tissue have no direct connection.
B. The cambium tissue and the dermal tissue have no direct connection.
C. The sclerenchyma tissue and the xylem tissue have no direct connection.
D. The pericycle tissue and the medullary tissue have no direct connection.
E. The epidermal tissue and the vascular tissue have no direct connection.
F. The ground tissue and the secretory tissue have no direct connection.
G. The medullary tissue and protective tissue have no direct connection.
H. The stelar tissue and the vascular tissue have no direct connection.
I. There is no direct connection between the medullary tissue and the secretory tissue.
J. There is no direct connection between the pith tissue and the meristematic tissue.
Answer: H
If an extraterrestrial creature, Schmoo, is quite similar to Earth's diploid organisms, in Schmoo individuals, the gene G determines a beautiful appearance, while its recessive mutant gene g determines an ugly appearance. A beautiful female marries an ugly male, and all their offspring consist of handsome sons and ugly daughters. What can be deduced from this?

Options:
A. Their daughters marry attractive individuals of the opposite sex, and their offspring have a 50% chance of being unattractive.
B. Their sons marrying non-ugly partners from the opposite sex will have no attractive children.
C. Their sons, after marrying attractive mates, will have both beautiful and ugly offspring.
D. Their sons who marry attractive individuals of the opposite sex will always produce ugly children.
E. Their sons who marry beautiful partners will have offspring that are always ugly.
F. Their daughters marry attractive individuals of the opposite sex, and the sons born have a 50% chance of being unattractive, while all the daughters will be beautiful.
G. Their sons marrying gorgeous individuals of the opposite sex will only produce unattractive sons.
H. Their sons who marry attractive individuals of the opposite sex will have beautiful children.
I. Their sons, when marrying attractive members of the opposite sex, will have daughters who are beautiful.
J. Their sons who marry attractive individuals of the opposite sex will have only ugly daughters.
Answer: H
There are various ways in which microbial cells absorb nutrients. Which method requires a carrier but cannot transport against the nutrient concentration gradient?

Options:
A. Active Transport
B. Gradient-free uptake
C. Specialized osmosis
D. Spread
E. Active osmosis
F. Passive absorption
G. Group Migration
H. Promote diffusion
I. Facilitated osmosis
J. Carrier-driven transfer
Answer: H
Which of the following organisms would exhibit a kidney without glomeruli?

Options:
A. Freshwater Amphibians
B. Marine Amphibians
C. Ocean Insects
D. Marine Fish
E. Marine Reptiles
F. Ocean Mammals
G. Freshwater Fish
H. Freshwater Reptiles
I. Freshwater Birds
Answer: D
Under which of the following conditions is it beneficial to cultivate cherry tomatoes for increased yield?

Options:
A. Reduce the temperature difference between day and night, and extend the duration of sunlight.
B. Reduce the day-night temperature difference and extend the duration of light exposure.
C. Maintain a constant day-night temperature and extend the duration of light exposure.
D. Increase the difference between day and night temperatures, shorten the duration of light exposure.
E. Maintain a constant day-night temperature and reduce the duration of light exposure.
F. Increase the day-night temperature difference and extend the duration of light exposure.
G. Eliminate the day-night temperature difference while shortening light exposure duration.
H. Increase the day-night temperature difference and maintain current light duration.
I. Increase the day-night temperature difference and reduce the duration of light exposure.
J. Reduce the day-night temperature difference, shorten the lighting duration.
Answer: F
Two species of similar body weight share common resources. Compared to the one with a lower metabolic rate, which of the following statements is true for the one with a higher metabolic rate?

Options:
A. Slow growth rate
B. Reduced resource demand.
C. Greater stability in numbers.
D. Higher predator density.
E. Smaller food reserves.
F. The generational cycle is long.
G. Lower reproductive success.
H. Decreased energy turnover.
I. The intrinsic growth rate is low.
J. Large population fluctuations
Answer: J
The pathogenic gene of a certain disease is located on an autosome, and the condition is a dominant trait. A couple does not exhibit any symptoms of this disease themselves, but both of their two children are affected by it. Which of the following genetic mechanisms can best explain this phenomenon?

Options:
A. Recessive Inheritance
B. Environmental Factors
C. New Mutations
D. Somatic Recombination
E. Germline Mutation
F. Single-Parent Dual Model
G. Embryonic mosaicism in one parent
H. Maternal Imprinting
I. Incomplete Penetrance
J. Variable expressivity
Answer: I
Among domestic cats, if an autosomal dominant gene determining striped fur color is not fully expressed but shows stable penetrance, which of the following descriptions is correct?

