MikaStars39/nano-eval huggingface dataset:
By planar diffusion of antimony (Sb) into p-type germanium (Ge), a p-n junction is obtained at a depth of $3 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~cm}$ below the surface. What is the donor concentration in the bulk germanium if diffusion is carried out for three hours at $790^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places, and express it in units of $1/\mathrm{cm}^3$. The surface concentration of antimony is held constant at a value of $8 \times 10^{18}$ $\mathrm{cm}^{-3} ; D_{790^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}=4.8 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.88e16
Preamble: One mole of electromagnetic radiation (light, consisting of energy packages called photons) has an energy of $171 \mathrm{~kJ} /$ mole photons.

Determine the wavelength of this light in nm.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 700
Preamble: Two lasers generate radiation of (1) $9.5 \mu {m}$ and (2) $0.1 \mu {m}$ respectively.

Determine the photon energy (in eV, to two decimal places) of the laser generating radiation of $9.5 \mu {m}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 0.13
At $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ copper $(\mathrm{Cu})$ has a lattice constant of $3.655 \AA$. What is its density in $g/cm^3$ at this temperature? Please round your answer to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 8.64
Determine the atomic (metallic) radius of Mo in meters. Do not give the value listed in the periodic table; calculate it from the fact that Mo's atomic weight is $=95.94 \mathrm{~g} /$ mole and $\rho=10.2 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.39e-10
Preamble: Determine the following values from a standard radio dial. 

What is the minimum wavelength in m for broadcasts on the AM band? Format your answer as an integer.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 188
Consider a (111) plane in an FCC structure. How many different [110]-type directions lie in this (111) plane?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 6
Determine the velocity of an electron (in $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ ) that has been subjected to an accelerating potential $V$ of 150 Volt. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$, where $n$ is to 2 decimal places. 
(The energy imparted to an electron by an accelerating potential of one Volt is $1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ J oules; dimensional analysis shows that the dimensions of charge $x$ potential correspond to those of energy; thus: 1 electron Volt $(1 \mathrm{eV})=1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ Coulomb $\times 1$ Volt $=1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ Joules.)
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 7.26e6
In a diffractometer experiment a specimen of thorium (Th) is irradiated with tungsten (W) $L_{\alpha}$ radiation. Calculate the angle, $\theta$, of the $4^{\text {th }}$ reflection. Round your answer (in degrees) to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 28.71
A metal is found to have BCC structure, a lattice constant of $3.31 \AA$, and a density of $16.6 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Determine the atomic weight of this element in g/mole, and round your answer to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 181.3
Preamble: Iron $\left(\rho=7.86 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right.$ ) crystallizes in a BCC unit cell at room temperature.

Calculate the radius in cm of an iron atom in this crystal. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.24e-8
Preamble: For the element copper (Cu) determine:

Subproblem 0: the distance of second nearest neighbors (in meters). Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.


Solution: The answer can be found by looking at a unit cell of $\mathrm{Cu}$ (FCC).
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{set_23_img_00.jpg}
\nonessentialimage
Nearest neighbor distance is observed along $<110>$; second-nearest along $<100>$. The second-nearest neighbor distance is found to be "a".
Cu: atomic volume $=7.1 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^{3} /$ mole $=\frac{\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{A}}}{4} \mathrm{a}^{3}$ ( $\mathrm{Cu}: \mathrm{FCC} ; 4$ atoms/unit cell) $a=\sqrt[3]{\frac{7.1 \times 10^{-6} \times 4}{6.02 \times 10^{23}}}= \boxed{3.61e-10} \mathrm{~m}$

Final answer: The final answer is 3.61e-10. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: the interplanar spacing of $\{110\}$ planes (in meters). Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.55e-10
Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1700}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1700. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: What is the working temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1200}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1200. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 3: What is the softening temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{800}.