Options:
A. Certain homozygotes do not exhibit striped coat color.
B. All homozygotes display identical striped patterns.
C. Only heterozygotes show no variance in striping.
D. Striping is evident in every homozygote equally.
E. Homozygotes always have more pronounced striping.
F. The above descriptions are all correct.
G. The striped coat color of homozygotes is more distinct than that of heterozygotes.
H. The coat color of homozygotes exhibits a wide range of variation, from subtle to pronounced striping.
I. Stripes are uniformly absent in all homozygotes.
J. Striped coat color appears only in heterozygotes.
Answer: A
What is the origin of the primary vascular bundles in the stems of angiosperms?

Options:
A. Primary Cambium
B. Provascular Cambium
C. Cork cambium
D. Vascular Cambium
E. Apical Meristem Cambium
F. Interfascicular Cambium
G. Cambium of Three Lifetimes
H. Pericycle Cambium
I. Secondary Cambium
J. Endodermal Cambium
Answer: A
During different developmental stages of plants, the growth conditions of various parts of the individual differ. At a certain period, those parts with vigorous metabolism and relatively stronger growth potential are referred to as the growth centers of that period. When rice experiences insufficient nutrient supply, which of the following statements is correct?

Options:
A. Nutrients continue to supply growth to the existing center while inhibiting the growth of newly formed centers.
B. Nutrients will migrate fully to the leaves, neglecting all other centers during insufficiency.
C. Insufficient nutrients will stop all growth centers from functioning until supply stabilizes.
D. The previous growth center will store nutrients for future use, halting development of new centers.
E. Nutrients will prioritize root growth, enabling faster recovery of nutrient supply for all centers.
F. The newly formed growth center will seize the nutrients from the previous growth center, inhibiting the latter's growth.
G. Nutrients will disperse randomly across all centers, resulting in uniform but slow growth.
H. Nutrients will be evenly distributed, affecting the growth of newly formed centers.
I. The newly formed growth center will share nutrients equally with the previous growth center, balancing growth rates.
J. Nutrients temporarily accumulate in the roots and are transported to the center to support growth when there is a sufficient supply.
Answer: F
What are the composition and classification units of the inflorescence of corn and sorghum?

Options:
A. Husk
B. Kernels
C. Tassel
D. Female flower
E. Cob
F. Spikelet
G. Male flower
H. Flowers
I. Panicle
J. Stigma
Answer: F
The newly emerged azygos vein and hemiazygos vein in mammals correspond to the anterior segment of the posterior cardinal vein, which has regressed in lower tetrapods. Where are the azygos vein and hemiazygos vein located in the thorax?

Options:
A. The azygos vein is absent, and the hemiazygos vein is located on the right side of the thorax.
B. The azygos vein is located beneath the heart, while the hemiazygos vein is located anterior to the spine.
C. The azygos vein and hemiazygos vein are both located on the left side of the thorax.
D. The azygos vein and hemiazygos vein are both located near the diaphragm within the thorax.
E. The azygos vein is located on the left side of the thorax, while the hemiazygos vein is located on the right side of the thorax.
F. The azygos vein and hemiazygos vein are both located in the midline of the thoracic cavity.
G. The azygos vein is located on the right side of the thoracic cavity, while the hemiazygos vein is located on the left side of the thoracic cavity.
H. The azygos vein and hemiazygos vein are absent in the thoracic cavity of mammals.
I. The azygos vein and hemiazygos vein are both located on the right side of the thorax.
J. The azygos vein is located on the right side of the thorax, while the hemiazygos vein is located on the left side of the thorax.
Answer: J
The goldfinch is no longer afraid of the scarecrow in the field. What type of learning method is this?

Options:
A. Instinctive
B. Imitation
C. Imprint Learning
D. Operant Conditioning
E. Observational
F. Associative Learning
G. Cognitive Adaptation
H. Innate Learning
I. Reflexive
J. Habitual
Answer: J
In genetic studies of Escherichia coli, appropriate media can be selected to isolate mutants with specific genotypes. What medium can be used to isolate bacteria with the Met+ phenotype from Escherichia coli with the Lac-Met- phenotype?

Options:
A. Basic culture medium + lactose + methionine
B. Basic culture medium with 10% glucose + methionine
C. Minimal culture medium + glucose - methionine
D. Basic culture medium + galactose - methionine
E. Basic culture medium + glucose + methionine
F. Basic culture medium + glucose - leucine
G. Basic culture medium + glucose - methionine
H. Basic culture medium + lactose - methionine
I. Basic culture medium + glucose + tryptophan
J. Complete Culture Medium + X-Gal
Answer: G
What is a Pacinian corpuscle?

Options:
A. Sensory structure for vibration
B. Conforming to the body
C. Telomere
D. Specialized cell for movement
E. The condensed X chromosome
F. Giant Chromosomes
G. Structure within mitochondria
H. Modified sweat gland unit
I. Immune response activator
J. Receptor for light detection
Answer: E
Biological control plays an important role in pest management. For example, in 1957, Guangdong introduced Australian ladybugs from abroad to control the cottony cushion scale on casuarina trees. Over the long term, Australian ladybugs have settled in many areas of Guangdong Province and have continued to play a role in pest control. To which category of control does this belong?

Options:
A. Relocation
B. Introduction
C. Importation
D. Distribution
E. Integration
F. Supplement
G. Vaccination
H. Massive Release
I. Augmentation
J. Input
Answer: J
If a study focuses on understanding the effects of different ecological factors on organisms and the tolerance of organisms to them, which level of research does this study belong to?

Options:
A. Functional Ecology
B. Ecosystem Ecology
C. Organismal Ecology
D. Individual Ecology
E. Behavioral Ecology
F. Evolutionary Ecology
G. Community Ecology
H. Population Ecology
I. Environmental Ecology
J. Genetic Ecology
Answer: D
Dodder, a fully parasitic plant growing in salt marshes, can severely suppress the growth of dominant species in this habitat. How might this affect the composition of plant species in the habitat?

Options:
A. Eliminate all plant species
B. Reducing the richness of plant species
C. No impact
D. Intensifies plant competition
E. Unable to determine
F. Completely Transform the Plant Community Structure
G. Enhance the richness of plant species.
H. Increase plant growth rate
I. Dependent on other environmental variables
J. Reduction of Salt Marsh Areas
Answer: G
Which model can effectively explain density-independent population growth?

Options:
A. Allen Model
B. Gompertz Model
C. Levins Model
D. Logistic Model
E. Malthus Model
F. Beverton Model
G. Allee Model
H. Exponential Model
I. Lotka Model
J. Hardy Model
Answer: E
If observing cytoplasmic streaming using the epidermal cells of onion scale leaves at the early budding stage, which epidermal cells of the scale leaves are easier to observe?

Options:
A. Close to the root
B. Near the center
C. The outermost
D. The innermost layer
E. Near the top
F. Close to the central axis
G. Near the bottom
H. Peeling off one or two layers
I. The Outermost Layer
J. Near the edge
Answer: B
Which of the following substances cannot pass directly through the mitochondrial inner membrane with the help of carrier proteins?

Options:
A. Acyl-CoA
B. Cytidine diphosphate
C. Malic acid
D. ATP
E. Citric acid
F. Succinic acid
G. Isocitric acid
H. Pyruvate
I. Acetyl-CoA
J. Phosphate
Answer: I
Which cells in plants perform specific functions but undergo programmed cell death?

Options:
A. Tracheary elements, tracheids, and fibers
B. Thick-walled parenchymatous cells, fibers, sieve elements
C. Searching for guard cells, sieve cells, and collenchyma cells.
D. Sieve elements, sieve cells, and thick-walled parenchyma cells
E. Thickened-corner tissue cells, sieve cells, vessel elements
F. Sieve elements, fibers, and vessel elements
G. Thick-walled parenchymal cells, fibers, and vessel elements
H. Thick-walled parenchyma cells, sieve elements, and tracheids
I. Thick-walled parenchyma cells, tracheids, and fibers
J. Sieve cells, tracheids, vessel elements
Answer: A
What is the primary ecological factor determining the mating systems of wild animals?

Options:
A. Habitat Competition
B. Temperature
C. Population Size
D. Ratio of properties
E. Predation Risk
F. Resource Quality
G. Seasonality of Climate
H. Food Density Distribution
I. Reproductive success rate
J. Intraspecific Social Structure
Answer: F
Deevey categorized population survival curves into three types. Which type represents the curve where only a small number of individuals die near the end of their physiological lifespan?

Options:
A. Uniform Loss
B. J-Shaped Curve
C. Flat Plateau
D. Diagonal-type curve
E. Concave Curve
F. Gradual Tapering
G. S-curve
H. Linear Decline
I. Convex Curve
Answer: I
Some cnidarians have both polyp and medusa forms in their life cycle, while others have only one type. Which of the following groups of animals has both polyp and medusa forms in their life cycle?

Options:
A. Moon Jelly and Soft Coral Reef
B. Hydra and Fire Coral
C. Polyps of Sea Anemone and Jelly Cubozoans
D. Box Jellyfish and Anthozoan Coral
E. Thimble Jelly and Sea Nettles
F. Coral Polyps and Peach Blossom Jellyfish
G. Sargassum Branch Polyps and Jellyfish
H. Hydra and Moon Jellyfish
I. Sea Pens and Staghorn Coral
J. Sea Anemones and Box Jellyfish
Answer: G
In 1814, 15 British individuals settled on T Island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, one of whom was a carrier of the recessive gene for retinitis pigmentosa. By 1960, among the 240 descendants living on this island, there were 4 patients and at least 9 carriers of the recessive gene, a proportion far higher than that in the ancestral British population. What factors caused the change in gene frequency in this population?