Final answer: The final answer is 800. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 4: What is the working temperature for soda-lime glass in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 900
Determine the wavelength of $\lambda_{K_{\alpha}}$ for molybdenum (Mo). Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places, in meters.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 7.25e-11
Determine the second-nearest neighbor distance (in pm) for nickel (Ni) at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ if its density at that temperature is $8.83 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3.61e2
What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1950
What acceleration potential $V$ must be applied to electrons to cause electron diffraction on $\{220\}$ planes of gold $(\mathrm{Au})$ at $\theta=5^{\circ}$ ? Format your answer as an integer, in Volts.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2415
To increase its corrosion resistance, chromium $(\mathrm{Cr})$ is diffused into steel at $980^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If during diffusion the surface concentration of chromium remains constant at $100 \%$, how long will it take (in days) to achieve a $\mathrm{Cr}$ concentration of $1.8 \%$ at a depth of $0.002 \mathrm{~cm}$ below the steel surface? Round your answer to 1 decimal place. $\left(D_{o}=0.54 \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s} ; E_{A}=286 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\right.$ )
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 6.4
Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1700}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1700. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: What is the working temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1200
Preamble: Calculate the vacancy fraction in copper (Cu) in $\mathrm{~cm}^{-3}$ at the following temperatures. Measurements have determined the values of the enthalpy of vacancy formation, $\Delta \mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{V}}$, to be $1.03 \mathrm{eV}$ and the entropic prefactor, A, to be 1.1. Please format your answers as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.

$20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.85e5
Preamble: For aluminum at $300 \mathrm{~K}$, 

Calculate the planar packing fraction (fractional area occupied by atoms) of the ( 110 ) plane. Please round your answer to 3 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 0.554
Determine the inter-ionic equilibrium distance in meters between the sodium and chlorine ions in a sodium chloride molecule knowing that the bond energy is $3.84 \mathrm{eV}$ and that the repulsive exponent is 8. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3.3e-10
Preamble: A formation energy of $2.0 \mathrm{eV}$ is required to create a vacancy in a particular metal. At $800^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ there is one vacancy for every 10,000 atoms.

At what temperature (in Celsius) will there be one vacancy for every 1,000 atoms? Format your answer as an integer.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 928
For $\mathrm{NaF}$ the repulsive (Born) exponent, $\mathrm{n}$, is 8.7. Making use of data given in your Periodic Table, calculate the crystal energy ( $\left.\Delta \mathrm{E}_{\text {cryst }}\right)$ in kJ/mole, to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 927.5
Preamble: Calculate the molecular weight in g/mole (to 2 decimal places) of each of the substances listed below.

Subproblem 0: $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}$


Solution: $\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}$ :
$5 \times 1.01=5.05(\mathrm{H})$
$1 \times 14.01=14.01(\mathrm{~N})$
$1 \times 16.00=16.00(\mathrm{O})$
$\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{OH}= \boxed{35.06}$ g/mole

Final answer: The final answer is 35.06. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: $\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}$
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 84.01
In iridium (Ir), the vacancy fraction, $n_{v} / \mathrm{N}$, is $3.091 \times 10^{-5}$ at $12340^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $5.26 \times 10^{-3}$ at the melting point. Calculate the enthalpy of vacancy formation, $\Delta \mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{v}}$. Round your answer to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.5
If no electron-hole pairs were produced in germanium (Ge) until the temperature reached the value corresponding to the energy gap, at what temperature (Celsius)  would Ge become conductive? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where n is to 1 decimal place. $\left(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{th}}=3 / 2 \mathrm{kT}\right)$
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 5.3e3
Preamble: A first-order chemical reaction is found to have an activation energy $\left(E_{A}\right)$ of 250 $\mathrm{kJ} /$ mole and a pre-exponential (A) of $1.7 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$.

Determine the rate constant at $\mathrm{T}=750^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Round your answer to 1 decimal place, in units of $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 28.8
A cubic metal $(r=0.77 \AA$ ) exhibits plastic deformation by slip along $<111>$ directions. Determine its planar packing density (atoms $/ \mathrm{m}^{2}$) for its densest family of planes. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 4.46e19
Determine the total void volume $(\mathrm{cm}^{3} / mole)$ for gold (Au) at $27^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$; make the hard-sphere approximation in your calculation. Note that the molar volume of gold (Au) is $10.3 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} / \mathrm{mole}$. Please round your answer to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.68
Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1700}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1700. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: What is the working temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1200}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1200. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 3: What is the softening temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{800}.

Final answer: The final answer is 800. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 4: What is the working temperature for soda-lime glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{900}.