Options:
A. Recessive Selection
B. Natural Migration
C. Natural Selection
D. Gene Mutations
E. Migration
F. Population Bottleneck
G. Genetic Flow
H. Genetic Drift
I. Artificial Mutation
J. Founder Effect
Answer: H
In systemic circulation, through which type of blood vessel does blood flow experience the greatest decrease in velocity?

Options:
A. Venules
B. Capillaries
C. Large arteries
D. Lymphatics
E. Microvenule
F. Main Artery
G. Veins
H. Arterioles
I. Alveoli
Answer: H
At which stage of an organism's development does cell differentiation occur?

Options:
A. Embryonic development stages
B. Late Stage of DNA Replication
C. Gametogenesis Process
D. Prophase of Cell Division
E. Interphase of Cell Division
F. Late stage of cell division
G. Fertilized Egg Formation Stage
H. Mature Formation Stage
I. Metaphase of Cell Division
J. Early Stage of Cell Division
Answer: E
What is proteomics?

Options:
A. Studying the direct interactions between proteins and RNA
B. Energy Consumption in the Process of Protein Synthesis
C. Research on the expressed metalloproteins of a genome
D. Study of proteins commonly found in all living organisms
E. Studying protein sequences to discover new proteins
F. Study of Protein Transport Mechanisms in Organisms
G. Study of DNA and Protein Complexes
H. Research on the Effects of Gene Mutations on Proteins
I. Research on the localization of proteins on the cell membrane
J. Investigating how proteins promote cell division
Answer: C
What causes skeletal muscles to undergo complete tetanic contraction?

Options:
A. The duration of the action potential exceeds the contraction phase of muscle contraction.
B. The duration of the action potential is shorter than the relaxation phase of muscle contraction.
C. The relaxation phase of phasic muscle contraction during the rest period
D. The contraction phase of cardiac muscle contraction during the action potential period
E. The duration of the phasic contraction phase causing complete muscle relaxation
F. The contraction phase of phasic muscle contraction during the action potential period
G. The relaxation phase of tonic muscle contraction during the stimulus period
H. The contraction of tonic muscles during the active phase of action potential
I. The relaxation period overlapping with the duration of the tetanic contraction phase
J. The duration of the action potential is longer than the relaxation phase of muscle contraction.
Answer: F
Water lily seeds contain an endosperm, which originates from which type of cells listed below?

Options:
A. Podocyte
B. Aid Cells
C. Starch cells
D. Vegetative cells
E. Germ line cells
F. Embryo sac cells
G. Central cell
H. Pollen tube cells
I. Granule cells
J. Companion cells
Answer: I
Under which of the following scenarios is the frequency of alarm behavior in male baboons the lowest?

Options:
A. When with younger siblings
B. When spending time with the neighbor's child
C. During territorial disputes with others
D. In the presence of adult males
E. Around dominant females in the group
F. Being with one's own children.
G. Nearby when predators are visible
H. While interacting with unfamiliar juveniles
I. In a mixed-group of rivals and friends
J. Alone with the parents
Answer: B
The length ratio between the ring finger and the index finger is determined by a single-gene sex-linked hereditary trait. A shorter index finger compared to the ring finger is a dominant trait in males and a recessive trait in females. In an ideal population, the proportion of males with a shorter index finger than the ring finger is 51%. What is the proportion of this trait in females?

Options:
A. 59%
B. 9%
C. 51%
D. 49%
E. 39%
F. 69%
G. 29%
H. 79%
I. 19%
J. 91%
Answer: B
In the animal classification system, ①family ②phylum ③species ④genus are four different taxonomic ranks. What should be the order from highest to lowest rank?

Options:
A. 2431
B. 1243
C. 2314
D. 1342
E. 2143
F. 3412
G. 1234
H. 4123
I. 4321
J. 2134
Answer: E
In the S-shaped growth curve of higher plants, what parameter can be used to represent its vertical axis?

Options:
A. Protein content, leaf area, dry weight
B. Osmotic potential, soil pH, respiration rate
C. Time, Weight, Volume
D. Protein content, cell count, leaf area
E. Growth rate, root length, cell division
F. Stomatal density, genetic variation, growth speed
G. Carbon concentration, metabolism rate, seed count
H. Chlorophyll content, light intensity, water absorption
I. Nutrient level, photosynthesis rate, enzyme activity
J. Height, fresh weight, cell count
Answer: J
The photoperiodic characteristics of plants are often related to their place of origin. Therefore, when introducing new short-day plant varieties from north to south or from south to north, what varieties are generally selected?

Options:
A. Opt for intermediate-maturing varieties universally.
B. Pick medium-maturing and long-maturing varieties respectively.
C. All late-maturing varieties are selected.
D. Choose short-day and long-day varieties respectively.
E. Select photoperiod-neutral varieties for all regions.
F. Select late-maturing and early-maturing varieties respectively.
G. Use only photoperiod-specific varieties for all places.
H. Select early-maturing and late-maturing varieties respectively.
I. All selected are early-maturing varieties.
J. Combine both early and late-maturing varieties equally.
Answer: F
How many billions of years ago did the earliest cells appear on Earth?

Options:
A. 50-55
B. 15-18
C. 36-38
D. 8-12
E. 22-25
F. 40-43
G. 10-13
H. 20-23
I. 4-8
J. 30-32
Answer: C
Which of the following digestive fluids contains the greatest variety of digestive enzymes?

Options:
A. Gastric juice
B. Pancreatic juice
C. Lymphatic fluid
D. Stomach acid
E. Small intestinal juice
F. Bile
G. Esophageal secretions
H. Saliva
I. Duodenal mucus
J. Large intestinal juice
Answer: E
The nontoxic mimic butterfly closely resembles the brightly colored, toxic monarch butterfly in appearance. What phenomenon does this belong to?

Options:
A. Mutual Adaptation
B. Co-evolution
C. Batesian Mimicry
D. Mimicry
E. Camouflage Strategy
F. Protective Coloration
G. Divergent Evolution
H. Warning Color
I. Defensive Adaptation
J. Aposematic Signal
Answer: D
In early spring, as deciduous trees begin their new year's growth, what is the primary driving force behind the rise of water in the xylem?

Options:
A. Closure of Stomata in Leaves
B. The Diffusion of Water in Tree Leaves
C. The Adhesion Between Water Molecules
D. The water potential difference caused by temperature difference
E. The water potential difference between the soil and the xylem of the root
F. Transpiration Pull
G. The difference in water potential between the atmosphere and the xylem
H. The water absorption capacity of the xylem itself
I. Evaporation
J. Root Pressure
Answer: J
What is the correct description of the morphological structure of vertebrates?

Options:
A. The lateral line organ is unique to aquatic fish.
B. The intertarsal joint first appeared in reptiles.
C. The internal nostrils first appeared in amphibians.
D. Trough-born teeth are unique to mammals.
E. The lateral line organ has disappeared in reptiles.
F. Grooved teeth are a characteristic of reptiles.
G. The intertarsal joint appears in mammals.
H. The internal nostrils appear in fish.
I. The lateral line organ is particularly well-developed in amphibians.
J. The intertarsal joint is a structure unique to fish.
Answer: B
What is the usual order of $\mathrm{CO_2}$ partial pressure from high to low?

Options:
A. Alveolar gas, interstitial fluid, pulmonary artery, exhaled air
B. Exhaled air, alveolar air, pulmonary artery, interstitial fluid
C. Exhaled air, interstitial fluid, alveolar air, pulmonary artery
D. Interstitial fluid, pulmonary artery, alveolar gas, exhaled air
E. Interstitial fluid, pulmonary artery, exhaled air, alveolar air
F. Alveolar gas, exhaled air, pulmonary artery, interstitial fluid
G. Pulmonary artery, exhaled air, alveolar air, interstitial fluid
H. Pulmonary artery, interstitial fluid, alveolar gas, exhaled air
I. Pulmonary artery, exhaled air, interstitial fluid, alveolar air
J. Interstitial fluid, alveolar gas, exhaled air, pulmonary artery
Answer: D
In true-breeding Virginia tobacco, three dominant alleles respectively determine the shape ($M_0$), color ($C$), and size ($S$) of tobacco leaves. In Carolina tobacco, these three loci are all recessive homozygous. The three gene loci are located on the same chromosome, with $C$ in the center, the map distance between $M$ and $C$ being 6 map units ($\mathrm{mu}$), and the map distance between $C$ and $S$ being 17 map units ($\mathrm{mu}$). When the two types of tobacco are crossed, the $\mathrm{F_1}$ generation is then backcrossed with Carolina tobacco. Among the offspring produced from the backcross, what proportion exhibits all three traits identical to Carolina tobacco?

Options:
A. 28%
B. 23%
C. 27%
D. 42%
E. 33%
F. 39%
G. 36%
H. 50%
I. 30%
J. 25%
Answer: F
Which structure between small intestinal epithelial cells can prevent nutrients from entering the bloodstream through the intercellular space?