Final answer: The final answer is 900. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 5: What is the softening temperature for soda-lime glass in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 700
What is the maximum wavelength $(\lambda)$ (in meters) of radiation capable of second order diffraction in platinum (Pt)? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.26e-10
What is the activation energy of a process which is observed to increase by a factor of three when the temperature is increased from room temperature $\left(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$ to $40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ? Round your answer to 1 decimal place, and express it in $\mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mole}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 41.9
How much oxygen (in kg, to 3 decimal places) is required to completely convert 1 mole of $\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}$ into $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ ?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 0.112
Determine the differences in relative electronegativity $(\Delta x$ in $e V)$ for the systems ${H}-{F}$ and ${C}-{F}$ given the following data:
$\begin{array}{cl}\text { Bond Energy } & {kJ} / \text { mole } \\ {H}_{2} & 436 \\ {~F}_{2} & 172 \\ {C}-{C} & 335 \\ {H}-{F} & 565 \\ {C}-{H} & 410\end{array}$
\\
Please format your answer to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 0.54
Preamble: The number of electron-hole pairs in intrinsic germanium (Ge) is given by:
\[
n_{i}=9.7 \times 10^{15} \mathrm{~T}^{3 / 2} \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{E}_{g} / 2 \mathrm{KT}}\left[\mathrm{cm}^{3}\right] \quad\left(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{g}}=0.72 \mathrm{eV}\right)
\]

What is the density of pairs at $\mathrm{T}=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, in inverse $\mathrm{cm}^3$? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where n is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3.21e13
Preamble: For light with a wavelength $(\lambda)$ of $408 \mathrm{~nm}$ determine:

Subproblem 0: the frequency in $s^{-1}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$, where $n$ is to 3 decimal places. 


Solution: To solve this problem we must know the following relationships:
\[
\begin{aligned}
v \lambda &=c
\end{aligned}
\]
$v$ (frequency) $=\frac{c}{\lambda}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8} m / s}{408 \times 10^{-9} m}= \boxed{7.353e14} s^{-1}$

Final answer: The final answer is 7.353e14. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: the wave number in $m^{-1}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$, where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.45e6
Calculate the volume in mL of $0.25 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaI}$ that would be needed to precipitate all the $\mathrm{g}^{2+}$ ion from $45 \mathrm{~mL}$ of a $0.10 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Hg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ solution according to the following reaction:
\[
2 \mathrm{NaI}(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{Hg}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{HgI}_{2}(\mathrm{~s})+2 \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(\mathrm{aq})
\]
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 36
A slab of plate glass containing dissolved helium (He) is placed in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to remove the helium from the glass. Before vacuum treatment, the concentration of helium is constant throughout the glass. After 10 minutes in vacuum at $400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, at what depth (in $\mu \mathrm{m}$) from the surface of the glass has the concentration of helium decreased to $1 / 3$ of its initial value? The diffusion coefficient of helium in the plate glass at the processing temperature has a value of $3.091 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 258
Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1700
Preamble: Two lasers generate radiation of (1) $9.5 \mu {m}$ and (2) $0.1 \mu {m}$ respectively.

Subproblem 0: Determine the photon energy (in eV, to two decimal places) of the laser generating radiation of $9.5 \mu {m}$.


Solution: \[
\begin{aligned}
{E} &={h} v=\frac{{hc}}{\lambda} {J} \times \frac{1 {eV}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} {~J}} \\
{E}_{1} &=\frac{{hc}}{9.5 \times 10^{-6}} \times \frac{1}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}} {eV}= \boxed{0.13} {eV}
\end{aligned}
\]

Final answer: The final answer is 0.13. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Determine the photon energy (in eV, to one decimal place) of the laser generating radiation of $0.1 \mu {m}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 12.4
Preamble: $\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}$ dissolves in water according to the following reaction:
\[
\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}(\mathrm{~s}) \Leftrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Bi}^{3+}(\mathrm{aq})+3 \mathrm{~s}^{2-}(\mathrm{aq})
\]
for which the solubility product, $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{sp}}$, has the value of $1.6 \times 10^{-72}$ at room temperature.

At room temperature how many moles of $\mathrm{Bi}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}$ will dissolve in $3.091 \times 10^{6}$ liters of water? Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 5.3e-9
Whiskey, suspected to be of the "moonshine" variety, is analyzed for its age by determining its amount of naturally occurring tritium (T) which is a radioactive hydrogen isotope $\left({ }^{3} \mathrm{H}\right)$ with a half-life of $12.5$ years. In this "shine" the activity is found to be $6 \%$ of that encountered in fresh bourbon. What is the age (in years) of the whiskey in question?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 50.7
Subproblem 0: What is the working temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1950}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1950. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What is the softening temperature for silica glass in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1700}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1700. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: What is the working temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?


Solution: \boxed{1200}.

Final answer: The final answer is 1200. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 3: What is the softening temperature for Pyrex in Celsius?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 800
Preamble: A first-order chemical reaction is found to have an activation energy $\left(E_{A}\right)$ of 250 $\mathrm{kJ} /$ mole and a pre-exponential (A) of $1.7 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$.

Subproblem 0: Determine the rate constant at $\mathrm{T}=750^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Round your answer to 1 decimal place, in units of $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$.


Solution: $\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{Ae} \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{RT}}}=1.7 \times 10^{14} \times \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{2.5 \times 10^{5}}{8.31 \times 10^{23}}}= \boxed{28.8} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$

Final answer: The final answer is 28.8. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: What percent of the reaction will be completed at $600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ in a period of 10 minutes?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 100
Determine the energy gap (in eV) between the electronic states $n=7$ and $n=8$ in hydrogen. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 6.5e-2
Preamble: The decay rate of ${ }^{14} \mathrm{C}$ in living tissue is $15.3$ disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. Experimentally, the decay rate can be measured to $\pm 0.1$ disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. The half-life of ${ }^{14} \mathrm{C}$ is 5730 years.

What is the maximum age of a sample that can be dated, in years?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 41585
Estimate the ionic radius of ${Cs}^{+}$ in Angstroms to 2 decimal places. The lattice energy of $\mathrm{CsCl}$ is $633 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}$. For $\mathrm{CsCl}$ the Madelung constant, $\mathrm{M}$, is $1.763$, and the Born exponent, $\mathrm{n}$, is 10.7. The ionic radius of $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$is known to be $1.81 \AA$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.69
Given the ionic radii, $\mathrm{Cs}^{+}=1.67 \AA, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}=1.81 \AA$, and the Madelung constant $\mathrm{M}(\mathrm{CsCl})=1.763$, determine to the best of your ability the molar Crystal energy ( $\Delta \mathrm{E}_{\text {cryst }}$ ) for $\mathrm{CsCl}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where n is to 2 decimal places; answer in $\mathrm{J} / \text{mole}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 7.02e5
Determine the amount (in grams) of boron (B) that, substitutionally incorporated into $1 \mathrm{~kg}$ of germanium (Ge), will establish a charge carrier density of $3.091 \mathrm{x}$ $10^{17} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.04e-3
Subproblem 0: Is an energy level of $-1.362 \times 10^{-19} {~J}$ an allowed electron energy state in atomic hydrogen?


Solution: $E_{e l} =-\frac{1}{n^{2}} {~K}$ \\
$-1.362 \times 10^{-19} {~J}=-\frac{1}{{n}^{2}} \times 2.18 \times 10^{-18} {~J}$\\
${n} &=\sqrt{\frac{2.18 \times 10^{-18}}{1.362 \times 10^{-19}}}=4.00$\\
The answer is \boxed{Yes}.