Options:
A. Gap Bridge
B. Gap junction
C. Close Connection
D. Plasmodesmata
E. Close Bridge
F. Desmosome
G. Cell folds
H. Basement membrane
Answer: C
The actual double crossover that occurs after homologous chromosome pairing often differs from the theoretical number of double crossovers. Try to analyze which of the following options is correct?

Options:
A. If a certain segment of a chromosome undergoes negative interference, it means that the actual double crossover rate in this segment is lower than the theoretical double crossover rate, though double crossovers still occur.
B. During the experiment, if the detection frequency is too high, it may result in a double exchange rate lower than the theoretical double exchange rate.
C. When the genetic distance involved in the measurement is relatively short, due to significant interference effects, the actual double crossover rate does not align with the theoretical double crossover rate.
D. In this section, when no double crossover occurs, a negative interference value is displayed due to the failure of the calculation formula.
E. In certain species, when gene interference has a significant impact, the theoretical double crossover rate is underestimated, leading to errors.
F. If there are stability issues with the chromosomes, the actual double crossover rate may exhibit unsystematic fluctuations.
G. When the actual double exchange rate in this section equals the theoretical double exchange value, the concurrency rate obtained will exceed 1 due to the coefficient of 0.5 in the theoretical double exchange value calculation formula.
H. During the experiment, if environmental conditions change rapidly, the actual double exchange rate often cannot synchronize with the expected value.
I. When the double crossover rate occurring in this segment is higher than the theoretical double crossover rate, the resulting concurrency rate is greater than 1.
J. If a certain segment exhibits a high mutation rate, the theoretical double crossover rate may mislead the assessment of the actual double crossover rate.
Answer: I
A diploid species has 10 alleles at the A locus and 8 alleles at the B locus; the A and B genes are not linked. How many possible genotypes could exist?

Options:
A. 80 types
B. 400 types
C. 18 types
D. 1,260 types
E. 1,500 types
F. 900 types
G. 180 types
H. 100 Types
I. 2,000 types
J. 1,800 types
Answer: D
Which of the following statements about Phe-Leu-Ala-Val-Phe-Leu-Lys is correct?
(1) It is a hexapeptide.
(2) It is a basic polypeptide.
(3) It has no affinity for lipid surfaces.
(4) Its isoelectric point is greater than 8.

Options:
A. (1) (2) (3) (4)
B. (1) (2)
C. (1) (2) (3)
D. (3) (4)
E. (1) (3) (2)
F. (4)
G. (1) (4)
H. (1) (3)
I. (2) (4)
J. (1) (3) (4)
Answer: I
Why is penicillin non-toxic to the human body?

Options:
A. Cells lack a cell wall structure.
B. Human cells resist penicillin's biochemical activity.
C. Cells can produce enzymes that break down penicillin.
D. Penicillin disrupts non-essential cellular enzymes.
E. Cell nucleus prevents penicillin from binding inside.
F. Penicillin targets non-existent cellular components.
G. The cell membrane surface has no penicillin receptors.
H. Body cells contain protective membrane proteins.
I. Human DNA is unaffected by penicillin's mechanism.
J. Penicillin cannot pass through the cell membrane.
Answer: A
As the intensity of stimulation increases, what will the compound action potential exhibit?

Options:
A. Compound action potentials cease entirely once the stimulus intensity surpasses a certain threshold.
B. The amplitude of the compound action potential can increase with the enhancement of stimulus intensity.
C. The amplitude of the compound action potential decreases temporarily, then rises with further stimulus intensity.
D. "All-or-nothing" phenomenon appears
E. The amplitude of the compound action potential decreases as stimulus intensity rises, then stabilizes.
F. The amplitude of the compound action potential can increase with the rise in stimulus intensity, but remains unchanged afterward.
G. The intensity of the compound action potential fluctuation grows continuously as the stimulus increases.
H. The compound action potential progressively diminishes with greater stimulus intensity over time.
I. The frequency of the compound action potential rises uniformly with increasing stimulus intensity, but not its amplitude.
J. The frequency of compound action potentials can increase with the intensification of the stimulus, but does not change in the later stages.
Answer: F
What is the potential guided by a single cell?

Options:
A. All-or-none action potential
B. Depolarization threshold potential
C. End-plate potential
D. Microphone Potential
E. Single-unit field potential
F. Excitatory postsynaptic potential
G. Nerve trunk action potential
H. Neural oscillation potential
I. Electrocardiogram
J. Resting membrane potential
Answer: C
Which of the following apomictic phenomena belongs to agamogenesis?