Final answer: The final answer is Yes. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: If your answer is yes, determine its principal quantum number $(n)$. If your answer is no, determine ${n}$ for the "nearest allowed state".
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 4
Determine the highest linear density of atoms (atoms/m) encountered in vanadium (V). Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3.75e9
Strontium fluoride, $\mathrm{SrF}_{2}$, has a $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{sp}}$ value in water of $2.45 \times 10^{-9}$ at room temperature.
Calculate the solubility of $\mathrm{SrF}_{2}$ in water. Express your answer in units of molarity. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 2 decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 8.49e-4
You wish to dope a single crystal of silicon (Si) with boron (B). The specification reads $5 \times 10^{16}$ boron atoms/ $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ at a depth of $25 \mu \mathrm{m}$ from the surface of the silicon. What must be the effective concentration of boron in units of atoms/ $\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ if you are to meet this specification within a time of 90 minutes? Round your answer to 4 decimal places. Assume that initially the concentration of boron in the silicon crystal is zero. The diffusion coefficient of boron in silicon has a value of $7.23 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~cm}^{2} / \mathrm{s}$ at the processing temperature.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 0.7773
An electron beam strikes a crystal of cadmium sulfide (CdS). Electrons scattered by the crystal move at a velocity of $4.4 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$. Calculate the energy of the incident beam. Express your result in eV, and as an integer. CdS is a semiconductor with a band gap, $E_{g}$, of $2.45$ eV.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3
Subproblem 0: Determine the inter-ionic equilibrium distance in meters between the sodium and chlorine ions in a sodium chloride molecule knowing that the bond energy is $3.84 \mathrm{eV}$ and that the repulsive exponent is 8. Please format your answer as $n \times 10^x$ where $n$ is to 1 decimal place.


Solution: $\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{equ}}=-3.84 \mathrm{eV}=-3.84 \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}=-\frac{\mathrm{e}^{2}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r_{0}}\left(1-\frac{1}{\mathrm{n}}\right)$
\\
$r_{0}=\frac{\left(1.6 \times 10^{-19}\right)^{2}}{4 \pi 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 6.14 \times 10^{-19}}\left(1-\frac{1}{8}\right)= 
\boxed{3.3e-10} \mathrm{~m}$

Final answer: The final answer is 3.3e-10. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: At the equilibrium distance, how much (in percent) is the contribution to the attractive bond energy by electron shell repulsion?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 12.5
Preamble: A consumer's preferences are representable by the following utility function:
\[
  u(x, y)=x^{\frac{1}{2}}+y
\]

Obtain the marginal rate of substitution of the consumer at an arbitrary point $(X,Y)$, where $X>0$ and $Y>0$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: -\frac{1}{2} X^{-\frac{1}{2}}
Preamble: Xiaoyu spends all her income on statistical software $(S)$ and clothes (C). Her preferences can be represented by the utility function: $U(S, C)=4 \ln (S)+6 \ln (C)$.

Compute the marginal rate of substitution of software for clothes.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \frac{2}{3} \frac{C}{S}
What algebraic condition describes a firm that is at an output level that maximizes its profits, given its capital in the short-term?  Use standard acronyms in your condition.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: MR=SRMC
Preamble: Moldavia is a small country that currently trades freely in the world barley market. Demand and supply for barley in Moldavia is governed by the following schedules:
Demand: $Q^{D}=4-P$
Supply: $Q^{S}=P$
The world price of barley is $\$ 1 /$ bushel.

Subproblem 0: Calculate the free trade equilibrium price of barley in Moldavia, in dollars per bushel. 


Solution: In free trade, Moldavia will import barley because the world price of $\$ 1 /$ bushel is lower than the autarkic price of $\$ 2$ /bushel. Free trade equilibrium price will be \boxed{1} dollar per bushel.

Final answer: The final answer is 1. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Calculate the free trade equilibrium quantity of barley in Moldavia (in bushels).
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 3
Preamble: Consider the market for apple juice. In this market, the supply curve is given by $Q_{S}=$ $10 P_{J}-5 P_{A}$ and the demand curve is given by $Q_{D}=100-15 P_{J}+10 P_{T}$, where $J$ denotes apple juice, $A$ denotes apples, and $T$ denotes tea.

Subproblem 0: Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium price in the apple juice market.


Solution: We have the system of equations $Q=10 P_{J}-5 \cdot 1$ and $Q=100-15 P_{J}+10 \cdot 5$. Solving for $P_{J}$ we get that $P_{J}=\boxed{6.2}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 6.2. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium quantity in the apple juice market.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 57
Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.


Solution: Since $P=M C=y^{2}$, the supply function of each firm is given by $y_{i}^{s}=p^{\frac{1}{2}}$. 
The industry supply function is $y^{s}(p)=100 y_{i}^{s}(p)=\boxed{100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Obtain the short run equilibrium price of widgets.


Solution: $y^{s}=y^{d} \longrightarrow 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{6400}{p^{\frac{1}{2}}} \longrightarrow p=\boxed{64}$. 

Final answer: The final answer is 64. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 2: Obtain the the output of widgets supplied by each firm.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 8
Preamble: Sebastian owns a coffee factory in Argentina. His production function is:
\[
F(K, L)=(K-1)^{\frac{1}{4}} L^{\frac{1}{4}}
\]
Consider the cost of capital to be $r$ and the wage to be $w$. Both inputs are variable, and Sebastian faces no fixed costs.

What is the marginal rate of technical substitution of labor for capital?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \frac{K-1}{L}
Preamble: There are two algebraic conditions describing a firm that is at a capital level that minimizes its costs in the long-term.

Write the condition which involves the SRAC, or short-run average cost?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: SRAC=LRAC
Preamble: There are two algebraic conditions describing a firm that is at a capital level that minimizes its costs in the long-term.

Subproblem 0: Write the condition which involves the SRAC, or short-run average cost?


Solution: \boxed{SRAC=LRAC}, short-run average cost equals long-run average cost.

Final answer: The final answer is SRAC=LRAC. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Write the condition which involves SRMC, or short-run marginal cost?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: SRMC=LRMC
Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}
Preamble: Moldavia is a small country that currently trades freely in the world barley market. Demand and supply for barley in Moldavia is governed by the following schedules:
Demand: $Q^{D}=4-P$
Supply: $Q^{S}=P$
The world price of barley is $\$ 1 /$ bushel.

Calculate the free trade equilibrium price of barley in Moldavia, in dollars per bushel.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1
Preamble: Suppose, in the short run, the output of widgets is supplied by 100 identical competitive firms, each having a cost function:
\[
c_{s}(y)=\frac{1}{3} y^{3}+2
\]
The demand for widgets is given by:
\[
y^{d}(p)=6400 / p^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the short run industry supply function for widgets.


Solution: Since $P=M C=y^{2}$, the supply function of each firm is given by $y_{i}^{s}=p^{\frac{1}{2}}$. 
The industry supply function is $y^{s}(p)=100 y_{i}^{s}(p)=\boxed{100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is 100 p^{\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Obtain the short run equilibrium price of widgets.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 64
Preamble: A consumer's preferences are representable by the following utility function:
\[
  u(x, y)=x^{\frac{1}{2}}+y
\]

Subproblem 0: Obtain the marginal rate of substitution of the consumer at an arbitrary point $(X,Y)$, where $X>0$ and $Y>0$.


Solution: \[ M R S=-\frac{\frac{1}{2} x^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{1}=\boxed{-\frac{1}{2} X^{-\frac{1}{2}}} \]

Final answer: The final answer is -\frac{1}{2} X^{-\frac{1}{2}}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Suppose the price of the second good $(y)$ is 1 , and the price of the first good $(x)$ is denoted by $p>0$. If the consumer's income is $m>\frac{1}{4p}$, in the optimal consumption bundle of the consumer (in terms of $m$ and $p$ ), what is the quantity of the first good $(x)$?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \frac{1}{4p^2}
Preamble: Consider the market for apple juice. In this market, the supply curve is given by $Q_{S}=$ $10 P_{J}-5 P_{A}$ and the demand curve is given by $Q_{D}=100-15 P_{J}+10 P_{T}$, where $J$ denotes apple juice, $A$ denotes apples, and $T$ denotes tea.

Assume that $P_{A}$ is fixed at $\$ 1$ and $P_{T}=5$. Calculate the equilibrium price in the apple juice market.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 6.2
Preamble: In Cambridge, shoppers can buy apples from two sources: a local orchard, and a store that ships apples from out of state. The orchard can produce up to 50 apples per day at a constant marginal cost of 25 cents per apple. The store can supply any remaining apples demanded, at a constant marginal cost of 75 cents per unit. When apples cost 75 cents per apple, the residents of Cambridge buy 150 apples in a day.