Options:
A. Developing embryos directly from helper cells
B. Growth of embryos directly from endosperm tissue.
C. The zygote develops directly into the embryo.
D. The embryo develops directly from the nucellar cells.
E. Developing offspring directly from unfertilized eggs.
F. Creating embryos without involving fertilization.
G. Developing an embryo directly from an egg cell
H. Embryo formation initiated by haploid gametophytes.
I. Generating embryos directly through somatic mutation.
J. Producing seeds directly without pollination.
Answer: A
Which structure develops to form cotton fibers used in textiles?

Options:
A. Seed trichomes
B. Phloem Fiber
C. Epidermal hair
D. Root hairs
E. Secondary fibers
F. Pearl Handle
G. Floral sepals
H. Filigree
I. Wood fiber
J. Xylem vessels
Answer: C
Place the chlorophyll extract under direct light and observe-what will occur?

Options:
A. The reflected light is blue, and the transmitted light is yellow.
B. Reflected light and transmitted light are both red.
C. The reflected light is yellow, and the transmitted light is blue.
D. The reflected light is white, and the transmitted light is black.
E. Reflected light is orange, and transmitted light is purple.
F. Reflected light is purple, and transmitted light is orange.
G. The reflected light and transmitted light are both green.
H. Reflected light is red, and transmitted light is green.
I. Reflected light is pink, and transmitted light is violet.
J. The reflected light is green, and the transmitted light is red.
Answer: H
Some plants, after the apical bud elongates into a segment of a branch, experience slowed growth or cease growing altogether. Instead, two lateral buds beneath the apical bud simultaneously elongate into two new branches. The growth activity of the apical buds on the new branches behaves similarly to that of the parent branch, and then another pair of new branches develops from the two lateral buds below. This process continues in succession. What is this branching method called?

Options:
A. Sympodial branching
B. Binary Branching
C. Pseudo-binary branching
D. Randomized branching
E. Dichotomous branching
F. Uniaxial branching
G. Sequential branching
H. Coaxial branching
I. Bifurcated branching
J. Axillary branching
Answer: C
What serves as the source of transportation for assimilated products within a plant?

Options:
A. Green Petals
B. Mature Leaves
C. Woody Stem
D. Thick Bark
E. Old Roots
F. Young Leaves
G. Flower bud
H. Dormant Buds
I. Dry Seeds
J. Developing tubers
Answer: B
Different types of conduits exhibit varying degrees of secondary wall thickening. Which of the following arrangements correctly indicates the gradual increase in thickening?

Options:
A. Annular Vessel - Scalariform Vessel · Helical Vessel · Reticulate Vessel - Pitted Vessel
B. Helical Vessel · Ladder Vessel - Ringed Vessel, Mesh Vessel · Scalariform Vessel
C. Annular Duct · Helical Duct - Stepped Duct, Mesh Duct · Perforated Duct
D. Annular Vessel - Spiral Vessel · Reticulate Vessel · Stepped Vessel - Pitted Vessel
E. Ring-shaped Duct · Reticular Duct - Helical Duct · Perforated Duct · Step Duct
F. Ringed tracheids - Scalariform tracheids · Reticulate tracheids · Spiral tracheids, Pitted tracheids
G. Spiral Vessel - Stepped Duct · Pitted Vessel · Mesh Duct · Annular Duct
H. Scalariform Duct · Reticulate Duct - Helical Duct · Perforated Duct · Spiral Duct
I. Reticulate Vessel · Helical Vessel - Scalariform Vessel, Pitted Vessel · Ladder Vessel
J. Reticulate Vessel-Helical Vessel·Scaliform Vessel-Ladder Vessel-Porous Vessel
Answer: C
The cupule of Fagaceae plants develops from which of the following structures?

Options:
A. Modified Bracts
B. Adapted Stigma
C. Petals
D. Involucre
E. Anther Junction
F. Floral Calyx
G. Stem Node Origin
H. Sepal Elements
I. The Wall of Zifang
J. Outer Receptacle
Answer: D
Water at a temperature of 20°C flows through a circular pipe with an inner diameter of 50 mm. The pressure drop measured per meter of pipe length is 1500 N/m. Under these conditions, the flow of the fluid is turbulent, and calculate:
The flow velocity at the boundary between the transition zone and the main body of turbulence, the $y$-direction distance at that point, and the eddy viscosity.

Options:
A. $$
= 3. 0 \times1 0^{-6} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
B. $$
= 2. 5 \times1 0^{-5} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
C. $$
= 1. 2 \times1 0^{-5} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
D. $$
= 8. 9 \times1 0^{-7} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
E. $$
= 4. 5 \times1 0^{-4} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
F. $$
= 7. 8 \times1 0^{-8} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
G. $$
= 1. 7 \times1 0^{-6} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
H. $$
= 5. 0 \times1 0^{-7} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
I. $$
= 9. 0 \times1 0^{-7} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
J. $$
= 6. 0 \times1 0^{-6} \ \mathrm{m^{2} / s}
$$
Answer: J
The gas pressure at the base of the photosphere is approximately $2 \times1 0^{4} \; \mathrm{N} \; /\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ and the mass density is $3. 2 \times1 0^{-4}$ kg /$\mathrm{m}^{-3}$ . Estimate the sound speed at the base of the photosphere is ().