Assume that the city of Cambridge sets the price of apples within its borders. What price should it set, in cents?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 75
Preamble: You manage a factory that produces cans of peanut butter. The current market price is $\$ 10 /$ can, and you know the following about your costs (MC stands for marginal cost, and ATC stands for average total cost):
\[
\begin{array}{l}
MC(5)=10 \\
ATC(5)=6 \\
MC(4)=4 \\
ATC(4)=4
\end{array}
\]

A case of food poisoning breaks out due to your peanut butter, and you lose a lawsuit against your company. As punishment, Judge Judy decides to take away all of your profits, and considers the following two options to be equivalent:
i. Pay a lump sum in the amount of your profits.
ii. Impose a tax of $\$\left[P-A T C\left(q^{*}\right)\right]$ per can since that is your current profit per can, where $q^{*}$ is the profit maximizing output before the lawsuit.
How much is the tax, in dollars per can?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 4
Preamble: Suppose there are exactly two consumers (Albie and Bubbie) who demand strawberries. Suppose that Albie's demand for strawberries is given by
\[
q_{a}(p)=p^{\alpha} f_{a}\left(I_{a}\right)
\]
and Bubbie's demand is given by
\[
q_{b}(p)=p^{\beta} f_{b}\left(I_{b}\right)
\]
where $I_{a}$ and $I_{b}$ are Albie and Bubbie's incomes, and $f_{a}(\cdot)$ and $f_{b}(\cdot)$ are two unknown functions.

Find Albie's (own-price) elasticity of demand, $\epsilon_{q_{a}, p}$. Use the sign convention that $\epsilon_{y, x}=\frac{\partial y}{\partial x} \frac{x}{y}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \alpha
Preamble: You have been asked to analyze the market for steel. From public sources, you are able to find that last year's price for steel was $\$ 20$ per ton. At this price, 100 million tons were sold on the world market. From trade association data you are able to obtain estimates for the own price elasticities of demand and supply on the world markets as $-0.25$ for demand and $0.5$ for supply. Assume that steel has linear demand and supply curves throughout, and that the market is competitive.

Solve for the equations of demand in this market.  Use $P$ to represent the price of steel in dollars per ton, and $X_{d}$ to represent the demand in units of millions of tons.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: X_{d}=125-1.25 P
Harmonic Oscillator Subjected to Perturbation by an Electric Field: An electron is connected by a harmonic spring to a fixed point at $x=0$. It is subject to a field-free potential energy
\[
V(x)=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2} .
\]
The energy levels and eigenstates are those of a harmonic oscillator where
\[
\begin{aligned}
\omega &=\left[k / m_{e}\right]^{1 / 2} \\
E_{v} &=\hbar \omega(v+1 / 2) \\
\psi_{v}(x) &=(v !)^{-1 / 2}\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{a}}^{\dagger}\right)^{v} \psi_{v=0}(x) .
\end{aligned}
\]
Now a constant electric field, $E_{0}$, is applied and $V(x)$ becomes
\[
V(x)=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2}+E_{0} e x \quad(e>0 \text { by definition }) .
\]
Write an expression for the energy levels $E_{v}$ as a function of the strength of the electric field.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \hbar \omega(v+1 / 2)-\frac{E_{0}^{2} e^{2}}{2 m \omega^{2}}
Preamble: The following concern the independent particle model. You may find the following set of Coulomb and exchange integrals useful (energies in $\mathrm{eV}$):
$\mathrm{J}_{1 s 1 s}=17.0 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{1 s 2 s}=4.8 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{1 s 2 s}=0.9 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 s 2 s}=3.5 Z$ 
$\mathrm{J}_{1 s 2 p}=6.6 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{1 s 2 p}=0.5 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 s 2 p}=4.4 Z$ 
$\mathrm{~K}_{2 s 2 p}=0.8 Z$ 
$\mathrm{J}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{i}}=3.9 Z$
$\mathrm{~J}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{k}}=3.5 Z$
$\mathrm{~K}_{2 p_{i}, 2 p_{k}}=0.2 Z i \neq k$ 

Using the independent particle model, what is the energy difference between the $1 s^{2} 2 p_{x}^{2}$ configuration and the $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2}$ configuration? Give your answer in eV, in terms of $Z$, and round to a single decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 7.6 Z
Preamble: A pulsed Nd:YAG laser is found in many physical chemistry laboratories.

For a $2.00 \mathrm{~mJ}$ pulse of laser light, how many photons are there at $1.06 \mu \mathrm{m}$ (the Nd:YAG fundamental) in the pulse?  PAnswer to three significant figures.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.07e16
Given that the work function of chromium is $4.40 \mathrm{eV}$, calculate the kinetic energy of electrons in Joules emitted from a clean chromium surface that is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength $200 \mathrm{~nm}$.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 2.88e-19
Compute the momentum of one $500 \mathrm{~nm}$ photon using $p_{\text {photon }}=E_{\text {photon }} / c$ where $c$ is the speed of light, $c=3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$, and $\nu=c / \lambda$.  Express your answer in kilogram meters per second, rounding your answer to three decimal places.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 1.325e-27
Preamble: This problem deals with the H\"uckel MO theory of $\pi$-conjugated systems.
To answer each question, you will need to construct the Hückel MOs for each of the molecules pictured, divide them into sets of occupied and unoccupied orbitals, and determine the relevant properties, such as ground state energy, bond order, etc.
NOTE: For all parts we take $\alpha=\alpha_{\mathrm{C}}=-11.2 \mathrm{eV}$ and $\beta=\beta_{\mathrm{CC}}=-0.7 \mathrm{eV}$.

Determine the ionization potential of benzene (remember, ionization potential $\left[\mathrm{IP}=\mathrm{E}\left(\mathrm{B}^{+}\right)-\mathrm{E}(\mathrm{B})\right]$), in $\mathrm{eV}$, rounded to one decimal place.  The benzene molecule is shown below:
\chemfig{C*6((-H)-C(-H)=C(-H)-C(-H)=C(-H)-C(-H)=)}
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 11.9
A baseball has diameter $=7.4 \mathrm{~cm}$. and a mass of $145 \mathrm{~g}$. Suppose the baseball is moving at $v=1 \mathrm{~nm} /$ second. What is its de Broglie wavelength
\[
\lambda=\frac{h}{p}=\frac{h}{m \nu}
\]
?  Give answer in meters.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 4.6e-24
Preamble: Consider the Particle in an Infinite Box ``superposition state'' wavefunction,
\[
\psi_{1,2}=(1 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{1}+(2 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{2}
\]
where $E_{1}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{2}$.

Subproblem 0: Suppose you do one experiment to measure the energy of $\psi_{1,2}$.  List the possible result(s) of your measurement.


Solution: Since the only eigenergies are $E_{1}$ and $E_{2}$, the possible outcomes of the measurement are $\boxed{E_{1},E_{2}}$.

Final answer: The final answer is E_{1},E_{2}. I hope it is correct.

Subproblem 1: Suppose you do many identical measurements to measure the energies of identical systems in state $\psi_{1,2}$. What average energy will you observe?
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: \frac{1}{3} E_{1}+\frac{2}{3} E_{2}
Preamble: Consider the Particle in an Infinite Box ``superposition state'' wavefunction,
\[
\psi_{1,2}=(1 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{1}+(2 / 3)^{1 / 2} \psi_{2}
\]
where $E_{1}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{1}$ and $E_{2}$ is the eigen-energy of $\psi_{2}$.

Suppose you do one experiment to measure the energy of $\psi_{1,2}$.  List the possible result(s) of your measurement.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: E_{1},E_{2}
Preamble: Evaluate the following integrals for $\psi_{J M}$ eigenfunctions of $\mathbf{J}^{2}$ and $\mathbf{J}_{z}$. 

$\int \psi_{22}^{*}\left(\widehat{\mathbf{J}}^{+}\right)^{4} \psi_{2,-2} d \tau$
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 24
Preamble: Consider the 3-level $\mathbf{H}$ matrix
\[
\mathbf{H}=\hbar \omega\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
10 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 2 \\
0 & 2 & -10
\end{array}\right)
\]
Label the eigen-energies and eigen-functions according to the dominant basis state character. The $\widetilde{10}$ state is the one dominated by the zero-order state with $E^{(0)}=10, \tilde{0}$ by $E^{(0)}=0$, and $-\widetilde{10}$ by $E^{(0)}=-10$ (we will work in units where $\hbar \omega = 1$, and can be safely ignored).

Use non-degenerate perturbation theory to derive the energy $E_{\widetilde{10}}$.  Carry out your calculations to second order in the perturbing Hamiltonian, and round to one decimal place.
Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{{}}.
Answer: 10.1