Options:
A. $12km/s^{-1}$
B. $6km/s^{-1}$
C. $5km/s^{-1}$
D. $11km/s^{-1}$
E. $4km/s^{-1}$
F. $7km/s^{-1}$
G. $9km/s^{-1}$
H. $8km/s^{-1}$
I. $10km/s^{-1}$
J. $3km/s^{-1}$
Answer: F
Two green balls and one red ball drawn from a barrel without replacement: Compute what is the probability $p ( R G )$ of drawing one red and one green ball in either order?

Options:
A. $$
7 / 12
$$
B. $$
1 / 3
$$
C. $$
11 / 18
$$
D. $$
5 / 6
$$
E. $$
4 / 9
$$
F. $$
1 / 4
$$
G. $$
8 / 15
$$
H. $$
1 / 2
$$
I. $$
3 / 4
$$
J. $$
2 / 3
$$
Answer: J
How much heat is required to cause the quasi-static isothermal expansion of one mole of an ideal gas at $T=5 0 0 \, \mathrm{K}$ from $P_{A}=0. 4 2$ atm, $V_{A}=$ 100 liters to $P_{B}=0$ .15 atm?

Options:
A. 1340 cal.
B. 980 cal.
C. 950 cal.
D. 1500 cal.
E. 1030 cal.
F. 870 cal.
G. 1010 cal.
H. 1200 cal.
I. 1120 cal.
J. 890 cal.
Answer: E
Whereas the entropy is an extremum function $S ( U, V, N )$ , it is sometimes useful to use a related extremum function, $\mathrm{J} ( \beta, \mathrm{V}, \mathrm{N} )$ where $\beta=1 / \mathrm{T}$ and $T$ is temperature. For this function, $\beta$ and $U$ are conjugate variables.
What is the relation between $J$ and the Helmholtz free energy $\mathrm{F} ( \mathrm{T}, \mathrm{V}, \mathrm{N} )$?

Options:
A. $$
J=\beta + F
$$
B. $$
J=-F \cdot \beta^{-1}
$$
C. $$
J=-F/\beta
$$
D. $$
J=F/\beta
$$
E. $$
J=-\beta U
$$
F. $$
J=\beta - F
$$
G. $$
J=-\beta F^2
$$
H. $$
J=\beta F
$$
I. $$
J=\beta^2 F
$$
J. $$
J=-\beta F
$$
Answer: J
You have a thermodynamic system with three states. You observe the probabilities $p_{1}=0. 9$ , $p_{2}=0. 0 9, p_{3}=0. 0 1$ at $T=3 0 0 \mathrm{K}$ What are the energies $\varepsilon_{2}$
and $\varepsilon_{3}$ of states 2 and 3 relative to the ground state?

Options:
A. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 3 8 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 7 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
B. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 3 1 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 9 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
C. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 5 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 4 8 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
D. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 6 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=3. 0 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
E. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 4 9 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 7 1 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
F. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 4 2 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 7 5 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
G. $$\varepsilon_{2}=0. 9 8 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 6 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
H. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 3 5 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 8 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
I. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 2 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 3 5 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
J. $$\varepsilon_{2}=1. 4 0 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
$$\varepsilon_{3}=2. 5 8 {\frac{\mathrm{k c a l}} {\mathrm{m o l}}}$$
Answer: A
Consider the problem of how plants might lift water from ground level to their leaves. Assume that there is a semipermeable membrane at the roots, with pure water on the outside, and an ideal solution inside a small cylindrical capillary inside the plant. The solute mole fraction inside the capillary is $x=0. 0 0 1$ . The radius of the capillary is $1 0^{-2}$ cm.The gravitational potential energy that must be overcome is $mgh$, where m is the mass of the solution, and $g$ is the gravitational constant, $9 8 0 \, \mathrm{c m} \, \mathrm{s}^{-2}$
. The density of the solution $= 1 \mathrm{g} \ \mathrm{c m}^{-3}$.
What is the height of the solution at room temperature?

Options:
A. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-5} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
B. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{8} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
C. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-1} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
D. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-6} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
E. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{2} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
F. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-7} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
G. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{1} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
H. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-3} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
I. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-4} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
J. $$
h ~ ~ \approx~ 1 0^{-8} ~ \mathrm{c m}
$$
Answer: J